This essay examines two issues: (1) constitutional federalism in the Confederate States of America, and (2) the interpretive theories that Confederate leaders applied to the question of the relationship between their own constitution and the U.S. Constitution. In both structure and theory, the Confederate Constitution displayed what to modern eyes is surprising continuity with the U.S. constitutional regime. The specific textual provisions of the document duplicated some of the most contested language of the pre-war period. These provisions included a necessary and proper clause and a supremacy clause, both of which assumed a relatively powerful central level of Confederate government and a robust congress. Moreover, in addition to replicating some of the most nationalistic aspects of the U.S. Constitution, Confederate officials explicitly referred to themselves as the inheritors of the American Revolution. Confederate statesmen maintained not only that their government was the legitimate legal and political successor to the principles of 1776, but also that their new-modeled constitution of 1861 was a seamless continuation of the Constitution of 1789. This claim of continuity extended all the way from the text itself to the modes used to give meaning to that text. It was a claim about the mechanics of constitutional interpretation, in its most challenging form: interpretation over time, and across what southerners insisted was a break in regimes. The Confederate mode of constitutionalism was thus consciously intertemporal and inter-regime. To be sure, the explicit recognition of slavery in the Confederate Constitution was a crucial substantive difference between the original text and the inheritor. From a structural perspective, however, the relationship between center and periphery set forth in the two documents was remarkably similar.


AbstractSeismic-derived elastic properties may be used to help evaluate hydrocarbon production capacity in unconventional plays such as tight or shale formations. By combining prestack seismic and well log data, inversion-based volumes of elastic properties may be produced. Moreover, a petrophysical evaluation and rock physics analysis may be carried out, thus leading to a spatial distribution of hydrocarbon production capacity. The result obtained is corroborated with the available well information, confirming our ability to accurately predict hydrocarbon production capacity in unconventional plays.


This thesis, entitled "It's a Big Old Goofy World View: John Prine As a Modern-Day
Mark Twain," makes the connection between Mark Twain, the nineteenth-century writer and
lecturer, and John Prine, a contemporary songwriter and performer. Like Twain, Prine views the
world with joy and pity: with humor and disdain. While Twain utilizes literary techniques to
advance his impressions, Prine's musical compositions demonstrate his unique outlook.
In my discussion of Prine's songs, I will analyze not only lyrics but also musical
characteristics. Lyrically, the songs demonstrate poetic characteristics and narrative devices.
For this reason, I will closely examine the lyrics as one would examine poetry or prose. While
musically the songs are simple, Prine's choices of accompaniment, instrumentation, dynamics,
and musical genre greatly affect how the lyrics are perceived and are no less important.
Born in 1946 and recording and performing music for more than thirty-four years, Prine's
observations of the world around him reflect the attitudes and practices of modern American
culture. His views on love, social issues, politics, and religion are presented in a vernacular
language that is made accessible by melodies that are both poignant and memorable.
Because Prine's song, "It's a Big Old Goofy World" is a microcosm of his world view, I
have employed the lyrics to this song as a frame for each chapter. The characters which inhabit
this song, and indeed many Prine songs, are described with a unique blend of wit and pathos:
they can make you smile and they can break your heart.


L. Inostroza, C. Quezada, W. Inostroza, I. Matus, M. Tapia, and A. del Pozo. 2011. Seedling vigor of 80 recombinant chromosome substitution lines (RCSL) of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Cien. Inv. Agr. 38 (1): 137-147. The seedling vigor of 80 barley recombinant chromosome substitution lines (RCSLs) was measured for selecting high seedling vigor genotypes. The RCSLs were derived from a cross between H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum and H. vulgare subsp. vulgare 'Harrington'. The work was carried out under greenhouse conditions during the summer of 2008. The experimental design was an alpha lattice with 3 replicates. In each replicate, 40 plants were established, distributed in eight polyethylene pots containing sand as substrate, which were fertilized an irrigated. The emergence of seedlings, number of leaves and shoots, dry matter of leaves, shoots and roots and leaf area of fully expanded leaves were measured. In addition, growth indices were calculated: emergence rate, leaf appearance rate, relative leaf expansion rate, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and the allometric coefficient (K) between root and shoot dry matter. All calculated indices varied significantly among genotypes (P≤0.05) and some RCSLs showed better early vigor associated traits than 'Harrington'. The dry matter accumulation 30 DAS (when the experiment ended) was significant and positively correlated with the RGR (r=0.61; P≤ 0.05) and NAR (r=0.41; P≤0.05). The K coefficient was negatively correlated with NAR (r=-0.40, P≤0.05). The genotypes with the greatest seminal vigor were the RCSLs 45, 92, 112 and 'Harrington', whereas the RCSLs 5, 19, 47 and 121 presented the lowest seminal vigor.


Key Messages:

- The rapid spread of the Covid-19 pandemic has created a disruption in Indonesia's education sector as around 45 million students are unable to continue their learning activity in schools.

- The Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA) need to consider distance learning approaches that are adjusted to regional characteristics. Distance learning exacerbates barriers of vulnerable students to access education, so diversification of the delivery medium beyond the Internet should be considered. Options may include radio programs or postal services for regions with low connectivity.

- Local governments need to take on a more active role in aiding the schools than initiatives by the central government. In addition to using existing School Operational Assistance (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah/BOS) funds, local education authorities need to provide schools with further financial support and technical assistance, such as access to recording studios and equipment, to accelerate their adoption of distance learning. Such assistance should not neglect private community schools.

- Indonesia needs to embark on a large-scale capacity building program to better execute distance learning across regions. This requires updating the strategy and supervision on BOS utilization, upgrading capacities of school principals and allowing them to assume greater autonomy at schools, and equipping teachers with hard and soft skills for distance learning.

- The Covid-19 crisis demonstrates a need for large-scale public-private partnerships between relevant ministries (MOEC and MORA) and telecommunication and hardware providers. This builds on existing infrastructure to spread distance learning across the archipelago.


This document describes a mechanism called Public 4over6, which is designed to provide IPv4 Internet connectivity over an IPv6 access network using global IPv4 addresses. Public 4over6 was developed in the IETF and is in use in some existing deployments but is not recommended for new deployments. Future deployments of similar scenarios should use Lightweight 4over6. Public 4over6 follows the Hub and Spoke softwire model and uses an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel to forward IPv4 packets over an IPv6 access network. The bidirectionality of the IPv4 communication is achieved by explicitly allocating global non-shared IPv4 addresses to end users and by maintaining IPv4-IPv6 address binding on the border relay. Public 4over6 aims to provide uninterrupted IPv4 services to users, like Internet Content Providers (ICPs), etc., while an operator makes the access network transition to an IPv6-only access network.


The permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous motor (PMSM) takes advantages of small capacity, high efficiency, and high power density and have become commonplace in electric-vehicle driving systems. However, the excitation of PMSM cannot be adjusted, which restrains the PMSM from widening the speed range above its base speed. A PMSM with a variable magnetic reluctance field adjustment is presented in this paper. A new structure of the rotor is introduced, and flux-weakening (FW) principle is formulated. Analysis is discussed, including the force on the main PM, the movement process of the PM in the PM slot, the characteristics of the movement of the PM, and the FW performance of the new PMSM used for electric vehicles. The emulation analysis coincides with the test result, which verifies the availability and feasibility of the FW method for this kind of PMSM used for electric vehicles.


To clarify the characteristics of breast vibration and brassiere dislocation during running, movements of five spots on the breast surface, that of the same five spots on transparent brassieres after removing brassiere caps to visualize the breast surface, and the clothing pressures of the corresponding five spots were simultaneously monitored using an image analyzing system. The subjects for our experiment were young women with had hemispheric breasts. Obtained data of those movements and pressure were analyzed using the discrete Fourier transform. The breasts in a brassiere were vibrated at the same frequency of running. The dislocation of the brassiere from the breast surface which was observed was associated with changes in the clothing pressure at the lower half of the brassiere. .Vibration of the breasts of the subjects wearing spots brassieres was move obvious in the vertical direction, while vibration of the breasts of the subjects wearing full-cup brassieres was more obvious in the horizontal direction. (Received June 16, 2004; Accepted in revised form April 13, 2005)


[1] We have added convective ice lofting to a Lagrangian trajectory model of tropical tropopause layer (TTL) water vapor (H2O) and its stable isotopologue, HDO. The Lagrangian model has been previously shown to accurately simulate H2O in the TTL and lower stratosphere. We show here that the model does a poor job reproducing the observed HDO depletion (δD) in the TTL. When convective ice lofting to altitudes below the cold point (the point where air experiences its lowest H2O saturation mixing ratio) is added to the model, there is little change in H2O in the lower stratosphere, but a large change in δD throughout the TTL that brings the model into better agreement with measurements. Thus convective ice lofting has the capacity to improve the model's δD simulation while not significantly degrading the agreement between simulated and measured H2O. Convective ice lofting to altitudes above the cold point, on the other hand, has a large effect on lower stratospheric H2O, suggesting that changes in convection reaching these altitudes could drive changes in lower stratospheric H2O. This suggests a mechanism by which lower stratospheric H2O trends may be at least partially decoupled from tropopause temperature trends. Such a disconnection was suggested by previous observations of simultaneously increasing stratospheric H2O and a cooling tropical tropopause.


