This is an era marked by rapid developments in three different educational arenas -- access, lifelong learning and e-learning. In both developed and developing countries there is a growing demand for access to education... Alongside this growing demand for access, increased numbers of adults are returning to colleges and universities for additional education and training (CIHE, 2002). Lifelong learning has come of age, brought about by changes in attitudes to learning and in employment patterns, where jobs and careers are recast many times during a lifespan. Permeating and supporting these first two developments, in access and lifelong learning, are developments in information and communication technologies (ICT). New technologies are beginning to transform how higher education is organized and delivered both on campus and at a distance. E-learning affords new opportunities to increase flexibility in time and location of study, in forms of communication (for example, asynchronous discussions) and types of interaction...

 Although e-learning has the potential to provide the kinds of flexibility required by wider access and lifelong learning there are some major obstacles. On the one hand, wider access and lifelong learning require vast increases in specially designed course materials to satisfy the greater range of demands for learning. On the other hand, creating the digital resources necessary for online course delivery requires considerable investment, a factor that makes resource development only viable for courses with large student numbers or sizeable budgets. In order to address this difficulty, numerous national and international initiatives have been funded to investigate ways in which digital learning resources might be developed, shared and reused by teachers and learners around the world (so as to benefit from economies of scale). Behind these initiatives lies a vision of a future in which reusable resources (or 'learning objects' as they are called) could comprise a new currency of exchange within a learning economy. Learning objects, produced by publishers, teachers, support staff and students themselves, would be stored in digital repositories, where they could be easily accessed, recombined and reused within online courses.

 However, despite this vision, the idea of reusing electronic resources is more complex than the object economy scenario, outlined above, may suggest. The next section identifies seven issues associated with the reuse and sharing of resources. These sections focus on educational design, the need for standards, and on the culture and organization that would be necessary in institutions (and across institutions) if reuse were to become a reality.


The API 12F is the specification for vertical, aboveground shop-welded storage tanks published by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The nominal capacity for the twelve tank designs given in the current 13th edition of API 12F ranges from 90 bbl. (14.3 m3) to 1000 bbl. (159 m3). The minimum required component thickness and design pressure levels are also provided in the latest edition. This study is a part of a series research project sponsored by API that dedicates to ensure the safe operation of API 12 series storage tanks. In this study, the twelve API 12F tank designs presented in the latest edition are studied. The elastic stress analysis was conducted following the procedures presented in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 2019, Section VIII, Division 2 (ASME VIII-2). The stress levels at the top, bottom, and cleanout junctions subject to the design pressures are determined through finite element analysis (FEA). The bottom uplift subjected to design pressures are obtained, and the yielding pressure at the roof-shell and shell-bottom junctions are also determined. The specific gravity of the stored liquid is raised from 1.0 to 1.2 in this study. A new roof-shell attachment detail is proposed, and a 0.01 in. (0.254 mm) gap between the bottom shell course and the bottom plate is modeled to simulate the actual construction details. In addition, the flat-top rectangular cleanout presented in the current edition of API 12F is modeled.


The placental barrier to coagulation factors was assessed by measuring their levels in maternal venous and neonatal umbilical arterial and venous blood and was found to be largely complete. Detailed coagulation assessments in a large number of term and premature neonates showed that term neonates had a mild coagulation deficiency at birth. Premature neonates had a more definite deficiency, which became more severe with increasing prematurity. Mortality in low birth weight premature infants was associated with a severe coagulation deficiency, and was frequently due to cerebral haemorrhage. It is suggested that the coagulation system of low birth weight infants should be assessed to enable prophylactic treatment of those with a severe deficiency.


The COVID19 crisis has triggered a new wave of digitalization of the lives of citizens. To counter the devastating effects of the virus, states and corporations are experimenting with systems that trace citizens as an integral part of public life. In China, a comprehensive sociotechnical system of citizenship governance has already in force with the implementation of the Social Credit System—a technology-driven project that aims to assess, evaluate, and steer the behavior of Chinese citizens.

After presenting social credit systems in China's public and private sectors (Part I), the article provides normative standards to distinguish the Chinese system from comparable Western systems (Part II). It then shows the manner in which civic virtue is instrumentalized in China, both in content ("what" it is) and in form ("how" to cultivate it) (Part III), and claims that social credit systems represent a new form of citizenship governance, "cybernetic citizenship," which implements different conceptions of state power, civic virtue, and human rights (Part V). On the whole, the article demonstrates how the Chinese Social Credit System redefines the institution of citizenship and warns against similar patterns that are mushrooming in the West.

The article makes three contributions: empirically, it presents China's Social Credit Systems and reveals their data sources, criteria used, rating methods, and attached sanctions and rewards. Comparatively, it shows that, paradoxically, China's Social Credit System is not fundamentally different than credit systems in Western societies, yet indicates four points of divergence: scope, authority, regulation, and regime. Normatively, it claims that China's Social Credit System creates a form of cybernetic citizenship governance, which redefines the essence of citizenship.


This chapter describes the concept of symbiosis in a broad sense. It talks about criteria and methods to demonstrate that an organism is symbiotic, and presents general strategies for the cultivation of marine symbiotic microorganisms. Symbiotic microorganisms do not fit easily into Koch's postulates because the resulting observable fitness of the host is usually less obvious than acute disease. Cultivation of symbiotic microbes that produce medically relevant secondary metabolites might also allow the production of these metabolites by sustainable and economical fermentative technologies as opposed to collection of marine organisms from the environment. Knowledge that soil contains large amounts of humic substrates leads to increased cultivation of soil microorganisms. Addition of cAMP and acyl-homoserine lactone signaling molecules known to be present in some cells growing as colonies, improves the cultivation of marine bacteria. A first approach for the cultivation of aerobic heterotrophic marine symbionts is to use one-half strength Marine Broth 2216 supplemented with one-half strength natural or artificial sea-water, with 1.5% agar added when required. The critical factors of this approach are (i) surface sterilization and aseptic dissection and handling of symbiotic tissue to remove transient and/or opportunistic symbionts, (ii) dilution and plating to extinction to eliminate competition and or antagonism among strains, and (iii) patience and close examination for colonies and microcolonies that grow on the plates. The ability to cultivate marine symbiotic microorganisms is a great advantage for the study of the symbiotic microorganism and the natural products it might produce.


A historical assessment of the Leninist conception of imperialism is the necessary foundation for a theoretical periodi- zation of capitalism, in which the current developments and rising globalization have led to a dialectical supersession of imperialism. The emerging new stage of capitalism is characterized as trans- national or totalitarian capitalism. The structural characteristics and basic trends of this new stage of capitalism stand in interesting contrast to the theoretical conception of Empire, proposed by Hardt and Negri. The former approach offers a more adequate frame- work for understanding the current restructuring of capitalism and a safer political guide for the emancipating working-class struggle towards a socialist supersession of capitalism.


We consider two repeat finding problems relative to sets of strings: (a) Find the largest substrings that occur in every string of a given set; (b) Find the maximal repeats in a given string that occur in no string of a given set. Our solutions are based on the suffix array construction, requiring O(m) memory, where m is the length of the longest input string, and O(n lm) time, where n is the the whole input size (the sum of the length of each string in the input). The most expensive part of our algorithms is the computation of several suffix arrays. We give an implementation and experimental results that evidence the efficiency of our algorithms in practice, even for very large inputs.


Assuming that biblical texts have been reworked and updated during the long period of their history of development and transmission, this paper examines the syntactic changes in the textual tradition of the Book of Isaiah. The first part is devoted to the linguistic variation within the authoritative text of Isaiah and concentrates on the interchange of prepositions in the Masoretic Text. The second part deals with the transmission of the text of Isaiah and pays attention to the differences between the Masoretic Text of Isaiah and the text of Isaiah in the Dead Sea scrolls and the Old Greek Translation, the Septuagint. In both parts, the linguistic patterns gathered from the ETCBC database serve as the starting point for the examination. By computer-assisted registering, sorting, and comparing the various syntactic patterns, one gains insight into the complex history of the Hebrew text of Isaiah.


This article describes the construction of a novel optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical (OTTLE) cell for IR and UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical experiments at variable temperature. The cell has a three-electrode set melt-sealed into a smooth polyethylene spacer which is sandwiched between two CaF2 windows. The width of this spacer (0.18–0.20 mm) defines the thickness of the thin solution layer. The whole electrode assembly is housed in a thermostated Cu block of the OTTLE cell which fits into a double-walled nitrogen-bath cryostat. The experimental setup permits relatively fast electrolysis within the tested temperature range of 295 to 173 K under strictly anaerobic conditions and protection of light-sensitive compounds. Other important merits of the cell design include lack of leakage, facile cleaning, almost negligible variation of the preset temperature, and facile manipulation in the course of the experiments. The applicability of the variable-temperature IR/UV-Vis OTTLE cell is demonstrated by stabilization of a few electrogenerated carbonyl complexes of Mn(I) and Ru(II) with 3,5-di-tert. butyl-1,2-benzo(semi)quinone (DB(S)Q) and N,N′-diisopropyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (iPr-DAB) ligands, respectively, at appropriately low temperatures.


