Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is the causative agent of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which arises preferentially in the setting of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Even with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, PEL continues to cause high mortality rates, requiring the development of novel therapeutic strategies. PEL xenograft models employing immunodeficient mice have been used to study the in vivo effects of a variety of therapeutic approaches. However, it remains unclear whether these xenograft models entirely reflect clinical presentations of KSHV+ PEL, especially given the recent description of extracavitary solid tumor variants arising in patients. In addition, effusion and solid tumor cells propagated in vivo exhibit unique biology, differing from one another or from their parental cell lines propagated through in vitro culture. Therefore, we used a KSHV+ PEL/BCBL-1 xenograft model involving non-obese diabetic/severe-combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, and compared characteristics of effusion and solid tumors with their parent cell culture-derived counterparts. Our results indicate that although this xenograft model can be used for study of effusion and solid lymphoma observed in patients, tumor cells in vivo display unique features to those passed in vitro, including viral lytic gene expression profile, rate of solid tumor development, the host proteins and the complex of tumor microenvironment. These items should be carefully considered when the xenograft model is used for testing novel therapeutic strategies against KSHV-related lymphoma.


The third book in the CAHILLS VS. VESPERS series, the follow up to the worldwide bestseller THE 39 CLUES. The Vespers have crossed a line. Amy and Dan were devastated when the Vespers kidnapped seven Cahills around the world, holding them hostage until Amy and Dan delivered an impossible ransom. But at least the hostages were Cahills - members of the world's most powerful family, trained to face all odds. Now the Vespers have gone too far. They've kidnapped Atticus, an innocent 11 year old boy and Dan's only friend. Now Dan and Amy are in the struggle of their lives. Because if they can't outwit the Vespers, the unthinkable will happen ...Atticus will die.


The robustness of novel multimedia fate models in environmental exposure estimation of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) remains unclear, because of uncertainties in the emission, physicochemical properties and natural variability in environmental systems. Here, we evaluate the uncertainty in predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) by using the SimpleBox4nano (SB4N) model. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed on the environmental fate, concentrations and speciation of nano-CeO2, -TiO2 and -ZnO. Realistic distributions of uncertainty and variability were applied for all of SB4N's input and model parameter values. Environmental distribution over air, water, soil and sediment as well as nanomaterial speciation across natural colloid and coarse particles appeared to be similar for nano-CeO2, -TiO2 and -ZnO. ENPs in the atmosphere were effectively removed by deposition. ENPs in the water column were removed through hetero-aggregation–sedimentation with natural particles. ENPs accumulated in soil by attachment to grains. The sources of uncertainty and variability driving variation in PECs, which was identified in Spearman rank analysis, were related to production, emission, compartment volumes, and removal by dissolution or advection and appeared to be similar for the three ENPs. The variation in speciation within environmental compartments was influenced most by the physicochemical properties of the ENP and by model parameters that relate to the compartment of interest.


Issues of child abuse, neglect, malnutrition and exploitation are the focus of renewed attention amongst governments, policymakers and multilateral institutions. For instance, the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2005 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2017 have listed children's rights to survival, health, and education as their main agendas. Research has shown that children are the most vulnerable segments of society, being exposed to abuse and violence. Each year, an estimated 0.5 to 1.5 billion children are involved in physical violence, 150 million girls and 73 million boys are raped or subjected to sexual abuse, 115 million children are engaged in dangerous work, and 264 million children have no access to school.


Language models can generate harmful and biased outputs and exhibit undesirable behavior according to a given cultural context. We propose a Process for Adapting Language Models to Society (PALMS) with Values-Targeted Datasets, an iterative process to significantly change model behavior by crafting and fine-tuning on a dataset that reflects a predetermined set of target values. We evaluate our process using three metrics: quantitative metrics with human evaluations that score output adherence to a target value, toxicity scoring on outputs; and qualitative metrics analyzing the most common word associated with a given social category. Through each iteration, we add additional training dataset examples based on observed shortcomings from evaluations. PALMS performs significantly better on all metrics compared to baseline and control models for a broad range of GPT-3 language model sizes without compromising capability integrity. We find that the effectiveness of PALMS increases with model size. We show that significantly adjusting language model behavior is feasible with a small, hand-curated dataset.


of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Richard Jope. No. of pages in text. (100) Major depressive disorder is a prevalent disease that is inadequately treated with available interventions, and recovery is difficult, particularly in patients refractory to antidepressant treatments. Studying the learned helplessness depression model in mice, we examined mechanisms regulating its initiation and regulating its reversibility. Stress increases susceptibility to depression in patients and rodent models, and depression is associated with aberrant activation of inflammation. We found multiple inflammatory cytokines were increased in mouse plasma and hippocampus after a paradigm of inescapable foot shock stress that causes learned helplessness. A 24 hr prior pre-conditioning stress accelerated the rate of stress-induced plasma and hippocampal cytokine increases, often without altering the maximal levels of the cytokines. Blocking toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), or administration of the antidepressant fluoxetine diminished the stress-induced neuroinflammation. Stress increased hippocampal levels of the danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), activated the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Knockdown of HMGB1 blocked the acceleration of cytokine increases in the hippocampus caused by two successive stresses. Antagonism of TNFα modestly reduced susceptibility to learned helplessness, whereas TLR4 knockout mice were resistant to learned helplessness. Thus, stress-induces a broad inflammatory response in mouse hippocampus that involves TLR4, GSK3, and downstream inflammatory signaling, and these stress responses contribute to susceptibility to learned helplessness in mice. To examine factors regulating the recovery from depression, learned helplessness was induced and mice were separated into groups that recovered or did not recover within 4 weeks. Compared with mice that recovered and control mice, non-recovered mice displaying prolonged learned helplessness had greater hippocampal activation of GSK3, higher levels of HMGB1, and increased TNFα, IL-17A, and IL-23 levels. These changes were associated with increased permeability of the BBB and lower levels of the tight junction proteins occludin, ZO1, and claudin-5. Inhibition of GSK3 reduced inflammatory cytokine levels, and increased tight junction protein levels, and reversed impaired recovery, demonstrating that prolonged learned helplessness is reversible and is maintained by abnormally active GSK3. Stimulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors by Fingolimod promoted production of tight junction proteins, promoted BBB integrity, and reversed impaired recovery from learned helplessness. In conclusion, this project demonstrates that a single stress induces the expression of many cytokines, and that sequential daily stresses accelerates the rate of cytokine production. Stress induced a broad inflammatory response in mouse hippocampus, which involves TLR4, GSK3, and inflammatory cytokines, and these stress responses contribute to susceptibility to depression-like behavior in mice. This project also provides a new model to begin to identify mechanisms that impair recovery from a depression-like behavior and the results raise the novel hypothesis that stress-induced impaired BBB integrity contributes to prolonged depression-like behavior.


Mean-field variational methods are widely used for approximate posterior inference in many probabilistic models. In a typical application, mean-field methods approximately compute the posterior with a coordinate-ascent optimization algorithm. When the model is conditionally conjugate, the coordinate updates are easily derived and in closed form. However, many models of interest--like the correlated topic model and Bayesian logistic regression--are nonconjugate. In these models, mean-field methods cannot be directly applied and practitioners have had to develop variational algorithms on a case-by-case basis. In this paper, we develop two generic methods for nonconjugate models, Laplace variational inference and delta method variational inference. Our methods have several advantages: they allow for easily derived variational algorithms with a wide class of nonconjugate models; they extend and unify some of the existing algorithms that have been derived for specific models; and they work well on real-world data sets. We studied our methods on the correlated topic model, Bayesian logistic regression, and hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression.


Cotton is an important commercial crop in India. The present study focuses on measurement of variability pattern of cotton yield and use of principal component analysis for developing cotton yield forecast model for Hisar district of Haryana (India). Instability index has been observed to study the variability behavior of cotton yield in the district. Time series data on cotton yield and fortnightly data of five weather variables for the crop season for 38 years (1980-91 to 2017-18) have been used. In all, three models have been developed by using direct weather variables, PC scores and components with higher loading as regressors and developed models have been used to forecast yield for four subsequent years 2014-15 to 2017-18 (which were not included in model development). The model with PC scores was found to be most appropriate to provide reliable yield forecast.


Digital transformation and the resulting volatile and unpredictable business environments challenge traditional enterprises to continuously fulfill and surpass customers' expectations. They need to become agile in its organization by proactively sensing the unpredictable change and responding accordingly with speed and dexterity. While many organizations are quite advanced in realizing adaptivity at the operational level, strategic agility in general and in portfolio management in particular as linking operations and strategy for satisfying the customer needs is in its nascence. To identify the baseline for portfolio management for achieving agility, we derive four design goals for an effective agile portfolio management system, six design principles on how to achieve these goals and show an exemplary setup with design features. Our results are based on a research study with empirical insights from six companies and theoretical input from thirteen existing case studies and eight frameworks for scaling agility to the portfolio level. By deriving design principles for an agile portfolio management system, our work closes a gap in existing research, which focuses on principles for adaptive IT portfolio management processes instead of proactive enterprise systems, insights on individual portfolio practices or non-generalizable blueprints for an agile organizational setup without showing alternative approaches.