Cournand, a French doctor and medical researcher who became an American cititzen in 1941, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1956 with the German Werner Forssman and Cournand?s American mentor, Dickinson Richards. They were awarded the prize for a new, interventionist procedure, cardiac catheterization, which provided medical researchers with important insights into the condititions inside a working human heart and has since become part of the canon of routine clinical procedures in cardiology.


In this study, system level simulations are performed using two different vertical antenna radiation patterns from two real base station antennas with otherwise similar characteristics. The vertical half power beam widths of the two antennas in the investigation were 4 and 8 degrees respectively. In addition the two antennas are compared with the ideal antenna model proposed by 3GPP. The results show that the choice of vertical beam width and electrical tilt setting may improve both the coverage and capacity of up to 50% in an LTE network. However, the optimum vertical beam width and tilt differs for different network sizes and propagation environment.


This paper discusses the development of an innovative college algebra text designed for use in a data-driven, activity-oriented college algebra course, incorporating realistic problem situations emphasizing social and economic issues, including hunger and poverty, energy, and the environment. The course incorporates quantitative literacy themes, is informed by existing college algebra texts within the college algebra reform movement, and implements a collaborative pedagogical approach intended to provide future K-12 teachers an alternative model for the teaching of mathematics. The paper contains a short history of the project development phase, supported by an NSF grant (DUE #0442979), as well as the perceived role of the project in the college algebra reform and quantitative literacy movements. We make a short case for redefining the content of a college algebra course and acknowledging that for many students, it has become a terminal mathematics course. A description of the contents of the text, its relation to more traditional college algebra content, and four example student activities are included (on the topics of homelessness, the effects of airline deregulation, real estate versus savings as investment instruments, and the 2008 election). A summary of evaluation and assessment data from five years of pilot-testing, done primarily in conjuction with our NSF grant evaluation plan, is provided.


A new dynamic model is developed for simulating the widely tunable grating assisted codirectional coupler with rear sampled grating reflector (GCSR) lasers. The gain section of the device is calculated in timedomain using traveling-wave method, while the transmission spectrum of the coupler and the reflection spectrum of the reflector are firstly simulated in frequency-domain, and then transformed into time-domain via digital filter approach. Both static and dynamic performances based on this model agree well with the published results. Compared with previous works, this new model is more efficient and applicable, especially in the dynamic simulation.


If the ideal of justice includes effective punishment of offenders, an extension into afterlife must be postulated. This still involves all the questionable aspects and paradoxes of punishment that make rational and enlightened argumentation difficult. A historical survey of ancient tentatives at hell lore shows diverse starting points and interests. There is just a germ of such speculations in Sumerian. When hell fire first appears in Egypt, it goes together with the fear of magic from the dead; in Zoroastrianism and Judaism it is partisan interest which makes the adherents of the wrong religion destined for hell. In Greece we find various ethical and poetical motifs interfering, from the powerful yet enigmatic images in the Odyssey to a general proclamation of punishments in the Hymn to Demeter. The most graphic and horrible descriptions of something like hell are finally found in Plato, whose sources — besides Homer — can be postulated but not identified.


The public outcry for a return to moral education in our schools has raised more dust than it's dispelled. Building upon his provocative ideas in "On Becoming Responsible," Michael Pritchard clears the air with a sensible plan for promoting our children's moral education through the teaching of reasonableness. Pritchard contends that children have a definite but frequently untapped capacity for reasonableness and that schools in a democratic society must make the nurturing of that capacity one of their primary aims, as fundamental to learning as the development of reading, writing, and math skills. Reasonableness itself, he shows, can be best cultivated through the practice of philosophical inquiry within a classroom community. In such an environment, children learn to work together, to listen to one another, to build on one another's ideas, to probe assumptions and different perspectives, and ultimately to think for themselves. Advocating approaches to moral education that avoid mindless indoctrination and timid relativism, Pritchard neither preaches nor hides behind abstractions. He makes liberal use of actual classroom dialogues to illustrate children's remarkable capacity to engage in reasonable conversation about moral concepts involving fairness, cheating, loyalty, truthtelling, lying, making and keeping promises, obedience, character, and responsibility. He also links such discussions to fundamental concerns over law and moral authority, the roles of teachers and parents, and the relationship between church and state. Pritchard draws broadly and deeply from the fields of philosophy and psychology, as well as from his own extensive personal experience working with children and teachers. The result is a rich and insightful work that provides real hope for the future of our children and their moral education.


This study investigated the associations between attitudes toward suicide and bases of power in university administrators known as Deans of Students (DOS). The National Association for Student Personnel Administrators, the professional association of higher education administrators in student affairs, provided the survey population for this study. Instrumentation included an electronic web-based survey comprising of 9 items from the Attitudes toward Suicide Questionnaire, 15 items from the Power Base Inventory, and 2 demographic questions pertaining to gender and highest degree earned. Results of the one-sample chi-square analysis found DOS' expertise, legitimate, and reward powers is related their belief that suicide can be prevented. In addition, DOS' expertise power is related to their belief that suicide should be condemned. Results of independent sample t-tests found no significance between DOS' gender and attitudes toward suicide and gender and bases of power.


Investments in training measures can only be considered effective if the transfer of the learned contents to practical situations is continuously successful. In this context the scientific and professional discourse regarding the effectiveness of further education, especially regarding training transfer, has intensified considerably. This analysis provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of the current state of international empirical research regarding major influencing factors of learning transfer in the context of formalized further vocational training. Our review of literature differentiates the most important influencing factors on the micro-level of the specific individual characteristics of the participants, the meso-level of measure-specific characteristics of the field of learning, as well as institutional characteristics of the work environment at the macro-level. Decades of transfer research brings forth a wealth of information regarding factors which influence the learning transfer. The current analysis systematizes these results and clarifies that the current state of research regarding the determinants of the process of learning transfer shows clear trends. But there are also some inconsistent findings. Thus the question of which factors positively influence the success of learning transfer is well-studied for the micro-level in particular. The article shows that there is still a research deficit concerning the major determinants of learning transfer at the meso- and macro-level. Finally, in this context this article identifies promising directions for future research.


The forest foragers of the Congo Basin, known collectively as "Pygmies," are the largest and most diverse group of active hunter-gatherers remaining in the world. At least fifteen different ethno-linguistic groups exist in the Congo Basin with a total population of 250,000 to 350,000 individuals. Extensive knowledge about these groups has accumulated in the last forty years, but readers have been forced to piece together what is known from many sources. French, Japanese, American, and British researchers have conducted the majority of the research; each national research group has its own academic traditions, history, and publications. Here, leading academic authorities from diverse national traditions summarize recent research on forest hunter-gatherers. The volume explores the diversity and uniformity of Congo Basin hunter-gatherer life by providing detailed but accessible overviews of recent research. It represents the first book in over twenty-five years to provide a comprehensive and holistic overview of African forest hunter-gatherers. Chapters discuss the cultural variation in characteristic features of Congo Basin hunter-gatherer life, such as their yodeled polyphonic music, pronounced egalitarianism, multiple-child caregiving, and complex relations with neighboring farming groups. Other contributors address theoretical issues, such as why Pygmies are short, how tropical forest hunter-gatherers live without the carbohydrates they receive from neighboring farmers, and how hunter-gatherer children learn to share so extensively.


Wireless sensor networks are becoming more and more adopted into industrial plants and Wireless HART is the first wireless sensor network standard to emerge, which specifically is designed to support the specific requirements posed by the industry. Automation industry requires wireless sensor network devices to have a very long lifetime, often up to 5 – 10 years without a battery change. This puts requirements on how the wireless sensor network technology should be designed to minimize energy consumption while still fulfilling the application requirements. Packet aggregation is an essential technique in mission critical wireless sensor networks for achieving effective transmission and hence better power conservation. In this article we propose a flexible packet aggregation scheme for Wireless HART which reduces energy consumption of each device. The proposed scheme only requires a minor change to the Wireless HART standard but still preserves the end-to-end security and retains backward compatibility with non aggregating devices. We show by calculations that our proposed packet aggregation solution reduces energy consumption for a network by up to 50%, which will result in a significant increase in lifetime of Wireless HART devices.


Objective: Progressive loss of memory has a prominent role in devastating neurodegenerative diseases such as amnesia, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The present study was, thus, designed to investigate the potential of Hibiscus abelmoschus (H. abelmoschus) in scopolamine-induced amnesic Swiss Albino mice. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical and acute toxicity studies of H. abelmoschus ethanolic extract (HAEE) were performed. Memory loss was induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p), a muscarinic antagonist, and evaluated by using Morris water maze (MWM), elevated plus maze (EPM) and modified passive avoidance tests on Swiss Albino mice. Besides this, locomotor activity, serum biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were evaluated. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT) activity were also checked. HAEE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight administered orally to the animals. Donepezil hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) was taken as standard. Results: Pre-treatment of mice with HAEE significantly reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairments, as evidenced by a significant decrease in escape latency in the MWM task, transfer latency in EPM task and an increase in step-down latency in the modified passive avoidance task. HAEE also exhibited a remarkable cholesterol and triglyceride-lowering property in the present study. Moreover, treatment with HAEE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) to scopolamine-induced rats significantly decreased the LPO and increased the GSH and catalase levels. Conclusion: The memory restorative effects of H. abelmoschus in amnesia may involve its multiple functions including antioxidative and lipid-lowering properties and the presence of phytoconstituents. Thus, H. abelmoschus may act as memory enhancer and may also be useful as a supportive adjuvant in the treatment of impaired memory functions.


