The Elm Coulee field of the Williston Basin is a giant oil discovery in the middle Bakken Formation (Devonian–Mississippian) discovered in 2000. Horizontal drilling began in the field in 2000, and to date, more than 600 wells have been drilled. The estimated ultimate recovery for the field is more than 200 million bbl of oil (31.8 million m3). The Bakken Formation in the field area consists of three members: (1) upper shale, (2) middle silty dolostone, and (3) lower siltstone. The total Bakken interval ranges in thickness from 10 to 50 ft (3.1 to 15.3 m) over the field area. The upper shale is dark-gray to black, hard, siliceous, slightly calcareous, pyritic, and fissile. The shale consists of dark organic kerogen, minor clay, silt-size quartz, and some calcite and dolomite. The kerogen consists mainly of amorphous material, and the organic material is distributed evenly throughout the shale interval (not concentrated in laminations or lenses). The upper shale ranges in thickness from 6 to 10 ft (1.8 to 3.1 m) over the field area. The middle member consists of a silty dolostone and ranges in thickness from 10 to 40 ft (3.1 to 12.2 m). The lower member in the Elm Coulee field consists of brownish-gray, argillaceous, organic-rich siltstone. Burrowing and brachiopod fragments are common in the lower member. This facies is equivalent to the lower Bakken black shale facies on the northern side of the field and is interpreted to be an updip-landward equivalent to the deeper-water, black shale facies. The lower member ranges in thickness from 2 to 6 ft (0.61 to 1.8 m). Based on the abundance of fossil content and amount of burrowing, the members of the Bakken Formation are interpreted to have been deposited under aerobic (middle member, common burrows, and rare fossils), dsyaerobic (lower member, common fossils, and lesser amount of burrows), and anaerobic conditions (upper member, rare fossils, and burrows). The main reservoir in Elm Coulee field is the middle member, which has low matrix porosity and permeability and is found at depths of 8500 to 10,500 ft (2593 to 3203 m). The current field limits cover approximately 450 mi2 (1165 km2). The middle Bakken porosities range from 3 to 9%, and permeabilities average 0.04 md. Overall, the reservoir quality in the middle Bakken improves upward as the amount of clay matrix decreases. The middle Bakken is interpreted to be a dolomitized carbonate-shoal deposit based on subsurface mapping and dolomite lithology. The main production is interpreted to come from matrix permeability in the field area. Occasional vertical and horizontal fractures are noted in cores. The vertical pay ranges in thickness from 8 to 14 ft (2.4 to 4.3 m). The Bakken is slightly overpressured with a pressure gradient of 0.53 psi/ft (0.02 kPa/m). Horizontal wells are drilled on 640- to 1280-ac (259- to 518.4-ha) spacing units. Long single laterals, dual laterals, and trilaterals have all been drilled in the field. The horizontal intervals are sand-, gel-, and water-fracture stimulated. Initial production ranges from 200 to 1900 BOPD (31.8 to 302.1 m3/day). Initial potential rates for vertical wells are generally less than 100 BOPD (15.9 m3/day). The upper Bakken shale probably also contributes to the overall production in the field. The exact contribution is unknown but estimated to be less than 20% of the total production. The Elm Coulee field illustrates that the Bakken petroleum system has enormous potential for future oil discoveries in the Williston Basin.


Latent cooling by evaporating or melting hydrometeors has recently been shown to contribute to the positive low-level potential vorticity (PV) anomaly below the layer of latent heating in midlatitude cyclones. While the low-level PV anomaly might be intensified by latent cooling, the influence on the overall baroclinic development remains unclear. Including both latent heating and cooling in the Eady model, this study finds that latent cooling reduces baroclinic growth. While the PV anomaly between the layers of latent cooling and heating increases for realistic heating intensities, the PV anomaly at the top of the heating layer decreases, as latent heating is weakened because of reduced vertical motion within the cyclone. Consequently, the relative contribution from diabatic heating to the generation of eddy available potential energy decreases when latent cooling is included. Thus, despite the recently emphasized role of evaporation for the low-level PV anomaly in developing cyclones, the overall effect of latent cooling is detrimental to baroclinic growth.


Digital signal processing is an area of science and engineering that has developed rapidly over the past 30 years. This rapid development is a result of the significant advances in digital computer technology and integrated–circuit fabrication. DSP processors are a diverse group, most share some common features designed to support fast execution of the repetitive, numerically intensive computations characteristic of digital signal processing algorithms. The most often cited of these features is the ability to perform a multiply-accumulate operation (often called a "MAC") in a single instruction cycle. Hence in this project a DSP Processor is designed which can perform the basic DSP Operations like convolution, fourier transform and filtering. The processor designed is a simple 4-bit processor which has single data line of 8-bits and a single address bus of 16-bits. With a set of branch instructions the project DSP will operate as a CISC processor with strong math capabilities and can perform the above mentioned DSP operations. The application I have taken is the low power FIR filter using dual edge clocking strategy. It combines two novel techniques for the power reduction which is : multi stage clock gating and a symmetric two-phase level-sensitive clocking with glitch aware re-distribution of data-path registers. Simulation results confirm a 42% reduction in power over single edge triggered clocking with clock gating.Also to further reduce the power consumption the a low power latch circuit is used. Thanks to a partial pass-transistor logic, it trades time for energy, being particularly suitable for low power low-frequency applications. Simulation results confirm the power reduction. This technique discussed can be implemented to portable devices which needs longer battery life and to ASIC's


PURPOSE
To assess the oral health knowledge, attitude and practices of 15-year-old schoolchildren in Udupi Taluk, Southern India and to identify their social determinants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, the sample was selected using stratified cluster random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was filled out by the participants and evaluated using bivariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS
A total of 664 children were assessed. About 90% of participants had knowledge about causes of dental caries and the role of toothbrushing in its prevention. Lower proportions (40% to 60%) of participants were aware of gum disease and the role of fluoride and dental floss. A majority (>90%) of the children used a toothbrush and toothpaste, 63.3% of the children did not know whether their toothpaste contained fluoride or not, 61.9% of them cleaned their teeth two or more times a day and only 18.2% of the children visited the dentist for routine check-ups. In the multivariate analysis, a rural area of residence was associated with increased odds of inadequate oral hygiene behaviour (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.10-2.52), of not having recently visited a dentist (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.20-2.98) and of doing so only due to pain (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.57-4.05). Attending private school was associated with decreased odds of these (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.24-0.55; OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.89; OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.25-0.63 respectively), but it contributed significantly to a higher diet score (i.e. more sugary products consumed) (ß: 9.11. 95% CI: 2.97-15.25).

CONCLUSION
There is a need to improve the oral health knowledge, attitude and practices in the target population with emphasis on improvement of oral hygiene and dental visit behaviours amongst rural and government school children and diet in private school children.


sandeel as a case study DTU Orbit (10/12/2018) Productivity and recovery of forage fish under climate change and fishing: North Sea sandeel as a case study Forage fish occupy a central position in marine food-webs worldwide by mediating the transfer of energy and organic matter from lower to higher trophic levels. The lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) is one of the ecologically and economically most important forage fish species in the North-east Atlantic, acting as a key prey for predatory fish and sea birds, as well as supporting a large commercial fishery. In this case study, we investigate the underlying factors affecting recruitment and how these in turn affect productivity of the North Sea sandeel using long-term data and modelling. Our results demonstrate how sandeel productivity in the central North Sea (Dogger Bank) depends on a combination of external and internal regulatory factors, including fishing and climate effects, as well as density dependence and food availability of the preferred zooplankton prey (Calanus finmarchicus and Temora longicornis). Furthermore, our model scenarios suggest that while fishing largely contributed to the abrupt stock decline during the late 1990s and the following period of low biomass, a complete recovery of the stock to the highly productive levels of the early 1980s would only be possible through changes in the surrounding ecosystem, involving lower temperatures and improved feeding conditions. To that end, we stress the need for ecosystem-based management accounting for multiple internal and external factors occurring within the broader context of the ecosystem in which forage fish species, such as sandeel, play an important and integral part


Virtually all European countries are in the midst of a massive multi-year project intended to dramatically restructure higher education in Europe. This project, which is known as the Bologna Process or Sorbonne-Bologna, began less than ten years ago when four European Union (EU) countries signed a relatively vague agreement. The Bologna Process has now grown to forty-six countries, including all of the EU Member States and nineteen non-EU countries. The Bologna Process participants have agreed to form the European Higher Education Area or EHEA by 2010; among other goals, the EHEA is intended to help Europe better compete in the higher education field. Although a number of U.S. higher education organizations are familiar with the Bologna Process and its implications for the U.S., the U.S. legal education community does not appear to have paid particularly close attention to these developments. This article provides a brief history and overview of the Bologna Process, including its ten action lines and information about its effect on European legal education. The article then explains the implications of the Bologna Process for U.S. law schools, legal educators and administrators, and the AALS. This article recommends several concrete steps that the U.S. legal education community should take in response to these developments.


In the corporate world, leadership development programs are standard fare. Such programs often include well-defined competencies and performance metrics, as well as regularly scheduled feedback and mentoring sessions, especially for those employees designated "high potential" performers.

Not so in the public sphere. There are no defined career paths or standardized training curricula for heads of state. There are, however, requisite competencies for effective public sector leadership. As Gardner (1990) observed, "Leadership is not a mysterious activity. It is possible to describe the tasks that leaders perform....[But] we have barely scratched the surface in our efforts toward leadership development" (p. xix).

The learning curve is steep for a newly elected leader, and fraught with potential landmines. Speaking with the candor of someone no longer seeking public office, former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair said recently, "When I came to office, prime minister was the only job I'd ever held; I'd never been a government minister before....The business of running a government is like anything else: You get better the longer you do it. And there are lessons out there that, had they come to me in an identifiable form, would have been useful to know" (talk given on December 16, 2010b).

