In this thesis, a numerical study of film cooling in hypersonic laminar and turbulent flows has been performed using an in-house Navier-Stokes solver. The aim of this computational work is to investigate the mechanism and effectiveness of film cooling in hypersonic laminar and turbulent flows.

Hypersonic flow over a flat plate without film cooling was first studied to provide a reference datum to check the effectiveness of film cooling. For laminar film cooling (M¥ = 9.9), three different primary flow conditions were first used for validation. The inclusion of the development of the flow in the plenum chamber upstream of the slot was found to provide better heat prediction than a uniform boundary condition at the slot exit. Detailed information of the flow field including velocity profile, Mach contour, temperature contour and heat transfer rate was presented. The mechanism of film cooling has been revealed according to the plots of calculated velocity profiles, Mach contours and temperature contours downstream of the slot. The coolant fluid was found to affect the primary boundary layer in two ways: 1) initially a separate layer established by the coolant fluid itself in the near slot area, 2) later a mixing layer between the primary and coolant flow streams. Then five coolant injection rates between 2.95 x 10-4 and 7.33 x 10-4kg/s and three slot heights 0.8382, 1.2192, 1.6002 mm, were examined in hypersonic laminar film cooling.

For turbulent film cooling (M¥ = 8.2), for the geometry used in the experiment, the injection at an angle of 20° was found to be appropriate. Different turbulence models including Wilcox's k - w model. Menter's baseline and SST model have been tested. It is concluded that the Wilcox's k - w turbulence model with dilatation-dissipation correction provides the best heat prediction. Again, five coolant injection rates varies from 5.07 x 10-4 to 30.69 x 10-4 kg/s and three slot heights (the same as studied in the laminar film cooling) were studied to check the influence on film cooling effectiveness.

Both the coolant and the primary flow were air. Film cooling was found to be an effective way to protect wall surfaces that are exposed under a high heat transfer environment especially in hypersonic laminar flow. Increasing the coolant injection rate can obviously increase the film cooling effectiveness. Again, this works better in laminar flow than in turbulent flow. The coolant injection rate in turbulent flow should be considered to be high enough to give good heat protection. Slot height in both laminar and turbulent flows under the flow conditions in this study was found to be less important, which means other factors can be considered in priority when constructing film cooling systems.

With the application of curve fitting, the cooling length was described using power laws according to curve fitting results. A two-equation film coating model has been presented to illustrate the relation between the film cooling effectiveness and the parameter x/(h/m). For film cooling effectiveness in log-log coordinates, a second-order polynomial curve can be used to fit the laminar flows, whilst a straight line is suitable for the turbulent flows.


Approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy. Although 70% can control their seizures by anti-epileptic drugs, it is still a cumbersome disease to live with for a large group of patients. The current PhD dissertation investigates how these people can be helped by continous monitoring of their brain waves. More specifically, three issues were investigated: The feasibility of automatic seizure prediction, optimization of automatic seizure detection algorithms, and the link between intraand extracranial EEG. Regarding feasibility of automatic seizure prediction, neither the author nor any other in the seizure prediction society have yet obtained clinical applicable prediction results. However, this should not be taken as discouraging for the future. New large public databases have emerged during 2012 which might provide the means to identify patterns leading to reliable seizure prediction algorithms. More promising results were obtained in the investigating of possible use of an outpatient EEG monitoring device for idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients. Combined with an automatic seizure detection algorithm such a device can give an objective account of the paroxysm frequency, duration, and time of occurrence. Based on standard EEG data from 20 patients recorded in the clinic, the log-sum of wavelet transform coefficients were used as feature input to a classifier consisting of a support vector machine. 97% of paroxysms lasting more than two seconds were correctly detected without any false positive detections. This was obtained using a generic algorithm on the signals from only a single frontal channel. Applying the same algorithm architecture on EEG data from two outpatient children monitored for approximately three entire days each, the sensitivity was 90% and the false detection rate was 0.12/h. When more recordings are collected, the outpatient algorithm can be further optimized and results should improve. The final investigation examined the relationship between spontaneous, awake intraand extracranial EEG. Seven patients with electrodes placed subdurally as well as subgaleally were used to estimate the field of vision of a single extracranial channel. By computation of the coherence between the channels, the well recognized hypothesis stating that the skull acts as an electroencephalographic averager was proven correct. Although coherence was significant in an accumulation area of 150 cm, only channels within a cortical area of approximately 30 cm showed to increase the coherence. The increase seemed to progress linearly with an accumulation area up to 31 cm, where 50% of the maximal coherence was accumulated from only 2 cm (corresponding to one channel), and 75% from 16 cm. The coherences of different frequency bands below 16 Hz all seem to have similar declines as a function of the Euclidean distance between channels. Frequencies between 16 and 30 Hz have a steeper decline and will only show coherent parts to cortical channels within 60 cm. There is no coherence for frequencies above 30 Hz at any distance. A lot of patients with epilepsy still struggle with a dreadful fear of suddenly having a seizure. The current PhD study identified topics where an EEG monitor could provide improvement in the patient's quality of life. By algorithm development, implementation and testing, a step toward such a device is presented.


Woody Guthrie, American Radical reclaims the politically radical profile of America's greatest balladeer. Although he achieved a host of national honors and adorns U.S. postage stamps, and although his song "This Land Is Your Land" is often considered the nation's second national anthem, Woody Guthrie committed his life to the radical struggle.

Will Kaufman traces Guthrie's political awakening and activism throughout the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the Korean War, the Civil Rights struggle, and the poison of McCarthyism. He examines Guthrie's role in the development of a workers' culture in the context of radical activism spearheaded by the Communist Party of the USA, the Popular Front, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Kaufman also establishes Guthrie's significance in the perpetuation of cultural front objectives into the era of the "New Left" and beyond, particularly through his influence on the American and international protest song movement.

Utilizing a wealth of previously unseen archival materials such as letters, song lyrics, essays, personal reflections, photos, and other manuscripts, Woody Guthrie, American Radical introduces a heretofore unknown Woody Guthrie: the canny political strategist, fitful thinker, and cultural front activist practically buried in the general public's romantic celebration of the "Dust Bowl Troubadour.


What are the motivations behind mating desires in men and women? To understand many differences and conflicts between the sexes, we must look into our evolutionary past. During this Hot Science – Cool Talks, Dr. David Buss will present a unified theory of human mating strategy using insights from a global study of human mating behavior. Buss will also discuss the latest research in the field of evolutionary psychology, including startling discoveries about the evolutionary advantages of infidelity and physical attractiveness. Evolutionary psychology is a hybrid discipline that draws insights from modern evolutionary theory, biology, cognitive psychology, anthropology, economics, computer science, and paleoarchaeology.


The forest of the northwest coast of North America accounts for two thirds of the world's temperate-zone rain forest, which is a fraction of the size of the more publicized tropical rain forest but is currently being lost at a comparable rate. Coming at a time of public concern and controversy regarding the future of the forest, this book provides a fresh examination of the natural dynamics that have produced the remarkably lush growth characterizing roughly two thousand miles of coast from Coos Bay, Oregon, to the gulf of Alaska--a stretch of greater north-south ecological sameness than exists anywhere else on earth. The rain forest valleys of Washington's Olympic Peninsula stand out as the showpiece of this region. Because the forest's productivity and sheer biomass per square mile are among the world's greatest, it is recognized as a National Park, a World Biosphere Reserve, and a World Heritage Site.Pointing out that ecology and economics share the same root (oikos, meaning "home"), this book evokes the forest's beauty and intricacy while summarizing scientific understanding of components and interactions. We learn that moldering logs produce their own moisture as a by-product of decay, and are virtual reservoirs as well as storehouses of nutrients--qualities that contribute to their role as the rain forest's famed nurse logs, which act as seedbeds for oncoming generations of spruce and hemlock. We also learn that fallen trees affect stream flow and crucially influence the well-being of aquatic organisms (including fish) and that, washed downriver, they modify both beach character and life in the ocean near river mouths.The unique ecological web of this ancient forest--which has existed for at least five thousand years--includes the peculiar above-ground rooting of maple trees, which actually feed from the mossy "upholstery" covering their trunks and branches; the role of elk as "landscape gardners" preventing the understory from becoming a thicket; and a newly discovered life community within the gravel zone of river bottoms and out under the forest floor."Many of the spruce and hemlock trees we walk among today were alive when men like Sir Francis Bacon and Johannes Kepler first recognized the value of objective data over mystical portents," write authors Ruth Kirk and Jerry Franklin. "They have been pushing their roots through the soil and wafting seeds into the air throughout the entire existence of science."This book will be welcomed by resident Northwesterners and travelers as well as by all who are interested in nature. Its prose is both broadly readable and scientifically sound. More than 100 color photographs catch the variety and grandeur of this magnificent forest.


