In prostate cancer, the signals that drive cell proliferation change as tumors progress from castration-sensitive (androgen-dominant) to castration-resistant states. While the mechanisms underlying this change remain uncertain, characterization of common signaling components that regulate both stages of prostate cancer proliferation is important for developing effective treatment strategies. Here, we demonstrate that paxillin, a known cytoplasmic adaptor protein, regulates both androgen- and EGF-induced nuclear signaling. We show that androgen and EGF promoted MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin, resulting in nuclear translocation of paxillin. We found nuclear paxillin could then associate with androgen-stimulated androgen receptor (AR). This complex bound AR-sensitive promoters, retaining AR within the nucleus and regulating AR-mediated transcription. Nuclear paxillin also complexed with ERK and ELK1, mediating c-FOS and cyclin D1 expression; this was followed by proliferation. Thus, paxillin is a liaison between extranuclear MAPK signaling and nuclear transcription in response to androgens and growth factors, making it a potential regulator of both castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Accordingly, paxillin was required for normal growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts, and its expression was elevated in human prostate cancer tissue microarrays. Paxillin is therefore a potential biomarker for prostate cancer proliferation and a possible therapeutic target for prostate cancer treatment.


Abstract. Antarctica and Greenland are two major Earth's continental ice shelves which play an important role in influencing Earth's energy balance through their high albedo. The ice sheets comprise of grounded ice or the continental glaciers and their associated ice shelves. Surface velocity is an important parameter that needs to be monitored to understand the glacier dynamics. Marine terminating glaciers have higher velocity than land terminating glaciers. Therefore, ice shelves are generally observed to have higher velocity as compared to continental glaciers. The focus of this study is Amery ice shelf (AIS) which is the third largest ice shelf located in east Antarctica terminating into the Prydz Bay on the eastern Antarctica. The surface ice-flow velocity of AIS is very high compared to its surrounding glaciers which flows at a rate of 1400 m a−1 and drains about 8% of the Antarctic ice sheet. AIS is fed by different glaciers and ice streams at the head, as well as from the western and eastern side of the ice shelf before it terminates into the ocean. The primary objective of this study was to compute velocity of the eastern tributary glaciers of AIS using SAR from Sentinel-1 data. The secondary objective was to compare the winter and summer velocities of the glaciers for 2017–2018. The offset tracking method has been applied to the ground range detected (GRD) product obtained from Sentinel-1 satellite. This method is suitable for regions with higher glacier velocity where interferometry is generally affected by the loss of coherence. The offset tracking method works by tracking the features on the basis of another feature and calculates the offset between the two features in the images. Two tributary glaciers near the Clemence massif and another glacier near the Pickering Nunatak feed into this ice shelf from the eastern glacial basin region that drains ice from the American Highland, east Antarctica. The glaciers near the Clemence massif showed low annual velocity which ranged from 100 m a−1 at the head to ∼300 m a−1 near the end of the glacier, where it merges with AIS. The glaciers flowing near the Pickering Nunatak exhibited moderate velocity ranging from 150 m a−1 at its head and reaching up to 450 m a−1 near the tongue. The summer velocity (March 2018) was observed to be higher than the velocity in winter (July 2017) and the difference between the summer and the winter velocities was found to be between 50 m a−1 and 130 m a−1. The results for the velocity were obtained at 120 m resolution and were compared with the previous MEaSUREs (Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments) yearly velocity at 450 m and 1 km resolution provided by National Snow and Ice Data Center portal. The results were evaluated using statistical measure- bias and the accuracy was derived using the root mean square error. The bias did not exceed 20 m a−1 for the three glaciers and the accuracy was observed to be more than 85% for most of the regions. The accuracy of the results suggests that the offset tracking technique is useful for future velocity estimation in the regions of high glacier velocity.


A test was conducted to determine the reaction of composite propellant in a rocket motor to detonation of an adjacent warhead. The reaction was much more violent than expected. The front-most portion reacted so heavily that it was detonation-like, and there was clear evidence that the neighboring portion exploded. These responses are thought to be related to jetting from the star-shaped axial void along the axis. IM (Insensitive Munition) evaluation of the event is tackled somewhat tediously, a major aim being to demonstrate our approach. It is suggested that the IM community revise some aspects of protocols.


The research objective was to determine if the procedure sales of existing cash and credit have been able to control devices for UD Jaya Mulya Lawang-Malang, so that corporate objectives can be achieved. Type penellitian used is descriptive qualitative, ie describe a variable in a single unit of analysis in the form of case studies or case study described in the form of description. Based on the evaluation and discussion of the sales procedures at UD Jaya Mulya Lawang-Malang, it can be concluded that existing procedures have not gone well, this can be seen from several weaknesses, among others: (a) In cash and credit sales document used is nota sales, daily reports, and the recapitulation of this cash sales has been good but there are still shortcomings are not evidence of cash inflows and cash receipts journal; (2) On credit sales administration department also has not made its accounting records into a card receivables, (3) Section warehouse Nor do the accounting records of the card warehouse, (4) On the use of accounting records is not good enough, that is not used cash receipts journal, warehouse card, the card accounts and financial statements. This can lead to bad information to be received by the user reports.


This paper proposes "An Emergency Situation Detection System for Ambient Assisted Living (AAL)", to support elderly people and patients with chronic conditions and potential health-related emergencies to live independently. It implements an Internet of Things (IoT) network that continuously monitors the health conditions of these people. The network includes mobile phones, to transmit the data generated by the IoT sensors to the cloud server. Especially, the paper proposes the 3rd party unknown mobile relays instead of dedicated gateways as opposed to many existing solutions for IoT healthcare applications. The wireless communication technology used to provide the connectivity between the sensor nodes and mobile relays is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). To establish a secure end-to-end connectivity between low power IoT sensor nodes and cloud servers, the paper proposes several techniques. After the medical data transmission to the cloud server, it is responsible for emergency detection and alert generation accordingly. The type of emergency is not limited to a specific health issue, but new emergency situations can be defined and added to the proposed system. Ultimately, the interested parties such as family members, caretakers and doctors receive these alerts. The development of a prototype of the system as a part of the work using commercial off-the-shelf devices verifies the validity of the proposing system and evaluates the performance advantage over the existing systems.


ONLY AVAILABLE FOR CONSULTATION AT ASTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WITH PRIOR ARRANGEMENT This thesis seeks to contribute to the socio-political literature. It comprises of three individual chapters examining the determinants and consequences of different social-political institutional factors. Specifically, the first study combines game theoretical and empirical techniques to examine how bureaucrats favour other agents within their social group and the effects this will have on the level of corruption in the economy. To this end, I develop a simple model of allocation of time between economic activities and leisure (time spent building social network ties), to illustrate the underlying causal mechanism between social network and corruption. It shows that large social networks and low levels of economic activities provides the condition for high levels of corruption. However, the ability of the government to punish corruption through well-established laws and property rights enforcement acts as a deterrent to corruption. he second work also combines game theoretical and empirical techniques. It aims to clarify the relationship between the degree of competition and political influence of firms, paying particular attention to the level of government regulations that exist in the countries in which the firms operates. The interplay between economic and political institutions is vital to any analysis on understanding the workings of political influence. The third study is purely empirical. It examines the role of two types of business network, namely, political connections and business group affiliations on a firm's performance. Evidence was provided on Chinese firms' performance during the 2008 financial crisis.


This paper reports an on-line sample preconcentration by a sweeping technique based on the surface complexation between TiO2 (titania) nanoparticles and phosphate groups in the capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of phosphopeptides. It is well-known that titania particles can trap phosphopeptides under an acidic condition, while under an alkaline condition they are eluted from the titania surfaces. In the sweeping via solid phase extraction using the titania nanoparticles, a phosphopeptide solution is injected as a long plug into a capillary filled with an acidic background solution. Due to the complexation onto the titania surfaces, the analytes in a long sample zone are swept by the titania particles to a narrow zone. This preconcentration technique was applied to the analysis of monophosphopeptide from β-casein. When an 1% titania dispersion and 100 ppm phosphopeptide solution was successively introduced into the capillary at the injection time of 30 s and 60 s, respectively, a sharp peak of the phosphopeptide was obtained by UV detection without any optical interferences of the titania. Comparing with a conventional CE analysis, a 22-fold sensitivity increase was achieved by the preconcentration effect.


In 1985, Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, announced that it was going to contract out the work of its food-service department, effectively terminating 156 employees. This action was taken despite the department's well-established record of profitability and quality service. A workforce of almost entirely African-American women, the food-service workers averaged only $3.80 per hour and they were rarely offered a full work week. Fully aware of the limited number of opportunities in East Texas for women and minorities, the workers were prepared to go to great lengths to prevent their jobs from being eliminated. Most likely they would have lost that battle if they had not been part of an extremely creative and aggressive union organizing campaign."


This paper presents SoloFind, a mobile retail experience system for large consumer electronic stores that helps users to retrieve product information. A tangible user interface (TUI) allows customers to collect product information via a simple, Near Field Communication (NFC) based interaction. This data can be customized, reviewed and compared at an interactive kiosk. The simple, touch-like interaction with NFC provides a seamless user experience for customers. This paper focuses on the design of SoloFind, its features and their preliminary evaluation with an experience prototype.


