Comedy / Casting: 5m, 4f / Scenery: Combined Interior Half a dozen friends and relatives are celebrating Christmas with Neville and Belinda. Various children are also there and, though unseen, their presence is always felt. Petty squabbles break out and some not so petty. The arrival of Clive, a young writer, leads to what momentarily appears to be a tragedy: Clive is shot by trigger happy Harvey who thinks he is a burglar. Hilarious highlights include a chaotically incompetent puppet show and a midnight love scene that sets off a fearful din among mechanical Christmas toys. "Brilliantly combines cynicism and humor." Sunday Express. "Superbly crafted." Sunday Telegraph.


Visual masking can be used to prevent conscious detection and discrimination of a target image. Of the different types of masking, object substitution masking (OSM) is thought to be unique in that it arises only when attention is distributed across several possible target locations. However, several recent findings have suggested that the apparent interaction between distributed spatial attention and masking magnitude in OSM may reflect ceiling effects in performance. We report definitive evidence that OSM does not depend upon attention being distributed over space or time. In two experiments, we used constant, foveal presentations of a single target stimulus. Unmasked performance at discriminating the orientation of a line within the target was thresholded to 70% accuracy to avoid floor and ceiling limits to performance. Thresholding was achieved via manipulating the contrast of a forward mask (Experiment 1) or the transparency of the target (Experiment 2). After thresholding, an OSM mask consisting of four-dots was presented with simultaneous onset, and variable offset, relative to the target. Crucially, participants' attention was always focused on the target. Our results demonstrate reliable OSM with attended and foveated stimuli, thus discounting the hypothesis that a key requirement for OSM is distributed attention. The findings challenge how OSM is conceptualized in the broader masking literature and have important implications for theories of visual processing. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Abstract The 165-km2 Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA) in west-central California includes 5,400 wind turbines, each rated to generate between 40 kW and 400 kW of electric power, or 580 MW total. Many birds residing or passing through the area are killed by collisions with these wind turbines. We searched for bird carcasses within 50 m of 4,074 wind turbines for periods ranging from 6 months to 4.5 years. Using mortality estimates adjusted for searcher detection and scavenger removal rates, we estimated the annual wind turbine–caused bird fatalities to number 67 (80% CI = 25–109) golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), 188 (80% CI = 116–259) red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 348 (80% CI = −49 to 749) American kestrels (Falco sparverius), 440 (80% CI = −133 to 1,013) burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea), 1,127 (80% CI = −23 to 2,277) raptors, and 2,710 (80% CI = −6,100 to 11,520) birds. Adjusted mortality estimates were most sensitive to scavenger removal rate, which relates to the amount of time between fatality searches. New on-site studies of scavenger removal rates might warrant revising mortality estimates for some small-bodied bird species, although we cannot predict how the mortality estimates would change. Given the magnitude of our mortality estimates, regulatory agencies and the public should decide whether to enforce laws intended to protect species killed by APWRA wind turbines, and given the imprecision of our estimates, directed research is needed of sources of error and bias for use in studies of bird collisions wherever wind farms are developed. Precision of mortality estimates could be improved by deploying technology to remotely detect collisions and by making wind turbine power output data available to researchers so that the number of fatalities can be related directly to the actual power output of the wind turbine since the last fatality search.


We performed a series of in-depth qualitative interviews with 14 subjects who answered advertisements to participate in a university study about Internet advertising. Subjects were not informed this study had to do with behavioral advertising privacy, but raised privacy concerns on their own unprompted. We asked, "what are the best and worst things about Internet advertising?" and "what do you think about Internet advertising?" Participants held a wide range of views ranging from enthusiasm about ads that inform them of new products and discounts they would not otherwise know about, to resignation that ads are "a fact of life," to resentment of ads that they find "insulting." Many participants raised privacy issues in the first few minutes of discussion without any prompting about privacy. We discovered that many participants have a poor understanding of how Internet advertising works, do not understand the use of first-party cookies, let alone third-party cookies, did not realize that behavioral advertising already takes place, believe that their actions online are completely anonymous unless they are logged into a website, and believe that there are legal protections that prohibit companies from sharing information they collect online. We found that participants have substantial confusion about the results of the actions they take within their browsers, do not understand the technology they work with now, and clear cookies as much out of a notion of hygiene as for privacy. When we asked participants to read the NAI opt-out cookie description, only one understood the text. One participant expressed concern the NAI opt-out program was actually a scam to gather additional personal information. No participants had heard of opt-out cookies or flash cookies. We also found divergent views on what constitutes advertising. Industry self-regulation guidelines assume consumers can distinguish third-party widgets from first-party content, and further assume that consumers understand data flows to third-party advertisers. Instead, we find some people are not even aware of when they are being advertised to, let alone aware of what data is collected or how it is used.


A patent for an invention is the grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Generally, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the United States or, in special cases, from the date an earlier related application was filed, subject to the payment of maintenance fees. U.S. patent grants are effective only within the United States, U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions. Under certain circumstances, patent term extensions or adjustments may be available.


This thesis brings an exploration of place to music and migration as embodied practices. It draws on over twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork in a major regional inland city, which has seen increased migration in recent years owing to a policy of regional settlement. The focus on forging links between place and body in musical and migratory movement contributes to theoretical understandings of home and movement. I argue that place is not anywhere but is wherever place is sensed. In accordance with this study's explicit concern with movement, a multi-sited strategy is employed. Data were gathered through a series of ethnographic conversations reflecting on music with individual migrants from many different cultural, social, ethnic and linguistic backgrounds and a choir of migrant and non-migrant women 'singing songs from around the world'.

The thesis employs specific phenomenological theorists of embodiment to explore music and migration through lenses of sensuous embodied movement. In line with recent critiques of practice concepts in anthropology, it makes use of applications of phenomenology to understandings of practice, highlighting the usefulness of such lenses, specifically for situations where habitual movement is disrupted. In addition, anthropological conceptions of landscape assist in grounding, in music, practices of movement between places, and aid in grasping the relationships between place, movement, memory and hybridity.

The analyses centre on these migrants' linkages between music and life through 'the beat'. I discuss how 'the beat', for these migrants, is a metaphor connecting place and body, and is metonymic of movement, particularly in relation to the character of movement between social bodies and between social bodies and places. I explore the significance of the pervasive sounding of 'the beat' in musical events and activities as well as its verbal association with therapeutic practices of music among these migrants and the choir. Music is how these migrants' hope and how they cope with the problems and opportunities of everyday life. 'The beat' is a gendered metaphor for natural, social and culturally patterned sound, suggesting relationships between place and memory through the common perception that 'the beat' links social bodies. Practices of music and embodied migratory movement involve managing expectations of naturalised relationships between social bodies and places. This involves strategic practices of generating physical capital for the migrant body through managing physiological processes linked to sensuous embodied emotion.


In 1989, when archival discoveries were about to revolutionize the history of the Cold War, John Lewis Gaddis published a pathbreaking article entitled "Intelligence, Espionage and Cold War Origins." While Gaddis expressed serious doubts as to whether anyone had ever established that espionage had positively affected larger historical developments, he did render one sober and perceptive conclusion that did not rely on unencumbered access to Soviet, American, or British archives: espionage had heightened the atmosphere of distrust on all sides, and probably did more to escalate tensions than to abate them. "Was it all worth it, from the Russians' own standpoint? There is good reason to doubt whether the benefi ts Stalin gained from spying on his allies during and after the war counterbalanced the problems created for him once his indulgence in espionage became known."


Despite a burgeoning literature on youth employment, little is known about the economic activities of rural youth, including whether rural transformation, seen through the lens of the agrifood system (AFS) will create new opportunities for youth. Using data on hours worked of 467,453 workingage individuals in four age cohorts (early youth, later youth, early adulthood, later adulthood) and a rural-urban gradient based on population density (rural hinterland, intermediate, peri-urban and urban zones) in 188,996 households in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, we provide empirical evidence on this gap in literature. We find that no region allocates more than 37 per cent of their labour hours to on-farm employment, but when including off-farm AFS self- and wage employment, total AFS accounts for half of all hours worked. Even in Latin America, off-farm AFS accounts for 21 per cent of hours worked, demonstrating the importance of pre- and postfarm value added for employment creation. Youth appear to access off-farm AFS opportunities more easily than non-AFS ones, especially wage employment in urban and peri-urban zones. These findings dispute the narrative that youth do not enter farming and cannot get wage jobs, as youth work substantial hours in both sectors with distinct spatial patterns.


