NIWA operates a network of zenith-sky viewing DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spec- troscopy) instruments to measure NO2 and BrO. The longest existing time series (1981 present) of NO2 has been measured at Lauder (45oS), New Zealand and the trend of this long- term data set has been studied extensively. Here we present a summary of stratospheric NO2 trends observed at several Northern and Southern Hemisphere stations (including Lauder) and an update of our understanding of the observed hemispheric asymmetry. These trends provide an important anchor for the interpretation of NO2 trends measured by satellites.BrO observations are currently made by NIWA at two Southern Hemisphere sites, Lauder and Arrival Heights (78oS) with each data set spanning more than 15 years. The zenith sky BrO observations are complemented with direct sun observations at Lauder since 2001and with MAX-DOAS (Multi-axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) observations at Arrival Heights (78oS) since 1998. A retrieval technique to separate the tropospheric and stratospheric partial columns of BrO was developed for the combination of zenith sky and direct sun measurements with the zenith sky observations providing predominantly the information on the stratospheric partial column and the direct sun observations providing the tropospheric contribution. This retrieval has now been applied to Lauder BrO UV-visible measurements for the whole time period (2001 - present) and the updated results including an upper limit of BrO in the troposphere and the stratospheric bromine loading will be presented.The retrieval method has now also been extended so that it can be applied to zenith sky data only. Furthermore, an independent retrieval algorithm has been developed including a forward model capable of dealing with multiple scattering (Monte Carlo radiative transfer model) to enable us to retrieve altitude information in the boundary layer and lower troposphere. This retrieval method has been applied to MAX-DOAS measurements made at Arrival Heights for the last 12 years with the aim to investigate bromine explosion events observed in McMurdo Sound during Antarctic springtime and the results of this investigation will be presented.


Tree-ring data contribute to a better understanding of the nature of past climatic variations. Annual ring records several thousand years long can be constructed for a few areas, but interpretation of them requires the development of new approaches. For example, a single record of average ring width in the upper tree line environment provides a guide to past temperature fluctuations. However, comparison of this record with another, that of the arid lower forest border, from the same area permits characterization of associated precipitation and temperature anomalies that may, in turn, be linked to features of the general circulation. Other approaches that promise to be very fruitful include study of the variation of ring-width statistics through time, investigation of the physical and chemical properties of wood, and combined multivariate analysis of data for a variety of paleoclimatic indicators.


Fathers were recorded singing a song once to their infants and once in the absence of their infants. Adults readily identified fathers9 infant-directed renditions and rated them as more rhythmic, loving,
 and appropriate for infants than the infant-absent renditions. Unlike mothers, however, fathers did not consistently raise the pitch of their infant-directed versions. Moreover,infants showed no preference
 for infant-directed over infant-absent versions unless the infant-directed versions were higher in pitch. Nevertheless, infants showed greater visual attention when listening to fathers9 singing than to
 mothers9 singing. The results confirm that a distinctive infant-directed style is used by singing fathers as well as mothers, that pitch height is a salient dimension of songs for infant listeners, and
 that fathers9 singing in general is highly engaging to infant listeners.


We present and investigate ensembles of randomized model trees as a novel regression method. Such ensembles combine the scalability of tree-based methods with predictive performance rivaling the state of the art in numeric prediction. An extensive empirical investigation shows that Random Model Trees produce predictive performance which is competitive with state-of-the-art methods like Gaussian Processes Regression or Additive Groves of Regression Trees. The training and optimization of Random Model Trees scales better than Gaussian Processes Regression to larger datasets, and enjoys a constant advantage over Additive Groves of the order of one to two orders of magnitude.


The Animas River in the area around Silverton, San Juan County, Colorado has been adversely impacted by high loading of iron, aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, and nickel. Metals loading in the Animas River has limited aquatic life, including the trout fishery downstream from Silverton. The metals concentrations in the Animas River is due to acid rock drainage formed from a combination of natural weathering of mineralised rocks and residues from over 100 years of historic mining. Sunnyside Gold Corporation (SGC) was formed and acquired the Sunnyside Mine in the Upper Animas basin in 1985. SGC operated the mine from 1986 until 1991 using modern techniques and under strict environmental regulation, and has engaged in more than 30 years of reclamation and remediation in the Silverton Caldera. This included removal of mine waste from owned and other area mines, treatment of water discharged from mine portals, seasonal treatment of the flow in Cement Creek, installation of bulkheads in mine workings, and stabilisation of tailings deposits. Evaluation of long-term monitoring results demonstrates that SGC's actions have substantially reduced acid rock drainage and metals loading in the Animas River compared to what would have otherwise been the case.


This paper examines processes of social cohesion across sexual difference in 'queer-friendly neighbourhoods'—localities that have a heterosexual majority in residential and commercial terms, but where a significant presence of gay and lesbian residents, businesses, and organisations are welcomed. This investigation advances a lineage of work on the development and maintenance of gay and lesbian neighbourhoods, and their role in residents' well-being. The findings also extend understandings of social cohesion, a key theme in neighbourhood and policy research across the West. The context of this study is Australia, where recent projects on social cohesion have focused on public order, economic benefits, and race tensions. However, given that gay men and lesbians are present in Australian social and political debates, sexuality should be integrated into studies about neighbourhood cohesion. To analyse processes of cohesion between heterosexual and same-sex-attracted people, we draw on data from case studies of two queer-friendly neighbourhoods in Australia—the inner-city suburb of Newtown, NSW, and the regional town of Daylesford, Victoria. We discuss the findings in three analytical categories to highlight common processes and characteristics of queer-friendly neighbourhoods: diversity and difference; symbolic landscapes; combating homophobia.


This paper provides empirical analyses to understand the management of external technology sourcing using a novel dataset of new product development (NPD) projects in Japanese firms, focusing on the difference between bilateral and unilateral contract-based alliances. External technology sourcing takes on various forms that can be divided into two categories: bilateral alliances, such as joint research and development (R&D), and unilateral alliances, such as licensing and commissioned R&D. The former style involves the cooperation process of joint R&D with a partner, whereas the latter involves the straightforward process of technology acquisition from a partner. In this paper, the determinants of the sourcing strategy for each contract type are investigated, and we find that a firm is likely to use external technology sourcing in exploratory projects, and that the type of sourcing will differ between large and small firms. Furthermore, a bilateral alliance is likely found to be used for market pull-type projects, while technology push-type ones are more often managed by unilateral alliances.


The present study is considered as an exploratory study of electrical properties of meteorites at variable current frequencies, called the electrical signature. The electric resistivity has been measured at different frequencies, varying between 1 and 100 KHz for some iron meteorites (Mundrabilla and Gibeon meteorites), stony meteorite samples (NWA 869, NWA 7629 and Ghubara) and Fe-Ni alloys, of known Ni concentration, which have been prepared and used as standards to be compared with the studied meteorites. In addition, SEM studies supported by EDX technique have been applied. The SEM and EDX displays enabled us to obtain the chemical composition and internal structural fabrics of the studied samples. Porosity and density (bulk and grain densities) have also been measured for both types of meteorites. Porosity values of the studied meteorites are very low (∅ ≤ 3%) and correspond to micro vugs and cracks. The grain density of non-weathered samples varies from 3.48 g/cm3 for the stony meteorites to 7.91 g/cm3 for the iron meteorites. The obtained electrical signatures are diagnostic for each type and can be used to detect quantitatively the concentration of Ni. The electrical signature of stony meteorites is much simpler than that of iron meteorites, and simpler signatures have been obtained at higher Ni concentrations.


Pathway enrichment analysis helps gain mechanistic insight into large gene lists typically resulting from genome scale (–omics) experiments. It identifies biological pathways that are enriched in the gene list more than expected by chance. We explain pathway enrichment analysis and present a practical step-by-step guide to help interpret gene lists resulting from RNA-seq and genome sequencing experiments. The protocol comprises three major steps: define a gene list from genome scale data, determine statistically enriched pathways, and visualize and interpret the results. We focus on differentially expressed genes and mutated cancer genes, however the described principles can be applied to diverse –omics data. The protocol is designed for biologists with no prior bioinformatics training and uses freely available software including g:Profiler, GSEA, Cytoscape and Enrichment Map.


BACKGROUND: An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a serious knee injury that frequently affects young individuals active in soccer, alpine skiing, handball and basketball. Regardless of treatment, an ACL injury is associated with an increased risk of complications in the short and long term, such as meniscal and chondral injuries or a need to undergo surgery on the injured knee or the contralateral knee. In order to prevent these complications, the essential first step is to obtain knowledge of factors that make certain individuals susceptible to certain complications. AIM: The aim of this thesis was to investigate patientand health carerelated factors and identify predictors of meniscal injury, chondral injury, revision surgery and contralateral ACL reconstruction. METHODS: This thesis is based on six studies. Studies I-III are systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Studies IV-VI are registry-based cohort studies of patients in the Swedish National Knee Ligament Register. RESULTS: Individuals with an ACL injury who underwent non-surgical treatment ran a more than 10 times higher risk of sustaining meniscal injuries and an at least 4 times higher risk of requiring meniscal surgery compared with individuals who underwent ACL reconstruction. Adolescents (individuals aged 13 to 19 years) who underwent ACL reconstruction ran a 2 to 3 times higher risk of revision surgery or contralateral ACL reconstruction. Adolescents who suffered an ACL injury while playing soccer ran a 3 times higher risk of revision surgery. Females who underwent ACL reconstruction with harvest of a contralateral hamstring tendon autograft ran a more than 3 times higher risk of future contralateral ACL reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Non-surgical treatment, age 13 to 19 years, injury during soccer and contralateral hamstring tendon harvest were predictors of serious complications after ACL injury.