With the expanding globalization of trade, grades and standards (G&S) help to set the rules of the game whose implications for developing countries are becoming increasingly relevant. While they are clearly important to efficient trade, their formation and utilization is also undergoing a shift from being neutral market lubricants to also being tools of product differentiation. This implies a fundamental shift in the role of G&S from just reducing transaction costs of commodity market participants, to serving as strategic tools for market penetration, system coordination, quality and safety assurance, brand complementing, and product niche definition. In agriculture, the issues of who is forming G&S, their privatization, the motivations, and the impacts on various market participants and poor people must all inform the strategic responses to the changes in the roles and nature of G&S. The definition of their usefulness and value goes beyond the sometimes artificial distinctions between quality and safety to more current distinctions between process and characteristics. All of these distinctions are predicted to become more relevant than ever as industries and governments, even in the most developed countries, are faced with a new sort of food security issue. In terms of international trade, G&S is becoming the hot topic of political economics in much the same way that tariffs were in the 1990s, with profound implications for regional and international agreements, particularly in terms of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT). To complement this understanding, a practical outline of the principles of G&S is offered along with step-by-step guidelines for establishing them. The document includes examples as well as ample resources for further information.


The mechanical properties and microstructure of the high strength low alloy HC340LA were obtained with different strain rate. The research shows that the better plasticity, higher tensile strength and yield ratio can be found in high speed tensile state than in quasi-static tension. The plasticity and tensile strength decrease with the increasing of the strain rate during the high speed tension. With the increasing of the strain rate, the grain size of the ferrite decreases and its distribution is uneven, and the grain boundaries increases. The HSLA steel HC340LA submit to obvious Ductile Frecture mechanism. The size of the dimples is more uniform, bigger and deeper with the strain rate 50 s-1 than with the strain rate 200 s-1. Therefore, the higher strain rate with over strain rate 50 s-1 has less Superscript textcontribution to the improvement of plasticity of the HSLA steel HC340LA.


In todayi¯s global environment, the dairy farmer and his herd have lost major importance and influence as a consequence of a variety of factors, among them the Industrial revolution, continued and increasing consumerism, the technological explosion, and the ever-expanding concentration of people in urban areas. This research study examines the Irish dairy industry in its current format. The objective of this study is to look at what dairy farmers need to do to grow and expand their business efficiently and effectively. The major challenge for the industry is to attract a new generation of knowledgeable workers to the land. This needs to be balanced by ensuring that both the deep traditions and the experienced culture of farming generations remain at the heart of agricultural practice. The future of the Irish Dairy industry will be scrutinised over the next few years as reforms take place and economies adjust, amid the expectation that world markets will stabilise. The proposed abolition of milk quotas in 2015 will be one of the most significant landmarks in farming history since Irelandi¯s entry into the European Union in 1973, and the introduction of milk quotas in 1984. This study also examines whether Ireland will remain on its current trend of a steady decline of individuals holding farms, and if the industry will become a gathering of i°multi-nationalsi±, similar to other commodity markets. Can the Irish dairy farming community formalise a strategy together to ensure that all members make a substantial contribution and have an input in its future success? After an extensive review of the relevant pertinent literature, a qualitative methodology was applied for this current research. Face to face interviews were conducted with relevant and appropriate people, including the current Irish Minister for Agriculture, Mr. Simon Coveney T.D. Nine interviews were completed for the purpose of this study, and contributors were purposely chosen because of their expertise in the area. The study reveals that the outlook for the Irish dairy industry is a positive one, but it will be important for the industry to closely examine comparative situations, in particular to give attention to the New Zealand model. Findings suggest that dairying post 2015 can do the same for rural Ireland as it did for the South Island of New Zealand 20 years ago. Caution must also be exercised that Ireland does not experience the same social implications as the New Zealanders did. This study has found that grass-based milk production is an area where Ireland has a real, sustainable, competitive, and international advantage. The focus and ambition of the future should be for the dairy industry to turn the land of green hills and mountains into the land of the green i®notesi¯, preferably euro notes. This study will benefit the dairy industry, farming organisations, entrepreneurs, legislators and political leaders in analysing the industry and determining its future.


Recent studies have revealed that insertions and deletions (indels) are more different in their formation than previously assumed. What remains enigmatic is how the local DNA sequence context contributes to these differences. To investigate the relative impact of various molecular mechanisms to indel formation, we analyzed sequence contexts of indels in the non protein- or RNA-coding, nonrepetitive (NCNR) portion of the human genome. We considered small (<or=30-bp) indels occurring in the human lineage since its divergence from chimpanzee and used wavelet techniques to study, simultaneously for multiple scales, the spatial patterns of short sequence motifs associated with indel mutagenesis. In particular, we focused on motifs associated with DNA polymerase activity, topoisomerase cleavage, double-strand breaks (DSBs), and their repair. We came to the following conclusions. First, many motifs are characterized by unique enrichment profiles in the vicinity of indels vs. indel-free portions of the genome, verifying the importance of sequence context in indel mutagenesis. Second, only limited similarity in motif frequency profiles is evident flanking insertions vs. deletions, confirming differences in their mutagenesis. Third, substantial similarity in frequency profiles exists between pairs of individual motifs flanking insertions (and separately deletions), suggesting "cooperation" among motifs, and thus molecular mechanisms, during indel formation. Fourth, the wavelet analyses demonstrate that all these patterns are highly dependent on scale (the size of an interval considered). Finally, our results depict a model of indel mutagenesis comprising both replication and recombination (via repair of paused replication forks and site-specific recombination).


Dietary cadmium (Cd) can contribute significantly to chronic bioaccumulation and toxicity in aquatic organisms. This contribution needs to be quantified so that the relative importance of waterborne and dietary cadmium exposure pathways can be incorporated into protective water quality guidelines and ecological risk assessments. In this research, the contribution of dietary Cd from a natural periphyton diet to chronic (28 d) bioaccumulation and toxicity in the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca was quantified using a mechanistically-based saturation bioaccumulation model. Factors that influence dietary Cd bioavailability such as food type, food form, dietary Cd speciation and concentration were investigated. Assimilation efficiency, ingestion rate and the excretion rate constant of dietary Cd were determined for each of these factors. Food nutrition was also considered. Lastly, model predictions of Cd bioaccumulation and toxicity were compared to measurements of tissue concentration and survival when H. azteca were exposed to metal contaminated water and periphyton collected from lakes in the metal mining region of Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada. In 28 d laboratory experiments where H. azteca bioaccumulated Cd from water and food, dietary Cd was estimated to contribute markedly (21 – 94 %) to bioaccumulated Cd in H. azteca. Effects on chronic survival were best predicted from body concentration rather than water or food exposure concentration. Assimilation efficiency of dietary Cd differed with food type likely as a result of Cd speciation, but did not differ with Cd concentration or food form. Ingestion rate differed with food form while excretion rate constants were unaffected by dietary Cd bioavailability. Predictions of chronic Cd bioaccumulation in H. azteca exposed to field contaminated samples were robust, however the model did not account for effects of water chemistry on Cd bioaccumulation and is thus constrained in its application. Predictions of chronic survival were over-estimated likely due to the additional toxicity caused by the low nutritional quality of the field contaminated periphyton. This research demonstrated that both waterborne and dietary Cd need to be considered in models that assess chronic risk of exposure and effects to H. azteca.


The purpose of this research was to study the needs and desires of Americans who are interested in socio-cultural aspects of travel. In this study we analyzed interest in Finnish Spas and Finland. Qualitative research was conducted using focus groups. After identifying four market segments who were interested in socio-cultural travel, travel packages were specifically designed and tested for each market segment. Ultimately, our goals were to tailor-make travel packages to meet the needs of each specific market segment. To encourage discussion regarding inter-cultural travel to Finland, background information was provided on this country, emphasizing its uniqueness as a cultural crossroad between East and West. A video tape showing Finnish people, food, history, natural and scenic beauty were used to initiate the discussions. Slides depicting activities available to the traveler were shown. The research process by which socio-cultural travel packages can be designed will be reported together with key findings.


We examine the differential capacity of civil society organisations to represent the poor in institutional spaces for citizen participation in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The data was produced by a unique survey of civil society actors who work for, or with, sectors of the lower-middle class, the working class, and the urban poor. Contrary to the focus on autonomy in much of the work on civil society, we find support for the claim that collective actors with relations to institutional actors, and the Workers' Party and State actors in particular, have the highest propensity to participate. We also find support for the idea that the institutional design of participatory policy-making spaces has a significant impact on who participates, and that this impact varies by type of civil society actor. We therefore suggest a polity perspective on civil society organisations that, unlike the more common civil society perspective, is sensitive to the differential capacity for action and to institutional effects.


Jiu Jitsu for all: brown belt to black belt guides the reader through the requirements of this advanced Jiu Jitsu belt. Using clear step-by-step photography, it covers: introduction - the history of Jiu Jitsu, preparing to train (mentally and physically), and working together techniques - strikes, throws, locks, groundwork and weapon defences self-defence - practical application putting it all together - bringing together the techniques for belt gradings. Jiu Jitsu is a unique martial art helping the student to develop new skills, improve fitness and defend themselves if necessary. By following the clear guidance in this book, the reader will be able to progress through the belts.