Both Gardner and Blair are emphatic that leadership is not something one is born with but something learned over time. And as Blair (2010a) put it, "Government is a race between expectations and capability."

In the essays that follow, several leadership coaches discuss the unique challenges and effective approaches they are using to help government leaders build the competencies that will enable them to govern effectively—and win that race between their constituents's expectations and their own capabilities.


There is a great deal of literature and a number of research studies that have been carried out on reflective practice, models and frameworks of reflection and teaching strategies that successfully promote reflective thinking. This study addresses the need to adopt teaching learning approaches in nursing education that develop a link between theory and practice in a meaningful way. Reflective thinking is one such approach which is gaining popularity. Reflection is claimed as a goal in many teacher education programmes but the application of reflective teaching strategies has been problematic. This study was aimed at exploring how nurse educators of the Nursing Colleges in KwaZulu-Natal promoted reflective thinking in their teaching. Three of the four Nursing Colleges chosen for data collection were from the greater Durban Metropolitan area because of the accessibility of the participants. There were seventy-two participants in the study. A quantitative design was used, followed by statistical analysis of the data. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire which included structured and semi-structured questions. What emerged in this study is the need for Nurse Educators to take cogniscance of determining appropriate teaching strategies that would develop reflective thinking skills amongst learners. However, the findings indicate that most Nurse Educators do utilize teaching strategies that promote reflective thinking, but a large percentage still use the lecture method as the primary teaching strategy.


Background: We developed a method to estimate precipitation using mammalian ecomorphology, specifically the relative height of the molars of herbivores (see companion paper, this issue). Question: If we apply the new method to paleoenvironments, do the results agree with previous results from fossil mammals and paleobotanical proxies? Data: Large herbivorous fossil mammals of Eurasia. Data from NOW database covers 23–22 Ma and is Eurasia-wide. Method: We apply the new precipitation estimation method (based on present-day mammalian ecomorphology) to fossil assemblages from different localities. Conclusions: The early Miocene retained the overall humid conditions of the late Paleogene. A shift to more arid conditions began during the middle Miocene. The late Miocene as a whole was a time of large changes, and there was continent-wide restructuring of the distribution of environments. Our new results agree with previous investigations and the mammal proxy data are in good agreement with palaeovegetation data. Mammals and vegetation produce similar precipitation values and large-scale patterns.


In recent years, much has been written on the subject of girls in technology. Whilst it is certainly true that we must do everything possible to encourage girls to take up technological subjects, the national shortage of girls in CDT has many hurdles to overcome before a balance may be achieved. The GATE project, the Equal Opportunities Commission and the DES have all highlighted many of the reasons why girls should be involved in this very important area of the curriculum. In a publication 'The What, Why and How of G.A.T.E . ' the project stated: 'Career possibilities are improved by facility with tools, t h e ability to communicate graphically and a general technological competency'. It h a s become apparent however, that if such projects are to succeed and if we are to attain equality of the sexes in CDT, some practical answers must be sought.


Stone tools, often the sole remnant of prehistoric hunter-gatherer behavior, are frequently used as evidence of ancient human mobility, resource use, and environmental adaptation. In North America, studies of morphological variation in projectile points have provided important insights into migration and interactions of human groups as early as 12–13 kya. Using new approaches to 3D imaging and morphometric analysis, we here quantify bifacial asymmetry among early North American projectile point styles to better understand changes in knapping technique and cultural transmission. Using a sample of 100 fluted bifaces of Clovis and post-Clovis styles in the eastern United States ca. 13,100–9,000 cal BP (i.e., Clovis, Debert-Vail, Bull Brook, Michaud-Neponset/Barnes, and Crowfield), we employed two different approaches for statistical shape analysis: our previously presented method for analysis of 2D flake scar contours, and a new approach for 3D surface analysis using spherical harmonics (SPHARM). Whereas bifacial asymmetry in point shape does not vary significantly across this stylistic sequence, our measure of asymmetric flake scar patterning shows temporal variation that may signify the beginning of regionalization among early New World colonists.


Vacuum sewers collect and transport sanitary sewage using pressure difference rather than gravity as the primary motive force. Compared to conventional gravity sewers, they use smaller pipes, are less constrained by topography, are mechanically more complex, and require electrical power. Vacuum sewers are economically competitive in residential and commercial areas of low to moderate population density, flat or undulating topography, rocky soil, high water table, water shortage, or any combination of these conditions. More than forty vacuum sewer systems are now operating in the U.S., yet this number is small compared to the other alternatives. This paper reviews past and present applications, and speculates on possible future applications. Subjects covered include system components, pipeline materials, collection networks, and others.


Few historians have made a more significant contribution to our understanding of social relations in the English countryside in the early nineteenth century than Roger Wells. In a series of publications, he has consistently and persuasively argued that, in the years from 1790 to 1834, the labourers of southern England fell victim to the rise of a new aggressive agrarian capitalism which fractured and destroyed an older complex social system, replacing it with the naked power of class interest and ushering in a new class consciousness among the rural labourers which corresponded to that developing in the towns among the industrial labourers. This class consciousness was the product of an active resistance which sometimes, as in Swing, took the form of overt protest. Swing, Wells believes, marked the clear expression of class conflict in the countryside. The labourers' defeat was compounded by the New Poor Law, by which triumphant agrarian capitalism imposed its new sway. Placing 'a priceless premium on employment', the New Poor Law transferred power into the hands of the large capitalist farmers who speedily came to dominate the Union boards. Under its pressure, residual aspects of 'class collaboration' between the labourers and the superior social orders dissolved. The labourers were left to develop a defensive class culture which found echoes in Chartism but was seen more extensively in a 'class war' which took the form of disorder, arson, poaching, 'rough' behaviour or in a parodied or cynical deference. Persuasive as Wells'' case is, however, one element of rural society is, by and large, missing from it, and indeed from many other studies of rural protest in the nineteenth century: namely the landlords and, in particular, the largest landlords. Wells sees their role from 1815 to 1830 as being essentially niggardly, continuing to demand social discipline but increasingly failing to play their old role of mediator between the poor and the rate paying classes. Their support for the New Poor Law 'proved to be the final nail in the coffin of rural paternalism'.


To learn whether e-book readers have become widely popular among college students, this study surveys students at one large, urban, four-year public college. The survey asked whether the students owned e-book readers and if so, how often they used them and for what purposes. Thus far, uptake is slow; a very small proportion of students use e-readers. These students use them primarily for leisure reading and continue to rely on print for much of their reading. Students reported that price is the greatest barrier to e-reader adoption and had little interest in borrowing e-reader compatible e-books from the library.


Two of the objectives of Internet are to increase network capacity and offer high quality of differentiated services for traffic with real-time and nonreal-time requirements. Differentiated services (Diff-Serv) were established to fulfill such objectives. Up until now, several Diff-Serv schemes have been proposed which, among others, handle drop and delay priorities. These two priorities raise important optimization issues for the Internet but their relationship remains an open problem. This paper presents a fuzzy control algorithm to select packets in a fair and efficient manner. Simulation shows that the fuzzy controller is better than a crisp one when the fairness issue is raised.


Internal derangement (ID) is among the most common disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Previous research by our group highlighted a correlation between apoptosis and TMJ ID. Metalloproteinases (MMP)-7 and -9 have been shown to play an important role in extracellular matrix ECM) homeostasis and, through it, in joint disc remodelling. The immunohistochemical expression of MMP-7 and -9 was investigated in discs from patients with TMJ ID and from healthy donors and compared with the degree of histological tissue degeneration. The collagen fibre arrangement in pathological discs exhibited varying degrees of disruption. New vessels were consistently detected; endothelial cells from these vessels were immunolabelled with both MMP-7 and MMP-9. More or less intense MMP-7 and MMP-9 immunolabelling was detected in the cytoplasm of disc cells from all patients. MMP-7 and MMP-9 immunostaining was significantly different between pathological and normal discs and correlated with the extent of histopathological degeneration. MMP-7 and MMP-9 upregulation in discs from patients with TMJ ID demonstrates their involvement in disc damage in this disorder. A greater understanding of these processes could help identify ways to curb MMP overproduction without affecting their tissue remodelling action. The design of specific inhibitors for these MMPs would not only help to gain insights into the biological roles of MMPs, but would also aid in developing therapeutic interventions for diseases associated with abnormal ECM degradation.


This study examines the nature of the influences that can and often do have indirect negative impacts on mutual fund shareholders. The first influence is fund market monopolistic competition, which lessens competition on the basis of prices charged shareholders. The second influence is fund advisers who manage fund management companies as well as, indirectly, the fund, to the extent independent directors are lacking by law and/or practice. The third influence is independent directors who are inadequately empowered by law as "shareholder watchdogs" and also legal "outsourcing" of regulatory oversight to directors that has not provided essential protections from fund advisers to shareholders. The fourth influence is Supreme Court cases involving shareholder charges of excessive fund fees, which have always been settled for fund advisers. The fifth influence is shareholder financial literacy, where low literacy has numerous potential negative implications for shareholder investing. The final, and perhaps most important influence, is that fund investors face an industry created and maintained as opaque and damaging to their best interests.


