Consumer preference has changed rapidly from refined oils towards virgin oils in recent years. Virgin oils are edible vegetable oils obtained by mechanical procedures, such as expelling or pressing from oil seeds, and are consumed without being refined. Such oils are considered as specialty oils, because only small and medium size mills produce them in small amounts for gourmet and health markets from very different oil seeds. To meet consumer demands, bulk production of virgin oils should be accomplished from commodity oil seeds, such as rapeseeds, at reasonable prices. For this purpose two challenges have to be solved: production of high quality oil seeds, and production of virgin oils with a higher oil yield. In this article we focus on the pre-treatment processes of oil seeds to increase oil yield, and describe a new alternative process, ultrasound-assisted alcoholic treatment of oil seeds.


Climatic change is currently enhancing permafrost thawing and the flow of water through the landscape in sub- arctic and arctic catchments, with major consequences for the carbon export to aquatic ecosystems. We studied stream water carbon export in several tundra-dominated catchments in northern Sweden. There were clear seasonal differences in both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved in- organic carbon (DIC) concentrations. The highest DOC con- centrations occurred during the spring freshet while the high- est DIC concentrations were always observed during winter baseflow conditions for the six catchments considered in this study. Long-term trends for the period 1982 to 2010 for one of the streams showed that DIC concentrations has increased by 9 % during the 28 yr of measurement while no clear trend was found for DOC. Similar increasing trends were also found for conductivity, Ca and Mg. When trends were dis- cretized into individual months, we found a significant lin- ear increase in DIC concentrations with time for September, November and December. In these subarctic catchments, the annual mass of C exported as DIC was in the same order of magnitude as DOC; the average proportion of DIC to the total dissolved C exported was 61 % for the six streams. Fur- thermore, there was a direct relationship between total runoff and annual dissolved carbon fluxes for these six catchments. These relationships were more prevalent for annual DIC ex- ports than annual DOC exports in this region. Our results also highlight that both DOC and DIC can be important in high- latitude ecosystems. This is particularly relevant in environ- ments where thawing permafrost and changes to subsurface ice due to global warming can influence stream water fluxes of C. The large proportion of stream water DIC flux also has implications on regional C budgets and needs to be consid- ered in order to understand climate-induced feedback mech- anisms across the landscape.


Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Superhydrophobic Sands in Desert Agriculture Joel Reihmer A sustainable supply of fresh water for the human population is a global concern. Intriguingly, about 70% of the total fresh water consumed in the world annually is claimed by agriculture alone; this fraction is even higher in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where natural regeneration of groundwater is the slowest. Thus, there is a serious need for innovative materials and technologies to enhance the efficiency water usage in agriculture. To this end, plastic mulches have been employed across the developed world to minimize evaporative loss of water from top-soils. While plastic mulches are inexpensive, they do require specialized farm machinery for installation and long processing times. On one hand, plastic mulches have proven to increase crop yields, but on the other their non-biodegradability poses serious environmental concerns. In response, development of low-cost bio-/photo-degradable artificial mulches remains an area of intense research. In this thesis, we report on a novel superhydrophobic material exploiting inexpensive simple components to reduce the amount of water required for irrigation in agriculture by suppressing evaporative losses from the top-soil. Our material consists of ordinary beach sand coated with < 20 nm thick layer of paraffin wax. We synthesized and extensively characterized our material and applied them as mulches for tomato and barley plants at the KAUST greenhouse. We found that when a ~5 mm thick layer of superhydrophobic sand was placed onto the top-soil in pots, it dramatically suppressed evaporative losses and significantly enhanced the yields. Our preliminary field-scale experiments with tomatoes and barley crops at the Hada Al Sham site corroborate these results. Our approach might find applications in desert agriculture and other fields and alleviate water stress in the MENA region.


This paper examines the effect of the movie Sideways on US wine consumption. Specifically, we examine the effects of the movie on the consumption of Merlot, which is derided in the movie and the effect on Pinot Noir, which is praised. We examine the trends in consumption before and after the movie and perform statistical tests for structural changes in consumption. We also estimate demand functions for both Merlot and Pinot Noir and test for differences in their demands before and after the movie. Finally, we test for changes in consumption of each varietal by price point.