We characterize fracture evolution in pahoehoe lava flows of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, and highlight significant differences to flood-basalt sheet flows and implications for hydrologic models. There are four distinct fracture types in east ern Snake River Plain flows: (1) column- bounding; (2) column-normal; (3) entablature; and (4) inflation fractures. Types 1–3 are driven by thermal stress, whereas type 4 is induced by lava pressure from within the flow. Thermal stress distribution in a flow is dictated by its aspect ratio (width/ height), which controls the shape of isotherms. Isotherms control column-bounding fracture orientations, resulting in increasingly radial fracture patterns as the aspect ratio approaches unity. Column-normal fractures form in response to thermal stress and fracture-induced stress within basalt columns. Overlap in the timing of column-bounding and column-normal fracture growth has resulted in complex fracture relationships. Column-normal fracture growth is strongly influenced by vesicular layers, which act as mechanical heterogeneities, creating preferential pathways for fracture growth as well as causing jogs or terminations along column-bounding fractures. Eastern Snake River Plain entablatures, which preserve the shape of the central lava core during the final stages of cooling, have distinctly different origins and fracture styles compared to sheet flows. Entablatures formed by penetration of the edges of pressurized lava cores by inflation fractures, causing rapid convective cooling. In addition, inflation fractures significantly perturb isotherm shapes in lava flows, affecting flow-scale fracture patterns and densities. The overall effect of all these processes is a complex pattern of fracturing that attests to a strong impact by each fracture type on the growth behavior of all other fracture types.


Although many species of aphids are of the greatest economic importance, only little is known about the aphid fauna of the Union of South Africa. Theobald has descriptionbed or mentioned in his papers on African Aphididae a number of species which were collected in South Africa. More recent papers on African Aphididae deal, however, with collections made in other parts of the continent. Mimeur, for example, studied the aphids of Morocco, and Hall listed species occurring in Egypt and Southern Rhodesia. East African aphids are the subject of several publications by de Lotto and by Eastop. Other puplications dealing with new or little known African aphids are few in number.


It is well known that vessels operating in the vicinity of a lateral bank experience a significant yaw moment and sway force. This bank effect has a major impact on the manoeuvring properties of the vessel and must therefore be properly understood to ensure the safe passage of the vessel through the restricted waterway. Accordingly, this study performs a series of simulations using commercial FLOW-3D® computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and the KRISO 3600 TEU container ship model to examine the effects of the vessel speed and distance to bank on the magnitude and time-based variation of the yaw angle and sway force. The results show that for a given vessel speed, the yaw angle and sway force increase as the distance to bank reduces, while for a given distance between the ship and the bank, the yaw angle and sway force increase with an increasing vessel speed. In addition, it is shown that even when a vessel advances at a very low speed, it experiences a significant bank effect when operating in close vicinity to the bank. Overall, the results presented in this study confirm the feasibility of the CFD modelling approach as a means of obtaining detailed insights into the bank effect without the need for time-consuming and expensive ship trials.


The construction of computer systems that are intelligent, collaborative problem-solving partners is an important goal for both the science of AI and its application. From the scientific perspective, the development of theories and mechanisms to enable building collaborative systems presents exciting research challenges across AI subfields. From the applications perspective, the capability to collaborate with users and other systems is essential if large-scale information systems of the future are to assist users in finding the information they need and solving the problems they have. In this address, it is argued that collaboration must be designed into systems from the start; it cannot be patched on. Key features of collaborative activity are described, the scientific base provided by recent AI research is discussed, and several of the research challenges posed by collaboration are presented. It is further argued that research on, and the development of, collaborative systems should itself be a collaborative endeavor -- within AI, across subfields of computer science, and with researchers in other fields.


The Labour Appeal Court in Kylie v. CCMA decided the vexed question as to whether or not the CCMA has jurisdiction to resolve a dispute of unfair dismissal involving a sex worker. Both the CCMA and the Labour Court had declined to assume jurisdiction to resolve the dispute on the basis that the employee's contract of employment was invalid and therefore unenforceable in law. The Labour Appeal Court, on the other hand, overturned the Labour Court's decision and held that the CCMA has jurisdiction to resolve the dispute, regardless of the fact that sex work is still illegal under the South African law. For this decision, the Labour Appeal Court relied on section 23(1) of the Constitution, which provides that everyone has the right to fair labour practices. According to the Labour Appeal Court the crucial question for determination by the court was if a person in the position of a sex worker enjoyed the full range of constitutional rights including the right to fair labour practices. In the court's reasoning the word everyone in section 23(1) of the Constitution is a term of general import and conveys precisely what it means. In other words everyone, including a sex worker, has the right to fair labour practices as guaranteed in the Constitution. A critical analysis of the judgment is made in this case note. The correctness of the court's judgment, particularly insofar as it relates to the approach to and the determination of the issue of jurisdiction, is questioned. It is argued that the Court lost focus on the main issue in the appeal, namely jurisdiction, and instead proceeded to place heavy emphasis on the employee's constitutional rights. Relying on a handful of cases of the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court, the case note concludes that the approach adopted by the Labour Appeal Court in the determination of the appeal was incorrect - hence its decision. Given the critical importance of the matter, and the attendant implications of the judgment for labour litigation in South Africa, it is hoped that a similar case will soon come to the attention of a superior court and that a definitive pronouncement will be made.


Library special collections are valued by scholars and relied on to support both research and teaching. In recent years, libraries have invested heavily in digitizing many of these collections. Unfortunately, less effort and fewer resources have been expended post-digitization and many digitized library special collections today exist on the Web only in isolated information silos, difficult to find and disconnected from other resources that could provide users with valuable context. This begs the question: Can Linked Open Data (LOD) approaches be leveraged to help contextualize & enrich item-level descriptions of such collections and provide links to related information resources? This project report describes preliminary results from Exploring the Benefits for Users of LOD for Digitized Special Collections, a project still in progress which is examining this and related questions. Among the findings reported here: while special collections metadata are typically rich and ripe with LOD potential, the idiosyncratic nature of the collections and the metadata schemes used pose unique mapping and transformation challenges; the opportunity for adding links to item-level metadata is great, but finding links still requires significant cataloger involvement; at the scale of most library special collections, information from LOD sources can be retrieved in real time to enhance the presentation of items to end-users, providing context and links to related information. These findings suggest that the transformation of metadata into LOD and the inclusion in item descriptions of links can improve the connectedness of digitized special collections and enhance user interactions with these resources.


Abstract This paper presents a simple method for the construction of statedependent steering control law for nonholonomic control systems. The effectiveness of the method is tested on a fire truck model. The feedback controls are piece-wise constant and states dependent and the method is based on the construction of a cost function V which is the sum of two semi-positive definite functions V1 and V2, where V1 is the function of the first m state variables that can be steered along the given vector fields and V2 is the function of the remaining n – m state variables that can be steered along the missing Lie brackets. The values of the functions V1 and V2 allow the determination of a desired direction of system motion and permit to construct a sequence of control laws such that the sum of these functions decreases in an average sense. The individual functions are hence not restricted to decrease monotonically, but their oscillations are limited and coordinated in a way that guarantees convergence. The task of the control is to decay the nondifferentiable cost function along the controlled system trajectories only asymptotically. This approach does not necessitate the conversion of the system model into a "chained form," and thus does not rely on any special transformation techniques. The approach presented is general and can be employed to control a variety of mechanical systems with velocity constraints.


Captain Jack Aubrey, a brilliant and experienced officer, has been struck off the list of post-captains for a crime he did not commit. His old friend Stephen Maturin, usually cast as a ship's surgeon to mask his discreet activities on behalf of British Intelligence, has bought for Aubrey his former ship the Surprise to command as a privateer, more politely termed a letter of marque. Together they sail on a desperate mission against the French, which, if successful, may redeem Aubrey from the private hell of his disgrace.