Whilst considerable research has found that people tend to underestimate their task completion times (e.g., Buehler et al., 1994), factors that might influence the accuracy of temporal predictions have received little empirical treatment. The research presented in this thesis identified two distinct factors that mediated time estimation accuracy and bias. One factor was task duration, whereas the other factor was the person*s prior experience of the task. There was evidence that having prior experience of performing all or a substantial part of the same task enabled participants to more accurately estimate its duration. Additionally, predictions were more accurate when participants viewed tasks before making time estimates. Contrary to the theory of the planning fallacy (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), these findings suggest that people do take account of their previous task performance, and use such distributional information to good effect. However, there was evidence of time prediction bias when unrelated tasks were completed beforehand, suggesting that erroneous information about previous task performance was used when making a subsequent estimate. The directional nature of time estimation bias was also highlighted in the present research. In general, there was some evidence of temporal overestimation on tasks with a duration of up to four or five minutes, whereas participants tended to underestimate their completion times on tasks that took between eight and 16 minutes to complete. These findings indicate that task duration influences the direction in which time estimates are biased (i.e., under or overestimation), with the temporal underestimation indicative of the planning fallacy occurring on tasks of at least eight minutes' duration. The present research has potential implications for task duration estimation in everyday life, and outlines conditions under which prediction bias can be reduced. The present findings are discussed in relation to the theory of the planning fallacy and the potential role of cognitive judgemental heuristics in determining temporal misestimation. List of


Biomphalaria and Bulinus spp  have been reported in Tanzania as vectors of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium respectively. Thus most schistosomiasis control efforts have focussed on elimination of these molluscs in freshwater systems or deworming infected persons. In addition almost there is limited information of larval trematodes infecting freshwater snails in Tanzania and  whether the trematode antagonism found elsewhere could be used for control of schistosomiasis.  We report and describe larval digeneans infecting  Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus spp and Radix natalensis,  snails  collected at Mindu dam, Morogoro and Mwanza gulf  of the Lake Victoria from January 2011 to January 2012.  Out of a total 9194 snails, belonging to Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus tropicus and Radix natalensis, collected from Mindu dam and the Mwanza gulf, Lake Victoria, 678 (7.34%) were infected with 14 larval trematode species:  3 xiphidiocercariae, 6 furcocercariae, l gymnocephalous cercariae, 1 amphistome, 2 echinostome and 1 undescribed metacercaria.  From 386 infected B. pfeifferi 67 (1.69%) were infected with S. mansoni, the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis. These findings show that despite the increased effort to control schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases in Tanzania, the diseases are still highly prevalent in freshwater systems. However, the absence of trematode antagonism or low multiple infections mean redia cannot coexist with sporocysts, hence can be used for control of schistosomiasis. Keywords :  Bulinus ,  Biomphalaria ,  Radix , Digenean larvae, neglected tropical diseases


When IPv6 was designed, it was expected that the transition from IPv4
to IPv6 would occur more smoothly and expeditiously than experience
has revealed. The growth of the IPv4 Internet and predicted depletion
of the free pool of IPv4 address blocks on a foreseeable horizon has
highlighted an urgent need to revisit IPv6 deployment models. This
document provides an overview of deployment scenarios with the goal of
helping to understand what types of additional tools the industry
needs to assist in IPv4 and IPv6 co-existence and transition. This
document was originally created as input to the Montreal co- existence
interim meeting in October 2008, which led to the recharting of the
behave and softwires Working Groups to take on new IPv4 and IPv6
coexistence work.


Abstract Wayneburnhamite (IMA2015-124), Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3, is a new mineral from the Commercial quarry, Crestmore, Riverside County, California, where it occurs as a metasomatic mineral on fracture surfaces in vesuvianite/wollastonite rock. Wayneburnhamite crystals are sky-blue hexagonal tablets and prisms up to 0.5 mm in maximum dimension. The streak is white. Crystals are transparent to translucent with vitreous to resinous luster. The Mohs hardness is 3%, the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is conchoidal, and there is no cleavage. The calculated density is 5.271 g/cm3. The mineral is optically uniaxial (+), with m = 1.855(5), and e = 1.875(5) (white light). The pleochroism is E sky blue and O lighter sky blue; E > O weak. Raman and infrared spectra are consistent with the crystal structure, but suggest a very minor hydrous component. The empirical formula (based on 9 Si apfu) is (Pb8.33Sr0.04n0.63)Σ9.00(Ca5.40Cu2+0.27□0.33)Σ6.00Si9S0.21O32.64Cl0.05. Wayneburnhamite is hexagonal, P6, a = 9.8953(9), c = 10.2054(7) Å, V = 865.40(17) Å3, and Z = 1. The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å(I)(hkl)]: 4.95(52)(110); 4.45(64)(111); 3.550(77)(112); 3.232(54)(120); 3.086(100)(121); 2.847(60)(300); 2.798(48)(113); and 2.734(83)(212). The structure determination (R1 = 3.01% for 1063 Fo > 4σF) shows wayneburnhamite to be an apatite polysome isostructural with ganomalite, differing only in that the site occupied dominantly by Mn in the structure of ganomalite is occupied dominantly by Ca in the structure of wayneburnhamite. The structure refinement of wayneburnhamite appears to represent a rare case in which the approximate locations of the Pb2+ 6s2 lone-electron pairs can be seen as electron density residuals.


This paper examines one type of subordinate construction in Japanese, namely, complement clauses, in particular those where two different complementizers, to and koto , are interchangeable.  Despite the general notion that main clauses code foreground information (or express a main assertion) while subordinate clauses code background information (or less profiled information), our examination shows that some subordinate clauses do code more important foreground information.  Subordinate clauses are not by any means a unitary category; they display differing degrees of subordination.  My goals, therefore, are to delineate differences between the two complementizer uses, and to show that clauses with to and koto present differing degrees of subordination, and that there is a correlation between degree of subordination and information status.


Introduction Accurate and complete reporting of information about trial participants is important to apply results in clinical practice. We studied whether and how eligibility criteria (EC) of participants of randomised trials pre-specified in study protocols are reported in subsequent articles. Methods By electronic literature searches and survey of applicants, we identified 78 full publications corresponding to 52 trial protocols submitted in 2000 to the ethics committee of the University of Freiburg/Germany. From both sources we extracted information on EC, whether they were matching, missing, modified or added in the publications. Results We found differences between protocols and publications for all 52 trials. Information on EC was missing in publications corresponding to 52 trials (100%; 95% CI 93 to 100), modified for 44 trials (85%; 95% CI 72 to 93) or newly added for 21 trials (41%; 95% CI 27 to 55). The mean number of EC per trial was 25 (range 7–43); the mean proportion of matching EC per trial was 50% (range 13–93; 95% CI 44 to 55). Of 1248 EC pre-specified in protocols, 606 (49%) were matching, 479 (38%) missing, and 163 (13%) modified in subsequent publications. Fifty-one EC were added to publications. Most of the missing EC (96%) and about half of the modified EC (54%) suggested broader study populations, most added EC (86%) narrower study populations. Conclusion Published trial reports generally do not reflect the definitions of study populations pre-specified in the protocol. This hampers a proper assessment of the applicability of trial results.


Because many universities now welcome or require ETDs from their graduate students, institutions must ensure that these works will be at least as available and enduring as they were when libraries and archives preserved the bound print volumes on their shelves. To this end, the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations sponsored an online survey to help gauge the digital library community's interest in a distributed digital preservation network (DDPN) specifically for ETDs. Over 90 institutions responded to the survey in early 2008, including more than one-third who heard about it from the NDLTD and ETD listservs. Based on the enthusiasm expressed in the survey, the MetaArchive Cooperative (www.metaarchive.org), which successfully deploys a DDPN among six diverse universities in the southeastern United States, is opening the Cooperative's services and resources to the NDLTD. This paper describes survey responses and aspects of the NDLTD Preservation Strategy.


On January 31, 2014, the DOJ added trophies to its list of achievements from the more than three-year long investigation into the auto parts cartels. A former president and a vice president of a Japan-based corporation agreed to plead guilty for their participation in a conspiracy to fix the price of auto parts. Including these two individuals, the DOJ has already brought charges against twenty six corporations and twenty nine individuals, most of whom are Japanese nationals. For reasons described in this paper, some Japanese antitrust practitioners are puzzled by this U.S. enforcement against Japanese nationals. Extradition to the U.S. may not have been a real threat. Nonetheless, more than twenty Japanese executives and employees decided to leave Japan to serve prison terms in the U.S. Why did they choose to cross the Pacific? How functional is the DOJ's extradition tool? This Working Paper focuses on a relatively unfamiliar area for the antitrust community: the usefulness of extradition in the context of cartel enforcement against Japanese nationals who have not voluntarily surrendered to the U.S. jurisdiction.


Although the delayed exfoliation of primary teeth among children is a common dental problem, simultaneous presence of primary teeth and corresponding successors is a rare feature in adults. This paper reports an unusual case in which both permanent teeth (molars, premolars, and canines) and primary teeth were present simultaneously. This report describes questions concerning the etiology of overretention of primary teeth.