Knowledge of demographics, avalanche training, and avalanche safety practices of backcountry skiers in the mountain national parks of Canada is of great importance to Parks Canada, the Canadian Avalanche Association, Canadian Avalanche Centre, and avalanche educators. The purpose of this paper was to obtain this information and to investigate if there was a relationship between recreation specialization level, avalanche training and avalanche safety practices. Investigating the usefulness of recreation specialization was also an important aspect of this research project. Questionnaires were used to measure the above variables. This project was conducted in cooperation with Parks Canada and was a continuation of a research project conducted by Parks Canada during the 2010 avalanche season. This research project took place in Banff, Yoho, and Glacier National Parks. Questionnaires were administered at the Rogers Pass Visitor Centre, Lake Louise Visitor Centre, Yoho Visitor Centre, A.O. Wheeler Hut, Elizabeth Parker Hut, an avalanche awareness night in Banff, a Glacier National Park Winter Permit night in Golden, B.C., and a presentation by Chic Scott in Canmore, A.B. Results indicate that there was a strong positive correlation between specialization level and level of avalanche training; a moderate to strong correlation between specialization and checking the avalanche bulletin and beacon practice; a weak correlation between specialization level and correct knowledge of current avalanche danger, minimum safety equipment and minimum safety practices.


This paper analyses the hydrodynamic behaviour of electrochemical reactors by simulating stimulus–response experiments. The experiments were performed with a simple experimental arrangement to generate data (Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves) from electrolytic conductivity measurements. The multiparametric model proposed and the Matlab program developed allow the study of electrochemical reactors using three-dimensional electrodes, providing values of characteristic parameters of the materials, such as porosity and compressibility. The study of the reactor also permits modelling of the electrochemical reactions that will be produced inside it.


Abstract Previous research has established that social work practitioners are especially vulnerable to work-related psychological distress and burnout due to the high-stress nature of the profession, yet less research has focused on examining factors are associated with social worker retention. Emerging research on compassion satisfaction suggests that this factor could mitigate professional burnout, yet there is a gap in research focusing explicitly on examining compassion satisfaction among social workers. To address this gap in knowledge, this quantitative study collected survey data on practicing social workers who were alumni from a large southeastern university (n = 120) to examine individual and organizational factors associated with compassion satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of emotional intelligence, perceived work autonomy, and perceived work–life balance were associated with an increase in compassion satisfaction among experienced, licensed social work practitioners. Findings have implications for how social work employers can promote compassion satisfaction through cultivating emotional intelligence among practitioners, allowing social workers autonomy in decision making, and providing supportive work environments. Recommended directions for future research include longitudinal studies with large sample sizes that expound research on compassion satisfaction by examining the role of additional factors, such as client population, job role characteristics, and supervisor support.


Aim: The aim of this study was to develop dispersible self-microemulsifying (SMEDDS) tablet of atorvastatin for promoting its solubility and thus its oral bioavailability. Materials and Methods: The liquid SMEDDS were prepared by water titration method using oil, surfactant and co-surfactant and converted into solid- SMEDDS (S-SMEDDS) by adsorption on solid carriers (Neusilin US2). The S-SMEDDS were blended with sodium starch glycolate (disintegrant) and tablet excipients and compressed into tablets that were dispersible and self-microemulsifying in nature. All these formulations were assessed for various physicochemical parameters viz. weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration test. In vitro studies of pure drug, SMEDDS, S-SMEDDS and dispersible SME-tablets were carried out. Results: Pure drug released only 29.84 ± 0.16% upto 60 minutes and all the SMEDDS formulations (i.e. SMEDDS. S-SMEDDS and dispersible SME-tablets) released 100% of drug in comparatively lesser time. Formulations containing atorvastatin, 30% oleic acid, 65% tween 80 and 5% co-surfactant came out to show the best results in in vitro studies. But, FB1 (tablet) was considered to be the best since it released 100% drug in 35 min and also has advantages over SMEDDS and S-SMEDDS in terms of stability and patient compliance. Conclusion: The study revealed the potential use of dispersible SMEDDS tablet for the oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs, such as atorvastatin. Key words: Atorvastatin, Bioavailability, Phase diagram, SMEDDS.


Inclusive arts describes an exciting and newly emergent field: the creative collaborations between learning-disabled and non-learning-disabled artists which are increasingly taking place in performance and the visual arts. In Inclusive Arts Practice Alice Fox and Hannah McPherson interview artists, curators and key practitioners in the UK and US. The editors introduce and articulate this new practice, and situate it in relation to associated approaches. Fox and McPherson candidly describe the tensions and difficulties involved too, and explore how the work sits within contemporary art and critical theory. The book includes essays and illustrated statements, and has over 60 full-colour images. Inclusive Arts Practice represents a landmark publication in an emerging field of creative practice across all the arts. It presents a radical call for collaboration on equal terms and will be an invaluable resource for anyone studying or already working within this dynamic new territory.


Three empirical ocean tide models are determined from repeat cycles 10 to 78 of the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimeter mission. The three models investigate the effects of the satellite orbit ephemeris on the ocean tides determined from T/P altimetry and the effect of extracting the free core nutation resonance in the definition of the diurnal ocean tide admittance. The altimetric data series use the Joint Gravity Model JGM-2 geopotential orbit ephemeris and the preliminary JGM-3 orbit ephemeris computed at the University of Texas, Center for Space Research. The altimetric data from the T/P mission are shown to have the precision necessary to estimate the monthly and fortnightly ocean tides in each bin. Inclusion of existing models of the ocean tides in the polar latitudes not sampled by the altimeter demonstrates the importance of these latitudes on spherical harmonic representations of the ocean tides. The ocean tides are first estimated in bins of size 2.834° in longitude by 1° in latitude and then smoothed to 1° by 1° grids within ±66° latitude. The orthotide response formalism of Groves and Reynolds (1975) is used to represent the diurnal and semidiurnal ocean tides, while a constant admittance is assumed across narrow bandwidths around each of the monthly (Mm), fortnightly (Mf), and termensual (Mt) tidal components. Comparisons of the T/P ocean tide models to tide gauge observations indicate their accuracies to be of the order of 2–3 cm. The T/P-derived ocean tide models remove approximately 20 cm2 more of the T/P measured sea surface variance than the Cartwright and Ray (1991) tide model and show a 19 cm2 and 15 cm2 improvement over the Schwiderski (1980a, b) and Cartwright and Ray (1991) tide models, respectively, when compared to tide gauge estimates of the ocean tides.


Problem. The Dunamis Seventh-day Adventist Church has evolved from a church that, historically, was passionately spiritual and nurturing to one that seems to have lost its sense of identity and mission. The result is an inertia that manifests itself in a breakdown in communication, the inability to translate the gospel into the "language" of the community, and a general decline in spiritual commitment. Although some progress has been made in the recent past, there is still a gap between missional demands and practice. This appears to be symptomatic of the deeper issue of failing to experience the meaning of discipleship at the personal level. Method. This research investigated discipleship, while employing current literature, the Bible, and supporting citations from the writings of Ellen White. These were selected for their substantial offerings and their relevance. The discipleship principles of relationship, teaching, and maturity were established with special attention given to Old Testament and New Testament nuances. Particular attention was given to Jesus' emphasis on relationships. By extension, the family as the primary unit for the development of meaningful relationships was considered and developed not just as an illustration, but as a sample of an intentional and preemptive approach. A series of five sermons, as well as a seminar consisting of five presentations, was employed to educate and motivate the membership toward a better understanding of how to experience true discipleship. This was accompanied by a brief survey to establish the members' perception of their spiritual maturity. The results were collated, analyzed, and used to inform the formulation of an appropriate strategy. Results. It was determined that the most urgent and foundational need of the Dunamis Seventh-day Adventist Church was for the members to establish consistent personal Bible study and meaningful prayer life. This would establish the basis for pursuing the missional mandate. Discipleship was established as the natural model for developing and deepening a relationship with Christ in an effort to build up the kingdom of God. The insights gained were helpful in the realization of better relationships among members and an increase in membership, as well. Conclusions. Living as Jesus lived is God's intent for every human. Therefore, knowing him at the deepest level is of paramount importance. This is not just a mandate for all, but the privilege of all. This research has led to the conclusion that any strategy for church growth, both organically and numerically, must have at its center a strategy of discipleship. A discipleship-based church defines and distinguishes both the quality of being and the reason for being. This means having meaningful relationships with God and man and fulfilling the Great Commission of Matthew 28:19, 20. This is achieved through the transforming power of Christ. The discipleship process is initiated through Christ and is maintained by him. The disciples' response involves total surrender and commitment. This results in the practical outcomes of transformed homes and churches through experiencing revitalization and renewal at all levels.


This paper presents an efficient method for designing full band IIR digital differentiators in the complex Chebyshev sense. The proposed method is based on the formulation of a generalized eigenvalue problem by using the Remez multiple exchange algorithm. Therefore, a set of filter coefficients can be easily obtained by solving the eigenvalue problem to find the absolute minimum eigenvalue, and then the complex Chebyshev approximation is attained through a few iterations starting from a given initial guess. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient because it not only retains the speed inherent in the Remez exchange algorithm, but also simplifies the interpolation step. One design example is presented and compared with the conventional methods. It can be seen that the design results obtained by using the proposed method are better than that in the conventional methods.