Purpose – Recent literature emphasizes the application of lean manufacturing practices to food processing industries in order to improve operational efficiency and productivity. Only a very limited number of studies have focused on the implementation of lean manufacturing practices within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the food sector. The majority of these studies used the case study method and concentrated on individual lean manufacturing techniques geared towards resolving efficiency issues. This paper aims to analyze the status of the lean manufacturing practices and their benefits and barriers among European food processing SMEs.
Design/methodology/approach – A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data. A total of 35 SMEs' representatives, mostly CEOs and operations managers, participated in the survey. The study investigated the role of two control variables in lean implementation: size of the company and country of origin.
Findings – The findings show that lean manufacturing practice deployment in food processing SMEs is generally low and still evolving. However, some lean manufacturing practices are more prevalent than others; e.g. flow, pull and statistical process control are not widely used by the food processing SMEs, whereas total productive maintenance, employee involvement, and customer association are more widespread. The key barriers encountered by food SMEs in the implementation of lean manufacturing practices result from the special characteristics of the food sector, such as highly perishable products, complicated processing, extremely variable raw materials, recipes and unpredictable demand. In addition, lack of knowledge and resources makes it difficult for food processing SMEs to embark on the lean journey.
Originality/value – The gap in the literature regarding the application of lean manufacturing in the food sector is identified and addressed in this study. The originality of this paper lies in analyzing the current status of the use of lean manufacturing practices among food SMEs in Europe and identifying potential barriers.


The cement-bentonite interface is a highly dynamic region in engineered barrier systems (EBS) designed to isolate radioactive wastes. Two very different chemical environments are held together: a near-neutral clay mineral-calcite equilibrium-dominated system (hydrated bentonite system) and a thermodynamically unstable hyperalkaline one (cement). The interface is, therefore, in permanent disequilibrium due to the conditions of changing pH that are related to the different degradation steps of the cement. The formation of phillipsite-(Na,K), (Si/Al ratio of 1.8-2.4), has been found in a series of closed-system hydrothermal tests at 35-90 °C when the resulting pH was within the 11.7-12.6 range. The chemistry of the equilibrium solutions, rather than the crystallization substrata, controls the Si/Al atomic ratio and the type of zeolite that has been formed. This is based on the decrease of Si/Al at higher pHs and the predominance of phillipsite-Na. The formation of phillipsite-Na in these experiments is in agreement with the available thermodynamic data on zeolites.


At the second meeting of the focal points appointed by the Governments of the signatory countries of the Declaration on the application of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, which was held in Guadalajara, Mexico, on 16 and 17 April 2013, a decision was made to form working groups to advance towards the creation of a regional instrument. Thus, a working group on access rights and the regional instrument was formed for the purpose of gaining more in-depth knowledge on access rights in order to make a proposal on the nature and scope of the application of a regional instrument. At its first meeting, the working group determined that a study describing the different types of international instruments would be useful in helping it achieve its objective. This report explores the different types of instruments that are used in public international law, with an emphasis on the instruments that are relevant to Principle 10. The report has three chapters, which are as follows. The first chapter analyses the term "international instrument" and discusses the distinction between binding and non-binding legal instruments, illustrated with examples. The second chapter describes the function of implementation and compliance mechanisms in an international instrument, providing examples of these mechanisms. The third chapter presents the multilateral and regional instruments relevant to access rights regarding information, participation and justice in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean.


Therapeutic jurisprudence is concerned with the psychological consequences of the law. This article uses this burgeoning field to analyze one aspect of the estate planning process, namely the formalities of will-execution. The article first identifies the positive and negative psychological consequences of the formalities that require valid wills to be written, signed, and witnessed. Although the analysis suggests that, when coupled with a rule of strict compliance, these formalities can negatively affect the testator's psychological wellbeing, the article ultimately concludes that testamentary formality serves an overall therapeutic function. The article then examines various reforms of the law of wills, such as the proposals to reduce the formality of will-execution and to relax the law's insistence on strict literal compliance, to determine whether these proposals bolster or diminish testamentary formality's therapeutic function. The article argues that these proposals have important therapeutic ramifications, which policymakers should consider when evaluating whether to implement reform.


All societies face a key question: how to empower governments to perform essential governmental functions while constraining the arbitrary exercise of power. This balance, always in flux, is particularly fluid in today's China. This insightful book examines the changing relationship between that state and its society, as demonstrated by numerous experiments in governance at subnational levels, and explores the implications for China's future political trajectory. Ann Florini, Hairong Lai, and Yeling Tan set their analysis at the level of townships and counties, investigating the striking diversity of China's exploration into different governance tools and comparing these experiments with developments and debates elsewhere in the world. China Experiments draws on multiple cases of innovation to show how local authorities are breaking down traditional models of governance in responding to the challenges posed by the rapid transformations taking place across China's economy and society. The book thus differs from others on China that focus on dynamics taking place at the elite level in Beijing, and is unique in its broad but detailed, empirically grounded analysis. The introduction examines China's changing governance architecture and raises key overarching questions. It addresses the motivations behind the wide variety of experiments underway by which authorities are trying to adapt local governance structures to meet new demands. Chapters 2-5 then explore each type of innovation in detail, from administrative streamlining and elections to partnerships in civil society and transparency measures. Each chapter explains the importance of the experiment in terms of implications for governance and draws upon specific case studies. The final chapter considers what these growing numbers of experiments add up to, whether China is headed towards a stronger more resilient authoritarianism or evolving towards its own version of democracy, and suggests a series of criteria by which China's political trajectory can be assessed.


The principal purpose of this paper is not to identify and explain sex differences in scientific and mathematical competence for their own sake. The real aim is to increase our understanding of some of the factors which appear to be related to the development of such fundamental cognitive abilities as efficient concept formation, spatial reasoning, identifying and testing hypotheses, deduction and induction, etc. It was thought that an examination of the comparative performances, in selected areas, of boys and girls from different educational and cultural backgrounds would enable us not only to identify limiting factors but also to provide pointers to ways of modifying some of the circumstances apparently affecting the development of these sorts of cognitive competence. The specific topic- of scientific and mathematical abilities is chiefly a vehicle for this study and not an end in itself. If, as a result, it becomes possible to propose practical ways of overcoming specific problems in this sphere, so much the better, but that must be looked on as a bonus rather than as a major aim.


This study deals with fisheries and trade, focusing on developing countries. Fish is globally traded, and for many developing countries, it is an important net export good. In most of these countries, fisheries are often characterized by poorly defined property rights, accompanied by overcapitalization where too many vessels and fishermen catch too few fish from too small stocks. Management is often de facto open access, where vessels with or without permission to fish land as much as they can catch due to limited monitoring and enforcement activities. Even in developed countries, many fisheries are poorly managed, and recent studies indicate that marine ecosystems are in global decline. While trade generally is beneficial for growth and welfare, the combination of pure open access and trade liberalization may both reduce welfare and stocks for a country—an outcome that can be reinforced by the common use of bad subsidies. However, trade liberalization may have an additional positive impact by promoting the development of property rights in response to increased fish exploitation. The WTO can play a role by adopting a broader classification of subsidies to help eliminate bad subsidies, such as like public support of vessel construction, fuel subsidies, or fishing rights outside developing coastal countries provided at limited or zero cost. The WTO can also ssist by distinguishing good subsidies (e.g., improving fisheries management or improving monitoring and enforcement), which are desirable targets when rich countries allocate aid resource to developing countries.


Recent advances have identified an important role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in pulmonary vascular remodeling, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. We have previously found that Ca(2+) influx through store-operated calcium channels (SOCC), which are mainly thought to be composed of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins, likely contribute to the pathogenic development of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In this study, we investigated the effect of BMP4 on expression of TRPC and store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed that treatment with BMP4 (50 ng/ml, 60 h) increased TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC6 mRNA and protein expression in growth-arrested rat distal PASMCs. Moreover, in comparison to vehicle control, cells treated with BMP4 also exhibited enhanced SOCE, and elevated basal intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) as determined by fluorescent microscopy using the Ca(2+) indicator Fura-2 AM. Perfusing cells with Ca(2+)-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRBS) or KRBS containing SOCC antagonists SKF-96365 or NiCl(2) attenuated the increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) caused by BMP4. Specific knockdown of BMP4 by small interference RNA significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC6 and reduced SOCE and basal [Ca(2+)](i) in serum-stimulated PASMCs. We conclude that BMP4 regulates calcium signaling in PASMCs likely via upregulation of TRPC expression, leading to enhanced SOCE and basal [Ca(2+)](i) in PASMCs, and by this mechanism contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling during pulmonary arterial hypertension.