Expansive playa‐lake systems situated in high‐altitude piggyback basins are important and conspicuous components of both modern and ancient cordilleran orogenic systems. Extant playa lakes provide vital habitat for numerous endemic species, whereas sediments from these deposystems may record signals of climate change or develop natural resources over geological time. Laguna de los Pozuelos (North‐west Argentina) provides the opportunity for an actualistic sedimentological and geochemical assessment of a piggyback basin playa lake in an area of critical interest for understanding Quaternary palaeoclimate dynamics. Silty clays and diatom ooze are the dominant playa‐lake centre microfacies, with concentrations of total organic carbon and biogenic silica commonly exceeding 1·5 wt% in this sub‐environment. Elemental and stable isotopic analyses point to a mixed organic matter composition in the playa‐lake centre, with substantial contributions from algae and transported aquatic macrophytes. Bulk sediment and organic mass accumulation rates in the southern playa‐lake centre approach 0·22 g cm−2 year−1 and 2·89 mg cm−2 year−1, respectively, indicating moderately rapid deposition with negligible deflation over historic time. Playa margin facies contain higher percentages of fragmented biogenic carbonate (ostracods and charophytes) and inorganically precipitated aragonite crusts due to seasonal pumping and evaporation of ground water. Organic matter accumulation is limited along these heavily bioturbated wet and dry mud flats. Fluvial–lacustrine transitional environments, which are key waterbird habitats, are either silty terminal splay (northern axis) or sandy deltas (southern axis) containing highly oxidized and partially allochthonous organic matter. Modern analogue data from Laguna de los Pozuelos provide key insights for: (i) environmental reconstructions of ancient lake sequences; and (ii) improving facies models for piggyback basins.


Some images, upon first glance, are more easily remembered than others. Such memorability is highly consistent across people, and thus can be used as an image property for exploring the interaction of perception and memory. We conducted two fMRI experiments to investigate perception of memorable versus forgettable faces and scenes (controlled for possible confounds, including color, spatial frequency, emotion, attractiveness, objects). In Experiment 1 (N=16), participants viewed these images in a block design, while in Experiment 2 (N=16), another participant group viewed these images in an event-related design. Every image was completely novel and presented only once. In both experiments, participants performed an orthogonal image categorization task (i.e., male/female; indoor/outdoor), and were unaware of the experiments' memory-related nature. After scanning, the participants then completed an unexpected memory test. Visual perceptual regions of interest (e.g., fusiform face area, parahippocampal place area) were defined using independent functional localizers, while memory-related regions (medial temporal lobe, MTL) and attention-related regions (intraparietal sulcus, IPS; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) were anatomically defined. In both experiments, we found significantly greater activation for the memorable than forgettable images in the visual perceptual regions and several MTL regions (perirhinal cortex, PRC; parahippocampal cortex, PHC; amygdala; anterior hippocampus). Further, this memorability effect was found regardless of whether the image was later remembered or forgotten, indicating a dissociation of memorability and subsequent memory. No memorability effect was found in early visual cortex, IPS, or DLPFC, indicating that this effect is not due to visual or attentional confounds. An additional multivariate analysis revealed significantly higher classification for memorable versus forgettable images in PRC. By contrast, activity for memory encoding (remembered versus forgotten images in the subsequent memory task) was only present in the PHC. These results indicate that image memorability may be a dissociable phenomenon from memory encoding, particularly within the PRC. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


We consider shear-free radiating spherical stars in general relativity. In particular we study the junction condition relating the pressure to the heat flux at the boundary of the star. This is a nonlinear equation in the metric functions. We analyse the junction condition when the spacetime is conformally flat, and when the particles are travelling in geodesic motion. We transform the governing equation using the method of Lie analysis. The Lie symmetry generators that leave the equation invariant are identified and we generate the optimal system in each case. Each element of the optimal system is used to reduce the partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation which is further analysed. As a result, particular solutions to the junction condition are presented. These exact solutions can be presented in terms of elementary functions. Many of the solutions found are new and could be useful in the modelling process. Our analysis is the first comprehensive treatment of the boundary condition using a symmetry approach. We have shown that this approach is useful in generating new results.


The lack of a coherent understanding of what is meant by the American safety net made it difficult to have a meaningful discourse on the current condition. This paper proposes an alternative formulation of the social safety net based in network theory to overcome the shortcomings of the previous literature. The first part of the paper describes this approach, attempting to develop an alternative understanding of the safety net grounded in the actions of anti-poverty actors. Next is a list of propositions for measuring five dimensions of a safety net: the frame, structure, positions, influences, and the context. Three policy implications are derived from this new paradigm. First, shifting the level of analysis to network level allows policy makers to broaden the scope of the modern social safety net. Second, quantifying the interaction among actors reveals interdependency, which in turn redefines the power and influence of each actor within the network. Finally, the modern safety net could demonstrate a core-periphery structure. It calls for a new way of thinking about resource distribution and decision making channels of such unique structure.


The quantities of outer and inner"halves" produced by freeze-fracturing human erythrocyte membranes have been measured by visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Assays have been developed that are based on the use of two membrane surface markers: hemoglobin (Hb), a native marker for the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and fluoresceinated concanavalin A (FITC-Con-A), a marker for the extracellular side. Hb absorbance is proportional to the fraction of cytoplasmic "half" membranes, and FITC fluorescence is proportional to the fraction of extracellular "halves." A procedure is described for the preparation of surface-labeled, intact erythrocytes suitable for the formation of homogeneous, planar cell monolayers of square-centimeter dimensions on polylysine-treated glass (PL-glass). Cell monolayers were frozen and fractured, and the fractions of absorbance and fluorescence in each of the two split portions determined. The PL-glass portion of membrane contained a substantially higher ratio of fluorescence to absorbance than unsplit controls, and its paired portion, a complementary lower ratio, demonstrating that the PL-glass portion was significantly enriched in extracellular "half" membrane. Experiments investigating split membrane recovery show that the double labeled membrane splitting technique is well suited to analysis of the transmembrane distribution of membrane lipids and polypeptides using methods that do not require quantitation by electron microscopy.


Tungsten trioxide is a material with a variety of application areas. For example, the material is used within thin film technologies as electrochromic material in smart windows, as electrochemically functional material in thermal control applications or as active layer in gas sensing application. Metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensors are of significant interest to detect toxic and hazardous gases. The use of small and cheep sensors is preferable since a large number of sensors easily can be placed at different sites to monitor the concentration of different species without involving huge investments.In this work, WO3 nanoparticle films were produced using an advanced gas deposition unit for gas sensing applications. The structure of the WO3 nanoparticle films was determined using X-ray diffraction, neutron scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis and electron microscopy. The as deposited films consist of sub-stoichiometric WO3 and exhibit a large degree of porosity, which together with the small particle size of about 5 nm results in a large surface area and therefore excellent prospects for gas sensor applications. Investigations on the optical properties and temperature dependence of the resistance indicate hopping conduction in the WO3 films. The bandgaps for tetragonal and monoclinic WO3 were found to be direct, which is in accordance with band structure calculations.Sensor properties were investigated using resistance measurements upon test gas exposures. The experiments were performed at fixed operating temperatures as well as on temperature modulated sensors. The films of WO3 showed excellent sensitivity to H2S gas and selectivity to other gases. The responses of temperature modulated sensors were further analyzed using mathematical transformations and pattern recognition methods whereby different gases could be distinguished.We also present a sensing technique using conduction noise as a tool for detection of alcohol vapor. The relative change of the noise, due to the inserted alcohol, can be as large as two orders of magnitude.


Microalgae were originally considered as sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly for aquaculture purposes. However, based on the fact that their fatty acids (FA), stored as triacylglycerides (TAG), can be converted into biodiesel via a transesterification reaction, several microalgal species have emerged over the last decade as promising feedstocks for biofuel production. Elucidation of microalgae FA and TAG metabolic pathways is therefore becoming a cutting-edge field for developing transgenic algal strains with improved lipid accumulation ability. Furthermore, many of the biomolecules produced by microalgae can also be exploited. In this chapter, we describe recent advances in the field of FA and TAG pathways in microalgae, focusing in particular on the enzymes involved in FA and TAG synthesis, their accumulation in lipid droplets, and their degradation. Mention is made of potentially high-value products that can be obtained from microalgae, and possible molecular targets for enhancing FA and TAG production are outlined. A summary is provided of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of the above-mentioned pathways in microalgae. Understanding the relation between anabolic and catabolic lipid enzyme pathways will provide new insights into biodiesel production and other valuable biomolecules obtained from microalgae.


In this paper, we describe our approach to question summarization and multi-answer summarization in the context of the 2021 MEDIQA shared task (Ben Abacha et al., 2021). We propose two kinds of transfer learning for the abstractive summarization of medical questions. First, we train on HealthCareMagic, a large question summarization dataset collected from an online healthcare service platform. Second, we leverage the ability of the BART encoder-decoder architecture to model both generation and classification tasks to train on the task of Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE) in the medical domain. We show that both transfer learning methods combined achieve the highest ROUGE scores. Finally, we cast the question-driven extractive summarization of multiple relevant answer documents as an Answer Sentence Selection (AS2) problem. We show how we can preprocess the MEDIQA-AnS dataset such that it can be trained in an AS2 setting. Our AS2 model is able to generate extractive summaries achieving high ROUGE scores.