Micro and nanofabrication technologies have been used extensively in many biomedical and biological applications. Integration of MEMS technology and biology (BioMEMS) enables precise control of the cellular microenvironments and offers high throughput systems. The focus of this research was to develop three dimensional (3-D) isotropic microstructures for comprehensive analysis on cell-substrate interactions. The aim was to investigate whether the normal and cancerous cells differentially respond to their underlying substrate and whether the differential response of the cells leads to a novel label-free technique to distinguish between normal and cancerous cells. Three different generations of 3-D isotropic microstructures comprised of curved surfaces were developed using a single-mask, single-etch step process. Our experimental model included HS68 normal human fibroblasts, MCF10A normal human breast epithelial cells and MDA-MB-231 metastatic human breast cancer cells. Primary findings on the first generation of silicon substrates demonstrated a distinct adhesion and growth behavior in HS68 and MDA-MB231 cells. MDA-MB-231 cells deformed while the fibroblasts stretched and elongated their cytoskeleton on the curved surfaces. Unlike fibroblasts, MDA-MB-231 cells mainly trapped and localized inside the deep microchambers. Detailed investigations on cytoskeletal organization, adhesion pattern and morphology of the cells on the second generation of the silicon substrates demonstrated that cytoskeletal prestress and microtubules organization in HS68 cells, cell-cell junction and cell-substrate adhesion strength in MCF10A cells, and deformability of MDA-MB231 cells (obtained by using AFM technique) affect their behavior inside the etched cavities. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with experimental breast cancer drug, SAHA, on the second generation of substrates, significantly altered the cells morphology, cytoarchitecture and adhesion pattern inside the 3-D microstructures. Third generation of silicon substrates was developed for comprehensive analysis on behavior of MDA-MB-231 and MCF10A cells in a coculture system in response to SAHA drug. Formation of colonies of both cell types was evident iii inside the cavities within a few hours after seeding the cells on the chips. SAHA selectively altered the morphology and cytoarchitecture in MDA-MB-231 cells. Most importantly, the majority of MDA-MB-231 cells stretched inside the etched cavities, while the adhesion pattern of MCF10A cells remained unaltered. In the last part of this dissertation, using AFM analysis, we showed that the growth medium composition has a pronounced effect on cell elasticity. Our findings demonstrated that the proposed isotropic silicon microstructures have potential applications in development of biosensor platforms for cell segregation as well as conducting fundamental biological studies.


Full text of Abstract : Fluxes of volatile organic compounds were measured above tropical rainforest and oil palm plantation in the Malaysian state of Sabah on the island of Borneo. During April and July 2008 an Ionikon proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (ptrms) was operated at the 100 m Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) tower at Bukit Atur, at the edge of the Danum Valley conservation area. An ultrasonic anemometer and air inlet were mounted at 76 m, with the ptrms housed in a laboratory building at the foot of the tower, measuring fluxes over tropical rainforest (selectively logged in 1989) with a typical canopy height of 30 to 40 m. In addition, during the July period, a second ptrms was coupled to a lift system which automatically moved an inlet to sample in-canopy gradients inside the forest canopy, between 2 and 30 m. During May 2008, the ptrms was moved to an oil palm plantation, north of the town of Lahad Datu, were fluxes were measured at a height of 15 m above the 12 m tall canopy, together with concentrations and fluxes of ozone and aerosols. These measurements formed part of two major UK projects: OP3-Danum-2008 (Oxidant and Particle Production Processes above South East Asian Rainforest) was aimed at quantifying biogenic emissions and evaluating their impact on air chemistry and the production of photo-oxidants and biogenic secondary organic aerosol, while ACES (Aerosol Coupling in the Earth System) studies the role of primary biogenic emissions, in-canopy processes and the effect of land-use change on aerosols. Initial results indicate that fluxes of isoprene above forest averaged 1.4 mg m-2 s-1 which is somewhat smaller than previous measurements in Amazonia and than previous estimates derived from leaf- level measurements, reflecting uncertainties in the assumed plant species composition. Concentrations peaked at the top of the canopy during midday. With an average of 5.5 mg m-2s-1, isoprene fluxes above the oil palm plantation were four times larger. Average fluxes of total monoterpenes were 0.15 mg m-2 s-1 at the forest site and 0.85 mg m-2 s-1 above oil palm. Fluxes of isoprene oxidation products (MVK + MACR) were upwards above forest and downward above oil palm, indicating that the high measurement height on the GAW tower provided more time for chemical conversion. Particle number fluxes above forest showed periods of apparent emission during midday indicative of VOC emissions resulting in particle growth.


Recent studies have showed that the phytogeographic identity of the Upper Xingu River is as Seasonal Evergreen Forest. The region has peculiar physical and floristic characteristics, located at the contact area between the rain forest and the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado). This study shows the floristic similarity between deciduous and semideciduous seasonal forests, cerrado of Middle Brazil and Amazonian tropical rain forests, aiming to interpret the relationship of the Seasonal Evergreen Forest of the Upper Xingu with one of these formations. Thirty-two lists of arbustive-arboreal species were taken from floristic and phytosociologic studies. The floristic similarity was estimated by Jaccard's index and the construction of dendrogram based on group mean values. The analysis of similarity allowed the identification of the clear floristic distinction between the Cerrado and the Amazon Forest biomes, as well as the areas of ecological tension between these biomes. The areas of seasonal evergreen forest were more similar to the monodominant semideciduous seasonal forest, which may be a consequence of their location in the ecotone between the Cerrado and the Amazon Forest. The low similarity between the Seasonal Evergreen Forest and the other forest types confirme the unique flora possessed by this phytophysiognomy, that demonstrates its recognition in a region considered as the transition area.


Peter Winkler is at it again. Following the enthusiastic reaction to Mathematical Puzzles: A Connoisseur's Collection, Peter has compiled a new collection of elegant mathematical puzzles to challenge and entertain the reader. The original puzzle connoisseur shares these puzzles, old and new, so that you can add them to your own anthology. This book is for lovers of mathematics, lovers of puzzles, lovers of a challenge. Most of all, it is for those who think that the world of mathematics is orderly, logical, and intuitive-and are ready to learn otherwise! A pdf with errata is updated by the author and can be accessed here


Background: Melilotus officinalis Linn. (Fabaceae) historically has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes. Despite the popular medicinal utilization, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was focused to scientifically establish a standard monograph of M. officinalis on the basis of pharmacognostical parameters. Material and methods: The detailed macroscopic and qualitative as well as quantitative microscopic characters of M. officinalis were analyzed. Results: The morphological characters of M. officinalis were established. The transverse section of leaf shows lamina with single layered epidermis, anomocytic stomata, mesophyll, midrib with single layered epidermis and vascular strands were present in lamina. Stem contains single layered epidermis, cortex with several layers, phloem, xylem and starch grains. Root shows the presence of cork, phloem, xylem and starch grains. The powder characteristics of M. officinalis revels the presence of Epidermis, stomata, cork, parenchyma, mesophyll, fibers, spiral and pitted xylem vessels. The quantitative microscopy of leaf of M. officinalis reveals Stomatal number Upper surface (28.75 ± 2.5), Lower surface (38.37 ± 2.5); Stomatal index Upper surface (13.10 ± 1.50) Lower surface (12.58 ± 1.10); Vein islet number (96.25 ± 4.79), Vein termination number (27.50 ± 2.87) and Palisade ratio 6.5 ± 0.58. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards would serve as a useful guide for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph of M. officinalis.


Background and purpose: The study aimed to investigate the trophic state of Ekbatan Dam Lake. In the current research, the quality of water behind the dam was studied during the months July and January in order to compare the trophic state and zonation of the reservoir in two different seasons (dry and wet). Materials and Methods: 15 stations were selected in different points of Ekbatan Dam Lake and sampling was accomplished in July and January. To determine the rate of eutrophication in the reservoir, 30 samples (15 in July and 15 in January) were taken from the reservoir. In this study, secchi disk, nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll-A were measured. Then, using Carlson's Trophic State Index, the rate of eutrophication was estimated for all points. Also, using GIS zoning of water quality parameters, TSI (Trophic State Index) value was evaluated in two different seasons. Results : The findings of the current study showed that TSI varied between 35.7 and 50.7 in different stations of the lake in July. At the same time, it was documented to vary between 55.13 and 58.6 at different points in January. Also, the results revealed that the trophic state of the lake is oligotrophic to eutrophic in different stations in July while it was eutrophic for all points in January. Conclusion : Based on the estimated values of this index, the stations located at the entrance of the lake showed more eutrophic situation in July. Also, phosphorous was revealed to be the limiting nutrient in this system. The current research showed that eutrophication is a serious problem in Ekbatan reservoir.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the video transcripts of argument-based inquiry approach implementations with respect to questioning in the classrooms. In addition, the study aimed to explore the relationship between levels of questioning and negotiation of ideas. The study was conducted with three teachers and 146 students. The video transcripts obtained from these teachers' classrooms were analyzed through discourse analysis. The findings indicated that teachers' questioning and implementation level are two crucial factors in starting and sustaining the negotiation of ideas in science classrooms.  In addition, a relationship was detected among teachers' questioning patterns, number and type of questions generated by students. Finally, the talk moves used by the teacher facilitated students' talk and negotiation.


Overhead cranes are common industrial structures that are used in many factories and harbors. They are usually operated manually or by some conventional control methods, such as the optimal and PLC-based methods. The theme of this paper is to provide an effective all-purpose adaptive fuzzy controller for the crane. This proposed method does not need the complex dynamic model of the crane system, but it uses trolley position and swing angle information instead to design the fuzzy controller. An adaptive algorithm is provided to tune the free parameters in the crane control system. The ways to speed the transportation and reduce the computational efforts are also given. Therefore, the designing procedure of the proposed controller will be very easy. External disturbance, such as the wind and the hit, which always deteriorates the control performance, is also discussed in this paper to verify the robustness of the proposed adaptive fuzzy algorithm. At last, several experimental results with different wire length and payload weight compare the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme with conventional methods


This exploratory study was designed to investigate how young women make sense of their decision to post selfies, and perceived links between selfie posting and body image. Eighteen 19-22 year old British women were interviewed about their experiences of taking and posting selfies, and interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Women linked selfie posting to the "ideal" body, identity management, and body exposure; objectifying their own and others' selfies, and trying to portray an image that was as close to "ideal" as possible. Women differentiated between their "unreal," digitally manipulated online selfie identity and their "real" identity outside of Facebook and Instagram . Bodies were expected to be covered, and sexualised selfies were to be avoided. Results challenge conceptualisations of women as empowered and self-determined selfie posters; although women sought to control their image online, posting was constrained by postfeminist notions of what was considered socially appropriate to post.