In the last decades numerous stepped spillways were built, mostly on the downstream face of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams. Stilling basins are often used as an energy dissipater. Although the hydraulics of stepped chutes was extensively investigated in the last decades, only fragmentary information is available on the hydraulic characteristics of stilling basins preceded by stepped chutes. Therefore, an experimental campaign was performed on a large-scale physical model of a stepped chute with adjustable slope terminating in a plain stilling basin, to study the effect of stepped chute approach flows on the hydraulic features in the basin. Experiments were conducted for two chute slopes and various discharges. Results on the basin flow features as tailwater depths, dynamic bottom pressures as well as roller and jump length characteristics are presented and discussed, focusing on the effect of stepped chute slope on the basin bottom pressure characteristics. The results show that increasing the chute slope from 30o to 50o pronounces the bottom mean, fluctuating and extreme pressures up to approximately one tailwater depth downstream of the jump toe. For 50° sloping stepped chutes, the extreme pressure coefficients reached up to about 3 times the values reported in literature for smooth chutes.


We investigated the cavity structure by the deformation of a unit cell of a Composite Metamaterial (CMM) structure. We considered different cavity structures with different resonance frequencies and Q-factors. We observed the Q-factor of the cavity resonance as 108 for a CMM based single cavity wherein the cavity structure is a closed ring structure. We investigated the reduced photon lifetime and observed that at the cavity resonance, the effective group velocity was reduced by a factor of 20 for a CMM based single cavity compared to the electromagnetic waves propagating in free space. Since the unit cells of metamaterials are much smaller than the operation wavelength, subwavelength localization is possible within these metamaterial cavity structures. We found that the electromagnetic field is localized into a region of /8, where is the cavity resonance wavelength. Subsequently, we brought two cavities together with an intercavity distance of two metamaterial unit cells and then investigated the transmission spectrum of CMM based interacting 2-cavity system. Finally, using the tight-binding picture we observed the normalized group velocity corresponding to the coupled cavity structure.


Evidence bearing upon whether and to what extent learning management systems (LMSs) and similar e-Learning technologies achieve the pedagogical goals for which they were designed has not been well-grounded in theory-based evaluation measures and instruments and sound methodological practice. Usability measures applied to this task typically use technical factors when evaluating the user-system interaction. However, interaction design themes and the centrality of the user's experience suggests that conventional usability measures are not designed to evaluate the system's ability to support the goals of the end users in a particular context of use. The purpose of this thesis was to develop the Learning Strategies Support Online (LESSON) questionnaire to assess the utility of e-Learning systems as perceived by the learner along pedagogical rather than technical dimensions. The ability to measure pedagogical support in LMSs provides important opportunities to: (a) improve the system under investigation or similar systems in general, (b) investigate the relationship between intended learning design and actual use of the system and as a result, (c) design online learning environments that optimize the capabilities of LMSs. Key questions guided this research: (1) How might contemporary learning theories be used to design an instrument to measure learning strategy support? (2) What is the factor structure of the questionnaire developed in this thesis? The literature on cognitive and metacognitive strategies associated with self-regulated learning provided the theoretical framework for the initial pool of 117 items. A focus group, expert panel review and pilot provided a collection of evidence bearing upon the validity of interpretations of data generated by the instrument. Finally, the questionnaire was administered to a development sample from which an exploratory factor analysis revealed an II-item factor structure. Subsequent item reduction based on statistical and conceptual considerations concluded with the refinement of the LESSON to its present form as a 34-item multidimensional scale. Other significant outcomes of this research include (1) a new conceptual framework that advances evaluation measures used in interaction design, (2) the introduction of new theory-based measures, (3) evidence of discrepancies between intended system design and actual use.


This contribution to a symposium on direct democracy is devoted primarily to exploring Rousseau's modification of the natural rights liberalism initiated by Hobbes and Locke. Although Rousseau may not have had a large direct influence on American political institutions, he has a kinship with certain important dissident or subdominant strains in American political thought, such as the Anti-Federalists and our contemporary communitarians. To the extent that these elements of our political culture are worth taking seriously, Rousseau's greater depth of thought may help us to understand them better, and perhaps better than they have understood themselves. After examining the theoretical critique offered in Rousseau's most openly philosophic work, the Discourse on Inequality, the paper argues that the Social Contract is not so much an effort to establish the true basis of political legitimacy as it is an effort to show why and how legitimacy is an inadequate criterion for evaluating political institutions. The theoretical issue involving the legitimacy of representative legislatures illustrates Rousseau's approach. A careful examination of the Social Contract's presentation of the general will, and of its apparently unqualified condemnation of all representative legislatures, suggests that this condemnation is deliberately overstated. That conclusion is confirmed by Considerations on the Government of Poland, which accepts the necessity of representative legislatures in large states and suggests techniques for reconciling that necessity with the genuine principles of the Social Contract, which do indeed imply a certain kind of superiority of direct democracy over representative legislatures. The paper then turns to the Term Limits decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court's decision, in addition to being legally wrong, appears to have been a particularly dangerous decision when viewed in light of Rousseau's political science. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of Rousseau's analysis of institutions like our Supreme Court. Rousseau's analysis suggests that we should consider significant changes, such as abolishing life tenure and putting a stop to the use of stare decisis in constitutional cases.


Timing observations of a millisecond pulsar reveal a planet that is far denser than any known planet. Millisecond pulsars are thought to be neutron stars that have been spun-up by accretion of matter from a binary companion. Although most are in binary systems, some 30% are solitary, and their origin is therefore mysterious. PSR J1719−1438, a 5.7-millisecond pulsar, was detected in a recent survey with the Parkes 64-meter radio telescope. We show that this pulsar is in a binary system with an orbital period of 2.2 hours. The mass of its companion is near that of Jupiter, but its minimum density of 23 grams per cubic centimeter suggests that it may be an ultralow-mass carbon white dwarf. This system may thus have once been an ultracompact low-mass x-ray binary, where the companion narrowly avoided complete destruction.


Text embedded in images and videos represents a rich source of information for content-based indexing and retrieval applications. In this paper, we present a new method for localizing and recognizing text in complex images and videos. Text localization is performed in a two step approach that combines the speed of a focusing step with the strength of a machine learning based text verification step. The experiments conducted show that the support vector machine is more appropriate for the verification task than the more commonly used neural networks. To perform text recognition on the localized regions, we propose a new multi-hypotheses method. Assuming different models of the text image, several segmentation hypotheses are produced. They are processed by an optical character recognition (OCR) system, and the result is selected from the generated strings according to a confidence value computed using language modeling and OCR statistics. Experiments show that this approach leads to much better results than the conventional method that tries to improve the individual segmentation algorithm. The whole system has been tested on several hours of videos and showed good performance when integrated in a sports video annotation system and a video indexing system within the framework of two European projects.


A recent Sparc (scalable processor architecture) processor consists of a two-chip configuration, containing the TMS390C601 integer unit (IU) and the TMS390C602A floating-point unit (FPU). The second device, an innovative coprocessor that lets the processor execute single- or double-precision floating-point instructions concurrently with IU operations is described. Dedicated floating-point hardware in the FPU increases the performance of the system. Running at clock periods as small as 20 ns, the chip should deliver 5.5 million double-precision floating-point operations per second under the Linpack benchmark (50-MHz clock rate). The FPU provides single- and double-precision arithmetic functions: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square root, compare, and convert. To minimize its math unit's latency, the FPU uses a highly parallel architecture requiring separate math units to optimize additions and multiplications. Traps stop the execution of a program to jump to software routine for handling data-dependent errors or to execute instructions not implemented in the hardware. Benchmark results are presented.<<ETX>>


The conventional recipe for maximizing model accuracy is to (1) train multiple models with various hyperparameters and (2) pick the individual model which performs best on a held-out validation set, discarding the remainder. In this paper, we revisit the second step of this procedure in the context of fine-tuning large pre-trained models, where fine-tuned models often appear to lie in a single low error basin. We show that averaging the weights of multiple models fine-tuned with different hyperparameter configurations often improves accuracy and robustness. Unlike a conventional ensemble, we may average many models without incurring any additional inference or memory costs -- we call the results"model soups."When fine-tuning large pre-trained models such as CLIP, ALIGN, and a ViT-G pre-trained on JFT, our soup recipe provides significant improvements over the best model in a hyperparameter sweep on ImageNet. The resulting ViT-G model, which attains 90.94% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, achieved a new state of the art. Furthermore, we show that the model soup approach extends to multiple image classification and natural language processing tasks, improves out-of-distribution performance, and improves zero-shot performance on new downstream tasks. Finally, we analytically relate the performance similarity of weight-averaging and logit-ensembling to flatness of the loss and confidence of the predictions, and validate this relation empirically. Code is available at https://github.com/mlfoundations/model-soups.


Pension policy is not safe from the potentially dramatic consequences of the pandemic. But in terms of pension politics, the pandemic also represents a window of opportunity to rethink the political debate on the future reform agenda.

The present policy brief sheds light on the short- and long-term consequences of Covid-19 for pensions in Europe. The short-term measures have consisted of temporary reduction and/or deferral of social contributions, ad hoc benefits for at-risk elderly, and the provision of additional resources to the social security budget. However, the longer-term effects are projected to be massive both for financial sustainability and social adequacy.