Venous plasma glucose levels two hours after a 75 gm. carbohydrate load were determined on over 2,900 Pima Indians, a population known to have an extremely high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. In each sex and in each decade above twenty-five years of age, the frequency distributions of the logarithms of the glucose levels were clearly bimodal, but below this age a single symmetrical unimodal distribution was found. A maximum likelihood procedure was used to derive the best fitting theoretical gaussian distributions for each group of data, together with the parameters of each distribution. The observed bimodal distributions were found to be in satisfactory agreement with a model of two overlapping gaussian distributions, indicating that a logical separation between those with normal and high levels of glucose is possible, although the presence of overlap indicates that some misclassification will occur if any finite level is used to subdivide the population. The data indicate that among the Pima: 1. The frequency distributions of two-hour glucose tolerance levels can be used to identify objectively and describe a hyperglycemic population without recourse to other criteria for diabetes. 2. There are small changes in the parameters of "normal" glucose tolerance between the ages of twenty-five and sixtyfour years. 3. The increase in mean glucose level found with rising age in this population is mainly the result of an increasing proportion of subjects who are in the group characterized by marked glucose intolerance. The bimodal distributions of plasma glucose levels The bimodal distributions of plasma glucose levels among the Pima Indians contrast with those described so far in other groups. It seems likely that differences are attributable to the lower prevalence of diabetes elsewhere which would obscure the identification of bimodality.


This study explores whether fathers' involvement by itself is associated with youths' psychological adjustment or whether the relationship between fathers' involvement and youths' psychological adjustment is mediated by children's perceptions of fathers' acceptance-rejection. A secondary purpose is to explore ethnic and class differences in paternal involvement, perceived paternal acceptancerejection, and youths' psychological adjustment. The research is based on a proportional, stratified, random sample of 21 Black and 37 White fathers and their 63 children. Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that only perceived paternal acceptance is significantly related to Black and White children's psychological adjustment. Fathers' involvement by itself is significantly related to neither Black nor White children's psychological adjustment. Finally, results indicate that parenting and psychological adjustment are not related significantly to social class. Key Words: children's psychological adjustment, father involvement, paternal acceptance-rejection. Since the early 1980s, a substantial body of research concerned with father-child relationships has focused on fathers' involvement in child care. For example, scholars have focused on the amount of time fathers spend with their children, fathers' day-to-day supervising of their children, playing with their children, feeding their children, educating their children, and disciplining their children (Ahmeduzzaman & Roopnarine, 1992; Ishii-Kuntz, 1994; Pleck, 1983, 1997; Radin, 1981; Williams & Radin, 1993). Today many scholars argue that fathers must become actively involved in childrearing in order to ensure healthy child development (Biller, 1993; Blankenhorn, 1995; Hawkins, Christiansen, & Pond-Sargent, 1993; McBride & Darragh, 1995; Popenoe, 1996). In support of this argument, researchers have pointed to the positive influence of father involvement on the cognitive and intellectual development of White American children (Radin, 1981; Radin, Williams, & Coggins, 1993), on their academic achievement (Radin, 1981; Radin & Russell, 1983; Williams & Radin, 1993), their ability to empathize and their gender-role orientation (Radin, 1981; Radin & Sagi, 1982), their psychological adjustment (Reuter & Biller, 1973), their internal locus of control (Radin, 1981; Radin & Sagi, 1982), and their competency at problem-solving tasks (Easterbrooks & Goldberg, 1984). On the other hand, paternal noninvolvement (often defined as father absence) has been linked to psychological maladjustment, behavioral disorders, and educational problems (Biller,1981, 1993; Osherson,1986). Some of this research has been criticized because it fails to control for the influence of qualitative aspects of the father-child relationship such as parental warmth and support (Lamb, 1987,1997; Lamb & Oppenheim, 1989; Pleck, 1997). That is, caring for one's children is not necessarily the same thing as caring about them. Indeed, many scholars argue that qualitative factors such as paternal warmth, support, or nurturance are more important for children's development than factors such as the simple amount of time fathers spend in child care (Lamb, 1987, 1997; Lamb & Oppenheim, 1989; Lamb, Pleck, Charnov, & Levine, 1987; Pleck, 1997; Shulman & Collins, 1993). However, despite the fact that most researchers who investigate paternal involvement mention the importance for children's development of qualitative behaviors (Lamb et al., 1987; Radin & Goldsmith, 1985; Radin & Harold-Goldsmith, 1989; Radin & Russell, 1983; Radin et al., 1993; Williams & Radin, 1993; Williams, Radin, & Allegro, 1992), few studies have explored concurrently the direct and indirect effects on youths' functioning of fathers' involvement and fathers' warmth. Consequently, it is not known whether fathers' involvement by itself is associated with youths' psychological adjustment or whether the relationship between fathers' involvement and youths' psychological adjustment is mediated by children's perceptions of fathers' acceptance. …


This paper investigates the impact of the public smoking ban which came into effect in Italy on January 2005 on individual smoking behaviour. Current empirical evidence supports the existence of a negative effect of the Italian ban on smoking prevalence and consumption in the general population. This is in contrast to what has been found in some other European countries. Our analysis shows that the apparent success of the Italian smoking ban is due to the fact that existing results do not take into account seasonal differences in smoking behaviour. Using quarterly data from the 1999/2000 and 2004/2005 Italian Health Surveys and adopting a difference-in-difference approach that nets out monthly variation in smoking rates, we show that the Italian smoking ban had no impact on individual smoking behaviour for the population as a whole, and only small effects on some groups of individuals.


While 3D shape representations enable powerful reasoning in many visual and perception applications, learning 3D shape priors tends to be constrained to the specific categories trained on, leading to an inefficient learning process, particularly for general applications with unseen categories. Thus, we propose PatchComplete, which learns effective shape priors based on multi-resolution local patches, which are often more general than full shapes (e.g., chairs and tables often both share legs) and thus enable geometric reasoning about unseen class categories. To learn these shared substructures, we learn multi-resolution patch priors across all train categories, which are then associated to input partial shape observations by attention across the patch priors, and finally decoded into a complete shape reconstruction. Such patch-based priors avoid overfitting to specific train categories and enable reconstruction on entirely unseen categories at test time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on synthetic ShapeNet data as well as challenging real-scanned objects from ScanNet, which include noise and clutter, improving over state of the art in novel-category shape completion by 19.3% in chamfer distance on ShapeNet, and 9.0% for ScanNet.


In Drosophila, the trithorax-group (trxG) and polycomb-group (PcG) proteins maintain chromatin in active or silenced states, respectively, to allow the maintenance of a genetic program of cellular identity. This process has been called "cellular memory" and the epigenetically marked DNA has been called a "cellular memory module." Thus far, the PcG and trxG proteins have been understood to regulate the expression of homeotic genes. Maurange and Paro provide evidence from chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments that the gene encoding the morphogen hedgehog (hh) contains two PcG response elements (PRE) and binds members of the PcG and trxG complexes, specifically Polycomb and GAGA factor (GAF). Insertion of an upstream activating sequence (UAS) into a promoter allows the GAL4 transcription factor to stimulate gene expression. When the UAS was placed in proximity to the hh PRE, expression of hh by GAL4 was suppressed. GAL4 stimulated expression in flies genetically compromised for PcG function. When engrailed (EN), which stimulates hh expression, was activated inappropriately in a two-cell-wide strip at the dorsal-ventral boundary, hh expression persisted in the daughter cells later in wing development despite loss of expression of en. When the same artificial system driving en expression was used in a dorsal-ventral strip, the requirement for the PgC and trxG proteins for the inheritance of hh expression was confirmed using flies with genetic mutations affecting either PcG or trxG activity. These results expand the role for the trxG and PcG complexes to later stages of development and tissue patterning and provide an additional mechanism controlling morphogenic signaling. C. Maurange, R. Paro, A cellular memory module conveys epigenetic inheritance of hedgehog expression during Drosophila wing imaginal disc development. Genes Dev. 16, 2672-2683 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Our visual culture is interwoven with elements of illustrative forms and the ever expansiveness of the illustrated over the centuries has led to a complex segmentation and fragmentation of how to site illustration within other forms of visual culture, forms of knowledge. How we consider and study illustration requires a transformative process that engages with "historical imagination". (Ernst 2013:44) This historical imagination embodies how society identifies with the materiality of the illustrated and our consumerist exchange with illustration.

As such illustration often remains an adjunct to other textual, visual and cultural forms that navigate different histories and world views. It is proposed that illustration cannot be navigated in insolation as it requires some form of connection and relation with something 'other', the archive. Silver argues that: "As social beings, as people interested in people we are naturally less interested in objects than in what they can be made to render up: the cultures they come from, the people who used them, the activities they make or made possible." (Silver 2015:331) This is evidenced in how we remember and process our engagement and reading of the illustrated in constructing a sense of self. As seen in the literary narratives of Umberto Eco in which the visual, in particular illustration, are constituent parts of a narrative agents' identity; and Art Spielgelman's use of early American comics, Little Nemo in Slumberland, Katzenjammer Kids, in In the Shadow of No Towers (2004). Both navigate through the materiality of the archive, one that "is no longer simply a passive storage space but becomes generative itself in algorithmically rules prosesscuality." (Ernst 2013:29) The paper further considers the fractured presence of illustration in archives, museums and specialist collections in the United Kingdom in order to unravel the "visible marks" of the illustrated. (Foucault 1989:26).


The hematopoietic microenvironment while crucial for maintaining healthy self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may also be a source for deleterious signals that may cause damage to HSPCs leading to disease (1,2). Previous studies have shown that alterations to niche components can trigger or aid in disease progression. A study to generate an improved xenograft mouse model of myelodysplasia syndrome (MDS) found that co-transplantation of patient stem cells with stromal cells increased disease engraftment, suggesting that the stromal cells are important in disease initiation and maintenance (3). Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was triggered in mice by activation of β-catenin in osteoblast which lead to overexpression of the Notch ligand Jagged1 and upregulation of the Notch receptor in HSPCs (4).