Title of Document: HOT AND COLD WATER AS A SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENT Daphne Anne Fuentevilla, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Directed By: Professor Mikhail Anisimov, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for Physical Science & Technology This dissertation addresses the anomalous properties of water at high temperatures near the vapor-liquid critical point and at low temperatures in the supercooled liquid region. The first part of the dissertation is concerned with the concentration dependence of the critical temperature, density, and pressure of an aqueous sodium chloride solution. Because of the practical importance of an accurate knowledge of critical parameters for industrial, geochemical, and biological applications, an empirical equation for the critical locus of aqueous sodium chloride solutions was adopted in 1999 by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) as a guideline. However, since this original Guideline on the Critical Locus of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride was developed, two new theoretical developments occurred, motivating the first part of this dissertation. Here, I present a theory-based formulation for the critical parameters of aqueous sodium chloride solutions as a proposed replacement for the empirical formulation currently in use. This formulation has been published in the International Journal of Thermophysics and recommended by the Executive Committee of IAPWS for adoption as a Revised Guideline on the Critical Locus of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride. The second part of the dissertation addresses a new concept, considering cold water as a supercritical solvent. Based on the idea of a second, liquid-liquid, critical point in supercooled water, we explore the possibility of supercooled water as a novel supercooled solvent through the thermodynamics of critical phenomena. In 2006, I published a Physical Review letter presenting a parametric scaled equation of state for supercooled-water. Further developments based on this work led to a phenomenological mean-field "two-state" model, clarifying the nature of the phase separation in a polyamorphic single-component liquid. In this dissertation, I modify this two-state model to incorporate solutes. Critical lines emanating from the pure-water critical point show how even small additions of solute may significantly affect the thermodynamic properties and phase behavior of supercooled aqueous solutions. Some solutes, such as glycerol, can prevent spontaneous crystallization, thus making liquid-liquid separation in supercooled water experimentally accessible. This work will help in resolving the question on liquid polyamorphism in supercooled water. HOT AND COLD WATER AS A SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENT


Duplicate or triplicate experimental replicates are commonplace in the high throughput literature. However, it has not been tested whether this is statistically defensible or not. To address this issue, we use probabilistic programming to develop a simple hierarchical model for analyzing high throughput measurement data. With the model and simulated data, we show that a small increase in replicate experiments can quantitatively improve accuracy in measurement. We also provide posterior densities for statistical parameters used in the evaluation of HT data. Finally, we provide an extensible open source implementation that ingests data structured in a simple format and produces posterior densities of estimated measurement and assay evaluation parameters.


Four subsurface constructed wetlands were built to treat the secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant in Tangshan, China. The chemical pollutant indexes of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed to evaluate the removal efficiency of organic pollutants from the secondary effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. In all cases, the subsurface constructed wetlands were efficient in treating organic pollutants. Under the same hydraulic loading condition, the horizontal flow wetlands exhibited better efficiency of COD removal than vertical flow wetlands: the removal rates in horizontal flow wetlands could be maintained at 68.4 ± 2.42% to 92.2 ± 1.61%, compared with 63.8 ± 1.19% to 85.0 ± 1.25% in the vertical flow wetlands. Meanwhile, the chemical reaction kinetics of organic pollutants was analyzed, and the results showed that the degradation courses of the four subsurface wetlands all corresponded with the first order reaction kinetics to a large extent.


Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the marketing literature and practice by examining the effect of product pricing on consumer behaviours with regard to the assertiveness and the sentiments expressed in their product reviews. In addition, the paper uses new data collection and machine learning tools that can also be extended for other research of online consumer reviewing behaviours. Design/methodology/approach Using web crawling techniques, a large data set was extracted from the Google Play Store. Following this, the authors created machine learning algorithms to identify topics from product reviews and to quantify assertiveness and sentiments from the review texts. Findings The results indicate that product pricing models affect consumer review sentiment, assertiveness and topics. Removing upfront payment obligations positively impacts the overall and pricing specific consumer sentiment and reduces assertiveness. Research limitations/implications The results reveal new effects of pricing models on the nature of consumer reviews of products and form a basis for future research. The study was conducted in the gaming category of the Google Play Store and the generalisability of the findings for other app segments or marketplaces should be further tested. Originality/value The findings can help companies that create digital products in choosing a pricing strategy for their apps. The paper is the first to investigate how pricing modes affect the nature of online reviews written by consumers.


Systemic weather risk is a major obstacle for the formation of private (non- subsidized) crop insurance. This paper explores the possibility of spatial diversification of insurance by estimating the joint occurrence of unfavorable weather conditions in different locations. For that purpose copula methods are employed that allow an adequate description of stochastic dependencies between multivariate random variables. The estimation procedure is applied to weather data in Germany. Our results indicate that indemnity payments based on temperature as well as on cumulative rainfall show strong stochastic dependence even at a national scale. Thus the possibility to reduce risk exposure by increasing the trading area of the insurance is limited. Irrespective of their economic implications our results pinpoint the necessity of a proper statistical modeling of the dependence structure of multivariate random variables. The usual approach of measuring stochastic dependence with linear correlation coefficients turned out to be questionable in the context of weather insurance as it may overestimate diversification effects considerably.


The review paper includes introduction, working principle of the PEM fuel cell and Description of water management problem in PEM fuel cell. The discussions are based on elimination of water management problem by proper design of fuel cell. The paper shows the various types of efficiency, polarization characteristics and power characteristics. It also describes the various parameters (pressure, temperature, stoichiometry ratio and humidity) which affect the performance of fuel cell, its optimum range in which fuel cell operate safely and efficiently. This paper represents the recent work done for improvement of the performance of PEM fuel cell. Fuel cell performance is increased by proper water management on the membrane. Basic parameter which enhances the fuel cell performance is Relative humidity, Flow field design, Temperature, stoichiometric ratio. With the help of this studies, we observe that the fuel ce ll performance improve by Increasing the relative humidity, temperature, pressure , stoichiometric ratio and using the split serpentine flow field instead of single serpentine flow field. The objective of this study is to explore the research in the field of PEM fuel cell and to make it cost effective for sustainable power supply.


Introduction: Tuberculosis (TBC) is one of the most common forms of pleurisy, pleural effusion and extra pulmonary TBC. Tube thoracostomy is the primary treatment method in massive TBC pleurisy. On the other hand, video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) has come to the fore in the diagnosis and treatment of undiagnosed patients. In this study, our aim is to share the results of surgeries in patients with pleural effusion due to TBC or diagnosed with TBC later.
Materials and Methods: Files of patients were analysed retrospectively. Age, gender, symptoms, vital signs, laboratory finding, location of disease, diagnosis, surgical procedure, complications, length of stay, mortality and morbidity were examined. The effects of gender, location of the disease, fluid properties, and surgical procedures on TBC pleurisy were evaluated. The patients treated with surgery were enrolled in the study. Patients who were performed anti-TBC treatment even if they had pleural effusion, underwent relaxing thoracentesis, and did not undergo surgery were excluded from the study. The treatment method which yielded favorable results in surgery was taken into consideration. Tube thoracostomies performed before VATS applications were excluded. Results were analysed using Mann- Whitney U test, Fisher exact test and Multivariate linear regression analysis. P<0.05 was considered significant.
Findings: Sixty-four patients with TBC diagnosed through VATS or thoracotomy and treated with tube thoracostomy were examined. Male gender, right localization and exudative pleural effusion were found to have a significant effect on the development of TBC pleurisy (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was found that tube thoracotomy were more effective in the treatment of TBC pleurisy (P<0.05).
Results: The primary treatment method for TBC pleurisy is tube thoracostomy. Additionally, VATS, which is successful in diagnosis and treatment of undiagnosed TBC, is safe, effective and minimally invasive procedure.


A novel swept-laser-based Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography system using an electro-optic phase modulator was demonstrated. The imaging range was doubled by cancellation of the mirror image. The elimination of low-frequency noises resulting from dc and autocorrelation terms increased the sensitivity by 20 dB.


A fuzzy-neural network needs to be trained through a learning process, so that suitable membership functions and weightings can be obtained. However, most neural networks are only simulated by computer software, which are not practical for real applications. It is therefore our objective to design an integrated circuit system based on a DSP processor with powerful arithmetical capabilities and fast data processing, and relevant peripheral devices to implement the fuzzy neural network. In terms of implementation cost and feasibility for practical applications, this DSP-based fuzzy neural network will be more practical and usable. Finally, a prospective application of the DSP processor-based fuzzy neural network to recognize speech from a non-designated person is proposed.


The goal of the research was to find out, define and evaluate the major factors of the decision-making process in the energy industry, especially in Finland. The theoretical part of the current research consists of energy system models and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model theories. The additional objective was to determine the characteristics of the Finnish energy industry. The research methodologies which were used were an action analytical and a constructive case research. The empirical data were collected using participant observation (including informal discussions) and formal questionnaires. The validity of the results of the AHP was tested by different statistical parameters and brainstorming. The results showed a high validity. The construction was tested by a weak market test, whose result was positive. The results showed that the main factors, which have an effect on the energy sector investments' life cycle profits, are both the financial and political factors. In the future, it is obvious that certain changes are taking place in the industry and, therefore, the dynamic multicriteria decision-making process will help make the decisions. The results clearly showed that with the model, the important factors in the investment decision-making process are found.