Although there seems to be an open room for social spending to buffer the effects of the crisis, still, pension policies recall old debates regarding the intergenerational clash between younger generations in need of greater financial support and older generations with unsustainable social (and pension) rights.


Summary Shortly after the discovery of Pseudouroctonus peccatum Tate, Riddle, Soleglad et Graham, 2013 (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) there was a large wildfire in the Spring Mountains of Nevada. At the time the species description was published, it was noted that the only known population of this species may have been extirpated by the fire and subsequent flooding of the type locality habitat (Tate et al. 2013). Today it is certain that the species has survived after the collection of 12 new specimens. Additional data on males are also presented.


Knowledge of physical and chemical properties of soil is relevant for landowners, researchers, and foresters, so that appropriate crop species and management practices to maximize site productivity can be selected. In addition to issues of plant productivity, the need for assessing soil properties has been expanded due to public interest in determining the consequences of management practices on soil quality relative to sustainability of crop ecosystem functions. The USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) delineated soil mapping units to provide information about physical and chemical properties of soil in each soil series. However, soil mapping units do not provide details about the variability of soil properties within a single soil series. To determine the variability of physical and chemical properties within Amy soil series, 200 soil samples were collected to a depth of 0–15cm and 15–30cm from soil individuals mapped as the Amy silt loam soils in five different locations in southeastern Arkansas. Comparisons of soil texture, bulk density, carbon, nitrogen, Mehlich III extractable macronutrients, and micronutrients revealed significant differences among soil individuals/ locations for both depth increments. Additionally, all nutrients except potassium, magnesium, and copper differed between the two soil depths. The results suggest inherent variation in biogeochemical and geochemical cycling in the surface horizons of soils mapped as the Amy series.


When the economy's difficult and jobs aren't secure, people tend to focus on the short term...on survival. But what they don't grasp is how their current position could be a springboard to their next position--or even the one after that. Caught between a fear of failure and a desire for instant success, they limit the risks they take, unwittingly limiting their opportunities. As much as they want to get ahead, they simply can't see how to get there. Trajectory is the answer. Each and every person has their own "trajectory" or career path--and this timely and refreshingly practical new book presents seven strategies designed to help anyone create and manage theirs. Readers will discover how to:

 Make the most of feedback

 Avoid stagnation and break through plateaus

 Think big, act small, and move quick

 Achieve growth through failure

 Move to the front of the pack through persistence

 Continuously develop both "soft" and "hard" professional skills

 And much more

 Career success doesn't happen overnight. From building relationships with mentors, to positioning (and repositioning) yourself for promotion--this essential guide provides the tools you need for a lifetime of advancement.


Radioisotopes have been used in earth and environmental sciences for over 150 years and provide unique tools to study environmental processes in great detail from a cellular level through to an oceanic basin scale. These nuclear techniques have been employed to understand coastal and marine ecosystems via laboratory and field studies in terms of how aquatic organisms respond to environmental stressors, including temperature, pH, nutrients, metals, organic anthropogenic contaminants, and biological toxins. Global marine issues, such as ocean warming, deoxygenation, plastic pollution, ocean acidification, increased duration, and intensity of toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs), and coastal contamination are all impacting marine environments, thereby imposing various environmental and economic risks. Being able to reliably assess the condition of coastal and marine ecosystems, and how they may respond to future disturbances, can provide vital information for society in the sustainable management of their marine environments. This paper summarizes the historical use of radiotracers in these systems, describes how existing techniques of radioecological tracing can be developed for specific current environmental issues and provides information on emerging issues that would benefit from current and new radiotracer methods. Current challenges with using radioecological tracers and opportunities are highlighted, as well as opportunities to maximize the application of these methods to greatly increase the ability of environmental managers to conduct evidence-based management of coastal and marine ecosystems.


Children and young people represent 30 per cent of the world's population. Not only do they represent the largest group of people currently affected by climate change, but they are also more vulnerable than adults to its harmful effects. Children and young people also constitute the generation that will be required to deal with the future impacts of climate change and that will have to deliver the very deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions that will be essential in the coming decades. This book is an attempt to redress the balance. It brings together the knowledge and opinions of 40 contributors - scientists, development workers, and experts in health, nutrition and children's rights - in an attempt to build up a clear picture of what climate change means for the children of today and tomorrow.


ABSTRACT Research Findings: This study examined how child negative emotionality interacted with mothers' self-reported parenting in predicting different aspects of social functioning among very young Chinese children. A total of 109 Chinese nursery children in Hong Kong participated with their parents. Maternal supportive and aversive parenting practices were reported by mothers, and child negative emotionality and social functioning were reported by both mothers and fathers. The results revealed interaction effects between child negative emotionality and mothers' self-reported parenting on children's internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and social-emotional skill deficiency. Specifically, children with high negative emotionality were more susceptible to the negative effects of aversive parenting (i.e., showing more internalizing and externalizing problems when exposed to aversive parenting) than their peers with low negative emotionality. Negative emotionality also placed young children at risk for social-emotional skill deficiency, especially when they received less support from their mothers compared to their peers. Practice or Policy: Special attention should be paid to the social functioning of Chinese children with higher levels of negative emotionality, because these children are more vulnerable to poor-quality parenting at a very young age.


This work presents experimental investigations into the potential of using, piezo-actuated, ultrasound waves for the detection of damage or incipient failure in fibre-reinforced sandwich panels under compressive axial load. Two methodologies are applied based on (i) frequency modulation spectroscopy and (ii) single-mode resonance shifting. Sensitivity of the techniques is studied during the loading till the failure of the specimens and also post failure. Representative measurements for both approaches are presented and discussed herein. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/235


A clique-transversal set in a graph is a subset of the vertices that meets all maximal complete subgraphs on at least two vertices. We prove that every connected graph of order n and maximum degree three has a clique-transversal set of size left perpendicular19n/30 + 2/15right perpendicular. This bound is tight, since 19n/30 - 1/15 is a lower bound for infinitely many values of n. We also prove that the vertex set of any connected claw-free graph of maximum degree at most four, other than an odd cycle longer than three, can be partitioned into two clique-transversal sets. The proofs of both results yield polynomial-time algorithms that find corresponding solutions.


Norman Nicholson (1914-1987) was a poet, critic and writer. He lived for most of his life in Millom, southwest Cumbria. Like Wordsworth, he commented upon the stasis and changes found in this area of England. But Wordsworth's Lake District is the tourist area, Nicholson's 'local habitation' views the industrial and post-industrial coastal fringe.

We have been involved in examining and using Nicholson's poetry that reflects environmental change and we report upon three themes in this contribution. First, looking at his poetry as reporting events through geological timescales up to the present day and examining his ecological perspective on the changing environment. Second, by musical performances (The Seven Rocks, Tide Out) that reflect geological formations through compositional process; for example, by considering the long sharp edges of slate, the compression in the formation of coal, and the texture of sandstone and granite. Third, a commentary via a play for voices links Nicholson to the Cumbrian artists Sheila Fell and Percy Kelly and their depiction of industrial change.

The Millom of Nicholson's childhood had developed where rich iron ore (hematite) was mined from the limestone with coal at Maryport and Whitehaven. Thus, Nicholson's poetry is strongly rooted in Cumbria's geology, of the rocks and geological and mining terminology. His understanding of geology and vegetation is critical to his observations and comment on landscape change in the last hundred years. Nicholson's commentary goes further than geological description. In Borehole he refers to the hematite extraction from limestone and Elm Decline is more than just Quaternary history. The mining operations led to barriers being built against the sea's ingress, slag heaps and ultimate demolition of the ironworks. We also show how his poetry reflects social comment and observations of industrial interventions and change, including the construction of Sellafield (Windscale).


The maintenance of high religiosity levels among Muslim youths in Western Europe constitutes a puzzle in need of an explanation. Focusing on France and using a new empirical strategy for the quantitative study of cultural differences between heterogeneous populations, this study first demonstrates that French Muslims form a diverse group yet one with a consistent and sizable "religiosity differential" resisting intergenerational assimilation to native levels. It then formulates and tests five hypotheses to explain the second generation's delayed religious assimilation. Material insecurity, the perception and self-report of discrimination, parental religious socialization, transnational ties with the origin country, and neighborhood ethnic segregation are all influential but with an uneven impact across subgroups within native and Muslim populations. Together, results suggest that the religiosity differential stems from a mixture of cultural transmission from the context of origin and blocked acculturation due to stratification and social closure in the context of destination.


In this paper we analyse the changes in the task content of jobs in Central and Eastern European countries between 1998 and 2013. We link the O*NET data on occupational characteristics with EU-LFS, following the approach of Autor, Levy and Murnane (2003), and Acemoglu and Autor (2011). We find that the CEE countries witnessed similar trends of rising intensity of non-routine cognitive tasks, and a decreasing intensity of manual tasks, although they differed with regards to changes in the routine cognitive task content. We assess the relative role played by education and technology in the development of task contents. We also decompose the observed changes into the contributions of sectoral, educational and occupational changes as well as the interaction between them. Our results show that workforce upskilling was the major factor behind the evolution of non-routine cognitive and manual tasks in CEE, whereas structural changes and shifts towards work with lower speed of de-routinisation have shaped routine cognitive tasks.