Stratigraphic sections in south-central Alabama were studied to test palynological evidence of sea-level change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. New evidence from both calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts places the regional disconformity in Alabama (Type 1 sequence boundary) virtually at the K-T boundary. This suggests that sea-level fall may have contributed to the mass-extinction event. Dinofagellate diversity varies between systems tract components of coastal onlap. This parameter is useful for interpreting sea-level change in this part of the section, because dinoflagellates did not participate in the mass extinction. The iridium spikes in the roadcut near Braggs are of earliest Danian age and correlate in relative magnitude with the lower values reported from directly above the K-T boundary in the Gubbio stratotype section. Iridium was concentrated in marine flooding surfaces in episodes of higher productivity of algal organic matter at the time when the iridium-enriched ocean encroached on the shelf during the first Cenozoic episode of sea-level rise.


Alokistocare subcoronatum (Hall and Whitfield, 1877) is the type species of Alokistocare Lorenz, 1906, the nominal genus for the diverse Middle Cambrian Alokistocaridae Resser, 1939b. New collections from the Ehmaniella Biozone contain cranidia, librigenae, hypostomes, rostral plates, thoracic segments, and pygidia, which allow a more complete understanding of the morphological range and character of this important species. Cladistic analyses using this new information about A. subcoronatum suggest that: 1) Ehmaniellidae Sundberg, 1994, is synonymous with Alokistocaridae; 2) Alokistocaridae is a monophylectic clade and not synonymous with Papyriaspididae Whitehouse, 1939; 3) Pseudoalokistocare Sundberg, 1994, is synonymous with Alokistocare; and 4) Taxa previously assigned to the older "Alokistocare"/Amecephalus group (Plagiura to Glossopleura biochrons) form a separate clade and should not be included in Alokistocare or the Alokistocaridae. These older species are assigned to Amecephalus Walcott, 1924, which is restricted to the Delamaran Stage. Alokistocaridae as recognized here is restricted to the Marjuman Stage. A morphometric analysis of Alokistocare subcoronatum shows minor but significant differences among collections, indicating population differences. In addition, the cranidium displays both positive and negative allometric growth as well as isometric growth. Allometric growth is present in both meraspid and holaspid stages. The pygidium shows only isometric growth.


Whether, the world will have to deal with 'water war(s)' in 21st century or beyond for competition over shared international freshwater resources? Nothing is one sided - each and every time - there is other side of the story. This is so true for the two schools of thoughts - that exists in current academic debate - for and against the possibility of water wars. This introductory paper argues that perceived fears of losing control over shared water might contribute towards a constant preparedness to go to war among riparian nations. It emphasises that while this kind of academic debate - for and against water wars - is healthy, it is also important that instead of outright dismissal of any school of thought as a myth, water professionals should equip themselves with the tools to uproot the root causes of the fears behind the water wars debate. This urgent need is the essence behind the idea of this special issue, not to put an end to this debate.


This work presents a method for estimating human facial attractiveness, based on supervised learning techniques. Numerous facial features that describe facial geometry, color and texture, combined with an average human attractiveness score for each facial image, are used to train various predictors. Facial attractiveness ratings produced by the final predictor are found to be highly correlated with human ratings, markedly improving previous machine learning achievements. Simulated psychophysical experiments with virtually manipulated images reveal preferences in the machine's judgments which are remarkably similar to those of humans. These experiments shed new light on existing theories of facial attractiveness such as the averageness, smoothness and symmetry hypotheses. It is intriguing to find that a machine trained explicitly to capture an operational performance criteria such as attractiveness rating, implicitly captures basic human psychophysical biases characterizing the perception of facial attractiveness in general.


In this time of social, technical, educational and industrial upheaval, time and space are being compressed and stretched as social actors develop new practices in response to shifts in their lived experience. In the American educational sector, these phenomena have crystalized in the meteoritic rise of MOOCs, massive open online courses. The story of their ascent weaves together neoliberal shifts in financing education, technology developments, and perceived business opportunities. MOOCs have captured the imagination of the business press, venture capitalists, and university leaders. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the perceptions of students who are taking online courses – in other words, the users. Drawing on an ethnographic study of a small online class, this paper describes the limitations of MOOC pedagogies by comparison with low-enrollment online courses, and concludes by casting doubt on the effectiveness of MOOC learning experiences as well as MOOC business models.


This paper proposes a model of information aesthetic performance in the context of hypermediacy. It addresses the need to consider the features of performance in recently emerging information visualization artwork. By analyzing an artwork, the real-time stock market data-based Contingent Rule, the authors discuss aesthetic effects of performance as well as information visualization. The proposed model could contribute to a better understanding of information visualization in terms of Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin's hypermediacy. This research provides a new guideline for reviewing information visualization.