Social benefit-cost analysis is a process of identifying, measuring and comparing the social benefits and costs of an investment project or program. A program is a series of projects undertaken over a period of time with a particular objective in view. The project or projects in question may be public projects – undertaken by the public sector – or private projects. Both types of projects need to be appraised to determine whether they represent an efficient use of resources. Projects that represent an efficient use of resources from a private viewpoint may involve costs and benefits to a wider range of individuals than their private owners. For example, a private project may pay taxes, provide employment for the otherwise unemployed, and generate pollution. These effects are termed social benefits and costs to distinguish them from the purely private costs and returns of the project. Social benefit-cost analysis is used to appraise private projects from a social viewpoint as well as to appraise public projects. It should be noted that the technique of social benefit-cost analysis can also be used to analyse the effects of changes in public policies such as the tax/subsidy or regulatory regimes. However a very broad range of issues can arise in this kind of analysis and, for ease of exposition, we adopt the narrower perspective of project analysis in this study. Public projects are often thought of in terms of the provision of physical capital in the form of infrastructure such as bridges, highways and dams. However there are other less obvious types of physical projects that augment environmental capital stocks and involve activities such as land reclamation, pollution control, fishery management and provision of parks. Other types of projects are those that involve investment in forms of human capital, such as health, education, and skills, and social capital through drug-use and crime prevention, and the reduction of unemployment. There are few, if any, activities of government that are not amenable to appraisal and evaluation by means of social benefit-cost analysis. Investment involves diverting scarce resources – land, labour and capital – from the production of goods for current consumption to the production of capital goods which will contribute to increasing the flow of consumption goods available in the future. An investment project is a particular allocation of scarce resources in the present which will result in a flow of output in the future: for example, land, labour and capital could be allocated to the construction of a dam which will result in increased electricity output in the future (in reality there are likely to be additional outputs such as irrigation water, recreational opportunities and flood control but we will assume these away for the purposes of the example). The cost of the project is measured as an opportunity cost – the value of the goods and services which would have


Brian Greene's "The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos" explores our most current scientific understanding of the universe, the 'string theory' that might hold the key to unifying nature's laws, and our continuing quest to know more. There was a time when 'universe' meant all there is. Everything. Yet, as physicist Brian Greene's extraordinary book shows, ours may be just one universe among many, like endless reflections in a mirror. He takes us on a captivating exploration of parallel worlds - from a multiverse where an infinite number of your doppelgangers are reading this sentence, to vast oceans of bubble universes and even multiverses made of mathematics - showing just how much of reality's true nature may be hidden within them. "If extraterrestrials land tomorrow and demand to know what the human mind is capable of accomplishing ...hand them a copy of this book" (The New York Times Book Review). "A writer of exceptional clarity and charm ...every chapter opens level after level of previously unimaginable, mind-expanding realities". (Oliver Sacks). "The book serves well as an introduction to the multiverse and will open up many people's eyes". (John Gribbin). Brian Greene is well known to many fans as a populariser of theoretical physics. He is the author of the bestselling books about string theory, "The Elegant Universe", which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction, "The Fabric of the Cosmos", and "The Hidden Reality". Educated at Harvard and Oxford, he has taught at both Harvard and Cornell and has been Professor of Physics and Mathematics at Columbia University since 1996.


The Paris Agreement (2015) under the UNFCCC has anchored loss and damage in a separate article which specifies that understanding and support should be enhanced in areas addressing loss and damage such as early warning, preparedness, insurance and resilience. Irreversible loss is a special category under loss and damage but there is still missing clarity over what irreversible loss actually includes. Many negative impacts of climate change may be handled or mitigated by existing risk management, reduction and absorption approaches. Irreversible loss, however, is thought to be insufficiently addressed by risk management. Therefore, countries potentially or actually affected by irreversible loss are calling for other measures such as compensation, which however is highly contested in international climate policy. In Paris (2015) a decision was adopted that loss and damage as defined in the respective article of the agreement does not involve compensation and liability. Nevertheless, it is likely that some sort of mechanism will eventually need to come into play for irreversible loss due to anthropogenic climate change, which might involve compensation, other forms of non-monetary reparation, or transformation. Furthermore, climate litigation has increasingly been attempted to address negative effects of climate change. In this context, attribution is important to understand the drivers of change, what counts as irreversible loss due to climate change, and, possibly, who or what is responsible. Here we approach this issue by applying a detection and attribution perspective on irreversible loss. We first analyze detected climate change impacts as assessed in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. We distinguish between irreversible loss in physical, biological and human systems, and accordingly identify the following candidates of irreversible loss in these systems: loss of glaciers and ice sheets, loss of subsurface ice (permafrost) and related loss of lake systems; loss of land area due to coastal and hillslope erosion and sea level change; loss of plant and animal species, loss of ecosystems and biodiversity; loss of human lives, homelands, and cultural identity. Attribution to anthropogenic climate change is analyzed based on recent progress following from the IPCC AR5. Generally, high confidence in attributing irreversible loss to anthropogenic climate change is found in physical systems and more specifically in cryosphere environments, both in mountain and polar regions. Detected loss in terrestrial ecosystems has typically low confidence in attribution whereas loss in some ocean ecosystems (corals) has high confidence. Impacts in human systems that may be classified as irreversible loss are of low confidence in terms of attribution except for the Arctic where higher confidence for a relation with anthropogenic emissions was found. Our analysis suggests that scientific progress in detection and attribution is now at a level that would likely allow policy, or courts, to define mechanisms, or take decisions, as related to irreversible loss in many cryosphere systems. On the other hand, policy may need to consider that at least in the near future it will be difficult to establish clear tracks between irreversible loss in most human systems and anthropogenic climate change, a domain, which however is at the forefront of discussions. We end our discussion with setting out ideas for further clarification of different categories of irreversible loss, including in human systems, and the role of attribution in any policy or legal mechanism in order to help in the development of just and sensible solutions.


Current interest in capitalizing on scientific diasporas' knowledge and networks to the advantage of developing countries has become more pronounced given the escalation in international skilled migration and the realization of the potential benefits to home countries from human capital abroad. This paper provides an overview of the experiences that a selection of countries have followed to engage emigrated scientists and skilled professionals into their development processes. Scientific collaborations, joint publications, temporary visits, and academic exchanges are ways in which scientific diasporas' knowledge can be channelled to their homelands. By describing the specific conditions and environments that enable or hinder the implementation of concrete initiatives and policies, this paper discusses main determinants ensuring thriving positive linkages which can contribute to strengthening national science and technology systems. It stands out that enabling structural settings and supportive policies together with a welcoming environment provided by local society are required.


This article examines the scope of the low income taxpayers' compliance problem. It also reveals why in a period of remarkably low levels of government tax compliance activity, the IRS compliance effort toward lower-income taxpayers has been particularly vigorous. The article examines in greater detail noncompliance with respect to the earned income tax credit, and, building on the work of sociologists Robert Kidder and Craig McEwen, explores the likely causes of the high levels of noncompliance. The article examines some of the policy implications of noncompliance among lower-income taxpayers. In particular, it argues that the government is not vigilant enough to root out intentional abuse. The government dedicated few resources on the ground to identifying purposeful taxpayer abuse. IRS reform and budgetary pressures resulted in remote correspondence-based compliance initiatives staffed by low-level IRS employees. At the same time, the positive assistance that Congress and the IRS have put in place are not sufficiently targeted to lower-income taxpayers, nor are they appropriately balanced with the IRS's traditional deterrence measures.


The favorable health status of employed populations in comparison to that of the general population is often called the "healthy worker effect," and most researchers feel that it results from the selection of healthy individuals during the hiring process. However, other mechanisms may also contribute to the healthy worker effect. In particular, the healthy worker effect may reflect the selection, for epidemiologic study, of relatively advantaged workforces in terms of socioeconomic status and health. Evidence of differential health by socioeconomic status within the workforce is reviewed, and its possible role in the healthy worker effect is discussed.


The world wine market is facing a particularly difficult situation. Both the EU and New World (NW) Countries are trying to manage this critical moment by filling reciprocal gaps in order to increase their competitiveness at a global level and to strengthen their position in key strategic markets. On the EU side, one of the fundamental aspects of this changing framework is the evolution of the Common Market Organisation (CMO) for the wine sector. The first pivotal change is the fact that a parcel of land cannot host more than one designation of origin (either Geographical Indication – GI – Denominazione di Origine Controllata – DOC – or Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita – DOCG), thus completely changing the approach to vintage choices, which characterised the Italian production in the last 50 years. A second important variation is the introduction of the possibility to show grape varieties and the vintage year on table wines (a strategy often used by NW producers). Conversely, on the NW side, the changes are mainly relative to the increase in the use of European grape varieties and the emphasis on the region-grape combination as an element of excellence.