Ethnic hatred has caused many lives on the African continent. In many cases victims of ethnic hatred are left without hope for the future. The book of Obadiah shows that there is hope for victims of ethnic hatred. This article looks at the book from the viewpoint that considers God's wrath and judgment on ethnic hatred, his assurance of justice and his plan to give hope to victims of ethnic hatred. Compared to Judah's misfortune, the Edomites used their advantage to participate in the destruction of "a brother" nation. But God would administer justice which would lead to the abasement of Edom and offer hope to Judah. Victims of ethnic hatred in Africa should console themselves with the fact that God will administer justice that would see to the punishment of those who take advantage of their condition and offer them (victims of ethnic hatred) a better future.


Modern advanced manufacturing is capable of generating complex structures on large area substrates while maintaining high feature resolution and small defects. Examples of these products include photovoltaic cells, OLED displays, and printed sensors, manufactured at high speed on roll-to-roll (R2R) processes. A challenge for manufacturers is to ensure that the quality of products is not compromised by the faster manufacturing process, therefore inspection should be in-line, fast, and should meet the accuracy needs of the product. A possible candidate for nanoscale surface measurement on large areas in an industrial environment is the wavelength scanning interferometer (WSI) technique for its higher speed when compared to other surface topography measurement techniques.

In this thesis, traceability for a WSI instrument is established, i.e. a procedure is defined to estimate the measurement uncertainty according to recent development in ISO standards for surface texture measurement. An estimation of measurement uncertainties associated with each of the metrological characteristics (MCs) and combined uncertainty is reported. It is shown that the WSI instrument is capable of measuring surface height with an uncertainty in the order of tens of nanometres. The larger uncertainty contribution is due to the linearity deviation of the vertical axis due to variable performance of the phase demodulating algorithm to fringe patterns with a large range of frequencies.

And alternative method is proposed to estimate the amplification factor and the linearity deviation which are usually estimated with the step height standard (SHS) method. The amplification factor can be estimated which lower uncertainty via the wavelength standard (WS) method and the linearity deviation via the measurement of a tilted-flat.

A technique variation, namely 'phase WSI' is proposed that improves the measurement performance of the WSI. Rather than determining the conventional fringe frequency-derived height directly, the method uses the frequency to resolve the fringe order ambiguity, and combine this information with the more accurate and repeatable fringe phase derived z height. A theoretical model to evaluate the method's performance in the presence of additive noise is derived and shown to be in good agreement with experiments. The linearity deviation is reduced by approximately an order of magnitude, reaching amplitudes of few nanometres. The measurement noise is also reduced by an order of magnitude, reaching the sub-nanometre range.

A complementary technique, quadrature WSI (QWSI), is also proposed which extends the measurement range by more than double, allowing positive and negative optical path differences (OPD) to be distinguished and making accessible for measurement the range around the zero OPD position. A theoretical explanation of the achieved improvement and the origin of possible phase estimation error is also provided.


The recently-released eighth edition of the venerable Black's Law Dictionary is the second edition to be completed under the editorship of Bryan Garner. This review examines Garner's claim that the dictionary has been thoroughly rewritten in light of modern lexicographic principles. It turns out the most recent editions of Black's do indeed represent a substantial improvement. For one thing, the newest version of the dictionary has benefited from being reviewed by a large array of legal experts. Moreover, as opposed to the previous practice of simply adding words to new editions, while retaining verbatim just about all previous entries and definitions, the seventh and eighth editions have begun to systematically revisit existing definitions, updating them where necessary and purging entries that are not really legal terminology. These points are illustrated by a close examination of the history of the word mitigation in the various editions of the dictionary, in light of the insidious impact that an earlier definition in Black's had on California death penalty law. The scope of the new Black's appears to be quite comprehensive, including terminology from the many subdisciplines of law, and also including a great deal of historical terminology as well as recent coinages. In fact, one aspect of its coverage (an appendix of legal maxims) arguably covers more territory than is really necessary. As to the definitions themselves, they have not only been reexamined, but have been organizationally improved by distinguishing information of an encyclopedic nature from the definitions proper. They also include citations and illustrative examples. Unlike the practice in earlier editions, however, most quotations in the new Black's come from secondary sources (treatises, hornbooks, etc.) rather than from statutes and judicial opinions. Garner and his staff will no doubt continue to improve future versions of the dictionary. So, the question for owners of previous editions is whether to upgrade now or wait for an even better dictionary to appear a few years down the road. Unlike new versions of software, which often add new features that you don't need and deprive you of old features you liked, there is no downside to buying the newest edition of Black's.


The most widety used approach for calculating the flux of gases across the sea surface is from the product of the concentration difference across the interface and a kinetic parameter, often called the transfer velocity. During the NERC North Sea Community Research Project (CRP) a considerable effort was made to improve our knowledge of both of these terms. Concentration measurements were made on nine survey cruises (February to October 1989) for dimethyl sulphide (DMS) (and its precursor dimethylsulphonioproprionate DMSP, both dissolved and particulate), as well as for a variety of natural and man-made low molecular mass halocarbons. To better define the relationship between transfer velocity and wind speed a novel double tracer technique was used on two of the process cruises in the North Sea CRP. The tracers added to the water were SF6 and 3He and from the measured change in their concentration ratio over time, four estimates of the transfer velocity were made, one at a rather high wind speed (ca. 17 m s_1). The results are in general agreement with the relationship of Liss & Merlivat (1986) based on laboratory and lake studies and theoretical considerations, and constitute their first real test at sea. Combining the above results for the transfer velocity with the detailed concentration fields measured in the CRP has enabled us to calculate fluxes across the sea surface for the measured gases with a much finer time and space resolution than was possible hitherto. Some implications of the calculated fluxes for atmospheric chemistry in Europe are discussed.


Internet censorship resistance systems (CRSs) have so far been designed in an ad-hoc manner. The fundamentals are unclear and the foundations are shaky. Censors are, more and more, able to take advantage of this situation. Future censorship resistance systems ought to be built from strong theoretical underpinnings and be based on empirical evidence. Our approach is based on systematizing the CRS field and its players. Informed by this systematization we develop frameworks that have broad scope, from which we gain general insight as well as answers to specific questions. We develop theoretical and simulationbased analysis tools 1) for learning how to manipulate censor behavior using game-theoretic tactics, 2) for learning about CRS-client activity levels on CRS networks, and finally 3) for evaluating security parameters in CRS designs. We learn that there are gaps in the CRS designer's arsenal: certain censor attacks go unmitigated and the dynamics of the censorship arms race are not modeled. Our gametheoretic analysis highlights how managing the base rate of CRS traffic can cause stable equilibriums where the censor allows some amount of CRS communication to occur. We design and deploy a privacy-preserving data gathering tool, and use it to collect statistics to help answer questions about the prevalence of CRS-related traffic in actual CRS communication networks. Finally, our security evaluation of a popular CRS exposes suboptimal settings, which have since been optimized according to our recommendations. All of these contributions help support the thesis that more formal and empirically driven CRS designs can have better outcomes than the current state of the art.


Conventional geothermal power plants (GPP) differ from fossil-fuel power plants (FFPP) in many ways. The most specific ones are that GPPs are not cyclic plants and the working fluid is not pure steam. Geothermal steam contains non-condensable gases (NCG) which degrade power plant efficiency. This discrepancy leads to two considerations in energy and exergy analysis of GPPs. One is that the amount of NCGs in the steam cannot be omitted during the calculations; the other is that the dead state composition varies throughout the process. In this work, energy and exergy analysis is conducted to assess the performance of Kizildere GPP under both considerations. The net second law efficiencies of the plant based on reservoir and wellhead exergy are 24.3 and 27.2% respectively. Both indicate that the plant performance is low comparing with the other single-flash GPPs and FFPPs. The losses are mainly associated with high NCG content and low steam fraction of the fluid.


With the escalating growth of e-commerce in today's society, many e-commerce sites have emerged that offer products on the Internet. To be able to verify orders from customers, some sites require sensitive information from their customers such as credit card details that is stored in their databases. The security of these sites has become the concern of many and it is a common opinion among the public that such sites cannot be trusted. The FiLDB architecture presents an interesting approach for increasing the security of Internet connected databases. This approach is, in short, based on firewall protection; one external firewall protecting an external network, which in turn is connected to an internal network, which was protected by a internal firewall. A database is kept on each network. There are however few issues that are unsolved in the FiLDB architecture. One of them and the problem that is covered in this report is how a user could securely insert, modify and fetch sensitive data into the internal database which stores the sensitive data. In this work a few selected cryptographic protocols are studied by evaluating them with respect to five security criteria: confidentiality, authentication, integrity, key management and nonrepudiation. The initial selection of cryptographic protocols is mainly based on applicability in e-commerce systems. Based on the evaluation, one of the protocols is chosen to be implemented with the FiLDB architecture and then the extended architecture was evaluated. This project shows that, by integrating a security protocol into architectures such as the FiLDB, the security of the system can be increased substantially.