Abstract In order to establish a proper control method of the DT fuel isotope balance in ITER, isotopic composition of hydrogen, which was released rapidly from the metal hydride bed by vacuum pump, was investigated using a ZrCo bed (1/10 scale of ITER fuel storage & delivery system) as functions of initially stored H/D ratio and temperature. The equilibrium pressure (P) of hydrogen – metal system has large isotope effect such as PH2 < PD2 < PT2 for ZrCo, however, the difference of H,D isotope fractions was within about 5%, during rapid delivery of about 90% hydrogen gases at 623 K and initial H:D of 1:1. In cases of initial H:D of 9:1 or 1:9, the differences of H,D isotope fractions were rather small of a few %. Even if the fluctuation of the isotope ratio is less than 5%, depending on the requirements from plasma physics experiments and fuel accountancy of tritium plant, batch fuel delivery from adequate gas tanks after isotope composition adjustment will be preferable to direct rapid delivery from storage bed.


Organisations are increasingly concerned with promoting employee engagement. Research from
positive psychology suggests that one key driver of engagement is experiencing work as meaningful.
Organisations are therefore keen to understand how meaningful work is created. The present study
conjectured that becoming a mentor might be one effective way of experiencing meaning at work. Indepth
interviews were conducted with four experienced mentors, analysed using interpretative
phenomenological analysis, to understand the impact that mentoring has on mentors. It was found that
mentoring could indeed be a meaningful experience, enhancing work-related fulfilment. More
detailed analysis revealed that meaning was engendered through a potent combination of selfdetermination
(incorporating autonomy, relatedness and competence) and self-reflection, and a
theoretical model was devised to reflect these findings. The paper offers recommendations for
organisations, showing that mentoring relationships may not only benefit mentors (and mentees), but
also organisations themselves.


Climate change leads to an unequivocal rise in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters. This necessitates mainstreaming of climate adaptation strategies in the global movement on climate action. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) has become popular as an effective means of climate adaptation, which can be resilient and flexible compared to hard engineering-based measures. However, ecosystem-based approaches in disaster risk reduction still remain under-researched despite their growing popularity. This study delves into the utility of EBA in the context of the living lab, using a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) based Systematic Literature Review. A living lab (LL) is a participatory tool invented to foster innovation through real-life testing environments, such as individual cities. This study focuses on European coastal regions, as these are both highly populated and vulnerable to climate change impacts such as sea-level rise, storms, flooding and erosion. This study identified multiple synergies between the EBA concepts, living lab and disaster-risk reduction and concludes that EBA schemes can be highly effective in the living lab set-up. It also demonstrates that increased stakeholder engagement and the consideration of socio-economic co-benefits as part of the EBA-LL model can lead to successful disaster risk reduction.


During December 1888, ten months after Matthew Arnold's death, Frances Arnold announced the engagement of their younger daughter, Eleanor, to Armine Wodehouse, younger son of the Liberal statesman, Lord Kimberley. (1) In writing to an American friend, Frances expressed her fondness for Armine, and indicated that "above all ... dearest Matt knew of his attachment to Nelly & wished for the engagement" (qtd. in McCarthy, "Mrs. Matthew Arnold" 398). This may seem surprising in light of Arnold's public derision of the Gladstonian Whigs, including Lord Kimberley by name (CPW 10:209). (2) The Arnolds knew that their future son-in-law desired to enter parliament, and that he favored Home Rule for Ireland, a policy which they adamantly opposed. Eleanor, far from being uncommitted, enthusiastically campaigned for Armine's candidacy in 1895 and 1900, and was considered by Kimberley to be a great asset to Armine's political career. (3) Even assuming that Arnold had had no influence on his daughter's marriage, which is unlikely considering their close relationship, the question remains as to the values which led the intelligent and devoted daughter of the most influential social critic of the day to marry into a political household at such odds with the great critic's published view of politics. It is the purpose of this work to examine the relationship between Matthew and Eleanor, with particular reference to her marriage. (4) From this examination one may derive not only a greater understanding of Eleanor's life and character, which has scarcely been treated, but also a sharper sense of Arnold's own values. With Arnold being so frequently etherealized (5), it is easily forgotten that his ultimate concerns were largely those of middleclass Victorian society. (6) Eleanor Mary Caroline Arnold was born on 11 February 1861, the youngest of five children, and was soon after nicknamed "gorilla" by her father. Arnold delighted in her mischievous antics as a toddler; Nelly responded with touching devotion. At age four she instructed her nursemaid to take special care of a small comb Arnold had given her: "I wouldn't lose that comb for all my means, Tufty, because Papa gave it me" (Russell 1:359). Despite an extraordinarily busy schedule, Arnold consistently made time for his family, frequently sharing with them his love of nature and books. He often walked with Nelly and her older sister, Lucy, visiting with them as they collected flowers. Arnold immortalized beloved family pets in the poem "Poor Matthias," in which he told of young Nelly being "dazzled" by an itinerant French vendor's golden canary in the Channel port of Hastings (Poems 603-9). The bird, of course, returned to Pains Hill with them. Once when Nelly had been ill, he sat with her for an hour, reading his newspaper at tea-time in order to make "the evening less long for her from dark to dinner" (Russell 2:216-7). Just before his death, Arnold wrote that no "father ever had two girls who were quite so good," walking with him as if they really enjoyed it (Russell 2:440). Arnold's concern that his children might become provincial while living in rural England led to family travels on the Continent--along the Riviera, to the Black Forest, to Florence and Rome. In 1882 Nelly accompanied her father to Scotland and in 1886 she travelled with him in America, where the family was visiting Lucy. (7) When Arnold lectured in America and on the Continent without her, she wrote him long, "delightful" letters, full of wit and news. Although Arnold was not wealthy, he insured that his daughters would be "at ease in society" as well as at home with the world (Honan 377). At sixteen Nelly was introduced to Froude and Carlyle at a Rothschild luncheon. From her hour with Carlyle in 1877, she moved gracefully into society, both in America and England. To Arnold she was a "charming companion" who made friends with everyone (Russell 2:234). Others confirmed what might be taken as a father's preference, reckoning her to be "one of the most delightful and clever talkers" (Collier 15), which is not surprising in light of Arnold's reputation, his fatherly attention, and his concern for her cultural development. …


Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems continue to make errors during search when handling various phenomena including noise, pronunciation variation, and out of vocabulary (OOV) words. Predicting the probability that a word is incorrect can prevent the error from propagating and perhaps allow the system to recover. This paper addresses the problem of detecting errors and OOVs for read Wall Street Journal speech when the word error rate (WER) is very low. It augments a traditional confidence estimate by introducing two novel methods: phone-level comparison using multi-string alignment (MSA) and word-level comparison using phone-to-word transduction. We show that features from phone and word string comparisons can be added to a standard maximum entropy framework thereby substantially improving performance in detecting both errors and OOVs. Additionally we show an extension to detecting English and accented English for the language identification (LID) task.


Background/Purpose: We performed a comparison of the quality and safety of dental treatment under intravenous sedation in patients with moderate or severe intellectual disability using the conventional method (intravenous sedation: IVS group) and a method using a nasal airway, suction tube and oxygen tube placed into the pharynx (intravenous sedation with airway and suction tube: IVSAS group).
Materials and Methods: The medical records of 43 patients (72 cases) with moderate or severe intellectual disability who underwent dental treatment under intravenous sedation were retrospectively evaluated for patient characteristics, sedation time, amount of medication and quality of sedation. The level of sedation was assessed using the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS).
Results: Median patient age was 18 years (6 to 46 years). Comparison of the IVSAS and IVS groups indicated no significant differences in patient background. The median RSS score during treatment was 5 in the IVSAS group and 4 in the IVS group, suggesting no difference. In terms of the quality of sedation, cough reflex was observed in 40 cases, (22/50 cases in the IVSAS group, 18/22 cases in the IVS group), and 30 patients moved spontaneously (14/50, 16/22, respectively); the incidence of such events was lower in the IVSAS than IVS group.
Conclusions: In patients with moderate or severe intellectual disability, intravenous sedation (deep sedation) together with use of a nasal airway, suction tube and oxygen tube placed in the pharynx was considered to improve the quality and safety of sedation during dental treatment.


This article is the first in a two part series that examines the relationship between shariah law and English law and focuses upon the impact on women, particularly in relation to marriage and divorce. The article considers the context within which legal problems arise and outlines some of those problems. It then investigates how far those problems may be resolved or mitigated using existing legal mechanisms. The paper concludes by pointing out that the formal recognition of shariah law within the English legal system is not an immediate prospect, nor is it wanted by the majority of Muslims. Nonetheless, shariah law is being applied in fact to personal relationships in Britain, which is of utmost significance to Muslim women in Britain.


This paper first traces the history of university rankings from the US News and World Report, the earliest, to the Times Higher Education rankings, the latest. It questions the validity of such rankings, citing weaknesses in their methodologies and the fact that data can be manipulated. Nevertheless, the author accedes that university rankings are here to stay. The paper then asks if Philippine higher education institutions are ready to be ranked. It contends that since the criteria used by rankers depend much on big financial resources, Philippine HEIs are already at a disadvantage. In addition, there remain inefficiencies in higher education that cause the deterioration of the quality of higher education, among which are the high number of HEIs, overscubscribed programs that result in an oversupply of graduates in certain disciplines, and the ten-year preparation for college. Keywords: university rankings, higher education


Particle physics is sometimes described as going through a crisis, notably because of the continued lack of discovery of physics beyond the Standard Model, despite the LHC having operated at close to maximal energy for some years now. Here, I argue that we should not underestimate the significance of recent progress and future prospects in the Higgs sector of the Standard Model. This is especially the case for the Yukawa interactions and the structure of the Higgs potential, both of which are unlike any sector that has been established and stress-tested before in particle physics. Other topics that I touch on include the still substantial scope for increasing the reach of searches at LHC, the increasing role of precision in hadron-collider physics and the rich interplay that is developing between heavy-ion and proton-proton physics.