Masako Fukui's radio documentary Will Kate Survive Kate is a tender portrait of a young woman's battle with an eating disorder. The use of conventional interviews, recorded conversations, audio diaries, and fly-on-thewall style observational recordings, contribute to a rich and layered documentary work. The anonymity of radio provided Kate the opportunity to articulate her experience without the distraction of her visual representation. And the use of intimate audio diary recordings, and script from written diaries, allowed Kate a degree of co-authorship in the documentary. Fukui's compassionate approach is reflected in the deeply personal quality of the storytelling that is shared. Kate and her family share raw and honest accounts of their journey – so much so that when I first listened to this piece I wondered: what was the documentary experience like for these storytellers, and what compelled them to share such a difficult chapter of their lives? Thus for this review I chose to speak with Kate and her mother. The challenge was how to tell Kate's story, with all its complexity, unresolved elements and ongoing issues, and meet the expectations of the broadcaster and listening audience, and avoid deleterious effects on the storytellers themselves. The personal story that exists within the confines of the documentary will continue to live, breathe and develop further beyond it's broadcast. Will Kate Survive Kate is an example of how wellguided audio storytelling can be a positive experience for its participants, and one only hopes that Kate reaches a point in the future where this difficult chapter of her journey is behind her.


This report provides an overview of the contextual conditions that affect the REDD+ policy environment in the Brazilian Amazon. Based on reviews of existing literature, national and international data, legal opinions and selected expert interviews, it provides the background and the preliminary analysis of the context in which national REDD+ strategies are being developed. This document is organized into 5 main sections. First, it reviews the main forest and land use trends, investigating the main country-specific drivers of deforestation and degradation. The second section reviews major institutional factors linked to governance and rights, with particular emphasis on access rights to forestland and forest resources, as well as on decentralization of governance, which has a crucial role in Brazil's REDD+ strategy. The third section encompasses political-economic factors, depicting the broader context in which drivers of deforestation and degradation operate. The fourth section moves more specifically to the development of national REDD+ policy strategies. The final section then draws on the implications of the preceding sections for prospective REDD+ outcomes by conducting an assessment of the efficiency, efficacy and equity (3Es) of execution of REDD+ strategies


A Constitution for Flanders has been preoccupying Flemish politicians and scholars for over twenty years. On 23 May 2012, the majority parties presented in the Flemish Parliament the Charter for Flanders. Since Flanders only has embryonic constitution- making power, this is not a proposal for a Constitution but merely a proposal for a resolution. As a (non-binding) resolution, the Charter has no legal implications, but rather an important political value. First, the text reveals a strong connection with the EU. The Charter's drafters interwove the fundamental right provisions in the Belgian Constitution with those in the Charter of Fundamental Rights for the European Union, which resulted in an expansive fundamental rights catalogue. Furthermore, the Charter contains a clear political commitment; 'it gives the impetus to a Constitution of Flanders in the framework of the constitution-making Flanders ought to acquire'. The Charter's preamble also confirms that Flanders is a nation with its own language and culture. The lack of participation of opposition parties and citizens in the drafting process was met with fierce criticism. The dossier slumbered in the competent commission without any parliamentary debate for two years. In 2013, the Christian Democratic Party announced that the dossier would be reactivated. However, this did not occur before the 'Mother of all elections' (regional, federal and European elections) in May 2014. As a consequence, the proposal for a Charter expired. It is unclear if the new Flemish Government composed of the Flemish- Nationalists, the Liberals and Christian-Democrats will revive the Charter for Flanders. Hopefully, this reactivation will at least be accompanied with intense parliamentary debates and textual clarifications. Especially, since the drafters consider the Charter a stepping- stone to a (legally binding) Constitution for Flanders.


Enhancing the separation efficiency of electrons and holes plays an important role in improving photocatalysis. One of the most effective methods for this is to engineer suitable interface materials. We develop a simple two-step strategy to engineer a N-doped Cu2O@N–C interface using N-rich MOFs (NTU-105) as templates. The presence of N-rich ligands (H6−1) in well-defined cubic MOFs allows the formation of a N-doped porous C matrix hosting well-dispersed N-doped Cu2O. This nanostructure provides several favorable features for photocatalysis: (1) the porous C matrix substrate effectively stabilizes the small Cu2O nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation; (2) the N doping of Cu2O and the C substrate increases their conductivity, which can enhance electron and hole transfer properties; and (3) the uniform distribution of N-doped Cu2O nanoparticles provides abundant highly active catalytic sites. As a result, the N-doped Cu2O@N–C (MCNC) nanoparticles exhibit extraordinary photoredox catalysis in C–C bond forming reactions. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was used to trace the charge carrier dynamics in the N-doped Cu2O@N–C nanoparticles, revealing the fact that high photocatalytic performance relies on long-lived holes.


This paper presents the first systematic attempt to map the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) configuration of the southern and central parts of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet, and to determine the timing of onshore ice-sheet retreat. Geomorphologic evidence shows that the LGM ice sheet expanded to form two ice domes in Palmer Land and merged with an expanded and thicker West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Weddell Sea. Ice from the Antarctic Peninsula merged with Alexander Island ice in George VI Sound. Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al data from 29 erratics on nunataks yield model ages between 7.2 ka and older than 1 Ma. The data set contains a high proportion of erratics with evidence of nuclide inheritance. Once these ages have been excluded, the cosmogenic ages suggest that thinning of the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet to near-present configuration was almost complete by the early Holocene. These data, combined with previously published 14 C data, exclude the possibility that the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet has been thinning throughout the Holocene, as has been demonstrated for some other sectors of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. On the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula, ice-sheet thinning was under way prior to the early Holocene, but our data do not constrain the ice-sheet behavior more recently than 7.2 ka.


Reactive alcohol functionality has been incorporated into a self-assembled M2L3 mesocate. Post-synthetic modification of this complex with suitable isocyanates is not only possible, but is self-catalyzed by multiple internal hydrogen bonds from the self-assembly. As the metal-ligand coordination is reversible at elevated temperature, the isomeric distribution of product changes upon reaction, due to the different steric bulk conferred on the assembly after the modification.


We re-examine a recently proposed scenario where the deformed dispersion relations associated with a flow of the spectral dimension to a UV value of 2 leads to a scale-invariant spectrum of cosmological fluctuations, without the need for inflation. In that scenario Einstein gravity was assumed. The theory displays a wavelength-dependent speed of light but by transforming to a suitable "rainbow frame" this feature can be removed, at the expense of modifying gravity. We find that the ensuing rainbow gravity theory is such that gravity switches off at high energy (or at least leads to a universal conformal coupling). This explains why the fluctuations are scale-invariant on all scales: there is no horizon scale as such. For dispersion relations that do not lead to exact scale invariance we find instead esoteric inflation in the rainbow frame. We argue that these results shed light on the behaviour of gravity under the phenomenon of dimensional reduction.


The ash and residues of carbon materials, asphalt, water and dust are the main pollutants that result from the use of lubricating oils, which have serious effects on human health and the environment. The research aims to study the effect of various adsorption materials at different amount in purification of wastes lubricating oil, where the waste oil was treated with alumina, silica gel, Iraqi Attapulgite clay, where the results show that the last best in removing the ash materials from waste lubricating oil .The research focus in study the optimum conditions for adsorption by using Iraqi Attapulgite clay which include the amount of adsorbent temperature time of adsorption ,and speed of stirring during adsorption reaction. The results showed that the optimum conditions for adsorption 4g of adsorpant to 10 g of oil, at 60°C temperature for 60 min, with 600 rpm speed of stirring. The treated oil was viscosity, density, pour point, ash content, and total acid number were tested for treated oil and compared the results with the waste oil and fresh oil Viscosity(21.484),density(0.8740),pour


This Article suggests that the Mitchell v. Helms decision, and the course on which its sets us—offering government aid to religion as a social good—is a blunder that will have serious adverse consequences for the vital role that religion plays in American society. The intention of aiding religion through the beneficent emasculation of traditional tests of government establishment observed in Helms is just the latest instance of our recurrent attempts to kill American religion with kindness. This process is spurred on by a perceived national crisis following tragedies like those in Paducah, Kentucky and Littleton, Colorado. This Article suggests that while the United States has largely resisted the temptation to alter the inherent wisdom of the system, recent political and judicial changes make the First Amendment and American religious groups that depend on it more vulnerable.


This study examines the relationship between stock market reaction to horizontal merger announcements and technical efficiency levels of the participating firms. The analysis is based on data pertaining to eighty mergers between firms in the U.S. manufacturing industry during the 1990s. We employ Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure technical efficiency, which capture the firms. competence to produce the maximum output given certain productive resources. Abnormal returns related to the merger announcements provide the investor.s re-evaluation on the future performance of the participating firms. In order to avoid the problem of nonnormality, heteroskedasticity in the regression analysis, bootstrap method is employed for estimations and inferences. We found that there is a significant relationship between technical efficiency and market response. The market apparently welcomes the merger as an arrangement to improve resource utilizations.


A new theoretical concept is introduced to describe the roughness-induced shielding effects in metallic materials. It is based on the statistics of the local ratio between the characteristic microstructure distance and the plastic zone size. Both the crack branching and the crack closure phenomena are generally described in the frame of linear elastic fracture mechanics under the assumption of the remote Mode I loading. Using this approach, intrinsic values of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth threshold can be determined, and the roughness-induced component can be separated from other closure components, such as plasticity or oxide induced closure. In order to estimate the total RIS effect, standard material data as the yield stress, the mean grain size, the surface roughness, and the fracture mode are only necessary. Application examples concerning static fracture and fatigue are presented for UHSLA steels, ARMCO iron, aluminum, and titanium alloys.