Whilst work on the development of engineering options for water recycling has continued apace over the last decade, less attention has been paid to the problem of selecting appropriate technologies for particular applications. This paper firstly reviews the motivations for a cross-disciplinary approach to technology selection in this context, highlighting the process of translating research findings into practical and socially acceptable opportunities. It goes on to report early experience from an interdisciplinary collaboration which seeks to assess the suitability of specific water recycling options for urban environments. Conclusions relate primarily to the effective application of interdisciplinary research programmes to water management issues.


A range of lanthanum strontium manganates (La1−xSrxMnO3–LSMO) where 0 ≤ x < 0.4 were prepared using a modified peroxide sol–gel synthesis method. The magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) clusters obtained for each of the materials were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy in order to confirm the crystalline phases, crystallite size and cluster morphology. The magnetic properties of the materials were assessed using the Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to evaluate the magnetic susceptibility, Curie temperature (Tc) and static hysteretic losses. Induction heating experiments also provided an insight into the magnetocaloric effect for each material. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the materials was evaluated experimentally and via numerical simulations. The magnetic properties and heating data were linked with the crystalline structure to make predictions with respect to the best LSMO composition for mild hyperthermia (41 °C ≤ T ≤ 46 °C). La0.65Sr0.35MnO3, with crystallite diameter of 82.4 nm, (agglomerate size of ∼10 μm), Tc of 89 °C and SAR of 56 W gMn−1 at a concentration 10 mg mL−1 gave the optimal induction heating results (Tmax of 46.7 °C) and was therefore deemed as most suitable for the purposes of mild hyperthermia, vide infra.


Simian sarcoma virus (SSV) deletion mutants were constructed from a molecular clone containing the entire infectious provirus. Transfection analysis of these mutants localized the SSV transforming gene to a small region of the viral genome encompassing its cell-derived sequence (v-sis). Antiserum to a peptide synthesized on the basis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the SSV transforming gene detected a 28,000-dalton protein that was specifically expressed in SSV transformed cells and that corresponded in size to that predicted from the v-sis coding sequence. The v-sis gene product designated p28sis was not a phosphoprotein, nor did it possess detectable protein kinase activity. These findings distinguish p28sis from a number of other retroviral onc proteins.


Asia experiences great regional differences in climatic variations, especially precipitation. Examining changes in precipitation will help us understand large-scale hydro-cycle processes against the background of global climate change. We used a new multi-source dataset of historical global land precipitation records developed by the China Meteorological Administration to analyze long-term change in annual and seasonal precipitation in Asia during 1901−2016. To solve the problem of inhomogeneity, the Russian Bias-corrected Monthly Precipitation dataset was also used for Russia. The normalized precipitation anomaly (NPA) was used to analyze spatial and temporal precipitation trend patterns. Regional average time series for the continent and its 6 subregions were obtained by an area-weighted averaging method. Results show that: (1) regional average annual precipitation increased significantly during this period, and the upward trend was mainly related to a shift in cold areas during the mid-20th century; (2) regional average spring and autumn precipitation amounts had similar characteristics to those of the long-term changes in annual precipitation, and winter precipitation increased slightly for the entire period, with a significant jump occurring from 1945−1955; (3) North and Central Asia experienced a significant upward trend in precipitation for every season except summer during 1901−2016, while South Asia witnessed a significant downward trend in winter during the same period; (4) during 1901− 2016, the proportion of summer precipitation declined uniformly in most parts of the continent, with a significant decline in cold areas. Although there are still uncertainties related to the observational data, the analysis results will help in understanding the general pattern of precipitation variation and the possible response of these regions to global climate change.


What are we in the modeling & simulation (M&S) community to do with the volumes of 'human terrain' data now being published by the military and others in databases of the demographics and needs/values/norms of populations of interest? This paper suggests that the M&S community would be remiss if it did not rise to this challenge and suggest next steps for the use of this human terrain (HT) data resource. These datasets are a key asset for those interested in synthesis of two major agent-based modeling paradigms - the cognitive and the social - as this paper argues. We pursue this argument with a case study integrating a cognitive agent environment (PMFserv) and a social agent environment (FactionSim) and applying them to various regions of interest (Iraq, SE Asia, Crusades) to assess their validity and realism.


Background: Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions are typically seen by multiple providers, particularly specialists. Clinically appropriate referrals to multiple specialists may compromise the continuity of care for multiple chronic condition beneficiaries and create care plans that patients may find challenging to reconcile, which may impact patient outcomes. Objective: The objective was to examine whether glycemic control or lipid control was associated with the number of prescribers of cardiometabolic medications. Research Design, Subjects, and Measures: A retrospective cross-sectional cohort analysis of 51,879 elderly Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with diabetes and 129,762 beneficiaries with dyslipidemia living in 10 east coast states. Glycemic control was defined as having an HbA1c<7.5. Lipid control was defined as an low-density lipoprotein<100 for beneficiaries with heart disease or diabetes or an low-density lipoprotein<130 for all other beneficiaries. We examined the association between the number of prescribers of cardiometabolic medications and disease or lipid control in 2011 through logistic regression, controlling for age, sex, race, Medicaid enrollment, 17 chronic conditions and state-fixed effects. Results: Among beneficiaries with diabetes, 76% with one prescriber had well-controlled diabetes in 2011, which decreased to 65% for beneficiaries with 5+ prescribers. In adjusted analyses, Medicare beneficiaries with 3 or more prescribers were less likely to have glycemic control than beneficiaries with a single prescriber. Among those with dyslipidemia, nearly all (91%–92%) beneficiaries had lipid control. After adjustment for demographics and comorbidity burden, beneficiaries with 3 prescribers were less likely to have lipid control than beneficiaries with a single prescriber. Conclusions: Multiple prescribers were associated with worse disease control, possibly because patients with more severe diabetes or dyslipidemia have multiple prescribers or because care fragmentation is associated with worse disease control.


Abstract:This essay highlights the role of archives, archival research, and integration of archival records in contemporary Caribbean visual artwork that evokes and reimagines unevenly recorded historical processes/moments. It also suggests the defining role of this approach to contemporary visual artwork is the perspective of Caribbean women artists. Through a discussion of Roshini Kempadoo's interactive installation Ghosting, the essay considers alternative forms of archiving lived memory through Diana Taylor's notion of the repertoire. It also considers modernist and postmodernist techniques of recontextualization, such as montage, in Caribbean contemporary art (and specifically in Kempadoo's Ghosting), from a postcolonial and creolized context.


We study the relevance of highly precise indoor localization techniques for quadrocopters and present an ultrasonic sensor system that achieves excellent localization performance, although the system has to rely on the limited computation resources of sensor nodes used for time-of-flight-based localization. Quadrocopters, i.e., flying four-rotor robots, are on-board sensor controlled systems. In comparison to classical monorotor objects (helicopters), the quadrocopters can be piloted with much lower effort. However, lateral drifts cannot be compensated for only referring to the built-in sensors. Nonetheless, the detection of such drifts is strongly necessary for indoor operation-without any corrections, the quadrocopter would quickly cause a collision. To compensate for the dislocation, we developed an indoor-localization framework for time-of-flight-based localization using ultrasonic sensors. It is optimized for use in sensor nodes with low computational power and limited memory. The system is designed for high scalability and to provide high accuracy, even in the case of erroneous measurements. The developed hardware platform is very lightweight to be carried by mobile robots and flying quadrocopters. Based on our real-time localization system, position controller and navigation functionality can be implemented.


There is a creating availability in the present work environments that representatives don't give up their carries on with just because they work. Work and life remain the two significant foremost regions in the life of each person. Work Life Balance is presently arrogant an important job in deciding the movement implementation of government in any production by increasing obligation in the work place, it is extremely hard to the legislatives to maintain up a sensible amount of work life balance. For every Employee work life balance is very significant. Work Life balance is about having the balance among Professional life and Personal life of an employee. This study brings out that how the professionals are managing their work life balance. The sample size is 100-200. It also discusses about features distressing the work life balance like working hours, work load, stress. And the advantages that come from gaining work life balance like employee satisfaction, retaining employees, increase in employee productivity, decrease in employee absenteeism, improve in organization results.


This paper describes a generic framework of which semantics-based XML data can be derived from legacy databases. It consists in first recovering the conceptual schema of the database through reverse engineering techniques, and then in converting this schema, or part of it, into XML-compliant data structures. Both steps heavily rely on generic schema transformation techniques, while all the schemas involved in the whole process are expressed in a unique model, named GER. Transformations between schemas are expressed as sequences of reversible transformation primitives. The reversed sequence can be used to automatically translate query, data or updates posed on XML.


Collision-related rocks intrude metamorphic rocks overthrust by ophiolitic units to make up the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. A wide variety of rock types were produced by the latest Cretaceous magmatism in the complex. These rocks can be divided into three distinct units: (1) calc-alkaline (Ağaçören, Behrekdağ, Cefalıkdağ, Çelebi, Ekecikdağ, Halaçlı, Karamadazı, Kösefakılı, Terlemez, Üçkapılı, Yozgat); (2) sub-alkaline (Baranadağ); and (3) alkaline (Atdere, Davulalan, Eğrialan, Hamit, İdişdağı, Karaçayır). The calc-alkaline rocks are metaluminous/peraluminous I- to S-type plutons ranging from monzodiorite to granite. The sub-alkaline rocks are metaluminous I-type plutons ranging from monzonite to granite. The alkaline rocks are metaluminous to peralkaline plutons, predominantly A-type, ranging from foid-bearing monzosyenite to granite. These plutons crystallized under varying pressures (5.3–2.6 kbar) and a wide range of temperatures (858–698 °C) from highly oxidized magmas (log fO2 −17 to −12). All intrusive rocks display enrichment in LILE and LREE compare to HFSE and have high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd ratios. These characteristics indicate that these rocks are derived from a mantle source containing large subduction components, and have experienced assimilation coupled with fractional crystallization (AFC) during uprise through crust. The coexistence of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism in the complex may be ascribed to mantle source heterogeneity before collision. Either thermal perturbation of the metasomatized lithosphere by delamination of the thermal boundary layer or removal of a subducted plate (slab breakoff) are the likely mechanisms for the initiation of the collision-related magmatism in the complex.


