This is an ideal resource on racism and segregation in American life. The term "Jim Crow" has had multiple meanings and a dark and complex past. It was first used in the early nineteenth century. After the Civil War it referred to the legal, customary, and often extralegal system that segregated and isolated African Americans from mainstream American life. In response to the increasing loss of their rights of citizenship and the rising tide of violence, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909. The federal government eventually took an active role in dismantling Jim Crow toward the end of the Depression. But it wasn't until the Lyndon Johnson years and all the work that led up to them that the end of Jim Crow finally came to pass. This unique book provides readers with a wealth of primary source materials from 1828 to 1980 that reveal how the Jim Crow era affects how historians practice their craft. The book is chronologically organized into five sections, each of which focuses on a different historical period in the story of Jim Crow: inventing, building, living, resisting, and dismantling. Many of the fifty-six documents and eighteen images and cartoons, many of which have not been published before, reveal something significant about this subject or offer an unconventional or unexpected perspective on this era. Some of the historical figures whose words are included are Abraham Lincoln, Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, Richard Wright, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Adam Clayton Powell, and Marian Anderson. The book also has an annotated bibliography, a list of key players, a timeline, and key topics for consideration.


Red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) have been overfished in the Caribbean and were included with seven other regional grouper species deemed vulnerable to risk of extinction. The Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental
Resources desired to map spawning red hind aggregations within commonwealth waters as part of their resource management program for the species. Mobile hydroacoustic surveys were conducted over 3-day periods in 2002 and 2003,
indexed to the full moon phase in February or March when red hind were known to aggregate. Four vessels concurrently
sampled the southwest, south, and southeast coasts of Puerto Rico in 2002. In 2003, three vessels conducted complementary surveys of the northwest, north, and northeast coasts of the island, completing a circuit of the coastal shelf-spawning habitat. These surveys indicated that red hind spawning aggregations were prevalent along the south and west coasts, and sparse along the north coast during the survey periods. Highest spawning red hind
concentrations were observed in three areas offshore of the west coast of Puerto Rico, around Mona and Desecheo islands
(20,443 and 10,559 fish/km2, respectively) and in the Bajo de Cico seasonal closed area (4,544 fish/km2). Following both 2002 and 2003 surveys, a series of controlled
acoustic measurements of known local fish species in net pens were conducted to assess the mean target strength
(acoustic backscatter) of each group. Ten species of fish were measured, including red hind (E. guttatus), coney (E. fulvus), white grunt (Haemulon plumieri), pluma (Calamus pennatula), blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus), squirrel fish (Holocentrus spp.), black durgeon (Melichtyhs niger), ocean file fish (Canthidermis sufflamen), ocean surgeon fish (Acanthurus bahianus), and butter grouper (Mycteroperca spp.). In general, the mean target strength results from the caged fish experiments were in agreement with published target strength length relationships, with the exception of
white grunt and pluma.


Undocumented migrants are one of the most vulnerable groups in the EU. This report assesses the main findings and synergies of a selection of EU-funded research projects on irregular immigration and the status of undocumented migrants. It reveals that the results emanating from social science research contrast with the EU policy documents adopted in light of the forthcoming Stockholm Programme – the third multi-annual programme on an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. The authors argue that acknowledgement of the findings of independent research is lacking in EU policy, which continues promote a control-based approach to migration that has profound ethical and human rights implications. The report concludes with a set of policy recommendations aimed at overcoming the current inconsistencies in EU and national policies as well as in practices on irregular migration under the mandate of the Stockholm Programme.


Nowadays, we cannot exclude the use of technology from the technology-driven generation as the deployment of Information Technology become a necessity factor toward a successful process; especially in education due to its vital role in enhancing the students' knowledge and skills development. One type of students that technology plays a major role in their development is gifted and talented students who have unique learning needs that are often overlooked in the traditional education setting. This research aims to explore the progress of technology use in gifted and talented education through reviewing and highlighting the best practices and research in this area based on both descriptive and empirical research. The review will include different areas of gifted programming such as learning and development, assessment, curriculum and learning environments. For this purpose, the online database is employed to extract the research done in the field between years 2010 to 2018. The contribution of this research resides in its exposure to the best practices of integrating technology in gifted and talented education through which teachers and practitioners can be encouraged to adopt them into their contexts. It also provides the researchers with intensive review of technology adoption for gifted and talented education with some suggestions for future research where they can focus their research on.
Keywords: technology, gifted, talented, education, online


Abstract Multicultural education tends to be automatically associated with pupils but in practice it places demands on all those involved in the teaching process. Of these the most predominant role is allocated to the teacher who mediates multicultural competence. Pupil attitudes towards foreigners and cultural diversity are not only influenced by multicultural education but also by teachers' beliefs-and teachers' beliefs are largely influenced by personal opinions and attitudes. The author presents the results of qualitative analysis performed on the unrestricted responses of 86 Czech teacher trainees and teachers on the topic of their experiences of foreigners. The analysis indicates their personal attitudes to foreigners, foreign cultures and diversity generally, the level of reflection in relation to cultural diversity, and discusses the results in relation to the wider sociocultural context.


The attrition game considered in this study is a graph based strategic game which is a movement-prohibited analogue of small-scale combat situations that arise frequently in popular real-time strategy video games. We present proofs that the attrition game, under a variety of assumptions, is a computationally hard problem in general. We also analyze the 1 vs. n unit case, for which we derive optimal target-orderings that can be computed in polynomial time and used as a core for heuristics for the general case. Finally, we present small problem instances that require randomizing moves — a fact that at first glance seems counter-intuitive.


Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins can be conditionally activated in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interferon (IFN)-γ. STAT activation was correlated with cell growth inhibition in response to EGF and IFN-γ. Activated STAT proteins specifically recognized the conserved STAT-responsive elements in the promoter of the gene encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and regulated the induction of p21 messenger RNA. IFN-γ did not inhibit the growth of U3A cells, which are deficient in STAT1, but did inhibit the growth of U3A cells into which STAT1α was reintroduced. Thus, STAT1 protein is essential for cell growth suppression in response to IFN-γ. The STAT signaling pathway appears to negatively regulate the cell cycle by inducing CDK inhibitors in response to cytokines.


This Note uses the case of Honduran street children to demonstrate that the U.N. Principles have not been adequately implemented, and argues that the international community should use the creation of the U.N. Human Rights Council ("Council") as an opportunity to insist on better training and monitoring of investigative personnel worldwide. Part I reviews the legal standards establishing extrajudicial executions of street children as a major human rights violation and the Honduran State's duty to investigate. Part I also examines challenges facing Honduran investigative police agencies, including budget crises and accusations of corruption and complicity. Part I concludes with a review of the structure and function of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights ("Commission") and the investigative standards set forth in the U.N. Principles. Part II of this Note discusses competing frameworks for Commission reform, focusing on the proposal of the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change ("High Level Panel Proposal"), the proposal of U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan ("Report of Secretary-General"), and the proposal of Human Rights Watch ("HRW") and the international human rights non-governmental organization ("NGO") community ("HRW Proposal"). Part II also reviews the U.N. Draft Text ("Draft Text") on the creation of the Human Rights Council ("Council"). Part III of this Note argues that the HRW Proposal best conceives of Commission reform vis-a-vis the U.N. Principles. Part III also proposes that, in restructuring the U.N. human rights system, Member States should consider strengthening the role of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions, and should explore options for more consistent U.N. monitoring of investigative personnel worldwide.


The use of mobile phones and other mobile devices for educational purposes has received increasing attention in recent years (Chinnery, 2006). Teachers and materials designers are starting to explore the potential of ubiquitous, relatively cheap and increasingly powerful devices as potential supports for learning and teaching. This is partly in response to learner expectations: already in 2003 a study (Thornton & Houser, 2003) found that young Japanese learners preferred to use their cellphone for almost everything, from emailing to reading books and this trend has continued, also outside Japan. A recent study in Taiwan showed that language learners enjoyed learning with their mobile phones, largely because they could learn when and where they wanted but also, interestingly, because they felt that the 'bite-sized chunks' of learning content (due to limitations such as screen size) were actually helpful to them in managing their learning (Chen, Hsieh, & Kinshuk, 2008). There are other potential pedagogical advantages too. Mobile phones are taken everywhere and can therefore support situated learning. For example, a second language speaker who needs to see a doctor could access relevant vocabulary and expressions while actually at the clinic. Situated learning theory holds that learning is more likely to take place when the information is contextually relevant to the learner and when it can be put to use immediately (Lave & Wenger, 1991). Related to this is the obvious fact that phones are social tools; they facilitate all forms of communication and collaboration between peers. In this way they support social and constructive activities, as supported by sociocultural theories of learning.