In this paper, we conduct an experimental investigation of a confined premixed swirl-stabilized dump combustor similar to those found in modern gas turbines. We operate the combustor with premixed methane-air in the lean range of equivalence ratio ϕ ∈ [0.5–0.75]. First, we observe different dynamic modes in the lean operating range, as the equivalence ratio is raised, confirming observations made previously in a similar combustor geometry but with a different fuel [1]. Next we examine the correspondence between dynamic mode transitions and changes in the mean flame configuration or macrostructure. We show that each dynamic mode is associated with a specific flame macrostructure. By modifying the combustor length without changing the underlying flow, the resonant frequencies of the geometry are altered allowing for decoupling the heat release fluctuations and the acoustic field, in a certain range of equivalence ratio. Mean flame configurations in the modified (short) combustor and for the same range of equivalence ratio are examined. It is found that not only the same sequence of flame configurations is observed in both combustors (long and short) but also that the set of equivalence ratio where transitions in the flame configuration occur is closely related to the onset of thermo-acoustic instabilities. For both combustor lengths, the flame structure changes at similar equivalence ratio whether thermo-acoustic coupling is allowed or not, suggesting that the flame configuration holds the key to understanding the onset of self-excited thermo-acoustic instability in this range. Finally, we focus on the flame configuration transition that was correlated with the onset of the first dynamically unstable mode ϕ ∈ [0.61–0.64]. Our analysis of this transition in the short, uncoupled combustor shows that it is associated with an intermittent appearance of a flame in the outer recirculation zone (ORZ). The spectral analysis of this "ORZ flame flickering" — based on flame chemiluminescence data — shows the presence of unsteady events occurring at two distinct frequency ranges. A broad band at low frequency in the range ∼[1 Hz – 10 Hz] and a narrow band centered around 28 Hz.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


We analyze the policy trade-offs generated by local currency price stability of imports in economies where upstream producers strategically interact with downstream firms selling the final goods to consumers. We study the effects of staggered price setting at the downstream level on the optimal price (and markup) chosen by upstream producers and show that downstream price movements affect the desired markup of upstream producers, magnifying their price response to shocks. We revisit the international dimensions of optimal monetary policy, unveiling an argument in favour of consumer price stability as the main prescription for monetary policy. Since stable consumer prices feed back into a low volatility of markups among upstream producers, this contains inefficient deviations from the law of one price at the border. However, efficient stabilization of different CPI components will not generally result into perfect stabilization of headline inflation. National policies optimally respond to the same shocks in a similar way, thus containing volatility of the terms of trade, but not necessarily of the real exchange rate. The latter will be more volatile, among other things, the larger the home bias in expenditure and the content of local inputs in consumer goods.


Halocarbon oils are shown to be a useful matrix for transmission spectroscopic studies of solid inorganic materials in the near-infrared and visible regions. Absorption spectra of these oils are flat and featureless between 5000 and 32,000 cm−1. The halocarbon oils are inert to virtually all types of inorganic substances at room temperature. Light scattering appeared to be reduced for the more viscous of two halocarbon oils investigated. Examples of the application of the halocarbon oil mull technique are given for three inorganic substances: chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate, nickel(II) hydroxide, and silicotungstic acid.


An Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA), which depends on explicitly sampling mechanisms based on probabilistic models with information extracted from the parental solutions to generate new solutions, has constituted one of the major research areas in the field of evolutionary computation. The fact that no genetic operators are used in EDAs is a major characteristic differentiating EDAs from other genetic algorithms (GAs). This advantage, however, could lead to premature convergence of EDAs as the probabilistic models are no longer generating diversified solutions. In our previous research [1], we have presented the evidences that EDAs suffer from the drawback of premature convergency, thus several important guidelines are provided for the design of effective EDAs. In this paper, we validated one guideline for incorporating other meta-heuristics into the EDAs. An algorithm named "EA/G-GA" is proposed by selecting a well-known EDA, EA/G, to work with GAs. The proposed algorithm was tested on the NP-Hard single machine scheduling problems with the total weighted earliness/tardiness cost in a just-in-time environment. The experimental results indicated that the EA/G-GA outperforms the compared algorithms statistically significantly across different stopping criteria and demonstrated the robustness of the proposed algorithm. Consequently, this paper is of interest and importance in the field of EDAs.


Stephen B Bevans's Models of Contextual Theology has become a staple in courses on theological method and as a handbook used by missioners and other Christians concerned with the Christian tradition's understanding of itself in relation to culture. First published in 1992 and now in its seventh printing in English, with translations underway into Spanish, Korean, and Indonesian, Bevans's book is a judicious examination of what the terms "contextual theology" and "to contextualize" mean. In the revised and expanded edition, Bevans adds a "counter-cultural" model to the five presented in the first edition -- the translation, the anthropological, the praxis, the synthetic, and the transcendental model. This means that readers will be introduced to the way in which figures such as Stanley Hauerwas, John Milbank, Lesslie Newbigin, "and (occasionally) Pope John Paul II" need to be taken into account. The author's revisions also incorporate suggestions made by reviewers to enhance the clarity of the original three chapters on the nature of contextual theology and the five models.


In this comprehensive comparative study, Jorge Duany explores how migrants to the United States from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico maintain multiple ties to their countries of origin. Chronicling these diasporas from the end of World War II to the present, Duany argues that each sending country's relationship to the United States shapes the transnational experience for each migrant group, from legal status and migratory patterns to work activities and the connections migrants retain with their home countries. Blending extensive ethnographic, archival, and survey research, Duany proposes that contemporary migration challenges the traditional concept of the nation-state. Increasing numbers of immigrants and their descendants lead what Duany calls "bifocal" lives, bridging two or more states, markets, languages, and cultures throughout their lives. Even as nations attempt to draw their boundaries more clearly, the ceaseless movement of transnational migrants, Duany argues, requires the rethinking of conventional equations between birthplace and residence, identity and citizenship, borders and boundaries. |Duany explores how migrants to the United States from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico maintain multiple ties to their countries of origin. Chronicling these diasporas from the end of World War II to the present, Duany argues that each sending country's relationship to the United States shapes the transnational experience for each migrant group, from legal status and migratory patterns to work activities and the connections migrants retain with their home countries.


We present a general framework for prediction in which a prediction is in the form of a distribution function, called 'predictive distribution function'. This predictive distribution function is well suited for prescribing the notion of confidence under the frequentist interpretation and providing meaningful answers for prediction-related questions. Its very form of a distribution function also makes itself a useful tool for quantifying uncertainty in prediction. This general framework is formulated and illustrated using the so-called confidence distributions (CDs). This CD-based prediction approach inherits many desirable properties of CD, including its capacity to serve as a common platform for directly connecting the existing procedures of predictive inference in Bayesian, fiducial and frequentist paradigms. We discuss the theory underlying the CD-based predictive distribution and related efficiency and optimality. We also propose a simple yet broadly applicable Monte-Carlo algorithm for implementing the proposed approach. This concrete algorithm together with the proposed definition and associated theoretical development provide a comprehensive statistical inference framework for prediction. Finally, the approach is illustrated by simulation studies and a real project on predicting the application submissions to a government agency. The latter shows the applicability of the proposed approach to even dependent data settings


The use of web-based software and course management systems for the delivery of online
assessments in the chemistry classroom is becoming more common. IMMEX software, like other
web-based software, can be used for delivering assessments and providing feedback, but differs in
that it offers additional features designed to give insights and promote improvements in problem
solving strategies. This report describes some of the features offered with IMMEX software and
provides a detailed description of how IMMEX problems are best implemented into the organic
laboratory.


Deformable objects such as fabrics, rubber, and food can be distinguished by their textures, and also by the different motions they exhibit when interacting with external forces. These motion patterns can be used to estimate the intrinsic mechanical properties of the objects (Bouman et al 2013). Little is known however about human perception of mechanical properties (e.g. stiffness) in dynamic scenes. We use a dissimilarity scaling method to study how perception of mechanical properties of fabrics is related to the physical parameters of mass and bending stiffness using videos of both simulated and real fabrics. The stimuli are videos containing a hanging fabric moving under oscillating wind. In each trial, observers were shown a pair of these videos and asked to indicate on a scale of 0-100 how different the material properties of the two fabrics are from each other. In Experiment 1, we used Blender physics engine to simulate the cloth behavior. Four values are sampled for each of the 3 parameters: mass, structural stiffness, and bending stiffness. All the fabrics have the same textures. For each rendered video, the wind direction was randomized along a lateral plane. Five observers finished 2016 paired-comparisons, which were analyzed with a non-metric multidimensional scaling method to learn lower-dimensional embedding of the data. In Experiment 2, we performed the same experiment with videos of the real fabrics with similar scene settings. In the 2D perceptual embedding, we found that one dimension was best correlated with the mass, while the other dimension was correlated with the bending stiffness. Structural stiffness and wind direction did not predict perceptual dissimilarities. 2D embedding of the real fabrics also showed similar results. Together, the experiments suggest humans can estimate intrinsic mechanical properties of fabrics from dynamic scenes, while discounting variations in textures and direction of the wind force. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Continuous constraint satisfaction is at the core of many real-world applications. One example is in the control of modular, hyper-redundant robots, which are robots with many more degrees of freedom than required for typical tasks. Casting the control problem as a constraint problem is a promising approach for robustly handling a variety of non-standard constraints found in such robots. However, before we can scale to the many degrees of freedom and nonlinearities of this system and deploy constraint solvers for embedded, real-time control, we need to better understand the complexity issues arising in these problems. In this paper, we first present a parametric model for robotic control. We then study the complexity of related but simpler problems by analyzing two classes of artificial constraint satisfaction problems inspired by (discrete) 3-SAT problems, which have a strong relation between structure and search cost. With this, we also propose a generic benchmarking model for continuous constraint satisfaction problems.