Understanding the ontogeny of a taxon is a crucial step to properly elucidate its taxonomy and evolution. However, aside from histological data, osteological criteria for assessing maturity are considered lineage specific or controversial. The sequence of neurocentral suture closure of the axial skeleton of extant crocodilians, which occurs in a posterior–anterior sequence, is a non‐destructive method used to determine maturity in extinct reptiles. However, its use in extinct archosaurs not closely related to crocodilians is debatable, as the ancestral condition of Archosauria is unknown and variation occurs in timing and sequence orientation within the clade. We have assessed the pattern of neurocentral suture closure of Hyperodapedontinae rhynchosaurs, an early archosauromorph clade distantly related to archosaurs. Unlike extant crocodilians, they exhibit an anterior–posterior sequence neurocentral suture closure. Relative size and other ontogenetic markers suggest that neurocentral closure in the Hyperodapedontinae correlates with aging, although closed sutures were rare in the sample. A high number of open or partially open sutures in mature individuals indicate that they remained open during most of their life. Our study indicates that: (1) the delayed neurocentral closure may be a paedomorphic heterochronic process in Hyperodapedontinae, as it contrasts with the fully closed neurocentral sutures of early diverging non‐hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs; (2) the assumption that open neurocentral sutures indicates immaturity in extinct reptiles is not always correct; and (3) the delayed closure may have originated independently in several archosauromorph lineages, but the ancestral condition of Archosauria probably follows the crocodilian closure pattern.


Author(s): Ezquiaga, Jose Maria; Garcia-Bellido, Juan; Zumalacarregui, Miguel | Abstract: We study the role of field redefinitions in general scalar-tensor theories. In particular, we first focus on the class of field redefinitions linear in the spin-2 field and involving derivatives of the spin-0 mode, generically known as disformal transformations. We start by defining the action of a disformal transformation in the tangent space. Then, we take advantage of the great economy of means of the language of differential forms to compute the full transformation of Horndeski's theory under general disformal transformations. We obtain that Horndeski's action maps onto itself modulo a reduced set of non-Horndeski Lagrangians. These new Lagrangians are found to be invariant under disformal transformation that depend only in the first derivatives of the scalar. Moreover, these combinations of Lagrangians precisely appear when expressing in our basis the constraints of the recently proposed Extended Scalar-Tensor (EST) theories. These results allow us to classify the different orbits of scalar-tensor theories invariant under particular disformal transformations, namely the special disformal, kinetic disformal and disformal Horndeski orbits. In addition, we consider generalizations of this framework. We find that there are possible well-defined extended disformal transformations that have not been considered in the literature. However, they generically cannot link Horndeski theory with EST theories. Finally, we study further generalizations in which extra fields with different spin are included. These field redefinitions can be used to connect different gravity theories such as multi-scalar-tensor theories, generalized Proca theories and bi-gravity. We discuss how the formalism of differential forms could be useful for future developments in these lines.


Behavior analysis is intimately linked to radical behaviorism, the philosophy of the science of behavior. Ontological discussions in the latter are easily generalized to the former, in which case behavior analysis is not judged by its scientific merit, but evaluated on the basis of philosophical matters. According to pragmatism, the meaning of discourse is to be understood in terms of its effect on behavior, and ontological assumptions are essentially prescriptions on how behavior analysis is to be conducted. Dissemination of behavior analysis would be greatly facilitated if such prescriptions are framed in a form that is as a-ontological as possible, so that fruitless discussions can be avoided that distract from the main purpose of behavior analysis--prediction and control of behavior. Keywords: ontology, verbal behavior, behavior analysis, behaviorism, pragmatism, philosophy ********** Behavior analysis, the scientific study of behavior, has always been very closely associated with radical behaviorism, the philosophy of the science of behavior (Skinner, 1974). Of all areas of psychology, it is probably the one that is most intimately linked to a philosophical school of thought. Such a close alignment promotes conceptual coherence within and across different sub-areas of behavior analysis, whose scope has been expanding continuously, from experimental laboratory research with animal subjects, to applied settings, such as schools, work environments and interpersonal relationships. One can easily see the advantages of commonalities in the usage of terminology and in the formulation of behavioral theories. Even though behavior analysis might have its historical origin firmly embedded in the philosophical framework of behaviorism, it is by no means inseparable from it. Any literature search of experimental behavioral studies would reveal that scientific investigation is only too happy to proceed without preceding philosophical discourse. Indeed, too close a link with philosophy could bring with it some dangers. Any rejection of behaviorism (be it from misunderstandings or even from more informed concerns) can easily be generalized to behavior analysis, in which case the latter is not judged by its scientific merit and predictive power, but rejected for philosophical reasons. Todd and Morris (1992) and Skinner (1974) listed a range of common misconceptions about behaviorism that have negatively affected public perception of behavior analysis. Regardless of whether one considers a particular argument as justified or as a reflection of a misconception or prejudice, the persistent nature of criticisms forwarded against behavior analysis demands their attention. Behaviorists have frequently stressed the difference between methodological behaviorism and radical behaviorism and that the most common criticisms of behaviorism, such as how private events are dealt with, apply to the former, the older of the two (Skinner, 1974; Zuriff, 1985). Unfortunate choices of terms do not facilitate, but even hinder, efforts of clarification (Drash, 1988). It is difficult to blame the lay reader for believing that the term radical behaviorism, with its connotations of fanaticism and lack of willingness to compromise, refers to a form of behaviorism that exaggerates the unattractive peculiarities of methodological behaviorism, rather than to a form with the goal of consistently applying behavioral principles including covert behavior. Misconceptions brought about by usage of terminology are already bad enough, with an audience that might not be very receptive to time-consuming clarifications. Other obstacles to a successful dissemination of behavior analysis involve more philosophical concerns, which, as I will argue in the present article, can be equally unnecessary and avoidable. According to pragmatism, ontological assumptions are essentially only methodological prescriptions on how behavior analysis is to be conducted. …


As the financial crisis manifested itself and peaked in 2007 and 2008, the response of US policymakers and regulators was shaped in important ways by legal and political constraints. Policymakers lacked certain legal authorities that would have been useful for addressing the crisis, notably to use public capital to stabilize the banking sector or to deal with the failure of large financial firms such as insurance companies and investment banks that were outside the scope of bank regulators' authority to resolve deposit-taking commercial banks. Legal constraints were keenly felt at the US Department of the Treasury, where I served as a senior official from December 2006 to January 2009. Treasury had virtually no emergency economic authority at the onset of the crisis in 2007, with the exception of the Treasury's Exchange Stabilization Fund, which was intended for use in exchange rate interventions. As the systemic risks of the financial crisis became apparent, the initial policy response largely fell to the Federal Reserve, which had the authority to act under emergency circumstances. There will inevitably be another financial crisis, and the response will be shaped by both the lessons learned from recent history and the statutory and political changes in the wake of the crisis. The paper thus concludes by discussing changes in constraints since the crisis, with a focus on two developments: 1) the political reality that there will not in the near future be another wide-ranging grant of fiscal authority as was given with the Troubled Asset Relief Program, and 2) the new legal authorities provided in the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, commonly known as the Dodd-Frank law.


In this paper Wireless Sensor Home Area Network (WSHAN) with ZigBee interfaced smart meter is designed and implemented. Because of the increasing demands on electricity, traditional electric grid needs to be replaced with intelligent, robust, reliable and costly effective smart grid applications. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has a critical role to set up a reliable and costly effective smart electric power grid applications. Our system measures energy usage, logs data real time and shows time of use (TOU) values. The system also controls any device connected to power outputs. While powering on and off, zero-cross of AC signal is detected to calculate phase shift. The smart meter provides correct power usage and transmits data with ZigBee to PC (Personal Computer). The user monitors the power information and remotely controls the system.


Battery-powered wireless embedded smart cameras have limited processing power, memory and energy. Since video processing tasks consume considerable amount of energy, it is essential to have lightweight algorithms to increase the energy efficiency of camera nodes. Moreover, just grabbing and buffering a frame require significant amount of energy. Thus, it is not sufficient to only focus on the vision algorithms. Methodologies are needed to determine when and how long a camera can be idle. In this paper, we first present a feedback method for detection and tracking, which provides significant savings in processing time. We take advantage of these savings by sending the microprocessor to idle state at the end of processing a frame. Then, we present an adaptive methodology that can send the camera to idle state not only when the scene is empty but also when there are target objects. Idle state duration is adaptively changed based on the speeds of tracked objects. We then introduce a combined method that employs the feedback method and the adaptive methodology together, and provides further savings in energy consumption. We provide a detailed comparison of these methods, and present experimental results showing the gains in processing time as well as the significant savings in energy consumption and increase in battery life.


China's speedy industrialization has undertaken mostly a crude path with extensive energy consumption and severe environmental damage. In face of the challenge of global warming and resource restrictions, it calls for urgent green transformation for the sustainable development of China's industry. With huge potentials and more general benefits than costs, the industrial green transformation in China will have more positive effects and accelerate the whole process of the development of China's green economy. From this perspective, China needs to adopt a comprehensive and open mechanism for green transformation with more strict environmental regulations, effective energy conservation and emissions reduction, green technology R&D and application, as well as international cooperation in the related fields with market-oriented reform, government strategies and regulations, proactive response from the industry sector, self-initiative of enterprises and active public participation.