Despite significant progress in recent years, horizontal and vertical integration of the Lithuanian milk sector is not very much advanced. The primary sector is characterised by small-scale farming, the fragmentation of farmland and a low number of livestock per farms. These features cause severe problems regarding the restructuring and modernisation of agricultural production since only a few farmers possess the capital resources to conduct necessary investments. However, despite the unfavourable conditions Lithuanian milk producers have made significant improvements concerning milk quality. In the last decade, the processing sector was due to drastic concentration processes. These were induced by the strong competition processes on the milk market and fostered by foreign direct investors. Today, the market is dominated by three companies. About ten enterprises supply almost the entire market of dairy products. The main mode of governance in the market for raw milk is contractual arrangements. The spot market of strong vertical control are unimportant. The basic rules of the contracts like duration or payment scheme are set by the Ministry of Agriculture, others, especially prices, are negotiated individually between farmer and processor. Because of advantages in terms of transport and transaction costs processors provide better conditions to large agricultural producers. Often the processors try to strengthen their relationships with large-scale producers by providing credits for farm modernisation and/or foodstuff. Most small producers do not deliver directly to processors but to milk collection centres. In general, these are owned by processors. So far, only a few farmers co-operatives have been established in order to take this function. Contractual arrangements also dominate in the distribution channel. Small processors supply mainly to wholesalers who supply the retail market. Large processors often circumvent the wholesale stage and supply the retail stage directly. The basic means which allow this forward integration are intensive marketing activities which are intended to improve the consumer perception of their products. However, this type of exchange is mainly observed in urban areas where well established large retail chains exist. The Lithuanian milk sector is highly internationally competitive. The expansion to international markets is in the responsibility of the individual firms. However, the Lithuanian government and the food processors have established a joint marketing agency that provides infrastructure and joint marketing for international trade. JEL: L 11, L 66, Q 13


Intravascular coagulation is considered a major pathogenetic mechanism for nontraumatic osteonecrosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of thrombophilic factor V G1691A mutation (factor V Leiden) and G20210A prothrombin mutation with the disease. Mutation presence was investigated by polymerase chain reaction techniques in a study population of 72 adult Caucasian patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and 300 healthy Caucasian control subjects. The disease was considered idiopathic in 23 patients and secondary in 49. The factor V Leiden mutation was present in 18% of patients, compared with 4.6% of control subjects, resulting in a statistically significant odds ratio of 4.5. The prothrombin mutation was not significantly increased in the idiopathic osteonecrosis subgroup (8.7% versus 2.6%) with an odds ratio of 3.5. Overall, either of these coagulation disorders was present in 22.2% of patients and in 7.3% of control subjects resulting in a significant odds ratio of 3.6. Factor V Leiden, a genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis, is associated with nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head, supporting the hypothesis that intravascular coagulation is a major pathogenetic mechanism of the disease.


This paper presents an approach and the presented solution of the questions raised in the IEEE PHM 2012 Conference Challenge Competition. What was given (known) is the real run-to-failure data of 6 bearings only from the three groups exposed to different operating conditions. One should use this data to estimate the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of the given set of 11 test bearings. The main feature of the presented data is significant loss of trendability (i.e. "non-trendability") of the defined significant parameters' behavior (horizontal and vertical vibration), thus avoiding the use of well-known supervised learning RUL prediction models. New models have been developed and used; further the Cross-Entropy method has been used for control parameter optimization based on the Cross-Validation procedure. The presented solution has been recognized as a "Winner from Industry" in the above mentioned Competition. The achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for the RUL estimation for systems parameters with the non-trendability behavior.


This paper attempts to find the solutions to overcome the obstacles to social mix based upon a questionnaire survey on residents in Seoul. Using factor analysis, it first identifies four factors associated with negative externality or neighborhood effects which may be caused by adjacency to low-income housing : physical environment, safety, community activities, and housing prices. Using ordered logit analysis, it then explores a series of relationship between the factors and planning elements designed to control negative externality as well as residents' attitude toward low-income households. Based upon the findings, it suggests various solutions for social mix taking into consideration of income, density, and distance effects.


This article explores the relationship between language, experience, and the body. Employing a phenomenological approach that takes the sensory body as its starting point, it focuses on three instances of 'divine experience', looking at the ways in which social actors seek to express that experience through metaphorical translation into more familiar, everyday realms. It argues that within this perceptual process – which starts in bodily experience and ends in words – both bodies and worlds are formed: bodies open to (often sensory) aspects of divine experience, and worlds that include the divine, alongside instances of divine agency. Indeed, such bodily conceptual and linguistic work is, social actors claim, the product of divine agency. At the heart of the three instances of divine experience explored here rests the issue of 'new birth', itself a metaphorical move employed to express a phenomenon in which the body appears to be transformed into something new, namely a habitation of divine presence. As such presence 'bubbles up' from within, it sometimes 'overflows' in words. The body speaks. Alongside exploring the metaphorical moves employed to express this type of bodily experience, this article raises the ontological question of what kind of body it is, in such cases, that is speaking, thus providing a phenomenologically inflected response to recent 'ontological' debates within anthropology.


In this paper, we present a method to limit the generation of signal peak power at the output of a digital pre-distorter that is applied to a RF power amplifier (PA) operating in strong compression. The method can be considered as a joint crest-factor reduction and digital pre-distortion (DPD). A challenging characteristic of DPD when applied to a PA in strong compression is the generation of relatively high peaks due to the DPD expansion behavior. Such high peaks generation, which may be physically unrealistic, can easily damage the amplification system. Such a phenomenon, referred in this study as DPD-avalanche, is more noticed when the signal exciting the PA is compressed due to crest-factor reduction. The suggested method for controlling such DPD-avalanche is based on shaping the input signal to the DPD in such a way to keep the pre-distorted signal peak power below or near the maximum allowed peak power of the PA. The suggested method is tested experimentally on a Class-AB and a Doherty PA when excited with a wideband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. Scenarios for an OFDM signal with and without crest-factor reduction are evaluated. Measurement results when using the proposed DPD-avalanche controller show smooth deterioration of the in-band and out-of-band linearity compared to steep deterioration when no controller is used. In addition, the suggested controller offers a higher operating power range of the DPD while fulfilling out-of-band distortion requirements and preserving low in-band error.


As markets expand due to globalization, chemical manufacturers are faced with the challenge of meeting the rapidly growing global demand for production at a time when production costs are increasing due to rising feedstock prices. One way for chemical manufacturers to ensure profitability in the current environment is to foster innovation through the use of advanced modeling techniques. The Chemical Industry Vision2020 Technology Partnership highlights opportunities to address several challenges in the chemical industry through shared pre-competitive research and development activities in many technology areas, and offers a special focus on high-end modeling. In this paper we examine the available technologies in the chemical industry and highlight several areas where major advances have been achieved through innovation fostered by advanced modeling of industrial processes. Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay, PhD, L. Srinivas Mohan, PhD and Ahmad Haidari, PhD, Fluent Inc. Courtesy of Prague Institute of Chemical Technology


This tutorial outlines the basics of pump rotordynamics in a form that is intended to be Machinery End User friendly. Key concepts will be defined in understandable terms, and analysis and testing options will be presented in summary form. The presentation will explain the reasoning behind the HI, ISO, and API-610 rotor and structural vibration evaluation requirements, and will summarize key portions of API-RP-684 "API Standard Paragraphs Covering Rotordynamics" as it applies to pumps. Pump rotordynamic problems, including the bearing and seal failure problems that they may cause, are responsible for a significant amount of the maintenance budget and lost-opportunity cost at many refineries and electric utilities. This tutorial discusses the typical types of pump rotordynamic problems, and how they can be avoided in most cases by applying the right kinds of vibration analysis and evaluation criteria during the pump design and selection/ application process. Although End Users seldom are directly involved in designing a pump, it is becoming more typical that the reliability-conscious End User or his consultant will audit whether the OEM has performed due diligence in the course of pump design. In the case of rotordynamics, important issues include where the pump is operating on its curve (preferably close to BEP), how close the pump rotor critical speeds and rotor-support structural natural frequencies are to running speed or other strong forcing frequencies, how much vibration will occur at bearings or within close running clearances for expected worst case imbalance and misalignment, and whether or not the rotor system is likely to behave in a stable, predictable manner. When and why rotordynamics analysis or finite element analysis might be performed will be discussed, as well as what kinds of information these analyses can provide to an end user that could be critical to reliable and trouble-free operation. A specific case history will be presented of a typical problematic situation that plants have faced, and what types of solution options were effective at providing a permanent fix.


The government has neglected the constitutional right of adults to basic education over the last decade. This paper examines the bases for holding the government to account in the constitutional court for its performance. It examines the effectiveness of government responses to adult illiteracy since 1994, drawing on a range of policy documents, statistics, scholarly reviews and other data. It outlines two lines of argument which might be pursued against the government: its underspending on adult basic education, and its failure to cater for adults for whom the formal ABET system is not accessible. On a constructive note, it calls for a comprehensive approach to the challenges of adult basic education, outlining key principles that might inform such an approach as well as alternative models of provision.


Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has recently joined X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy as a high-resolution structural method for biological macromolecules. In a cryo-EM experiment, the microscope produces images called micrographs. Projections of the molecule of interest are embedded in the micrographs at unknown locations, and under unknown viewing directions. Standard imaging techniques first locate these projections (detection) and then reconstruct the 3-D structure from them. Unfortunately, high noise levels hinder detection. When reliable detection is rendered impossible, the standard techniques fail. This is a problem especially for small molecules, which can be particularly hard to detect. In this paper, we propose a radically different approach: we contend that the structure could, in principle, be reconstructed directly from the micrographs, without intermediate detection. As a result, even small molecules should be within reach for cryo-EM. To support this claim, we setup a simplified mathematical model and demonstrate how our autocorrelation analysis technique allows to go directly from the micrographs to the sought signals. This involves only one pass over the micrographs, which is desirable for large experiments. We show numerical results and discuss challenges that lay ahead to turn this proof-of-concept into a competitive alternative to state-of-the-art algorithms.