Antonio Gramsci's writings, not surprisingly, have served as a necessary point of departure for many scholars and intellectuals to theorize on the subaltern groups and subsequently on the politics and practice of transcultural studies. I now wish to chart the circulation of the term subaltern in contemporary intellectual discourses both in Anglo-American academia and beyond, to focus on processes of identity negotiation in Italy and the Global South and, on a more personal level, through my own translation of Italian academic texts which often facilitate a potential connectivity between them. In order to examine these shifting and overlapping spaces of personal, national and global identity, I explore the potential relationship that Gramsci draws between subaltern groups and the role of the organic intellectual, particularly in relation to the selective act of translation into English, and the ways in which these distinctions become increasingly complicated, over the course of the 20th and into the 21st century, as structures of hegemony within Italian and other national institutions change. Traduzione di Dora Renna


The CNW Marketing Research, Inc.'s 2007 "Dust to Dust: The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to Disposal" caught the interest of the media and the public with its claim that a Hummer H3 SUV has a lower life-cycle energy cost than a Toyota Prius hybrid. Closer inspection suggests that the report's conclusions rely on faulty methods of analysis, untenable assumptions, selective use and presentation of data, and a complete lack of peer review. Even the most cursory look reveals serious biases and flaws: the average Hummer H1 is assumed to travel 379,000 miles and last for 35 years, while the average Prius is assumed to last only 109,000 miles over less than 12 years. These selective and unsupported assumptions distort the final results. A quick re-analysis with peer-reviewed data leads to completely opposite conclusions: the life-cycle energy requirements of hybrids and smaller cars are far lower than Hummers and other large SUVs. CNW should either release its full report, including methods, assumptions, and data, or the public should ignore its conclusions. Unfortunately, "Dust to Dust" has already distorted the public debate.


Xu, Xiaochen. Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2019. Identification and Mapping of Anthracnose Resistance Genes in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Major Professor: Gebisa Ejeta. Colletotrichum sublineolum is the causal agent of sorghum anthracnose, a very common and destructive fungal disease in warm and humid areas, especially in West and Central Africa. Use of host plant resistance is considered as the most important and effective control option for sorghum diseases. To achieve this goal, identification and mapping resistance genes is essential. In this study, we used an isolate of C. sublineolum, CsGL1, to screen our sorghum germplasm and identified a resistant inbred line, P9830. We developed a mapping population from a cross between P9830 and a susceptible line, TAM428, for this research. The population was advanced to the F6 generation. Progenies were phenotyped at F2, F3 and F6 generations for disease resistance against the pathogen, CsGL1. In the F2 generation, 460 individuals showed resistance and 149 individuals showed susceptibility to CsGL1. This result fits the 3:1 segregation pattern expected for resistance controlled by a single gene. Bulked segregant analysis with next generation sequencing was used on selected F6 recombinant inbred lines. A significant peak containing 153 SNPs was observed on the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 8. To verify resistance to CsGL1 was controlled by genes in this region, indel and SNP markers were used between 59.4Mbp and 60.6Mbp on chromosome 8 to fine map the resistance locus. One SNP marker located in the gene Sobic.008G166400 co-segregated with resistance, and another two indel markers were discovered to be tightly linked to the resistance locus. These three PCR-based SNP markers would be useful for marker-assisted selection for improving anthracnose resistance against CsGL1. Two candidate genes, Sobic.008G166400 and Sobic.008G166550, were found in the locus. Both of the genes encode LRR proteins implicated in plant disease defense response. The identity of DNA sequence between these two candidate genes is 94.1%, possibly the result of tandem duplication. Another


This presentation will focus on climate impacts of hay and grass harvesting in the Mývatn area in the northeastern highlands of Iceland. Mývatn means "Midge Lake" and refers to the flies or midges, of vital importance for the local ecosystem, providing food for fish and waterbirds. Until the early part of the twentieth century, the inhabitants of the area lived almost entirely on the proceeds of the land by farming, fishing for trout, and collecting the eggs of wild birds. With its North Atlantic location, marginal for agriculture, grass was the only viable crop in Iceland, and the economy focused primarily on animal husbandry until comparatively recent times. Thus, the success or failure of the all-important grass crop, coupled with winter rangeland grazing, was the one aspect of the economy on which all else rested. The successful harvesting of hay was thus the farmers' most important annual task. If there was not enough hay in the winter to feed the livestock they could die, and this could lead to famine and death among the human population. This unfortunate train of events occurred many times in Iceland's history, and not least in the Mývatn district.


Incentives to delay agricultural inputs to increase output and protect against climate change and weather related risk are explored. When producer decision making in non-irrigated production in an environment of weather uncertainty is outlined an incentive is found when imperfect information and risk is present. The EPIC crop simulator is then used to assess the yield impact of fertilizer delaying in the non-irrigated corn component of cornsoybean rotations in Humboldt and Webster Counties, Iowa. Assessed in conjunction with disaster frequency data, crop simulations suggest optimal input timing to be six weeks or more after planting. Additional production considerations such as spring field conditions and fertilizer runoff also support a six week or later input delay strategy. This result held under both recent weather conditions and climate change projections through 2040. The strength of each component's influence on the input delaying decision changes however. Disaster frequency, field conditions, and runoff considerations all increase the incentive to delay fertilizer inputs while the risk associated with yield loss from delaying fertilizer beyond the six week mark also increases while the increase in yield benefits decreases relative to recent conditions. Methods to incentivize adoption of delayed input practices are briefly outlined such as modification of the farm bill's multi-peril crop insurance program while being reserved for greater discussion in later research on the soy side of corn-soybean rotations.


Several cDNA clones encoding A1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate re- ductase (P5CR, L-proline:NAD[P]+ 5-oxidoreductase, EC 18.104.22.168), which catalyzes the terminal step in proline biosynthesis, were isolated from a pea leaf library screened with a 32P-labeled Aval fragment of a soybean nodule P5CR cDNA (A.J. Delauney, D.P.S. Verma [1990] Mol Gen Genet 221: 299-305). DNA sequence analysis of one full-length 1.3-kb clone (pPPS3) indicated that the pea P5CR gene contains a single major open reading frame encod- ing a polypeptide of 28,242 Da. Genomic analysis suggested that two to three copies of the P5CR gene are present per haploid genome in pea. The primary structure of pea P5CR is 85% identical with that of soybean and exhibits significant homology to human, yeast, and Escherichia coli P5CR. The sequence of one of four highly conserved domains found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic P5CRs is similar to the consensus sequence for the NAD(P)H-binding site of other enzymes. The pea P5CR cDNA hybridized to two transcripts, 1.3 and 1.1 kb in size, in polyadenylated RNA purified from leaf tissues of mature, light-grown plants (4 weeks old). Only the 1.3-kb transcript was detected in younger (1 week old) greened seedlings or in etiolated seedlings.


Once upon a time, the central civil rights questions were indisputably normative. What did "equal justice under law" require? Did it, for example, permit segregation, or was separate never equal? This is no longer the case. Today, the central civil rights questions of our time turn also on the underlying empirics. In a post-civil rights era, in what some people exuberantly embrace as post-racial, many assume that we already live in a colorblind society. Is this in fact the case? Recent findings about implicit bias from mind scientists sharply suggest other-wise. This Article summarizes the empirical evidence that rejects facile claims of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral colorblindness. It then calls on the law to take a "behaviorally realist" account of these findings, and maps systematically how it might do so in sensible, non-hysterical, and evidence-based ways. Recognizing that this call may be politically naive, the Article examines and answers three objections, sounding in "junk science" backlash, "hard-wired" resignation, and "rational" justification.


From the Publisher:
foreword by Mitchell Kapor

If you have access to a personal computer and want to explore the Internet, Everybody's Guide is the place to begin.
Everybody's Guide is designed to make you comfortable in the virtual world of the Internet with its insider language and peculiar local culture. Accessible, friendly, and authoritative, it offers a clear, bare-bones introduction to the Internet, with just enough technical information to get you online. Additional help is offered at the end of each chapter in the form of a section on what to do "when things go wrong," and another section, called "FYI," tells you where to look for further information.
Everybody's Guide covers everything you need to know about the rich and complex Internet environment: e-mail (including advanced e-mail); the "global watering hole" called Usenet and its essential newsgroups; mailing lists and bitnet; bulletin board systems; downloading files via ftp; information utilities such as telnet, gopher, archie, veronica, WAIS, and the World-Wide Web; information services such as library catalogs, weather reports, and traveling advisories; news services; IRC and MUDs; and the network in the classroom.
The Internet is growing and changing so quickly that to help keep users up to date, Everybody's Update to the Internet is posted monthly and is available for free online over the Internet. Everybody's Guide was originally "published" electronically as The Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet. It is sponsored by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization founded by Mitchell Kapor and John Perry Barlow that works to protect civil liberties in emerging technologies.