Ocean acidification by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is projected to depress metabolic and physiological activity in marine calcifiers. To evaluate the sensitivity of marine organisms against ocean acidification, the assimilation of nutrients into carbonate shells and soft tissues must be examined. We designed a novel experimental protocol, reverse radioisotope labelling, to trace partitioning of nutrients within a single bivalve species under ocean acidification conditions. Injecting CO2 gas, free from radiocarbon, can provide a large contrast between carbon dissolved in the water and the one assimilated from atmosphere. By culturing modern aquifer organisms in acidified seawater, we were able to determine differences in the relative contributions of the end members, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater and metabolic CO2, to shell carbonate and soft tissues. Under all pCO2 conditions (463, 653, 872, 1,137 and 1,337 μatm), radiocarbon (Δ14C) values of the bivalve Scapharca broughtonii shell were significantly correlated with seawater DIC values; therefore, shell carbonate was derived principally from seawater DIC. The Δ14C results together with stable carbon isotope (δ13C) data suggest that in S. broughtonii shell δ13C may reflect the kinetics of isotopic equilibration as well as end‐member contributions; thus, care must be taken when analysing end‐member contributions by a previous method using δ13C. The insensitivity of S. broughtonii to perturbations in pCO2 up to at least 1,337 µatm indicates that this species can withstand ocean acidification. Usage of radioisotope to dope for tracer experiments requires strict rules to conduct any operations. Yet, reverse radioisotope labelling proposing in this study has a large advantage and is a powerful tool to understanding physiology of aquifer organisms that can be applicable to various organisms and culture experiments, such as temperature, salinity and acidification experiments, to improve understanding of the proportions of nutrients taken in by marine organisms under changing environments.


In the sequence of currency crises in emerging economies in the 1990s, there was an observed reluctance to devalue the exchange rate. Although ultimately adopted, the decision to devalue was usually delayed, often until it could no longer be avoided. While economic explanations of delay are available, they need to be combined with an evaluation of the political implications in order to secure a better understanding of exchange rate inertia. This article presents a political economy interpretation of delayed devaluation. It introduces and discusses the determining factors drawing on available empirical evidence and briefly applies these ideas to a range of specific examples. It also examines why there may be even more impediments in the way of timely revaluation. Since delayed exchange rate adjustment carries economic costs, the article also considers ways in which delay may be minimised.


Abstract. Tropical rainforests act as a huge contributor to the global emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Measurements of their oxidation products, such as formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO), provide useful indicators of fast photochemistry occurring in the lower troposphere. However, measurements of these species in tropical forest locations are extremely limited. To redress this, HCHO and CHOCHO were measured using the long-path (LP) and multi-axis (MAX) differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) techniques above the rainforest canopy in Borneo during two campaigns in spring and summer 2008, as part of the Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes above a south-east Asian tropical rainforest (OP3) project. The results were compared with concurrent measurements of hydroxyl radical (OH), isoprene (C5H8) (which was the dominant organic species emitted in this forest environment), and various meteorological parameters. Formaldehyde was observed at a maximum concentration of 4.5 ppb and glyoxal at a maximum of 1.6 ppb, significantly higher than previous measurements in rural locations. A 1-D chemistry model was then used to assess the diurnal evolution of formaldehyde and glyoxal throughout the boundary layer. The results, which compare well with the LP-DOAS and MAX-DOAS observations, suggest that the majority of the glyoxal and formaldehyde is confined to the first 500 m of the boundary layer, and that the measured ratio of these species is reproduced using currently accepted product yields for the oxidation of isoprene by OH. An important conclusion is that the measured levels of glyoxal are consistent with the surprisingly high concentrations of OH measured in this environment.


Triatoma infestans is the most important vector of Chagas' disease in Argentina. Experiences from Argentine national campaigns have shown indoor spraying to control triatomine bugs is both expensive and difficult. An alternative control method may be the use of pyrethroid-impregnated fabrics (PIFs), which could be both a practical and cheap complement to conventional control measures. In this study, a formulation of emulsifiable concentrate of beta-cypermethrin [alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxilate] pyrethroid was used to impregnate different fabrics. The fabrics were then tested for their efficacy and persistence in killing Triatoma infestans. Insects attempting to penetrate or grasp the fabric in search of blood meals were poisoned by the exposure to the absorbed pyrethroid. Laboratory bioassays showed that the insecticidal effect of the PIFs with a dosage of 0.2 g/m2 lasted longer on wool than on cotton or rayon. Eight months after impregnation, a residual efficacy of 100% was found for wool, 80% for rayon-cotton fabrics, and 50% for rayon-polyester fabrics. In addition, beta-cypermethrin-impregnated fabrics showed a better repellency effect than did fabrics impregnated with either deltamethrin or cypermethrin. For field trials, fabrics were impregnated either in the laboratory or "in situ" at a dosage of 1 g beta-cypermethrin/m2 and then dried. The PIFs were placed inside homes, either under the roof or under the bed mattress. The field trials showed the PIF approach to be very effective in keeping dwellings free of triatomine bugs for at least one year and found a high degree of acceptability among the houses' residents.


"Despite the economic transformation of Peru's coastal economy, the country's inland region remains poor and underdeveloped. We herein examine the economic linkages between the two regions using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model based on a regionalized social accounting matrix. The model results show that coastal growth undermines the inland economy by increasing import competition and internal migration. Peru, therefore, cannot rely solely on rapid national growth to generate broad-based poverty reduction. When we simulate policies aimed at curbing divergence, we find that reducing interregional transaction costs stimulates national economic growth, but widens divergence by shifting inland production towards agriculture and concentrating investment in coastal manufacturing. In contrast, conditional cash transfers reduce regional and rural-urban inequality, but do not stimulate national growth. Finally, investing in inland productivity (through extension services and improved rural roads) reduces regional divergence, but the resulting market constraints worsen rural-urban inequality. These findings suggest that isolated interventions may worsen inequality, and that complementarities exist between supply-side investments and policies aimed at stimulating demand and improving access to national markets." from authors' abstract


The joint analysis of refractions with surface waves (JARS) method offers an approach for finding solutions to the nonunique inverse refraction problem but, more specifically, to the inverse first-arrival traveltime problem (IFATP) because it includes the direct wave and excludes refractions that are not first arrivals. The inverse refraction problem is well known and clearly established to be nonunique (Slichter, 1932; Healy, 1963; Ackermann et al., 1986; Burger, 1992; Lay and Wallace, 1995). However, it wasn't until Ivanov et al. (2005) examined nonuniqueness from the perspective of solving inverse problems that it became clear that the objective function (the one minimizing the difference between the observed and the modeled data) did not have a global minimum (i.e., a unique solution), or only a few global minima, but a continuous range of minima (i.e., a valley of possible solutions). Insight into the significance of the problem was gained from experiments that maintained a constant number of paramet...


Infrared data were obtained for chloromethylphosphorous dichloride, chloromethylphosphonic dichloride (also Raman data), and chloromethylthiophosphonic dichloride over the region 45–3800 cm−1. Infrared data were also obtained for bromomethylphosphonic dibromide in the region 300–3800 cm−1. Infrared spectra for these compounds were recorded at different temperatures, and show that the pentavalent compounds exist as rotational isomers at room temperature. A previous study of chloromethylphosphonic dichloride and chloromethylthiophosphonic dichloride has established that these two compounds exist as rotational isomers, but the present study gives additional significant information. The infrared spectrum for methylphosphonic dichloride in the region 45–600 cm−1 has been recorded for purpose of comparison with the ClCH2–P series. No spectral evidence was observed for the P—CH3 torsion vibration in methylphosphonic dichloride.