Music is a universal phenomenon that reaches people of all ages. However, new music is notoriously difficult for people to learn and recognize. Some studies have shown that new items are remembered better when paired with a second piece of information, particularly if it is emotional in content. I investigated whether unfamiliar music recognition would be differentially improved by pairing unfamiliar tunes with positive versus negative descriptive emotional sentences. I also examined whether younger and older adults process these tunes or pairings differently, particularly examining the influence of emotional descriptors on tune memory. Finally, I investigated how mode and congruency with associated materials can influence tune memory. Some psychological studies suggest that as we age, we experience a positivity effect in which negative items lose their salience and positive items gain salience, and inherent memorability. However, this effect is not consistently shown and may only be specific to certain domains, with music excluded. Overall, my first study, which tested implicit tune memory, did not yield significant effects of emotion. This led me to develop and conduct my second study in which I explicitly told participants to remember the tunes. At the conclusion of this study, I still did not find a beneficial effect of emotion. Both studies showed a better performance in the younger adults compared to the older adults, and overall better performance when given two presentations of the material versus one. My last study focused on the memorability of tunes in major mode versus minor tunes. Major tunes tend to convey a happy or positive sentiment, while minor tunes generally convey a sad or negative sentiment. I also investigated how memorable these tunes were when paired with an emotional statement that either matches or is in contrast to the musical mood. Participants had a better memory for major tunes compared to minor tunes, and showed a


The post-translational processing of the yeast a-mating pheromone precursor, Ras proteins, nuclear lamins, and some subunits of trimeric G proteins requires a set of complex modifications at their carboxyl termini. This processing includes three steps: prenylation of a cysteine residue, proteolytic processing, and carboxymethylation. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the product of the DPR1-RAM1 gene participates in this type of processing. Through the use of an in vitro assay with peptide substrates modeled after a presumptive a-mating pheromone precursor, it was discovered that mutations in DPR1-RAM1 cause a defect in the prenylation reaction. It was further shown that DPR1-RAM1 encodes an essential and limiting component of a protein prenyltransferase. These studies also implied a fixed order of the three processing steps shared by prenylated proteins: prenylation, proteolysis, then carboxymethylation. Because the yeast protein prenyltransferase could also prenylate human H-ras p21 precursor, the human DPR1-RAM1 analogue may be a useful target for anticancer chemotherapy.


Abstract:Although Natsume Sōseki (1867–1916) enjoys worldwide fame as a novelist, his work as a first-class kanshi 漢詩 (classical Chinese poetry) poet remains largely unknown to Western audiences. This article focuses on Sōseki's kanshi of 1916 and his pursuit of the Dao toward the end of his life. Contextualized in both the turbulence of Meiji Japan (1868–1912) and the Chinese poetic and philosophical traditions, this piece offers a comprehensive overview of the thematic and formal features of Sōseki's 1916 kanshi. Perpetually torn between the pursuit of secular success and the freedom and tranquility of the life of pure thought, Sōseki infused his kanshi with visions of the Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist Dao. To him, kanshi offered a highly personal medium for complex philosophical inquiry, an outlet for psychological distress as well as modern concerns, and at the same time represented a tradition from the past that he tried desperately to hold on to in the tide of change. In many ways, the inner struggles of Sōseki offer a glimpse into the collective tormented psychology and spiritual crisis of Meiji intellectuals. His short, illness-plagued, yet prolific life presents nothing less than a crystallization of Meiji Japan in the throes of drastic transformation.


The paper presents an overview of image analysis activities of the Brno DAR group in the medical application area of retinal imaging. Particularly, illumination correction and SNR enhancement by registered averaging as preprocessing steps are briefly described; further monoand multimodal registration methods developed for specific types of ophthalmological images, and methods for segmentation of optical disc, retinal vessel tree and autofluorescence areas are presented. Finally, the designed methods for neural fibre layer detection and evaluation on retinal images, utilising different combined texture analysis approaches and several types of classifiers, are shown. The results in all the areas are shortly commented on at the respective sections. In order to emphasise methodological aspects, the methods and results are ordered according to consequential phases of processing rather then divided according to individual medical applications.


This paper reports on a recently completed research study that sought to trace or map the ways in which youth develop or enhance their civic agency as an outcome of their engagement with two different forms of aesthetic production. Using digital cameras and computer software or popular theatre technique, the participating youth explored issues of social concern to themselves and the community. By focusing on the ways the youth used, altered or 'took up' particular cultural tools (Wertsch, 1991, 19978) this study considers how the affordances and constraints of aesthetic knowledge production shapes the development of civic subjects and subjectivities.


The marriage of philosophy and fiction in the first third of Spain's twentieth century was a fertile one. It produced some truly notable offspring - novels that cross genre boundaries to find innovative forms, and treatises that fuse literature and philosophy in new ways. In her illuminating interdisciplinary study of Spanish fiction of the "Silver Age, " Roberta Johnson places this important body of Spanish literature in context through a synthesis of social, literary, and philosophical history. Her examination of the work of Miguel de Unamuno, Pio Baroja, Azorin, Ramon Perez de Ayala, Juan Ramon Jimenez, Gabriel Miro, Pedro Salinas, Rosa Chacel, and Benjamin Jarnes brings to light philosophical frictions and debates and opens new interpersonal and intertextual perspectives on many of the period's most canonical novels. Johnson reformulates the traditional discussion of generations and "isms" by viewing the period as an intergenerational complex in which writers with similar philosophical and personal interests constituted dynamic groupings that interacted and constantly defined and redefined one another. Current narratological theories, including those of Todorov, Genette, Bakhtin, and Martinez Bonati, assist in teasing out the intertextual maneuvers and philosophical conflicts embedded in the novels of the period, while the sociological and biographical material bridges the philosophical and literary analyses. The result, solidly grounded in original archival research, is a convincingly complete picture of Spain's intellectual world in the first thirty years of this century. Crossfire should revolutionize thinking about the Generation of '98 and the Generation of '14 by identifyingthe heterogeneous philosophical sources of each and the writers' reactions to them in fiction.


This thesis work has been developed in the framework of a new experimental campaign, proposed by the NUCL-EX Collaboration (INFN III Group), in order to progress in the understanding of the statistical properties of light nuclei, at excitation energies above particle emission threshold, by measuring exclusive data from fusion-evaporation reactions.
The determination of the nuclear level density in the A~20 region,
the understanding of the statistical behavior of light nuclei with excitation energies ~3 A.MeV,
and the measurement of observables linked to the presence of cluster structures of nuclear excited
levels are the main physics goals of this work.
On the theory side, the contribution to this project given by this work lies in the development of a dedicated Monte-Carlo Hauser-Feshbach code for the evaporation of the compound nucleus.
The experimental part of this thesis has consisted in the participation to the measurement 12C+12C at 95 MeV beam energy, at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro - INFN, using the GARFIELD+Ring Counter(RCo) set-up, from the beam-time request to the data taking, data reduction, detector calibrations and data analysis.
Different results of the data analysis are presented in this thesis, together with a theoretical study of the system, performed with the new statistical decay code.
As a result of this work, constraints on the nuclear level density at high excitation energy
for light systems ranging from C up to Mg are given. Moreover, pre-equilibrium effects, tentatively interpreted as alpha-clustering effects, are put in evidence, both in the entrance channel of the reaction and in the dissipative dynamics on the path towards thermalisation.


Bar passage rates of first-takers vary widely among both the states and the law schools. State grading practices also vary widely, particularly as to minimum passing scores ("cut scores") and whether they scale state exam components to the MultiState Bar Exam ("MBE"). The broad ranges of Bar passage rates and of state grading practices call into question the stewardship of the states over admission to the practice of law. This study uses generalized linear modeling, with a logit link function, to isolate the effect on the Bar passage rates of ABA-approved law schools of three factors: (i) the LSAT scores of entering classes, (ii) state cut scores; and (iii) scaling to the MBE. LSAT scores of a law school's entering classes were the most significant factor in determining a law school's Bar passage rate. But differences in state cut scores, and in MBE scaling, are associated with large differences in the Bar passage rates of law schools with equivalent LSAT scores. This suggests that the states need to work together with a view to reaching a national consensus as to the elements of minimum competence, and how best to measure them.


According to what is here called the "Intoxication Recklessness Principle," a defendant who, thanks to voluntary intoxication, is unaware of a condition of which a reasonable person would have been aware is to be treated as though he were reckless with respect to that condition, rather than negligent. And, according to what is here called the "Intoxication Negligence Principle," a defendant who is unaware of a condition thanks to voluntary intoxication is to be compared to a sober reasonable person when we ask whether his obliviousness was reasonable. When applied in tandem, as these principles often are, a defendant whose mental state is not criminal at all, considered independently of the recent history of intoxication that gave rise to it, will be treated as though he were reckless. Through a proposed model that illuminates the nature of both recklessness and negligence, this paper identifies a set of conditions under which it is justified to employ the Intoxication Recklessness Principle, even in conjunction with the Intoxication Negligence Principle. When the relevant conditions are met, the voluntarily intoxicated negligent defendant is in a mental state that is just as bad as many reckless defendants. This paper, then, defends the law's current use of the Intoxication Recklessness Principle, but with qualifications, for in identifying the conditions in which the principle is justifiably employed; conditions are also identified in which it is not.