Tramadol hydrochloride produced dose-related antinociception in mouse abdominal constriction [ED50 = 1.9 (1.2-2.6) mg/kg i.p.], hot-plate [48 degrees C, ED50 = 21.4 (18.4-25.3) mg/kg s.c.; 55 degrees C, ED50 = 33.1 (28.2-39.1) mg/kg s.c.] and tail-flick [ED50 = 22.8 (19.2-30.1) mg/kg s.c.] tests. Tramadol also displayed antinociceptive activity in the rat air-induced abdominal constriction [ED50 = 1.7 (0.7-3.2) mg/kg p.o.] and hot-plate [51 degrees C, ED50 = 19.5 (10.3-27.5) mg/kg i.p.] tests. The antinociceptive activity of tramadol in the mouse tail-flick test was completely antagonized by naloxone, suggesting an opioid mechanism of action. Consistent with this, tramadol bound with modest affinity to opioid mu receptors and with weak affinity to delta and kappa receptors, with Ki values of 2.1, 57.6 and 42.7 microM, respectively. The pA2 value for naloxone obtained with tramadol in the mouse tail-flick test was 7.76 and was not statistically different from that obtained with morphine (7.94). In CXBK mice, tramadol, like morphine, was devoid of antinociceptive activity after intracerebroventricular administration, suggesting that the opioid component of tramadol-induced antinociception is mediated by the mu-opioid receptor. In contrast to the mouse tail-flick test and unlike morphine or codeine, tramadol-induced antinociception in the mouse abdominal constriction, mouse hot-plate (48 degrees or 55 degrees C) or rat hot-plate tests was only partially antagonized by naloxone, implicating a nonopioid component. Further examination of the neurochemical profile of tramadol revealed that, unlike morphine, it also inhibited the uptake of norepinephrine (Ki = 0.79 microM) and serotonin (0.99 microM). The possibility that this additional activity contributes to the antinociceptive activity of tramadol was supported by the finding that systemically administered yohimbine or ritanserin blocked the antinociception produced by intrathecal administration of tramadol, but not morphine, in the rat tail-flick test. These results suggest that tramadol-induced antinociception is mediated by opioid (mu) and nonopioid (inhibition of monoamine uptake) mechanisms. This hypothesis is consistent with the clinical experience of a wide separation between analgesia and typical opioid side effects.


In 1652 the Dutch East India Company founded a "refreshment station" in Table Bay on the southwestern coast of Africa for its fleets to and from the East Indies. Within a few years, this outpost developed into a fully-fledged settler colony with a "free-burgher" population who made an existence as grain, wine, and livestock farmers in the interior, or engaged in entrepreneurial activities in Cape Town, the largest settlement in the colony. The corollary of this development was the subjugation of the indigenous Khoikhoi and San inhabitants of the region, and the importation and use of a relatively large slave labor force in the agrarian and urban economies.
 The colony continued to expand throughout the 18th century due to continued immigration from Europe and the rapid growth of the settler population through natural increase. During that century, about one-third of the colony's population lived in Cape Town, a cosmopolitan harbor city with a large transient, and overwhelmingly male, population which remained connected with both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. The unique society and culture that developed at the Cape was influenced by both these worlds. Although in many ways, the managerial superstructure of the Cape was similar to that of a Dutch city, the cosmopolitan and diverse nature of its population meant that a variety of identities and cultures co-existed alongside each other and found expression in a variety of public forms.


This is an analysis of clause-linking strategies in mostly Austronesian languages, with particular focus on the functions of informational and referential hierarchy strategies in the architecture of complex clauses. Informational (topic, focus) hierarchy and its markers, structure clauses as subordinate via the contrast between presupposition vs. assertion. Referential hierarchy and its markers (endophoric demonstratives and definite markers), are another subordinating strategy based on the contrast between already referential/backgrounded clause vs. asserted main clause. Paths of evolution leading from coordinators or from endophoric demonstratives to informational hierarchy markers and to subordinating conjunctions or constructions are more specifically discussed. Informational hierarchy and referential hierarchy strategies are argued to be inherent to the syntactic architecture of the complex clause.


The Pew Internet and American Life Project collects data on overall Internet usage in the United States. This study reviews data gathered by Pew in December 2002 and tests the overall premise that regional differences exist in Internet usage in the U.S. today. Through Chi–square analysis this report tests whether observed regional and demographic differences in Internet usage are statistically significant. The report first reviews regional and demographic differences separately and finds significant variation across twelve defined regions and ten separate demographic categories. It then reviews demographic differences within regions and tests a series of null hypotheses proposing no significant differences between regions based on the demographic factors. Most of these hypotheses are rejected with noted difference. The report explores other limited hypotheses on the data and concludes with a call for further study to refine the impact of regional and demographic differences in Internet usage in U.S. society.


The purpose of this study was to assess the Implementation of Computer Studies Curriculum (CSC) in Secondary School Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Specifically, the study investigated teachers and students perception about Computer Studies Curriculum (CSC), organization of Computer Studies Curriculum (CSC), its implementation, experiences (knowledge) of both teachers and students about Computer Studies Curriculum (CSC) and finally the challenges encountered during implementation of CSC. The study used Multiple holistic case study research design. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 84 teachers and 375 students drawn from 15 secondary schools in three districts Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni.
Data were analyzed by using SPSS Software. Results revealed that unlike students, teachers are aware about organization and content present in CSC. Teachers perceive the CSC positively as they like teaching Computer Subject. Students also are interested to learn Computer Subject because it can simplify their learning activities.
Although most of Secondary Schools included in this study does not teach Computer Subject but challenges investigated from both Teachers and Students were fear about lack of competent teachers, expenses to purchase computers, running cost and power interruption as the main challenges that may affect implementation of CSC excluding electricity because most of the schools involved in this study are connected to National Grid.
Specific recommendations as related to practice, action, policy and for further research are also suggested.


Abstract. A warming climate leads to a moister atmosphere and more rapid hydrologic cycle. As such, many parts of the country are predicted to experience more total rainfall per year and more frequent extreme rainfall events. Most regions of the country have stormwater systems designed to a standard that matches outflow rates to predevelopment values for specified return period storms. Increases in these return period storm depths, as predicted by many global climate models, will stress existing stormwater infrastructure. This paper examines how rainfall patterns will change over the remainder of the century across the state of South Carolina. Rainfall simulations from 134 realizations of 21 global climate models were analyzed across the state of South Carolina through 2099. Results show that there will be increases in both annual total rainfall (ATR) and 24-hour design storm depth for a range of return period storms. Across South Carolina, ATR is predicted to increase by approximately 2.3-4.0 inches over the forecast period while the 100 year design storm depth is predicted to increase by 0.5-1.2 inches depending on location. However there are significant regional variations with the Savannah River Basin experiencing smaller increases in ATR compared to the rest of the state.


The urgent need for more public health action to tackle glaucoma is underscored by the work of Swiss ophthalmologist Andre Mermoud, known as the 'glaucoma pope'. His charity Vision for All provides free eye health care for poor patients in India, where it has built and operates an eye hospital, and in central Africa. Glaucoma is becoming an increasingly important cause of blindness, as the world's population ages. New statistics gathered by WHO in 2002, and published in this edition of the Bulletin (Resnikoff et al., p. 844-851), show that glaucoma is now the second leading cause of blindness globally, after cataracts. Glaucoma, however, presents perhaps an even greater public health challenge than cataracts: because the blindness it causes is irreversible. WHO officials are looking into ways to address the problems caused by glaucoma which was until now estimated to be the third leading cause of blindness. "It is a major problem, we've been concerned about this for some time and we are now working hard to address this important cause of blindness," said Dr Robert Beaglehole, WHO's Director of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion in Geneva. "It highlights the growing problem created by chronic eye diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration," Beaglehole said. The urgent need for action is underscored by the philanthropic work of Swiss charity Vision For All. Andre Mermoud, the group's director, is the Head of the Glaucoma Unit at the Jules Gonin Eye Hospital at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland has become known as the 'glaucoma pope' for his work on the disease. Mermoud told the Bulletin that governments and public health officials face "a really big task" to improve treatment for glaucoma. "Something has to be done," Mermoud added. "Especially in Africa, it will be essential to train hundreds of eye doctors." Glaucoma is the general term for a group of similar diseases. In primary open angle glaucoma, the channels that drain fluid within the eye become blocked, causing the pressure within the eye to rise. It causes gradual loss of vision. There are few symptoms so that people may not notice for a long time that they are losing their sight. In angle closure glaucoma, there is a similar build up of fluid within the eye, but the onset is much more sudden. Symptoms include headaches, blurred vision and pain in the eye. People of Asian descent are much more likely to suffer from angle closure glaucoma, while those of African or European origin are more likely to develop primary open angle glaucoma. In Southern India, studies have shown a prevalence of glaucoma of 2.6% and 90% of these cases have never been diagnosed before, compared to about 50% previously undiagnosed when similar studies are done in Europe. In African populations, the prevalence is 1-2%, but can rise to about 10% in the Caribbean. There are several other types of glaucoma, which are less common. The paper by Resnikoff et al. reports that about 37 million people worldwide in 2002 were blind. More than 82% of all blind people are 50 years and older. There are several reasons why glaucoma has now become the second leading cause of blindness, experts say. One is age. As a population grows older, the prevalence of glaucoma rises. Another reason is the reduced importance of trachoma as a cause of blindness. …


Information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer opportunities for greater civic participation in democratic reform. Government ICT use has, however, predominantly been associated with e-government applications that focus on one-way information provision and service delivery. This article distinguishes between e-government and processes of edemocracy, which facilitate active civic engagement through two-way, ongoing dialogue. It draws from participation initiatives undertaken in two case studies. The first highlights efforts to increase youth political engagement in the local government area of Milton Keynes in the United Kingdom. The second is Iceland's constitutional crowdsourcing, an initiative intended to increase civic input into constitutional reform. These examples illustrate that, in order to maintain legitimacy in the networked environment, a change in governmental culture is required to enable open and responsive e-democracy practices. When coupled with traditional participation methods, processes of e-democracy facilitate widespread opportunities for civic involvement and indicate that digital practices should not be separated from the everyday operations of government. While online democratic engagement is a slowly evolving process, initial steps are being undertaken by governments that enable e-participation to shape democratic reform.