In the past, the agencies charged with the implementation of the Endangered Species Act have shirked invoking the full range of regulatory tools at their disposal. They altered the structure of the Act in violation of Congressionally-granted authority to better accommodate both developmental and conservation interests. After a string of critical judicial decisions, the Services finally changed their implementation of the Act to parallel the protections envisioned by Congress. Though these changes will shift strength between provisions within the Act, they will not drastically alter the status quo by allowing the Services discretion in making judgments regarding the recovery of listed species and value of cost-benefit analysis.


Nest building in birds has long been assumed to be a behaviour that is not learned, despite suggestive evidence to the contrary. In this thesis I investigated the role of learning in nest building in birds. I focused primarily on the choice of nest material made by zebra finches, in particular between two or more colours of nesting material. Using this aspect of behaviour, I found that adult nest building birds changed their preference for a particular colour of nesting material depending on their own nesting and breeding experience: males that built a nest using material of their less preferred colour later preferred that colour following a successful breeding attempt in that nest. In contrast to this role for learning in adults, in two other experiments I found no evidence that juvenile birds learned about the nest from which they had fledged or that birds learned about what material to nest with from conspecifics. Using wild Southern masked weavers, I also addressed variability in a particular aspect of nest building: the attachment of the very first blade of grass knotted onto a branch. I found that birds did not construct the same attachment each time they did it, even when building at the same location, but that males generally used more loops in their attachments as they built more nests, and when using longer pieces of grass. Finally, I tested zebra finches on a nest building 'task', using a paradigm often used to test cognitive abilities among toolusers. Birds were presented with two lengths of nest material, one of which was more appropriate for one of two sizes of nest box entrance. I found that nesting birds could choose the appropriate length of material and that the birds' handling of material and their choice of material changed with experience. Taking these results together, it seems that there is a greater role for learning in nest construction than is generally acknowledged and that nest building might involve the same underlying cognitive processes as tool manufacture and use.


This article looks at two current models of feature geometry, the Halle-Sagey model as modified by Halle (2005) and the Clements-Hume model, from the perspective of palatalization and related processes in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. The Halle-Sagey model predicts that palatalization should be analyzed by assuming derivational levels and is thus at odds with the tenet of strict parallelism in Optimality Theory. In contrast, the Clements-Hume model appears to be able to achieve the same goal without recourse to derivational stages because it is based on the assumption that, in the ways relevant for palatalization, vowels and consonants are characterized by the same features. However, analysis of palatalization and related processes shows that this assumption is incorrect. The consequence is that derivational stages cannot be avoided and that the tenet of strict parallelism must be rejected.


We estimate two new equations for Canadian non-commodity exports (NCX) that incorporate three important changes relative to the current equation used at the Bank of Canada. First, we develop two new foreign activity measures (FAMs), which add new components to the FAM currently used at the Bank of Canada. The first measure adds US exports and US government expenditures, and the second adds US industrial production. These new FAMs calibrate the weights on the various components based on the 2014 World Input-Ouput Database to avoid the instability problem that arises when the equations are estimated. Second, we add a new variable to the equations, the trend of Canada's manufacturing share of output, to control for structural or competitiveness factors that affect Canada's global import market share. Third, the relative price of exports is determined by a new measure of the Canadian real effective exchange rate developed by Barnett, Charbonneau and Poulin-Bellisle (2016). We find that the new equations improve the in-sample fit and the out-of-sample forecast accuracy relative to the current equation specified in "LENS," a forecasting model used at the Bank of Canada.


Within toxicology there is a pressure to find new test systems and organisms to replace, reduce and refine animal testing. In nanoecotoxicology the need for alternative testing strategies (ATS) is further emphasized as the validity of tests and risk assessment practices developed for dissolved chemicals are challenged. Nonetheless, standardized whole organism animal testing is still considered the gold standard for environmental risk assessment. Advancing risk analysis of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) through ATS was discussed in September 2014 at an international Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) workshop in Washington, D.C. and serves as the point of departure for this paper. Here we present the main outcomes by describing and defining the use of ATS for ENMs as well as discussing its future role in environmental risk science. We conclude that diversity in testing should be encouraged to avoid "selective ignorance" and that, through an iterative process with low-tier and high-tier testing, data-generation can be validated to ensure relevant endpoints. Furthermore, simplified screening of ENMs could enable early decision-making on material design, while complex multispecies studies should be utilized to skip uncertain environmental extrapolations and give rise to more accurate risk analysis.


We are introducing Pep McConst—a software that employs a Monte‐Carlo algorithm to construct 3D structures of polypeptide chains which could subsequently be studied as stand‐alone macromolecules or complement the structure of known proteins. Using an approach to avoid steric clashes, Pep McConst allows to create multiple structures for a predefined primary sequence of amino acids. These structures could then effectively be used for further structural analysis and investigations. The article introduces the algorithm and describes its user‐friendly approach that was made possible through the VIKING online platform. Finally, the manuscript provides several highlight examples where Pep McConst was used to predict the structure of the C‐terminal of a known protein, generate a missing bit of already crystallized protein structures and simply generate short polypeptide chains.


Background: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has significantly enhanced the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients. However, utilization of HAART has been identified with adverse events including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objectives: The Objective of this experiment was to explore the conceivable protective effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) hydro-methonolic extract (GTE) on highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced NAFLD in albino Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty adult rats of comparative weights were chosen and divided into 5 groups of six rats each. Group-1 was a control group, Group II was given HAART and served as negative control, Groups III, IV and V were given HAART and 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of GTE, respectively for sixty days. At the end of experiment day, the rats were fasted overnight sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was taken via cardiac puncture. Serum was separated and liver function test was assessed. Liver were excised from the rats, histopathological studies and lipid profiles were also investigated. Results: Elevated levels of serum TGL, total cholesterol, ALT, AST and liver TGL, TBARS and decreased levels of TAC was seen in HARRT treated rats. The amelioration potential of GTE was observed in a dose-dependent manner, the highest dose 400mg/kg more potently ameliorated HAART affected parameters near to the normal control. Conclusion: This consequence of HAART induced NAFLD may be due to oxidative stress by mitochondrial ROS that leads to increased hepatocellular oxidative damage. This may progress to hepatic inflammation and the development of NAFLD. The effect of GTE against NAFLD and oxidative stress might be due to its antioxidant activity and scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by HAART.


Optical microscopy is an indispensable tool that is driving progress in cell biology, and is still the only practical means of obtaining spatial and temporal resolution within living cells and tissues. Coherent Raman Scattering (CRS) microscopy has emerged in the last decade as a powerful multiphoton microscopy technique which overcomes the need for fluorescent labelling and yet retains biomolecular specificity and intrinsic 3D resolution. We have developed several home-built CRS microscopes featuring innovative excitation/detection schemes and quantitative image analysis. Our second-generation multimodal CRS instrument is based on a single 5fs Ti:Sa laser source with 350nm bandwidth capable of exciting a wide vibrational range from 1200 cm-1 to 3800 cm-1, thus enabling hyperspectral microscopy. Alongside CRS, it also features simultaneous detection of two-photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation for correlative studies. Our latest technology developments include high-content high-throughput label-free quantitative chemical imaging via Bessel beam illumination and sparse sampling. Our latest biological applications feature quantitative imaging of i) intra-cellular lipid droplets in live mouse oocytes and early embryos, ii) cancer organoids and their responses to drugs, iii) freshwater microalgae as potential food supplements for omega-3 fatty acids.


This article aims to track authorship cues in texts written and produced by deaf individuals in workshop situations. To do so, textual production work in Portuguese was proposed by means of the collective rewriting of an adventure story, by confabulations between deaf pairs and listening educators, using Libras as the language of interlocution. Adopting a Bakhtinian conception of language as a discursive activity, the workshops became a place of development possibilities for the deaf individuals as a user of written Portuguese, as well as being unique manifestations of linguistic expression. Thus, the rewriting, as a production activity based on an already read text (in which the deaf narrated in Libras for other deaf people to record in written Portuguese), gave the participants the opportunity to put into play the knowledge constructed from reading, comparing, contrasting, transforming, and experimenting with new modes of construction that singled out their writing.