Whether one looks back at armed insurgency movements, the Philippines' People Power, or Jakarta's riots against Suharto, transnational ideas, models of collective action, and activists have been keys in inspiring and fostering civil society mobilization and organizations in Southeast Asia. What are some of the common characteristics of Asian civil society activism, and what are some of the differences? Can we explain these similitudes and differences across countries, especially within Southeast Asia? Are there themes for activism that are more dominant than others? To answer these questions, we first undertook a short historical and comparative review of social activism in the region before conducting a preliminary analysis of a database on NGOs, networks, and coalitions in various Southeast Asian countries. Our results seem to show that national organizations tend to be influenced by agenda setting on the part of regional organizations, to the point where it might trump the importance of national/local issues, such as the regime type, and might homogenize the issues on which organizations work across countries. At the same time, national/local animosities also influence regional organizations, whether they want it or not. In sum, regional and national organizations shape each other, and that the influence is far from going only in one single direction.


Observations indicate the existence of two bands of maximum thermocline depth variability centered at ;108S and 138N in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The analysis of a numerical integration performed with the National Center for Atmospheric Research ocean general circulation model (OGCM) forced with observed fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater over the period from 1958 to 1997 reveals that the tropical centers of thermocline variability at 108S and 138N are associated with first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves forced by anomalous Ekman pumping. In this study the factors that may be responsible for the Rossby wave maxima at 108S and 138N, including the amplitude and spatial coherency of the forcing at those latitudes, are systematically investigated. A simple Rossby wave model is used to interpret the OGCM variability and to help to discriminate between the different factors that may produce the tropical maxima. These results indicate that the dominant factor in producing the maximum variability at 108S and 138 Ni s thezonal coherency of the Ekman pumping, a characteristic of the forcing that becomes increasingly more pronounced at low frequencies, maximizing at timescales in the decadal range. Local maxima in the amplitude of the forcing, while not explaining the origin of the centers of variability at 108S and 138N, appear to affect the sharpness of the variability maxima at low frequencies. Although the Rossby wave model gives an excellent fit to the OGCM, some discrepancies exist: the amplitude of the thermocline variance is generally underestimated by the simple model, and the variability along 13 8 Ni s westward intensified in the wave model but reaches a maximum in the central part of the basin in the OGCM. Short Rossby waves excited by small-scale Ekman pumping features, or the presence of higher-order Rossby wave modes may be responsible for the differences in the zonal variance distribution along 138N.


Monospecific antibodies to the calcium transport enzyme (alpha-Ca pump) inhibit mitosis when microinjected into sand dollar embryos. Immunoglobulins were raised against the calcium transport enzyme (Ca pump) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from rat skeletal muscle and guinea pig ileum smooth muscle. Specific antibodies were further isolated from IgG fractions by using electrophoretically purified SR Ca-pump protein as the immobilized ligand for immunoaffinity chromatography. ELISA demonstrated that common antigenic determinants are shared by SR, SR Ca pump (of rat skeletal and guinea pig ileum smooth muscle), and isolated membrane containing "native" mitotic apparatus (MA). Preimmune sera gave negative results in identical control assays. Triton X-100 extraction of MA removes the Ca-pump antigen. SR Ca pump and the MA Ca pump have nearly identical molecular masses as determined by NaDodSO4/PAGE. These alpha-SR Ca-pump IgGs inhibit ATP-dependent Ca2+ sequestration by purified SR and MA membranes. Indirect immunofluorescence of isolated native MA demonstrated coincident localization of the MA Ca pump, sequestered calcium, and membrane vesicles. Fluorescent foci were regionally concentrated within the volumes of the asters and spindle. Microinjection of the anti-Ca-pump IgGs into one of two sister blastomeres at second metaphase resulted in mitotic arrest of the injected cell accompanied by a rapid loss of spindle birefringence. Karyomeres formed and fused to form nuclei either at the site of the metaphase plate or at the position the chromosomes occupied during anaphase A. The cleavage furrow did not develop in the injected cell, while the sister and neighbor cells continued normal mitotic cycling. Injection later in mitosis yielded cells with two nuclei whose cleavage furrow relaxed completely. Routine control injections of boiled immune IgG, preimmune IgG, Wesson oil, buffer, or goat anti-rabbit IgG did not affect mitosis, birefringence of the MA, or cleavage furrow activity.


The aim of the paper is to investigate and propose Semantic Web approaches to improving the adaptation quality of Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs). These approaches are the method for semantic search for Web 2.0 tools in VLEs, and the method for curriculum mapping and semantic search for Learning Objects (LOs) in VLEs. In the paper, a special attention is paid to improving the adaptation capabilities of VLE, e.g. its suitability for different learning styles such as VARK. Web 2.0 tools ontology based on VARK model learning activities gives the possibility to develop adaptive learning environment with better access to specific learning content managing tools (i.e. Web 2.0 tools). The learner will only need to enter the name of learning activity into the search system field and the machine offers the appropriate tools to perform this activity. The engine facilitates the search process by optimizing workloads, thereby improving learner's satisfaction and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the learning process. Presented curriculum mapping approach makes interoperability and LOs semantic search possible by making use of two smaller controlled vocabularies instead of a very large one on competencies which would be more volatile. One could exchange information on competencies in a multi-lingual and multi-cultural environment by: (1) breaking down competencies, and (2) relating these competency components to multilingual controlled vocabularies. The research results have shown that, in order to improve the adaptation quality of VLEs, it is very important to improve semantic search for both LOs and Web 2.0 tools in VLEs.


In Turkmenistan the most prominent cause for desertification is inappropriate land use practices. The natural arid pastures have limited carrying capacity and any changes of the fragile balance can lead to the destruction of this valuable resource. One of the most appropriate tools for monitoring these processes is change detection through remote sensing imagery. Accurate monitoring of changes on the Earth's surface is important to understand the relationship between man and nature and to provide decision makers with relevant information. The information on vegetation change is the most important of these relationships. Vegetation cover is also a useful indicator of the magnitude of land degradation that is easily assessed by multispectral remote sensing. The reduced vegetation cover causes an increase in albedo, which can also be monitored by remote sensing. The combination of these two parameters can give us a better map of the pasture status and its degradation rate. Landsat TM and ETM+ images were processed to maps of land use/land cover changes in northern Turkmenistan. The data were further processed in GIS and revealed the shrinking and the degradation of the pasture area. From the 1970s a total of ~4000km 2 of pasture were transformed into agricultural land, increasing the grazing pressure in the remaining areas. By applying advanced techniques for image based end-member retrieval and spectral mixture analysis a sub-pixel fraction was obtained for each end-member. The fractions of soil and vegetation emphasize the most degraded/rehabilitated sectors of the study area. Our results indicate the reduction of vegetation in specific areas while most of the desert experiences an increase in the vegetation cover. Our current study focuses on combining the spectral mixture analysis products with other degradation criteria such as change detection using albedo and vegetation indices to produce a more detailed assessment and understanding of the processes leading to these changes.


RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENDER AND ACTIVITY INVOLVEMENT AND THE INCIDENCE OF BEHAVIOR DISORDERS IN CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS BY Michelle Williams The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between behavioral disorders and gender of the child and gender of the alcoholic parent(s) and to investigate if positive involvement in activities outside the home decreases the number of behavioral disorders in children of alcoholics. This descriptive retrospective study used data collected from eighty-three questionnaires filled out by the parents. The data was analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance. No significance relationships were found regarding gender of the child and gender of the alcoholic parent(s). Children who were involved in outside activities had significantly fewer behavior disorders than those who were not (t = -2.99, df = 81, p = .004). Children who were involved in activities other than school had significantly more behavioral disorders compared to children involved in school activities or children involved in both (F = 9.938, df = 2, p = .000).


This is the first monograph-length study on Johannes d'Outrein (1662-1722). With the exception of several (admittedly not insignificant) publications on aspects of his theology, as well as a number of brief entries in biographical dictionaries, there is as yet no extensive description of his life and work. The fact that he left behind a corpus of more than 50 works which still find a (limited) readership today calls for a deeper examination of his thought. The present study will attempt to fill this gap, and in the process address the following main question: what kind of a theologian was Johannes d'Outrein? Johannes d'Outrein numbered among the followers of the renowned seventeenth-century theologian Johannes Cocceius (1603-1669). This does not mean that he slavishly followed him in everything, however, for on certain points clearly opted for a direction of his own. While 'history' was an important element in Cocceius's prophetic exegesis, in D'Outrein's theology this position was occupied by the theme of 'creation'. The difference between them can be traced back above all to D'Outrein's knowledge of and fascination with emblematism, which he applied in his exegetical method. At the time, Cocceian theologians were engaging in both prophetic as well as allegorical exegesis. While a dictionary of emblems was composed by a number of these Cocceians, none of them actually provided a theological defence of the emblematic exegetical method. This was left for D'Outrein to do in his Proefstukken van Heilige Sinnebeelden (1700), giving this work a unique place in the history of Dutch Reformed theology. In the Proefstukken D'Outrein describes both emblematism in general as well as the emblematism as it occurs in Scripture. In the course of this work, he distinguishes ten different forms of biblical allegory. The Proefstukken also includes fourteen sample sermons which D'Outrein gave in order to demonstrate how allegorical exegesis can be applied in preaching. D'Outrein's understanding that many words in the Bible have an allegorical meaning – in his view, this too formed a part of the text's sensus literalis – offered him and his fellow Cocceians a way to accept the results of empirical study without any problems. Accordingly, the Cocceians did not understand Copernican heliocentrism to conflict with Scripture. The fact that allegorical exegesis made the assumption of this position possible offers one explanation as to why Cartesianism and Cocceianism so often went hand in hand.