Objectives: To assess the proportion of modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) among hypertensive patients and to categorize them into different risk categories so as to determine the probability of developing MI in near future. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study done in two tertiary care hospitals attached to a medical college in south India. 600 hypertensive patients were interviewed by the treating physician using convenient sampling technique after taking the written informed consent from them. The interview was conducted using the non-laboratory INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score (non-laboratory IHMRS scores). Results: The majority of the study participants (n=404, 67.3%) never smoked in their life time, 21.6% were former smokers (n=130), and 11.1% of the study participants were currently smoking (n=66). More than half of the study participants (n=328, 54.7%) were currently diabetic. Most of them had abdominal obesity (n=469, 78.2%). Around 35.3% (n=212) of the subjects had felt sad or depressed for 2 weeks or more in a row in the last year. Fruits and vegetables were not consumed one or more times daily by 35.5% (n=213) and 11.1% (n=67) of the subjects respectively. A 19 patients (3.2%) were in the lowest risk category, 132 (22%) were at moderate risk, and 449 (74.8%) fell into the highest risk category for development of MI. Conclusion: The present study categorized the hypertensive patients into different risk categories; wherein majority of them fell into the high-risk category. Thus, this non-laboratory IHMRS can be used as a risk predictor for the development of MI. Keywords: Risk factors, Hypertensive, Non-laboratory INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score, Myocardial infarction.


Mutations in Notch2, Jagged1 or homologs of the Hairy-related transcriptional repressor Hey2 cause congenital malformations involving the non-chamber atrioventricular canal (AVC) and inner curvature (IC) regions of the heart, but the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. By manipulating signaling directly within the developing chick heart, we demonstrated that Notch2, Hey1 and Hey2 initiate a signaling cascade that delimits the non-chamber AVC and IC regions. Specifically, misactivation of Notch2 signaling, or misexpression of either Hey1 or Hey2, repressed Bmp2. Because Jagged (also known as Serrate in non-mammalian species) ligands were found to be present in prospective chamber myocardium, these data support the model that Notch2 and Hey proteins cause the progressive restriction of Bmp2 expression to within the developing AVC and IC, where it is essential for differentiation. Misactivation or inhibition of Notch2 specifically induced or inhibited Hey1, respectively, but these manipulations did not affect Hey2, implicating Hey1 as the direct mediator of Notch2. Bmp2 within the developing AVC and IC has been shown to induce Tbx2, and we found that Tbx2 misexpression inhibited the expression of both Hey1 and Hey2. Tbx2, therefore, is envisaged to constitute a feedback loop that sharpens the border with the developing AVC and IC by delimiting Hey gene expression to within prospective chamber regions. Analysis of the loss-of-function phenotype in mouse embryos homozygous for targeted disruption of Hey2 revealed an expanded AVC domain of Bmp2. Similarly, zebrafish gridlock (Hey2 homolog) mutant embryos showed ectopic expression of Bmp4, which normally marks AVC myocardium in this species. Thus, Hey pathway regulation of cardiac Bmp appears to be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to delimit AVC and IC fate, and provides a potential mechanistic explanation for cardiac malformations caused by mutations in Serrate/Jagged1 and Notch signaling components.


A HYBRID TABU/SCATTER SEARCH ALGORITHM FOR SIMULATION-BASED OPTIMIZATION OF MULTI-OBJECTIVE RUNWAY OPERATIONS SCHEDULING Bulent Soykan Old Dominion University, 2016 Director: Dr. Ghaith Rabadi As air traffic continues to increase, air traffic flow management is becoming more challenging to effectively and efficiently utilize airport capacity without compromising safety, environmental and economic requirements. Since runways are often the primary limiting factor in airport capacity, runway operations scheduling emerge as an important problem to be solved to alleviate flight delays and air traffic congestion while reducing unnecessary fuel consumption and negative environmental impacts. However, even a moderately sized real-life runway operations scheduling problem tends to be too complex to be solved by analytical methods, where all mathematical models for this problem belong to the complexity class of NP-Hard in a strong sense due to combinatorial nature of the problem. Therefore, it is only possible to solve practical runway operations scheduling problem by making a large number of simplifications and assumptions in a deterministic context. As a result, most analytical models proposed in the literature suffer from too much abstraction, avoid uncertainties and, in turn, have little applicability in practice. On the other hand, simulation-based methods have the capability to characterize complex and stochastic real-life runway operations in detail, and to cope with several constraints and stakeholders' preferences, which are commonly considered as important factors in practice. This dissertation proposes a simulation-based optimization (SbO) approach for multiobjective runway operations scheduling problem. The SbO approach utilizes a discreteevent simulation model for accounting for uncertain conditions, and an optimization component for finding the best known Pareto set of solutions. This approach explicitly considers uncertainty to decrease the real operational cost of the runway operations as well as fairness among aircraft as part of the optimization process. Due to the problem's large, complex and unstructured search space, a hybrid Tabu/Scatter Search algorithm is developed to find solutions by using an elitist strategy to preserve non-dominated solutions, a dynamic update mechanism to produce high-quality solutions and a rebuilding strategy to promote solution diversity. The proposed algorithm is applied to bi-objective (i.e., maximizing runway utilization and fairness) runway operations schedule optimization as the optimization component of the SbO framework, where the developed simulation model acts as an external function evaluator. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first SbO approach that explicitly considers uncertainties in the development of schedules for runway operations as well as considers fairness as a secondary objective. In addition, computational experiments are conducted using real-life datasets for a major US airport to demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and computationally tractable in a practical sense. In the experimental design, statistical design of experiments method is employed to analyze the impacts of parameters on the simulation as well as on the optimization component's performance, and to identify the appropriate parameter levels. The results show that the implementation of the proposed SbO approach provides operational benefits when compared to First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) and deterministic approaches without compromising schedule fairness. It is also shown that proposed algorithm is capable of generating a set of solutions that represent the inherent trade-offs between the objectives that are considered. The proposed decision-making algorithm might be used as part of decision support tools to aid air traffic controllers in solving the real-life runway operations scheduling problem.


Discoveries from collections‐based science change the way we perceive ourselves, our environment, and our place in the universe. The 18th Century saw the beginning of formal classification with Linnaeus proposing a system to classify all of life. The 19th Century ushered in the age of exploration as naturalists undertook large‐scale collecting expeditions leading to major scientific advances (the founding of Physical Geography, Meteorology, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution) and challenging long held beliefs about nature. In the 20th Century collections were central to paradigm shifts, including theories of Continental Drift and Phylogenetic Systematics; Molecular Phylogenetics added testable hypotheses, and computerized specimen records gave rise to the field of Biodiversity. In the first 15 years of the 21st Century we have seen tree‐thinking pervade the life sciences, leading to the emergence of Evolutionary Medicine, Evolutionary Ecology, and new Food Safety methods. More advances are on the way: (i) Open access to large amounts of specimen data & images, (ii) Linking of collections and climate data to phylogenies on a global scale, and (iii) Production of vast quantities of genomic data allowing us to address big evolutionary questions. As a result of collections‐based science people see themselves not as the center of all things but rather as part of a complex universe. It is essential that we integrate new discoveries with knowledge from the past (e.g., collections) in order to understand this planet we all inhabit. To ensure the health of collections‐based science we must come together and plan for the future.


Myanmar is in the midst of a long and difficult multifaceted transition, involving political liberalization, economic reform, and the resolution of multiple long-standing civil conflicts. The country has a history of ethno-religious conflict and separatism. Civil-military relations are muddy, and business-military-state relations are similarly opaque. An ongoing natural resource boom, and the blessings and curses that come with it, further complicates these developments. Given the country's evident institutional weaknesses, external policy anchors could play a critical role in this transition. Hendrix and Noland address the possible role for such international precommitment mechanisms—in particular, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)—in Myanmar's growing extractive sector.


1. In intensively farmed agricultural landscapes, many species are confined to very small uncultivated areas such as field margins. However, it has been suggested that these small habitat elements cannot support viable populations of all the species observed there. Instead, species richness and abundance in these small habitat fragments may, at least partly, be dependent on dispersal from larger semi-natural grassland fragments.2. We tested this hypothesis for butterflies and bumble bees in 12 independent landscapes in a region of intense agriculture in southern Sweden. In each landscape we surveyed abundance and species richness in one semi-natural grassland, one linear habitat (uncultivated field margin) adjacent to this (called proximate) and one similar linear habitat (called distant) situated at least 1000 m from the semi-natural grassland patch.3. Both species richness and density (individuals per unit area) of butterflies and bumble bees were significantly higher in proximate linear habitats than in distant ones. Moreover, butterfly species richness was higher for a given area in grasslands than in any of the linear habitat types. Butterfly density in grasslands did not differ from that in proximate linear habitats but was lower in distant linear habitats. The effect of isolation on density was stronger for less mobile butterfly species. For bumble bees there was no difference in species richness between grasslands and proximate linear habitats.4. For at least some of the butterfly species even these relatively small fragments of semi-natural grasslands act as population sources from which individuals disperse to the surrounding habitats and thereby contribute to higher densities and species richness in adjacent areas. For bumble bees, it is more likely that the grasslands contain a higher density of nests than the surrounding intensively cultivated landscape, and that the density of foraging bumble bees decreases with increasing distance from the nest.5. Synthesis and application. Habitat fragmentation and intensified agricultural practices are considered to be a threat against services provided by pollinators. In order to sustain the abundance and diversity of insect pollinators in intensively farmed agricultural landscapes, we suggest that preservation of the remaining semi-natural grasslands or re-creation of flower-rich grasslands is essential.


Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are one of the most promising
clean technologies under development. However, the main obstacles for
commercialising PEMFCs are largely attributed to the technical limitations and cost
of current PEM materials such as Nafion. Novel poly(2,5-benzimidazole)
(ABPBI)/POSS based polymer composite electrolyte membranes with excellent
mechanical and conductivity properties were developed in this project including (I)
ABPBI, polybenzimidazole (PBI) and their copolymers were synthesised by solution
polymerisation and their chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR and elemental
analysis. ABPBI/ActaAmmonium POSS (ABPBI/AM) and ABPBI/TriSilanolPhenyl
POSS (ABPBI/SO) composites were also synthesised in situ. High quality polymer
and composite membranes were fabricated by a direct cast method; and (II) The
mechanical and thermal properties, microstructure and morphology, water and
H3PO4 absorbility and proton conductivity of phosphoric acid doped and undoped
ABPBI and ABPBI/POSS composite membranes were investigated. SEM/TEM
micrographs showed that a uniform dispersion of POSS nano particles in ABPBI
polymer matrix was achieved. The best performances on both mechanical properties
and proton conductivities were obtained from the ABPBI/AM composite membrane
with 3 wt% of POSS (ABPBI/3AM). It was found that both the water and H3PO4
uptakes were increased significantly with the addition of POSS due to formation of
hydrogen bonds between the POSS and H2O/H3PO4, which played a critical role in
the improvement of the conductivity of the composite membranes at temperatures
over 100oC. ABPBI/3AM membranes with H3PO4 uptake above 117% showed best
proton conductivities at both hydrous and anhydrous conditions from room
temperature to 160oC, which is comparable with the conductivity of commercial
Nafion 117 at 20oC in water-saturated condition, indicating that these composite
membranes could be excellent candidates as a polymer electrolyte membrane for
high temperature applications. A new mechanism for illustrating the improved proton
conductivity of composite membranes was also developed.


The American Antitrust Institute (AAI) has released the White Paper, Update on Digital Technology: The Failure of Merger Enforcement and Need for Reform. The new White Paper updates and expands on analysis AAI originally released in July 2019.

The widely cited 2019 AAI White Paper, The Record of Weak U.S. Merger Enforcement in Digital Technology, was the subject of AAI testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee and drew attention to the acquisitive history of the five largest multinational online service or computer hardware or software companies: Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft ("Big Tech"). It also unpacked the history of merger enforcement under Section 7 of the Clayton Act in a major segment of the digital technology sector. The White Paper concluded that, as compared to enforcement across all sectors, the rate of merger challenges in digital technology is exceptionally low.

Since then, much has happened in the digital technology sector. Big Tech has solidified its hold on the top-most slots, by market value, in the Fortune 500. Federal and state monopolization cases have been filed against Google and Facebook. Among other things, the Facebook complaints allege that acquisitions of small rivals, such as social media firms Instagram (2012) and WhatsApp (2014), were a strategy to snuff out potential competition to maintain a monopoly in personal social networking services. The public policy debate over the dominance of Big Tech has also generated numerous proposals to remedy competitive and consumer harm, including breakups and digital market regulation. A 2020 House Judiciary Committee report examined competitive issues raised by the platforms that are at the core of many of the large digital ecosystems. Moreover, the digital ecosystems have been the subject of ongoing economic, business, and policy research, which has advanced the state of thinking over potential policy solutions to the problems they raise.

Results of AAI's updated analysis indicate that expansion by acquisition continues to be a leading method by which the large digital ecosystems grow. Enforcers can expect to see further growth that, when juxtaposed with persistent, weak merger enforcement in the sector, will likely exacerbate competition problems. Indeed, stronger merger enforcement over the last two decades would have mitigated the monopolization concerns that AAI sees now. As it stands, however, Section 2 of the Sherman Act is virtually the only antitrust tool left to combat dominance in the digital technology sector. This White Paper turns first to updating data on acquisitions by Big Tech through 2020 and merger enforcement statistics through the latest available reporting year, 2019. It then examines the implications of Big Tech's likely trajectory of further expansion through acquisition and growth in critical cloud infrastructure capability. It closes with an analysis of reforms necessary to revitalize merger enforcement in digital technology.


In 1876 the abolitionist Frederick Douglass observed, "No man can say anything that is new of Abraham Lincoln." Undeterred, the contributors to Our Lincoln believe it is possible even now, especially if the starting point is the interaction between the life and the times. Several of these original essays focus on Lincoln's leadership as president and commander in chief. James M. McPherson examines Lincoln's deft navigation of the crosscurrents of politics and wartime strategy. Sean Wilentz assesses Lincoln's evolving position in the context of party politics. On slavery and race, Eric Foner writes of Lincoln and the movement to colonize emancipated slaves outside the United States. James Oakes considers Lincoln's views on race and citizenship. There are also brilliant essays on Lincoln's literary style, religious beliefs, and family life. The Lincoln who emerges is a man of his time, yet able to transcend and transform it-a reasonable measure of greatness.


A portosystemic shunt is an abnormal communication between the portal vascular system and the systemic circulation. A significant number of clinical signs associated with portosystemic shunting result from hepatic encephalopathy (HE); a syndrome encompassing neurological signs such as including changes in behaviour, ataxia, unresponsiveness, pacing, circling, blindness, seizures, coma and death. We present two West Highland White Terrier dogs diagnosed with HE based on clinical signs, bile acid stimulation test and imaging of the abnormal vessel communicating the portal and the systemic circulation. Magnetic resonance sequences of the brain revealed a poorly marginated and diffuse, bilateral and symmetric hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted, fluid attenuation inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted sequences relative to the brain parenchyma including the medial longitudinal fasciculus and reticular formation in the brainstem. No abnormalities were detected on T1-weighted sequences.


Previous studies on booster disinfection optimization were commonly based on 'blank networks', neglecting the impact of existing disinfection facilities, which could result in misleading solutions. To overcome this limitation, a method, which incorporates the existing disinfection facilities, is developed and demonstrated in this study. A particle backtracking algorithm, which traces the upstream pathways of the disinfection insufficiency nodes, is employed to narrow down the potential positions for booster stations. Deterministic optimization results are then efficiently yielded by the introduction of a 'coverage matrix'. The proposed method is applied to a real life water distribution system in Beijing, China. Results show the methodology effectiveness in optimizing booster disinfection placement and operation for real life water distribution systems. For the explored case study, results suggest that adding a booster disinfection station at 0.1% of the nodes of the system can satisfy chlorine residual at about 97.5% of all nodes.


A new system to measure the natural skylight polarized radiance distribution has been developed. The system is based on a fish-eye lens, CCD camera system, and filter changer. With this system sequences of images can be combined to determine the linear polarization components of the incident light field. Calibration steps to determine the system 's polarization characteristics are described. Comparisons of the radiance measurements of this system and a simple pointing radiometer were made in the field and agreed within 10 % for measurements at 560 and 670 nm and 25 % at 860 nm. Polarization tests were done in the laboratory. The accuracy of the intensity measurements is estimated to be 10 %, while the accuracy of measurements of elements of the Mueller matrix are estimated to be 2 %.


By the mid-1960s, New York's art establishment -- its major museums and galleries -- had ceased to reflect the city's diversity and had largely ignored the decade's social, political, and cultural ferment. In response, marginalized artists created an oppositional network of organizations, exhibit spaces, and cooperative galleries that both paralleled and challenged the status quo. This alternative art movement flourished for more than two decades, repositioning New York at the center of international contemporary art. Alternative Art New York brings together a diverse group of artists and critics to explore the origins and evolution of this diffuse and vibrant cultural scene from a variety of perspectives: political, philosophical, organizational, economic, and aesthetic.Locating the movement within both the art world and its larger social and political context, these authors decipher the shifting configurations of cultural power in this period and the complex relationship between the mainstream and the marginal. With a unique, annotated chronology of the alternative art scene from 1965 to 1985, and illustrated with 150 images of key works, installations, and exhibits; reproductions of posters, communiques, and other ephemera; and photographs of protests and meetings, this volume is an important work of contemporary art history and a valuable sourcebook that suggests the basis for the return of an artist-driven cultural economy.


The contribution of various physical sources of uncertainty affecting radar rainfall estimates at the ground is quantified toward deriving and understanding the error covariance matrix of these estimates. The focus here is on stratiform precipitation at a resolution of 15 km, which is most relevant for data assimilation onto mesoscale numerical models. In the characterization of the error structure, the following contributions are considered: (i) the individual effect of the range-dependent error (associated with beam broadening and increasing height of radar measurements with range), (ii) the error associated with the transformation from reflectivity to rain rate due to the variability of drop size distributions, and (iii) the interaction of the first two, that is, the term resulting from the cross correlation between the effects of the range-dependent error and the uncertainty related to the variability of drop size distributions (DSDs). For this purpose a large database of S-band radar observations at short range (where reflectivity near the ground is measured and the beam is narrow) is used to characterize the range-dependent error within a simulation framework, and disdrometric measurements collocated with the radar data are used to assess the impact of the variability of DSDs. It is noted that these two sources of error are well correlated in the vicinity of the melting layer as result of the physical processes that determine the density of snow (e.g., riming), which affect both the DSD variability and the vertical profile of reflectivity.