Malaria-induced immunosuppression has been demonstrated in humans and experimental animals. The suppressed immune response has been suggested to be primarily humoral and not cellular in nature, since classical lymphocytic cell-mediated responses have been reported to be normal. Since previous results have demonstrated that an impairment in macrophage antigen processing may be a contributing factor in malaria-induced immunosuppression, the present studies were conducted to determine if the macrophage/reticuloendothelial system (RES) alteration occurs parallel to the course of the malarial infection and if the impairment in antibody formation is temporally related to the RES alteration. The present study has demonstrated that a profound impairment in splenic direct plaque forming cell (PFC) formation occurs in malaria-infected Balb/c mice which had been immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) either 2 or 4 days after inoculation with Plasmodium berghei, NYU-2 strain. Serum hemagglutinin titers were significantly depressed in mice which received the SRBC 4 days post-inoculation; however, no alterations in antibody titers were observed in mice immunized with SRBC 2 days post-inoculation. Coincident with the depression of serum antibody titers at the day 4 immunization period was a profound increase in the vascular clearance of 51Cr-SRBC with an enhanced hepatic uptake of the 51Cr-SRBC and a decreased splenic localization of the labelled erythrocytes. It is suggested that a direct vascular exposure of the splenic lymphoid-macrophage elements to the parasite may be responsible for the initial early alterations in the PFC response while the impairment in serum antibody titers and splenic phagocytic activity may be a result of the pathological alterations occurring later in the infection, e.g., tissue anoxia, anemia, and hemolysis.


Long-lived polyphase tectonism in the Cambrian history of the Ross orogen is demonstrated by recent stratigraphic studies in both the central and Weddell Sea segments of the Transantarctic Mountains. We postulate that strong early Middle Cambrian deformation preceded a more widely recognized Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician period of contraction and magmatism. These Middle Cambrian movements were locally the principal phase of orogenic deformation. They profoundly altered sedimentation patterns along the Antarctic margin, so that in the Weddell Sea region, when carbonate platform sedimentation resumed, the platform margin was reestablished far oceanward of its Early Cambrian location. Intra-Cambrian tectonism along the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana was not confined to its Antarctic segment; comparable activity recently has been described from Australia and is known from South America. These movements may be related to amalgamation of East and West Gondwana.


The vows of the Hippocratic Oath which include a vow to abstain from sharing a patient's personal information remains an important tenet of medical care today. Physician-patient confidentiality even abstains sharing information with patients' families. However, when medical information affects the health of the patient's relatives, many medical professionals assert that they have a duty to share the information, with or without the patient's consent, particularly in the context of children of patients with genetic diseases and disorders, where forewarning may significantly decrease the risks or increase prevention of the effects of the disease or disorder. Currently, while physicians respect for patients' privacy compels them to refrain from sharing medical information with anyone, physicians must notify health officials when innocent third parties are at risk of certain diseases, most notably this conflict appears recently with HIV-positive individuals, but it may, in the near future, create a similar dilemma with the advent of better genetic testing methods. While physicians currently have no duty to warn children of genetic of, for example, BRCA gene mutations that pose a higher risk of breast cancer, it examines legislation, regulations, and court decisions regarding a physician's duty to warn family members of genetic disease. The article concludes that a balancing test is needed to govern the release of genetic data, specifically with regard to the BRCA mutation.


Deployment of offshore wind farms (OWF) is rapidly expanding these years. A Before-After-ControlImpact (BACI) approach was used to study the impact of one of the world's largest off shore wind farms (Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm) on fish assemblages and species diversity. Fish were generally more abundant in the Control than the Impact area before the establishment of the OWF. Eight years later fish abundance was similar in both the Impact and Control area but the abundance of one of the most frequently occurring species, whiting, was much lower as compared to 2001. However, the changes in whiting reflected the general trend of the whiting population in the North Sea. The introduction of hard bottom resulted in higher species diversity close to each turbine with a clear spatial (horizontal) distribution. New reef fishes such as goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris, viviparous eelpout, Zoarces viviparous, and lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus, established themselves on the introduced reef area. In contrast very few gobies were caught near or at the OWF, presumably owing to the highly turbulent hydrographical conditions in the OWF. We suggest that the lack of this common prey fish is the main reason for the absence of larger predatory fish species


Background Few previous studies used information on changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) assessed at multiple points in time in relationship to cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence. The present study aimed to identify subgroups of FPG trajectories with assessing CVD incidence. Methods and Results The present study was based on the Suita study, a population‐based cohort study in Japan. The primary outcome was incidence of the first CVD events consisting of stroke and coronary heart diseases between 1989 and 2013. The main exposure was FPG assessed every 2 years. We used joint latent class mixed models to derive FPG trajectories over time while evaluating cumulative incidence of CVD, and categorized participants into several subgroups based on those trajectories and cumulative incidence. We observed 356 and 243 CVD events during the median follow‐up of 17.2 and 20.2 years among 3120 men and 3482 women, respectively. The joint latent mixed models found 3 subgroups in men and 2 subgroups in women. Of the 3 subgroups in men, 1 subgroup had FPG levels that increased sharply (96.5–205.0 mg/dL from aged 40 to 80 years) and higher CVD cumulative incidence. Of the 2 subgroups in women, 1 subgroup had FPG levels that increased sharply (97.7–190.5 mg/dL from aged 40 to 80 years) and tended to have slightly higher CVD incidence compared with the other subgroup. Conclusion It can be important to manage CVD risk factors especially for people whose FPG trajectories sharply increased to prevent CVD.


Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot with high human density that contributes to increasing human-monkey conflict (HMC). In 50 years of primate studies there, the development of HMC has been documented, and many workshops and interventions organized to ameliorate HMC. These activities prompted the present survey. In the extensive lowland dry zone of Sri Lanka, the affected nonhuman primates are the toque macaque, gray and purple-faced langurs and slender loris. We surveyed and evaluated the attitudes of rural residents towards these four species in an effort to contribute to an ethnoprimatological approach to conservation, i.e., promote a coexistence and sharing of habitat between humans and monkeys. We selected 13 villages near Polonnaruwa, located centrally in the dry zone. The four nonhuman primate species differ in their behavioral ecologies, and this influenced how frequently they were thought of as pests. Most HMC was with the macaque and gray langur, less with the purple-faced langur and least with the loris. The underlying sentiment among stakeholders towards monkeys was generally either neutral or positive. Nonetheless, the majority (80%) of people desired a translocation of the troublesome monkeys from their properties to protected areas, which is impractical. Few (< 1%) openly wanted monkeys destroyed. While a traditional reverence for monkeys provides a solid basis for science and media-based education, it also contributes to the feeding of monkeys and consequent unnatural population growth, and enhanced HMC. Public understanding of the underlying causes of HMC was poor, hindering effective solutions. A combination of a feeding ban, possibly contraceptive intervention at localized HMC trouble spots, and extensive education may be the only benign alternatives to the destruction of wild primates by a powerful minority. Coexistence through strengthening and expansion of exclusive suitable protected habitats for all wildlife is a priority.


This paper examines the extent to which Indigenous Australians have shared in the large expansion of the Australian workforce that is revealed by a comparison of 2001 and 2006 census results. It considers whether this is reflected in changes to regional patterns of Indigenous labour force status, income, occupation and industry of employment. As such, it provides the first comprehensive assessment of possible impacts of federal Indigenous employment policies introduced just prior to the 2001 Census and it contributes to the policy discourse on 'closing the gap' between Indigenous and other Australians. Conventional census measures of labour force status are established for each of 37 Indigenous Regions and administrative data are also deployed to produce a more accurate picture of the spread of CDEP program employment and the effect of this on labour force outcomes. Changes in occupational and industry segregation are established as is the effect of employment change on the gap in median incomes. In line with previous gap analyses conducted by CAEPR an attempt is made to estimate future job requirements using a projection of the Indigenous working-age population to 2016. This reveals a need for more than 70,000 additional jobs to meet current government targets.


Background Child maltreatment (abuse and neglect) has well-established effects on long-term mental health. Less is known about its influence on adult life chances such as economic productivity and social mobility. We aimed to establish the extent to which child maltreatment is associated with such outcomes in mid-life. Methods In the 1958 British birth cohort (N = 8,076), exposure to child maltreatment was recorded as physical, sexual, physiological, witnessing abuse, and neglect. Adult (45/50 y) outcomes were long-term sickness absence (LTS), not in employment, education or training (NEET), lack of assets, income-related support, poor educational qualifications, financial insecurity, manual social class and social mobility. Types of maltreatment were examined separately and also combined as a score (0, 1, 2+), with and without adjustment for potential early-life confounders. Analysis was conducted in STATA via a series of logistic regressions; we applied multiple imputation to account for missing data. Results Prevalence of child abuse varied from 1% (sexual) to 10% (psychological) and 5% were identified as neglected. All types of child maltreatments were associated with most adult outcomes and associations attenuated but largely remained after adjustment. For example, ORadjusted for LTS and NEET for physical abuse was 2.33 (95% CI: 1.62, 3.35) and 1.44 (1.02, 2.02) respectively. Those experiencing sexual abuse or neglect were less likely to be upwardly mobile from birth (OR = 0.49 (0.30, 0.81) and 0.36 (0.26, 0.48) respectively). 10% and 6% of the population experienced 1 and ≥2 maltreatments respectively and there was a graded association with adverse outcome(s): compared to non-maltreatment, ORsadjusted for LTS were 1.81 (1.31, 2.50) and 2.73 (1.92, 3.87) for one and ≥2 maltreatments respectively; and for NEET were 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) and 1.62 (1.18, 2.21) respectively. There was a graded association for ≥3 adverse adult outcomes, with ORsadjusted of 1.41 (1.13, 1.76) and 1.73 (1.32, 2.25) respectively for those experiencing one and ≥2 maltreatments. Conclusion Child abuse and neglect have strong and robust associations with adverse socioeconomic outcomes in mid-adulthood. The increasing risk of poor outcomes associated with higher number of maltreatments suggests that they have an accumulating burden. A study limitation is the retrospective report of abuse, however neglect was ascertained prospectively from multiple sources and we could account for several potential confounding factors in this general population sample. Findings suggest that those maltreated in childhood grow up to experience socioeconomic disadvantage, which in turn may affect their own health and well-being and that of the next generation, thus highlighting the importance of preventing adverse adult outcomes as well as primary prevention.