A calibrated 120 kHz single‐beam echo‐sounder was integrated into an ocean glider and deployed in the Weddell Sea, Southern Ocean. The glider was deployed for two short periods in January 2012, in separate survey boxes on the continental shelf to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula, to assess the distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). During the glider missions, a research vessel undertook acoustic transects using a calibrated, hull‐mounted, multi‐frequency echo‐sounder. Net hauls were taken to validate acoustic targets and parameterize acoustic models. Krill targets were identified using a thresholded schools analysis technique (SHAPES), and acoustic data were converted to krill density using the stochastic distorted‐wave Born approximation (SDWBA) target strength model. A sensitivity analysis of glider pitch and roll indicated that, if not taken into account, glider orientation can impact density estimates by up to 8‐fold. Glider‐based, echo‐sounder—derived krill density profiles for the two survey boxes showed features coherent with ship‐borne measurements, with peak densities in both boxes around a depth of 60 m. Monte Carlo simulation of glider subsampling of ship‐borne data showed no significant difference from observed profiles. Simulated glider dives required at least an order of magnitude more time than the ship to similarly estimate the abundance of krill within the sample regions. These analyses highlight the need for suitable sampling strategies for glider‐based observations and are our first steps toward using autonomous underwater vehicles for ecosystem assessment and long‐term monitoring. With appropriate survey design, gliders can be used for estimating krill distribution and abundance.


This study sought to analyse antimicrobial pressure, indications for treatment, and compliance with treatment recommendations and to identify possible problem areas where inappropriate use could be improved through interventions by the network of the local Swedish Strategic Programme Against Antibiotic Resistance (Strama) groups. Five point-prevalence surveys were performed in between 49 and 72 participating hospitals from 2003 to 2010. Treatments were recorded for 19 predefined diagnosis groups and whether they were for community-acquired infection, hospital-acquired infection, or prophylaxis. Approximately one-third of inpatients were treated with antimicrobials. Compliance with guidelines for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with narrow-spectrum penicillin was 17.0% during baseline 2003-2004, and significantly improved to 24.2% in 2010. Corresponding figures for quinolone use in uncomplicated cystitis in women were 28.5% in 2003-2004, and significantly improved, decreasing to 15.3% in 2010. The length of surgical prophylaxis improved significantly when data for a single dose and 1 day were combined, from 56.3% in 2003-2004 to 66.6% in 2010. Improved compliance was possibly the effect of active local feedback, repeated surveys, and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance. Strama groups are important for successful local implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sweden.


Fire radiative energy density (FRED, J m−2) integrated from fire radiative power density (FRPD, W m−2) observations of landscape-level fires can present an undersampling problem when collected from fixed-wing aircraft. In the present study, the aircraft made multiple passes over the fire at ~3 min intervals, thus failing to observe most of the FRPD emitted as the flame front spread. We integrated the sparse FRPD time series to obtain pixel-level FRED estimates, and subsequently applied ordinary kriging (OK) and Gaussian conditional simulation (GCS) to interpolate across data voids caused by the undersampling. We compared FRED interpolated via OK and GCS with FRED estimated independently from ground measurements of biomass consumed from five prescribed burns at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA. In four of five burns considered where undersampling prevailed, OK and GCS effectively interpolated FRED estimates across the data voids, improving the spatial distribution of FRED across the burning event and its overall mean. In a fifth burn, the burning characteristics were such that undersampling did not present a problem needing to be fixed. We also determined where burning and FRPD sampling characteristics merited applying OK and CGS only to the highest FRED estimates to interpolate more accurate FRED maps.


A striking feature of the past few decades has been the development of wage determination models that assume that labour markets are imperfectly competitive. This paper discusses two such models (trade unions and oligopsony), although there are many more. It also asks if imperfectly competitive models should be used whenever researchers are modelling the labour market. Some people would argue for this only in cases when the predictions and comparative statics of the imperfectly competitive model differ from those of the competitive model. Of course, to know this, one needs to know precisely what the predictions and comparative statics of the respective models are. Moreover, for policymakers to be able to determine if an intervention is required in the first place, there does need to be some analytical framework to act as a guide. In the perfectly competitive model of the labour markets, for example, typically no intervention or regulation would be justified. However, labour economics has moved far beyond this position, with the incorporation of new ideas into modeling wage determination in imperfectly competitive labour markets, and with the availability of better datasets to facilitate empirical investigation.


JANET, INTERNET AND SALBIN November 1991 was an important time for libraries in the United Kingdom. For the first time it became possible to gain direct access to the vast information community known as the Internet. During this month the X.25-based academic network JANET was opened up to the TCP/IP protocol, allowing any institution with the appropriate hardware an open link to Internet services. Although the Bodleian Library at Oxford University had been using JANET for some time to provide readers with access to remote catalogs and data services within the United Kingdom, it soon became clear that the Internet"would dwarf the resources the library had been able to make available previously. How to handle this influx of new information sources and how to make them easily available to readers became major challenges. At the Bodleian, readers have had access to JANET-based resources with the help of a personal-computer software package known as SALBIN. Edinburgh University Library designed this package to provide a menu-driven interface to remote data services. SALBIN is a very user-friendly system; users select the information service they want from a menu, and the software handles all connection procedures. The user disconnects from a remote catalog or database by pressing a single function key. SALBIN also incorporates routines to handle occasions when it does not prove possible to make a connection, informing the user of the problem and returning to the opening menu. SALBIN is configured almost entirely by simple text files, similar to those employed by Kermit, and the language used is very straightforward and takes little time to learn. With the advent of Internet access, it was logical to extend the SALBIN service already offered to include the new range of services that had suddenly become available. SALBIN allows the library to present the same interface to the newly expanded reservoir of information, integrating Internet services with those on JANET and the European X.25 network IXI into a seamless whole. The new service--known by the acronym BARD (Bodleian Access to Remote Databases)--provides access to 360 online catalogs and forty databases and has proved instantly popular with users. SALBIN does not run the TCP/IP protocol directly but requires an asynchronous link to an IP service, such as a mainframe with a TELNET access facility, and this limitation may be a drawback for some libraries. At Oxford, it is possible to use the local Gandalf data network, which has access to a Nova server from which TELNET calls can be made. Using the Gandalf node proved especially useful, as the same system provides X.25 access to JANET and IXI. Note, however, that access via this link, which has a speed of 9,600 baud, is slower than running TCP/IP directly. The SALBIN software costs only fifteen pounds sterling and will run on very low grade PC compatibles (256K RAM suffices), potentially providing a way of recycling otherwise obsolete equipment. SETTING UP SALBIN ON LIBRARY MICROCOMPUTERS Obtain the SALBIN Software The only ftp site currently offering SALBIN is the HENSA public-domain software service operated by Lancaster University, United Kingdom. One can obtain a copy by anonymous ftp from MICROS.HENSA.AC.UK. The file name is MICROS/IBMPC/DOS/ F/F144/F144SALBIN.BOO. The archiving utilities DEBOO.EXE and PKUNPAK.EXE or ARCE.COM are necessary to unpack Salbin,which should be stored in a separate directory. DEBOO.EXE and PKUNPAK. EXE are available on HENSA, in the directory MICROS/IBMPC/DOS/TOOLS, under the file names DEBOO.MSG, DEBOO.BAS, DEBOO.BOO, and PKPAK.BOO. The ASCII file DEBOO.MSG gives full extracting instructions. All of the above files with the exception of DEBOO.MSG should be downloaded in binary format. The ARCE package is widely available on software archives, including HENSA (under the file name MICROS/ IBMPC/DOS/E/E638/E638ARCE. BOO). …


The pharmacologic agents that would be practical for orthodontic practice are much more limited than those used in other disciplines of dentistry. However thisdoesn't mean that a full understanding of the pharmacology of drug action, it's side effects, and possible contraindications are unnecessary. The objective of this review is to outline the effects and the adverse effects of various drugs on orthodontic tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Remodelling of periodontal tissues facilitates orthodontic tooth movement in response to mechanical forces. To avoid undesirable influences on tooth movement Orthodontist should be aware of any drug taken by each individual patient. Some of the commonly used drugs like analgesics, NSAIDs like aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors, acetaminophen, vitamin D, prostaglandins, fluorides, relaxin, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressant's, anticancer drugs, antibiotics, anti-convulsants, interleukins have major influence on bone remodelling and tooth movement. Hence care has been taken in this article to review the influence of all these drugs on orthodontic tooth movement.


In this study, bulk polymerized clay-tethered thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were synthesized that offered much improved tensile strength with negligible changes in tensile modulus. These composites contained intercalated, tethered layered silicate particles and were synthesized by mixing low molecular weight prepolymer chains containing unreacted –NCO groups with reactive layered silicate clay followed by catalyzed chain extension reaction with butanediol. The molar ratio of –NCO and –OH functional groups in the composite was varied between 1.0 and 1.2. It was found that an appreciable amount of –NCO groups was consumed in reaction with moisture present in the clay and some in quaternary ammonium ion-catalyzed dimerization and trimerization. Composites with –NCO to –OH molar ratio 1.1 provided the best improvement in mechanical properties—the composite with 5 wt% clay provided a 60% increase in tensile strength and 50% increase in strain at break, while the tensile modulus increased only by 15% over TPU. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1532–1539, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers


A knowledge based company's intangible assets are its': people, customers, reputation, intellectual capital, ideas, and time. All of which are the essence of its value. Yet those items don't appear on its balance sheet, explains consultant Lisa M. Aldisert. Her book, Valuing People, offers business decision makers advice on how to increase the value of their companies' most important intangible assets, to stay ahead of the competition and to attract, retain, and motivate top people. In the process, other intangible assets also will appreciate such as over time, increasing the net worth of a company, whether publicly or privately held.