Since the start of the Iraq conflict, world-renowned security expert Paul Rogers has produced a series of monthly reports scrutinising developments in the occupation and the Iraqi response to it, drawing on the unique range of contacts and material available to the prestigious Oxford Research Group. They have become the standard source material for journalists, policymakers and campaigners writing about Iraq. Now, for the first time, Paul Rogers has brought these reports together to provide a detailed and authoritative analysis of the last year in Iraq. A disturbing picture emerges, in which coalition forces repeatedly misread the direction of the insurgency, in which radical groups gain strength through the ongoing (and underreported) loss of civilian lives at the hands of the occupying forces, and in which the US's determination to secure the Persian Gulf's oil and gas resources lock it further and further into a destructive, intractable, and ultimately counter-productive war in the Middle East. Concisely-written and highly accessible, "Iraq and the War on Terror" is an indispensable book for anyone interested the Middle East, US foreign policy and international security. Its conclusions about the extent of the damage caused by the war, and how long the occupation looks set to last, will send shockwaves through policymakers in the US and the UK alike.


The paper describes and gives example on how Information and Communication, ICT, can and will en-hance and support the building functional systems defined from client and end-user needs and requirements. The build-ing systems may be derived from functional requirements on buildings such as usability and security on highest level with sub-systems definitions on lever levels. Building functional sub-systems may be defined for user comfort, indoor-climate, evacuation, space configuration, aesthetics, O&M etc. These building systems are supported by Information and Communication Technology, ICT, and building component systems that are accessed and integrated in the real world of building use in different contexts. The ICT systems may be physically or virtually embedded in the building. Already in 1982 AT&T established the 'intelligent buildings', IB, concept due to marketing reasons and the Informart building was established in Dallas as a showplace for IB installations. The interest in IB has fluctuated since then. There may be a fruitful interaction between user needs pull and ICT break-through push for creative and innovative development of ICT enhanced buildings. The paper explains the Intelligent Building concept with focus on virtual build-ing models support, new services and user environment definitions and development, virtual spaces and augmented reality, intelligent building components, application ontologies, and ICT systems integration to illustrate ICT enhanced buildings potentials and R&D needs.


: According to the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia, consumed chicken eggs are classified based on their eggshell color and weights. This research aimed to incorporate computer vision and machine learning technology to eggs' categorization process as an alternative to the standard and manual method. We used Hue Saturation Value (HSV) to store the eggs' color space and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the classification algorithm because of its robustness in learning data. A feature selection algorithm, Wrapper, was also applied to increase classification accuracy. The dataset used consists of 60 egg data with eight noted attributes (four of numeric type and four of nominal type with the last attribute as the class): H-value, S-value, V-value, weight, color, density, area, and weight class. The feature selection algorithm evaluated a total number of 29 subsets and found one subset as the candidate, consisting of only one attribute: Area. There were six support vectors found, and the coefficients of the vectors were: 1, 0.668, 0.334, 0.1289, 0.0684, and 0.4688. The classification results with three experiment scenarios have accuracy values of 100%, which was an improvement of the result of the previous work by the authors. This shows that SVM is a good and robust algorithm for classification.


This study analyzes the struggle for survival by trees growing along Massachusetts roadsides. Street tree problems have been prevalent for many years. Several organizations have proposals to help solve the street tree dilemma. A majority of the proposed cures have dealt with the application of sound arboricultural principles and latest technological advances. The tree authorities attempted to strengthen their programs by attending short courses and seminars. The utility companies have also sought to solve the problems of keeping their distribution lines clear of obstructions from trees so that both trees and utilities can exist harmoniously.


: Water provision for developing countries is a critical issue as a vast number of lives are lost annually due to lack of access to safe drinking water. The presence and fate of inorganic trace contaminants is of particular concern. Trace inorganic contaminants have been found in elevated concentrations in drinking waters supplied directly from brackish groundwaters in developing countries. Desalination and the removal of trace inorganic contaminants from bore water sources from a remote community in Australia using electrodialysis (ED) were investigated. The influence of applied voltage on the removal of the trace contaminants was evaluated. The results from this study demonstrated that electrodialysis is an effectual method for the removal of total dissolved solids and a number of trace inorganic contaminants from brackish groundwaters to below drinking water guideline levels. The deposition of trace contaminants on the membranes influenced the electrodialysis process in relation to ionic flux and the effectiveness of trace contaminant removal.


Psychological barriers are shown to be a feature in frontier market equity pricing. Using MSCI Frontier 100 index constituents; prices, upon breaching an upward or downward psychologically important price point, generally follow predictable patterns in the days after such a breach. It is demonstrated that certain characteristics of frontier markets drive the presence of this relationship. There are regional effects, and also cultural influences as measured by country individualism scores. Liquidity also appears to mediate the presence of psychological barriers. This constitutes a first study of behavioral influences in these fast-growing markets that are being increasingly recognised as an asset class with strong diversification benefits for investors previously restricted to developed and emerging equity markets.


1160-Pos Board B228 Characterization of iPS Derived Cardiomyocytes in Voltage Clamp and Current Clamp by Automated Patch Clamp Andrea Br€ uggemann, Claudia Haarmann, Markus Rapedius, Tom Goetze, Ilka Rinke, Michael George, Niels Fertig. Nanion Technologies, Munich, Germany. In recent years, human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have proven to recapitulate key features of human cardiac electrophysiology in vitro. Furthermore, it has become apparent that the intact ensemble of cardiac ion channels is necessary to determine proarrhythmic effects reliably. Hence, due to their increasing availability, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have become the preferred choice of cardiac cells. This poster summarizes the promises and challenges of combining iPS derived cardiac myocytes with automated patch clamp. Features like high throughput, temperature control, easy internal solution exchange and full automation make planar patch clamp a desired method for characterizing iPS derived cardiomyocytes. One of the biggest challenges of planar patch clamp in this context is the fact that individual cells cannot be chosen, but cells will be selected randomly. In addition cells have to be harvested before the application to the patch clamp chip and cannot be patched as adherent cells. With this poster, we show our progress on these challenges. Two automated patch clamp platforms, the Patchliner, as a medium throughput, and the SyncroPatch 384PE, as a high throughput device, were used for this study. Pharmacological measurements in voltage clamp as well as current clamp will be shown also under physiological temperatures and perforated patch.


Introduction: Triple-negative invasive breast carcinoma (TNBC) does not over-express estrogen, progesterone receptors and HER2/neu. Approximately 15% breast cancers are "triple negative" and have poor overall survival with no targeted therapeutic options. HER2 positive patients also have a poor prognosis which is markedly improved with anti-HER2 therapy. ASCO/CAP guidelines have made substantial improvement in biomarker assessment by standardizing pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic variables. Since 2009, we have performed HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in addition to immunohistochemistry (IHC) on all triple negative patients in an effort to accurately assess HER2 status. Materials and Methods: Pathology database at our institute was queried for triple negative breast cancer cases 2009-2012. 175 cases were identified with ER(SP1; Ventana) = 2 was classified as HER2 positive. FISH for HER2 amplification was performed using the FDA-approved HER2 DNA Probe Kit (Vysis, Inc.). The hybridization results were recorded and analyzed by BioView Duet system (Allegro Plus Automated Scanner) with HER2 application software (BV-HER2-AF). Fisher9s exact test was performed to correlate HER2 amplification with clinico-pathological parameters. Results: 175 breast cancers were classified as "triple-negative" by IHC between 2009-2012. The patients' age ranged from 25 to 93 years old (mean = 58); 109 were Caucasian (62%), 33 African American (19%), 9 Asian (5%) and 4 Hispanic (2%). The majority of the cases (152, 86%) were invasive ductal carcinoma. The rest include 9 cases of medullary carcinoma, 3 cases of metaplastic carcinoma, 3 cases of apocrine carcinoma, 2 cases of papillary carcinoma and 2 cases of invasive lobular carcinoma. 34 had regional lymph node (axillary) metastasis (19%) and 9 had distant metastasis (5%). 23 of the 175 "triple-negative" cases (13%) showed HER2 amplification by HER2 FISH analysis (HER2/CEP17> = 2). 14.9% (20/134) TNBC cases were FISH positive 2009-11 (HercepTest®, DAKO) and 7.3% (3/41) cases were FISH positive in 2012 (4B5, Ventana). 14 of the 23 patients were Caucasian (61%), 4 African American (17%), 2 Asian and 1 Hispanic. 20 of the 23 cases (87%) had invasive ductal carcinoma, of which 18 (78%) were poorly differentiated. 8 of the 23 cases (35%) had lymph node metastasis and 1 case had distant metastasis. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the HER2 gene amplification and clinicopathological factors analyzed, including race (P = 1), age (P = 1), tumor size (P = 0.6), pathologic stage (P = 0.6), lymph node status (P = 0.08), and Ki-67 index (P = 0.8 with 20% cutoff; P = 0.1 with 70% cutoff). Conclusion: In this cohort, 13% TNBC were re-classified as HER2 positive by performing HER2 FISH test in addition to immunohistochemistry analysis. Rate of FISH positivity in TNBC declined over the four year study period. No clinicopathological variables are correlated with HER2 FISH amplification. These data suggest that dual testing of HER2 should be considered routinely in TNBC for accurate classification to guide therapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-05-01.