This article sheds new light onto the process of transformation of the figure of the opera patron in Rome during the mid-seventeenth century. Following the travels of Giovanni Filippo Apolloni's libretto Amor per vendetta, ovvero L'Alcasta, I trace the dissolution of the ubiquitous individual court patron of the earlier part of the century into a network of agents behind opera production in commercial contexts. In every phase of the story of L'Alcasta—its commission, plans for production, staging, dedication, and subsequent revivals—we can detect diverse agencies shaping the libretto and score, which accommodated different needs and tastes and conveyed multiple social and political meanings. Showing how the Roman aristocracy experimented with new systems of production that would radically change the history of opera, L'Alcasta also raises broader questions concerning the presence and functions of "patronage" in commercial opera theaters. The trajectory that emerges in the history of opera patronage in the papal city during the second half of the century begins with collective forms of sponsorship during the 1660s and develops further, giving rise to Rome's first commercial opera theater during the 1670s, the Teatro Tordinona. In this context, at a time in which opera in Rome did not find full institutional support, Queen Christina of Sweden represented, at least nominally, the missing patron, a highly representative figure who stood in as guarantor of the new theater on behalf of the aristocratic class that produced and conspicuously consumed opera.


1 In popular imagination, Queen Elizabeth's court was a highly literary venue, where any nobleman might at any time have a sonnet up his sleeve and the pen was as potent a weapon as the sword. Professor May explores the more complex truth in this study of the poetic and dramatic works of the upper crust of Elizabethan society. He limits his purview to the men and women properly called "courtiers", those who had access to the Queen's privy chamber and might rightly consider themselves her intimates, if not her friends. These aristocrats moved in a world far above that of court hangers-on like Edmund Spenser and John Lyly, not to mention the run of out-of-court Shakespeares, Marlowes, Marstons, Draytons, Chapmans, Jonsons and the like, who glimpsed the great ones only when and if specially summoned to perform a play or provide the text of a masque. The book comprises two parts: a narrative account of courtier literary development and an anthology of over 90 courtier poems, most of them not readily accessible anywhere else. The narrative begins in the last days of Henry VIII, when verse, unless in Latin and devoted to suitably serious subjects, lay under a cloud. Elizabeth's private attitude was more tolerant she liked poetry and had begun writing it before her accession but condemnation of frivolous versifying continued to be dominant during the first two decades of her reign. Professor May credits two young writers of the 1570's, the Earl of Oxford and Sir Edward Dyer, with introducing English, secular, amatory verse to the court. Neither was a great poet. Their works retain the sing-song meters, intrusive alliteration and commonplace sensibility of "Drab Age" poetics. They did, however, show the way for more talented and original figures. While the number of courtier poets was never large, their ranks included two major lights of English literature, Sir John Harington and Sir Philip Sidney, and others Raleigh, Greville, Robert Sidney, Essex, the Queen herself, etc. whose output is worthy of survival. Elizabethan Courtier Poets surveys the principal poetic works of the courtier group, the motives for their composition (with special attention to the role of verse in the competition for the Queen's favor) and the ways in which courtly litterateurs influenced or failed to influence both one another and out-of-court poets. The analysis is more historical and biographical than literary, which is in a way unsatisfying but has the happy corollary of being untouched by Modern Critical Theory. The second part of the book, the anthology, lists every person who meets Professor May's criteria for classification as a "courtier poet" and summarizes the supporting data. The pertinent facts on the order of who exchanged New Year's presents with the Queen in what years are often far from fascinating, but there is interesting incidental information. How many of the "Oxford was Shakespeare" partisans who place exaggerated emphasis on the Earl's educational attainments are aware that his degrees from Oxford and Cambridge were strictly honorary, two among the dozens handed out to royal attendants when Elizabeth visited those institutions? The poems included in the anthology are not intended to be either the best examples of courtier verse or a cross-section of the whole. Professor May has instead concentrated on furnishing reliable texts of works that are otherwise hard to find. Some are poetically very slight, such as the inscription that Lord Burghley wrote to accompany the gift of a spinning wheel to his daughter. Others display unexpected merit. The Earl of Essex, in particular, writing under sentence of death, is powerful and eloquent. 'Tis pity, one thinks, that he did not forsake politics for poetry. For any serious student of Elizabethan literary life, this book is an essential text. Those whose interest is real but more casual will also find it rewarding for its insights into an important segment of the greatest era of English poetry. 'The Elizabethan Courtier Poets: Their Poems and Their Contexts' by Steven W. May, (Pegasus Press, 1999)


Contemporary cognitive science challenges the idea about the human brain as a kind of computor. Instead the importance of the body for our way to understand and interact with the world has come into focus. Theories about the "situated" and "embodied" character of human cognition have entailed that notions like action, consciousness, and intersubjectivity have gained renewed scientific interest. On the other hand, these elements have always retained crucial importance in theatre practice, not least in the actor's process from the written text to action on stage. In the dissertation I apply theories from modern cognitive science on this process, such as this has been described by practioners in the theatre. My conclusion is that there are important coincidences between findings in modern cognitive science and grounding insights in the practice of theatre. I start with indicating how the way the actor intentionally relates to the character's situation forms a pattern that largely remains unaltered historically, despite the development of different acting styles. I also find coincidences between this pattern and theories about human "being in the world" as described by philosophers in the phenomenological tradition, such as Husserl, Merleau-Ponty and Zahavi, thinkers who also attract increased attention in cognitive science. I further argue that modern descriptions of human action as forms of "dynamic-systems" could be fruitful ways to approach action on stage as well. In a final section I address dramatic writing that is not action-based, and that hence cannot in a corresponding way be related to the referred to theories within cognitive science. I find that much experimental theatre in the 20th century shares with behaviourism a reluctance to acknowledge the importance of intentional action. I argue that new findings about human mind, unlike older ones, do not urge for a description of human volition as predominantly directed by outside forces. The conclusion becomes that intentional action, which a great part of 20th century theatre sets out to question, indeed deserves to be reconsidered. (Less)


The Salud para la Vida (Health for Life) project was a demonstration project through the Missouri Foundation for Health which utilized interdisciplinary collaborations to address rural Latino health needs in southwest Missouri. Social workers and other professionals were uniquely qualified to work across counties with church, business, school, emergency management, law enforcement and health clinic leadership in promoting and sustaining the project. Salud para la Vida is worthy of replication in other regions that face similar challenges in providing culturally competent health services to Latino immigrants. Keywords: Latino-Hispanic Services, health outcomes, rural services, community practice, interdisciplinary practice


We convened a workshop to enable scientists who study water systems from both social science and physical science perspectives to develop a shared language. This shared language is necessary to bridge a divide between these disciplines' different conceptual frameworks. As a result of this workshop, we argue that we should view socio-hydrological systems as structurally co-constituted of social, engineered, and natural elements and study the "characteristic management challenges" that emerge from this structure and reoccur across time, space, and socioeconomic contexts. This approach is in contrast to theories that view these systems as separately conceptualized natural and social domains connected by bi-directional feedbacks, as is prevalent in much of the water systems research arising from the physical sciences. A focus on emergent characteristic management challenges encourages us to go beyond searching for evidence of feedbacks and instead ask questions such as: What types of innovations have successfully been used to address these challenges? What structural components of the system affect its resilience to hydrological events and through what mechanisms? Are there differences between successful and unsuccessful strategies to solve one of the characteristic management challenges? If so, how are these differences affected by institutional structure and ecological and economic contexts? To answer these questions, social processes must now take center stage in the study and practice of water management. We also argue that water systems are an important class of coupled systems with relevance for sustainability science because they are particularly amenable to the kinds of systematic comparisons that allow knowledge to accumulate. Indeed, the characteristic management challenges we identify are few in number and recur over most of human history and in most geographical locations. This recurrence should allow us to accumulate knowledge to answer the above questions by studying the long historical record of institutional innovations to manage water systems.