Background We previously reported increased unstimulated blood levels of interferon-gamma in persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in the United States, suggesting enhanced immune activation in LTBI. To investigate this further in a TB-endemic setting, we assessed interferon-gamma levels in persons with and without LTBI in Peru. Methods We analyzed data from patients with and without a recent type 1 (spontaneous) acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who were enrolled from two public hospital networks in Lima, Peru, and underwent LTBI testing using the QuantiFERON® TB Gold In-tube (QFT) assay. Participants with a positive QFT test were defined as having LTBI, whereas participants with a negative QFT test were defined as non-LTBI. Unstimulated interferon-gamma was quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the QFT nil-tube, which does not contain antigens. We compared unstimulated interferon-gamma levels between LTBI and non-LTBI groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. We used proportional odds modeling for multivariable analysis. Results Data from 214 participants were included in this analysis. Of those, 120 (56%) had LTBI. There were no significant differences in age, sex and comorbidities between LTBI and non-LTBI participants, except for recent AMI that was more frequent in LTBI. LTBI participants had higher unstimulated interferon-gamma levels compared to non-LTBI participants (median, interquartile range; 14 pg/mL, 6.5–52.8 vs. 6.5 pg/mL, 4.5–15; P<0.01). LTBI remained associated with higher unstimulated interferon-gamma levels after controlling for age, sex, recent AMI, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, end stage renal disease, malignancy, obesity, and tobacco use (adjusted odds ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–4.9). In a sensitivity analysis that excluded participants with AMI, the association between unstimulated interferon-gamma and LTBI remained present (adjusted odds ratio; 3.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–8.2). Conclusions LTBI was associated with higher unstimulated interferon-gamma levels. These data suggest ongoing immune activation in LTBI.


The obtainment of electricity in a cheap, reliable and stable way on time with good quality is of high priority for the management of countries. In order to do so, in our country where the need to electrical energy is rapidly increasing, the planning of production and development of electrical energy and its execution is very important from the economical point of view. However, the analysis of the final consumption of the country, the determination of all the factors affecting the final demand, is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem which requires taking several different factors in account. In this study, the determination of the scenarios of the socio-economic and technique development and the problem of evaluating the values calculated for these scenarios will be solved with Analytic Network Process (ANP)'s software SuperDecisions which will provide more accurate results by taking the relations between the evaluation factors into account. The results will be evaluated and their conformity to this process will be researched.


The current near a right-angled comer on a perfectly conducting flat scatterer illuminated by a plane wave is expressed as a sum of three currents. The first is the physical optics (PO) current, which describes the surface effect. The second is the fringe wave (FW) current, which is found from the half-plane solution and accounts for the distortion of the current caused by the edges. The third is the corner current, which is found from the numerical solution to the electric-field integral equation applied to the square plate, and accounts for the distortion of the current caused by the corner. It is found that the corner current for the right-angled corner, illuminated from a forward direction, consists mainly of two edge waves propagating along the edges forming the comer. Analytical expressions for these edge wave currents are constructed from the numerical results. A comer diffracted field is calculated by evaluating the asymptotic corner contributions to the radiation integral over the sum of the three currents. It is found that the corner contribution from the edge wave currents in some cases is of the same size as the corner contributions from the physical optics current and the fringe wave current.


Human action is transforming the species composition, biogeochemistry and habitats of the world's oceans at unprecedented rates. The cumulative effect of natural and anthropogenic drivers is challenging to measure, in part due to indirect effects and the complexity of marine systems. Building on the theory of complex adaptive systems, this thesis aims to increase our understanding of how complex, heterogeneous marine social-ecological systems (SES) may respond to changing conditions. This thesis integrates resilience research with network science and describes change and structural patterns at several SES scales in order to advance our knowledge on the effects of multiple drivers.Paper I proposes a new, quantitative fish stock collapse definition, that accounts for fish stock dynamics and enables standardization and thus comparability across a large number of commercial fish stocks. Recognizing that substantial ecosystem changes are part of SES dynamics, in Paper II we review marine regime shifts worldwide to specify how co-occurring bundles of drivers are related to degraded ecosystem services for management purposes. A more detailed ecological study on regime shifts was performed in Papers III and IV. Paper III describes the late-1980s central Baltic Sea regime shift based on a food-web model. Paper IV uses a novel structural network analysis approach to detect functional shifts in complex food webs. The results of Paper IV imply that the Baltic Sea regime shift may not be a systemwide shift. Paper V uses a network approach to analyze fishing strategy diversification and social-ecological connectivity among Swedish Baltic Sea fishers, indicating that natural resource management evaluations should not be limited only to ecosystem conditions but also take account of social conditions.Overall, this thesis provides empirical evidence for the emerging perspective that marine resource science and management must account for the complexity of system elements in order to ensure the provision of ecosystem services in the future. The first application of Exponential Random Graph Modeling in ecology and an improved fish stock collapse definition provide new advanced tools for studying oceans from an SES perspective in the future.


A gold-free, fully Cu metallized
InGaP/GaAs HBT using platinum as the diffusion barrier
has been successfully fabricated. The HBT uses Pd/Ge for ntype, Pt/Ti/Pt/Cu for p+type ohmic contacts, and Ti/Pt/Cu
for interconnect metals with platinum as the diffusion
barrier. The Ti/Pt/Cu structure was stable up to 350
annealing as judged from the data of XRD and sheet
resistance. Current accelerated stress test was conducted on
the device with current density JC=140 kA/cm2 for 24 hours,
the current gain showed no degradation. The devices were
also thermally annealed at 250 for 24 hours and showed
little changes. We have successfully demonstrated that Aufree, fully Cu metallized HBT can be achieved by using Pt as
the diffusion barrier and Pd/Ge and Pt/Ti/Pt/Cu as the
ohmic contacts.


This fabulous anthology is sure to be a core text for history of medicine and social science classes in colleges across the country. In order to demonstrate how medical research has influenced Western cultural perspectives, the editors have collected original works from 61 different authors around nine major themes (among them "Anatomy and Destiny," "Psyche and Soma," and "The Construction of Pain, Suffering, and Death"). The authors range from Aristotle, the Bible, and Louis Pasteur, to Masters and Johnson, Ernest Hemingway, and Simone de Beauvoir. The primary sources selected to illustrate the themes are well chosen and contrast with each other nicely. However, the brief background material for the selections center around the authors and offer little or no discussion about the selections' relevance to the topics at hand. This book would be best read in a class or group where the texts' meaning in relation to each other can be discussed, but the book can stand alone if the reader is prepared to do some critical thinking.


Child labor in India is a critical socioeconomic issue which generates interest among the international and national bodies to initiate appropriate policies to control it. The policy makers have mostly focused on the welfare aspects without looking into the important economic aspects. Both welfare and economic aspects are especially important in the context of a developing nation like India. In order to have effective policies to deal with, the problem of child labor, one needs to understand the factors influencing it. This paper studies the macro level indicators of the major factors influencing child labor incidence for the following four categories: male children in rural areas, female children in rural areas, male children in urban areas, and female children in urban areas. The effect of these factors differs across the four categories in this cross-sectional study covering 28 states and 7 union territories of the Indian federation. The results show that besides welfare aspects like educational and developmental factors, economic aspects like work force participation rate, poverty factors, and family factors show significant effect on child labor. INTRODUCTION High percentage of child labor is one the critical problems of most of developing nations and dealing with it emerged as a big challenge (Basu, and Ranjan, 2001). Many authors example, Bhukuth and Ballet, 2006) have pointed out that laws and policies child labor are inefficient and to deal with this malaise. In India, this is a critical social and economic problem more than 5% of the children in the group of 5-14 years are trapped under (according to Census of India, 2001 data), lhis problem increases because children are denied equal opportunities and rights> As a resuk| it has a negative effect on the growth of these chudren and is a critical problem for the nation as a whole Developed nations have continuously made demands and pressurized the developing nations to introduce strict mechanisms to control child labor (Diamond and Fayed, 1998; and Ranjan, 2001). This has led to the merging of trade issues with the child labor clauses (Nardinelli, 1992). Recent changes in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement procedures now provides powers to the WTO to enforce the provisions its members choose to adopt (Castle et al, 1997; and Basu, 1999). However, before planning the mechanisms to eradicate this problem of child labor from India and other developing nations, there is a need to analyze critically the forces that actually influence it. This paper focuses on the child labor incidence and the factors affecting it. It is a cross-sectional study of all the Indian states and Union Territories (UT) using macro indicators to measure various factors. Earlier study (Maheshwari and Singh, 2008) found varying effect of the influencing factors across rural and urban population and also across male and female population. Chaudhri (1997a) found that various factors affect male and female child labor differently. This led us to study the factors influencing child labor in .more specific categories: male and female in rural areas and male and female in urban areas. This study is based on the premise that by understanding factors in specific categories, better policies can be formulated. Also on the basis of gender there are various factors that affect child labor incidence differently (Chaudhri, 1997a and 1997b). CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND There has always been lots of confusions related to the concept of 'child labor'. In Asian countries like India where cultural patterns are different from those in the developed nations, the problem is more complex (Castle et al, 1997; and Duraisamy, 1997). Partially, it is due to lack of clarity in the definition that the results of various studies on child labor do not completely concur with each other (Gayathri and Chaudhri, 2002). For Example, it is also said that if child labor in India is measured according to concepts used by developed nations then this figure will be over 100 millions. …