Many factors impact the fluctuating rates of glucose flux and clearance in one's daily life (meal size and composition, gastric emptying rate, physical activity, etc.). With this constantly changing need for circulating insulin abundance, it is challenging for the treatment strategy to be entirely successful in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and transient periods of hypoglycemia occur. Humans have evolved metabolic strategies to cope with hypoglycemia, and these include counter-regulatory endocrine responses to increase hepatic glucose production as well as selection of alternative fuels for mitochondrial respiration. The central nervous system can use glycolytic end products that were produced by other tissues (circulating lactate) as well as ketones to some extent. The ability to take up and oxidize these alternative fuels is likely critical for tolerance of and survival through hypoglycemia.

The traditional view was that glycolysis makes pyruvate and that only under anaerobic conditions would lactate be generated. It is now recognized that glycolysis makes lactate even under fully aerobic conditions because of the intrinsic kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenase, which rapidly interconverts pyruvate and lactate and favors lactate on a mass basis. Thus, lactate can be considered the major product of glycolysis even when the fate of glycolytic carbon is primarily mitochondrial oxidation. The basal lactate concentration in tissues and arterial circulation is at least 10 times greater than pyruvate and even higher under stresses that increase the glycolytic rate (1,2), so lactate is the primary shuttling form of glycolytic end products through the cytoplasm and through the circulation from one organ to another. The liver releases glucose to share its carbohydrate fuel depot with other tissues. …


Corruption has firmly taken centre stage in the development agenda of international organisations, developed and developing countries. One area in which corruption manifests is in public procurement and as a result, states have adopted various measures to prevent and curb corruption in public procurement. One such mechanism for dealing with procurement corruption is to disqualify corrupt suppliers from bidding on or otherwise obtaining government contracts.
The disqualification of corrupt suppliers raises several issues, many of which are examined in this thesis. Implementing a disqualification mechanism in public procurement raises serious practical and conceptual difficulties, which are not always considered by legislative provisions on disqualification. Some of the problems that may arise from the use of disqualifications include determining whether a conviction for corruption ought to be a pre-requisite to disqualification, bearing in mind that corruption thrives in secret, resulting in a dearth of convictions. Another issue is determining how to balance the tension between granting adequate procedural safeguards to a supplier in disqualification proceedings and not delaying the procurement process. A further issue is determining the scope of the disqualification in the sense of determining whether it applies to firms, natural persons, subcontractors, subsidiaries or other persons related to the corrupt firm and whether disqualification will lead to the termination of existing contracts. These issues and the others considered by this thesis illustrate the limits to the efficacy of the disqualification mechanism in fighting procurement corruption. The thesis compares and contrasts the legal, practical and institutional approaches to the implementation of the disqualification mechanism in the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of South Africa and the World Bank. The thesis examines how these jurisdictions have implemented a disqualification mechanism and whether their approaches may be regarded as appropriate.


This communication reports an efficient bimetallic catalyst by incorporating Au atoms onto the surface of palladium nanocrystals via a simple solution phase surface alloying process. While retaining the original surface structure of Pd, the surface alloy catalyst shows the highest activity and the best selectivity toward alkyne semihydrogenation reactions in comparison to commercial Pd/C and Lindlar catalysts. This simple surface alloying process could be easily extended to the optimization of commercial Pd/C catalysts to significantly improve their catalytic performance. The surface modification approach proposed in this work not only provides a new direction in engineering efficient metal nanocatalysts for fine chemical industries, but also improves our understanding of bimetallic nanocrystal surfaces.


The Uniform Law Commission (ULC) promulgated its model Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act (UDITPA) in 1957. UDITPA provides a model law for dividing the income of a multistate corporation among the states in which it is doing business. UDITPA is incorporated into the Multistate Tax Compact, which is administered by the Multistate Tax Commission.

UDITPA has never been amended since its original adoption more than fifty years ago. The ULC attempted a revision in 2006 but abandoned it in response to business pressures. The MTC stepped into the vacuum and undertook its own reforms. It proposed five major changes covering the definition of business and nonbusiness income and the sales factor, changes to factor weighting, and the sourcing of intangibles and services, and changes in the rules on equitable apportionment.

The Hearing Officer (who is the author of this hearing report) held a public hearing and received extensive comments to the suggested changes, especially about market-based sourcing. This exhaustive and lengthy report provides a background to the amendments, a summary of the proposals' substantive features, a review of the public testimony, and the Hearing Officer's comments, criticisms, and recommendations, including in many cases, his proposals for redrafting UDITPA in ways that improve upon the MTC's draft.


The Strategies for Assessment of Inquiry-based Learning in Science (SAILS) project (2012-2015) aims to support teachers in adopting inquiry-based science education (IBSE) at second level (www.sails-project.eu). This project is focused on improving science classroom practice with students aged 12-18 years, in twelve European countries (Ireland, United Kingdom, Hungary, Belgium, Turkey, Portugal, Sweden, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Slovakia and Greece), by providing teachers with inquiry-based teaching and learning and assessment materials supplemented with teacher education programs. The SAILS project has three main objectives: (1) to enhance existing IBSE teaching and learning materials by incorporating inquiry assessment strategies and frameworks; (2) to partner with teachers to identify and implement assessment strategies and frameworks to evaluate key IBSE skills and competences in the classroom; and (3) to provide teacher education programmes in IBSE and promote a self-sustaining model to encourage teachers to share experiences and practice of inquiry approaches to teaching, learning and assessment - by supporting a community of practice. This paper discusses the third objective, specifically development of the SAILS Teacher Education Programme. This programme aims to develop teachers' confidence and competence in inquiry approaches and in their assessment of inquiry skills within their classrooms. Based on experience and research findings, core elements were identified that were considered necessary for the programme while additional elements identified that were useful if timing was available or that were required to adapt to local conditions. Despite variations across the 12 countries involved, similar issues were identified in teacher education programmes.


Dairy herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), Mycoplasma spp., and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) virus were estimated in Utah and surrounding states and compared to previous surveillance results. Milk was collected at 3-4 day intervals on 5 dates (duplicate samples) from each bulk tank on participating farms, samples analyzed separately. One frozen sample was shipped to a laboratory for JD/MAP testing with ELISA and real-time PCR, the other paired sample was shipped to another laboratory for mycoplasma and BVD testing. Mycoplasma was cultured on modified Hayflick medium, standard methods; BVD testing was real-time, RT-PCR. 151/209 (72%) eligible dairy farms participated. Farms detected positive (some had multiple diseases) were: 58 JD (38%); 4 mycoplasma (3%); 14 BVD (9%). Sensitivity of testing was: 284/528 milks = 54% for JD, 17/61 = 28% for mycoplasma (lower than previous reports), 41/117 = 35% for BVD. Of 67 herds positive for JD in 2009, 28 (42%) remained positive, 14 (21%) became test-negative, and 25 (37%) were lost to follow up. Of 16 herds positive for mycoplasma in 2007, one (6%) remained positive, 8 (50%) became testnegative, and 7 (44%) were lost to follow up. Bulk milk remains a practical way to screen dairy herds for presence of JD, mycoplasma and BVD, provided that repeated sampling is used. Mycoplasma-positive herds were more likely to become test-negative in bulk milk in subsequent years than were JD-positive herds. Prevalence of BVD was similar to but slightly lower than previously reported.


Global warming leading to climate change is a rapidly growing global threat to humanity and environment of the world. The present research in the Langtang Valley, Central Nepal attempts to find out the impact of climate change on glacier retreat and local community based on the studies of available long-term hydrological-meteorological data, satellite image analysis of glaciers from 1979 to 2009, and observation of local people and their experience on climate change issues. The high altitude areas of the Langtang Valley show a consistent trend of increase in temperature, a clear evidence of the global warming that has resulted in the fast melting of glaciers with both horizontal and vertical retreats . The Lirung Glacier and the Kimjung Glacier have retreated for over 900 metre and 400 metre, respectively, with an average retreat of about 40 metre/year and total vertical retreat in the snout position is 100 metre for both. The study also reveals that this glacier retreat is due to an increase in temperature and a change in patterns of precipitation and snowfall. The study also shades light on some socio-economic impacts of such changes on the livelihood of marginal communities residing downstream the affected areas.


This paper refers to recent patents in GPS-based clock estimation and synchronization and observes advances in estimation and steering of clock errors with the finite impulse response (FIR) technique. The problem one meets here is caused by the GPS time temporary uncertainty and non-Gaussian sawtooth noise induces in the commercially available GPS timing receivers. It is complicated with the clock colored noise (flicker and random walks) often making the Kalman filter low efficient and requiring weighted averaging. We examine applications of optimal FIR filtering, prediction, and smoothing for polynomial and state space clock models. Optimal and unbiased FIR estimators are observed in line with the ladder, thinning, and Kalman-like algorithms. It is noticed that, for large averaging horizons featured to highly oversampled and slowly changing with time clock models, simple unbiased FIR solutions become virtually optimal. The trade-off with the Kalman filter is also discussed and we show that the unbiased FIR estimator ignoring noise and initial conditions is a better choice in terms of accuracy, stability, and robustness in solving many of the clock problems.