Radio telescopes that substitute antenna arrays for dishes are gearing up to look back to the brink of the "dark ages" that followed the big bang. These versatile new scopes can survey and catalog the low-frequency sky, monitor fast-changing radio sources, study the sun and space weather, and track ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays as they hit Earth9s atmosphere. But the goal that has scientists buzzing is the prospect of venturing into cosmology9s terra incognita. The time from the release of the cosmic microwave background radiation 400,000 years after the big bang until some 850 million years later, when the superbright galaxies known as quasars became visible, is a closed book to cosmologists. This is a critical period of the universe9s development, during which it evolved from a near-uniform cloud of neutral hydrogen gas into a gallery of stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. Cosmologists can only simulate what might have happened during this time because they have no data.


The need to handle increasingly larger data volumes is one factor driving the adoption of a new class of nonrelational NoSQL databases. Advocates of NoSQL databases claim they can be used to build systems that are more performant, scale better, and are easier to program. NoSQL Distilled is a concise but thorough introduction to this rapidly emerging technology. Pramod J. Sadalage and Martin Fowler explain how NoSQL databases work and the ways that they may be a superior alternative to a traditional RDBMS. The authors provide a fast-paced guide to the concepts you need to know in order to evaluate whether NoSQL databases are right for your needs and, if so, which technologies you should explore further. The first part of the book concentrates on core concepts, including schemaless data models, aggregates, new distribution models, the CAP theorem, and map-reduce. In the second part, the authors explore architectural and design issues associated with implementing NoSQL. They also present realistic use cases that demonstrate NoSQL databases at work and feature representative examples using Riak, MongoDB, Cassandra, and Neo4j. In addition, by drawing on Pramod Sadalages pioneering work, NoSQL Distilled shows how to implement evolutionary design with schema migration: an essential technique for applying NoSQL databases. The book concludes by describing how NoSQL is ushering in a new age of Polyglot Persistence, where multiple data-storage worlds coexist, and architects can choose the technology best optimized for each type of data access.


The emergence of beyond high definition digital media formats is a key driver for future networked media applications and services. The data transport and computational requirements of these emerging digital media formats are significantly greater than those of preexisting media formats. Therefore, there is the need to deploy high-end media processing and storage resources interconnected by high-performance optical networks. To this end, a service-oriented control framework is proposed to facilitate user context-, media-, and network-aware service provisioning. We investigate one of the principal functionalities of this framework: Joint scheduling of media and optical network resources. The immediate and advance user request models are presented. These models are applied to several proposed heuristic algorithms and mathematical formulations based on integer linear programming (ILP). These algorithms and ILPs are comparatively investigated by simulations. The results show that our algorithms and ILPs are able to facilitate high acceptance of user requests as well as effective and efficient use of available media and optical network resources.


Abstract Many commentators contend that the Chinese government adopted an incremental approach to welfare policy reform because its leaders lacked an overall blueprint for it, allowing initiatives to be implemented only after lengthy experimentation. While this perspective has provided an essential account of the implementation and changes of some welfare programmes, it has inadequately addressed the slow progress in rural areas' welfare programmes and the different welfare entitlements for rural and urban residents. Further investigation is therefore required to resolve these anomalies. Using the minimum standard of living scheme (MSLS) as a case example, this article illustrates how the Chinese government's legitimacy needs, during different stages of its economic reforms, have been the principal motivation for the implementation of such schemes. The introduction of an urban MSLS in 1997 aimed to reduce laid-off workers' dissatisfaction following the government's reforms of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The implementation of a rural MSLS in 2007 was intended principally to minimise conflicts between land-losing farmers and local officials after widespread rural riots. These MSLSs are also minimal and stigmatising public-assistance schemes that fulfil the dual objective of securing a stable political environment for economic reform and maintaining poor people's work ethic for China's mixed economy.


Abstract: Blackberries are natural rich sources of bioflavonoids and phenolic compounds that are commonly known as potential chemopreventive agents. Here, we investigated the effects of fresh blackberry extracts on proliferation of cancer cells and neoplastic transformation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), as well as the underlying mechanisms of signal transduction pathways. Using electron spin resonance, we found that blackberry extract is an effective scavenger of free radicals, including hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Blackberry extract inhibited the proliferation of a human lung cancer cell line, A549. Pretreatment of A549 cells with blackberry extract resulted in an inhibition of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Blackberry extract decreased TPA-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ cells. Pretreatment of JB6 cells with blackberry extract resulted in the inhibition of both UVB- and TPA-induced AP-1 transactivation. Furthermore, blackberry extract also blocked UVB- or TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERKs and JNKs, but not p38 kinase. Overall, these results indicated that an extract from fresh blackberry may inhibit tumor promoter-induced carcinogenesis and associated cell signaling, and suggest that the chemopreventive effects of fresh blackberry may be through its antioxidant properties by blocking reactive oxygen species-mediated AP-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.


The thinkers of ancient Egypt, Greece and India recognized that numbers governed much of what they saw in their world and hence provided an approach to its divine creator. Robert Lawlor sets out the system that determines the dimension and the form of both man-made and natural structures, from Gothic cathedrals to flowers, from music to the human body. By also involving the reader in practical experiments, he leads with ease from simple principles to a grasp of the logarithmic spiral, the Golden Proportion, the squaring of the circle and other ubiquitous ratios and proportions. This book is part of the Art and Imagination series, gloriously illustrated paperbacks which cover Eastern and Western religion and philosophy, including myth and magic, alchemy and astrology. The distinguished authors bring a wealth of knowledge, visionary thinking and accessible writing to each intriguing subject.


Abstract. Scrub typhus (ST, Orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (MT, Rickettsia typhi), and dengue virus (DENV) are important causes of childhood morbidity in Cambodia. This prospective, cross-sectional seroprevalence study determined the proportion of Cambodian children infected by these pathogens and the ages at which initial infection is likely to occur. A total of 993 patient serum samples were tested for MT- and ST-specific IgG, and 837 samples tested for DENV-specific IgG. Overall, ST, MT, and DENV seroprevalence was high, estimated at 4.2%, 5.3%, and 50.7%, respectively. Scrub typhus and MT seropositivity peaked in children aged 8–11 and 12–15 years, respectively, suggesting initial infection occurs in these ages. Dengue virus seroprevalence steadily increased with age, indicating constant DENV exposure. The results of this study suggest that in Cambodian children presenting with undifferentiated febrile illness, dengue should be considered high in the list of differential diagnoses, and empirical anti-rickettsial antimicrobial therapy may be more indicated in 8- to 15-year-olds.


As commonly understood, the U.S. patent system is a utilitarian regime that employs exclusive rights and market incentives to promote technological progress. Unlike international and foreign regimes, the domestic patent system less explicitly addresses non-utilitarian issues such as access, equity, and distributive justice in conferring and enforcing exclusive rights. This Article, however, challenges this conception of the U.S. patent system as unconcerned with distributive considerations on descriptive and normative grounds. First, contrary to prevailing characterizations, it reveals numerous "distributive" mechanisms within and associated with the U.S. patent system that widen access to patented technologies, encourage the development of technologies to serve marginalized communities, and broaden participation in the patent system itself. Second, it argues at a normative level that such emphasis on distribution is consonant with the ideological foundations of U.S. patent law and its commonly understood objectives of promoting progress, maximizing utility, and enhancing efficiency. Third, building on these insights, this Article sketches the contours of a distributive agenda for U.S. patent law. It identifies roles for Congress, courts, and agencies — particularly the USPTO — to lower the cost of critical patented technologies, encourage the development of technologies particularly valuable to marginalized communities, and broaden and diversify the base of inventors obtaining protection for their creations.


Bentonite is used in oenology to improve the limpidity and the stability of wine and to predict the formation of deposits in the bottle. The exchangeable cations in its lamellar structures strongly influence some properties, such as the specific surface, the exchange capacity and the adsorption behavior. The unintended use of bentonite for juice settling and/or for wine fining produces jeopardized effects on colloidal and protein stability, the aroma compounds and sensory profiles. The interactions with haze-forming proteins, other colloids, as well as aroma compounds and phenols would have been to discover as the modulation of wine colloids by an adjuvant severely affects the wine resilience and the sensory profile. This chapter reviews several studies that focus on the impact of commercial bentonite samples used for both juice clarification and wine fining on the colloids, proteins, phenols and aroma compounds of white and red wines. Some parameters of practical value, such as the wine heat stability, the concentrations of total and haze-forming proteins and the content of the most relevant aromas, have been assessed to track the effects of bentonite and to achieve findings that are applicable to the field of oenology.


COMPLIT 100. CAPITALS: How Cities Shape Cultures, States, and People. 3-5 Units. This course takes students on a trip to major capital cities, at different moments in time: Renaissance Florence, Golden Age Madrid, Colonial Mexico City, Enlightenment and Romantic Paris, Existential and Revolutionary St. Petersburg, Roaring Berlin, Modernist Vienna, and bustling Buenos Aires. While exploring each place in a particular historical moment, we will also consider the relations between culture, power, and social life. How does the cultural life of a country intersect with the political activity of a capital? How do large cities shape our everyday experience, our aesthetic preferences, and our sense of history? Why do some cities become cultural capitals? Primary materials for this course will consist of literary, visual, sociological, and historical documents (in translation); authors we will read include Boccaccio, Dante, Sor Juana, Montesquieu, Baudelaire, Gogol, Irmgard Keun, Freud, and Borges. Note: To be eligible for WAYS credit, you must take the course for a Letter Grade. Same as: DLCL 100, FRENCH 175, GERMAN 175, HISTORY 206E, ILAC 175, ITALIAN 175, URBANST 153


PURPOSE
To quantify the translational and rotational setup differences between laseres on skin markers and bony references through X-ray Brainlab Exactrac system for patients under pelvic treatment.