Japanese-style shoji screens are translucent, wooden-lattice panels that subtly transform light and space and add an elegant touch to any decor. This book contains all the information you need to design and make shoji for your own home or apartment. Features* Notes on aesthetics and design fundamentals* Complete how-to guide covering basic construction methods, screen materials, and wood selection* Home projects, including window inserts, sliding and hanging screens, glass panel shoji, double- and single-sided shoji, skylight shoji, decorative wall boxes, and floor and table lanterns* Introduction to Japanese hand tools and planing and joinery techniques* Sample lattice patterns, photographs, and line drawings for design and remodeling ideas* List of suppliers


35S-cysteine injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat is rapidly incorporated into proteins. These 35S-cysteine-labeled proteins in the SON (1-24 h after injection) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the distribution of radioactive proteins on the gels was analyzed. 1 h after injection, about 73% of the radioactivity appeared in two peaks (both about 20,000 mol wt). With time, these peaks (putative precursors of neurophysin) decreased, as a 12,000 mol wt peak (containing two distinct neurophysins) increased in radioactivity. Both the 20,000- and 12,000-mol wt proteins are transported into the axonal (median eminence) and nerve terminal (posterior pituitary) regions of the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Conversion of the larger precursor protein to the smaller neurophysin appears to occur, in large part, intra-axonally during axonal transport. Six distinct 35S-cysteine-labeled peptides (less than 2500 mol wt), in addition to arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, are also synthesized in the SON and transported to the posterior pituitary where they are released together with labeled neurophysin by potassium depolarization in the presence of extracellular calcium. These data provide support for the hypothesis that the neurohypophysial peptides (vasopressin and oxytocin) and neurophysins are derived from the post- translational clevage of protein precursors synthesized in the SON, and that the conversion process can occur in the neurosecretory granule during axonal transport.


We should be grateful to Ostry and Nelson for giving clarity and balance to interrelated subjects too often dominated by passion and muddle. Keith Pavitt, University of Sussex Sylvia Ostry is chair of the Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto. Richard R. Nelson is professor of international and public affairs, business, and law at Columbia University. This work is part of the Integrating National Economies series. As global markets for goods, services and financial assets have become increasingly integrated, national governments no longer have as much control over economic markets. With the completion of the Uruguay Round of the GATT talks, the world economy has entered a fresh phase requiring different rules and different levels of international cooperation. Policies once thought to be entirely domestic and appropriately determined by national political institutions, are now subject to international constraints. Cogent analysis of this deeper integration of the world economy, and guidelines for government policies, are urgent priorities. This series aims to meet these needs over a range of 21 books by some of the world's leading economists, political scientists, foreign policy specialists and government officials.


THEOREM was the pilot project for an expanded PhD conference which saw the presentation of practice-based visual art research together with theoretical research in the visual arts at Cambridge School of Art, Anglia Ruskin University. The project proposed an exhibition of visual research to run concurrently with a one-day PhD research symposium, allowing the practical and the theoretical to be presented in tandem. The significance of this expanded conference paradigm meant that practice-based research was given a format in which it could be experienced and interrogated first-hand, rather than at a distance through a projected-image presentation.This book is the legacy of that project.


This research guide provides access to resources for pharmacy practice and research, including electronic resources and books. It also provides links to pharmacology and drug information resources.


From the Publisher:
Broadband Wireless Mobile (3G and 4G) will be the next key developments in wireless communications. Immense interest has been fuelled by large demand for high frequency utilisation as well as a large number of users requiring simultaneous multidimensional high data rate access for the applications of wireless mobile internet and e-commerce. Broadband wireless mobile extends the corporate LAN to common areas such as meeting rooms and enables in-building public wireless hotspots such as airport lounges to provide wireless portable computer connectivity. People will be able to access information as if they were at their desk and will be able to communicate reliably and access securely the information most important to them, such as email, corporate data and the Internet. The 3G/4G systems will use a new network architecture (eg All-IP NET) to deliver broadband services in a more generic configuration to mobile customers and supports multidimensional services and emerging interactive multimedia communications. The world of telecommunications will continue to migrate toward wireless technologies and will ultimately provide users with mobile access to all types of media and information in a variety of forms including media phones and portable computers.
* Provides coverage of 4G mobile - the newest development by ITU (International telecommunication Union)
* Covers range of emerging wireless applications including WAP and iMode
* Provides a world perspective on the topic as the authors are from USA, Europe and Japan
An essential reference for engineers and researchers in the field of wireless communications systems (and electrical engineering), network planners and operators, as well as a valuable reference for students and management, marketing, sales or investor personnel in the area of wireless communications.


The purpose of this study is to summarize and comment upon what we know about the determinants of both the level and trend in economic inequality over the past two decades, and to relate these findings to the progress of globalization in these nations. While the fruits of economic progress in rich nations have not been equally spread, we argue that most citizens inrich Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations have benefited from the trend toward global economic progress. We begin with a summary of the differences in overall economic inequality within the G-20 nations based on LIS (Luxembourg Income Study) data and recent work by others. Here we find that social policies, wage distributions, time worked, social and labor institutions, and demographic differences all have some influence on why there are large differences in inequality among rich nations at any point in time. In contrast, trade policy has not been shown to have any major impact on economic inequality. Next we turn to trends in inequality. We find modest and sometimes dissimilar changes in the distribution of income have taken place within most advanced nations, with most finding a higher level of inequality in the mid to late 1990s than in the 1980s. Inequality, however, has not risen markedly in some nations (e.g., Denmark, Germany, France, and Canada) over this period, while its rise has slowed in several other nations during the late 1990s. The explanations for rising inequality in rich countries are many, and no one single set of explanations is ultimately convincing. In particular, there is no evidence that we know of that trade and globalization is bad for rich countries. This suggests that rising economic inequality is not inevitable, or that it necessarily hurts low-skill, low-income families. Rather, it suggests that globalization does not force any single outcome on any country. Domestic policies and institutions still have large effects on the level and trend of inequality within rich and middle-income nations, even in a globalizing world economy.


This paper considers routing in an IP network running a routing protocol such as OSPF It takes as a benchmark a routing scheme. which computes a single lowest cost path between every source/destination pair. It proposes two more schemes which each generate two routes for each source/destination pair. The second scheme uses the present lowest cost route and the previous lowest cost route, different from the present one. The third scheme uses the present lowest cost route and re-computes a route by removing all the links used in the first route and using the Dijkstra algorithm. A number of tests are carried out on simulated networks to determine the throughput and stability of each scheme. It is found that the third scheme produces the best results. followed by the second and then the first. It is also found that the benefit of these schemes is only worthwhile when the number of nodes in the network is low.


The aim of this paper is to study properties of the Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin test (KPSS test), introduced in Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) paper. The null of the test corresponds to stationarity of a series, the alternative to its nonstationarity. Distribution of the test statistics is nonstandard, asymptotically converges to Brownian bridges as was shown in original paper. The authors produced tables of critical values based on asymptotic approximation. Here we present results of simulation experiment aimed at studying small sample properties of the test and its empirical power.


2 We discuss several kinds of code schemes and analyze their spectral efficiency, code utilizing efficiency, and the maximal spectral efficiency. Error correction coding is used to increase the spectral efficiency, and it can avoid the spectral decrease with the increase of the length. The extended primer code (EPC) has the highest spectral efficiency in the unipolar code system. The bipolar code system has larger spectral efficiency than unipolar code system, but has lower code utilizing efficiency and the maximal spectral efficiency. From the numerical results, we can see that the spectral efficiency increases by 0.025 (b/s)/Hz when the bit error rate (BER) increases from 10^{-1} to 10^{-7}.


The underperformance of minoritized students in public school science as measured by standardized exams and the underrepresentation of minoritized students in science-related careers is well documented. Currently, most of the nation's children under 5 are members of minoritized groups and for the first time in U.S. public school history, the majority of students in public schools is largely composed of Black, Hispanic, and Asian students. In an effort to improve the performance of minoritized students, teachers need to understand their students' cultures and how these cultures play a role in teaching and learning. Science teachers are responsible for helping their students understand scientific ways of thinking, which can be accomplished by reconsidering science as a culture and making this culture an explicit part of science teaching including nature of science. This qualitative research study used a phenomenographic approach to identify the understandings of nature of science and culturally relevant pedagogy held by 10 urban, secondary science teachers in a large metropolitan city in the U.S. Southeast. The data were drawn from analysis of transcripts of semi-structured interviews as well as responses to the Views of Nature of Science questionnaire. Participants communicated understandings of culturally relevant pedagogy that ranged from assimilationist understandings to informed understandings in various aspects. Additionally, participants communicated understandings of the NOS aspects that ranged from naïve to informed. Based on the responses of the participants, there were some relationships between their understanding of CRP and NOS. The nature of the relationships between science teachers' beliefs about the classroom social environment and their beliefs about the subjective NOS as well as the role of social and cultural influences on science and the development of scientific knowledge should be explored further. New relationships could be helpful in developing a framework for culturally relevant science teaching. This study provided evidence that this group of urban, secondary science teachers lack knowledge of relevant NOS aspects for K‒12 learners as well as CRP as a pedagogical framework. Knowledge of both, with professional development focused on pedagogy, may translate into classroom practice and ultimately improve science education for minoritized students. INDEX WORDS: Nature of science, Culturally relevant pedagogy, Understanding, Secondary, Science teacher, Phenomenography, Urban contexts A PHENOMENOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF URBAN SECONDARY SCIENCE TEACHERS' UNDERSTANDING OF NATURE OF SCIENCE AND CULTURALLY RELEVANT PEDAGOGY


Cyrptocurrency price prediction has recently become an alluring topic, attracting massive media and investor interest. Traditional models, such as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models (ARIMA) and models with more modern popularity, such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN's) can be considered candidates for such financial prediction problems, with RNN's being capable of utilizing various endogenous and exogenous input sources. This study compares the model performance of ARIMA to that of a seq2seq recurrent deep multi-layer neural network (seq2seq) utilizing a varied selection of inputs types. The results demonstrate superior performance of seq2seq over ARIMA, for models generated throughout most of bitcoin price history, with additional data sources leading to better performance during less volatile price periods.