Abstract Background: Providing appropriate rehabilitation services for Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) in childhood presents a number of challenges for caregivers, health and education professionals and the young person as they develop. Primary objective: To record the challenges and possible creative solutions generated by an international group of professionals to address the needs of children with ABI. Review of information: Recommendations were generated from children's special interest group meetings of the International Brain Injury Association (Turin, Italy, 2001; Stockholm, Sweden, 2003; Melbourne, Australia, 2005; Lisbon, Portugal, 2008) and through meetings of the International Paediatric Brain Injury Society (IPBIS), formed in 2009. Delegates participating in the workshops were representative of nations from around the world and included The Netherlands, New Zealand, Australia, the UK, Finland, Germany, South Africa, the US, Canada, Sweden, Brazil and Italy. Outcomes: The information presented is based on a retrospective review of those meetings and the summaries of the topics considered.


The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), the federal law that regulates employer-sponsored benefit plans, has a rich history of judiciallycreated federal common law. This Article explores the theoretical, policy, statutory, and stare decisis grounds for the development of another area offederal common law under ERISA-the incorporation of respondeat superior liability principles to impose ERISA fiduciary liability ("vicarious fiduciary liability") upon a corporation for the fiduciary activities of its employees or agents. The Article proposes that the federal courts should adopt a federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability under ERISA based on the traditional scope of employment approach. Under such a rule, a corporate principal whose own internal employees or agents perform fiduciary functions during the course and within the scope of their employment or agency relationship would be strictly liable under ERISA for any breach of fiduciary duty by the employee or agent. Vicarious fiduciary liability should be limited, however, so that a nonfiduciary corporate principal would not be subject to damages claims under ERISA for the rogue fiduciary activities of its employees or agents, but would be subject to restitution as necessary to prevent unjust enrichment of the principal. A federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability under ERISA is necessary for two reasons. First, a rule of vicarious fiduciary liability is essential to maintaining and enforcing ERISA's comprehensive system of fiduciary regulation. Second, vicarious fiduciary liability is needed to prevent employer overreaching under the judicially-created settlor function defense to breach of fiduciary duty claims. Absent a federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability, a corporate employer in its nonfiduciary capacity as the settlor of its ERISA plan, may design the documents that govern the employer's plan as a shield against fiduciary responsibility for the actions of the employer's own internal fiduciary employees. This misuse of nonfiduciary settlor powers, which is contrary to both the letter and the spirit of ERISA, would be prevented by a federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability.


Neural populations that encode sensory experience should be persistently active for as long as the experience persists. However, research into visual neural activity has focused almost exclusively on onset-driven responses that cannot account for sustained perception. We used intracranial recordings in humans to determine the degree to which the presence of a visual stimulus is persistently encoded by neural activity. The correspondence between stimulus duration and response duration was strongest in early visual cortex and gradually diminished along the visual hierarchy, such that is was weakest in inferior-temporal category-selective regions. A similar posterior-anterior gradient was found within inferior temporal face-selective regions, with posterior but not anterior sites showing persistent face-selective activity. The results suggest that regions that appear uniform in terms of their category selectivity are dissociated by how they temporally represent a stimulus in support of real-time experience, and delineate a large-scale organizing principle of the ventral visual stream.


Weedy rice is a serious problem in Uruguayan rice fields since intensification of rice production started about 10 years ago. The genetic diversity of 26 weedy accessions of weedy rice and 6 Uruguayan cultivars were analyzed using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) methodology. Abundant polymorphisms were found among samples tested. Using different methods of analysis three groups of samples were revealed. A relationship was found between three groups and morphological traits. One group had a black hull, purple apex and long awn (wild type traits) while another group had straw hull and apex, and short or no awn (domestication traits). The third group included the cultivars analyzed and some weedy rice samples. The weedy rice in this third group is presumed to most closely mimic cultivated rice and may have recently evolved. The results suggest that weedy rice adapts either to the natural environment or to cultivation. The former type with black hull and long awn may be easy to control because it can easily be seen. The later group may be difficult to control, particularly since the weedy rices within the cluster consisting of cultivars suggest that weedy rices are continually evolving in Uruguayan rice fields. The AFLP technique is very effective for assessing genetic diversity within weedy rice and will be very useful for fingerprinting of local cultivars of rice.


Dyspnoea on exertion is the most common presenting symptom of pulmonary hypertension (PH), often a progressive and ultimately fatal condition. However, the presenting manifestations are protean, and more subtle features such hoarseness (caused by compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve) challenge master clinicians. Clinician scientists have refined the clinical classification in a manner that aids in accurate diagnosis and facilitates communication among healthcare providers and research investigators. Diagnostic algorithms emphasize confirmation and characterization of PH by catheterisation as well as differentiating between the current classes based upon essential and contingent diagnostic tests.


Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid, is incorporated into proteins through the recoding of a termination codon, an inefficient translational process mediated by a complex molecular machinery. Sec is a rare amino acid in extant proteins, chemically similar to cysteine (Cys), found in homologous position to Cys of nonselenoprotein families. Selenoproteins account for the dependence of vertebrates on environmental selenium (Se) and have an important role in several Se-deficiency diseases. Selenoproteins are poorly characterized enzymes and reports on the functional exchangeability of Sec with Cys are limited and controversial. Whether the unique role of Sec in some selenoenzymes illustrates the broader contribution of Se to protein function is unknown (Gromer S, Johansson L, Bauer H, Arscott LD, Rauch S, Ballou DP, Williams CH Jr, Schirmer RH, Arnér ES. 2003. Active sites of thioredoxin reductases: why selenoproteins? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:12618-12623). Here, we address this question from an evolutionary perspective by the simultaneous identification of the patterns of divergence in almost half a billion years of vertebrate evolution and diversity within the human lineage for the full complement of enzymatic Sec residues in these proteomes. We complete this analysis with data for the homologous Cys residues in the same genomes. Our results indicate concerted purifying selection across Sec and Cys sites in all selenoproteomes, consistent with a unique role of Sec in protein function, low exchangeability, and an unknown degree of functional divergence with Cys homologs. The distinct biochemical properties of Sec, rather than the geographical distribution of Se, global O(2) levels or Sec metabolic cost, appear to play a major role in driving adaptive changes in vertebrate selenoproteomes. A better understanding of the selenoproteomes and neutral evolutionary patterns in other taxa will be necessary to fully assess the generality of this conclusion.


This essay joins the debate about the place of gender in the law of parentage, an issue that looms large in today's "culture war," including the continuing battle over same-sex marriage. As part of the conversation about contrasting conceptions first presented at a conference on What is Parenthood? and later revised for a forthcoming book with the same title (edited by Daniel Cere and Linda McClain), this essay makes the case for a legal regime based on the "diversity approach." This approach supports recognition of a diverse range of parent-child relationships, without regard to sex or gender, in contrast to the "integrated model," which calls for an understanding of parentage that integrates biological and other functions and aspects of parentage. In advocating that parentage laws reflect the diversity approach, this essay makes two primary contributions. First, it challenges the constitutional validity of parentage laws that would impose an integrated model. Most proponents of this model, by one route or another, conclude that children need exactly one mother and one father - a gendered combination missing or disrupted when a child has two legal parents who are both women or both men, when a child has only one legal parent, or in the occasional case in which courts have recognized three legal parents for a given child. This essay shows how this model and its underlying normative premises rest on gender stereotypes that equality jurisprudence and family law have thoroughly repudiated. Second, this essay questions recent arguments, both for and against laws based on the integrated model, that rely on empirical investigations of the purported effect of various familial arrangements on children. Whatever the contemporary attraction of multidisciplinary analyses, empirical data cannot resolve disputes about competing laws of parentage. In particular, empirical findings purporting to show that the normative one-mother-one-father configuration serves most children well would not justify enshrining it in parentage rules applicable to all children. Several reasons support this position. For one, across-the-board rules based on empirical evidence of an optimal parental arrangement for children in general would sacrifice the best interests of some individual children, while also contravening family law's frequent preference for fact-specific assessments. In addition, conclusions based on such evidence not only rest on value judgments and questionable assumptions about causality but also change over time. Finally, reliance on such empirical evidence fails appropriately to take into account the power of family laws to shape the experiences of the very children and other family members in question. The essay concludes by using some ingredients from the integrated model to begin to sketch an alternative framework based on the diversity approach. These preliminary steps in turn show why the analysis outlined in this essay makes sense as a matter of family law and promises to address children's interests at least as well as the alternatives.


Background: Authorizing abortion in some cases of fetal and maternal diseases which was implemented by passing its law in 2005, a major change in therapeutic abortion was performed in Iran,s health system. Although there may be cases of illegal abortion, but our study examined legal abortion of Lorestan province in 2013, which led to increase in awareness of health professionals about indications of therapeutic abortion, the time to do it and answer to related questions.