South Sudan is at risk from the impact of climate change. This paper reviews the climate change issues faced by South Sudan, and the strategy as outlined to the United Nations. The author argues that the policy overlooks a key  potential cause of future morbidity and mortality: increased ambient  temperatures, particularly in urban centres due to the urban heat island effect. The capital is especially susceptible to heat-related mortality as it faces a 'triple threat': rapidly rising temperatures, an at-risk population profile, and inadequate planning for the pressures of urbanisation. Four low-cost, evidence-based recommendations are given to mitigate the impact of heatwaves on human health, and it is concluded that South Sudan has great potential to become a regional leader in heat resilience. Keywords : climate change, urban heat island, heatwave, heat illness, Juba


In this study, NBG was successfully achieved through a sol-gel technique, and to further improve its dispersibility, a crylate coupling agent was coupled onto the surface of the NBG. The 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propylmethacrylate coupling agent was used to the surface modification of the synthesized NBG by a wet-chemical method in a dynamic inert nitrogen atmosphere. The surface properties of the biomaterials before and after modification were characterized and compared using FTIR and AFM techniques. The characteristic peaks in FTIR spectra indicated that –CH2, –CH3 and C=O groups appeared on the surface of modified NBG, and also, AFM analysis revealed that the dispersibility of surface modified NBG was improved, significantly. The above results proved that the desired groups of 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propyl methacrylate had been covalently bonded onto the surface of NBG. Besides, a nanocomposite scaffold was synthesized using the synthesized NBG and polyurethane foam as raw materials. The morphology of pores, porosity contents, compress strength and bioactivity of the scaffold were studied. The results showed that the biological scaffolds for use in bone tissue engineering with the basic requirements (90% porosity and 200-600 μm pore diameter) were successfully prepared. The polymer component had no effect on the relationship between the scaffold pores and bioactivity of bioglass nanoparticles. Improvement of compressive strength and proper bioactivity of the resulted scaffold showed that it is an acceptable candidate for biomaterials applications.


ABSTRACT In this contribution, I push for a deeper understanding of the emotion of joy as compared to happiness and to other discrete positive emotions, by specifying its appraisals and functions. I suggest that joy connects us to our core identity, values, and priorities. It is the emotion that makes life worth living in the moment. I further discuss the distinction between an objective versus subjective account of instances of joy, a distinction I find important to bear in mind when dealing with morally problematic cases of joy. Finally, I discuss points of connection between the psychologies of joy and religion and suggest multiple lines of future research.


The release of radionuclides from the conceptual low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (LILW) repository in Korea is analyzed by establishing a multicompartment model. The model takes into account the vault-array configuration consisting of multiple waste types, multimember radioactive decay chains, and radionuclide transport through the water-unsaturated regions and water-saturated aquifer. Observations of the repository performance have been made with the radiological exposure dose rates and with the radiotoxicities in the environment. Numerical results show that, among all the radionuclides in the waste, 129I is the predominant contributor to the overall peak exposure dose rate. The peak exposure dose rate of 129I can be affected by a migration distance in the geosphere and the vault-array configuration. Reducing the initial inventory of 129I stored in the waste vaults or spreading its release over a longer time period by modification of the engineered barrier system would effectively reduce the exposure dose rate because the release rate of 129I from the repository is reduced. The total radiotoxicity in the environment is dominated by 129I at early times and by 238U and its daughters after 106 yr. Because of the long half-lives of these nuclides, the radiotoxicity in the environment is insensitive to the vault-array configuration or to the transport distance in the geosphere.


Background: Somatic RAS mutations occur in approximately 30% of human cancers. Oncogenic Ras proteins activate multiple downstream effectors including Raf, PI3 kinase (PI3K), and Ral-GDS. The tyrosine 64 residue, which is located in the Switch II effector binding domain of Ras, is an important contact for binding PI3K catalytic subunits. To investigate the role of PI3K binding in hematopoeitic transformation in vivo, we created a "second site" Lox-STOP-Lox (LSL- KrasG12D/Y64G) knock in allele. Methods: LSL-KrasG12D and LSL-KRasG12D/Y64G mice on a 129/Sv background were crossed with C57BL/6 Mx1-Cre mice. These mice were injected with polyIpolyC (pIpC) at 21 days of age to excise the LSL casette, which was confirmed by QPCR. Colony growth potential of primary bone marrow cells was assessed by sacrificing six to ten week old Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D, Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/Y64G, and wild type mice, isolating bone marrow, and plating 50,000 cells in methylcellulose media containing 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 ng/ml GM-CSF. Activation of Ras effector pathways was assessed in macrophages derived from primary bone marrow cells harvested from 6-10 week old mice and grown in the presence of M-CSF. Results: As previously described, inducing oncogenic KrasG12D expression in the hematopoietic compartment of Mx1-Cre;KrasG12D mice results in death by three months of age from an aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that accurately models chronic and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias. MPN development is greatly attenuated in Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/Y64G mice, which develop anemia beginning at six months of age, but do not display elevated blood leukocyte counts and have >90% survival at eight months. Bone marrow cells from Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mice form myeloid progenitor colonies in methylcellulose without added cytokines and show profound hypersensitivity to GM-CSF. By contrast, G12D/Y64G doubly mutant progenitors require GM-CSF for colony formation, and display modestly elevated cytokine sensitivity compared to wild type progenitor cells. Whereas cultured Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D and Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/Y64G macrophages contain markedly elevated levels of active Ras-GTP, they exhibit different patterns of effector pathway activation. In particular, basal levels of phosphorylated ERK and Akt (pERK and pAkt) are unexpectedly higher in Mx1-Cre;LSL-KRasG12D/Y64G macrophages, implicating the PI3K pathway in feedback responses to oncogenic Ras output. Conclusions: Our initial data support an important role of efficient PI3K activation in KrasG12D-driven leukemia and uncover unexpected complexity in cellular responses to Ras-GTP. We are continuing to monitor blood counts in aging Mx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/Y64G mice and are analyzing effects of this mutation on eythroid differentiaion and on hematopoieitc stem and progentior cell (HSPC) populations. In addition, this novel conditional mutant allele will be a valuable genetic tool for assessing the importance of oncogenic-Ras-mediated PI3K signaling in other cancers with frequent somatic KRAS mutations including lung, pancreatic, and colon. Citation Format: Yasmine N. White, Ari J. Firestone, Kevin M. Shannon. Requirement for PI3 kinase interaction in K-RasG12D-driven leukemogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr B43.


Many researchers have uncovered empirical regularities in stock market returns. If these regularities persist, investors can expect to achieve superior performance. Unfortunately, nature can be perverse. Once an apparent anomaly is publicized, only too often it disappears or goes into reverse. The latter seems to have happened to the small-firm premium. The authors show that after the U.K. size premium was documented and disseminated, the historical small-cap premium of 6% was replaced by a small-cap discount of around 6%. The authors present evidence of and some explanations for the disappearance of the small-firm premium.


Bioinformatics methods have become central to analysing and organising the sequence data continually produced by new and existing sequencing projects. The field of bioinformatics covers both the static aspects of organising and presenting these raw data, by compiling existing knowledge into accessible databases, ontologies, and libraries; and the more dynamic aspects of knowledge discovery informatics for interpreting and mining existing data. The aim of this thesis is to utilise such methods to analyse the herpesvirus-host relationship. In Chapter 2 comparative host and herpesvirus genome analysis is used to compare the sequences of all currently sequenced herpesvirus open reading frames to the conceptually translated human genome with the aim of identifying herpesvirus-human (host) sequence homologues. Collating in one search all currently known host homologues provides the first complete assessment of herpesvirus-host homologues. This search identified 55 previously identified herpesvirus-host homologues, and 4 previously unknown herpesvirus-host homologues. The work performed in Chapter 2 highlighted the need for consistent annotation of genomes and gene products to allow greater comparative genomics. It is not feasible to manually curate large numbers of genes whose relationships to each other are not immediately clear. Therefore, Chapters 3 and 4 focus upon the use of the Gene Ontology; a resource that is made publicly available for the purpose of annotating gene products with unified vocabulary derived from a structured directed acyclic graph. The Gene Ontology was extended to allow host-pathogen interaction annotation by a) adding 187 new terms relating specifically to virus function and structure (Chapter 3), and b) using both the new and existing terms to annotate the entire Human Herpesvirus 1 genome using references from the available literature (Chapter 4). Finally, Chapter 5 examines the utility of the Gene Ontology when analysing such large-scale host and herpesvirus gene expression datasets as produced experimentally by DNA microarray studies. Using such automated annotation methods a cluster of 12 proteins were identified that increase mitochondrial function in HUVEC cells 24 hours post HCMV infection. A cluster of nine proteins that function in the MAPK pathway were also identified using the Gene Ontology that provide evidence for HCMV inhibition of the MAPK pathway.


This report develops a Load and Resistance Factor Rating (NYS-LRFR) methodology for New York bridges. The methodology is applicable for the rating of existing bridges, the posting of under-strength bridges, and checking Permit trucks. The proposed LRFR methodology is calibrated to provide uniform reliability index values for all applications. The reliability calibration of live load factors is based on live load models developed using Truck Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) data collected from several representative New York sites. The live load models provide statistical projections of the maximum live load effects expected on New York bridges. A new set of NYS Legal Trucks along with appropriate live load factors are proposed for performing Operating Level Ratings of existing bridges. Permit load factors are calibrated for unlimited crossings of divisible loads as well as single crossings and unlimited crossings of non-divisible loads. An equation is proposed for determining Posting weight limits for bridges with low Rating Factors as a function of the effective span length. It is proposed that different posting weights be imposed for single unit trucks and semi-trailer trucks.