The use of carbohydrates as ligands in coordination chemistry is an important area of research with many potential applications. Few studies have been done on the complexation behaviour of main group metals under aqueous conditions.
 In this thesis the complexation of carbohydrates in the presence of tin(IV) and lead(IV) central metals in aqueous solution was studied. Tin(IV) was investigated using 119Sn NMR techniques. It could be shown that a mixture of hexahydroxidostannate and the threefold amount of ethanediol forms a mixture of heteroleptic mono- and bis- (ethanediolato)hydroxidostannates and homoleptic tris(ethandiolato)stannate. In contrast to these observations, the threefold amount of beta-cyclodextrin with hexahydroxidostannate(IV) showed a single signal, whose chemical shift indicates a new, hexacoordinate, tin-containing species. When using lithium as a counterion, crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction grew over the course of one week. The results from the structural analysis were consistent with the spectroscopic results and show a supramolecular assembly with threefold rotational symmetry that consists of three components: three beta-cyclodextrin dianions, three tetrahedral tetraaqualithium cations and the tetravalent metal center.
 Attempts to prepare chelates using lead(IV) as the central metal by adding potential chelators such as oxalate, catecholate, or glycosides to hexahydroxidoplumbat(IV) solutions result in the formation of decomposition products. Surprisingly, beta-cyclodextrin could avoid decomposition and formed single crystals. X-ray analysis of the product showed lead(IV) complexed by three cyclodextrin dianions isotypic to the tin(IV)-cyclodextrin complex. It is the first described carbohydrate-lead(IV) complex.
 It could be shown, that the functional groups of the oligosaccharide cyclodextrin are able to assemble into a nanoscaled trimer that provides a mononuclear binding site for high valent metal centers. These findings may be helpful to develop other cyclodextrin-metal complexes with metals which show catalytic activity. One possible use for the developed system could be the treatment of heavy-metal-contaminated water.


Dealing with polymorphism in the presence of imperative features is a long-standing open problem for Hindley-Milner type systems. A widely adopted approach is the value restriction, which inhibits polymorphic generalisation and unfairly rejects various programs that cannot go wrong. We consider abstract interpretation as a tool for constructing safe and precise type systems, and investigate how to derive store-based types by abstract interpretation. We propose store-based types as a type discipline that holds potential for interesting and flexible alternatives to the value restriction.


In this paper we examine how faculty and librarians' own approaches to and attitudes toward library tools, as well as their assumptions about student research practices, impede students' ability to view learning as a recursive, creative, and ongoing inquiry. We propose first that librarians and faculty examine the assumptions of knowledge that characterize their respective university constituencies; second that they dismantle some of the disciplinary boundaries that separate these constituencies; third that they collaborate to craft analytical assignments that stress knowledge as process; and fourth that they transform library instruction from tool-based demonstrations to analytical, problem-based learning exercises. Finally, we describe how we have collaborated to craft a Freshman Composition library instruction session that moves beyond developing students' information-gathering expertise by focusing on the development of transferable knowledge and critical thinking skills.


With the rapid proliferation of Linked Data on theWeb, the topic of Linked Data query processing has recently gained attention. Works in this direction do not assume full availability of SPARQL endpoints. As an alternative to federation over these endpoints, this new querying paradigm follows the Linked Data principles to use only HTTP lookups for accessing and querying Linked Data. Existing works focus on the ranking and pruning of sources behind the query URIs, or on the ecient processing of data after they have been retrieved from sources. However, there exists no systematic approach for query plan optimization, especially the kind that considers both of these problems in a holistic way. Further, observing that result completeness is no longer a strict requirement and that there is an inherent trade-o between completeness, execution cost and other criteria, we propose a multi-objective optimization framework. In experiments on real world Linked Data, Pareto-optimal plans computed by our approach show benets over suboptimal plans generated by existing solutions.


Aim: This research was conducted to simulate the molecular dynamic of pinocembrin and pinostrobin against erythrocyte sedimentation rate and estimated glomerular filtration rate protein. Materials and Methods: In this study, the interaction of pinostrobin and pinocembrin as key compounds of Kaempferia pandurata toward ER and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a molecular marker of estrogen receptor positive and ER negative (ER−) of breast cancer. The simulation was done by molecular docking and dynamic simulation. The molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock 4.2, while the dynamic simulation using AMBER 14 software. Results: Analysis of dynamics simulation was done by considering the root mean square deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation, hydrogen bonding conditions, and MM-PBSA calculation. The dynamic simulation result showed that pinocembrin chalcone compounds have less free energy than pinostrobin. Conclusion: Pinostrobin and pinocembrin can interact with ER and VEGF, having a potential for specific ER− treatment.


this paper is an outcome of my experience as a team member of the Euro-India Innovation mapping project. The project set out to map India's IT Innovativeness over two years from January 2008-to December 2009. Here I bring to the fore the different methodologies that we reviewed in order to implement the innovation mapping project and our realization that each methodology in itself though useful may not be sufficient to address the complexity of the subject matter due to the vastness of India and its emerging nature. I outline some of the challenges faced by us when designing a methodology for mapping innovation in a large emerging economy. I discuss some solutions and report on how we solved the problem only to be faced with newer challenges. A methodological design is a challenging endeavor in the normal of time, when it comes to doing the same in a large emerging economy the problems becomes compounded. I highlight some of these problems and discuss some solutions in this paper. I conclude this paper with some insights proposing a mix methodology approach has been useful in addressing the challenges of data collection in emerging economies using our Indian experience as a backdrop to our findings. Keywords; Innovation Mapping, Innovation, Knowledge Mapping, emerging economy, Methodology, mix methodology. Sudhanshu Rai PhD 29-11-2009


The effect of exposure to different concentrations of sodium fluoride (Na-F) for different durations on learning and memory tasks in rats (non-associative and associative learning) was assessed in our study. Three groups of fifteen pregnant Wistar female rats each, were administered Na-F in drinking water at one of three concentrations; 0, 50 and 100 ppm from second trimester of pregnancy till weaning of their pups at 30 days of age. Pups were then allocated into 5 groups of 20 animals each, where Na-F was administered in three different concentrations with different exposure periods throughout the study. Brain tissue specimens, representing all treatment groups, were taken for histopathological examination. The average body weight gain was significantly lower in group of rats exposed to high Na-F doses for long duration, with distinct hair loss. Open field revealed a significant influence of dose of Na-F on exploratory motor activities (EMA) and emotionality with marked impairment in habituation in rats exposed to high Na-F. Moreover, learning and memory assessed during maze test showed reduced memory retention in rats exposed to high Na-F for long periods. In novelty acquisition test, despite evidence of occurrence of habituation in all groups, a noticeable reduced degree was demonstrated in rats continued to administer high Na-F for long duration. Furthermore, histopathological evaluation revealed distinct neurodegenerative changes of nerve cells especially in hippocampus. Our results suggest that exposure of rats to Na-F in high doses for long duration has detrimental effects on the brain as reflected in diminished learning and memory. (Journal of American Science 2010;6(5):54-63). (ISSN: 1545-1003).


Soil food webs are an essential part of terrestrial ecosystem functioning and characterised by a high degree of cross linkage between the members of a highly diverse soil community. Centipedes are abundant predators in the litter and soil layers of temperate forests. They are assumed to be generalist predators, feeding on a wide range of prey such as collembola and earthworms. However, knowledge of their feeding ecology is scarce, as the opaque habitat, the high diversity of prey, and extra oral digestion hamper analysis of their feeding behaviour. Molecular gut content analysis, however, allows their trophic interactions to be studied even under these unfavourable conditions and consequently allows assessment of prey choice and of the strength of the predator-prey interactions. I therefore used group and species-specific PCR assays to track the DNA of abundant prey in guts of lithobiid and geophilomorph centipedes to illustrate feeding interactions. Based on these results I examined the effects of a variety of biological and environmental factors on centipede prey choice and the strength of predator-prey interaction. In addition, I conducted experiments to study the effect of two factors on prey DNA detection success which could lead to over-or underestimation of feeding link strength.
In Chapter 2 I report on the design and optimization of group- and species- specific PCR assays to screen soil predators for twelve abundant prey including extra- and intraguild prey. Cross-reactivity tests against a wide spectrum of non-target animals and prey DNA dilution tests confirmed high specificity and sensitivity of assays. An initial screen of the gut contents of 50 lithobiid individuals revealed that centipedes feed on many prey species though showing preferences for collembolan and dipteran prey.
Prey DNA detection success can be affected by a variety of factors some of which lead to over- or underestimation of the strength of predator-prey interactions. In Chapter 3 I tested whether the success with which prey can be detected in a predator's gut is positively correlated with decreasing predator body mass and with prey quality. I used singleplex PCR and quantitative real-time PCR to analyse the time-dependent reduction in DNA detection success for three qualitatively different prey (Collembola, Diptera, Lumbricida) which were fed to lithobiid predators. Likewise I analysed singleplex detection rates of collembolan prey in three centipede size classes. Contrary to my expectations, prey DNA detection success is not affected by predator body size nor prey quality but by PCR assay sensitivity and prey DNA copy number. This suggests that both DNA concentration and assay sensitivity need to be considered when assessing prey quality effects on prey DNA detection success.
Land-use change can affect feeding ecologies of soil predators by changing resource availability and habitat structure. In Chapter 4 I therefore studied prey choice of staphylinid and centipede predators along a land-use gradient in forest ecosystems of two regions. Predators were screened for collembolan, dipteran and lumbricid prey and the results were tested against a set of environmental and biological parameters. In fact, forest management does not affect prey choice but the depth of the litter layer and soil pH are important factors. Likewise, trophic interactions varied with prey abundance. In all cases I observed that the direction of effect depends on predator body mass. Large predators feed more in low-structured habitats and at high prey densities, while the opposite is true for small predators.
Functional response models are used to predict the strength of trophic interactions, which can be affected by predator-prey body mass ratios. In Chapter 5 I analysed the feeding behaviour of lithobiid and geophilomorph centipedes and compared the results with the body-size-dependent functional response for eight different prey groups. I showed that calculated feeding rates of most prey are significantly correlated with prey DNA detection rates for lithobiid predators. Intraguild prey and lumbricids however correlated negatively, indicating that prey-specific traits must be taken into account to fully explain feeding interactions in soil food webs.
Overall, I show that molecular gut content analysis resolves trophic interactions between centipedes and their prey. These interactions are defined by a variety of factors of which body size is the most important.