METHODS
12 patients were initially localized via Exactrac and then received the isocenter laser projection marks on their skin. Over the course of treatment patients were daily localized by localization lasers and skin marks and then a pair of Brainlab Exactrac X-rays were taken and registered to planning Digital Reconstructed Radiographies (DRRs) in order to calculate the translational and rotational patient shifts. 6D Robotic couch were used to apply shifts. Individual and population statistical analysis of those shifts were performed.

RESULTS
The average mean shifts for all directions (lateral, longitudinal and vertical) were close to zero, -0.6mm, -0.3mm and 1.6mm respectively. The average translational standard deviations were: lateral 2.7mm (ranging from 1.9 to 4.6mm), longitudinal: 2.3mm (1.0 to 4.4mm), and vertical: 3.5mm (1.3 to 5.0mm). For all patients studied the mean lateral angular shift (pitch) was always positive (mean 1.1°, ranging from 0° to 3.8°), while the overall longitudinal angular shift (roll) and vertical rotation were -0,1° (SD=0,6°, varying from -0,7° to 1.3°) and 0.0° (SD=0,4°, -0,5° to 0,9°) respectively.

CONCLUSION
The low value of overall mean translational shift indicates there is no significant systematic error for the studied patients. Anterior Posterior direction is the most sensitive to daily differences between lasers and Exactrac. Recurrent positive mean lateral angular shift for all patients might be related to table top sagging and its relation to patient weight needs to be further investigated. Patient localization by skin markers may lead to significant differences compared to bony localization and such discrepancies must be considered for PTV margins. Patient positioning via bony references with Exactrac may potentially reduce PTV margins and consequently side-effects.


The project Dialect Levelling in West Sweden focuses on the dialect situation in the first decade of the 21st century compared with the dialects spoken in the same region in the 1940s–1960s. Seventy teenagers participating in group interviews have been recorded and their use of phonological and morphological variables has been analysed. Comparisons with data recorded in the same region by The Institute of Language and Folklore in 1940–1960 show that dialect levelling is under way. It seems that the population of this area no longer speak a traditional dialect. An important issue, however, is how much the traditional dialects have actually changed, and to what extent the method for collecting data affects the answer. In the mid-20th century, the praxis within Swedish dialectology for selecting informants was to find as old and rural dialect speakers as possible to represent a specific region, and the purpose was that of documenting the dialect as a linguistic system. Today, however, many studies select informants based on speaker variables, because the aim is to document the dialect situation (i.e. who uses what linguistic variants when), rather than the traditional dialect as a linguistic system. Thus, there is a distinct difference between a linguistic interest and a sociolinguistic one. In this paper I suggest that it is critical when discussing dialect change to observe this very methodological change. In order to illustrate this, the use of dialect variants by two informants recorded in 1948 is compared with the use of dialect variants by three informants recorded in 2007 and 2008. The informants are all from around a small rural village located approximately 70 km from Gothenburg in West Sweden. This is an area where a specific variety of West Swedish has been spoken. By comparing these individuals, the concept of dialect change is problematized.


N-metallo ketene imines are attractive for the preparation of a wide range of organic compounds. Our research group has been engaged in the preparation and application of the N-metallo imines (SKIs). In this frame we have studied the uncatalyzed reaction of SKIs with isocyanates to give the corresponding malonamides with good yields. It has been demonstrated that the use of SKIs, instead of simple lithium anion of nitriles, is essential for the success of the reaction. A possible explanation assumes that this new reaction proceeds via a silatropism. In the course of our studies, reported in this thesis, the synthesis and the reactivity of N-silyl ketene imines in the preparation of 2,2-diaryl-3,4- dihydroxy- alcanonitrile in an uncatalyzed adol-type reaction has been performed. Our conception has been to use a chiral aldehyde to introduce asymmetric induction at the β-position and at the α-quaternary stereogenic center in the new forming diols. To achieve this goal, we used diarylacetonitrile as the substrate to form the corresponding N-trimethylsylilketene-imines to be reacted with (S)–lactic aldehyde with different protecting groups on the hydroxyl functionality. A number of 2,2-diaryl-3,4-dihydroxy-pentanenitrile were prepared with good to excellent stereo-control and satisfactory yields. Extension of this protocol to other metallo-ketene imines was performed. Accordingly, the preparation of tin ketene imines was attempted in analogy of the corresponding silyl ketene imine. The reaction of tin ketene imines with aldehydes was tested as a new tool for the synthesis of beta-hydroxynitriles starting from carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and/or ketones). Dialkyl(aryl)silyl nitriles and dialkyl(aryl)tin nitriles presents different reactivity. Finally, N-aluminium-ketene imines, as nucleophilic partner in the opening reaction of epoxides were studied. Preliminary positive results foster us to continue our studies in enlightening the scope and the limitations of this new reaction.


By implementing a unique magneto-optical system with ultrafast magnetic-field ramping-rate capability (up to 3 kT/s), we have been able to routinely generate and image dendritic flux instabilities in YBa2Cu3O7-x films. In the present work we study the effect of the film thickness on the dendritic instability. Dendritic avalanches in 50 - 600 nm thick films were magneto-optically imaged at 7 K, after ramping the magnetic field from zero to 60 mT at different rates. The data reveal a remarkable change in flux morphologies between the thin and the thicker films. While the former (50-250 nm) display well-developed dendritic patterns, the latter (350-600 nm) exhibit few avalanches with favored branch directions parallel to the film's edges. Several possible explanations for this behavior are discussed.


The Chinamora Batholith (Zimbabwe) frequently is stated as a type-locality for the emplacement mechanism of ballooning, however its emplacement mechanism is still the subject of an ongoing discussion. It has therefore been chosen for a thorough study of its structural features, magnetic fabric, age data and geochemical signature to test the different emplacement models. The Chinamora Batholith is a composite batholith comprising numerous lithologies ranging from dioritic to granitic which may be grouped into the marginal gneissic granites, the equigranular granites and the central porphyritic granite. This division reflects the timing of intrusion and is confirmed by the performed age dating. Structural analyzes of the gneissic granites revealed a different intensity of deformation and allowed the establishment of sub units in the gneissic granites into the southern, western and northern gneisses. While the southern gneisses show a strong solid-state deformation overprinting the magmatic fabric the western and northern gneisses only show a weak solid-state overprint of their magmatic fabric. The close spatial relationship of the southern gneisses with the Umwindsi Shear Zone suggests a deformation due to progressive movement along the shear zone. This movement has not affected the other gneissic units which hence show less distinct solid-state deformations. The equigranular granites in the west of the batholith only show very weak solid-state deformations. The gneissic granites and the equigranular granites ascended and emplaced syn-tectonically during a roughly N-S directed regional stress field. This is confirmed by their magnetic fabric derived from measurements of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS) that shows a stable E-W oriented magnetic lineation. The magnetic foliation in most of the units trends margin parallel and usually dips away from the batholith center. The porphyritic granite revealed magmatic to sub-magmatic fabrics, only occasionally solid-state deformational features can be observed which confirms its post-tectonic emplacement. Magnetic fabric elements show a stable WNW-ESE trend indicating a different mode of emplacement than the gneissic granites.The AMS measurements have been tested using high field analyzes (HFA) and theoretical calculations for their significance and their reliability concerning the orientations of the magnetic axes and the calculated anisotropy parameters. These tests revealed that the magnetic properties of most of the samples are influenced by ferrimagnetic minerals. This mainly affects the anisotropy parameters. Orientations of the main paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic axes are subparallel. Geochemical analyzes of the different units revealed a linear relationship from the older gneissic granites to the younger porphyritic granite pointing to a close petrogenetic relationship. The granitoids of the Chinamora Batholith probably all derived from the same granitic source. Furthermore, five different geometries that can be associated with the different emplacement mechanisms have been modeled using thermal calculations. These seem to reject emplacement mechanisms like ballooning, diapirism or the emplacement as a set of smaller diapirs for the gneissic granites.Based on the above described analyzes two different emplacement models are proposed for the granitoid rocks of the Chinamora Batholith. While the porphyritic granite ist emplaced as a laccolith the gneissic and equigranular granites probably have been emplaced as a blistering diapir, however, a comparatively thin magma chamber fed by dyke-like conduits can not completely be ruled out.


Hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL) fluorescence cystoscopy is being investigated as a new diagnostic tool for the detection of flat urothelial malignancies in bladder cancers. However, the influence of the bladder instillation time on the performance of this detection modality has not been addressed up to now. We report our initial experience comparing different instillation schedules of HAL cystoscopy in the diagnosis of superficial bladder cancer. A total of 718 fluorescent positive (433) and fluorescence negative (285) biopsies have been taken in the bladder of 143 patients using the Storz D-light fluorescence imaging system (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) which allows both white and blue light (380-450 nm) bladder wall inspection. Following hospitalisation, 50 ml of HAL (8mM) phosphate buffer solution was instilled into the bladder of patients during one hour (1 hour protocol involving 57 patients), or during two hours followed by a two hours resting time after removal of the solution (2+2 hours protocol involving 86 patients). Both instillation subgroups were homogeneous in terms of proportion of high risk disease, previous BCG treatment and/or recurrent disease. This study indicates that the instillation duration does not influence the results of HAL (Hexvix) fluorescence cystoscopy in our conditions. Compared to the standard use of ALA, HAL (Hexvix) fluorescence cystoscopy allows a significant reduction of the instillation time (to less than one hour) without prejudicing the efficacy of the method, what represents a real advantage in daily clinical practice.