We used 454 pyrosequencing to characterize 17 novel microsatellite loci from the Nile monitor ( Varanus niloticus ), using samples from an invasive population in the US state of Florida. These markers were screened for variation in 40 individuals from the City of Cape Coral. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.18 to 0.73 (mean ± SE = 0.46 ± 0.06) and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 4 (mean ± SE = 2.5 ± 0.2). Preliminary genotyping of samples from populations in West Palm Beach and Homestead revealed two loci ( Mon6 and Mon15 ) that are monomorphic in Cape Coral, but polymorphic in these other two populations. We found no statistical departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or evidence of null alleles. However, there was statistical evidence for genotypic disequilibrium between Mon1-Mon14 and Mon3-Mon8 . BLASTn searches of NCBI's nr/nt database identified four microsatellites containing 454 fragments that exhibit substantial sequence similarity to loci in other reptilian genomes, suggesting these markers should be prioritized by researchers interested in cross-amplification in other varanids. The resources we have developed will enable investigations of the population genetic dynamics of invasive Nile monitors in Florida and may facilitate studies within this species native range.


Fifth Generation (5G) telecommunication system is going to deliver a flexible radio access network (RAN). Security functions such as authorization, authentication and accounting (AAA) are expected to be distributed from central clouds to edge clouds. We propose a novel architectural security solution that applies to 5G networks. It is called Trust Zone (TZ) that is designed as an enhancement of the 5G AAA in the edge cloud. TZ also provides an autonomous and decentralized security policy for different tenants under variable network conditions. TZ also initiates an ability of disaster cognition and extends the security functionalities to a set of flexible and highly available emergency services in the edge cloud.


How can law best mitigate harm from crises like storms, epidemics, and financial meltdowns? This Article uses the law and economics framework of property rules and liability rules to analyze crisis responses across multiple areas of law, focusing particularly on the ways the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) battled the 2008-09 financial crisis.
Remarkably, the IRS's responses to that crisis cost more than Congress's higher-profile bank bailouts. Despite their costs, many of the IRS's responses were underinclusive, causing preventable layoffs and foreclosures. This Article explains these failures and demonstrates that the optimal response to crises is to shift from harsh property rules to compensatory liability rules, temporarily. Arranging such a shift in advance further mitigates harm when crises arrive.
This analysis also provides new insights for the broader literature on property rules and liability rules. For example, arranging in advance for temporary moves to liability rules during crises can avoid windfalls, allow speedier relief, and encourage flexible private contracts. These lessons have practical applications in areas as far afield as how constitutional law and patent law respond to epidemics.


Lulled into somnolence by five hundred years of print, literary analysis should awaken to the importance of media-specific analysis, a mode of critical attention which recognizes that all texts are instantiated and that the nature of the medium in which they are instantiated matters. Central to repositioning critical inquiry, so it can attend to the specificity of the medium, is a more robust notion of materiality. Materiality is reconceptualized as the interplay between a text's physical characteristics and its signifying strategies, a move that entwines instantiation and signification at the outset. This definition opens the possibility of considering texts as embodied entities while still maintaining a central focus on interpretation. It makes materiality an emergent property, so that it cannot be specified in advance, as if it were a pre-given entity. Rather, materiality is open to debate and interpretation, ensuring that discussions about the text's "meaning" will also take into account its physical specificity as well. Following the emphasis on media-specific analysis, nine points can be made about the specificities of electronic hypertext: they are dynamic images; they include both analogue resemblance and digital coding; they are generated through fragmentation and recombination; they have depth and operate in three dimensions; they are written in code as well as natural language; they are mutable and transformable; they are spaces to navigate; they are written and read in distributed cognitive environments; and they initiate and demand cyborg reading practices.


This is a preliminary research to explore the construction of ASEAN tourism promotion via @goaseantv images for the period January until December 2016. This research shows the promotion activities from the regional destination management organization to develop the image of ASEAN tourism destination. These activities were observed from the marketing communication conducted via Twitter. Thr research conducted on a content analysis for each image posted on @goaseantv. These images were analyzed and categorized in reference to the image linked to the website or other social media. Images were categorized into the following types: whether the image was natural or edited, the number of the objects displayed, the type of view, the type of objects displayed, the number of humans displayed, the animal species displayed, the type of lodging and accommodation, the dominant color, the art and culture, the food, the souvenir, the country of origin, as well as the type of the activities displayed. A total of 255 photos were analyzed and the results show that the majority of the images uploaded to Facebook, displayed natural imagery rather than edited imagery, consisted of a single picture, the focus was on panoramic views, and most views displayed the sea.


ABSTRACT Developing countries have generally been overlooked in downstream carbon trading-based policy research. This can be attributed to the greater responsibility of developed economies for climate change, and the greater socio-demographic, political and technological challenges faced by their less-developed counterparts. This paper attempts to address this gap by examining the practicality of implementing Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) for personal road transport in Kenya. PCT is investigated with a focus on political considerations, potential system operation and the distributional impact of quota allocation to motorists. Three quota allocation methods are modelled using data from a survey of 500 motor vehicle owners in Nairobi and Mombasa counties. Equal per-capita, equal per-vehicle and needs-based allocation methods are modelled and assessed to determine the distributional impact on various groups of interest. Emissions were found to be highly correlated to vehicle engine size and the number of dependents per vehicle, but not to area of residence or income levels. None of the three allocation methods disproportionately imposed burdens on vulnerable groups, and all exhibited progressive tendencies. The proposed system is intended to add new insight into the possibility of PCT becoming a globally inclusive policy option. Key Policy Insights Despite PCT being a bold policy proposal even for developed countries, less developed counterparts can meet the political, institutional and technological requirements to implement it. The wealth of functionality available through SIM card features on cheap and abundant mobile phones may unlock a simple and cost-effective, globally-applicable PCT system. Public resistance to fuel price increases stems from the lower income demographic which is, conversely, rewarded with surpluses under PCT. Equal-per capita allocation remains the most progressive method. Needs-based allocation is highly progressive and may be worth considering when more stringent targets are deemed necessary.


We introduce the Stata menu-driven command clustersampsi, which calculates sample sizes, detectable differences, and power for cluster randomized controlled trials. The command permits continuous, binary, and rate outcomes (with normal approximations) for comparisons of two-sided tests in two equal-sized arms. The command allows for specification of the number of clusters available, or the cluster size, or the average cluster size along with an estimate of the variation of cluster sizes. When the number of clusters available is insufficient to detect the required difference at the prespecified power, clustersampsi will return the minimum number of clusters required under the prespecified design along with the minimum detectable difference and maximum achievable power (both for the prespecified number of clusters). Cluster heterogeneity can be parameterized by using either the intracluster correlation or the coefficient of variation. The command is illustrated via examples.


Background and Aim: Defensive medicine is a potential social problem which can bring about consequences for public health regarding the quality of personal care and wastage of limited health resources. In this study, the frequency of positive and negative defensive medicine behaviors was examined among general practitioners of Kerman city. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among general practitioners in the city of Kerman. As data collection instrument, a questionnaire was given to a sample of 100 subjects. The obtained data were entered into SPSS 20 and analyzed using such descriptive statistics as frequency percentage and mean, and applying analytical tests such as chi-square and t-test. Results: In this research, 100 general practitioners were studied. The frequency of positive and negative defensive medicine behavior was 99% and 47%, respectively. Besides, the positive defensive medicine behavior in men was more than that in women (100% vs. 97.2%); on the contrary, the negative defensive medicine behavior in women was more than that in men (52.8% vs. 43.8%). Explaining in more detail about taking medicines properly and on time and avoiding the prescription of risky behaviors which might be useful to patients had the highest frequency among positive and negative defensive medicine behaviors, respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that the frequency of defensive medicine was high in the studied population and that the application of factors related to this phenomenon by the participants of the present study was prevalent.


This case study examines how magnet school and school turnaround processes can work together to promote desegregation and improvement. Based on cross-case analysis of three magnet schools undergoing turnarounds, this study draws on data from the 2010 federal Magnet Schools Assistance Program grant and qualitative fieldwork through observations, interviews, and focus groups. In academically struggling schools with high concentrations of students of color and low-income students, successful magnet turnarounds involve changes across many aspects of the schools. While the local context is essential for shaping the magnet turnaround process, these three schools reveal common ways in which participants viewed their schools as successful turnarounds, the elements that supported success, and the challenges that magnets undergoing a turnaround are likely to face. Participants' perceptions of a successful turnaround were based on increasing family interest and increasing racial and economic diversity, as well as improvements in curriculum and instruction, school culture, and academic achievement. This study helps broaden our definition of a school turnaround beyond higher test scores and reminds us of the origins of the concept, which revolved around desegregation. Lessons from the sites suggest that rather than closing underperforming or under-enrolled schools, districts should consider magnet schools as a turnaround approach.