Stemmed from the Umbrella Movement in September of 2014, Hong Kong had experienced dramatic social and political changes that people were being "decontaminated" from titling as political apathetic animals which were constructed under the historical manufacturing. The unprecedented integration of politics and society keeps fermenting and one of the most conspicuous narratives in the society is the identity of Hong Kong people. Hong Kong people have undergone an evolution on the consciousness of social identification as many terminologies and corresponding epitomizations have been sprung up: Yellow Ribbon v. Blue Ribbon (Movement identity in the Umbrella Movement), Mainlander v. Hongkonger (Hong Kong identity), Anti-localism v. Localism (Hong Kong identity), Old Lion Rock Spirit v. New Lion Rock Spirit (which symbolizes the core values in Hong Kong) etc. This study aims at exploring the consciousness and identity evolution on the Hong Kong people, especially revived from the Umbrella Movement in 2014 to 2016. The interplays and correlations between movement identity, Hong Kong identity and socalled local identity would be further examined. On top of that, whereas identification and re-identification is transpiring in the society, this study would further review symbiotic relations between the mentioned identities and corresponding values by delving into several Hong Kong social and political issues.


Television is commonplace in developed societies, an unremarkable and routine part of most people's everyday lives, but also the subject of continued concern from academia and beyond. But what do we really know about television, the ways that we watch it, the meanings that are made, and its relationship to ideology, democracy, culture and power? "Television, Audiences and Everyday Life" draws on an extensive body of audience research to get behind this seemingly simple activity. Written in a clear and accessible style, key audience studies are presented in ways that illuminate critical debates and concepts in cultural and media studies. Key topics and case studies of this title include: news, debate and the pubic sphere; reality television, talk shows and media ethics; soap opera, play and gossip; the uses of television in the home; television, identity and globalization; and, textual analysis, discourse and semiotics. Each chapter makes a compelling case for the importance of audience research in our thinking about television texts. The case studies introduce important new terms in the study of television, such as play, semiosis and modality, while also throwing new light on familiar terms, such as decoding, ideology and the public sphere. "Television, Audiences and Everyday Life" is essential reading for undergraduate students on media, cultural studies and sociology courses, or anybody who wants to understand television, its genres, and their place in everyday life.


While there is extensive literature on teacher quality, teacher education and training, most of it focuses on emphasising the extent of the problem, their importance, how they might be developed or delivered. A few others mention programmes that have been conducted in various countries. There is very little literature that focuses specifically on the impacts of teacher training on student's learning outcomes that are measurable.


The critical temperature and the Boyle temperature of caesium, rubidium, and potassium are correlated on the basis of the generalised van der Waals equation of state. This generalised equation differs from the well-known van der Waals equation of state by the introduction of a third parameter in the expression for molecular pressure. The Boyle temperatures of caesium, rubidium, and potassium are estimated. Caesium, rubidium, and potassium have been found to obey a single-parameter law of corresponding states with the reduced Boyle temperature as the thermodynamic similarity parameter.


The goal of this study was to make high quality gluten-free pasta using amaranth, quinoa and rice flours, water and eggs using extrusion processing, and to compare these with gluten-free pasta already commercialized. The difficulty was to reproduce the texture provided by the gluten network without using gluten. To do that, an experimental design was created in order to make samples with different quantities of each grain, egg whites and water. Samples were manufactured and various tests (e.g., color analysis, water activity, cooking loss, texture, etc.) were carried out in order to find the best formulation, namely the formulation which was closest to Barilla or Andean dream gluten-free commercial pasta. With Rcommander software, results were analyzed and it was determined that the best pasta formulation was 10% amaranth flour, 40% quinoa flour, and 50% rice flour, with 18% eggs whites and 39% water. This optimal formulation was manufactured and subjected to sensory analysis with other commercial samples (Barilla, Andean Dream). Statistical analyses were conducted and it was shown that, even though this formulation did not quite achieve Barilla or Andean Dream pastas quality, it approached closely in some parameters. Indeed, 80% of consumers did not refuse to eat this pasta again, and with addition of tomato sauce, no differences were seen between the spaghettis. However, individual sample analysis did indicate that consumers did not appreciate the formulation's sticky texture, thus this parameter would have to be reworked to achieve higher quality.


Mobile health is characterised by its diversity of applicability, in a multifaceted and multidisciplinary healthcare delivery continuum. In an environment of rapid change with the increasing development of mobile health, issues related to security and privacy must be well thought out. The different competing tensions in the development of mobile health from the device technologies and associated regulation, to clinical workflow and patient acceptance, require a framework for security that reflects the complex structure of this emerging field. There are three distinct associated elements that require investigation: technology, clinical, and human factors. Each of these elements consists of multiple aspects and there are specific risk factors to be addressed successively and co-dependently in each case. The fundamental approach to defining a conceptual framework for secure use of mobile health requires systematic identification of properties for the tensions and critical factors which impact these elements. The resulting conceptual framework presented here can be used for new critique, augmentation or deployment of mobile health solutions from the perspective of data protection and security.


The role of privacy in the digital world is an essential criterion and confidentiality of pictographic data has added significance to the study of security. A version of visual cryptography for hiding textual data which is based on sixteen segment display is presented. The secret that is in the form of alpha numeric and special characters is converted into segment display and is then encrypted into two random shares. The decryption process involves the stacking of these two shares. The process of key distribution becomes much easy and secure with this concept.


This paper extends the numerical results of Hunter & Vanden-Broeck (1983) and Vanden-Broeck (1991) which were concerned with studies of solitary waves on the surface of fluids of finite depth under the action of gravity and surface tension. The aim of this paper is to answer the question of whether small-amplitude elevation solitary waves exist. Several analytical results have proved that bifurcating from Froude number F = 1, for Bond number τ between 0 and 1/3, there are families of 'generalized' solitary waves with periodic tails whose minimum amplitude is an exponentially small function of F−1. An open problem (which, for τ sufficiently close to 1/3, was recently proved by Sun 1999 to be false) is whether this amplitude can ever be zero, which would give a truly localized solitary wave. The problem is first addressed in terms of model equations taking the form of generalized fifth-order KdV equations, where it is demonstrated that if such a zero-tail-amplitude solution occurs, it does so along codimension-one lines in the parameter plane. Moreover, along solution paths of generalized solitary waves a topological distinction is found between cases where the tail does vanish and those where it does not. This motivates a new set of numerical results for the full problem, formulated using a boundary integral method, namely to probe the size of the tail amplitude as τ varies for fixed F > 1. The strong conclusion from the numerical results is that true solitary waves of elevation do not exist for the steady gravity–capillary water wave problem, at least for 9/50 < τ < 1=3. This finding confirms and explains previous asymptotic results by Yang & Akylas.


Prof. Fumio Harashima had driven the 21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for human-adaptive mechatronics as a subleader from 2003 to 2008, when he was the president of Tokyo Denki University. This program mainly focused on the development of the significant technological breakthroughs in mechatronics and on the cultivation of distinguished young researchers in the field. This project was concluded with a great deal of success. This is one of his significant contributions to the establishment of a solid platform of human-support mechatronics technology. The authors have discussed with him about the human-support mechatronics technology for a long time. They have shared a future prospect of mechatronics for human support. As one of their common understandings, they noticed that the development of a new mechatronics technology based on humans' sensations and actions will be a key for the physical human support. From this background of their deep friendship, a short review about real-world haptics, which can achieve the remote physical support for human activities and the communication of humans' tactile sensation, is presented as a tribute to Prof. Fumio Harashima.


Human performance may be primed by information not consciously available. Can such priming become so overwhelming that observers cannot help but act accordingly? In the present study, well-visible stimuli were preceded by whole series of unidentifiable stimuli. These series had strong, additive priming effects on behavior. However, their effect depended on the frequency with which they provided information conflicting to the visible main stimuli. Thus, effects of subliminal priming are under observers' strategic control, with the criterion presumably set as a function of the openly observable error frequency. Electrical brain potentials show that this criterion acts simultaneously at the level of visual discrimination of the primes and at motor activation evoked by the primes, thereby shielding observers from unwanted information.


The spreading of the plume induced by the freshwater discharge from the Ebro River into northwestern Mediterranean coastal waters was modelled using two numerical codes. The coastal current field was obtained with a finite difference hydrodynamic model based on a steady-state version of the shallow-water equations, whereas the freshwater dispersion was calculated with a Lagrangian code that solves the 3D convection-diffusion equation and reproduces turbulent diffusion using a random-walk algorithm. The agreement obtained between numerical results, satellite observations and field measurements allows an analysis of the more relevant physical mechanisms and the corresponding tuning of the two models. The results show that local hydrodynamics near the river mouth, and consequently the spreading of the river plume, are highly dependent on the driving river discharge and wind field characteristics.


This paper presents coproduced ethnographic material concerning the development of mental healthcare services in Oxfordshire, UK. Our collaborative working method highlights arbitrary events and connections in both individual lives and in the lives of institutions. We introduce the analytic concept of happenstance to make sense of this. Happenstance helps us theorize how chance arises in particular social contexts, contains both randomness and patterning, and becomes entwined with agency. The notion of happenstance thus enables us to retain a sense that chance is social and makes links between individuals or institutions and their social surround independently of structuration or habitus. The anthropology of bureaucracy has focused on the clumsiness of institutional mechanisms and the strategies people adopt in response. We suggest a new angle, combining happenstance with Ian Hacking's notion of "ecological niche" to suggest how an openness to happenstance might create a different kind of evolving institution.