Fast food has become a major source of nutrition in low-income, urban neighborhoods across the United States. Although some social and cultural factors account for fast food's overwhelming popularity, targeted marketing, infiltration into schools, government subsidies, and federal food policy each play a significant role in denying inner-city people of color access to healthy food. The overabundance of fast food and lack of access to healthier foods, in turn, have increased African American and Latino communities' vulnerability to food-related death and disease. Structural perpetuation of this race and class-based health crisis constitutes "food oppression."Popular culture has raised some awareness of the deleterious effects of fast food, but media delivering this message often fails to reach the communities suffering the greatest harm. Even where efforts at education succeed, government support of the fast food industry severely limits dietary choices for low-income, urban African Americans and Latinos. To eradicate food oppression and improve health and life expectancy in these communities, activists must lobby for drastic changes in law, policy, and education.


Rainfall variability and extreme precipitation events have a large socioeconomic relevance in Vietnam. The availability of freshwater is essential for the population by access to drinking water and for the rainfed agriculture. However, extreme precipitation events bear the risk of loss of life and economic losses in connection with flooding and landslides. Vietnam is located completely in the tropics and is characterized by a multitude of landscapes, that considerably influence the weather and climate of the country, and also affect the regional impacts of extreme events. Climatologically, more than 80% of total annual rainfall is observed in most regions of Vietnam during the rainy season, which lasts from May to October and is dominated by the southwest monsoon. On the contrary, the dry season from November to April is characterized by mainly northeasterly winds of the East Asian winter monsoon. During this season, substantial rainfall is predominantly limited to the narrow coastal plains on the eastern side of the Annamese Cordillera in central Vietnam. In these regions, rainfall is mainly related to orographic lifting and enhanced convection that is associated with periodical amplifications of the northeasterly flow.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of tropical and extratropical waves in rainfall variability and extreme precipitation events in Vietnam in both seasons. In the first part, regional phases of enhanced or suppressed moist convection of large-scale tropical wave modes are determined for the rainy season in southern Vietnam. Based on these phases, the influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) on the modulation of daily rainfall is evaluated and quantified for the period 1979–2007. In the second part, synoptic and dynamic causes of early dry-season rainfall events in the Central Highlands region, which is Vietnam's main coffee-growing region, are analyzed. From a station rainfall time series spanning the period 1981–2007, four dynamically different rainfall cases were selected for an in-depth investigation. The third part of this thesis consists of an analysis of the causes and predictability of a recent extreme rainfall event in northeastern Vietnam. The causes of the extreme event in July/August 2015 and its predictability are investigated using ground- and space-based observations, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (re)analyses, and forecasts from the ECMWF ensemble prediction system.
Rainfall in Vietnam south of 16°N is significantly modulated by the MJO, and by convectively coupled Kelvin and equatorial Rossby (ER) waves. The MJO and ER waves exhibit the most coherent signals during the rainy season. However, the strongest ER signals occur in central Vietnam, and a pronounced influence of Kelvin waves is only discernible in the southernmost parts. The analysis also reveals that all three waves enhance the frequency of intense rainfall during wet phases, and that anomalies are significantly enhanced when wet or dry phases of the MJO occur concurrently with the respective phases of Kelvin or ER waves. In terms of thermodynamic causes of the observed rainfall modulation, at least for the MJO the depth of the moist monsoon layer and vertical wind shear are enhanced during convectively active phases. The latter provides favorable conditions for organized convection.
Although the influence of tropical waves in Vietnam is most pronounced during the rainy season, tropical waves can also cause rainfall during the early dry season in the Vietnamese Central Highlands. In two of the investigated cases, tropical waves and their interaction were the causes of substantial rainfall. Nonetheless, extratropically forced events, as in the other two cases, are more common during the northeast monsoon. Overall, the synoptic-dynamic analysis of the selected cases reveals that the spatiotemporal development of the events highly depends on interactions between large-scale tropical and extratropical wave forcing, synoptic forcing, and orographic effects.
The 2015 extreme precipitation event in northeastern Vietnam was caused by a tropical–extratropical interaction that was not documented for this region and season before. A surface low over the Gulf of Tonkin and northern Vietnam was related to a subtropical upper-level trough, and caused persistent moisture flux convergence and convection over the coast of the Quang Ninh province. Strong moisture flux into the region was caused by an exceptionally strong and persistent monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal. In terms of ECMWF ensemble forecasts, predictability of the event emerged in 72-hour lead-time forecasts, and was strongly related to the correct forecasts of the intensity and location of the upper-level trough. To conclude, this link between predictability and large-scale synoptic forcing, along with improved seasonal and subseasonal forecasts of the MJO and CCEWs suggests opportunities for submonthly forecasts of dry and wet spells in Vietnam for both seasons.


Objectives To examine the prevalence and impact of bullying behaviours between staff in the National Health Service (NHS) workplace, and to explore the barriers to reporting bullying. Design Cross-sectional questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Setting 7 NHS trusts in the North East of England. Participants 2950 NHS staff, of whom 43 took part in a telephone interview. Main outcome measures Prevalence of bullying was measured by the revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) and the impact of bullying was measured using indicators of psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12), intentions to leave work, job satisfaction and self-reported sickness absence. Barriers to reporting bullying and sources of bullying were also examined. Results Overall, 20% of staff reported having been bullied by other staff to some degree and 43% reported having witnessed bullying in the last 6 months. Male staff and staff with disabilities reported higher levels of bullying. There were no overall differences due to ethnicity, but some differences were detected on several negative behaviours. Bullying and witnessing bullying were associated with lower levels of psychological health and job satisfaction, and higher levels of intention to leave work. Managers were the most common source of bullying. Main barriers to reporting bullying were the perception that nothing would change, not wanting to be seen as a trouble-maker, the seniority of the bully and uncertainty over how policies would be implemented and bullying cases managed. Data from qualitative interviews supported these findings and identified workload pressures and organisational culture as factors contributing to workplace bullying. Conclusions Bullying is a persistent problem in healthcare organisations which has significant negative outcomes for individuals and organisations.


In recent years, there has been a surge in the number of available rapid prototyping tools, making it easier than ever to create functioning prototypes with minimal technical background and at a low cost. However, most of these tools do not have the flexibility to allow for immediate physical modifications once a prototype has been built or programmed, and are often limited in movement by the size or range of the wired system. Accordingly, simple paper remains one of the most pervasive creative platforms in the world due to its low cost, light weight, freedom of physical spatial manipulation, disposability, and low interaction overhead.
 In this article we introduce "Animated Paper," a new wireless prototyping platform which combines paper, shape memory alloy (SMA), retro-reflective material, and copper foil. This platform makes it possible to create moving toys out of ordinary print paper with minimal modification to the physical composition of the paper itself, facilitating simple trial-and-error modifications. We also introduce a laser control system which allows for precise, wireless motion control of the SMA-enhanced paper by tracking retro-reflective markers on the paper using a laser and photo sensor. Lastly, we present the results of a preliminary user study to demonstrate the usability of our prototype system and also provide possibilities for how to further develop our wirelessly controlled, moving paper platform.


A multiway relay direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MR-DS-CDMA) system is proposed for exchanging information among a group of distributed mobile terminals (MTs). In order to implement information exchange, a MT having similar distances from the other MTs is chosen to act as a relay, which assists the whole group of MTs to achieve their information exchange within two time-slots. In our proposed MR-DS-CDMA system, the relay is operated in detection-and-forward (DF) relaying strategy. Signals at the relay and the MTs are detected in the principles of minimum mean-square error multiuser detection (MMSE-MUD) or of the receiver multiuser diversity assisted multi-stage MMSE MUD (RMD/MS-MMSE MUD). The error performance of the MR-DS-CDMA is investigated, when communicating over Nakagami-$m$ fading channels. Our studies show that the MR-DS-CDMA employing the RMD/MS-MMSE MUD at both the relay and MTs constitutes a high-efficiency information exchange system. It has low delay, promising error performance and low-complexity. Furthermore, it is robust to system overloading, where the number of MTs supported is higher than the spreading factor of the DS-CDMA system.


This article demonstrates how ethnographic research provides much needed insight into the social and cultural precesses that contributed to the differential undercount of ethnic and racial minorities in the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. The article summarizes and synthesizes data and findings reported in 29 ethnographic reports sponsored by the U.S. Census Bureau and non-profit organizations throughout the country. These reports are based on ethnographic research conducted by qualified ethnographers in 29 sample areas throughout the continental U.S. and Puerto Rico. The article reports that the reasons for the differential undercount of ethnic and racial minorities are varied and complex. Empirically and in the aggregate, there is no single reason why a disproportionate number of ethic and racial minorities were not counted by the 1990 census. Rather, there are a constellation of factors that interact and contribute to the differential census undercount. These factors are listed and discussed in the article. The article concludes with recommendations to the Census Bureau for the improvement and conduct of the year 2000 census. Some net undercount/overcount rates come from CSMR tabulations and Brownrigg and de 1 la Puente (1993). For more information on the data collection methods used in the Ethnographic Evaluation 2 see Brownrigg and de la Puente (1992 and 1993) and de la Puente (1991).