This paper presents the numerical analysis of temperature distribution of a simply supported naked solid steel beam under fire exposure. Prescriptive based approach particularly is the safest and easiest approach to determine the level of strength of structural member when expose to elevated temperature. However, this method assuming uniform fire exposure through the overall cross section of the structural member which may leads to over design. The outcome of the design may not reflect the real fire scenario. Performance based approach is a realistic approach which can predict the structural steel behavior. In this method, three main components were considered, namely fire exposure behavior, heat transfer analysis and mechanical reaction. Fire exposure behavior dealing with types or severity fire load exposed to structural member. There are few options available to determine the fire extent, namely nominal fire models, compartment fires, localized fires, zone models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Meanwhile, heat transfer analysis estimates the energy dissipation (initiate from fire) between structural elements due to temperature variation. Structural response incorporates finite element modeling that predicts the structural element behavior, namely stresses and deformation. This method considers the prime factors such as shadow effect, support condition, loading condition, boundary conditions and interaction properties between different structural elements which can optimize the structural behavior analysis. However, there are still lack of research that consider those factors that might jeopardize the behavior of steel beam. Owing to this, a performance based approach method was introduced in this research. Experimental investigation was retrieved from the readily available data of Compendium of UK Standard Fire Test Data. One sample of naked solid steel beam was selected from the wide range of naked solid beam available from the Compendium. Standard fire curve of ISO 834 was used during numerical simulation to correlate with the experimental investigation. From the results of the finite element simulation, the predicted member temperature agrees well with the experimental investigations. Hence, future works of cellular steel beam (CSB) with various web opening shapes can be initiate due to its limited researches related to CSB at elevated temperatures


In higher-order four period crossover designs with two treatments, sixteen possible treatment sequences can result: AAAA, AAAB, AABA, AABB, ABAA, ABAB, ABBA, ABBB and their duals. Higher-order crossover designs are useful for several reasons: they allow estimation of a treatment effect even in the presence of a carry-over effect, they provide estimates of intra-subject variability and they draw inference on the carry-over effect. The real question related to a two-treatment four-period crossover design is the real world application of these designs. This article considers four designs: Design I: ABBA and its dual; Design II: ABBA, AABB and their duals, Design III: ABBA, ABAA and their duals, Design IV: ABBA, ABAB and their duals. A traditional model that specifies a first-order carryover effect is assumed and methods for estimating treatment and first-order carryover effects in the set of four period trials are outlined.


Offshore outsourcing has been growing steadily since the 1990s, and this trend of sourcing services from low-cost countries such as India and China will continue in the near future. Despite the inherent challenges of offshore-outsourced software development (OOSD) projects, organizations in high-cost countries engage in OOSD projects because of compelling cost differences. We investigated the team-level functioning of projects, isolating the unique characteristics that lead to failures in offshore-outsourced software development (OOSD) projects. Using the grounded theory methodology, we analyzed OOSD teams, composed of client onshore, vendor onshore and vendor offshore sub-teams. 19 project managers were interviewed from both client and vendor sides based in Switzerland and India; these project managers provided details on one failed project each. Based on the extant team literature, we discuss seven team aspects that emerged from project cases leading to failure. We develop theoretical propositions relevant for OOSD projects that argue for the integration of multiple sub-teams involved in offshore projects. Further, we develop an exploratory model of OOSD team failure and identify four higher-level categories that influence team performance: team initiation, team interactions, team evaluation and team moderators.


We demonstrate the surprising benefits of legislative redistricting (including partisan gerrymandering) for American representative democracy. In so doing, our analysis resolves two long-standing controversies in American politics. First, whereas some scholars believe that redistricting reduces electoral responsiveness by protecting incumbents, others, that the relationship is spurious, we demonstrate that both sides are wrong: redistricting increases responsiveness. Second, while some researchers believe that gerrymandering dramatically increases partisan bias and others deny this effect, we show both sides are in a sense correct. Gerrymandering biases electoral systems in favor of the party that controls the redistricting as compared to what would have happened if the other party controlled it, but any type of redistricting reduces partisan bias as compared to an electoral system without redistricting. Incorrect conclusions in both literatures resulted from misjudging the enormous uncertainties present during redistricting periods, making simplified assumptions about the redistricters' goals, and using inferior statistical methods.


Over the course of his career as instrumentalist, composer, and arranger, Paulo Moura participated in, contributed to, and initiated some of the most influential movements of Brazilian popular music. His ability to perform at the highest level of proficiency in a wide range of styles and genres demonstrated the flexibility and scope of a professional urban musician; his commitment to creativity, transformation, and improvisation revealed the mind of an innovator, visionary, and master.

In this eulogy, pianist Cliff Korman, one of Moura's duo partners, considers elements of Moura's artistic and aesthetic motivation, his commitment to improvisation as an underlying premise of popular music, and the path he forged to eventual mastery. In a look at their last presentation, accompanied by reference to supplementary video clips, Korman offers a descriptive analysis of their approach to preparation and performance and contemplates Moura's evolving definition of improvisation.


Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chisquare test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location.


This article compares five models of 3D Euclidean geometry-not theoretically, but by demonstrating how to implement a simple recursive ray tracer in each of them. It's meant as a tangible case study of the profitability of choosing an appropriate model, discussing the trade-offs between elegance and performance for this particular application. The models we compare are 3D linear algebra, 3D geometric algebra, 4D linear algebra, 4D geometric algebra, and 5D geometric algebra.


Using an operant-olfactometer, the long term learning and memory, executive function, olfactory sensitivity, and working memory of the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease was assessed. Six month old male and female 5XFAD and wildtype mice were tested. No deficits were found on an olfactory discrimination task or a reversal learning task. Female and transgenic mice performed better than male and wildtype mice on the higher odour concentrations, but not the lower concentrations, of the sensitivity task, suggesting differences in learning rate or maximum performance on the task, but not olfactory detection. This study demonstrated for the first time that mice are able to learn an olfactory delayed matching to sample task with delays up to 30 seconds long. Female mice showed higher levels of performance on the matching to sample task than male mice, indicative of better working memory. List of Abbreviations Used


This study is the first gendered study of the prehistoric rock art of Naquane National Park in Valcamonica, northern Italy. Its purpose is to identify and describe gendered representations and imagery in the rock art of Naquane, in order to reconstruct potential gender roles, gender relations and ritual activities during the Bronze and Iron Age periods. The social role of art in non-western cultures is explored, as well as recent work on gender studies in archaeology and rock art, with a view towards placing the prehistoric rock art of Naquane within a social and cultural context. Gender-specific access to and usage of the rock art sites during successive phases of prehistory is considered and analysis is presented of the possible rituals being portrayed in the rock art and their potential social implications. Discussion also focuses on the social and ritual construction of femininity and masculinity during different chronological periods, as well as upon possible gendered motifs and sexual imagery in the rock art. The study concludes with a discussion of the incidence of over-carving and the incorporation of earlier images into later rock art panels, considering potential reasons why certain earlier carvings were actively curated among the predominantly male-orientated Iron Age rock art.


This paper describes our experience at Autodesk Research in repurposing Nucleus, a physics engine included in a computer graphics software package called Autodesk Maya to create order instead of naturally looking chaos. Since our intention is not to animate molecular interactions but to get to a state closer to simulation, our work focused on the local inter-particle interactions such as those represented by Lennard-Jones potentials from which an emergent behavior unfolds. Preliminary tests were able to qualitatively reproduce four basic segregation phases for an AmBn style diblock copolymer system. We believe these are promising results since 1) they help to open a wider door to repurpose computational resources invested in games and films into the advancement of science, 2) they show the ability to easily create different levels of sophistication and consequent accuracy, all this within a single platform, which points to the potential democratization of molecular simulation and design to a larger number of scientists and would-be-scientists and engineers.


This collection of original contributions by leading researchers celebrates the 1996 centenary of the births of the two most seminal figures in education and developmental psychology - Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Research in their footsteps continues worldwide and is growing. What are the implications for the future for this extensive programme? Which of the large body of findings has proved most important to current research? Based around five themes, these original contributions cover educational intervention and teaching, social collaboration and learning, cognitive skills and domains, the measurement of development and the development of modal understanding.


Many Web portals allow users to associate additional information with existing multimedia resources such as images, audio, and video. However, these portals are usually closed systems and user-generated annotations are almost always kept locked up and remain inaccessible to the Web of Data. We believe that an important step to take is the integration of multimedia annotations and the Linked Data principles. We present the current state of the Open Annotation Model, explain our design rationale, and describe how the model can represent user annotations on multimedia Web resources. Applying this model in Web portals and devices, which support user annotations, should allow clients to easily publish and consume, thus exchange annotations on multimedia Web resources via common Web standards.


Amphiboles are common and very complex rock-forming minerals. Knowledge of their physical, chemical and thermodynamic properties allows us to understand rock-forming and geodynamic processes. Amphiboles also possess distinctive physical properties that make them potentially attractive in applied fields. Certainly, millions of dollars, rubles, etc. were spent 30–40 years ago to optimize techniques of amphibole synthesis, and, ironically, comparable sums have been or are still being spent to remediate asbestos danger.