Background Volunteers working in hospice and palliative care facilities in Poland undertake various activities which are performed in accordance with legal regulations and the individual policies of each hospice. The aim of this study was to explore the roles and training of volunteers working in hospice and palliative care settings. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out that investigated the services performed by volunteers and their preparation for work within residential hospices. Questionnaires were distributed to volunteers and hospice representatives, and the responses obtained underwent statistical analysis. Participants A total of 180 volunteers and 28 hospice representatives from 29 residential hospices participated in this survey. Results All hospices surveyed were supported by volunteers. 79% of volunteers worked alongside patients and performed the following services: accompanying patients (76%), feeding patients (61%), cleaning rooms (48%), dressing and bathing (42%) and organising leisure time (40%). Fewer volunteers were involved in activities outside of patient support—for example, charity work and fundraising (34%), cleaning hospice buildings (23%) as well as providing information and education (22%). According to volunteers, prior to undertaking their duties, 64% participated in theoretical training and 37% took part in a practical course. The majority attended courses relating to general knowledge of hospice and palliative care (64%) and volunteer rights and duties (55%). Conclusions Overall, proper training was an essential requirement needed to be fulfilled by volunteers, particularly when involved in direct patient support. Most volunteers were simultaneously involved in various areas of service; therefore, their training should be comprehensive.


When sport training loads exceed the adaptation capacity of the human body, performance may decreases and some other problems may occur, like overtraining. overtraining has become a significant problem among high level competitive athletes, affecting sport seasons and even resulting in the drop-out. Athletes who suffer from overtraining, present decrease in sport performance and may present some signals and symptoms of physiological and psychological nature. This study has the aim to analyze overtraining in an interdisciplinary view, presenting some psychological, physiological and biochemical variables used in its detection and monitoring. And finally, we also suggest strategies to prevent and treat this phenomenon


This paper arises out of the transition from a PhD thesis on Heidegger's phenomenology to my attempts to come to terms with 'becoming a teacher'. The paper will provide a phenomenological interpretation of being a teacher in relation to the question of an 'authentic' interpretation of teaching/learning and the possibility of an authentic interpretative praxis. I will argue that being a teacher is a phenomenon of human existence which can be interpreted as a possible way of being with authentic and inauthentic potentialities. This way of being is intrinsically linked to that of learning; of becoming human or becoming the authentic possibilities of being‐human. As such, the problem of being a teacher is primarily an ethical question (or a question of ɛτηοσ—dwelling); of who we are as humans and of how being a teacher engages with the in‐formation of the becoming of students as authentic human beings. This then leads to the problem of how a phenomenological interpretation of education can be applied or lived; of authenticity in teaching/learning and the possibilities of authentic learning environments (educational dwelling).


Polycarbonate Nuclepore filters are better than cellulose filters for the direct counting of bacteria because they have uniform pore size and a flat surface that retains all of the bacteria on top of the filter. Although cellulose filters also retain all of the bacteria, many are trapped inside the filter where they cannot be counted. Before use, the Nuclepore filters must be dyed with irgalan black to eliminate autofluorescence. Direct counts of bacteria in lake and ocean waters are twice as high with Nuclepore filters as with cellulose filters.


Solid waste management is the major threat in these days. There are various sources in which the wastes are generated, among those the major role is played by the industries. The industries manufacture a product by giving so many by-products. These by-products are simply dumped in the land which causes pollution. So, it should be treated as well as reused in one form or another. One such by-product is the Ground granulated blast slag which is obtained from the blast furnaces used to make iron. The demand for the construction materials leads to the replacement of new materials in the concrete. Proposed idea is to use the ground granulated furnace slag in the concrete. An experimental investigation is conducted to study the properties of concrete containing the ground granulated blast slag as the replacement of the fine aggregate. The fine aggregate is the manufactured sand. The manufactured sand is widely used nowadays due to the demand and the cost of the river sand. The GGBS is replaced for the manufactured sand by 30%,35%,40% and 45%. Then the strength is obtained by carrying out compression, split tensile and the flexural tests. Then the optimization value of the GGBS is found as 30% and the effect of size of coarse aggregate is found out with the optimized value of GGBS. Then the durability tests are carried out for the acid action due to sulphate, chloride, etc., Finally, the results are discussed and the conclusions are obtained.


This study is a result of one not-for-profit organization's aim to develop and evaluate a new approach to intermediate care (IC) by drawing together three separate enterprises; a not-for-profit charitable organization, a primary health care trust and local referring hospitals and social care providers in order to design a new service. This research describes and examines the factors that influenced the success (or not) of this IC service during its first two years of functioning. Using a single descriptive case study a detailed account of the innovation journey that a multidisciplinary team (MDT) underwent as they developed and implemented their own unique model of person-centred intermediate care (PCIC) within a community based nursing home facility is provided. The study describes the workings of the unit and details the service users' outcomes and their perceptions of the care that they received on this unit. Through the use of a mixed methods, concurrent triangulation, design quantitative data (i.e. assessments of functional ability and length of stay (n= 94)) and qualitative data (i.e. semi-structured interviews-staff (n=12), service users (n=94)) were collected in order to generate thick description which allowed for an in-depth explanation of how a new event (PCIC in a nursing home) was integrated into the culture of the facility. This design allowed the data, once analysed, to be discussed from different viewpoints in order to simultaneously address the confirmatory and exploratory aims of the study. The results of this research provide the field of IC and the practice community with a detailed account of the successes and challenges that one MDT's experiences during their innovation journey whilst crafting and successfully implementing PCIC within a community based nursing home facility. This study also exposed the staff's use of emotional labour in order to successfully deliver their model of PCIC.


Using AMEX, NASDAQ and NYSE stock market data for the period 1985–2006, this paper sheds further light into the value premium and the discussion of whether the value premium is driven by risk or behavioral factors. The paper utilizes a more comprehensive set of data and tests than previous studies and a research methodology that minimizes potential data snooping problems and confounding inferences. We document a consistently strong value premium in all markets examined, which persists in both bull and bear markets, as well as in recessions and recoveries. We show that the value premium is not driven by a few outliers, but it is pervasive as the overwhelming majority of stocks in the value portfolio have positive returns, and the majority of the industries in our sample have positive value premiums. The value premium, in general, remains positive and statistically significant over time. Our results are consistent with, but, in general, stronger than, those of other US studies. Previous studies' results seem to be driven primarily by AMEX and NYSE stocks, as NASDAQ stocks experience much stronger value premium than other markets. In terms of explaining the drivers of the value premium, having looked at this question from many angles, we conclude that the evidence is mixed. It seems that both risk and mispricing may play a role in explaining the value premium, although the scale of the evidence seems to tilt more to the side of mispricing. The paper's conclusions both with regards to the value premium and its drivers hold up well to various robustness tests.


After the end of the Cold War, students of International Relations observed an expansion of inter-state activities at the regional level. Regional and sub-regional groupings appeared to gain momentum as the way in which countries cooperate and should cooperate to pursue peace, stability, wealth and social justice. The surge and resurgence of regionalism has triggered the proliferation of concepts and approaches. The focus of this paper will be on processes and structures of state-led regionalism driven by the delegation of policies and political authority to regional institutions. Based on this understanding of regionalism, the existing literature will be reviewed with regard to three general questions. These questions do not only require research across regions but also allow developing a common research agenda to accumulate knowledge generated about specific regions. First, what are the outcomes of regionalism? How can we describe and compare the results of the delegation of policies and political authority? Second, what are the drivers of regionalism? Why do some governments choose to delegate policies and political authority while others do not? Finally, what are the internal effects of regionalism? How does the delegation of policies and political authority impact back on the domestic structures of the states involved?


It is becoming possible to recognize basic principles of regulatory circuits that control biological processes. Brandman et al. (see the Perspective by Bornholdt) compared three distinct biological regulatory systems and note that all contain multiple positive feedback loops with fast and slow time courses. They used mathematical models of the systems to show that these characteristics allow the systems to be relatively insensitive to fluctuations in signal input and allow for the kinetics of activation and inactivation to be adjusted independently to best fit the physiological requirements of the system. O. Brandman, J. E. Ferrell Jr., R. Li, T. Meyer, Interlinked fast and slow positive feedback loops drive reliable cell decisions. Science 310, 496-498 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. Bornholdt, Less is more in modeling large genetic networks. Science 310, 449-451 (2005). [Summary] [Full Text]


Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder of bone fragility. In most cases, genetic testing is not usually done either due to a lack of availability or unaffordability. In our study, we looked for a rare gene variant in a patient with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 1. Our patient who was a 6-month-old baby boy presented to us with multiple bone fractures, blue sclera, umbilical hernia with the absence of dentinogenesis Imperfecta, and hypercalcemia. A gene sequencing came out to be COL1A1 positive having a nucleotide change of glycine acid mutation replaced by serine, which was a unique feature in a patient of OI, and as Glycine was critical for COL1A1 gene, its replacement leads to the patient presented as a homozygous case of OI. OI is usually diagnosed on a history of recurrent spontaneous fractures and characteristic features like blue sclera, short stature, and deformities of long bones or spine.