"Comparative Political Parties and Party Elites" presents a comparative analysis of political parties and party elites in contemporary democracies. The cases covered include developed and developing countries ranging from the United States to the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe.The contributors reexamine some of the classical issues found in the behavioral literature on political parties and party elites, shedding new light on issues such as the influence of women on political parties, the impact on parties of social change, the relationship between electoral alliances and political outcomes, the effect of emerging elites on parties, and the role of parties as links between the masses and government elites.The contributors--all students of Samuel J. Eldersveld--put this volume together in his honor. As Dwanine Marvick puts it, "[They] bring Professor Elderveld's concern with evidence and with methods of inquiry--an insistence on feasible and tested procedures, a shrewdness about how questions should be phrased, a sensitivity about the changing responsiveness of aging institutions to unfolding contextual realities to bear on these significant questions. . . ."This volume fills a vacuum in the existing literature on political parties and party elites. Elite literature, in particular, has been ignored in recent studies in political science. As such, it is of interest to scholars and graduate students of political parties and elites.Birol A. Yesilada is Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Missouri, Columbia.


Author(s): Stan, CV; Dutta, R; White, CE; Prakapenka, V; Duffy, TS | Abstract: © 2016 American Physical Society. Lead fluoride, PbF2, was investigated experimentally in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell by x-ray diffraction to pressures of 75 GPa at room temperature and to 64.5 GPa and 2430 K, as well as through first-principles density functional theory calculations up to 70 GPa. During room temperature compression, no discontinuous changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern or volume were observed, but the lattice parameters displayed highly anomalous trends between 10-22 GPa with enhanced compressibility along the a direction and reduced or even negative compressibility along b and c. Theoretical calculations of valence electron densities at 22 GPa showed that α-PbF2 underwent a pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transition to a postcotunnite Co2Si structure and also revealed the detailed atomic rearrangements associated with the development of an extra Pb-F bond in the high-pressure phase. Our x-ray results and theoretical calculations are consistent with an isosymmetric phase transition smoothly occurring over 10-22 GPa rather than abruptly as previously suggested. The characteristic values for the cell constants a/c and (a+c)/b, which are used to distinguish among cotunnite-, Co2Si-, and Ni2In-type phases, require modification based on our results. An equation of state fit yields a bulk modulus, K0, of 72(3) GPa for the cotunnite-type, and an ambient-pressure volume, V0, of 182(2)A3, and K0=81(4)GPa for the Co2Si-type phase when fixing the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K0′=4. Upon heating above 1200 K at pressures at or above 25.9 GPa, PbF2 partially transformed to the hexagonal Ni2In-type phase but wholly or partially reverted back to Co2Si-type phase upon temperature quench. From 43-65 GPa, nearly complete transformation to the Ni2In-type PbF2 was observed at high temperature, but the material partially transformed back to the orthorhombic phase upon temperature quench. Our results show that high-pressure behavior of PbF2 is distinct from that of the alkaline earth fluorides with similar ionic radii. Our results also have relevance to understanding the behavior of lanthanide and actinide dioxides, which have been predicted theoretically to exhibit similar isosymmetric transitions at Mbar pressures.


This study examined the extent to which aerobic power could account for performance during a 30-s max-effort test. Physically active women (n = 41) and men (n = 34) underwent a treadmill test for aerobic power and the Wingate test for anaerobic power and fatigue. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated from Wingate segments of various durations and temporal positions. For aerobic and anaerobic power, all correlations (positive) in both genders were significant (p ≤ 0.05) but low, except for those of the first two 5-s segments in the men. For fatigue indices involved in significant negative correlations (all were in the women's group), aerobic power explained only 10 to 19% of the common variance. For anaerobic power there was a trend of stronger correlations from the longer or latter segments. For fatigue, more and stronger relationships were found with the latter segments and with a longer spacing between contrasted segments. This study supports previous evidence for a decreasing role of aerobic power with decreasing duration of a target max-effort performance.


The application of high strength concrete to reinforced concrete structures is very popular nowadays. This paper presents two main topics. In the first part of this paper, it is presented elasto-plastic properties of normal and high strength compressive concrete. It is known that actual behaviour of concrete is nonlinear. Design standard EN 1992-1-1 provides nonlinear stress-strain relation of compressive concrete for structural analysis. Expression to calculate this relation is given in standard. In this article, there are suggested coefficients which evaluate elasto-plastic behaviour of normal and high strength compressive concrete. Good correlation can be observed between stress-strain relation of compressive concrete given in standard EC2 and calculated relation using suggested elasto-plastic coefficients. In the second part of the paper, it is presented an overview of cracking moment calculations of reinforced concrete composite flexural members made from normal and high strength concrete and normal cross-section beams. These calculations were performed using existing design standard, technical construction regulation, structural building code (EN 1992-1-1, STR 2.05.05:2005, ACI 318) and layer method. New approximate values of elasto-plastic coefficients were suggested for tension concrete. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.8.3.7144


Background: Severe alcoholism is associated with cognitive deficits which research has shown to effect social functioning. Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to make judgments based on another's state of mind, has only recently been explored in alcohol research. Previous research has shown that alcoholism is associated with deficits in conscious, deliberate emotional processing and humour processing. However, ToM encompasses many social functions, including the ability to take another's visual perspective, but little is known about how cognitive deficits caused through alcoholism may affect these processes.

Aim: The aim of the experiments in this thesis was to explore how alcoholism may effect automatic visual-spatial processing and the effect of emotional valence of stimuli on this automatic process.

Methods: Visual processing was measured by asking participants to respond to a dot probe appearing as either congruent (above/below) or incongruent (left/right) to facial stimuli which conveyed a neutral or emotional expression (e.g.a fearful or happy face). Participants were also asked to quantify the level of the emotion expressed using a 7 point-Likert scale.

Results: The results from the visuo-spatial processing trials (VSPT) show that alcoholism is not associated with any impairment in VSPT; both alcoholics and non-alcoholics showed a perspective reaction time cost when the perspective differed from their own. This can be taken as evidence for automatic VSPT. However, the relevance of the fearful facial expression did cause a reaction time cost for the non-alcoholics that was not demonstrated by the alcoholics. However, both the alcoholics and non-alcoholics showed a delayed response to happy faces when the perspective differed from their own. To address the question as to why it may be the case that alcoholics did not react differently to neutral and fearful faces, participants were asked to rate the faces for emotional content. In these trials alcoholics rated the neutral faces as containing more emotion than the non-alcoholics.

Conclusions: The VSPT studies in this thesis suggest that alcoholics do not show any deficits in visual perspective taking, although this research is in its infancy so greater exploration is required. What appears most significant from the experiments is that the emotional content of the stimuli presented creates processing differences between the alcoholics and non-alcoholics as evidenced by their reaction time differences and ratings of the faces. The extent to which these processing differences will effect alcoholic's day to day lives is not known.


Characterising radiation from wildland fires is an important focus of fire science because radiation relates directly to the combustion process and can be measured across a wide range of spatial extents and resolutions. As part of a more comprehensive set of measurements collected during the 2012 Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research (RxCADRE) field campaign, we used ground, airborne and spaceborne sensors to measure fire radiative power (FRP) from whole fires, applying different methods to small (2 ha) and large (>100 ha) burn blocks. For small blocks (n = 6), FRP estimated from an obliquely oriented long-wave infrared (LWIR) camera mounted on a boom lift were compared with FRP derived from combined data from tower-mounted radiometers and remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). For large burn blocks (n = 3), satellite FRP measurements from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensors were compared with near-coincident FRP measurements derived from a LWIR imaging system aboard a piloted aircraft. We describe measurements and consider their strengths and weaknesses. Until quantitative sensors exist for small RPAS, their use in fire research will remain limited. For oblique, airborne and satellite sensors, further FRP measurement development is needed along with greater replication of coincident measurements, which we show to be feasible.


The Thematic Apperception Test is a technique for the
investigation of the dynamics of personality in clinical and non-clinical
settings .It has been regarded as the popular assessment tools over the last 75
years In this present study the TAT was administered on 30 substance users
namely in four categories: Brown sugar , Buprenorphine , Ganja and alcoholism .
All of them were male . Their age range belong to 25-40 . 75% of them were
married. Most of them were from lower to middle class socioeconomic status . instructions
were given The personality dynamics of
addicts - were explored qualitatively by Thematic Apperception Test . It
could be assumed that four groups follow a dis pattern . Further research is
called for replication of the present.


Numerous deep reinforcement learning agents have been proposed, and each of them has its strengths and flaws. In this work, we present a Cooperative Heterogeneous Deep Reinforcement Learning (CHDRL) framework that can learn a policy by integrating the advantages of heterogeneous agents. Specifically, we propose a cooperative learning framework that classifies heterogeneous agents into two classes: global agents and local agents. Global agents are off-policy agents that can utilize experiences from the other agents. Local agents are either on-policy agents or population-based evolutionary algorithms (EAs) agents that can explore the local area effectively. We employ global agents, which are sample-efficient, to guide the learning of local agents so that local agents can benefit from sample-efficient agents and simultaneously maintain their advantages, e.g., stability. Global agents also benefit from effective local searches. Experimental studies on a range of continuous control tasks from the Mujoco benchmark show that CHDRL achieves better performance compared with state-of-the-art baselines.