In short, for whatever purpose, be it basic research or applied mineralogy, the task of synthesizing amphiboles of defined composition and crystal-chemical nature has been a challenge for a very long time. However, even a cursory review of the literature on amphiboles converges on one, often recognized and much discussed dilemma (e.g., Hawthorne 1983b, 1995; Maresch and Czank 1983b; Graham et al. 1989; Raudsepp et al. 1991). Compositions of amphibole products most often depart from the nominal experimental target. Is it then possible to synthesize single-phase amphibole products, and, if not, why not?

Ideally, synthesizing single-phase hydroxyl-amphibole from a given bulk composition would be the most accurate way to proceed to a well characterized amphibole product. Simply in terms of chemical composition, a bulk starting material can be prepared with greater accuracy than a multi-grain product can be characterized analytically. What goes in must come out! However, reality is more sobering. Various states of disorder are possible at constant bulk composition (e.g., Oberti et al. 2007; Hawthorne and Della Ventura 2007). Above all, the necessity to introduce H2O as a fluid, both as an intrinsic component of the structure and as a means of transmitting pressure in the experiment, introduces new and difficult to control degrees of freedom. Changes in valence states become possible. The target stoichiometry of the amphibole may be changed …


New Products is a regular department that describes recently published teaching materials or tests. It is usually written by the staff of the publisher or by the author of the material or test. Suggestions for this column should be sent to Ann Grasso Ryan, Column Editor, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN 55105.---AGR


The major objective of this study was to conduct a sectoral assessment for the textile industry and develop recommendations in order to successfully diffuse sustainable production approach within this sector in Turkey. Three scale analyses (micro, meso, and macro) were conducted by means of survey studies taking into account (i) the textile producer firms' capacities and awareness, (ii) standards and demands of retailer companies as well as (iii) the existing institutional framework, strategies, supports, and incentives. Survey study covered 76 textile producer firms, 10 retailer companies (e.g. multinational corporations), and 17 institutions. The results of survey studies indicate that sustainable production approach is not adapted in the majority of the producer firms. Meanwhile, retailer companies have recently started to focus on the supply management issues putting stress on sustainable production approaches as integral parts of their corporate social responsibility policies. Moreover, there is a considerable movement and institutional intention in public and other relevant institutions in relation to the development of activities in line with the sustainable production approach. To the best of authors' knowledge, this study is the first ever activity in Turkey on sustainable production with a sector-specific dimension.


Scientific Elite is about Nobel prize winners and the well-defined stratification system in twentieth-century science. It tracks the careers of all American laureates who won prizes from 1907 until 1972, examining the complex interplay of merit and privilege at each stage of their scientific lives and the creation of the ultra-elite in science. The study draws on biographical and bibliographical data on laureates who did their prize-winning research in the United States, and on detailed interviews with forty-one of the fifty-six laureates living in the United States at the time the study was done. Zuckerman finds laureates being successively advantaged as time passes. These advantages are producing growing disparities between the elite and other scientists both in performance and in rewards, which create and maintain a sharply graded stratification system.


Recently, some have wondered whether a fiscal stimulus plan could reduce the government's budget deficit. Many also worry that fiscal austerity plans will only bring higher deficits. Issues of this kind involve endogenous changes in tax revenues that occur when output, real wages, and other variables are affected by changes in policy. Few would disagree that various paradoxes of austerity or stimulus might be relevant, but such issues can be clarified a great deal with the help of a complete heterodox model. In light of recent world events, this paper seeks to improve our understanding of the dynamics of fiscal policy and financial crises within the context of two-dimensional (2D) and five-dimensional heterodox models. The nonlinear version of the 2D model incorporates curvilinear functions for investment and consumption out of unearned income. To bring in fiscal policy, I make use of a rule with either (1) dual targets of capacity utilization and public production, or (2) a balanced-budget target. Next, I add discrete jumps and policy-regime switches to the model in order to tell a story of a financial crisis followed by a move to fiscal austerity. Then, I return to the earlier model and add three more variables and equations: (1) I model the size of the private- and public-sector labor forces using a constant growth rate and account for their social reproduction by introducing an unemployment-insurance scheme; and (2) I make the markup endogenous, allowing its rate of change to depend, in a possibly nonlinear way, on capacity utilization, the real wage relative to a fixed norm, the employment rate, profitability, and the business sector's desired capital-stock growth rate. In the conclusion, I comment on the implications of my results for various policy issues.


The Legionary Movement in Romania between the two world wars in this century provides a useful historico-ethical case study of the inter-relations among anti-Semitism, modern nationalism, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity. To be sure, this historical phenomenon is fascinating in its own right, and the burgeoning literature on this subject reflects the interests of historians and social scientists alike. The purpose of this essay, however, is to examine this complex political-cultural movement in the light of the secondary literature and the primary documentary source in order to evaluate it from the perspective of an Orthodox Christian moral theologian.


Foundations and Applications of Statistics simultaneously emphasises both the foundational and the computational aspects of modern statistics. Engaging and accessible, this book is useful to undergraduate students with a wide range of backgrounds and career goals. The exposition immediately begins with statistics, presenting concepts and results from probability along the way. Hypothesis testing is introduced very early, and the motivation for several probability distributions comes from p-value computations. Pruim develops the students' practical statistical reasoning through explicit examples and through numerical and graphical summaries of data that allow intuitive inferences before introducing the formal machinery. The topics have been selected to reflect the current practice in statistics, where computation is an indispensible tool. In this vein, the statistical computing environment $\textsf{R}$ is used throughout the text and is integral to the exposition. Attention is paid to developing students' mathematical and computational skills as well as their statistical reasoning. Linear models, such as regression and ANOVA, are treated with explicit reference to the underlying linear algebra, which is motivated geometrically. Foundations and Applications of Statistics discusses both the mathematical theory underlying statistics and practical applications that make it a powerful tool across disciplines. The book contains ample material for a two-semester course in undergraduate probability and statistics. A one-semester course based on the book will cover hypothesis testing and confidence intervals for the most common situations.


Minerals of the rare-earth elements (REE) occur as supergene phases in the Schwarzwald ore district, southwestern Germany. They form by alteration of hydrothermal fluorite – barite – quartz – carbonate veins with various associations, including Cu– Pb, Pb–Zn and Co–Bi–Ag–U assemblages in sandstones, gneisses and granites. The REE minerals, including mixite-group minerals ([REE,Bi,Ca,Pb]Cu 6 (AsO 4 ,AsO 3 OH) 3 OH 6 •3H 2 O), rhabdophane and churchite (REEPO 4 •H 2 O and REEPO 4 •2H 2 O), chukhrovite (Ca 3 REEAl 2 SO 4 F 13 •10H 2 O) and bastnasite (REECO 3 F), were analyzed by electron microprobe and LA–ICP–MS. In addition, REE concentrations in secondary fluorite, calcite and Mn oxides cogenetic with the REE minerals were determined by LA–ICP–MS. Results of analyses of 74 mixite-group samples from 20 localities in the Schwarzwald ore district show that continuous miscibility is possible between REE and Ca and between Bi and Ca end-members. In contrast, no miscibility seems to exist between the Bi and REE end-members, and only Ca-rich members can accommodate small amounts of both Bi and REE. The REE phosphates churchite and rhabdophane do not occur at the same locality in the Schwarzwald, which is probably dependent on which REE (light or heavy) predominate at a certain locality. Whereas churchite incorporates heavy REE (HREE), rhabdophane prefers light REE (LREE). Dependent on the source of the REE, either HREE or LREE dominate in an alteration fluid and, consequently, only one type of REE phosphate forms. The HREE dominate in such a fluid if REE originate from dissolved "pitchblende", whereas the LREE dominate if the altered host-rock or dissolved fluorite are the source of the REE. The REE contents of Mn oxides and calcite cogenetic with REE-bearing mixite-group minerals show that the REE distribution of secondary minerals can be influenced by each other. Whereas the Mn oxides incorporate Ce 4+ resulting in a positive Ce anomaly, a cogenetic mixite-group mineral develops a negative anomaly, which shows that Ce anomalies are coupled. Calcite intergrown with a mixite-group mineral can only incorporate those REE that are not consumed by the latter. These processes involve the distribution of REE between minerals on the micrometer scale and do not take place until minerals precipitate. However, sorption and complexation processes also take place during transport on a larger scale and produce decoupled Ce anomalies. This interplay between large- and small-scale processes results in a complex redistribution of REE during remobilization.


Incomplete information generates uncertainty for market participants in the slaughter-cattle market. Buyer and seller behavior in the presence of that uncertainty is examined. Statistically significant risk premiums are charged by packers when buying slaughter cattle on either a live- or dressed-weight basis compared to buying on a grade-and-yield basis. Pratt-Arrow risk-aversion coefficients are calculated for buyers and these remain constant over all marketing methods. Sellers market cattle under all three marketing methods, suggesting producers' attitudes toward risk (risk-aversion coefficients) vary.