Returning to the 64.3% employment/population ratio of 1999-2000 would necessitate an 11+ percent increase in private sector employment in just two years (or a 13% increase in three years). A challenge for sure, but not impossible. Four times in the last 70 years, private sector employment has grown by more than 11 percent in just 24 months. Three of them were war related: entry into World War 2, demobilization after WW2 and entry into the Korean War. The peace time example was from January 1977 to January 1979 when private employment rose 11.5 percent. This two year period also set a 50 year record for percentage increase in total hours worked in the non-farm economy and for increases in the employment-population ratio. What caused such remarkable growth in 1977 and 1978? Answer: a generous TEMPORARY Federal tax credit for increases in employment above 102 percent of the firm's 1976 level of employment. The Democratic Congress elected in 1976 arrived in Washington at a time of high unemployment, anemic (3.4% during 1976) employment growth and rising inflation due to the quadrupling of world oil prices in 1973-74. It responded with a temporary New Jobs Tax Credit (NJTC) for 1977 and 1978 that lowered the marginal cost of expanding a firm's workforce by roughly 15 percent on average (more for low wage and high turnover firms). Despite foot dragging by the IRS, one third of the nation's private employers received NJTC credits that lowered their 1978 taxes by $3.1 billion. By the final quarter of 1978, capacity utilization had spiked, real output had increased 15 percent and unemployment had dropped from 7.8 to 5.9 percent. The expiration of the NJTC at the end of 1978 did not unravel these effects. During the next 12 months, output and employment continued to grow albeit at a slower pace and the employment-population ratio and unemployment rate were stable. The later 1980 and 1982-83 recessions were caused by the 160% increase in oil prices precipitated by the Iranian revolution & the Iran/Iraq war and the Federal Reserve response to inflationary consequences of the oil shock.


In the Old French prose romance La Queste del Saint Graal, much is revealed both to the protagonists and the reader in visions.(1) And while the meaning of these visions often seems relatively straightforward, it is characteristic of this romance that the author often provides an authorized interpretation of a given vision spoken by some nameless hermit whose sanctity and integrity is beyond question. It might seem a work of supererogation to interpret a vision whose meaning has already been expounded by a character who is in effect a spokesman for the author, but in this paper I wish to explicate such a vision since the historical self-understanding of this author is expressed in an idiom which is rather alien to most modern readers - numerically structured genealogy. One of the themes of La Queste del Saint Graal is the moral recovery of Lancelot, how Lancelot gradually comes to be aware of the gravity of his situation and accepts and adopts an ascetic mode of life. The first step in the process is Lancelot's vision of the Grail and conversion at the chapel. At this point he renounces his adulterous love for the queen and accepts the religious imperatives of conversion and ascesis. His quest continues, however, and after he leaves the first hermit he journeys for two days in the forest until he eventually finds another hermit to feed and instruct him. On the first night in the forest Lancelot has a vision of seven kings and two knights, and the next night his vision is elucidated by the hermit who lodges him for that evening. The hermit's elucidation of Lancelot's vision runs to approximately four printed pages of Pauphilet's edition of La Queste del Sainte Graal; the substance of what the hermit has to say is, however, simple enough. Lancelot and Galahad are in the direct line of the first Grail king of Britain, Celydoines; Galahad is the most glorious of all and all the kings and knights in the line of the Grail king have been deeply religious - with the sad exception of Lancelot.(2) To modern readers these paragraphs may seem excessive and elaborate in their detailed account of the lineage of Lancelot and Galahad and the moral virtues of their ancestors. Certainly the details which are elaborated here do not seem to have any immediate bearing on the narrative of La Queste del Saint Graal or on the rest of the Vulgate cycle. Galahad is crowned, but not over a city which he inherited from his progenitors, and Lancelot never rules as a king for any extended period. There are, however, two questions which have not, as far as I am aware, been addressed. The first is why the author (or his source if he was following a source for this portion of his romance) chose to depict the list of generations from Celydoines to Galahad as sequence of nine generations. This is not a particularly realistic sequence if we accept the convention that a normal generation is approximately thirty years and the usual dating of Arthur and his court at circa 500 AD. A second question is what symbolic significance (if any) we are supposed to attach to the fact that Galahad is the final name in this list. Both questions can, I believe, best be answered by comparing the genealogy of Galahad with the Biblical genealogies of the first ages of the world, the genealogy of Noe from Adam and the genealogy of Abraham from Sem, Noe's son. It is perhaps simplest and most straightforward to present these genealogies in tabular form since the formal and numerical similarities of these genealogies(3) can be most readily apprehended in such a format. (I am following the genealogical listing of Genesis 5:1-31 and 11:10-27 and citing the Vulgate Latin version of these Hebrew names.) Adam Sem Celydoines 1 Seth Arfaxad Narpus 2 Enos Sale Nasciens 3 Cainan Eber Elyan le Gros 4 Malalehel Faleg Ysaies 5 Iared Reu Jonaans 6 Enoch Sarug Lancelot 7 Mathusalam Nahur Bans 8 Lamech Thare Lancelot 9 Noe Abr(ah)am Galaad The numerical pattern of the Biblical genealogies was noticed and commented upon by patristic exegetes, who even found further Biblical examples of this patterning. …


Narrative understanding supposes the viewer's mental activity of constructing causal links, an activity biased by emotions and other mental or psychological circumstances, making the causal links we construct while watching the film sometimes quite different from those the viewers obtain as a consequence of a thorough logical analysis of a narrative. This article argues that this is not the difference between "misunderstanding" and "adequate understanding," but rather the fact that the viewers cannot discount emotional bias when talking about narrative causality. Because most films are made to be seen and understood after one viewing, they are meant to be understood through emotionally biased causal inference rather than by the pure analytical mind. In order to understand how emotionally biased causal thinking works, it is necessary to conduct empirical research with real audiences. Theories of narrative understanding can only be corroborated by such empirical research.


Employing recently assembled wage and price data, this paper sketches the long-term development of real wages at the Cape of Good Hope, from its foundation in 1652 up to the unification of South Africa in 1910. The results show that real wages were consistently above subsistence level, and living standards were continuously improving throughout the period under discussion. The comparison with the most developed parts of Europe has shown that during the early decades of the colony's existence, the Cape labourers had a relatively low purchasing power. Yet, by the end of the eighteenth century living standards began to close the gap, and during the nineteenth century, Cape living standards were on a par with those on the European continent. An analysis of growth rates suggests that during the second half of the seventeenth century growth was minimal. The eighteenth century was a period of steady (though not spectacular) growth of Cape living standards, while during the same century workers in other parts of the world saw their purchasing power diminish. The nineteenth century, on the other hand, was a period of a general rise of prosperity in Europe, in the light of which the Cape's welfare growth seems exceptionally slow (in spite of secure property rights and resource windfalls). These findings contrast with the conventional view of South Africa's economic history.


Objectives The role of work characteristics was assessed, as operationalized by the demand–control model with respect to nurses' intent to leave their profession, using data from the European nurses' early exit (NEXT) study.

Methods Data from a self-report questionnaire filled out by 11 606 registered nurses who worked in hospitals in eight European countries and who had participated in both the NEXT baseline assessment (2002–2003) and the NEXT follow-up assessment (2003–2004) were used.

Results The countries varied substantially as regards demands, influence, and intent to leave the profession. The variables also varied considerably over time within the countries. Among the nurses not considering leaving the profession in 2002–2003, those initially not exposed to job strain (high demands and low influence) but exposed 1 year later had a 2.7-fold higher risk of considering to leave the profession [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.1–3.4, multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders) when compared with the reference group (no job strain both times). The nurses with job strain in both assessments showed a 2.3-fold higher risk (95% CI 1.8–2.9). No increased risk was found for those with job strain in the first assessment but not in the second assessment. The findings were similar for most countries.

Conclusions The considerable variability of the job demand–control indicators assessed during the 12-month period may imply a potential for improvement. The results emphasize the importance of changes in job strain in determining fluctuations in nurses' considerations of leaving their profession, even over a short period.


ABSTRACT Melioidosis, a disease of public health importance in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, is caused by the Gram-negative soil bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is typically acquired through environmental exposure, and case clusters are rare, even in regions where the disease is endemic. B. pseudomallei is classed as a tier 1 select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; from a biodefense perspective, source attribution is vital in an outbreak scenario to rule out a deliberate release. Two cases of melioidosis within a 3-month period at a residence in rural northern Australia prompted an investigation to determine the source of exposure. B. pseudomallei isolates from the property's groundwater supply matched the multilocus sequence type of the clinical isolates. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed the water supply as the probable source of infection in both cases, with the clinical isolates differing from the likely infecting environmental strain by just one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) each. For the first time, we report a phylogenetic analysis of genomewide insertion/deletion (indel) data, an approach conventionally viewed as problematic due to high mutation rates and homoplasy. Our whole-genome indel analysis was concordant with the SNP phylogeny, and these two combined data sets provided greater resolution and a better fit with our epidemiological chronology of events. Collectively, this investigation represents a highly accurate account of source attribution in a melioidosis outbreak and gives further insight into a frequently overlooked reservoir of B. pseudomallei. Our methods and findings have important implications for outbreak source tracing of this bacterium and other highly recombinogenic pathogens.