The most pedagogically sound method of teaching ethics in computing has long been debated among educationalists. No single method has been identified as the best method despite extensive debate or various pedagogical approaches. It is argued that ethics in computing should be taught as a complete unit of study and yet by others, that ethics should be dispersed across all units of study within a course. The issues discussed in this paper relate to the connections between legal and ethical perceptions of students who are studying computing. The paper also presents an alternate method of increasing computing students' ethical awareness.


Abstract. The recent excavation of the Tell Keila archaeological site in the Hebron Governorate (Palestine) has revealed new burial graves among the already known in the region of Judea (Yezerski, 2013), providing innovative guidelines for understanding the scope of the funeral typology which was characteristic of the Second Iron Age and Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantian periods and their subsequent occupations. 49 tombs have been inventoried in total, among which it is worth noting the largest, number 26, which is located in the immediate surroundings of the Tell. Its rich architecture has enabled a more comprehensive study and comparison, and when the excavation campaign ended in 2018 numerous elements characteristic of the funeral customs, local ways of life at the time, and state of conservation of the construction had been identified. The geometry and spaces were exactly identified with a complete metric and photo-rectified survey of the tomb which took into consideration the limitations imposed on the work by the local socio-cultural and socio-economic context.


Ashtekar's spinorial formulation of general relativity is used to study perturbations of gravitational instantons corresponding to finite-action solutions of the Euclidean Einstein equations (with a nonzero cosmological constant) possessing an anti-self-dual Weyl curvature tensor. It is shown that, with an appropriate on-shell'' form of infinitesimal gauge transformations, the space of solutions to the linearized instanton equation can be described in terms of an elliptic complex; the cohomology of the complex defines gauge-inequivalent perturbations. Using this elliptic complex we prove that there are no nontrivial solutions to the linearized instanton equation on conformally anti-self-dual Einstein spaces with a positive cosmological constant. Thus, the space of gravitational instantons is discrete when the cosmological constant is positive; i.e., the dimension of the gravitational moduli space in this case is zero. We discuss the issue of linearization stability as well as the feasibility of using the Atiyah-Singer index theorem to compute the dimension of the gravitational moduli space when the cosmological constant is negative.


The temporal variation for a three-year period (2000-2002) in the atmospheric abundances of principal nitrogen species (NH4 + and NO3 - ) has been studied in rain and aerosols from an urban city (Ahmedabad, 23.0 o N, 72.6 o E) located in a semi-arid region of western India. Their concentrations in ambient aerosols over the annual seasonal cycle exhibit large variation [NH4 + : < 0.001 to 1.3 (GM = 0.25 μg/m 3 ); NO3 - : 0.09 to 4.4 (GM = 1.3 μg/m 3 )]; with systematically higher concentrations during Nov-Feb (drier period) and relatively low during Jun-Aug (wet season). In comparison, abundances of NH4 + and NO3 - in individual precipitation events (n = 91) collected during the southwest monsoon (Jun-Aug) for three years varied as NH4 + : <1.0 to 220 (VWM: 30 μeq/L) and NO3 - : 1.3 to 115 (VWM: 13 μeq/L). Using corresponding rainfall data, the wet-deposition fluxes of NH4 + during 2000, 2001 and 2002 have been derived: 364, 327 and 297 mg/m 2 /y, respectively; which are considerably higher than the dry-deposition fluxes (16, 11 and 16 mg/m 2 /y). The wet deposition of NO3 - over the three years varied as 392, 569 and 487 mg/m 2 /y in comparison to dry-deposition fluxes averaging as 201, 134 and 137 mg /m 2 /y. These results also indicate that both dry and wet deposition of NO3 - accounts for as much as ~65% of the total inorganic-N species (NH4 + + NO3 - ), possibly mediated via in-situ chemical reactions of acidic species (NO3 - and its precursors) with mineral aerosols. Such regional scale studies are important for quantitative assessment of atmospheric deposition of biogeochemically important trace species and bring to focus the role of semi-arid regions where current knowledge is limited.


1. Microscopes and Their Use in the Study of Cells and Viruses. 2. Microscopic Observation of Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa. 3. Staining Bacteria. 4. Cultivation of Bacteria and Fungi. 5. Biochemical Tests for the Identification of Bacteria. 6. Bacterial Identification Methods. 7. Evaluating Antibacterial Chemical Agents. 8. Soil and Water Microbiology. 9. Survey of Microbial Pathogens. 10. Arthropod Vectors of Human Diseases. 11. Multicellular Parasites. 12. Clinical Applications of Host Responses to Infection. Index.


Actions for failure to act against European Union (hereinafter also referred to as EU) institutions are governed by Article 265 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as TFEU). These actions can be successfully brought before the EU courts only in cases where there is illegal inaction on the part of EU institutions. In legal doctrine and EU courts case law, the nature and scope of illegal inaction is not revealed comprehensively. This legal gap causes some serious difficulties for complainants and defending institutions. As it is apparent from the EU courts case law, complainants try to declare reasonable inaction as illegal before the EU courts. In some circumstances, there is no possibility to declare inaction as illegal, notwithstanding complainants are trying to do so and supersede the case law of the EU courts. In such cases, defending EU institutions also incur unnecessary expenses and time losses. The aim of this article is to disclose necessary criteria to assess whether inaction is illegal and provide a significant case law in this area. The article is composed of four constituent parts. Firstly, the concept of inaction is defined. Secondly, it is analyzed what inaction is legal and therefore cannot be declared as illegal before the EU courts. Thirdly, in the third and fourth parts, illegal inaction is being identified. Inaction occurs when EU institution fails to adopt a decision or decides not to take action. However, not every inactivity is considered unlawful. EU case law confirms that discretion and obligation are two concepts which help to distinguish legal and illegal inaction. Inaction is lawful if the EU institution has wide discretion to choose whether to act and such discretion is not limited to acting conditions. The scope of discretion is identified from the EU law. Dispositive EU law without certain conditions to act shows that the EU institution has a wide discretion to choose whether to act or not. Discretion is usually identified from the word "may". However, when the EU institution has a narrow discretion which can be identified from conditional EU law, it is obliged to use that discretion and such failure to act can be considered as unlawful. Illegal inaction is usually declared when EU institutions have no discretion but are obliged by imperative EU law to act. Conclusions can be drawn that when the EU institution has a wide discretion to choose whether to act or not, its inaction cannot be declared illegal. However, if the EU institution has a narrow discretion or obligation to act, its failure to act can be declared as unlawful.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of citing references of research articles published in D-Lib Magazine during 2002 to 2008. A total of 4775 citations were collected from 295 articles published during 2002 to 2008. Articles classified as editorial materials, power point slides, book reviews, columns, reports and news items were not considered for the analysis. References of each article were collected and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 was used for analyses. The various analyses focus on year-wise distribution of articles and cited references, types of documents cited, country and language of cited documents, file format and domain of cited references, etc. The study shows the changing trends of research in the field of library & information science in the field of digital libraries particularly with the introduction of Internet and World Wide Web. This change can be seen in digital library research as researchers have been used digital and web resources to conduct their research.


In schools, design projects can be implemented at a variety of ways and with varying degrees of resources from teachers and schools. However, little work has been done on the differences between student learning outcomes and the type of design projects. This study compares two design projects implemented in 7th grade classrooms (n=677) at two different schools to explain affordances of each approach based on differences in project authenticity, scale, and depth of context in supporting student learning outcomes. The main data sources were an engineering science test and a design reasoning elicitation problem, administered at each school before and after the design project. To understand the relationship between students' science learning gains and school implementation, we conducted a sign test to compare between-group differences and a Mann Whitney Test to compare within-group differences. Then, we performed a content analysis to examine students' design reasoning and a two-way contingency table analysis to understand if a student's school implementation was related to the changes in design trade-off reasoning. Students at both schools exhibited statistically significant but small gains on their engineering science test scores. While students at the school with a more interdisciplinary, more authentic design project had higher scores on the engineering science test, students at the school with a smaller scale implementation discussed more trade-off factors in their design reasoning elicitation problem. These findings suggest that differences in project implementation appear to be associated with different learning outcomes, and there are potential benefits to both authenticity and simplicity in design projects.


Indigenous bacteria are essential for the performance of bio-filters for drinking water treatment. Yet it is slow and difficult to develop biofilm in a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter with low nutritional levels in the influent, especially during winter. In this study, the biofilm development in three laboratory-scale GAC columns with different types of influent was investigated in southeast China during winter. The results indicated that nitrogen was the limiting factor for biofilm development in GAC columns for this source water. The biomass density in the column with ammonia nitrogen addition was much higher than those of the other two filters, while its microbial diversity and biological activity were lower. Moreover, the ammonia-feeding column also showed the highest removal of organic contaminants during the stable operating periods, i.e. chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), assimilable organic carbon as well as biodegradable dissolved organic carbon. Therefore, nitrogen amendment favors the formation of biofilm. It could shorten the start-up time of a GAC filter and enhance the bio-stability of its effluent. This might add some new insights towards the operation of GAC filters with low nutritional levels in the influent during winter.