From a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective, this paper reports on the findings of an exploratory study examining the features of the academic texts produced by three groups of postgraduates: native speakers of Turkish (TL1), English (EL1) and Turkish speakers of English (EL2). To this end, the study involves a micro-discourse analysis of a corpus of ninety discussion sections of dissertations to identify and classify the choices made by the authors for expressing commitment/detachment in presenting knowledge claims. The results indicated interesting similarities and differences across the groups in the ways in which writers qualified their level of commitment to a higher level and detachment from the claims in their writing. In other words, this can be described as a cline from the highest to the lowest, even intentionally withholding their commitment. By looking at the hedging and boosting devices contributing to the interactive side of academic writing, the discourse constructed by Turkish L1 writers appeared to be slightly less interpersonal but highly authoritative overall. In contrast, the results suggested that the Turkish writers of English were similar to their English L1 counterparts in terms of building a significantly more cautious strategy for presenting knowledge claims and making use of relatively fewer boosting devices when presenting their claims. It is hoped that the implications of the findings can be useful for teaching of academic writing to postgraduates within the contexts of the study.


The recent Senate inquiry into credit and hardship underscored the prevalence of predatory conduct in the payday lending industry. The rise of digitalisation has increased consumer access to high-cost payday loans and the ensuing risk of debt spirals. The article examines the marketing strategies of online payday lenders, revealing that the effect of mandatory warnings on the risk of harm are often diminished through website layouts. At the same time, lenders commonly offer fast, convenient cash in tandem with blogs that provide advice on managing finances and living well on a budget, obfuscating the distinction between advertising and altruistism. The findings highlight the need for regulatory enforcement of laws aimed at safeguarding vulnerable financial consumers. Emerging challenges from the increasing digitalisation of payday lending and social media marketing raise the need for reforms to address gaps in the regulatory framework.


Soil particles of colloidal size have been known for more than two decades to facilitate the transport of adsorbed contaminants through the vadose zone. Understanding the mobilization mechanisms of these particles is thus essential for environment and water resource protection. It was recently shown that when the dry period before a rainfall event varies from 1 h to a few days, the mass of mobilized particles increases by more than an order of magnitude. This mobilization increase was indirectly linked to water content variations in preferential flow pathways. In this study, we developed a novel conceptual model of autochthonous particle mobilization in macroporous soils that explains this observation. We assumed that during a rain interruption, water loss from the macropore walls induces differential capillary stresses that weaken the structure of the walls. This weakening promotes mobilization during the passage of the infiltration front at the beginning of a subsequent rainfall event. The model computes the number of mobilized particles as a function of the rain interruption duration. We compared the computed mobilization with data obtained from a series of successive rainfall events performed at the column scale on a calcareous soil. Our simple model reproduced qualitatively well the observed variations of mobilization with rain interruption duration. This agreement strengthens the hypothesis of a mobilization process linked to capillary stresses occurring in the macropore walls. The model also provides insight into how the chronology of rainfall events undergone by the soil influences mobilization during successive events. Finally, it provides a novel link between colloid mobilization and pore structure evolution.


In this paper, the author describes reduced-form linear and non-linear econometric models developed to forecast and analyze quarterly data on output growth in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1981 to 2003. Empirical evidence reported in the paper suggests that economic activity in the United States and the real exchange rate are the main factors that influence output in the manufacturing sector in Canada. Although the real exchange rate has a significant impact, the response of output to exchange rate shocks is highly asymmetric. In addition, non-linear Markov switching models appear to better explain the growth of output and provide more accurate out-of-sample forecasts. Because of the asymmetry, empirical evidence shows the need to take into account conditional rather than unconditional elasticities to the state of production in the manufacturing sector, especially when analyzing the response of output to real exchange rate shocks.


Abstract. We present a model framework for the regional-scale analysis of high-mountain multi-hazard and -risk indicators, implemented with the open-source software package GRASS GIS. This framework is applied to a 98 300 km2 study area centred in the Pamir (Tajikistan). It includes (i) rock slides, (ii) ice avalanches, (iii) periglacial debris flows and (iv) lake outburst floods. First, a hazard indicator is assigned to each relevant object (steep rock face, glacier or periglacial slope, lake). This indicator depends on the susceptibility and on the possible event magnitude. Second, the possible travel distances, impact areas and, consequently, impact hazard indicators for all types of processes are computed using empirical relationships. The impact hazard indicators are finally superimposed with an exposure indicator derived from the type of land use, resulting in a raster map of risk indicators finally discretized at the community level. The analysis results are presented and discussed at different spatial scales. The major outcome of the study, a set of comprehensive regional-scale hazard and risk indication maps, shall represent an objective basis for the prioritization of target communities for further research and risk mitigation measures.


Plankton are a signicant component of the biogeochemical cycles that impact on the global climate. Plankton ecosystems constitute around 40 % of the annual global primary productivity, and the sinking of plankton to the deep ocean (the so-called biological pump) is the largest permanent loss of carbon from the coupled atmosphere-surface ocean-land system. The biological pump need only increase by 25 % to cancel the anthropogenically-released ux of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Mechanistic models of atmosphere-ocean dynamics have proved to have superior predictive capabilities on climate phenomena, such as the El Ni~no, than empirical models. Mechanistic models are based on fundamental laws describing the underlying processes controlling a particular system. Existing plankton population models are primarily empirical, raising doubts to their ability to forecast the behaviour of the plankton system, especially in an altered global climate.
This thesis works towards a mechanistic model of plankton population dynamics based primarily on physical laws, and using laboratory-determined parameters. The processes modelled include: diusion and convection to the cell surface, light capture by photosynthetic pigments, sinking and encounter rates of predators and prey. The
growth of phytoplankton cells is modelled by analogy to chemical kinetics. The equations describing each process are veried by comparison to existing laboratory experiments. Process-based model verication is proposed as a superior diagnostic tool for model validation than verication based on the changing state of the system over time. To increase our ability to undertake process-based verication, a model of stable isotope fractionation during phytoplankton growth is developed and tested.
The developed model has been written to complement other process-based models of biogeochemical cycles. A suite of process-based, biogeochemical models, coupled to an atmosphere-ocean circulation model, will have superior predictive capabilities compared with present global climate models.


It is said that lines could be still made with silk as used to be done in Japan as a countermeasure against pollution by nylon fishing lines. However, it is not clear whether or not silk fishing lines would be decomposed biologically in marine environments. To answer this question, seawater was collected at six stations at the entrance of Tokyo Bay and sterile raw silk threads (27-denier) were added to these seawaters. The final concentrations of raw silk threads in the seawaters were 0.5%. The six seawaters with raw silk threads [silk-decomposing seawater media (SDS media)] were incubated for 2 months at 20°C. The tensile strengths of the raw silk threads in the three SDS media were clearly decreased at least after 2-month incubation. The degree of decomposition of the raw silk threads, which were observed visually, correlated approximately with the ammonia contents of the SDS media. When the incubated raw silk threads were examined microscopically, it was shown that the raw silk threads were split into more and finer filaments after 1-and 2-month incubation. These results suggest the possibility of decomposition of raw silk threads in marine environments.


Background Flow diversion is an effective and increasingly accepted method for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Additionally, the public has heightened concerns regarding radiation exposure from medical procedures. This study analyzes radiation dose and fluoroscopy time during treatment of large and giant proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device (PED) versus traditional coiling techniques. Methods Radiation dose, fluoroscopy time, and contrast dye administration were retrospectively analyzed in 55 patients undergoing endovascular treatment of aneurysms ≥10 mm from petrous to superior hypophyseal ICA segments. Patients were treated by either PED (37 patients) or traditional coiling techniques (18 patients). Aortic arch type and proximal ICA tortuosity were also assessed as markers of access difficulty. Results Average radiation dose with PED treatment was 2840±213 mGy and 4010±708 mGy with traditional coiling techniques (p=0.048; 29% decrease with PED). Mean fluoroscopy time for PED was 56.1±5.0 min and 85.9±11.9 min for coiling cases (p=0.0087; 35% decrease with PED). These benefits existed despite more difficult arch anatomy and a trend towards greater proximal vessel tortuosity in PED cases. Contrast dye amounts were also reduced by 37.5% in PED cases (75±6 mL) versus coiling cases (120±13 mL, p=0.0008). Conclusions Treatment of large and giant proximal ICA aneurysms using PED requires less radiation, less fluoroscopy time, and less contrast administration than standard coiling techniques. This further demonstrates the benefits of flow diversion for treatment of these aneurysms.


The adaptation of standard integrated circuit (IC) technology for biosensors in drug discovery pharmacology, neural interface systems, environmental sensors and electrophysiology requires electrodes to be electrochemically stable, biocompatible and affordable. Unfortunately, the ubiquitous IC technology, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), does not meet the first of these requirements. For devices intended only for research, modification of CMOS by post-processing using cleanroom facilities has been achieved by others. However, to enable adoption of CMOS as a basis for commercial biosensors, the economies of scale of CMOS fabrication must be maintained by using only low-cost post-processing techniques. The scope of this work was to develop post-processing methods that meet the electrochemical and biocompatibility requirements but within the low-cost constraint. Several approaches were appraised with the two most promising designs taken forward for further investigation. Firstly, a process was developed whereby the corrodible aluminium is anodised to form nanoporous alumina and further processed to optimise its impedance. A second design included a noble metal in the alumina pores to enhance further the electrical characteristics of the electrode. Experiments demonstrated for the first time the ability to anodise CMOS metallisation to form the desired electrodes. Tests showed the electrode addressed the problems of corrosion and presented a surface that was biocompatible with the NG108-15 neuronal cell line. Difficulties in assessing the influence of alumina porosity led to the development of a novel cell adhesion assay that showed for the first time neuronal cells adhere preferentially to large pores rather than small pores or planar aluminium. It was also demonstrated that porosity can be manipulated at room temperature by modifying the anodising electrolyte with polyethylene glycol. CMOS ICs were designed as multiple electrode arrays and optimised for neuronal recordings. This utilised the design incorporating a noble metal deposited into the porous alumina. Deposition of platinum was only partially successful, with better results using gold. This provided an electrode surface suitable for electric cell-substrate impedance sensors (ECIS) and many other sensor applications. Further processing deposited platinum black to improve signal-to-noise ratio for neuronal recordings. The developed processes require no specialised semiconductor fabrication equipment and can process CMOS ICs on laboratory or factory bench tops in less than one hour. During the course of electrode development, new methods for biosensor packaging were assessed: firstly, a biocompatible polyethylene glycol mould process was developed for improved prototype assembly. Secondly, a commercial 'partial encapsulation' process (Quik-Pak, U.S.) was assessed for biocompatibility. Cell vitality tests showed both methods were biocompatible and therefore suitable for use in cell-based biosensors. The post-processed CMOS electrode arrays were demonstrated by successfully recording neuronal cell electrical activity (action potentials) and by ECIS with a human epithelial cell line (Caco2). It is evident that these developments may provide a missing link that can enable commercialisation of CMOS biosensors. Further work is being planned to demonstrate the technology in context for specific markets.