Coronary artery disease is a catastrophic diseased, despite the recent decline in mortality, with improving facilities, more distressing if occurs in young, clearly because an otherwise healthy adult may die or become disabled without caution, besides the tragic consequences for the family, friends, and the job might be unexpected. The study aims to focus on these physically active groups and to get an idea about how to prevent them. Methods: In a prospective study 365 patients with an acute coronary syndrome, of them, 117 adults age less than 50 years and 248 patients were above 50 yrs., underwent coronary angiography. were assessed comparatively for the contribution of many risk factors with the clinical and angiographic variable. Results: about one-third of cases who present with the acute coronary syndrome were more young, male, and smoker, with a family history of ischemic heart disease, more likely to had a myocardial infarction, rather than angina, usually single-vessel disease, with low high-density lipoprotein. Conclusion: In our study, we found a strong association with smoking, family history and low HDL with early ischemic heart disease. Abstinence from smoking with diet and exercise might help to improve these major risks. Screening for CHD in the young population may help to improve prognosis in young patients by detecting subclinical disease.


Abstract. Negative trends of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations are observed in the recent decade by both surface measurements and satellite retrievals over many regions of the globe, but they are not well explained by current emission inventories. Here, we analyse the observed CO concentration decline with an atmospheric inversion that simultaneously optimizes the two main CO sources (surface emissions and atmospheric hydrocarbon oxidations) and the main CO sink (atmospheric hydroxyl radical OH oxidation). Satellite CO column retrievals from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), version 6, and surface observations of methane and methyl chloroform mole fractions are assimilated jointly for the period covering 2002–2011. Compared to the model simulation prescribed with prior emission inventories, trends in the optimized CO concentrations show better agreement with that of independent surface in situ measurements. At the global scale, the atmospheric inversion primarily interprets the CO concentration decline as a decrease in the CO emissions (−2.3 % yr−1), more than twice the negative trend estimated by the prior emission inventories (−1.0 % yr−1). The spatial distribution of the inferred decrease in CO emissions indicates contributions from western Europe (−4.0 % yr−1), the United States (−4.6 % yr−1) and East Asia (−1.2 % yr−1), where anthropogenic fuel combustion generally dominates the overall CO emissions, and also from Australia (−5.3 % yr−1), the Indo-China Peninsula (−5.6 % yr−1), Indonesia (−6.7 % y−1), and South America (−3 % yr−1), where CO emissions are mostly due to biomass burning. In contradiction with the bottom-up inventories that report an increase of 2 % yr−1 over China during the study period, a significant emission decrease of 1.1 % yr−1 is inferred by the inversion. A large decrease in CO emission factors due to technology improvements would outweigh the increase in carbon fuel combustions and may explain this decrease. Independent satellite formaldehyde (CH2O) column retrievals confirm the absence of large-scale trends in the atmospheric source of CO. However, it should be noted that the CH2O retrievals are not assimilated and OH concentrations are optimized at a very large scale in this study.


The growth of 182 patients who were long term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was retrospectively analysed. All remained in first remission and were treated with either 1800 or 2400 cGy of cranial irradiation. None had been treated with either testicular or spinal irradiation. Ninety three (51 boys, 42 girls) were treated with 2400 cGy and 89 (42 boys, 47 girls) were treated with 1800 cGy cranial irradiation. All patients were treated with standard chemotherapy including intrathecal methotrexate in similar dose regimens in either group. Mean age (SD) at diagnosis in the group treated with 2400 cGy was 4.8 (2.6) years and mean age in the group treated with 1800 cGy was 6.5 (3.3) years. Mean height SD score at diagnosis in the 2400 cGy group was +0.29 and final height achieved was -0.63. Mean height SD score at the start of treatment in the group treated with 1800 cGy was +0.40 and mean final height was -0.53. There was a similar reduction in height SD score in both groups during the pubertal growth spurt. The decrement in height SD score was greater when treatment was administered at less than 7 years of age in either dose regimen, both in prepubertal and pubertal growth. However, the decrease in height SD score was found to be greater in girls than boys. There was a trend in both sexes for the onset of puberty to be at a younger age with a lower treatment dose of radiotherapy. However, in girls treated with the lower dose regimen there was a significant reduction in the mean age of onset of puberty which was 9.9 years. Our data suggest that girls treated at less than 7 years of age have a severe impairment of pubertal growth, which is probably a combination of the dual endocrinopathy of premature puberty and growth hormone insufficiency.


UMTS is an emerging cell phone technology and it is basically another name for 3G mobile communication systems. It provides an enhanced range of multimedia services like video conferencing and high speed internet access. Sometimes UMTS is marketed as 3GSM emphasizing the both 3G nature and GSM standards which it was designed to succeed. UMTS is also European term for wireless systems based on the IMT-2000 standards. To utilize various merits in mobile telecommunication system which consist of various radio access networks, UMTS as Third Generation wireless technology utilizes a wideband CDMA or TD/CDMA transceiver and also cover large area. Handover is basically a function which continues the communication between users without any gaps when the hardware goes to a place where it finds no network coverage. When we talk in terms of cellular communications systems, handover is a process which is referred to the transfer of a connection from one cell to another. Handover time is generally between 200 and 1,200 milliseconds (ms), which accounts for the delay. In this thesis we are going to find the reasons for these factors which affect the Quality of service of handover. The main focus of this research is to study the some factors which really affect the handover phenomenon in UMTS that basically affect the overall quality of mobile network. For this we intend to find the solution for problems which born during the handover. Handover provides the mobility to users which are the main theme of wireless technology and it is also make the interoperability between different network technologies.


Traditionally wind profile measurements for offshore wind farms have been obtained by using cup anemometers mounted on wind masts. This is a very expensive method to acquire wind profile data, and the wind data will also be influenced by distortion from the mast and the sensors. A much cheaper way of obtaining offshore wind data is using a buoy mounted lidar. In addition a buoy can also measure waves, current profile and other parameters. To be able to measure the wind profile from a buoy, a ZephIR 300 lidar from Natural Power was mounted on a Fugro OCEANOR Wavescan buoy. The Wavescan buoy is specially designed for severe environmental conditions, and has been in operation world-wide since 1985. The buoy system was tested off Titran off the island Froya on the coast of central Norway. This is an ideal test site as it is in a very tough environment and near to a test centre for wind measurements with 3 instrumented met masts. The wind test centre is a part of the NOWITECH infrastructure programme. A reference lidar supplied by Natural Power was also located at the wind test centre. The distance between the reference lidar and the buoy was approximately 3.5 km. The Wavescan buoy was deployed for a period of one month during March-April 2012. The buoy lidar recorded 10 minutes average wind profile at 10 heights from 11.5 to 218m every third hour, while the reference lidar measured the wind at 53 m height continuously. During the measurement period the significant wave height varied between and 0.5 and 3.6m. The wind speed from the buoy lidar has been compared with the reference lidar showing that there is practically no bias, while there is some scatter with a correlation coefficient (R


Stella Brennan's early works began from the birth pangs of the Internet age and the messianic phase of neoliberalism. They mark the decade when the world changed. By 1990 New Zealand, Japan and Australia had joined the magical mystical tour named the Internet, and packets of data were flying through deep underground cables and across starlit southern skies. A Labour government was well along the path of a neoliberal reformation of the country's economic and social policies. The market had won out over equality and solidarity, and we were immersed in a new language of "return on investment," "choice," and "deregulation." The global concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere reached 350 parts per million by volume. Walls and stocks had fallen, the Exxon Valdez ran aground, and the earth became a little warmer.


Background: Learning from mistakes is key to maintaining and improving the quality of care in the NHS. This study investigates the willingness of healthcare professionals to report the mistakes of others. Methods: The questionnaire used in this research included nine short scenarios describing either a violation of a protocol, compliance with a protocol, or improvisation (where no protocol exists). By developing different versions of the questionnaire, each scenario was presented with a good, poor, or bad outcome for the patient. The participants (n=315) were doctors, nurses, and midwives from three English NHS trusts who volunteered to take part in the study and represented 53% of those originally contacted. Participants were asked to indicate how likely they were to report the incident described in each scenario to a senior member of staff. Results: The findings of this study suggest that healthcare professionals, particularly doctors, are reluctant to report adverse events to a superior. The results show that healthcare professionals, as might be expected, are most likely to report an incident to a colleague when things go wrong (F(2,520) = 82.01, p<0.001). The reporting of incidents to a senior member of staff is also more likely, irrespective of outcome for the patient, when the incident involves the violation of a protocol (F(2,520) = 198.77, p<0.001. It appears that, although the reporting of an incident to a senior member of staff is generally not very likely, particularly among doctors, it is most likely when the incident represents the violation of a protocol with a bad outcome. Conclusions: An alternative means of organisational learning that relies on the identification of system (latent) failures before, rather than after, an adverse event is proposed.