This paper argues that city-region building debates and relatedly "post-political" literatures are missing critical perspectives on the state, particularly the state's continued existence as a social relation and an arena for politics, its role in the regulation of uneven development and the conflicts and struggles that arise from this. The paper brings the state centrally into "post-political" debates via a critical analysis of the interrelationships between depoliticization and neoliberalism. Focusing on Sheffield (South Yorkshire, England) in the context of devolution and deal-making public policy, the paper explores the seemingly consensual vision-making dynamics of this city region and dissects the tensions around economic governance, welfare austerity and social inequalities to get a handle on the "post-political" depoliticized state in, and of, contemporary capitalism.


Shield tunnel SHM is in the path of rapid development currently while massive monitoring data processing and quantitative health grading remain a real challenge, since multiple sensors belonging to different types are employed in SHM system. This paper addressed the fuzzy cluster method based on fuzzy equivalence relationship for the health evaluation of shield tunnel SHM. The method was optimized by exporting the FSV map to automatically generate the threshold value. Two abnormal monitoring data conditions were defined and a pilot test was studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the definition. A case study on Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel was presented to apply this method. Three types of indicators, namely soil pressure, pore pressure and steel strain, were used to develop the evaluation set U. The clustering results were verified by analyzing the engineering geological conditions; the applicability and validity of the proposed method was also demonstrated. This investigation indicated the fuzzy cluster method and HHS is capable of characterizing the fuzziness of tunnel health, and it is beneficial to clarify the tunnel health evaluation uncertainties. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/70


Purpose: To investigate the inciting agent, clinical features, and the efficacy of hourly steroids in the prophylaxis in a diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) epidemic. Methods: One hundred and five eyes of 58 patients that had DLK after LASIK were included in the study. To identify the cause of the epidemic, some interventions were made: irrigation solution was changed from BSS to Ringer lactate (week 5), wiping of the interface with a sponge was discontinued (week 6), the air conditioner in the LASIK room was checked (week 6), the routine postoperative topical regimen was changed from fluoromethalone and fluoroquinolones 4 times a day to hourly prednisolone acetate or dexamethasone sodium and fluoroquinolones (week 7), and the trademark of the drape used was changed (week 12). Results: There was no statistical difference in any of the attack rates associated with variables including BSS versus Ringer lactate (9.9 vs. 14%, p = 0.4), and air conditioner check with wiping versus not wiping the interface with the microsurgical sponge (14.0 vs. 18.2%, p = 0.6). There was a significant decrease in the attack rate from 18.2 to 5.3% with use of the hourly prophylactic topical steroids (p = 0.012). After introduction of a new trademark of the drape, the incidence of DLK was further reduced from 5.3 to 0.7% (p = 0.016). Conclusion: The cause in a particular DLK epidemic should be identified and eliminated adopting a scientific approach. Hourly steroid use for prophylaxis is recommended until the etiologic agent responsible has been identified.


The goal of this master thesis is to generate knowledge about integrating best practices from systems engineering and lean product development into ship building. There is a need to develop product development processes in shipbuilding that incorporate a systems perspective from the earliest phases of product development to ensure that all the needs and requirements of the system are analyzed and accounted for in the later development and production processes. Furthermore, these processes should be as effective and efficient as possible to keep lead time and cost at a minimum. In order to achieve this, elements from both systems engineering (SE) and lean product development (LPD) are needed. This thesis provides an overview of systems engineering and lean product development concepts and identifies key practices to deliver flawless systems and increase the efficiency of the product development process. The literature review on SE identifies requirements engineering combined with an interdisciplinary approach as key practices for enabling the success of a project. "System thinking" design is based on research observations indicating that if more time is spent in the early phases of a lifecycle, when most of the total lifecycle cost is decided and the cost of removing errors is lowest, then systems can be cheaper to deliver. These observations are also fundamental to LPD practice, where shifting (loading) the problem identification and solution efforts backward in time (to the front of the process) is referred to as front loading. Four important lean strategies for front loading are presented in the thesis; project-to-project knowledge transfer, concurrent engineering, set-based concurrent design and early supplier integration. One of the main contributions of the thesis is a developed model illustrating how SE can contribute to the LPD. Furthermore, the thesis introduces a derived model for implementing LPD in a company. The literature review formed the basis for the case study of the Ulstein Design and Solutions AS that is part of the Norwegian ship building company the Ulstein Group. The company works with product development and sales/marketing of ship design and equipment packages for offshore vessels and short sea vessels. The work of this thesis is formulated around the problem statement "how can integrated systems engineering and lean best practices help Ulstein Design and Solutions AS deliver value to their customers?" with value defined as a measure of three variables; quality, costand lead time to market. The case study analysis of Ulstein Design and Solutions identified project-to-project knowledge transfer as a main area for potential improvement. Suggested future research includes investigating methods for ways knowledge can be shared across projects and additional research within the field of combining systems engineering and lean practices inthe product development process.


Exchange rate regime choice has evolved considerably in the past 100 years. At the beginning of the twentieth century the choice was obvious - - join the gold standard, all the advanced countries have done it. Floating exchange rates and fiat money are only for profligate countries. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the choice is also becoming more obvious - - go to floating exchange rates, all the advanced countries have done it. Moreover in both eras, the emerging markets of the day tried to emulate the advanced countries but in many cases had great difficulties in doing so. What happened in the past century to lead to this tour de force? In this paper I survey the issue of exchange rate regime choice from the perspective of both the advanced countries and the emergers taking an historical perspective. I first survey the theoretical issues beginning with a taxonomy of regimes. I then examine the empirical evidence on the delineation of regimes and their macro performance. The penultimate section provides a brief history of monetary regimes in advanced and emerging countries. The conclusion considers the case for managed float for today's emergers.


The electricity consumption in commercial places like universities has tremendously increased recently. Modern and advanced energy efficient appliances are highly needed to substitute the conventional ones. Energy saving is of great important instead of its wastage, as utilizing the energy efficiently reduces the cost of energy. Energy consumption varies for commercial building due to several factors such as electrical appliance usage, electrical appliance type, management, etc. Due to the advancement in technology, there are new emergence appliances that are of high efficiency and have less energy consumption. A case study is conducted on selected five tutorial rooms, level 4 buildings in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering 19 A, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The paper proposes new emergence equipments with high efficiency and less power consumption to replace the existing ones. A survey is conducted on the number of electrical appliances used for each of the tutorial rooms, time table for each tutorial room and the Tenaga Nasional Berhad pricing and tariff are taken into consideration in the analysis of the energy consumption and the cost of energy. This paper aims at reducing the amount of energy consumption by replacing the existing electrical equipments with high efficient electrical equipments; it also tends to reduce the cost of energy paid to the utility. By observing the results, it shows that the proposed efficient electrical equipments are more efficient, less power consumption and less cost compared to the existing electrical equipments.


Due to the complex manner in which secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) form, a need exists to develop a methodology to measure PM2.5 emissions from agricultural operations to better understand the contribution of SIAs to the PM2.5 fraction. When sampling particulate matter (PM), annular denuder systems (ADS) are a United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) approved system used to measure both gaseous and particulate components of aerosols. While collecting basic gases, such as ammonia, using nine denuders was feasibly demonstrated in poultry housing units but the ability of additional denuders to accurately collect the SIAs on the filters is yet to be demonstrated. An experiment was designed to assess particle deposition behaviors throughout three different ADS configurations. It was determined that the nine denuder configuration resulted in particles being impacted and retained, mainly in the U-bend junctions, prior to reaching the filters with only 87.2% of PM2.5 reaching the filter pack. The US EPA-prescribed ADS configuration had 99.4% of PM2.5 reaching the filters, indicating that there is an impact due to the U-Bend addition to the system. It was further demonstrated that having additional denuders in series with no U-Bend had no significant impact on PM2.5 deposition on the filters with 98.9% of PM2.5 being collected.


Darwin, in Australia's Northern Territory, faces urban planning challenges consistent with those reported in 'resource peripheries' around the world. The city has recently experienced strong population growth associated with resources and construction projects, and an increase in public sector workers sent to address the challenges faced by remote (particularly Indigenous) populations. The Northern Territory Government is determined to foster further growth, and promotes 'major projects' in urban development as the key. Analysis of the public debates about two recent major projects (the Waterfront Development and the Lyons residential development) reveal a planning process consistent with the clientelism observed by Rayner and Howlett (2009) in resource peripheries in Canada. The risks of clientelism are both the marginalisation of important internal publics and the institutionalisation of 'temporariness' as the driver of growth. Shifting to a more consultative planning process might help stimulate internal development, but could also put at risk the relationships that the Northern Territory Government has established with external investors.


Abstract: I explore Rousseau's account of the problem of dependence by means of an analysis of the distinction he makes between dependence on things and dependence on men. With reference to his Second Discourse, I argue that dependence on things alone exists only in the case of primitive man in the earliest stages of the state of nature, while dependence on men is more properly to be understood as dependence on other human beings as mediated by dependence on things. I go on to argue that in the light of Rousseau's account of dependence and his description in the Second Discourse of a spontaneous dependence and inequality generating process, there is a significant problem with his solution to the problem of dependence on other human beings proposed in the Social Contract. This problem can be understood in terms of the relation of the idea of will to that of necessity, and I suggest that Rousseau was himself aware of it.


Foreword to

We are on the cusp of a reading revolution. Increasingly, research is uncovering an intimate connection between reading and wellbeing. The seemingly simple act of being read to brings remarkable health and happiness benefits. It stimulates thought and memory, encourages the sharing of ideas and feelings, hopes and fears. It enriches our lives and minds.

This unique book offers a selection of prose and poetry especially suitable for reading aloud - to your husband or wife, a sick parent or child, an elderly relative. With short introductions and discussion topics for each piece there's something here for everyone - from Shakespeare and Black Beauty to Elizabeth Jennings and Bruce Chatwin.


There exist many available service ranking implementations, each one providing ad hoc preference models that offer different levels of expressiveness. Consequently, applying a single implementation to a particular scenario constrains the user to define preferences based on the underlying formalisms. Furthermore, preferences from different ranking implementation's model cannot be combined in general, due to interoperability issues. In this article we present an integrated ranking implementation that enables the combination of three different ranking implementations developed within the EU FP7 SOA4All project. Our solution has been developed using PURI, a Preference-based Universal Ranking Integration framework that is based on a common, holistic preference model that allows to exploit synergies from the integrated ranking implementations, offering a single user interface to define preferences that acts as a façade to the integrated ranking implementation.


Issues of demolition and redevelopment are normally justified in quite straightforward terms such as upgrading or redevelopment. Implicit in many instances of demolition however, is an alternative claim on territory and a different spatial ideal. This paper explores the politics that often shadows acts of demolition - an associated terrain of displacement, separation and exclusion. Beginning with the selective representation that was a driving force in the demolition of a notorious slum area in East London this paper will go on to consider the impetus behind the construction of territorial islands, internally ordered and bounded places that form and migrate or are deliberately implanted into alien situations, constantly at odds with their surroundings.
The impact of unresolved encounters and struggles between people threaten basic assumptions about inhabitation. People migrating across national boundaries with different belief systems and world-views often seek to impress new identities onto existing places and cultures. For those there already the sense of interior is interrupted by the arrival of others. They must struggle to maintain stability as daily routines and activity are curtailed, moulded and adapted to a changed environment. For newcomers, energy and resources are often expended on establishing new rules and conventions and in maintaining a protective skin. Jacqueline Rose has written about how, with such movement across national boundaries 'you are just as likely to carry your enemies with you'. Nothing is ever simply left behind and this 'baggage of the mind' often surfaces as 'fierce blockading protectiveness. This paper ultimately will address the way people struggle to make room for themselves in places that are crowded with conflicting claims and open to different interpretations. It will examine the way ideas are carried from one space to another.


The rights afforded to Indigenous Australians under the Native Title Act 1993 (NTA) are very limited and allow for undue coercion by corporate interests, contrary to the claims of many prominent authors in this field. Unlike the Commonwealth's first land rights law, Aboriginal Lands Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (ALRA) , the NTA does not offer a right of veto to Aboriginal parties; instead, they have a right to negotiate with developers, which has in practice meant very little leverage in negotiations for native title parties. And unlike ALRA, developers can deal with any Indigenous corporation, rather than land councils. These two factors have encouraged opportunistic conduct by some developers and led to vexatious litigation designed to break the resistance of native title parties, as demonstrated by the experience of Aboriginal corporations in the iron ore-rich Pilbara region of Western Australia.


When humans approach the task of text categorization, they interpret the specific wording of the document in the much larger context of their background knowledge and experience. On the other hand, state-of-the-art information retrieval systems are quite brittle--they traditionally represent documents as bags of words, and are restricted to learning from individual word occurrences in the (necessarily limited) training set. For instance, given the sentence "Wal-Mart supply chain goes real time", how can a text categorization system know that Wal-Mart manages its stock with RFID technology? And having read that "Ciprofloxacin belongs to the quinolones group", how on earth can a machine know that the drug mentioned is an antibiotic produced by Bayer? In this paper we present algorithms that can do just that. We propose to enrich document representation through automatic use of a vast compendium of human knowledge--an encyclopedia. We apply machine learning techniques to Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia to date, which surpasses in scope many conventional encyclopedias and provides a cornucopia of world knowledge. Each Wikipedia article represents a concept, and documents to be categorized are represented in the rich feature space of words and relevant Wikipedia concepts. Empirical results confirm that this knowledge-intensive representation brings text categorization to a qualitatively new level of performance across a diverse collection of datasets.


Two decades of research into educational production functions have produced startlingly consistent results: Variations in school expenditures are not systematically related to variations in student performance. Enormous differences in teacher quality exist, but differences in teacher skill are not strongly related to educational backgrounds, amount of teaching experience, or teaching in small classes. Further, more skilled teachers simply are not regularly paid more than less skilled teachers. These findings suggest that school decision making must move away from traditional "input directed" policies to ones providing performance incentives. The concentration on expenditure differences in, for example, school finance court cases or legislative deliberations, appears misguided given the evidence.


ABSTRACT Research into developing geochemical exploration techniques for marine mineral deposits commenced in the Applied Geochemistry Research Group in the early 1960s, continued throughout the remainder of the Group's existence and thereafter to the time of writing in other units of Imperial College. The minerals involved were placers, phosphorites, hydrothermal polymetallic sulphide deposits and manganese nodules. Two main approaches were used. First to be developed was an empirical approach based on the dispersion of elements away from the deposit being sought, the concentrations of which could be contoured and projected back to source. This technique found an application in developing geochemical exploration methods for placers, phosphorites and polymetallic sulphide deposits. The second technique to be developed was a deductive one based on as thorough an understanding as possible of the effects of the environment of deposition on the grade of the type of deposit being sought, thus hopefully enabling one to be able to predict where the highest grade varieties of such deposits might occur. This technique was used in developing exploration methods for manganese nodules.


In various areas of the communication system, work based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is being used these days. It is observed that trust-based model for WSN as a controlled secure, confidential and robustness with a consistent communication troubleshoots a lot of problems in delivering. This makes a node in WSN, that is, ready to deal with and act on attacks caused by additional nodes in different communication networks. This is a highly challenging task due to the lack of a trust resource and the dynamics that this network institute brings. In this paper, we propose Trust Calculation Algorithm for communicating nodes in WSN. Trust calculation algorithm provide the trust-based routing table for every node. It serves as an important role in the communication process for nodes from clusters, nodes from nodes and clusters from clusters in WSN.


A pulsed electric field (PEF) process was applied to unclarified apple juices at 30 and 40 kV cm-1 for 50, 100, 150, and 200 pulses after preheating to 40 °C. Afterwards, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme levels, loss of total phenolic (TP) compounds, and alterations of the physiochemical parameters of the apple juice were determined. Total yeast/mold and mesophilic bacteria loads were periodically evaluated during storage at 25 °C for a 3-month period and the cloud quality of the apple juice was analyzed after storage. The results of the present study have indicated that total yeast/mold and mesophilic bacterial activity could be completely inactivated under all PEF processing conditions. Moreover, no microbial activity occurred in PEF-treated apple juices during the 3-month storage period, whereas the control had more than a 6 log cfu mL-1 microbial load at the end of storage. PPO activity became completely inactive at 100 or more pulses at 40 kV cm-1, while residual activity decreased by up to 32.1%, 7.0%, 2.9%, and 1.6% at 30 kV cm-1 at 50, 100, 150, and 200 pulses, respectively. Kinetic data for PPO activity and TP content were described using a first-order kinetics model with a high R2 value, ranging from 0.906 to 0.983. However, there was a negative correlation ranging from -0.907 to -0.938 between TP compounds and PPO inactivation. In addition, only minor changes were observed in physical appearance and color, pH, conductivity, and Brix levels of apple juices after the PEF processing.


This article states a condition monitoring strategy for wind turbines using a statistical data-driven modeling approach by means of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. Initially, a baseline data-based model is obtained from the healthy wind turbine by means of multiway principal component analysis (MPCA). Then, when the wind turbine is monitorized, new data is acquired and projected into the baseline MPCA model space. The acquired SCADA data are treated as a random process given the random nature of the turbulent wind. The objective is to decide if the multivariate distribution that is obtained from the wind turbine to be analyzed (healthy or not) is related to the baseline one. To achieve this goal, a test for the equality of population means is performed. Finally, the results of the test can determine that the hypothesis is rejected (and the wind turbine is faulty) or that there is no evidence to suggest that the two means are different, so the wind turbine can be considered as healthy. The methodology is evaluated on a wind turbine fault detection benchmark that uses a 5 MW high-fidelity wind turbine model and a set of eight realistic fault scenarios. It is noteworthy that the results, for the presented methodology, show that for a wide range of significance, α ∈ [ 1 % , 13 % ] , the percentage of correct decisions is kept at 100%; thus it is a promising tool for real-time wind turbine condition monitoring.