Objectives Sensory impairments are becoming increasingly common in the workforces of Western countries. To assess their role in occupational injury, and that of disorders of balance, we undertook a case–control study. Methods Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, which documents all medical consultations, referrals and diagnoses in primary care for 6% of the British population, we identified 1348 working-aged patients who had consulted medical services over a 22-year period for workplace injury (cases) and 6652 age-matched, sex-matched and practice-matched controls. Risks were assessed by conditional logistic regression, for earlier recorded diagnoses of visual impairment, common eye diseases, hearing loss, perforated ear drum, non-acute otitis media and disorders of balance. Results In all, 173 (2.2%) participants had an earlier eye problem, 792 (9.9%) an ear problem (including 336 with impaired hearing and 482 with non-acute otitis media) and 266 (3.3%) a disorder of balance. No associations were found with glaucoma, cataract, retinal disorders or perforation of the ear drum specifically, but adjusted ORs were moderately elevated for eye and ear problems more generally, and higher where there was a record of blindness or partial sight (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.44) or non-acute otitis media (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.54). Risks for non-acute otitis media and for disorders of balance were particularly elevated for consultations in the 12 months preceding injury consultation (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.62 and 1.77, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.11, respectively). Conclusions Problems of vision, impairments of hearing and disorders of balance all may carry moderately increased risks of occupational injury.


Previous research suggests two factors that may help explain differences in local government policies directed toward immigrants: the anxieties of "new destinations" (areas that have experienced a rapid, recent rise in immigrant settlement), and the "old politics" of local partisanship and political pressure. In this paper, we examine a previously unexplored aspect of the local immigration policy dynamic: do "new destinations" or "old politics" help to explain why the practices of law-enforcement agencies regarding immigrants differ among communities? Using multivariate analyses of data from three nationwide surveys of county sheriffs and police chiefs in large and small cities in the United States, our findings provide stronger evidence for the political-pressure hypothesis, although with differences across the three sets of respondents.


Introduction. The Internet, the Web, and HTML. Open but Not Equal. The Browser Wars. The Push for Standards. The Real World. What Should Your Use? How This Books Works. The HTML VQS Web Site. 1. Web Page Building Blocks. Markup: Elements, Attributes, and Values. A Web Page's Text Content. Links, Images and Other Non-Text Content. File Names. URLs. HTML vs XHTML. Versions, Flavors, and DOCTYPE. The Default Display of (X)HTML. Adding Style to Your Web Pages. The Cascade: When Rules Collide. A Property's Value. 2. Working with Web Page Files. Designing Your Site. Creating a New Web Page. Saving Your Web Page. About Microsoft Word and Web Pages. Specifying a Default or "Home" Page. Editing Web Pages. Organizing Files. Viewing Your Page in a Browser. The Inspiration of Others. 3. Basic (X)HTML Structure. Starting Your Web Page. Creating the Foundation. Declaring the Encoding. Creating a Title. Creating Section Headers. Starting a New Paragraph. Naming Elements. Breaking Up a Page into Divisions. Creating Inline Spans. Creating a Line Break. Adding Comments. Labeling Elements in a Web Page. 4. Basic (X)HTML Formatting. Making Text Bold or Italic. Changing the Size of Text. Using a Monospaced Front. Using Preformatted Text. Quoting Text. Creating Superscripts and Subscripts. Marking Changed Text. Explaining Abbreviations. 5. Creating Web Images. About Images for the Web. Getting Images. The Save for Web Command. Making Images Smaller. Creating Transparency. Saving Images with Transparency. Simulating Transparency. Using (Mostly) Browser Safe Colors. Reducing the Number of Colors. Showing Images Progressively. Blurring Images to Aid JPEG Compression. Creating Animated GIFs. 6. Using Images. Inserting Images on a Page. Offering Alternate Text. Specifying Size for Speedier Viewing. Scaling an Image. Linking Thumbnails to Images. Making Images Float. Stopping Elements from Wrapping. Adding Space around an Image. Aligning Images. Adding Horizontal Rules. 7. Links. Creating a Link to Another Web Page. Creating Anchors. Linking to a Specific Anchor. Targeting Links to Specific Windows. Setting the Default Target. Creating Other Kinds of Links. Creating Keyboard Shortcuts for Links. Setting the Tab Order for Links. Using Images to Label Links. Dividing and Image into Clickable Regions. Creating a Client-Side Image Map. Using a Server-Side Image Map. 8. Creating Styles. Constructing a Style Rule. Constructing Selectors. Selecting Elements by Name. Selecting Elements by Class or ID. Selecting Elements by Context. Selecting Link Elements Based on Their State. Selecting Part of an Element. Selecting Elements Based on Attributes. Specifying Groups of Elements. Combining Selectors. 9. Applying Styles. Creating an External Style Sheet. Linking External Style Sheets. Offering Alternate Style Sheets. Creating an Internal Style Sheet. Importing External Style Sheets. Applying Style Locally. The Importance of Location. Adding Comments to Style Rules. 10. Formatting with Styles. Choosing a Font Family. Embedding Fonts on a Page. Creating Italics. Applying Bold Formatting. Setting the Font Size. Setting the Line Height. Setting All Font Values at Once. Setting the Text Color. Changing the Text's Background. Controlling Spacing. Adding Indents. Setting White Space Properties. Aligning Text. Changing the Text Case. Using Small Caps. Decorating Text. 11. Layout with Styles. Structuring Your Pages. The Box Model. Displaying and Hiding Elements. Positioning Elements Absolutely. Affixing an Element to the Browser Window. Offsetting Elements in the Natural Flow. Changing the Background. Changing the Foreground Color. Changing the Cursor. Setting the Border. Adding Padding around an Element. Setting the Margins around an Element. Setting the Height or Width for an Element. Positioning Elements in 3D. Determining Where Overflow Should Go. Making Elements Float. Controlling Where Elements Float. Aligning Elements Vertically. 12. Style Sheets for Printing. Using Media-Specific Style Sheets. How Print Style Sheets Differ. Controlling Page Breads. Other Print Specific CSS Properties. 13. Lists. Creating Ordered and Unordered Lists. Choosing Your Markers (Bullets). Choosing Where to Start List Numbering. Using Custom Markers. Controlling Where Markers Hang. Setting All List-Style Properties at Once. Creating Definition Lists. Styling Nested Lists. 14. Tables. Mapping Out Your Page. Creating a Simple Table. Adding a Border. Setting the Width. Centering a Table on the Page. Wrapping Text around a Table. Combining Tables. Aligning a Cell's Contents. Changing the Background. Controlling the Space. Spanning a Cell across Columns. Spanning a Cell across Rows. Dividing Your Table into Column Groups. Dividing the Table into Horizontal Sections. Choosing Which Borders to Display. Controlling Line Breaks in a Cell. Speeding up Table Display. 15. Frames. Creating a Simple Frameset. Creating Frames in Columns. Creating Frames in Rows and Columns. Combining Framesets. Creating an Inline Frame. Adjusting a Frame's Margins. Showing or Hiding Scroll Bars. Adjusting the Color of the Borders. Adjusting the Frame Borders. Keeping Visitors from Resizing Frames. Targeting Links to Particular Frames. Targeting Links to Special Spots. Changing the Default Target. Nesting Framesets. Offering Alternatives to Frames. Embedding Content with Objects. Making Frames More Accessible. 16. Forms. About CGI Scripts. Getting a Script. Using the Scripts Included with This Book. Preparing a Script. Creating a Form. Sending Form Data via E-mail. Using a Form Hosting Service. Creating Text Boxes. Creating Password Boxes. Creating Radio Buttons. Creating Checkboxes. Creating Menus. Creating Larger Text Areas. Allowing Visitors to Upload Files. About Hidden Fields. Adding Hidden Fields to a Form. Creating the Submit Button. Resetting the Form. Using an Image to Submit Data. Organizing the Form Elements. Formally Labeling Form Parts. Setting the Tab Order in a Form. Adding Keyboard Shortcuts. Disabling Form Elements. Keeping Elements from Being Changed. 17. Multimedia. Of Plugins and Players. Getting Players for Your Visitors. Getting Multimedia Files. Embedding QuickTime Movies. Scaling a QuickTime Movie. Looping a QuickTime Movie. Putting QuickTime Sounds on a Page. Hiding QuickTime Sounds. Embedding Windows Media Player Files. Inserting Java Applets. Embedding Other Multimedia Files. Linking to Multimedia Files. Creating an Automatic Slide Show. Creating a Marquee. Adding Background Sound. 18. Scripts. Adding an "Automatic" Script. Calling an External Automatic Script. Triggering a Script. Creating a Button that Executes a Script. Adding Alternate Information. Hiding Scripts from Older Browsers. Hiding Scripts from XML Parsers. Setting the Default Scripting Language. 19. JavaScript Essentials. Adding the Current Date and Time. Changing a Link's Status Label. Changing Multiple Frames with One Link. Keeping Frames in Their Framesets. Changing an Image When a Visitor Points. Loading Images into Cache. Controlling a New Window's Size. 20. Symbols and Non-English Characters. About Character Encodings. Saving Your Page with the Proper Encoding. Editing a Page with the Proper Encoding. Declaring Your Page's Character Encoding. Adding Character from Outside the Encoding. Specifying Your Page's Language. 21. Formatting: The Old Way. Choosing Default Characteristics for Text. Formatting Bits of Text. Another Way to Choose Default Colors. Changing the Color of Links. Striking Out or Underlining Text. Making Text Blink. 22. Layout: The Old Way. Using Background Color. Using Background Images. Centering Elements on a Page. Specifying the Margins. Keeping Lines Together. Creating Discretionary Line Breaks. Specifying the Space Between Paragraphs. Creating Indents. Creating Indents (with Lists). Creating Blocks of Space. Using Pixel Shims. Creating Columns. Positioning Elements with Layers. 23. WML: Web Pages for Mobile Devices. Preparing Your Sever. Starting Your WML Page. Creating a Card. Creating Basic Content. Including an Image. Creating a Table. Creating a Link. Programming Buttons. Creating Conditional Actions. Scheduling an Action. Making a Call. Setting and Using Variables. Creating Input Boxes. Creating Menus. Processing Data from Visitors. Creating Elements on Multiple Pages. Restricting Access to a Deck. Testing WML Pages. 24. Testing and Debugging Web Pages. Validating Your Code. Checking the Easy Stuff: HTML. Checking the Easy Stuff: XHTML. Checking the Easy Stuff: CSS. Testing Your Page. When the Browser Displays the Code. When Images Don't Appear. Differences from Browser to Browser. When Nothing Appears in Netscape 4. Still Stuck? 25. Publishing Your Pages on the Web. Finding a Host for Your Site. Getting Your Own Domain Name. Transferring Files to the Server. Transferring Files to AOL. 26. Getting People to Visit. About Keywords. Explicitly Listing Keywords. Providing a Description of Your Page. Controlling Other Information. Keeping Visitors Away. Keeping Pages from Being Archived. Creating a Crawler Page. Submitting Your Site to a Search Engine. Improving your Ranking by Getting Linked. Writing Pages that Are Easy to Index. Other Techniques for Publicizing Your Site. Appendix A: (X)HTML Elements and Attributes. Appendix B: CSS Properties and Values. Appendix C: Intrinsic Events. Appendix D: (X)HTML Symbols and Characters. Appendix E. Hexadecimals. Appendix F: (X)HTML Tools. (X)HTML Editors. Images and Graphics. Graphics Tools. Index.