The qualitative study aimed to understand how the context and culture of quasi-legitimate gambling houses in Hong Kong relate to common actions and practices of individuals who actively gamble in gambling houses. The study interviewed fifteen participants (n=15) who frequented local gambling houses for at least one year - to gamble, work, or both gamble and work in the gambling house. Results indicated that the culture and context of gambling houses are unique and distinct from the more formal gambling venues of casinos. The gambling house served as a 'third place' for these gamblers; providing space to socialize, 'loosen up' and escape, earn material/immaterial rewards, feel 'at home', and more. Participants voiced feeling a sense of belonging and membership to these gambling houses and felt 'at home', despite being confined to a congested and intense space socially controlled by Asian criminal enterprises (the Chinese triad). Moreover, a majority of participants reported the convenience factor, e.g. borrowing money from loan sharks situated within the house to fund their gambling habits, as being a key contributor towards the appeal of gambling houses. Other contributing factors included personalized treatment, opportunity to socialize and build new connections, range of games available, affordability, and opportunity to gain recognition. In a context and culture which promotes the indulgence of gambling, the pattern of gambling behaviors and cognitions in the gambling house were found to be similar for all of the recruited participants.


The issues of food security and agricultural competitiveness are central to agricultural and food policy making in the 21st century. Although developed and developing countries are at different stages of achieving food security and their agricultural competitiveness varies, they face a common and increasingly urgent challenge: feeding their growing populations with finite natural resources. The issues, constraints, and challenges related to competitiveness and food security have not been fully understood or studied in the context of policy making at the national and global levels.


Carcinomas are comprised of transformed epithelial cells that are supported in their growth by a dedicated neovasculature. How the genetic milieu of the epithelial compartment influences tumor angiogenesis is largely unexplored. Drugs targeted to mutant cancer genes may act not only on tumor cells but also, directly or indirectly, on the surrounding stroma. We investigated the role of the BRAFV600E oncogene in tumor/vessel crosstalk and analyzed the effect of the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 on tumor angiogenesis. Knock-in of the BRAFV600E allele into the genome of human epithelial cells triggered their angiogenic response. In cancer cells harboring oncogenic BRAF, the inhibitor PLX4720 switches off the ERK pathway and inhibits the expression of proangiogenic molecules. In tumor xenografts harboring the BRAFV600E, PLX4720 extensively modifies the vascular network causing abrogation of hypoxia. Overall, our results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis. Furthermore, they indicate how the tumor vasculature can be "indirectly" besieged through targeting of a genetic lesion to which the cancer cells are addicted.


Any first-order optical system (or ABCD-system) can be associated with a linear canonical integral transformation, described by Collins integral as long as the submatrix B is non-singular. To avoid the singular case, Moshinsky and Quesne have shown a decomposition of a symplectic ABCD-matrix with a singular B, as a cascade of two matrices that do not have such a singularity; the way to find these matrices, however, is not easy. In this paper we will show an alternative way to avoid possible difficulties that may arise from a singular submatrix B. Starting with the Iwasawa decomposition of a first-order optical system as a cascade of an ortho-symplectic system (a system that is both symplectic and orthogonal), a magnifier, and a lens, a further decomposition of the ortho-symplectic system is considered for the practically important case that the submatrices A, B, C, and D have dimensions 2 x 2. We propose a decomposition of the ortho-symplectic system in the form of a separable fractional Fourier transformer embedded in between two rotators. The resulting decomposition of the entire first-order optical system then shows a physically attractive way to overcome the singular case in the Collins integral. In particular, we will be able to present the linear canonical integral transformation (whether or not with a singular submatrix B) in the basic form of a separable fractional Fourier transformation; this Fourier transformer then acts on rotated input coordinates, and is followed by a further rotation of the output coordinates, by a magnifier, and by a multiplication with a quadratic phase function (a lens).


It is said that words are like people: One can encounter them daily yet never come to know their true selves. This volume examines what words are how they exist in religious phenomena. Going beyond the common idea that language merely describes states of mind, beliefs, and intentions, the book looks at words in their performative and material specificity. The contributions in the volume develop the insight that our implicit assumptions about what language does guide the way we understand and experience religious phenomena. They also explore the possibility that insights about the particular status of religious utterances may in turn influence the way we think about words in our language.


The failure of export-oriented industrialization strategy in the Philippines in the 1980s resulted in a new policy thrust called the "Balanced Agro-Industrial Development Strategy (BAIDS)." It had basic features of import substitution, export expansion, diversification of agricultural products, increased private sector participation, diminished government control and increased foreign investments. In addition, the World Bank (WB) proposed a series of agricultural reforms to the Philippine government and an agricultural loan agreement became the country's final surrender to WB dictates on economic policy: veering away from heavy industrial orientation towards rural economic development. Incidentally, the priorities of the loan were associated with the largely discredited "Green Revolution" (GR) responsible for the entrapment of small farmers in a cycle of indebtedness, increasing marginalization and declining net incomes despite the increased production. In fact, the ultimate beneficiaries of the WB loan were the transnational agribusiness. From an international perspective, the specifics of the loan meant that it would simply flow right back into the economies of the advanced capitalist states. It is a "rescue operation" that worked in reverse. The agricultural scene does not really appear as bright as the government pictured it to be, at least for small farmers and agricultural workers. From a historical perspective, reliance on agriculture alone, especially the export-oriented kind, has never lifted any country from underdevelopment. The call for a 'return to agriculture' and the BAIDS concept underlying it represented in many ways a major step backward for Philippine economic development efforts. It also showed how vulnerable the country's economic planners are to the dictates of foreign institutions such as the World Bank. In the end, all the BAIDS will reap will be social and political unrest in the Philippine countryside.


The perception of stimuli depends, in part, on the properties of stimuli seen in the past. We examined the characteristics of observers' responses based on the stimuli they were shown and the responses they gave going back several minutes, Critically, we manipulated the statistics of the stimuli to be in a position to model the dynamics of these history effects on perception. Observers were presented with gratings in one of five orientations: two easy to discriminate (supra-threshold) 'far-left' and 'far-right', two intermediate (near-threshold) 'middle-left' and 'middle-right', and one ambiguous 'middle'. Far-left and far-right orientations were seen most frequently, and observers were not asked to respond to these 'standard' stimuli. When presented with one of the three orientations between the left and right standards observers had to indicate whether the orientation was closer to, or farther from, the randomly selected standard orientation which preceded it. In three contiguous conditions of 960 trials, left and right standard stimuli were presented in equal proportions, then biased to one side, then balanced. Not surprisingly, the data show a negative correlation between the orientation bias of the stimuli in the second condition and observers' mean responses, a negative aftereffect. While this negative correlation dominates in the near past, the data also suggest a weaker, positive correlation with stimuli seen in the more remote past (1000 trials). Critically, the aftereffect observed in the second condition disappears before the end of that condition, which is a prediction of the predictive adaptation model (Chopin and Mamassian, Current Biology, 2012). These results confirm earlier findings highlighting the contribution of remote past history on perception Adaptation appears to be predictive in that the statistics of the remote past are used to estimate a 'norm' against which present stimuli are compared. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


For some, Gender Identity Disorder (GID) becomes the only way to achieve sex reassignment surgery (SRS). It will be shown that GID acts as a problematic regulatory mechanism based on its application. It will be argued that GID normalizes a dichotomous view of gender. In this way, GID's implicit applications allow the mental health professional to assert their views of what proper gendered behavior is, further normalizing a binary view of gender. Insurance companies require a GID diagnosis in order to provide economic assistance to those wishing to undergo sex reassignment surgery. Those who cannot afford to transition must fall under GID's gaze in order to achieve SRS. This will be shown to be unacceptable and a way in which GID operates as a regulatory mechanism. Appealing to a GID diagnosis can further stigmatize the individual who wishes to transition due to the necessitation of distress as an explicit mechanism of diagnosis. Having to fall under GID may internalize the negative aspects of the diagnosis. A criticism of GID as a form of psychopathology will be given and also be linked to the idea of GID as a regulatory apparatus. It will be shown that there should be no link between ethical discomfort and GID-free sex reassignment surgery. Also, it will be shown that psychopathology has normalizing capabilities that further entrench gender binaries. It is important to consider the removal of GID from the DSM, but, as a condition, still offer funding for sex reassignment surgery without having to appeal to a mental health professional's assessment.


This scientific study is part of research no. 130 Metenko Jozef, Methods of research and development of police activities, research no. 201 Metenko Jozef, Strengthening of European coordination in the field of national security research programmes for major events, research no.182 Metenko Jozef, Administrative practice for dialogue and communication, as the strategic principles of police activities for political manifestation and research no. 173 Metenko Jozef, Coordination of national research and policy to ensure security in major events in Europe. The scientific study deals with the issue of police interventions into fundamental rights and freedoms as a result of police activities connected to the execution of tasks and duties of police officers, and also with other provisions of the Act on the Police Force. The authors consider the rule of law to be synonymous with constitutional or legitimate governance and which also characterises the exercise of state authority on the basis of constitutionally issued laws. The authors associate police interventions with the protective function of the state, establish conditions for interference with fundamental rights and freedoms from the perspective of police activity which compliance with, or breaching of, indicates whether the particular rights and freedoms are violated or not by the intervention. Subsequently, the authors identified the concepts of prevention and prophylaxis, which they interpret on the basis of chosen international scientific results and conclusions.