Materials and Methods: In this epidemiological and cross-sectional study, all applications for abortion permission, received by Lorestan legal organization in 2013, were studied. The data were recorded in a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: From 205 cases during a year, 144 of them obtained permission for abortion of which 88% issued for fetal abnormalities and 12% due to illness of the mother. The most common diseases in the fetus were, the brain and skull abnormalities, and in the mothers, cardiovascular diseases and hematologic abnormalities were the highest. In these cases, the most frequency belonged to the age group of 25-34 years. For 61 requests, permission for abortion had not been issued. High gestational age (26 cases) and diseases of the brain and skull, were the most common reasons of request for abortion.

Conclusion: Abortion means therapeutic abortion and with the increase in the authorized therapeutic abortion, the illegal abortion will be reduced and leads to increase in the health of pregnant women. By increasing awareness of the medical staff about permitted therapeutic abortion and related laws, a correct and better guidance of pregnant women, we can help them to have a healthy community. As well as the problems of obstetricians and gynecologists, in this field, will be decreased.

Keywords: Therapeutic abortion, Fetal abnormalities, Forensic medic


This paper investigates the extent to which people in five Middle Eastern countries endorse key beliefs of developmental idealism that associate development with freedom, democracy, and human rights. Developmental idealism is a set of beliefs concerning the desirability of development, the methods for achieving it, and its consequences. The literature suggests that these beliefs have diffused worldwide among elites and lay citizens and posits that when such beliefs are disseminated they become forces for social and economic changes. Although developmental idealism research has primarily examined family and demographic issues, developmental idealism has tremendous potential to influence other aspects of society. This paper extends knowledge by considering societal aspects not addressed previously in the developmental idealism literature: personal freedom, democracy, and human rights. Using survey data from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, we investigate how publics of these countries associate development with these elements. We find that majorities believe development brings greater personal freedom, democracy, and human rights. Conversely, the data show that in four of the countries majorities believe more personal freedom contributes to development. These findings provide support for the idea that developmental idealism beliefs concerning freedom, democracy, and human rights have diffused to lay publics in these five Middle Eastern countries. We also find evidence of uniquely Islamic developmental models; a significant proportion of people in these countries believe that more religion will bring more development.


Since the Treaty of Maastricht (1992), every person holding the nationality of a European Union (EU) Member State is automatically a citizen of the EU and is granted an additional set of rights. In 2007, the Lisbon Treaty strengthened EU citizenship by making the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding and by expanding the opportunities for democratic participation and increasing the visibility of EU citizen rights. Citizens are and must be at the heart of European integration. Therefore, it is important to make citizens' lives easier, to help them understand their rights and involve them in a debate on the Europe they want to live in and build for future generations (European Commission, 2013, p.3). At the same time, the European Commission has noted in its 2010 EU citizenship report and in its 2013 EU citizenship report that citizens face difficulties in exercising their rights and are not always aware of the rights they legally possess (European Commission, 2010; European Commission, 2013). To overcome possible barriers and stimulate opportunities for exercising EU citizenship an impact assessment for new policies and regulations might be useful. However, existing Commissions impact assessment guidelines do not focus on EU citizenship impacts. The focus is on economic, social and environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to include EU citizenship. Bakker et al. (2016, p.12) note: "An impact assessment guideline where EU citizenship is included will make decision makers aware of risks for new barriers for citizens when exercising their citizenship rights and, in an ideal world, make them aware of what policies and regulations offer increased opportunities for exercising these rights. In the long term, this leads to a European administrative reality in which it is more easy and common for individual citizens to exercise their EU citizen rights". To develop an impact assessment framework that focuses on EU citizenship too, different steps are taken within the bEUcitizen project. First, in the working paper (D11.1) 'Assessing policy implications for EU citizenship' (Bakker et al., 2016) options for an impact assessment framework for EU citizenship are explored. Favorable impact assessment approaches are identified even as the elements that should be included in the framework and what requirements the framework should meet. Second, in (D11.2) 'Towards Impact Assessment indicators for EU citizenship' (Bakker and Van der Kolk, 2016) eight indicators to assess EU citizenship are developed based on outcomes of the bEUcitizen project so far and existing impact assessment guidelines and documents. The insights from these papers have been a starting point for this report. In this report, we aim to include EU citizenship impacts in an impact assessment tool. When we include EU citizenship impacts, Bakker et al. (2016) argued it is necessary to include two specific elements into the impact assessment framework: (1) to assess EU citizenship impacts attention is needed for both EU citizenship rights and participation in the EU (political) community (the so called technical-rational and post-positive perspectives) , and (2) attention need to be paid to the EU and national level and the interface between the impact assessments on both levels. We explain these two elements further in chapter 2. In chapter 3 a practical 'rules of thumb' guide for carrying out an impact assessment is presented. In seven practical steps we explain how to carry out an impact assessment for EU citizenship. To make these steps transparent and workable we present tools for policymakers. These tools, presented as infographics, can be used by policymakers to see in a glance which steps to take in an impact assessment and where to think about when assessing for instance social and EU citizenship impacts. This will help to make the execution of impact assessments more workable and useable for policy makers on the European and the national level, especially with regard to EU citizenship. Furthermore, we do a proposal for revising existing impact assessment documents of the Commission. In chapter 4 we will explain this briefly. In annex I we present an extended version of the Guidance on social rights, now including EU citizenship, and annex II suggests a revision of the existing Impact Assessment Guideline. The report ends with a final note on how these proposals fit into the existing EU strategies.


Objective To study the prevalence of bronchial asthma among primary school children in Menoufiya Governorate (El-Bagour Center). Background Asthma is a common disease in children that forms a major comorbidity illness. It is prevalent worldwide, especially in developed countries where its prevalence is increasing to epidemic proportions. Patients and Methods This is an observational study carried out on 2544 children from a representative sample of children attending eight primary schools in El-Menoufiya Governorate (El-Bagour Center): four schools were located inside El-Bagour Center, representing the urban locality, and the other four schools were located in villages around El-Bagour Center, representing the rural locality. Children were screened for chest symptoms by a questionnaire. Results The prevalence of asthma in rural and urban schools was 5.34 and 6.58%, respectively, with a total prevalence of 6.09%. A low socioeconomic level, a positive family history of similar disease, and exposure to smoke showed a highly significant effect as risk factors for asthma. Bronchial asthma had a highly significant effect on delayed weight gain, disturbed sleep, missed school days, limited activity, and emergency room visits and had a significant effect on delayed growth. Conclusion The overall point prevalence of childhood bronchial asthma among primary school children in Menoufiya governorate was 6.5%, which reflects a significant increase over the last 20 years when compared with a previous prevalence rate of 2.2% in a similar study conducted more than 20 years ago. This reveals a significant increase in the magnitude of the problem of bronchial asthma in our community and the need for effective prevention and management programs.


IP networks are nowadays well established technologies being used to support a myriad of applications and services, thus assuming a crucial role in todays telecommunication systems. Nevertheless, such infrastructures usually require network administrators to perform a wide set of complex planning and management tasks trying to attain adequate network configurations. Many of such management tasks can be mathematically formulated as NP-hard optimization problems, sometimes involving several objective functions. In this context, this work explores and demonstrates the potential of using computational intelligence methods as optimization engines to tackle complex network optimization problems. In particular, Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) are used to attain near-optimal link state routing configurations robust to distinct operational conditions. As result, network administrators will be provided with a set of alternative routing configurations representing distinct tradeoffs between the considered optimization goals. The robustness of the proposed methods is illustrated by presenting several multiobjective optimization examples able to improve the performance and resilience levels of a network infrastructure. In this perspective, this work presents a contribution for this research area by proposing specific MOEAs based optimization methods able to improve network routing configurations. Furthermore, the devised methods are also integrated in a freely available Traffic Engineering optimization framework able to be used by network administrators interested in improving the routing configurations of their network infrastructures.


Enlightened Aid is a unique history of foreign aid. It begins with the modern concept of progress in the Scottish Enlightenment, follows its development in nineteenth and early twentieth-century economics and anthropology, describes its transformation from a concept into a tool of foreign policy, and ends with the current debate about aid's utility. In his 1949 inaugural address, Harry Truman vowed to make the development of the underdeveloped world a central part of the United States government's national security agenda. This commitment became policy the following year with the creation of Point Four-America's first aid program to the developing world. Point Four technicians shared technology, know-how, and capital with thirty-four nations around the world. They taught classes on public health and irrigation, distributed chickens and vaccines, and helped build schools and water treatment facilities. They did all of it in the name of development, believing that economic progress would lead to social and political progress, which, in turn, would ensure that Point Four recipient nations would become prosperous democratic participants in the global community of nations. Point Four was a weapon in the fight against poverty, but it was also a weapon in the fight against the Soviet Union. Eisenhower reluctantly embraced it and Kennedy made it a central part of his international policy agenda, turning Truman's program into the United States Agency for International Development. Point Four had proven itself to be a useful tool of diplomacy, and subsequent administrations claimed it for themselves. None seemed overly worried that it had not also proven itself to be a particularly useful tool of development. Using Ethiopia as a case study, Enlightened Aid: U.S. Development as Foreign Policy in Ethiopia examines the struggle between foreign aid-for-diplomacy and foreign aid-for-development. Point Four's creators believed that aid could be both at the same time. The history of U.S. aid to Ethiopia suggests otherwise. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/history/9780199796915/toc.html