International concern about climate change has led to the Kyoto Protocol, negotiated in 1997, which contains legally binding emission targets for industrialized countries to be achieved during the commitment period 2008--12. While proponents of the Protocol celebrate it as a breakthrough in international climate policy, opponents say that its approach, namely setting targets and timetables for emission reductions, is seriously flawed. This paper provides a critical assessment of the Protocol's potential performance and discusses amendments to foster its effectiveness and efficiency. It concludes that, even without any effective emission reductions in the initial commitment period, the ratification of Kyoto is important for the further policy process of climate protection. The Kyoto Protocol has established a flexible, broad-based, international mechanism that provides a valuable starting point for shaping efficient climate policies in the future. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.


This paper analyses and compares the basic concepts founding ABC in the French literature. It shows that the main converging and diverging points are related to the definition of basic notions (task, activity, process) and to cost calculation. The authors diverge mainly on the definition of processes and on the assembling of activities during the cost allocation procedure.


About the book: Student academic writing is at the heart of teaching and learning in higher education. Students are assessed largely by what they write, and need to learn both general academic conventions as well as disciplinary writing requirements in order to be successful in higher education.
Teaching Academic Writing is a 'toolkit' designed to help higher education lecturers and tutors teach writing to their students. Containing a range of diverse teaching strategies, the book offers both practical activities to help students develop their writing abilities and guidelines to help lecturers and tutors think in more depth about the assessment tasks they set and the feedback they give to students. The authors explore a wide variety of text types, from essays and reflective diaries to research projects and laboratory reports. The book draws on recent research in the fields of academic literacy, second language learning, and linguistics. It is grounded in recent developments such as the increasing diversity of the student body, the use of the Internet, electronic tuition, and issues related to distance learning in an era of increasing globalisation.


A simple mathematical model of bacterial transmission within a hospital was used to study the effects of measures to control nosocomial transmission of bacteria and reduce antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens. The model predicts that: (i) Use of an antibiotic for which resistance is not yet present in a hospital will be positively associated at the individual level (odds ratio) with carriage of bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, but negatively associated at the population level (prevalence). Thus inferences from individual risk factors can yield misleading conclusions about the effect of antibiotic use on resistance to another antibiotic. (ii) Nonspecific interventions that reduce transmission of all bacteria within a hospital will disproportionately reduce the prevalence of colonization with resistant bacteria. (iii) Changes in the prevalence of resistance after a successful intervention will occur on a time scale of weeks to months, considerably faster than in community-acquired infections. Moreover, resistance can decline rapidly in a hospital even if it does not carry a fitness cost. The predictions of the model are compared with those of other models and published data. The implications for resistance control and study design are discussed, along with the limitations and assumptions of the model.


Galactofuranose (Galf) is the five membered ring form of galactose. It is found on the cell wall and surface of many pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Galf has been implicated in pathogenesis in these organisms; thus the biosynthetic pathway of Galf is a target for drug design. Galf is synthesized by the enzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), which converts UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp) to UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf). Solving the mechanism and structure of UGMs will aid in the development of specific inhibitors against these enzymes. Herein we present the detailed functional analysis of UGMs from A. fumigatus, T. cruzi, and L. major. The mechamism and structure these eukaryotic UGMs were examined by steady-state kinetics, rapid-reaction kinetics, trapping of reaction intermediates, fluorescence anisotropy, and X-ray crystallography. The mechanism first involves reduction of the required flavin by NADPH, followed by UDP-Galp binding and subsequent SN2 attack by the flavin on galactose displacing UDP to form a flavin N5-C1 galactose adduct. Next, the galactose ring opens forming an iminium ion allowing isomerization to occur. Lastly, the product is released and UGM is available to bind another substrate or be reoxidized by molecular oxygen. The three-dimensional structure of A. fumigatus UGM was solved using X-ray crystallography in four conformations: oxidized in complex with sulfate ions, reduced, reduced in complex with UDP, and reduced in complex with UDP-Galp, giving valuable information on the unique features of eukaryotic UGMs including features important for


This paper examines the causal link between education and democracy. Motivated by a model whereby educated individuals are in a better position to assess the effects of public policies and hence favor democracy where their opinions matter, the empirical analysis uses World Values Surveys to study the link between education and democratic attitudes. Controlling for a variety of characteristics, the paper finds that higher education levels tend to result in rodemocracy views. These results hold across countries with different levels of democracy, thus rejecting the hypothesis that indoctrination through education is an effective tool in non-democratic countries.


Front:
Text desribes action on various war fronts: Solomons, Central and South Pacific; North Africa; Italy; Russia; Burma and India; China; Aleutians.

Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world.

Inset maps show North Africa; The Caucasus.

Includes 10 photographs.

Back:
There is no all-purpose plane. 20 photographs show Heavy Bombers -- Medium and light bombers -- Fighters -- Torpedo bombers -- Transports -- Naval patrol planes. Text accompanies the photographs.


Once in a While Many regions at the edge of the Antarctic Ice Sheet have rapidly increased the rates at which they are sliding into the sea and thinning, raising concerns that global warming might cause the sudden collapse of some sections. Johnson et al. (p. 999, published online 20 February) present data from Pine Island Glacier, which has been thinning and retreating rapidly over the past two decades. The glacier experienced another rapid thinning around 8000 years ago, which occurred about as quickly as is happening now, and which lasted for 25 to 100 years. Pine Island Glacier in Antarctica thinned rapidly, as it is doing now, at least once before in the past 8000 years. Pine Island Glacier, a major outlet of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has been undergoing rapid thinning and retreat for the past two decades. We demonstrate, using glacial-geological and geochronological data, that Pine Island Glacier (PIG) also experienced rapid thinning during the early Holocene, around 8000 years ago. Cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in glacially transported rocks show that this thinning was sustained for decades to centuries at an average rate of more than 100 centimeters per year, which is comparable with contemporary thinning rates. The most likely mechanism was a reduction in ice shelf buttressing. Our findings reveal that PIG has experienced rapid thinning at least once in the past and that, once set in motion, rapid ice sheet changes in this region can persist for centuries.


This paper presents results from a series of piping tests carried out on a selected range of granular filters under static and cyclic loading conditions. The mechanical response of filters subjected to cyclic loading could be characterized in three distinct phases; namely, (I) pre-shakedown, (II) post-shakedown, and (III) post-critical (i.e., the occurrence of internal erosion). All the permanent geomechanical changes such, as erosion, permeability variations, and axial strain developments, took place during phases I and III, while the specimen response remained purely elastic during phase II. The post-critical occurrence of erosion incurred significant settlement that may not be tolerable for high-speed railway substructures. The analysis revealed that a cyclic load would induce excess pore-water pressure, which, in corroboration with steady seepage forces and agitation due to dynamic loading, could then cause internal erosion of fines from the specimens. The resulting excess pore pressure is a direct function of the axial strain due to cyclic densification, as well as the loading frequency and reduction in permeability. A model based on strain energy is proposed to quantify the excess pore-water pressure, and subsequently validated using current and existing test results from published studies. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication Details Israr, J. & Indraratna, B. (2018). Mechanical response and pore pressure generation in granular filters subjected to uniaxial cyclic loading. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55 (12), 1756-1768. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers1/2133