We consider the estimation and inference in a system of high-dimensional regression equations allowing for temporal and cross-sectional dependency in covariates and error processes, covering rather general forms of weak dependence. A sequence of large-scale regressions with LASSO is applied to reduce the dimensionality, and an overall penalty level is carefully chosen by a block multiplier bootstrap procedure to account for multiplicity of the equations and dependencies in the data. Correspondingly, oracle properties with a jointly selected tuning parameter are derived. We further provide high-quality de-biased simultaneous inference on the many target parameters of the system. We provide bootstrap consistency results of the test procedure, which are based on a general Bahadur representation for the Z-estimators with dependent data. Simulations demonstrate good performance of the proposed inference procedure. Finally, we apply the method to quantify spillover effects of textual sentiment indices in a financial market and to test the connectedness among sectors.


A revision to the IEEE 1014 VMEbus standard that offers a source synchronous block transfer (SSBLT) protocol which doubles the transfer rate without changing the backplane or electrical interface is discussed. Operating over the 64-b VMEbus, data transfers at 20M transfers/s times 8 bytes per transfer, for a burst transfer rate of 160 Mbytes/s. This performance improvement results purely from protocol improvements. SSBLT allows transfers to make use of standard VMEbus backplanes and driver technology and permits systems employing SSBLT to be backward compatible with present IEEE 1014 VMEbus modules. The faster transfer rate is shown to double the performance/cost ratio of the bus.<<ETX>>


Natural products sometimes have therapeutic benefit as traditional medicines for treating diseases. Traditional medicine being non-toxic, have minimal side effects and easily available at affordable price, so much of the world's population rely on it to meet daily health requirements especially within developing countries. The root of Jasminum multiflorum (Andr.) was evaluated for different studies such as microscopic, macroscopic evaluation. The root was also evaluated for different ash values and extractive values. Qualitative evaluation of same part of the plant was also carried out using different solvents according to polarity of the solvents. It was observed that the water soluble ash value remains greater than sulphated ash and it was found that in case of extractive value water soluble extractive value was greater than ethanol soluble extractive value. The qualitative evaluation indicates the presence of cardiac glycoside, steroid, flavonoids and saponins. The plant was used to serve for traditional purposes like indolent ulcer, pitta, inflammation, rheumatism and cobra venom etc., by different trivals but the root is much more potent as per folklore claim. So, current pharmacognostic and other preliminary studies were done to attract the researcher to ascertain pharmacological and phytochemical investigation.


Five species of lichen-forming fungi not reported yet or rare in the Carpathians have been found during lichenological researches by authors in the Tatra Mts and the Gorce Mts. Of these, Tetramelas chloroleucus has not been recorded in Poland since 19th century and, similarly to Gyalecta russula, has been found for the first time in the Polish part of the Carpathians. Absconditella celata has been discovered in the Polish Western Carpathians. Fellhanera gyrophorica has never been listed before in the Western Carpathians and Epigloea bactrospora in whole Carpathians. Notes on the taxonomy, habitat and worldwide distribution of these species (including maps of their ranges in Europe) are accompanied by photo plates illustrating their morphology and anatomy.


Postharvest diseases of bananas remain a significant challenge of banana exporting countries and can result in considerable losses. Adequate storage and transportation facilities are among the strategies employed to reduce losses, but chemical control has been found to be more effective and economical. Synthetic fungicides have traditionally been used to mitigate postharvest diseases caused by harmful microorganisms. However, with current global health concern, there is a public desire to utilize eco-friendly alternatives to address decay loss. A study on the bioefficacy of a commercial formulation containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D203 (Hatake™) for control of crown rot disease in 'Cavendish' bananas, was conducted using both in vitro and in vivo screening techniques. Its potential in controlling crown rot and the efficacy of different rates were determined. Crown rot causing microorganisms were isolated and tested for antagonism by B. amyloliquefaciens strain D203. Efficacy was assessed through observations on its antagonistic properties, crown rot and mould severity, crown discoloration and peel colour changes. Laboratory analysis indicated that Colletotrichum musae was the dominant microorganism that colonized the petri plate which was further proved through pathogenicity tests. 1.0 g mL(‑1) of Hatake™ showed higher inhibitory zones against C. musae. Furthermore, an in vivo experiment showed that 1.0 g mL(‑1) rate of Hatake™ was more effective than 0.5 and 2.0 g mL(‑1) and synthetic chemical treatment in controlling crown rot and mould formation or production. A 1.0 g mL(‑1) rate of Hatake™ resulted in better crown colour among all fruit treated with 103 inoculum of C. musae mL(‑1) water. Development of fruit ripening, as manifested by its peel colour change, was significantly slower in fruits treated with 1.0 g mL(‑1) of Hatake™ compared to all treatments innoculated with 103 inoculum of C. musae mL‑1 water. The results indicated that Hatake™ has the potential for commercial application as postharvest treatment for 'Cavendish' bananas.


Phthalates are ubiquitous chemicals linked to hormonal disruptions that affect reproduction and development. Multiple antiandrogenic phthalates exposure during fetal development can have greater impacts than individual exposure; thus, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) recommends them for cumulative assessment. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (NHANES, 2001-2012), we developed a potency-weighted sum of daily intake (∑androgen-disruptor; μg/kg/day) of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) based on NAS recommendations, and included diethyl phthalate (DEP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in additional metrics (2005-2012). We compared racial/ethnic differences in ∑androgen-disruptor among 2842 reproductive-aged women. In sensitivity analyses, we assessed the influence of potency assumptions, alternate urine dilution adjustment methods, and weighting phthalate metabolites directly rather than daily intake estimates of parent compounds. We found that DEHP contributed most to ∑androgen-disruptor (48-64%), and that ∑androgen-disruptor decreased over time. Black women generally had higher cumulative exposures than white women, although the magnitude and precision of the difference varied by model specification. Our approach provides a blueprint for combining chemical exposures linked to common adverse outcomes, and should be considered in future exposure, risk, and epidemiological studies.


Shipping operations are on the rise in the Arctic region. Due to these increased activities, maritime transport operations are encountering significant challenges with respect to the safety and reliability. These shipping operations are comprised of commercial vessels such as oil tankers, container ships, fishing vessels, tourism cruises, research and offshore exploration vessels and icebreakers In this work, an effort is being made to review icing phenomenon in the marine operations. Two primary sources of icing are focused namely: atmospheric and sea spray. It is found from the literature that sea spray icing is the main contributor towards the marine icing. This work discusses the available ice accretion prediction models on the ship and offshore structures. This work also reviews the anti/de-icing technologies that can be implemented on ships for operations in cold climate region. The significance of ice detection is acknowledged, and a brief review of various ice detection technologies is discussed. Liquid Water Content (LWC) Correlations T. Rashid, H. Khawaja, K. Edvardsen UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway


Unexpected, non-normative events are key influences on human development across the life span. Despite this importance, little is known about how an individual may capitalize on unexpected events and transform them into opportunities for sustained positive development. In this article, to address this theoretical lacuna, I introduce the concept of serendipitous relations - mutually beneficial, adaptive developmental regulations brought about by the time-extended coaction of intentional self-regulatory actions and unexpected non-normative life events. I enumerate five specific intentional self-regulatory serendipitous actions hypothesized to lead to serendipitous relations. Using developmental theory, life examples, and examples from the literature, I hypothesize that serendipitous relations brought about by effective use of serendipitous actions may be important sources of adaptive development. I conclude by offering specific suggestions for future research on serendipitous relations across the life span.


In this master's dissertation we examine intersection type systems that correspond to nominal automata. That is, for a given automaton we explain how to define a type system such that its programs are typable (in a certain sense) exactly if they evaluate to an input which is accepted by the automaton. This topic has its origins in software verification where automata are used to analyse properties of program executions. By defining an equivalent type system one obtains an associated type checking algorithm that solves the automaton acceptance problem elegantly and efficiently. Much of the correspondence is independent from the actual automaton model, hence we factor out a fully generic treatment and evaluate its instantiation with several examples. Those include standard finitary automaton models on words and trees and nominal automaton models on words over atomic names and, lastly, trees with fresh name binding. The latter is what we call ν-trees and as the customised automaton model we introduce ranked ν-tree automata and discuss some of their properties. The contributions of this work lie firstly in presenting type system-automaton correspondences independent from their original application in software verification. In particular, we provide self-contained introductions to intersection types, nominal sets and (nominal) automata theory. Moreover, by studying new concrete instances we strengthen the connection between the involved topics and encounter some actual synergetic effects.


Objective: Using an animal model of preeclampsia induced by overexpression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), we previously showed that pravastatin prevents the development of a preeclampsia phenotype. Our objective is to determine whether pravastatin treatment may be explained by its effects on apoptotic/survival pathways in the placenta. Methods: Pregnant CD1 mice at day 8 of gestation (length of gestation 19 days) were randomly allocated to injection via tail vein with either adenovirus carrying sFlt-1 or adenovirus carrying the murine immunoglobulin G2α Fc fragment (mFc virus control group). Mice from the sFlt group were randomly assigned to receive pravastatin (5 mg/kg/d) in their drinking water from day 9 until killing (sFlt-1 + Pravastatin) or water (sFlt-1). The mFc control received water only. Mice were killed on day 18, and the placentas were collected. Protein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway substrates were assayed using Bioplex Multiplex Immunoassay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California). Data are reported as mean  ±  standard error of the mean or median (interquartile range) when appropriate. One-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc analysis was performed. Two-sided P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The sFlt-1 + Pravastatin mice had significantly higher placental protein concentrations of prosurvival/ antiapoptotic factors (activating transcription factor 2, pp38, phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and of heat-shock protein 27 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, 2 factors crucial for embryonic and placental development during oxidative stress, compared to sFlt-1 mice (P  <  .05) and similar to the mFc control group. No differences were noted in substrates of the proapoptotic pp53 pathway. Conclusion: Pravastatin ability to prevent preeclampsia phenotype may be mediated through pleiotropic mechanisms involving a prosurvival/ antiapoptotic MAPK pathway in the placenta. Our results further support continued research in the role for statins in the prevention of preeclampsia.


Four steps are proposed to assist the novice researcher analyse their data that has been collected using a case study method. The first step proposes the creation of a data repository using basic relational database theory. The second step involves creating codes to identify the respective 'chunks' of data. These resulting codes are then analysed and rationalised. The third step involves analysing the case study data by generating a variety of reports. The fourth step generates the final propositions by linking the rationalised codes back to the initial propositions and where appropriate new propositions are generated. The outcome of these steps is a series of propositions that reflect the nature of the data associated with the case studies data.


Polymer has been considered to be an ideal material option for integrated photonics devices. To measure these devices, normally the route of horizontal coupling is chosen to couple the light into or out of the polymer waveguide. Due to the relatively low refractive index, implementing the surface grating coupler in this material system remains to be a challenge. In this paper, we present a polymer based surface grating coupler. Rather than expensive CMOS fabrication, the device is fabricated through a simple and fast UV based soft imprint technique utilizing self-developed low loss polymer material. The coupling efficiency is enhanced by embedding a thin Si3N4 layer between the waveguide core and under cladding layer. Around -19.8dB insertion loss from single-mode fiber (SMF) to single-mode fiber is obtained for a straight waveguide with grating coupler at each end. If collected with multi-mode fiber (MMF), it can be reduced to around -17.3dB. The 3dB bandwidth is 32nm centered at 1550nm. The proposed surface grating coupler and its easy fabrication method would be attractive for practical applications.


OBJECTIVE
To elucidate the nature of the natural killer (NK) cell system in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we performed phenotypic and functional studies of circulating NK cells during the course of childhood SLE. For comparison, similar examinations were undertaken in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).

METHODS
Twenty-five children with SLE and 27 children with JRA were studied; 5 of these children with SLE were examined 6 to 67 months before the overt progression to SLE. The number and cytolytic function of NK cells were determined, using flow cytometry, 51Cr release, and single-cell cytotoxicity assays.

RESULTS
At the diagnosis of SLE, a decrease in NK cells defined as CD16+ or CD56+ was the most prominent of the numerical changes in lymphocyte subsets. In regard to cytolytic function, NK activity in children with SLE was greatly reduced at diagnosis: at the single cell level, their NK cells were defective in killing and recycling abilities. Although the relative number of NK cells and their recycling capacity returned to normal with the improvement of active SLE, the killing defect persisted during the inactive phase; there was no persistent NK cell abnormality in JRA. Reduced NK activity due to a killing defect was demonstrable early in the course of SLE: the NK activity and killing capacity values were profoundly decreased in 5 children before the overt progression to SLE.

CONCLUSION
It would appear that NK cell functional abnormality, characterized by a killing defect, is an underlying immunological abnormality during the course of childhood SLE.


-Despite the death of her mate during the incubation period and a shortage (or lack of availability) of food in nearby waters, a female Roseate Ter (Sterna dougallii) nesting at the Falkner Island Unit of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge in Connecticut was able to raise a chick to fledging in 1995 without human assistance. The growth and development of this chick was slower than that of other single chicks in the colony; it never weighed more than 90 g and did not fledge until 32 days of age. Despite this exceptional female's ability to rear a chick on her own, this observation supports the idea that biparental care is important in Roseate Terns, particularly during years of food shortage. Received 13 May 1997, accepted 14 September 1997, final revision received 26 September 1997.


New medicines for many diseases, in particular neurodegenerative disorders, are not forthcoming, despite patient demands and billions of dollars spent on biomedical research globally. Traditional publishing methods in biomedical sciences are generally slow and disseminate manuscripts, sometimes without the inclusion of primary data, to a privileged audience affiliated to institutions which can afford publication subscription costs. To overcome this barrier to progressive scientific endeavors, many researchers are championing the use of preprints, transparent subject-relevant data repositories, open access journals and open lab notebooks in an effort to more effectively and efficiently communicate their research to a wider audience. In this talk I shall discuss these options and the decisions I have made as an early career researcher, to share my research output on Huntington's disease in real-time through an open lab notebook. Included will be a discussion of the motivations, methods and assessment of open online publishing, including an evaluation of my own open notebook endeavors.


When the environmental stain on society is too tough for traditional remedies, what cleanser does Congress reach for? The perceived cleans-all solvent, the Money Laundering Control Act (MLCA). The Crime Control Act of 1990 added the money laundering law's remedies to the arsenal the Justice Department and the Environmental Protection Agency can use to attack environmental violators. Commercial lenders and their attorneys have largely ignored this application of the money laundering law. It is wrongly perceived as only an anti-drug measure. In fact, the stringent law has always covered a broad spectrum of criminal activity, and recent amendments expand the range. In the environmental area, coverage now includes felony violations of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, and similar statutes. With the pressure on Washington to address environmental issues, one can only assume that the MLCA may soon be regularly used in connection with environmental prosecutions. Section 1956 of the MLCA, in general, makes it a criminal offense to knowingly engage in a financial transaction involving "proceeds of specified unlawful activity."A banker can be convicted under Section 1956 if he or she knows that the transaction is being done to: promote unlawful activity; conceal or disguise the proceeds of unlawful activity; or avoid a state or federal transaction reporting requirement. The act's section 1957 makes it unlawful to knowingly engage in monetary transactions involving criminally derived proceeds of a value greater than $10,000. How might EPA and Justice use their MLCA authority in the environmental arena? Consider the following example. A "routine" request. Rust Belt Bank has been asked to modify a revolving loan commitment with Green Valley Mills. Green Valley requires additional funds to improve an anti-pollution system installed with the original loan proceeds. The system isn't working satisfactorily and it is probable that hazardous chemicals have been released in excess of federal standards. Green Valley management proposes to continue operating during the four months it will take to install the improvements. Shutting the plant down would likely drive the loan into default. At the same time, Green Valley assures the bank that any release in excess of federal standards won't likely be significant and is unlikely to be detected. The bank, though concerned, doesn't see that it has much choice but to extend the additional credit. Nine months later, the EPA investigates Green Valley. A year later the firm pleads guilty to charges that it violated the Clean Water Act. Subsequently, EPA widens its investigation and it isn't long before the bank is subpoenaed by a federal grand jury investigating potential violations of the Money Laundering Control Act's sections 1956 and 1957. It turns out that Green Valley officials testified that the company told the bank that releases could exceed federal standards. EPA intends to demonstrate that loan payments received by the bank while Green Valley was polluting constitute receipt of proceeds of specified unlawful activity. This would put the bank under the MLCA's Section 1957. Furthermore, EPA will attempt to make a case under Section 1956 as well. …


The scope of wildlife has expanded with the implementation of ecological restoration projects. Therefore, the number of conflicts between humans and wildlife in agricultural production has also increased. By studying the spatial distribution and influencing factors of crop losses caused by wildlife, we can understand the distribution of the wildlife population, the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects, and take targeted measures towards reducing the spread of wildlife populations and mitigating the damage caused to crops. This paper examines the Miyun District of Beijing, an area in which wildlife frequently causes crop losses in China. We construct spatial statistical and pooled data regression models to analyse the spatial distribution and influencing factors of crop losses caused by wildlife in the study area. Results revealed the following: the spatial distribution of wildlife conflicts in Miyun District were agglomerated and expanded in the spatial scope, which indicates that the distribution of wildlife populations in Miyun District is spreading and afforestation projects are effective. There is a close relationship between the extent of crop loss caused by wildlife and wildlife types, crop types, types of protection and eviction measures, and the environment surrounding the agricultural land. The scope of wildlife can be controlled and losses caused by wildlife reduced through measures such as rationally planting crops, building a buffer area around farmland, physically driving wildlife away, and planting trees that wildlife will not consume as part of afforestation projects.


Evolutionary explanations for behavioral findings are often both fascinating and plausible. But even so, they do not establish that people are acting rationally, that they are not making mistakes, or that their decisions are promoting their welfare. For example, present bias, optimistic overconfidence, and use of the availability heuristic can produce terrible mistakes and serious welfare losses, and this is so even if they have evolutionary foundations. There might well be evolutionary explanations for certain kinds of in-group favoritism, and also for certain male attitudes and actions toward women, and also for human mistreatment of and cruelty toward nonhuman animals. But those explanations would not justify anything at all. It is not clear that in Darwinia (a nation in which departures from perfect rationality have an evolutionary explanation), policymakers should behave very differently from Durkheimian policymakers (a nation in which departures from perfect rationality have a cultural explanation).