This article posits that free-market institutions and practices reduce economic distortions that provide rents for underground organizations, which ultimately form criminogenic environments. Rents from market distortions provide 'lootable income' that feeds 'criminal organizations', which rely on violence for enforcement of contracts. Using an index of economic freedom, this study contrasts several relevant measures of political freedoms, political discrimination of individuals and groups, and measures of equal access to state 'goods' as proxies for political legitimacy and discrimination on the homicide rate. Fixed effects regression results suggest robustly that economic freedom, not political legitimacy, inclusive politics, or state capacity, reduces the homicide rate, results that are stubbornly significant and substantively large. The basic results are robust to a barrage of model specifications, different sample sizes, and estimation strategies, including instrumental variables analysis. The evidence suggests that unusually high homicide rates might be based in quotidian organizational activities related to 'illegal' markets rather than to political grievance-based explanations relating to relative deprivation and political legitimacy. Countries wishing to encourage growth-promoting policies need not fear higher levels of interpersonal violence based on various arguments linking free-market policies to societal disarray.


We study excited-state phenomena in a variety of semiconductor systems, with use of the variational and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods. Firstly, we consider the formation of charge-carrier complexes in the Mott-Wannier model, for systems of restricted geometrical freedom (the coupled quantum well bilayer, and the quantum ring). We find in such systems that geometrical constraints lead to the characteristic formation of certain charge-carrier complexes, and highlight how such effects are of relevance to the interpretation of recent experiments. Secondly, we illuminate a key difference between two-dimensional systems formed from geometrical restriction, and those which are truly two-dimensional in extent, by introduction of the Keldysh interaction. We then study the formation of charge-carrier complexes in two-dimensional semiconductors and their heterostructures in the so-called Mott-Wannier-Keldysh model, deriving appropriate extensions of the Keldysh interaction as necessary. Thirdly, we undertake a comprehensive survey of the use of continuum QMC methods to evaluate excited-state properties in a truly ab initio fashion, establishing best-practices, and presenting energy gap calculations for several real materials. This includes the first published QMC calculation of the electronic energy gaps of a two-dimensional semiconductor, phosphorene. Finally, we propose an extension of the Keldysh interaction which permits the study of continuum phases, the so-called ``periodic Keldysh interaction'', and use it to probe the possible Wigner crystallisation of electrons in a weakly-doped two-dimensional semiconductor.


The calculation of the magnitude of an eruption needs the accurate estimate of its deposit volume. This is particularly critical for ignimbrites as no methods for their volume calculations and associated errors and uncertainties are consolidated in the literature, although invariably the largest magnitude eruptions on Earth are made of ignimbrites. The 39.8 ka Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption is the largest of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). The global cooling following the CI eruption and its widespread tephra affected the paleoenvironment and the migration of hominids in Europe at that time. Despite the large number of studies, the estimates of the Dense Rock Equivalent volume of the CI range between 60 and 300 km3, because of the lack of clear and reproducible methods for its calculation. Here we present a new calculation of the volume of the CI, grounded on a clear and reproducible method that can be applied universally and which provides an accurate estimation of the volume of the deposits on ground and their uncertainties and errors, allowing a strong base for further estimates of the amount of deposits eroded, covered, elutriated, which are essential for the final computation of the eruption magnitude. In order to calculate the CI volume, we reconstructed the first total isopach map of the pyroclastic density current deposit preserved on land, developed through a method that reconstructs the paleo-topography during the eruption, which is reproducible for all topographically controlled ignimbrites and allows the calculation of well-defined uncertainties in the on-land ignimbrite deposits. The preserved total extra-caldera bulk volume of the ignimbrite is estimated at 68.2 ± 6.6 km3. The total pyroclastic density current deposit volume is then corrected for erosion, ash elutriation, the intracaldera deposit volume, and the volume of tephra deposited in the sea, whereas volumes of the basal fallout deposits are taken from other studies. The total Dense Rock Equivalent volume of the eruption is 181–265 km3, whose range accounts for errors and uncertainties. This value corresponds to a mass of 4.7–6.9 × 1014 kg, a magnitude (M) of 7.7–7.8 and a volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7.


Neuronal activity can be modulated by attention even while the sensory stimulus is held fixed. This modulation implies changes in the tuning curve (or receptive field) of the neurons involved in sensory processing. We propose an information-theoretic hypothesis for the purpose of this modulation, and show using computer simulation that the similar modulation emerges in a system that is optimally encoding a sensory stimulus when the system is informed about the changing relevance of different features of the input. We present a simple model that learns a covert attention mechanism, given input patterns and tradeoff
requirements. After optimization, the system gains the ability to reorganize its computational resources (or coding strategy) depending on the incoming covert attentional signal, using only threshold shifts in neurons throughout the network. The modulation of activity
of the encoding units for different attentional states qualitatively matches that observed in animal selective attention experiments. Due to its generality, the model can be applied to any modality, and to any attentional goal.


This paper develops methods for assessing the sensitivity of empirical conclusions regarding conditional distributions to departures from the missing at random (MAR) assumption. We index the degree of non-ignorable selection governing the missingness process by the maximal Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) distance between the distributions of missing and observed outcomes across all values of the covariates. Sharp bounds on minimum mean square approximations to conditional quantiles are derived as a function of the nominal level of selection considered in the sensitivity analysis and a weighted bootstrap procedure is developed for conducting inference. Using these techniques, we conduct an empirical assessment of the sensitivity of observed earnings patterns in U.S. Census data to deviations from the MAR assumption. We find that the well-documented increase in the returns to schooling between 1980 and 1990 is relatively robust to deviations from the missing at random assumption except at the lowest quantiles of the distribution, but that conclusions regarding heterogeneity in returns and changes in the returns function between 1990 and 2000 are very sensitive to departures from ignorability.


The rate of secondary school success in Chisasibi is low. In the 2000-2001 school year, only six students out of approximately sixty 1 graduated from the Chisasibi high school (excluding mature student graduation). The previous school years have yielded similar amounts of high-school graduates. The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND) reported in 1996 that only fifteen percent of Chisasibi residents have a high-school diploma (see Table 10 on page 69). Despite this low number of high-school graduates every year, one would assume that those who graduate high-school in Chisasibi and decide to study in southern post-secondary institutions would be well adjusted and succeed at the post-secondary level. This is not the case for Chisasibi students and Cree students in general. Many Cree students registered in post-secondary institutions have difficulty completing their post-secondary studies. This also seems to be a trend across most Native communities in Canada (see Figures A4-A9 in Appendix). This thesis attempts to answer the following question: "Why do so few Cree students stay the amount of time necessary or pass the required amount of courses to graduate from the post-secondary programs in which they are enrolled?" 1 Approximately sixty students were of graduation age. The exact number of people of Grade 12 age is not available. The method I used to determine this number was by looking at the population chart (Table A2, p. 97) and dividing the number given by 5. 295 people were aged between 14 and 19. Thus, approximately 60 were of graduation age.


In user-centered design the users play an important role in the development process. The users are included in near every step of the process and it is often a problem that they do not have the necessary overview of a technology intended used in the end system. They do not need to know all the technical details, but they do need to know what possibilities the technology makes available. To do this one needs to introduce the users to the technical possibilities, but how does one do this? We had two suggestions as to how this could be done. We proposed introducing the possibilities through abstract concepts not tied to the users' domain. The reason being we did not want to lock the users to concrete ideas given by us, but let them use the abstract concepts to come up with ideas in their own domain. The other suggestion was giving the users hands-on experience with the concepts. Human knowledge is usually derived from experience, and we believe touching and trying out the possibilities of a technology would also be helpful in this kind of setting. To test whether hands-on experience and abstract concepts is valuable in an introduction of new technologies we conducted an experiment involving two workshops. Both workshops got a theoretical presentation of the abstract concepts, while one workshop let the participants explore a demonstrator made by us giving them hands-on experience. These workshops were then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative analysis showed that the workshop incorporating hands-on experience generated more unique ideas and also ideas in more categories than the other workshop. However due to low comparability between the groups due to factors such as prior experience with the technologies and current work situation, we do not give these findings much significance. Through the qualitative analysis we see that hands-on experience can be valuable. For one participant in particular, the hands-on experience was very valuable. In addition we found it valuable as a motivational exercise in a user-centered design process. The abstract concepts were analyzed qualitatively, and these were not as valuable as hoped. The users found it hard to map the abstract concepts to their domain. We now see the value of examples closer to the users' domain, but they should be kept as small building blocks for the users to combine to solve larger problems. We end this paper with a suggested approach to introducing new technological possibilities. We still recommend using the abstract concepts, but taking care to exemplify them through many small domain-specific examples. Hands-on experience is recommended if it is feasible to do this within the domain. We also recommend for time to mature and revisiting the participant after they've been back in their domain for a while.


Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Animal Law Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Climate Commons, Energy and Utilities Law Commons, Energy Policy Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Forest Management Commons, Land Use Law Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons, Oil, Gas, and Mineral Law Commons, Recreation, Parks and Tourism Administration Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, Sustainability Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons