The readers of this journal will already be familiar with earlier editions of this excellent work now in its third edition. The first, published by Chief Justice Rabie in 1992, was an expanded version of the entry that he had written on "Estoppel" for The Law of South Africa, and it quickly established itself as the standard reference point for research on this difficult topic. Its sustained and principled analysis did much to dispel any notion of estoppel as "a sort of joker or wild card to be used whenever the court disapproves of the conduct of a litigant who seems to have the law on his side" (p 41 of 3rd ed, quoting Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe in Yeoman's Row Management Ltd v Cobbe 2008 4 All ER 713 (HL) 737 par 46). In 2000 a significantly longer second edition was published by Prof Sonnekus, but since that time, the case law involving estoppel has continued to develop, and with it the commentary.


Objects of the quantum world are of a concealed and cold-blooded nature: they usually behave in a quantum manner only when they are significantly cooled and isolated from the environment. Experiments carried out by chemists and physicists from Warsaw have destroyed this simple picture. It turns out that not only does one of the most interesting quantum effects occur at room temperature and higher, but it plays a dominant role in the course of chemical reactions in solutions!


BACKGROUND
The re-emergence of mumps among vaccinated young adults has become a global issue. Besides waning of antibody responses, suboptimal induction of T cell responses may reduce protection. Recently, we observed a dominant polyfunctional CD8+ T cell response after natural mumps virus (MuV) infection that was not present after vaccination. Unraveling the MuV epitope-repertoire can provide insight in the specificity, functionality, and breadth of the T cell response against MuV.

METHODS
Peptides were eluted from HLA class I molecules of MuV-infected cells and characterized by advanced mass spectrometry. Selected identified MuV peptides were tested for in vitro and ex vivo immunogenicity.

RESULTS
Here we identified a broad landscape of 83 CD8+ T cell epitopes of MuV, of which 41 were confirmed based on synthetic peptide standards. For six epitopes we showed induction of an HLA-A*02-restriced CD8+ T cell response. Moreover, robust T cell responses against five selected MuV epitopes could be detected in all tested mumps patients using peptide/HLA-A*02:01 dextramers.

CONCLUSION
The identified CD8+ T cell epitopes will help to further characterize MuV-specific T cell immunity following natural MuV infection or vaccination. These MuV epitopes may provide clues for a better understanding of, and possibly for preventing, mumps vaccine failure.


During deamination, γ-amino acids can undergo concomitant decarboxylation. Aiming at studying the course of the involved reaction, the following γ-amino acids were synthesized and characterized: (–)-3c-amino-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane-1r-carboxylic acid (= (–)-aminolauronic acid = (–)-3-aminocamphonanic acid; 39), cis-3-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (41), (+)-3c-amino-2,2,3-trimethylcyclopentane-1r-carboxylic acid (= (–)-aminodihydrocampholytic acid; 42), and the novel (±)-cis-3-amino-2,2-dimethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (43). These γ-amino acids were deaminated by means of 4-diazoniobenzenesulfonate (= 'p-diazobenzenesulfonic acid'; generated from p-sulfanilic acid = 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid), under moderately basic aqueous conditions (pH 8–9). The formed product mixtures were separated, the products identified, and their structures correlated with the starting γ-amino acids, thus establishing that decarboxylation occurs whenever the carbenium ion formed by loss of nitrogen can rearrange into a higher-substituted ion. This rearrangement accompanied by decarboxylation is the main reaction in the deamination of (–)-3c-amino-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane-1r-carboxylic acid (39). The known absolute configurations (1R,3S) of 39 and (3S) of the main product (–)-1,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-1-ene (= (–)-laurolene; 40) allow to elucidate the stereochemistry of the rearrangement. It consists of a new, selective 1,2-syn-alkyl shift, which is explained by an intermediate highly reactive unsolvated but conformationally defined carbenium ion. A further consequence of the high reactivity of the carbenium ion is the lack of participation of the carboxylate group in the formation of the substitution products. The fact that essentially inversion of configuration takes place at the reaction center (C(3)) suggests the involvement of steric hindrance by the counter ion.


ABSTRACT This research evaluated the effects of a seven-session mindfulness intervention, Learning to BREATHE, on an ethnically diverse at-risk high school student sample. Two classrooms were randomly assigned to intervention or normal health-education programming. Results indicated significant effects to self-reported psychosocial resilience, with students receiving the intervention reporting stable levels of resilience over time and students in the control condition reporting significant reductions. Intervention groups did not evidence change to self-reported psychosocial problem behavior, school attendance, and quarterly academic grades. Findings suggest that MBI may offer an effective strategy for enhancing student dispositional resilience, and suggestions for further research are offered.


AI techniques play a prominent role in power system management and control. General planners, expert systems, artificial neural networks, inductive learning, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms-researchers have applied almost every form of AI tool in at least prototype form to one or more problem areas in the power industry, and new practical applications of AI appear with increasing frequency. This article describes the power system problems that are likely candidates for AI techniques, and the techniques that have been used on those problems.


High throughput screening experiments are typically used within the pharmaceutical industry for the identification and evaluation of candidate drugs. Using a high throughput screen with automated imaging platform allows a large number of compounds to be tested in a biological assay in order to identify any activity inhibiting or activating a biological process. High throughput fluorescent images contain information that can be used to define fully the effects of a compound on cells. It is for this reason that florescent imaging assays have been termed high content screening (Clemons, 2004).

The studies analysed in this thesis involve the use of an automated robotic system to administer compounds to cellular assays and take high content images. These images are then analysed and quantified using imaging algorithms to produce a set of variables. Each high content screen may extend to a million or more individual assays.

Supervised classification methods have important applications in high content screening experiments where they are used to predict which compounds have the potential to be developed into new drugs. The use of supervised classification for high content screening data is investigated and a new classification method is proposed for batches of compounds where the rule is updated sequentially using information from the classification of previous batches. This methodology accounts for the possibility that the training data are not a representative sample of the test data and that the underlying group distributions may change as new compounds are analysed.

Unsupervised classification methods are used in the analysis of high content screening experiments to evaluate potential new drugs. The study in this thesis considers clustering compounds based on their toxicological effect on the liver. Drug induced liver injury is the most common cause for non approval and withdrawal by the Food and Drug Administration (Ainscow, 2007a) and therefore this is an important stage in drug development.


We estimated organic carbon (OC) burial over the past century in 40 impoundments in one of the most intensively agricultural regions of the world. The volume of sediment deposited per unit time varied as a function of lake and watershed size, but smaller impoundments had greater deposition and accumulation rates per unit area. Annual water storage losses varied from 0.1–20% and were negatively correlated with impoundment size. Estimated sediment OC content was greatest in lakes with low ratios of watershed to impoundment area. Sediment OC burial rates were higher than those assumed for fertile impoundments by previous studies and were much higher than those measured in natural lakes. OC burial ranged from a high of 17,000 g C m−2 a−1 to a low of 148 g C m−2 a−1 and was significantly greater in small impoundments than large ones. The OC buried in these lakes originates in both autochthonous and allochthonous production. These analyses suggest that OC sequestration in moderate to large impoundments may be double the rate assumed in previous analyses. Extrapolation suggests that they may bury 4 times as much carbon (C) as the world's oceans. The world's farm ponds alone may bury more OC than the oceans and 33% as much as the world's rivers deliver to the sea.


In light of recent events, the legal framework in which the subprime mortgage market operates is changing. New federal and state regulations will fundamentally affect the way institutions in this market do business, at least in the short term and until the housing crisis is resolved. The centerpiece of the new framework is the Statement on Subprime Mortgage Lending released by the federal banking agencies. This statement has been supplemented by parallel state guidance in a significant number of jurisdictions and also by complementary guidance issued by Fannie Mae, both of which will affect a large number of institutions not regulated by the federal agencies. Several states have also passed new laws requiring lenders to verify that borrowers have the ability to repay their loans, often at a fully indexed, fully amortizing payment, and also to certify that refinance transactions have a tangible benefit to the borrower. This growing panoply of federal and state underwriting regulation has been joined by efforts to encourage workouts, loan modifications, and other loss mitigation techniques to avoid foreclosure. It remains to be seen whether these new regulations will be effective. However, it is clear that lenders, investors, and borrowers will all have to tread carefully in this new regulatory environment.


Commercial ML APIs offered by providers such as Google, Amazon and Microsoft have dramatically simplified ML adoption in many applications. Numerous companies and academics pay to use ML APIs for tasks such as object detection, OCR and sentiment analysis. Different ML APIs tackling the same task can have very heterogeneous performance. Moreover, the ML models underlying the APIs also evolve over time. As ML APIs rapidly become a valuable marketplace and a widespread way to consume machine learning, it is critical to systematically study and compare different APIs with each other and to characterize how APIs change over time. However, this topic is currently underexplored due to the lack of data. In this paper, we present HAPI (History of APIs), a longitudinal dataset of 1,761,417 instances of commercial ML API applications (involving APIs from Amazon, Google, IBM, Microsoft and other providers) across diverse tasks including image tagging, speech recognition and text mining from 2020 to 2022. Each instance consists of a query input for an API (e.g., an image or text) along with the API's output prediction/annotation and confidence scores. HAPI is the first large-scale dataset of ML API usages and is a unique resource for studying ML-as-a-service (MLaaS). As examples of the types of analyses that HAPI enables, we show that ML APIs' performance change substantially over time--several APIs' accuracies dropped on specific benchmark datasets. Even when the API's aggregate performance stays steady, its error modes can shift across different subtypes of data between 2020 and 2022. Such changes can substantially impact the entire analytics pipelines that use some ML API as a component. We further use HAPI to study commercial APIs' performance disparities across demographic subgroups over time. HAPI can stimulate more research in the growing field of MLaaS.


We study a sample of business groups composed of two firms in unrelated industries in the period 2009-2013. Some of these groups split up during this time, leaving firms as standalone. We instrument for the stand-alone status using shocks to the industry of the other firm in the group. We find that firms becoming standalone reduce their leverage and investment. This evidence is consistent with the idea that affiliation to a group eases credit constraints. The effects are more pronounced when the other firm has high tangibility, which is consistent with cross-pledging, and when the firm operates in a debt-dependent industry or in a country with low domestic credit. In line with "socialism" in internal capital markets, firms more affected by becoming standalone are firms with previous poor performance and high leverage relative to their industry peers, and firms with low Tobin's Q relative to the other firm in the group. We do not find a significant effect of becoming standalone on performance.


We consider a viscous drop, loaded with an insoluble surfactant, spreading over a flat plane that is covered initially with a thin liquid film. Lubrication theory allows the flow to be modelled using coupled nonlinear evolution equations for the film thickness and surfactant concentration. Exploiting high-resolution numerical simulations, we describe the multi-region asymptotic structure of the spatially one-dimensional spreading flow and derive a simplified ODE model that captures its dominant features at large times. The model includes a version of Tanner's law accounting for a Marangoni flux through the drop's effective contact line, the magnitude of which is influenced by a rarefaction wave in the film ahead of the contact line. Focusing on the neighbourhood of the contact line, we then examine the stability of small-amplitude disturbances with spanwise variation, using long-wavelength asymptotics and numerical simulations to describe the growth-rate/wavenumber relationship. In addition to revealing physical mechanisms and new scaling properties, our analysis shows how initial conditions and transient dynamics have a long-lived influence on late-time flow structures, spreading rates and contact-line stability.


September 25, 2015. President James Bullard discussed the case for monetary policy normalization during an event co-sponsored by the Global Interdependence Center and the St. Louis Fed. He noted that, once normalization begins, monetary policy will remain extremely accommodative through the medium term. Following his prepared remarks, he and Laurence Meyer, senior managing director at Macroeconomic Advisers and former Fed governor, participated in a moderated discussion on new directions in monetary policy.


This article shows the influence of an anti-fouling nano-coating on the electrical energy produced by a string of photovoltaic modules. The coating effect was evaluated comparing the energy produced by two strings of the same PV power plant: one of them was cleaned and the other was cleaned and treated with the coating before the monitoring campaign. The PV plant is located in Modena, north of Italy. A first monitoring campaign of nine days after the treatment shows that the treatment increases the energy production on the PV arrays by about 1.82%. Results indicate that the increase is higher during sunny days with respect to cloudy days. A second monitoring campaign of the same length, but five months later, shows that the energy gain decreases from 1.82% to 0.69% due to the aging of the coating, which is guaranteed for one year by the manufacturer. A technical-economical analysis demonstrates that at the moment the yearly economic gain is 0.43 € per square meter of panel and the cost of the treatment is about 1 € per square meter. However, large scale diffusion can reduce the production cost and thus increase the affordability of the coating.


Trang To (Ixora duffii) belongs to the genus Ixora in the family Rubiaceae. The in vitro total antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the methanol extract of Trang To leaf was investigated using the phosphomolypdenum method and the bovine serum albumin denaturation test, respectively. The results showed that the methanol extract of Trang To leaf possessed relatively high antioxidant activity (OD0,5 = 15,551 ± 0,344 μg/mL) compared to that of the standard, trolox (OD0,5=2,315±0,083 μg/mL). The anti-inflammatory effect using bovine serum albumin denaturation test showed that the activity of the methanol extract of Trang To leaf (EC50= 6,03±0,12 μg/mL) was comparable to that of the reference drug, diclofenac sodium (EC50=0,57±0,21µg/mL). To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the methanol extract of Trang To leaf, the liver damage was induced in mice given with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mixed in olive oil (1: 4) at a dose of 2.5 mL/kg body weight/day. As a control, the standard hepatoprotective agent, silymarin, was used at the dose of 16 mg/kg body weight for 4 consecutive weeks. Trang To leaf extract was given at three different doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The results showed the effective dose-dependent reduction of transaminase enzyme (ALT and AST) levels in sera. In addition, Trang To leaf extract also improved the oxidative stress status of the liver through effective reduction of MDA level and increase of GSH level in the liver. Histopathological examination of the liver tissue revealed that the mice treated with Trang To leaf extract showed significant improvement of liver tissue damages similar to silymarin treatment compared to the non-treated control group. The present results demonstrated that Trang To leaf extract has potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.


Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with adverse health and social outcomes, but it has also been favorably viewed as a pathway to adulthood. In Ecuador, where 20% of girls aged between 15-19 years get pregnant, the adolescent fertility rate has increased and inequalities between adolescent girls from different educational, socio-economic levels and geographical regions are prominent: 43% of illiterate adolescents become pregnant compared to 11% with secondary education. The highest adolescent fertility rates are found in the Amazon Basin. The overall aim of this study was to explore adolescent pregnancy in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador (Orellana province) from a rights and gender approach. Specific aims and methodologies included: to explore women"s reproductive health situation, focusing on government"s obligations, utilization of services, inequities and implementation challenges, assessed through a community-based cross-sectional survey and a policy analysis (Paper I); to examine risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy, through a case-control study (Paper II); to explore experiences and emotions around pregnancy and motherhood among adolescent girls, using content analysis (Paper III); and to analyze providers" and policy makers" discourses on adolescent pregnancies (Paper IV). Reproductive health status findings for women in Orellana indicated a reality more dismal than that depicted in official national health data and policies. Inequities existed within the province, with rural indigenous women having reduced access to reproductive health services. In Orellana, 37.4% of girls aged 15-19 had experienced pregnancy, almost double the national average. Risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy at the behavioral level included early sexual debut and non-use of contraception, and at the structural level poverty, having suffered from sexual abuse, and family disruption. Gender inequity played a key role through the machismo-marianismo system. Girls were raised to be fearful and ignorant regarding sexuality and reproduction, to be submissive and obedient, to be fatalistic, and to accept the established order of the male and adult dominance. Sexuality was conceptualized as negative, while motherhood was idealized. Those gender structures constrained girls" agency, making them less able to make choices regarding their sexual and reproductive lives. Providers" discourses and practices were also strongly influenced by gender structures. Adolescent sexuality was not sanctioned, girls" access to contraceptives still faced opposition, adolescent autonomy was regarded as dangerous, and pregnancy and reproductive health issues were conceptualized as girls" responsibility. However, mechanisms of resistance and challenge were also found both among adolescent girls and providers. Programs addressing adolescent pregnancies in the area need to look at the general situation of women"s reproductive health and address the gaps regarding access and accountability. Adolescent pregnancy prevention programs should acknowledge the key role of structural factors and put emphasis on gender issues. Gender inequity affects many of the factors that influence adolescent pregnancies; sexual abuse, girls" limited access to use contraceptives, and girls" curtailed capability to decide regarding marriage or sexual intercourse, are strongly linked with young women"s subordination. By challenging negative attitudes towards adolescents" sexuality, the encounter between providers and adolescents could become an opportunity for strengthening girls" reproductive and sexual agency.


Estuaries may be uniquely susceptible to the combined acidification pressures of atmospherically driven ocean acidification (OA), biologically driven CO2 inputs from the estuary itself, and terrestrially derived freshwater inputs. This study utilized continuous measurements of total alkalinity (TA) and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) from the mouth of Great Bay, a temperate northeastern U.S. estuary, to examine the potential influences of endmember mixing and biogeochemical transformation upon estuary buffering capacity (β–H). Observations were collected hourly over 28 months representing all seasons between May 2016 and December 2019. Results indicated that endmember mixing explained most of the observed variability in TA and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), concentrations of which varied strongly with season. For much of the year, mixing dictated the relative proportions of salinity‐normalized TA and DIC as well, but a fall season shift in these proportions indicated that aerobic respiration was observed, which would decrease β–H by decreasing TA and increasing DIC. However, fall was also the season of weakest statistical correspondence between salinity and both TA and DIC, as well as the overall highest salinity, TA and β–H. Potential biogeochemically driven β–H decreases were overshadowed by increased buffering capacity supplied by coastal ocean water. A simple modeling exercise showed that mixing processes controlled most monthly changes in TA and DIC, obscuring impacts from air–sea exchange or metabolic processes. Advective mixing contributions may be as important as biogeochemically driven changes to observe when evaluating local estuarine and coastal OA.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the relative incidence of odontogenic cysts and to identify the main clinicopathological features among patients treated in the Oral Surgery Department of the Dental Clinic of the University of Barcelona (Spain).

STUDY DESIGN
A retrospective observational study was made of 418 odontogenic cysts diagnosed in 380 patients included in the database of 1235 histopathological diagnoses. The subjects were treated in the Master degree program of Oral Surgery and Implantology of the University of Barcelona in the period 1997-2006. The following variables were recorded: gender, age, clinical characteristics of the lesions (size and location), radiological features, duration, treatment, complications and relapses. A descriptive analysis was made of the study variables, using the SPSS version 15.0.

RESULTS
The incidence of odontogenic cysts was 33.8%. The mean patient age at appearance of the lesion was 42 years (range 7-83). The cysts were slightly more prevalent in males (58.4%). The lesion size ranged from 2-60 mm, with a mean size of 18.4 mm. The most frequent diagnosis was radicular cyst (50.2%). The most common location of the odontogenic cysts was in the mandible (61.5%), particularly the lower third molar region (36.8%).

CONCLUSIONS
The most frequently diagnosed lesion was the radicular cyst. Odontogenic cysts were seen to be slightly more prevalent in males, and showed a high mandibular incidence. Knowledge of the biological and histological behavior of odontogenic cysts and their frequency are key aspects for ensuring early detection and adequate treatment.


While the equilibrium properties, states, and phase transitions of interacting systems are well described by statistical mechanics, the lack of suitable state parameters has hindered the understanding of non-equilibrium phenomena in divers settings, from glasses to driven systems to biology. Here we introduce a simple idea enabling the quantification of organization in non-equilibrium and equilibrium systems, even when the form of order is unknown. The length of a losslessly compressed data file is a direct measure of its information content. Here we use data compression to study several out-of-equilibrium systems, and show that it both identifies ordering and reveals critical behavior in dynamical phase transitions. Our technique should provide a quantitative measure of organization in systems ranging from condensed matter systems in and out of equilibrium, to cosmology, biology and possibly economic and social systems.


Web Development with TIBCO General Interface Building AJAX Clients for Enterprise SOA Anil Gurnani Use TIBCO General Interface to build web applications with state-of-the-art performance and usability TIBCO General Interface provides powerful tools and a framework to craft AJAX-based web applications that rival desktop applications in performance and usability. This is the only book that offers developers thorough guidance for using TIBCOs award-winning open source tools to build interactive, high-performance GUIs and integrate them with leading server-side technologies. Experienced TIBCO General Interface developer Anil Gurnani focuses on applying General Interface in real-world production applications and presents numerous working examples that can easily be adapted for your existing sites and applications. Youll first walk through the fundamental concepts and techniques needed to build powerful General Interface clients. Next, youll dive into specific back-end technologies, mastering them through start-to-finish case study projects. Finally, drawing on his own experience building enterprise-class General Interface applications for the financial services industry, Gurnani illuminates advanced topics ranging from charting and collaboration to application optimization. Coverage includes Integrating XML and XSL with TIBCO General Interfaces XML Mapping utility Extending General Interface widgets with object-oriented JavaScript Integrating with web services, databases, portals, and messaging systems: start-to-finish case study sample applications Integrating General Interface applications into service-oriented enterprises using Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Using OpenAJAX Hub (TIBCO PageBus) to simplify collaboration among GUI components Anil Gurnanis book greatly augments the available information for developers learning and using TIBCOs General Interface. With this book, you will quickly be building General Interface applications, faster and easier than ever before. Michael Peachey, co-founder of General Interface and Director of User Experience, TIBCO Software Anil Gurnani has written extensively on technical topics for many prestigious magazines. He is an adjunct at SCPS, New York University, where he teaches advanced courses focused on web and enterprise technologies including Core Java, JEE, and .NET. He is also an expert at managing large, global, multifunctional teams to architect and build complex distributed systems with a portfolio of front-end applications and back-end services. About the CD-ROM The accompanying CD-ROM contains all source code files for working examples. Updated code and additional resources are available on a companion website. Web Development/Ajax


There is a growing records management crisis in the world of healthcare. Hospitals are awash with paperwork, as legal, payer and regulatory requirements steadily generate an increasing number of documents per patient visit. Unfortunately, most healthcare information technology (HIT) systems are wholly inadequate to meet these growing documentation requirements.


Human rights have not played a significant role in the international law and politics of climate change to date. However, there has been increasing interest among legal scholars and moral and political philosophers in a human rights approach to climate change. This review focuses on the new literature in moral and political philosophy that has begun to explore the connections between human rights and climate change. The attractions of a human rights approach to climate change are explained. The idea of a moral conception of human rights is introduced and distinguished from human rights recognized in international and national law. The key features of moral human rights are identified and an important distinction between negative and positive rights is explained. The three main arguments in the literature connecting human rights and climate change are introduced and critical discussions of them are presented. The first argument (associated with Steve Vanderheiden) claims that there is a human right to a stable climate, which can be derived from a human right to an adequate environment. The second argument (associated with Simon Caney) claims that anthropogenic climate change violates basic human (negative) rights to life, health, and subsistence. The third argument claims that there is a human right to emit greenhouse gases. This argument has two versions. The first version claims that there is a human right to equal per capita emissions. The second version claims that there is a human right to subsistence emissions. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:159–170. doi: 10.1002/wcc.218


P. Stone & J.D. Floyd write: The Southern Uplands controversy (McKerrow 1987 and references therein) is addressed by Needham (1993) who details structural evidence in support of an origin for the terrane as a forearc accretionary prism. The structural histories demonstrated confirm previous accounts: a principal deformation phase was related to SE-directed thrusting with later accommodation deformation in the thrust hinterland contemporaneous with the southward-migrating principal phase at the thrust front. (cf. Needham & Knipe 1986; Barnes et al. 1989). Sinistral shear was imposed during the later stage of deformation as the stress regime became transpressive. Such a sequence is compatible with either of the models proposed for the evolution of the terrane: forearc accretionary prism (Leggett et al. 1979; Leggett 1987) or sequential back arc to foreland basin thrust belt (Stone et al. 1987; cf. Morris 1987). Since the original debate a general consensus has been reached that, within the Scottish sector, closure of the Iapetus Ocean culminated in the mid-Silurian. Thereafter the southern part of the Southern Uplands developed as a foreland basin as the leading edge of Laurentia overrode the Avalonian continental margin (e.g. Soper & Woodcock 1990 and references therein; cf. Stone et al. 1987, fig. 6). By that time any 'Southern Uplands' arc remnants could have been accreted at the Avalonian margin and thus would have similarly been overridden by the thrust belt developing ahead of Laurentia. The foreland basin, preceding that prograding thrust belt, migrated across the Iapetus Suture and is manifest in the


Background : Trigeminal neuralgia is a frequently found craniofacial neuralgia. The clinical characteristics of trigeminal neuralgia patients at Dr. HasanSadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia has never been described before. This study conducted an overview of clinical characteristics of trigeminal neuralgia to determine the characteristic features of trigeminal neuralgia. Methods : This was a non-experimental study using secondary data with a retrospective descriptive method. Data related to medical records of 76 patients with trigeminal neuralgia was collected over a period of 2010 to 2012, treated at Dr.HasanSadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. Results : Mean age was 57.6 years (range 11 to 84 years), no significant difference in gender (male:females 51.3%:48.7%). Chewing and swallowing was reported as triggering stimuli to 42 (55%) patients. Two patients (2.7%) had suffered pain on bilateral side of the face, 46 (60.5%) patients the right side, and 28 patients (36.8%) on the left side. Pain on maxillary nerve division was found in 58 (76.3%) patients. Sixty one of the patients (80%) received Carbamazepine. Conclusions : The peak age was between the fifth and sixth decades of life with equal representation of male to female incidence. Right side and the maxillary division was found to be the most frequently site of pain. Chewing and swallowing was reported to be the most frequent triggering stimuli and most of patients received Carbamazepine as therapy. [AMJ.2017;4(1):47–51] DOI :  10.15850/amj.v4n1.1020


The United Nations and other multilateral organizations have always been prominent in the health field. UN agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO), however, have come increasingly under the influence of major individual donors which provide earmarked funding. Since 2000, two major vertical funds in the health field – the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance – provide new models of multilateralism and their funding patterns, together with those of WHO, are examined in some detail. We review the extent to which the two new funds and WHO conform to traditional definitions of multilateralism by reference to several test areas: degrees of concentration of funding sources; the influence of individual funders; sustainability; and transparency. We also draw lessons from the analysis for the UN development organizations.


NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) is an essential upstream kinase in noncanonical NF-κB signaling. NIK-dependent NF-κB activation downstream of several TNF receptor family members mediates lymphoid organ development and B cell homeostasis. Peripheral T cell populations are normal in the absence of NIK, but the role of NIK during in vivo T cell responses to antigen has been obscured by other developmental defects in NIK-deficient mice. Here, we have identified a T cell–intrinsic requirement for NIK in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), wherein NIK-deficient mouse T cells transferred into MHC class II mismatched recipients failed to cause GVHD. Although NIK was not necessary for antigen receptor signaling, it was absolutely required for costimulation through the TNF receptor family member OX40 (also known as CD134). When we conditionally overexpressed NIK in T cells, mice suffered rapid and fatal autoimmunity characterized by hyperactive effector T cells and poorly suppressive Foxp3(+) Tregs. Together, these data illuminate a critical T cell–intrinsic role for NIK during immune responses and suggest that its tight regulation is critical for avoiding autoimmunity.


This paper investigates asymmetric increasing trends in dependence in major international equity markets. To this end, we develop a multiple-regime smooth-transition copula GARCH model and address several important questions, including the number of regimes and the existence of increasing asymmetric trends in dependence. Our results suggest that two or three regimes are sufficient for describing the dependence trends in international equity markets over the last 35 years with significant asymmetric increases. In addition, the implied time-series of three dependence measures show a wide variety of dynamics, demonstrating the usefulness of our framework to describe asymmetric increasing dependence trends. Finally, we evaluate the economic significance of our empirical finding based on the 99% value at risk and expected shortfall. Our result indicates that both risk measures have increased approximately 20% over the last 35 years in major equity markets.


Climate change has become one of the most significant and fastest growing threats to cultural heritage around the globe. Yet cultural heritage sites and collections also serve as invaluable sources of resilience for communities to address climate change. In March 2020, the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Smithsonian's National Collections Program convened the symposium "Stemming the Tide: Global Strategies for Sustaining Cultural Heritage through Climate Change" to empower cultural heritage authorities, managers, and advocates to pursue more ambitious engagement and collaborative approaches to climate change. Speakers explored six categories of cultural heritage identified by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS): Cultural Landscapes and Historic Urban Landscapes, Archaeological Sites, Built Heritage (Buildings and Structures), Cultural Communities, Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Museums and Collections. Contributors: Jean Carroon, Antonietta Catanzariti, Carl Elefante, Nicole Heller, Victoria Herrmann, Amber Kerr, Ken Kimmell, Adam Markham, Henry McGhie, Jenny Newell, Isabel C. Rivera-Collazo, Erin Seekamp, Sarah Sutton, Alison Tickell, William G. Tompkins, Meredith Wiggins, Ashley Robbins Wilson, Janene Yazzie


We examine different market-based mechanisms and other incentives intended to promote the environmental remediation and reuse of brownfields. Policies that encourage cleanup and re-use of brownfields offer real estate developers reductions in regulatory burden, relief from liability for future cleanups once certain mitigation standards are met, and/or financial support for regeneration of brownfields. We use conjoint choice experiments - a stated preference approach - to assess the responses of real estate developers to different mixes of these incentives. Our survey instrument was administered in person to a sample of developers and real estate professionals randomly intercepted at the Marche International des Professionnels de l'Immobilier (MIPIM) in Cannes, France, in March 2002. Conditional and random-coefficient logit models of the responses to the choice questions indicate that developers find sites with contamination problems less attractive than others, and that they value liability relief. This confirms our expectation that contaminated sites are less desirable because of the associated cleanup costs, but refutes earlier claims that liability does not matter. Our developers are not deterred by prior contamination, once it has been cleaned up, suggesting that "contamination stigma" is not very important, and appreciate fast-track review of development and remediation plans, direct financial incentives, and flexible (negotiable) cleanup standards. Developers with prior experience with contaminated sites are more responsive to the policies than are inexperienced developers, especially for subsidies. Inexperienced developers are more responsive to liability relief and regulatory relief than they are to subsidies. Similar considerations hold true for larger developers.


Combining both accessibility and authority, The Insect That Stole Butter? describes the origins and development of over 3,000 words and phrases in the English language. The book draws on Oxford's unrivalled dictionary research programme and language monitoring, and relates the fascinating stories behind many of our most curious terms and expressions in order to offer the reader a much more explicit account than can be found in a general English dictionary. Organized A-Z, the entries include first known use along with examples that illustrate the many faces of the particular word or phrase, from 'handsome' to 'bachelor' and 'cute' to 'baby', from 'pagan' to 'palaver' and 'toff' to 'torpedo'. Also featured are almost 20 special panels that cover expressions common in English but drawn from other languages, such as 'coffee', 'sugar', and 'candy' from Arabic or 'booze', 'brandy', and 'gin' (Dutch). This absorbing volume is useful for language students and enthusiasts, but also an intriguing read for any person interested in the development of the English language and of language development in general. Includes an extended introduction on the history of the English language.


ABSTRACT Hypoxia plays a crucial role at cellular and physiological levels in all animals. The responses to chronic hypoxia are, at least substantially, orchestrated by activation of the hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs), whose stability and subsequent transcriptional activation are regulated by HIF hydroxylases. Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH), initially isolated as a HIFα interacting protein following a yeast two-hybrid screen, is an asparaginyl hydroxylase that negatively regulates transcriptional activation by HIF. This study aimed to define the mechanisms that govern transitions of FIH between the nucleus and cytoplasm. We report that FIH accumulates in the nucleus within a short time window during hypoxia treatment. We provide evidence, based on the application of genetic interventions and small molecule inhibition of the HIF hydroxylases, that the nuclear localization of FIH is governed by two opposing processes: nuclear entry by 'coupling' with HIF1α for importin β1-mediated nuclear import and active export via a Leptomycin B-sensitive exportin1-dependent pathway. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Nuclear localization of FIH is governed by two opposing processes: nuclear entry by 'coupling' with HIF1α for importin β1-mediated nuclear import, and active export via a leptomycin B-sensitive exportin 1 (CRM1)-dependent pathway.


This thesis has evaluated a wide range of techniques to militate one of the big challenges of petroleum industry, water production. The techniques discussed waterflooding management, all aim to reduce excessive water production. The injection and production history at a well and field level are most common available data in any oil field, especially when nowadays we can have these data in real time with the implementation of the digital oil field and the intelligent well completion. This research aims to understand the strength and weaknesses of the existing techniques and "repackage" them to provide an optimum combination for more effective waterflood management by analysing injection and production data history. The first part of this research reviewed, tested and compared the analytical techniques that have been previously used for analysing the injection and production. The methods studied fell in to two distinct classes: those that monitor the waterflood performance secondly, methods for determining the inter-well connectivity. The second part of this thesis showed that an improved workflow used the captured information from the phase one methods could be combined to give more effective waterflood management via combination of reservoir voidage management (RVM), water allocation management (WAM) and production allocation management (PAM). Finally, a semi-analytical method was introduced in this thesis for performing RVM. Two approaches were defined for WAM and new techniques developed for PAM, all of which employed only the production and injection history. The results from these techniques were compared with the more advanced reservoir simulation methodologies such as gradient free optimisation. This comparison showed the reliability of the proposed techniques. DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my wife and my parents for their continuous encouragement and love.


Debates about editorial properties have been at the center of scholarship on Emily Dickinson since the 1981 publication of Ralph W. Franklin9s two-volume The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson .
 Many critics now work from the assumption that autograph poems have primacy over their printed versions, and it has been suggested that to read Dickinson in any standard typographical edition is effectively
 to read her in translation, at one remove from her actual practices. More specifically, critics have claimed that the line arrangements, shapes of words and letters, and particular angle of dashes in the
 autographs are all potentially integral to a poem9s meaning, making a graphic contribution to its contents. In this essay I set out to test the hypothesis of Dickenson9s proleptic textual radicalism, by
 looking closely at features such as spacing, the physical direction of the writing, and letter shapes in handwritten lyric and epistolary texts. By systematic contextualization and cross-referencing, I
 hope to provide the historical scholar of manuscripts with a set of procedures - a critical apparatus - by which to measure the extent to which contemporary critical approaches to Dickinson9s autograph
 procedures can reasonably be formulated as corresponding to the poet9s own purposes.


Debates and practices relating to improved student engagement have been gaining momentum since the mid-1990s and now go beyond individual student learning to involvement in structures and process at a subject, faculty and institutional level (Trowler 2010). Therefore the relationship and engagement between academics and student representatives within quality processes are essential in forging an effective partnership to enhance the design and delivery of a programme.

The student as producer model conceptualises active student engagement in quality enhancement processes. Such a model shares responsibilities among students, academics and institutions in relation to the whole teaching and learning experience.

This workshop will critique and explore ways in which we might strengthen the student voice and look afresh at the relationships between staff and students, repositioning teachers "with their students ...as partners in an inquiry into disciplinary concerns" (Cousin 2008:268); to develop new ways of working together to address the concerns of curriculum development, and learning and teaching at a subject level.

The workshop draws upon research projects that have explored firstly students understanding of quality processes and secondly a pilot study that explored new, more inclusive and meaningful ways of working in partnership with student representatives at programme level.

Specifically the workshop will:
- encourage delegates to reflect and share current practice in relation to student engagement in quality processes;
- share research findings of pilot work so that delegates can draw on this to inform their thinking and plans to develop more inclusive and participative practice in quality processes.


Research on cybersex addiction, as one form of specific Internet addiction, has been receiving growing attention in the past years. However, there is no consensus regarding the phenomenology, classification, and diagnostic criteria of cybersex addiction and respectively Internet addiction, so far. Some approaches suggest similarities to substance dependencies for which conditioning processes, approach/avoidance tendencies, and implicit associations are seen to be crucial mechanisms regarding development and maintenance. In the course of this dissertation, three studies that aim at investigating these mechanisms in the context of cybersex addiction were conducted. Each study adapted an experimental paradigm used in substance dependence research while it was expected to obtain comparable results. First, to investigate conditioning processes, a Standard Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer Task (Hogarth, Dickinson, Wright, Kouvaraki, & Duka, 2007) was modified. Second, an adapted version of the Approach Avoidance Task (Rinck & Becker, 2007) was used for investigating a potential role of approach/avoidance tendencies. Third, to assess effects of implicit associations on cybersex addiction, an Implicit Association Test was adapted (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). All experimental paradigms were modified with pornographic pictures. Results revealed that conditioning processes, approach/avoidance tendencies as well as implicit associations had an effect on tendencies towards cybersex addiction. Moreover, all three studies could show that self-reported symptoms of cybersex addiction were particularly high if the investigated mechanisms interacted either with specific predispositions towards sex (i.e. sexual excitation or problematic sexual behaviors) or subjective craving due to watching pornographic pictures. Overall, the findings of this dissertation provide further empirical evidence for similarities between cybersex addiction and substance dependencies. Therefore, similarities between dual-process models of addiction (Bechara, 2005; Wiers & Stacy, 2006) and the theoretical framework of cybersex addiction by Laier and Brand (2014) are discussed. Furthermore, extensions of the cybersex addiction framework by Laier and Brand (2014) are proposed. At last, practical implications are discussed, while limitations and future directives are pointed out.


We consider a hybrid two-tiered sensor network consisting of regular sensors and special sensors with large storage capacity, called storage nodes. In this structure, regular sensors "push" their raw data to nearby storage nodes and the sink diffuses queries only to storage nodes and "pull" the reply from them. We investigate security and privacy threats when the sensor network is deployed in an untrusted or hostile environment. The major concern is that storage nodes might easily become the target for the adversary to compromise due to their important role. A compromised storage node may leak the data stored there to the adversary breaching the data privacy. Also, it may send wrong information as the reply to a query breaking the data integrity. This paper focuses on range query, a fundamental operation in a sensor network. The solution framework includes a privacy-preserving storage scheme which utilizes a bucketing technique to mix the data in a certain range, and a verifiable query protocol which employs encoding numbers to enable the sink to validate the reply. We further study the performance of event detection, an application implemented by range query. Our simulation results illustrate that our schemes are efficient for communication and effective for privacy and security protection.


The concept of health-seeking behaviour continues to permeate the development literature, and this paper reviews the main approaches. However, it also suggests that health-seeking behaviour is a somewhat over-utilized and under-theorized tool. Although it remains a valid tool for rapid appraisal of a particular issue at a particular time, it is of little use as it stands to explore the wider relationship between populations and health systems development. If we wish to move the debate into new and more fruitful arenas, we need to develop a tool for understanding how populations engage with health systems, rather than using health-seeking behaviour as a tool for describing how individuals engage with services. The paper suggests one way in which we might start to frame the debate, using reflexive communities and social capital as key theoretical and analytical concepts.


W. V. Quine's "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", first published in 1951, is one of the most influential articles in the history of analytic philosophy. It does not just question central semantic and epistemological views of logical positivism and early analytic philosophy, it also marks a momentous challenge to the ideas that conceptual analysis is a main task of philosophy and that philosophy is an a priori discipline which differs in principle from the empirical sciences. These ideas dominated early analytic philosophy, but similar views are to be found in the Kantian tradition, in phenomenology and in philosophical hermeneutics. In questioning this consensus from the perspective of a radical empiricism, Quine's article has had a sustained and lasting impact across all these philosophical divisions. Quine himself moved from the abandonment of the analytic/synthetic distinction to a thoroughgoing naturalism, and many analytic philosophers have followed his lead.
The current collection differs from other anthologies devoted to Quine in two respects. On the one hand, it focuses on his attack on analyticity, apriority and necessity; on the other, it considers implications of that attack that far transcend the limits of Quine scholarship, and lie at the heart of the current self-understanding of philosophy.
The contributors include both opponents and proponents of the dichotomies attacked by Quine. Furthermore, they include both eminent figures such as Boghossian, Burge, and Davidson, and up and coming younger philosophers.


The aim of the present study is to contribute to the documentation and interpretation of the image and experience of the human body. This image was first formulated in the 16th and 17th centuries by among others Rene Descartes, and it was given various visual shapes by artists connected with the academies of art from that time on. The intention of my investigation is to discuss some traits of what from an epistemological point of view may be called the growth of the modern profane or rather anatomical body image. The discussion is accompanied by a contrasting section with some reflections on the body image of the old, archaic world.


This study used information about a farm in the Victorian Mallee during the period 1998 – 2005 to analyse the profitability of investing in Precision Agriculture and Site-Specific Crop Management technology and farming systems. Two equipment guidance systems were evaluated. Both guidance systems earned more than 8 percent real return p.a. on the extra capital invested. A Real-Time Kinetic (RTK) guidance system with a precision of 2 cm and a capital cost of $50,000 was less profitable than a Sub-Metre guidance system with 20 cm accuracy and costing $20,000. Producers investing in RTK guidance technology would be well-paid to also adopt supporting management practices that enhance crop gross margins or provide other benefits. The capital cost of GPS technology has to be spread over sufficient hectares. Investment in Zone Management technologies to fine-tune applications of nitrogen within paddocks did not meet the required return on capital of 8 percent p.a. With the spatial variability on this farm, 1670 hectares of crop were required for the investment to break-even with alternative uses of the capital. Alternatively, with 900 hectares cropped on this case study farm, spatial variation of at least 2.5 t/ha in yield across paddocks was required to justify the investment in the Zone Management technology.


In this paper the energy absorption of kenaf foam filled cylindrical tube has been investigated. First, a finite element model for empty cylindrical tube was constructed and followed by a foam-filled cylindrical tube model. In this study, there were five samples of kenaf foam density that been used and they are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 0% (100%PU) for three different thickness cylindrical tube. The implemented models were used to simulate the behavior of empty and foam-filled tubes under lateral dynamic loadings. An impact mass of 10kg with three different impact velocity, 10m/s, 15m/s and 20m/s were used in the empty tube model simulation. Meanwhile, for foam-filled tube, impact velocity had increased to10m/s, 20m/s and 30m/s. The energy absorption capability was increased with foam filler in the cylindrical tube and the best kenaf foam density was obtained at 15%. For 15% kenaf foam, the value of energy absorption was higher than 100% PU but the energy absorption decreases for 20%.The results showed that increases wall thickness and kenaf foam filler will increase the energy absorption.


(+)-Monocerin is a dihydroisocoumarin
natural product that is consisted of a 2,3,5-trisubstituted tetrahydrofuran moiety with all-cis
stereochemistry. (+)-Monocerin showed very potent antimalarial activity (IC50
= 680 nM) against Plasmodium falcifarum, which is a multi-antimalarial
drug resistant K1 strain. Our synthesis involves a Sharpless dihydroxylation as
one of the key steps to efficiently provide the optically active lactone
intermediate with high enantiomeric purity. Our synthesis also features a
tandem Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective syn-allylation reaction
and an Oxa-Pictet-Spengler cyclization
to construct an
isochroman structure of (+)-monocerin in one-pot. By employing several different Lewis acids
and protecting groups, this allylation reaction has been thoroughly studied.
The enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-monocerin and its acetate
derivative was accomplished in 10 and 11 steps with 9% and 8.6% overall yield,
respectively.

To further optimize
the hydrogen bonding interactions as well as Van der Waals interactions within
the active sites of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, we have designed and synthesized
a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating
trisubstituted-chiral-tetrahydrofuran (tc-THF) moieties as P2-ligands. A
series of protease inhibitors were synthesized by incorporating tc-THF
as P2-ligand in combination with the known 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide and
4-aminobenzenesulfonamide isosteres as P2'-ligands. The effect of
stereochemistry of the chiral substituents on the binding affinity was
thoroughly examined. Most of these newly synthesized inhibitors displayed
potent enzyme inhibitory activity.


The New Zealand Superannuation Act 2001 requires the Treasury to state each year the required capital contribution of the New Zealand Government to the New Zealand Superannuation Fund. This paper examines a key assumption made in that calculation - the level of expected long-term premium of return on equity market investments over return on long-term government bonds. Over the past seventy-five years, US capital markets have provided an equity risk premium over long-term bonds in the region of 7%. The traditional view has been that these historical results provide an unbiased estimate of the expected future long-term equity risk premium. This view has given way over the past few years to a consensus that the future expected risk premium is actually somewhat lower. This consensus rests on a range of recent empirical evidence and theoretical analysis. It draws on both the historical records of market returns, dividends and reported earnings, and on forward-looking information through surveys of market experts and from the expectations implicit in analysts' earnings forecasts. On the basis of this analysis, we believe that the long-term annual (arithmetic) expected equity risk premium sits in the range of 3% to 5%. For the purpose of calculating the required capital contribution to the New Zealand Superannuation Fund, the Treasury is adopting the assumption of a long-term expected future equity risk premium of 4%.


Aims: To examine the predictive value of early developmental testing for identifying neuromotor and perceptual-motor impairment at school age in children with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Methods: Eighty full term infants with NE were followed longitudinally. Where possible, children were tested on the Griffiths scales at 1 and 2 years and at 5–6 years, on the Touwen Examination, Movement ABC, and WPPSI. The relation between the Griffiths scores and later outcome measures was examined using correlation coefficients and sensitivity and specificity values. Results: By 2 years, 25 children with cerebral palsy were too severely impaired to be formally assessed and remained so at 5–6 years. Abnormal Griffiths scores were obtained by 12% and 7% of the children at 1 and 2 years respectively. At 5–6 years, 33% had poor Movement ABC scores and 15% poor WPPSI scores. The highest correlation between Griffiths scores and the outcome measures was for the Movement ABC (0.72), although this accounted for only 50% of the variance. Sensitivity scores for the Movement ABC were below 70% but specificity was 100%. Conclusions: A poor score on the Griffiths scales at 1 and/or 2 years is a good predictor of impairment at school age. However, a normal score in the early years cannot preclude later neurological, perceptual-motor, or cognitive abnormalities.


Neural population activity often exhibits rich variability. This variability is thought to arise from single-neuron stochasticity, neural dynamics on short time-scales, as well as from modulations of neural firing properties on long time-scales, often referred to as non-stationarity. To better understand the nature of co-variability in neural circuits and their impact on cortical information processing, we introduce a hierarchical dynamics model that is able to capture inter-trial modulations in firing rates, as well as neural population dynamics. We derive an algorithm for Bayesian Laplace propagation for fast posterior inference, and demonstrate that our model provides a better account of the structure of neural firing than existing stationary dynamics models, when applied to neural population recordings from primary visual cortex.


John Fox, Jr., was born in the Kentucky Bluegrass region but moved to the mountains at the end of the nineteenth century, an era when the outside world was beginning to break through the mountain barriers to exploit the rich timber and mineral resources of the area. He was thus positioned to witness the mountain experience in its unadulterated form before it vanished forever. By 1901, when Fox collected the twelve sketches and essays that make up Blue-grass and Rhododendron, he was already the acclaimed author of three novels and some two dozen stories and short pieces of nonfiction that had been appearing for almost a decade in a number of national magazines. His vignettes of life in the Bluegrass and the mountains presented in this volume range from pleasant sketches of fishing expeditions to valuable, studied accounts of the social workings of mountain communities.


BACKGROUND
Modified constraint induced movement therapy (m-CIMT) discourages the use of the unaffected extremity and encourages the active use of the hemiplegic arm in order to restore the motor function.

AIM
The aim was to assess the efficacy of m-CIMT on functional recovery of upper extremity (UE) in acute stroke patients, as compared to conventional rehabilitation therapy.

DESIGN
This is a prospective comparative study.

SETTING
This study included sixty patients with acute stroke recruited from neurology department.

METHODS
This study included sixty acute stroke patients. Inclusion criteria were: patients within two weeks from the onset of stroke, persistent hemiparesis leading to impaired upper extremity function, evidence of preserved cognitive function, and a minimum of 10 degrees of active finger extension and 20 degrees of active wrist extension. Exclusion criteria were: intra-cerebral hemorrhage, previous stroke on the same side, presence of neglect or a degree of aphasia impeding understanding of instructions, and conditions that limit the use of the upper limb before the stroke. Patients were assessed by Fugl-Meyer motor assessment (FMA), action research arm test (ARAT) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs), recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) of the affected hand. The clinical and neurophysiological tests were performed pre and postrehabilitation. The patients were divided into two groups: Conventional rehabilitation program group (CRP) included 30 patients who were given a conventional rehabilitation program for two weeks. CIMT group included 30 patients who were subjected to modified CIMT for two consecutive weeks. Total treatment time was the same in both groups.

RESULTS
CRP group showed a non-significant improvement in FMA and ARAT. CIMT group showed a significant improvement in clinical scores on all tests (P<0.05). When comparing both groups using FMA and ARAT tests pre- and post- therapy, a significant difference (P<0.05) was found between both groups with CIMT group showing greater improvement. When comparing MEPs in CRP group, pre and postrehabilitation, a non-significant improvement was found for resting motor threshold (RMT), central motor conduction time (CMCT) and amplitude of MEPs. In contrast, each of the MEP parameters exhibited a significant improvement in CIMT group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
In contrast to conventional rehabilitation therapy, modified CIMT revealed a significant functional and MEP improvement in acute stroke patients indicating that m-CIMT might be a more efficient treatment strategy.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT
It is advised to use modified constraint movement therapy in rehabilitation of cerebrovascular stroke during acute stage.


This series of briefs entitled The crisis' impact on women's rights, published by the Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID), includes sub-regional perspectives on the impacts seen to date of the current crisis on women and women's rights as well as those likely to come. These sub-regional analyses are a key input from women activists and analysts to inform development debates and decisions that are being made to respond to the crisis. The series also includes a cross-regional and global analysis.


Exploiting the natural variability of Brachiaria forage germplasm to identify forage grasses adapted to infertile acid soils that contain very low available phosphorus (P) is an important research objective for improving livestock production in the tropics. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in the release of root biochemical markers, i.e. carboxylates and acid phosphatases (APases), during the development of P deficiency in signalgrass and ruzigrass. We used the hydroxyapatite pouch system in hydroponics to simulate conditions of low P supply in acid soils to test the response of well-adapted signalgrass ( Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, CIAT 606) and less-adapted ruzigrass ( B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy, CIAT 654). We monitored shoot and root growth and other physiological and biochemical components that are important for root functionality at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. We found that monocarboxylate exudation was not associated with the plant's physiological P status, while exudation of oxalate and secreted-APases increased with declining plant P concentrations in both grasses. Ruzigrass showed higher exudation rates and grew faster than signalgrass, but could not maintain its initial fast growth rate when P concentrations in plant tissue declined to 1.0 mg P/g dry matter. Oxalate was the dominant exuded carboxylate for signalgrass after 21 days of growth and this response might confer some eco-physiological advantages in signalgrass when grown in low-P acid soils.


Abstract. In the city of Cuenca in the south of Ecuador, analogous documentation techniques continue to be the unique registration mechanism for built heritage. The heritage characteristics of modern architecture in Cuenca are not well known, therefore the documentation activities are still based on paper fiches that gather basic data, without the possibility to update or monitor those records. In addition, this type of heritage, is underestimated, not disseminated and devalued by public institutions, owners and by local citizens, who do not find heritage attributes in these buildings. Consequently, this research used technological documentation techniques and tools for the identification, conservation and safeguarding of modern heritage in the city of Cuenca, aiming to raise awareness about modern heritage. With the evaluation of the existing records, this research aspires to validate the digital documentation tools for modern architecture as a first step to its recognition and valorization. Thus, scanner laser, photogrammetry and rectified photography, were used and compared to verify the adaptability of the documentation fields content to modern architecture and the opportunities that the results grants to promote its preservation and management over time.


Terrence Deacon's views about the origin of language are based on a particular notion of a symbol. While the notion is derived from Peirce's semiotics, it diverges from that source and needs to be investigated on its own terms in order to evaluate the idea that the human species has crossed the symbolic threshold. Deacon's view is defended from the view that symbols in the animal world are widespread and from the extreme connectionist view that they are not even to be found in humans. Deacon's treatment of symbols involves a form of holism, as a symbol needs to be part of a system of symbols. He also appears to take a realist view of symbols. That combination of holism and realism makes the threshold a sharp threshold, which makes it hard to explain how the threshold was crossed. This difficulty is overcome if we take a mild realist position towards symbols, in the style of Dennett. Mild realism allows intermediate stages in the crossing but does not undermine Deacon's claim that the threshold is difficult to cross or the claim that it needs to be crossed quickly.


We illustrate the option of integrating Internet routing policies with geographic and political restrictions that allow an organization to mitigate network-based data exfiltration. We show that geolocation, jurisdiction and other political considerations can be leveraged real-time during routing decisions. We illustrate the possibility of defensive routing, where organizations (including governments) can identify network paths which create risk of information exposure via transit through specific jurisdictions perceived as risky, and take action to minimize that risk of exposure. Similar to firewalls that allow organizations to block traffic originating from or to specific countries' IP addresses, our approach allows blocking outbound traffic that will transit specific countries.

We show how an organization can select its own routing risk profile without trusting external entities. Other solutions to the challenges of BGP do not thoroughly integrate real world issues of trust and risk, e.g., BGPSEC and RPKI. These solutions also depend on network effects, requiring large-scale adoption.

There are significant bodies of research on both the BGP protocol and IP filtering. Our approach is the first to allow an organization to filter its egress traffic based on high-level assertions about the path it will take.

In related work geolocation of IP addresses and Autonomous Systems has significantly advanced. We illustrate that the work on geolocation of Internet entities can be used to alter dataflows real time with an implementation of a dynamic politically-aware routing layer. Traditional policy-routing considers stable economic considerations (e.g., customers are preferred over non-customers) and basic path parameters (e.g., path lengths with or without padding). A Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) participant (e.g., ISP) with our system, built on the current network knowledge base, can infer the countries that traffic to a particular destination address will traverse. This is done by inspecting the autonomous system paths advertised via BGP and referencing external data sources about the autonomous systems. Based on this information, an organization can define constraints on its egress traffic to prevent sensitive traffic from being sent via an unexpected or untrusted region of the Internet. In light of the current plethora of route leaks and BGP hijacks this offers a new option to organizations willing to accept potential downtimes. Specifically, organizations can choose to refuse to send traffic via an unacceptable path, instead choosing confidentiality over availability or choosing different routes or technologies. For example, organizations can leverage new SDN techniques to direct traffic via a different path.

We demonstrated the feasibility of our described approach with a prototype implementation that receives a stream of BGP updates and generates access control lists (ACLs) to permit or deny egress traffic based on the defined policies. In related work, we illustrate its effectiveness by replaying publicly available BGP update data received from CAIDA and describe the resulting state of the ACLs after known BGP hijack and route-leak events. For this presentation, we present a series of case studies of past BGP hijacks and show how an individual organization can avoid the risks of certain jurisdictions real time.


Most people at some point in their lives face transformative decisions that could result in experiences that are radically different from any that they have had, and that could radically change their personalities and preferences. For instance, most people make the conscious decision to either become or not become parents. In a recent but already influential book, L. A. Paul (2014) argues that transformative choices cannot be rational – or, more precisely, that they cannot be rational if one assumes what Paul sees as a cultural paradigm for rational decision-making. Paul arrives at this surprising conclusion due to her understanding of transformative experience as being both epistemically and personally transformative. An experience is epistemically transformative if it 'teaches [a person] something she could not have learned without having that kind of experience' (11), but it is personally transformative if it changes the person's point of view and her fundamental preferences (16).


To develop capability in estimating the mechanical integrity of solid rocket motors, a computational model has been developed in this paper. Using parameters and mechanical properties obtained from literature and industry, finite element numerical modelling was performed in COMSOL. Mechanical analysis has been performed keeping in mind, the rocket motor during firing. The stress experienced by the rocket motor during the firing process under pressure loading has then been assessed from the computational study.


Most view the relationship of Jews to the Soviet Union through the lens of repression and silence. Focusing on an elite group of two dozen Soviet-Jewish photographers, including Arkady Shaykhet, Alexander Grinberg, Mark Markov-Grinberg, Evgenii Khaldei, Dmitrii Baltermants, and Max Alpert, "Through Soviet Jewish Eyes" presents a different picture. These artists participated in a social project they believed in and with which they were emotionally and intellectually invested-they were charged by the Stalinist state to tell the visual story of the unprecedented horror we now call the Holocaust. These wartime photographers were the first liberators to bear witness with cameras to Nazi atrocities, three years before Americans arrived at Buchenwald and Dachau. In this passionate work, David Shneer tells their stories and highlights their work through their very own images-he has amassed never-before-published photographs from families, collectors, and private archives." Through Soviet Jewish Eyes" helps us understand why so many Jews flocked to Soviet photography; what their lives and work looked like during the rise of Stalinism, during and then after the war; and why Jews were the ones charged with documenting the Soviet experiment and then its near destruction at the hands of the Nazis.


Design and Construction of Pavements and Rail Tracks - Geotechnical Aspects and Processed Materials is a compilation of selected contributions produced between 2002 and 2005 by the International Committee TC3 - Geotechnics of Pavements of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), a committee dedicated to gathering current knowledge of geotechnical aspects relating to pavements and rail tracks. The volume presents advanced procedures for laboratory and field materials characterization, including processed materials (non-conventional road construction materials), novel tests for field stiffness evaluation, a pre-standard for roller integrated continuous compaction control and new theories for evaluation of the long term performance of materials, including environmental aspects. These contributions represent the latest developments relating to the design, construction and long term performance of pavements, rail tracks and earth structures, with emphasis on the geotechnical and environmental background.


SUMMARY Youth workers operate within a professional climate in which competence is perceived to be linked to a worker's ability to respond quickly and effectively to whatever situations clients may present. Many youth workers perceive their own inability to respond in moments of stuckness as indicative of their own failing and lack of professional skill. They often view their colleagues as more equipped and competent than themselves and fear having their own struggles exposed. This chapter describes the third of five themes associated with youth workers' experiences of not-knowing what to do: humiliation and the fear of being found out. In addition to presenting the dominant theme, this chapter discusses the two variations on the theme, as described by youth worker participants: (a) The worst public humiliation and (b) They'll know I'm a fraud. Implicit in both variations is the weight of youth workers' attempts to measure up to the field's myth of supercompetence in their practice.


The present paper shows that general relativity in the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism admits a BV-BFV formulation. More precisely, for any d + 1 ≠ 2 (pseudo-) Riemannian manifold M with space-like or time-like boundary components, the BV data on the bulk induces compatible BFV data on the boundary. As a byproduct, the usual canonical formulation of general relativity is recovered in a straightforward way.


Most software development methods define notations for modelling global behaviour. Many of these notations use interaction diagrams to model possible sequences of interactions between a system and its environment, or between the objects of the system. Other methods use structured textual descriptions or regular expressions for specifying use cases or use scenarios. Although many methods use similar notations, there are often substantial differences in their underlying concepts and in the content expressed by the diagrams. On the other hand, completely different notations use sometime the same concepts and show the same aspects of the global behaviour of a system. In this document we investigate the characteristics of different notations. We show what their underlying concepts are and how they relate to each other. Finally, we give an overview of the techniques that are used by some of the current object-oriented analysis methods for modelling global behaviour.


The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is an essential component present in nearly all domains of life. In mammals, Moco is part of four currently known enzymes and constitutes a crucial redox-active center involved in a number of fundamental cellular reactions. Moco-dependent enzymes are present in the cytosol but also in or at mitochondria, where Moco is integrated into sulfite oxidase (SO) and the mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC), respectively. The family of mitochondrial Moco-enzymes is of particular interest considering the cytosolic synthesis of enzymes and cofactor, which requires a coordinated mitochondrial transport and assembly process. In the current study, the mitochondrial maturations of SO and mARC1 were thus analyzed to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the processes starting with the cytosolic syntheses of apo-proteins all the way to the formation of the mature mitochondrial enzymes.
The first part of this work uncovered the cellular assembly of SO, a soluble protein of the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and revealed a Moco-dependent mitochondrial targeting mechanism. In spite of its functional bipartite N-terminal targeting signal, about 70% of SO mislocalized to the cytosol if Moco was not present. Following the identification of SO processing by the inner membrane peptidase (IMP) complex, prevention of this cleavage and thus anchoring of SO in the inner mitochondrial membrane resulted in an efficient mitochondrial targeting even in absence of Moco. SO was thereby identified to undergo a reverse translocation to the cytosol in absence of Moco, which is required to trap SO in the intermembrane space and to constitute in addition a vectorial driving force for completion of SO translocation across the TOM complex. The integration of Moco is not only essential for correct sub-mitochondrial localization, but also a prerequisite for in vivo heme integration and homodimerization of SO. In conclusion, the identified molecular hierarchy of SO maturation represents a novel link between the canonical pre-sequence pathway and folding-trap mechanisms of mitochondrial import.
The other mitochondrial Moco-enzyme mARC1 was recently discovered and its sub-mitochondrial localization had remained unclear. In the second part of this study, mARC1 was shown to be localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane. As a result of the translocation process, the C-terminal catalytic core of the protein remains exposed to the cytosol and confers an N(in)-C(out) membrane orientation of mARC1. This localization is mediated by the N-terminal domain of the enzyme, being composed of a classical but weak N-terminal targeting signal and a downstream transmembrane domain. Thereby, the transmembrane domain of mARC1 is sufficient for mitochondrial targeting, while the N-terminal targeting signal seems to function as a supportive receptor for the outer mitochondrial membrane. According to its localization and targeting mechanism, mARC1 is classified as a novel signal-anchored protein. Considering the membrane integration of mARC1, an SO-similar demand of Moco for mitochondrial retention of mARC1 is not required and its N-terminal targeting motifs are sufficient for adequate mitochondrial localization. During mitochondrial import, mARC1 is not processed and membrane integration proceeds membrane potential independently but requires external ATP, which finally results in the assembly of mARC1 into high-oligomeric protein complexes.


We investigate the service failures towards diverse customer groups for the purpose to bring insightful proposals to the managers to recover from these failures. Previous literature provided insights regarding the perception of service failures by minorities and the challenge of recovery due to racial implications driven from the failure, however lacked to propose suggestions for the managers so that they can take either corrective steps toward service failure recovery or prevent service failure through an effective training program. In this conceptual paper, we propose that, when the service provider and the customer are from different races, and the customer experiences a service failure, without the understanding of the process, service recovery is very hard to achieve. Race is an important factor in intention to bring the customer back for repurchase. The main contribution of this research is adding the race factor and the understanding of the service process into the model.


Stacking – the tendency of playing positions to be racially segregated in sports – remains prominent in gridiron football. This raises questions of how stacking persists and how opportunities arise for athletes of different races to assume different roles. Demographic data on 41,484 NCAA football players reveal differences in opportunities and playing roles for student-athletes of different races. In concert with previous racial stacking studies, white players continue to be overrepresented in central, leadership positions. Racial minorities are overrepresented in peripheral 'skill' positions. Stacking at each playing position is affected differently by the demographics of player high schools and college teams. Players assuming non-stereotypical roles are much more likely to come from a racially homogenous high school or college team. Even though racially homogenous schools provide stereotype-defying opportunities, they also exhibit intense racial stacking. The few white (or black) players on such teams are overwhelmingly slotted into stereotypical positions. Since stereotype-defying opportunities tend to emerge in racially homogenous schools, blacks playing typically white positions come from relatively poor schools. In contrast, whites playing typically black positions are relatively affluent, since such opportunities tend to emerge in whiter, wealthier schools. Implications for student opportunities and talent inculcation beyond the football field are discussed.


The current study evaluates the factor structure of the Disgust Scale—Revised (DS-R) in eight countries: Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States (N = 2,606). Confirmatory factor analysis is used to compare two different models of the DS-R and to investigate the invariance of the factor structure of the DS-R across countries and gender. A three-factor solution consisting of three different but interrelated disgust factors (a 12-item core disgust factor, an 8-item animal-reminder disgust factor, and a 5-item contamination disgust factor) best accounted for the data in all countries except the Netherlands. Relative to the United States, the three-factor solution is invariant in Australia, Brazil, and Japan but not in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The three-factor solution is also invariant across gender in most countries. The implications of these cross-cultural findings for promoting a more valid and reliable assessment of disgust dimensions, as assessed by the DS-R, are discussed.


Though widely utilized for facilitating image management, user-provided image tags are usually incomplete and insufficient to describe the whole semantic content of corresponding images, resulting in performance degradations in tag-dependent applications and thus necessitating effective tag completion methods. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme denoted as LSR for automatic image tag completion via image-specific and tag-specific Linear Sparse Reconstructions. Given an incomplete initial tagging matrix with each row representing an image and each column representing a tag, LSR optimally reconstructs each image (i.e. row) and each tag (i.e. column) with remaining ones under constraints of sparsity, considering image-image similarity, image-tag association and tag-tag concurrence. Then both image-specific and tag-specific reconstruction values are normalized and merged for selecting missing related tags. Extensive experiments conducted on both benchmark dataset and web images well demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LSR.


Sheet metal formability has been studied for a half century. The sheet formability is mostly described by the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD). A prediction of this FLD is a source of interest for industrial companies. Indeed knowing the FLD of a material allows optimization of the production processes which leads to money saving. Nevertheless, the formability tests (tensile, bulge and Nakazima tests) which give the experimental FLD do not really represent the process that the sheet will undergo in industrial conditions. The paper therefore focuses on a cross stamping test. The material of interest is a Zinc sheet. FLD prediction is reported for a wide variety of metals [1] but literature about Zinc is nearly non existent. The studied Zinc sheets exhibit a highly anisotropic mechanical behaviour due to the hcp lattice structure and the inherited rolling texture. This anisotropic behaviour results in an anisotropic formability. The Zinc sheet FLD is influenced by the orientation of the rolling direction during the process. Experimental cross stamping of this material allows describing the studied material behaviour in a large range of mechanical solicitations from tensile to biaxial tension. The experimental results are compared with the finite element simulation and permit to understand where and why failures appear, which leads to a better understanding of Zinc anisotropic formability.


Resource selection studies are common in the wildlife ecology literature and typically rely on the comparison of locations used by wildlife and locations assumed to be available for use but where use was not observed. While standard use-availability designs are helpful for establishing general patterns of species occurrence, they are limited in their ability to help researchers understand the underlying behavioural mechanisms that lead to observed space-use patterns. Based on spatially-explicit behavioural observations from coyotes Canis latrans in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, we estimated resource selection for specific behaviours (i.e. predatory, laying and travelling) and for all used locations irrespective of behaviour, to test whether resource selection is behaviour-specific and not generalizable across behaviours. Behaviour-specific models differed significantly from the model not partitioned by behaviour. In particular, the predatory model identified selection for mesic-meadows which have previously been documented to have high small-mammal abundance. The non-partitioned model, however, showed avoidance of this vegetation type. Our results show that resource selection differs between behaviours and suggest that standard techniques for estimation of resource selection might be of limited use for understanding the underlying behavioural mechanisms of space use. Future research should continue to improve on methods for partitioning fine-scale movement data obtained from telemetry collars into discrete movement bouts representative of different behaviours.


The video production for learning has been evident over the last few years especially when it involves aspects of the application of hardware and software for automation spaces. In Librarianship Undergraduate Degrees the need for practical learning focused on the knowledge of the requirements for library automation demand on teacher to develop an educational content to enable the student to learn through videos in order to increase the knowledge about information technology. Thus, discusses the possibilities of learning through mobile devices in education reporting an experience that took place with students who entered in March, 2015 (2015.1) Bachelor Degree in Library Science from the Universidade Federal do Cariri (Federal University of Cariri) in state of Ceará, Brazil. The literature review includes articles publicated in scientific journals and conference proceedings and books in English, Portuguese and Spanish on the subject. The methodology with quantitative and qualitative approach includes an exploratory study, where the data collection was used online survey to find out the experience of the elaboration of library automation videos by students who studied in that course. The learning experience using mobile devices for recording of technological environments of libraries allowed them to be produced 25 videos that contemplated aspects of library automation having these actively participated in production of the video and its publication on the Internet.


This case discusses how we used scoping review methodology to map the literature in an emergent area of research, "structural change" public health interventions. Scoping reviews are similar to systematic reviews in both scale and rigor; both of these literature review methodologies are comprehensive approaches to reviewing the literature on a topic. However, while a systematic review attempts to answer a specific, targeted research question, a scoping review is designed to map and categorize all of the literature on a broad topic. For this reason, it is an excellent method to employ in emergent research areas, in which researchers have not yet conducted systematic reviews or otherwise attempted to record the entirety of a scholarly conversation. In this case report, we discuss advantages and disadvantages to the methodology, as well as the lessons we learned from our experience, and our recommendations for researchers who utilize this method. We encountered challenges including time limitations, finding a balance between a search strategy that was neither too narrow nor too broad, and adjusting the search throughout the process to accommodate new vocabulary terms as we discovered them.


Evidence-Based Review (EBR) is the club feature in the American Journal of Critical Care . In a journal club, attend ees review and critique published research articles: an important first step toward integrating evidence-based practice into patient care. General and specific questions such as those outlined in the "Discussion Points" box aid journal club participants in probing the quality of the research study, the appropriateness of the study design and methods, the validity of the conclusions, and the implications of the article for clinical practice. When critically appraising this issue's EBR article, found on pp e38-e47 (available online at www .ajcconline.org, see abstract on p 270), consider the questions and discussion points outlined in the "Discussion Points" box.


The question of the identity of the Deuteronomist(s) has been debated and is still in debate. While some believe he was an individual author, editor, or compiler who sought to interpret as honestly as possible the history of Israel in the light of his personal understanding of the crisis that befell Judah, others believe that the Deuteronomists are groups, schools, prophets or scribes. Be that as it may, both Deuteronomistic and African slave theologies of suffering hold similar interpretations of exilic suffering despite the events not being the same. Both interpret their suffering as retributive, divine disciplinary, redemptive, revelational, probational and eschatological.


Abstract. Volume–area scaling is the most popular method for estimating the ice volume of large glacier samples. Here, a series of resampling experiments based on different sets of synthetic data is presented in order to derive an upper-bound estimate (i.e. a level achieved only within ideal conditions) for its accuracy. For real-world applications, a lower accuracy has to be expected. We also quantify the maximum accuracy expected when scaling is used for determining the glacier volume change, and area change of a given glacier population. A comprehensive set of measured glacier areas, volumes, area and volume changes is evaluated to investigate the impact of real-world data quality on the so-assessed accuracies. For populations larger than a few thousand glaciers, the total ice volume can be recovered within 30% if all data currently available worldwide are used for estimating the scaling parameters. Assuming no systematic bias in ice volume measurements, their uncertainty is of secondary importance. Knowing the individual areas of a glacier sample for two points in time allows recovering the corresponding ice volume change within 40% for populations larger than a few hundred glaciers, both for steady-state and transient geometries. If ice volume changes can be estimated without bias, glacier area changes derived from volume–area scaling show similar uncertainties to those of the volume changes. This paper does not aim at making a final judgement on the suitability of volume–area scaling as such, but provides the means for assessing the accuracy expected from its application.


The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of Total Systems theory and methodologies, by developing an aid to decision making on the effectiveness of complex man-machine organisations. Sponsored by the Ministry of Defence (Navy) as a collaborative research project, the study was to be based on Royal Navy ships and also linked with certain MOD(N) projects working on related effectiveness problems. Initial pre-feasibility, then feasibility studies established a simple model of Effectiveness as the combination of Availability, Performance and Human Factors, which was followed by a more thorough examination of the Availability Function. The development of an Information System designed for the collection and analysis of reliability and maintainability data was central to this phase of the research. This culminates in a comprehensive description of the Phase I hardware, software requirements and information distribution network to be installed and operating commencing in 1983. The Human Factors research was linked to two additional Ministry of Defence (Navy) projects who made available the Human Factors data. This data, collected from five ships of the Type 42 Guided Weapons Destroyer Class, was concerned with the Operations Room organization. Using this data base, a subjective analysis resulted in key indicators being produced which were used with a rating scale technique to develop profiles. Following a systemic overview three interactive indicators - Variable Disjunction of Information, Knowledge and Information Processing were used as the basis of an Information Transfer Function conceptual model. This model, when combined with Systems Interaction Diagrams enabled a Methodology to be designed which was evaluated against a three man-function element within a total Operations Room complement of 33 men. On the premise that the Human Factors function could be transformed to metric data the framework of a Human Factors model was developed, based on an existing Total Ship Availability Model with the potential that these could be combined to produce an Effectiveness model. The information System, the proposed Methodology and the framework of a Ship Effectiveness Model were then incrementally and theoretically linked in order to develop the organisation of a decision making aid for evaluating the effectiveness of complex man-machine systens. The research was not intended to test or validate the decision making aid, as aspects of this will need to be approved by Ministry of Defence (Navy) authorities before proceeding to the next phase of implementing the results so far produced.