Point source contamination of groundwater by bromate (BrO3^-) in the Hertfordshire Chalk Aquifer forced the closure in 2000, of a major public supply ground-
water abstraction and presents a continuing threat to regional water resources. Solute transport in the Chalk is dominantly dual porosity in character but in the
bromate-aected region of Hertfordshire, karst development along the feather edge of overlying Palaeocene sands and gravels complicates groundwater ow and transport. Tracer tests conducted in the early 20th century indicated rapid (1-3km/day) flow paths of 8-15km in length but a lack of quantitative data has meant that the karst system has not been adequately incorporated into existing models of bromate
transport. A new suite of quantitative tracer tests was conducted to investigate the spatial relationship between karst flows and distribution of the bromate contamination, and to establish hydrodynamic transport parameters. Bacteriophage were introduced into the aquifer at 3 locations and their appearance was monitored downgradient. Results indicate that karstication is more widespread than
previously indicated. Multiple flow pathways are indicated and evidence of karst penetrating into regions not previously considered karstic. The interpretation has
contributed to the development of a new conceptual understanding of the function, geometry and evolution of the Hertfordshire Chalk karst and its influence upon the
bromate contamination. Tracer breakthrough analysis suggests a `dual porosity' exchange between karst conduits and the Chalk matrix, and/or micro-fractures. The
analysis enabled determination of transport parameters for incorporation within a regional groundwater flow and transport model.The new conceptual understanding has been incorporated into a spatially distributed groundwater
ow and transport model which has been able to reproduce the main features of the karst and transport of the bacteriophage tracers. The model has been applied to simulate bromate transport towards points of interest in the catchment incorporating possible bromate source histories and stresses.


The South African Technology Network (SATN) would like to thank the Editor of the South African Journal of Higher Education (SAJHE) for the opportunity to publish papers read at the 4th Annual SATN Conference that was hosted by Central University of Technology and held in Bloemfontein in November 2011. The journal makes it possible for universities of technology (UoTs) to share their collective thoughts, plans and strategies on UoT curriculum planning, design and dissemination with the rest of the higher education fraternity. Undoubtedly, this edition contributes to the development, nuance and expansion of curricula at UoTs and in other types of universities.
One may ask a few questions: What is so particular or special about curriculum at UoTs? As universities, do UoTs not employ similar curriculum strategies as others? Should they or should they not? What trends are there internationally and nationally on curriculum transformation that UoTs should find applicable?
The 4th Annual SATN Conference 2011 was organised to provide answers to the questions above and many more. The SATN believes the conference helped, in particular, to promote academic debate and knowledge sharing on philosophies, content and structure of workplace focused curricula at UoTs.
Special elements of a unique curriculum transformation framework that were addressed are the following: Work Integrated Learning (WIL) in its widest sense, institutional differentiation, technology enhanced teaching and learning methodologies, quality and standards and how we might cause a mind shift of academics to embrace technology and focus on student learning rather than teaching.


This text intends to discuss the profile of three architects belonging to the past century: Enzo Venturelli, Claude Parent and Roger Anger. The aim is to compare their representations to prefigure their ideal towns. Interest is even greater, if we hypothesize and sustain the existence of a link be-tween these three personalities which is far from being simply indirect. A new interpretation of the three authors highlights common cultural aspects. The identified links open up new prospects for investigation, substantiated by an exam of the works of these three architects. In particular, a spe-cific element is compared: the representation – through the drawing – of a model town based on innovative, spatial organization in architecture both in terms of structure and shape. This proposal anticipates the "town of the future" in its different utopian, ideal or alternative aspects, also in view of their subsequent, cultural influence.


Because of the Cuban presence in Africa (Angola), President Carter put a stop, in November 1978, to the normalization procedures started with Cuba at the commencement of his mandate. The Reagan administration, far from redressing the situation, has worsened it by incessantly accusing and threatening the Cuban government. At the rime of General Haig's resignation as State Secretary on June 26, 1982, his policy of intimidation towards Cuba had failed to keep the Castro's regime in step. Moreover, the American policy has been thwarted by external obstacles — the attitudes of the Cuban and Soviet leaders, the change in the political climate in Latin America (the conflict in the Malvinas) - and by internal causes - blunders, conflicting announcements, incoherent strategies, fluctuating and equivocal appraisals of the situation by the Reagan administration. This administration has alternately advocated a military solution to the Cuban problem and an essentially economic approach to neutralise the castrist influence in the region. Cuba has been at rimes referred to as a sovereign State to be dealt with on a bilateral basis, and at other rimes as a soviet satellite to be handled with the framework of East-West relations. Under the Reagan administration, Cuba has remained more than ever the ideal scapegoat of American leaders faced with a reassessment of the "pax americana" in Central America and in the North-South relations.


A 16-week feeding trial was done to evaluate the possibility of replacing fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) at high inclusion levels in the feeds of juvenile tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Four isoproteic (50%) and isolipidic (13 %) test feeds were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of experimental fish. The control feed was formulated with 100 % local FM (PBM 0) and three other feeds with inclusion levels of PBM 50, 75, and 100 %. Fish with mean body weight of 26.4±0.2 g were randomly put into groups of 30 fish in cylindrical mesh cages placed in a 150-ton high density polyethylene (HDPE) tank. Feeding was done close to apparent satiation level, twice daily at 08:00 and 16:00 hours. Growth of fish fed PBM 0 and TF were significantly lower (P<0.05) to those fed with PBM 50, 75 and 100. Weight gain of juveniles ranged from 233 to 338 %
at the end of feeding trial. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was achieved in PBM 50 (1.1), followed by PBM 100 (1.2), PBM 75 (1.3), and PBM 0 (2.0). Feeding with trash fish had resulted in significantly poorer FCR of 6.6. Survival were not significantly different (P>0.05) among all treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for dry matter were not Significantly different among dietary
treatments, ranging from 58.7±2.03 % to 62.42± 0.81 %. ADCs for crude protein were Significantly different (P<0.05) among the dietary treatments except for PBM 50 and 75(87.06±0.94 % and 85.85±0.12 %, respectively) and the values were decreasing for PBM 100 (74.47±3.13 %) followed by PBM 0 (73.37±3.42 %). ADCs for crude lipid in PBM 100 shows a significantly lower (P<0.05) value compared
with PBM 0, 50 and 75 (84.32±0.39 %, 87.00±0.32 %, 87.05±0.52 % and 84.32±0.65 %, respectively). Whole body proximate compositions, body indices and haematological parameters were not affected by dietary composition. The basic cost analysis revealed that a combination of 50 % PBM and FM gives the more cost effective result. The present study shows that PBM is an excellent alternative protein source for the tiger grouper juveniles.


This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning policies on housing prices and starts in California during the period from 1988 through 2005. The analysis compares cities with and without such policies and isolates the effects of inclusionary zoning programs by carefully controlling for spatial and temporal conditions, such as the neighborhood or school district within which the house is located and changing market conditions over time. The analysis found that inclusionary zoning policies had measurable effects on housing markets in jurisdictions that adopt them; specifically, the price of single-family houses increases and the size of single-family houses decreases. The analysis also found that, although the cities with such programs did not experience a significant reduction in the rate of single-family housing starts, they did experience a marginally significant increase in multifamily housing starts. The magnitude of this shift varied with the stringency of the inclusionary requirements. Finally, the analysis found that the size of market-rate houses in cities that adopted inclusionary zoning increased more slowly than in cities without such programs. The results are fully consistent with economic theory and demonstrate that inclusionary zoning policies do not come without costs.


Total-variation (TV)-based CT image reconstruction has shown experimentally to be capable of producing accurate reconstructions from sparse-view data. In particular TV-based reconstruction is very well suited for images with piecewise nearly constant regions. Computationally, however, TV-based reconstruction is much more demanding, especially for 3D imaging, and the reconstruction from clinical data sets is far from being close to real-time. This is undesirable from a clinical perspective, and thus there is an incentive to accelerate the solution of the underlying optimization problem. The TV reconstruction can in principle be found by any optimization method, but in practice the large scale of the systems arising in CT image reconstruction preclude the use of memory-demanding methods such as Newton's method. The simple gradient method has much lower memory requirements, but exhibits slow convergence. In the present work we address the question of how to reduce the number of gradient method iterations needed to achieve a high-accuracy TV reconstruction. We consider the use of two accelerated gradient-based methods, GPBB and UPN, to solve the 3D-TV minimization problem in CT image reconstruction. The former incorporates several heuristics from the optimization literature such as Barzilai-Borwein (BB) step size selection and nonmonotone line search. The latter uses a cleverly chosen sequence of auxiliary points to achieve a better convergence rate. The methods are memory efficient and equipped with a stopping criterion to ensure that the TV reconstruction has indeed been found. An implementation of the methods (in C with interface to Matlab) is available for download from http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/∼pch/TVReg/. We compare the proposed methods with the standard gradient method, applied to a 3D test problem with synthetic few-view data. We find experimentally that for realistic parameters the proposed methods significantly outperform the gradient method.