CultureShock! Bolivia provides readers with a thorough understanding of this South American country, a nation steeped in history, culture, and tradition. Containing pages of useful information, advice, tips and resources, this book will guide you through the social and psychic adjustment necessary when moving to Bolivia. Learn, first and foremost, how to deal with soroche (altitude sickness), then understand the importance to the Bolivians of Pachamama (Mother Earth) and how she influences festivals and joyous occasions. Discover how to interact with the many diverse cultures, from Kallawayas to Cholas and Cholos to Aymara and Quechua, to name a few. Adapt to the Bolivian concept of time, understand the Bolivian love affair with soccer, and adopt the light-hearted response needed with water balloons at fiestas. This guide will lead nature lovers through the paved trails used by Incas over 2,000 years ago.


This report examines associations between injuries and flexibility, stretching, warm-up, and body composition. Military studies show that either too much or too little flexibility increases injury risk. Static stretching prior to exercise does not appear to reduce the overall injury incidence, although further research is needed on some types of injuries. Static stretching also appears to reduce strength and power (explosive strength). Warm-up (low intensity activity prior to exercise or sports) appears to reduce injury risk. Body mass index (BMI; weight in kg/ height in m²) is a surrogate measure of body fat because it is highly related to laboratory measures of body fat. However, Soldiers can also have a high BMI because of higher muscle mass. If high BMI reflects a larger percentage of body fat relative to height, injury risk might be increased because the additional fat would increase the intensity of physical activity, leading to more rapid fatigue and repetitive stress on the musculoskeletal system. Low BMI could reflect a paucity of fat or muscle/ bone, or both. Low BMI may make Soldiers more susceptible to injury if they lack the muscle mass or strength in the supportive structures (ligaments, bones) required to perform certain physical tasks, and if they overexert or overuse the available muscle mass or supportive structures. Studies in basic combat training show that both high and low BMI increases injury risk. However, studies among active duty Soldiers only show that injury risk increases as BMI increases, possibly because very few active duty Soldiers have very low BMI (i.e., less than 18 kg/m²).


We use high spatial resolution stellar velocity maps from the Gemini integral-field spectrograph (IFS) and wide-field velocity maps from the McDonald Mitchell IFS to study the stellar velocity profiles and kinematic misalignments from ∼200 pc to ∼20 kpc in 20 early-type galaxies (ETGs) with stellar mass M* > 1011.7M⊙ in the MASSIVE survey. While 80% of the galaxies have low spins (λ < 0.1) and low rotational velocities (<50 km s−1) in both the central region and the main body, we find a diverse range of velocity features and misalignment angles. For the 18 galaxies with measurable central kinematic axes, 10 have well aligned kinematic axis and photometric major axis, and the other eight galaxies have misalignment angles that are distributed quite evenly from 15° to the maximal value of 90°. There is a strong correlation between central kinematic misalignment and galaxy spin, where all four galaxies with significant spins have well aligned kinematic and photometric axes, but only 43% of the low-spin galaxies are well aligned. The central and main-body kinematic axes within a galaxy are not always aligned. When the two kinematic axes are aligned (∼60% of the cases), they are either also aligned with the photometric major axis or orthogonal to it. We find 13 galaxies to also exhibit noticeable local kinematic twists, and one galaxy to have a counterrotating core. A diverse assembly history consisting of multiple gas-poor mergers of a variety of progenitor mass ratios and orbits is likely to be needed to account for the predominance of low spins and the wide range of central and main-body velocity features reported here for local massive ETGs.


List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. Introduction. 1.1 Reasoning behind the Book. 1.2 The IIA Standards and Links to the Book. 1.3 How to Navigate around the Book. 1.4 The Essential Guide as a Development Tool. 1.5 The Development of Internal Auditing. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 2 Corporate Governance Perspectives. Introduction. 2.1 The Agency Model. 2.2 Corporate Ethics and Accountability. 2.3 International Scandals and Their Impact. 2.4 Models of Corporate Governance. 2.5 The Institute of Internal Auditors. 2.6 The External Audit. 2.7 The Audit Committee. 2.8 Internal Audit. 2.9 The Link to Risk Management and Internal Control. 2.10 Reporting on Governance, Risk and Internal Controls. 2.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 3 Managing Risk. Introduction. 3.1 What is Risk? 3.2 The Risk Challenge. 3.3 Risk Management Process. 3.4 Mitigation through Controls. 3.5 Risk Registers and Appetites. 3.6 The Risk Policy. 3.7 Enterprise-Wide Risk Management. 3.8 Control Self-Assessment. 3.9 Embedding Risk Management. 3.10 The Internal Audit Role in Risk Management. 3.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 4 Internal Controls. Introduction. 4.1 Why Controls? 4.2 Control Framework COSO. 4.3 Control Framework CoCo. 4.4 Other Control Models. 4.5 Links to Risk Management. 4.6 Control Mechanisms. 4.7 Importance of Procedures. 4.8 Integrating Controls. 4.9 The Fallacy of Perfection. 4.10 The Complete Control Model. 4.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 5 The Internal Audit Role. Introduction. 5.1 Defining Internal Audit. 5.2 The Four Main Elements. 5.3 The Audit Charter. 5.4 Audit Services. 5.5 Independence. 5.6 Audit Ethics. 5.7 Police Officer versus Consultant. 5.8 Managing Expectations through Web Design. 5.9 Audit Competencies. 5.10 Training and Development. 5.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 6 Professionalism. Introduction. 6.1 Audit Professionalism. 6.2 Internal Auditing Standards. 6.3 Due Professional Care. 6.4 Professional Consulting Services. 6.5 The Quality Concept. 6.6 Supervision. 6.7 Internal Review. 6.8 External Reviews. 6.9 Marketing the Audit Role. 6.10 Creating the Audit Image. 6.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 7 The Audit Approach. Introduction. 7.1 The Risk-Based Systems Approach. 7.2 Control Risk Self-Assessment (CRSA). 7.3 The CRSA Process. 7.4 Integrating Self-Assessment and Audit. 7.5 Fraud Investigations. 7.6 Information Systems Auditing. 7.7 Compliance. 7.8 Value for Money (VFM). 7.9 The Consulting Approach. 7.10 The Right Structure. 7.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 8 Setting an Audit Strategy. Introduction. 8.1 Risk-Based Strategic Planning. 8.2 Resourcing the Strategy. 8.3 Managing Performance. 8.4 The Auditor Appraisal Scheme. 8.5 Methods of Staff Appraisal. 8.6 The Audit Manual. 8.7 Time Monitoring System. 8.8 Audit Planning Process. 8.9 The Annual Audit Plan. 8.10 The Quarterly Audit Plan. 8.11 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 9 Audit Fieldwork. Introduction. 9.1 Planning the Audit. 9.2 Interviewing Skills. 9.3 Ascertaining the System. 9.4 Evaluation. 9.5 Testing Strategies. 9.6 Evidence and Working Papers. 9.7 Statistical Sampling. 9.8 Audit Testing and Statistical Sampling. 9.9 Reporting Results of the Audit. 9.10 Structuring the Audit Report. 9.11 Audit Committee Reporting. 9.12 New Developments. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. 10 Meeting the Challenge. Introduction. 10.1 The New Dimensions of Internal Auditing. 10.2 The Audit Reputation. 10.3 Globalization. 10.4 Providing Audit Assurances. 10.5 Meeting the Challenge. Summary and Conclusions. Endnotes. Appendix A Auditing the Risk Management Process: A Case Study. Index.


In the past years there has always been the reoccurring phenomenon of reinventing
something that had already been successfully researched. Open innovation, for
example, is a term created by Henry Chesbrough referring to the use of both internal
and external knowledge to improve internal innovation. Nothing new, yet a
term that is used in business books until now. It is the phenomenon that organizations
are constantly seeking for new answers to old problems. This study aims at
analyzing this concerning Sarasvathy's work of causation and effectuation comparing
it with Allinson and Hayes' earlier work of analysis and intuition in order
to determine whether their terms have been replaced by allegedly "new" innovative
terms of Sarasvathy having the same meaning after all. Results indeed show
parallels in their terms and definitions. However, the terms diverge in terms of
their application and use. Furthermore, the phenomenon in general seems to be
underlaying a deep cognitive and behavioral approach that lacks in evidence but
in return opens doors for further research.


In this study, we determine the scalar roughness for sensible heat in the temperature profile (z0,h) based on direct skin temperature measurements and profiles of wind and temperature in a complex urban environment. Classically, skin temperatures are inferred from remotely sensed data (e.g. satellite). However, in complex settings like cities, strong heterogeneities exist in the temperature fields at scales that cannot be resolved by remote sensing. Because they are more precise, in situ measurements, when available, offer a more reliable alternative than remote sensing measurements for measuring temperature. In this study, 91 wireless weather stations are deployed over the campus of the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (300 x 450 m), offering high temporal and spatial resolution meteorological measurements from December 2006 to April 2007. The objective here is to calculate the temperature roughness length in order to estimate the sensible heat flux between the ground and the atmospheric surface layer. Calculations are based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity model for temperature in the surface layer. Wind and temperature profiles are measured using a Sound Detection and Ranging System (SODAR) and a Radio Acoustic Sound System (RASS). To test our approach, we study the dependence of the surface roughness on the wind direction in relation with the campus. Sensitivity analyses of classical surface temperature estimates are also detailed and compared. Overall, this study illustrates how an extensive network of meteorological measurements can improve our understanding of the land-atmosphere interactions at the smallest scales involved in complex urban environments.