To rule their vast new American territories, the Spanish monarchs appointed viceroys in an attempt to reproduce the monarchical system of government prevailing at the time in Europe. But despite the political significance of the figure of the viceroy, little is known about the mechanisms of viceregal power and its relation to ideas of kingship. Examining this figure, The King's Living Image challenges long-held perspectives on the political nature of Spanish colonialism, recovering, at the same time, the complexity of the political discourses and practices of Spanish rule. It does so by studying the viceregal political culture that developed in New Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the mechanisms, both formal and informal, of viceregal rule. In so doing, The King's Living Image questions the very existence of a "colonial state" and contends that imperial power was constituted in ritual ceremonies. It also emphasizes the viceroys' significance in carrying out the civilizing mission of the Spanish monarchy with regard to the indigenous population. The King's Living Image will redefine the ways in which scholars have traditionally looked at the viceregal administration in colonial Mexico.


—This paper proposes an automated algorithm that extracts authors' information from affiliations in biomedical journal articles in MEDLINE® citations. The algorithm collects words from an affiliation, estimates features of each word, and uses a supervised machine-learning algorithm called Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and heuristics rules to identify the words as one of seven labels such as city, state, country, etc. Eleven sets of word lists are collected to train and test the algorithm from 1,767 training data set. Each set contains collections of words ranging from 100 to 44,000. Experimental results of the proposed algorithms using a testing set of 1,022 affiliations show 94.23% and 93.44% accuracy.


Relative to other men, Latino immigrant men are disproportionately likely to experience challenging working conditions, including too many or too few hours, discrimination, and job (in)security. Previous research suggests that work contexts (particularly husbands') may affect interactions between family members, which in turn, spill over into family functioning. The present study examined the patterning of 118 Mexican husbands' self-reported workplace characteristics (i.e., job security, workplace discrimination, and work hours) and links with husbands' and wives' marital warmth and negativity. First, using a 2-step cluster analysis, we identified 3 work context groups: (1) Moderately Secure, Overtime, Minimally Discriminatory Workplaces, (2) Highly Secure, Full-Time, Moderately Discriminatory Workplaces, and (3) Minimally Secure, Full-Time, Highly Discriminatory Workplaces. Second, using mixed-model ANCOVAs, we found (a) a main effect for work context on marital warmth, indicating that husbands in Group 2 reported more marital warmth than husbands in Group 3, and (b) a spouse-by-group interaction showing that whereas Group 2 husbands expressed more warmth relative to their wives, Group 3 husbands expressed less warmth relative to their wives. No significant effects were found for spouses' marital negativity. Taken together, the same job opportunities that motivate low-wage Mexican-origin workers to migrate to the United States may also strain their close relationships. Researchers and practitioners should address links between work contexts and family well-being in other Latina/o samples and explore in greater depth how work characteristics that would otherwise serve to buffer and protect family functioning may have hidden costs for couple and family functioning.


This thesis is concerned with the problem of new technology in manufacturing industry. Increasing attention is being focused on the possible consequences of new technology as it begins to penetrate the various factors or elements within firms. Claims of massive unemployment and growing dissatisfaction with people de-skilled by automation have been made by various authorities and organisations, yet little recorded research has been made on this subject to provide evidence of the real effect and problem of new technology. Two types of new technology are studied in this research project. The first technology is that of the numerical control machine tool which having been introduced in the 1950s was slow to develop in the 1960s and has now become of major prominence in manufacturing industry. The research investigates the problems associated with this technology and the effects it has had on industry. The second technology is that of the co-ordinate measuring machine, an entirely new technology developed out of the wake of numerical control machine tools and part of an advance in measuring technology never before seen in the field of metrology or manufacturing. A model of the enterprise is proposed which shows a linking relationship between 6 key factors namely, organisation (structures), management (decision-making), strategies (objectives and plans), machine shop environment (the technology), control systems (return on investment) and people (behaviour). Each of these factors are examined against established theoretical bases, prior research and the findings from this project. From a brief description of the development of measuring machines and the invention of the co-ordinate measuring machine, the investigation consists of a logical analysis in 5 steps of manufacturing plants experiencing change due to the introduction of new technology. The first 2 steps examine the single manufacturing plant for the effects of numerical control machine tools and the effects of co-ordinate measuring machines. The third step is the investigation of a multinational organisation for the effect of co-ordinate measuring machines in 23 plants. The final 2 steps in the investigation analyse a large number of manufacturing firms using and not using co-ordinate measuring machines to determine any differences in organisation structures, strategies and people, then concentrates the study on firms using co-ordinate measuring machines to ascertain the overall effects on this larger population of manufacturing firms. The objectives of the thesis are two-fold: the investigation of a very major and critical development in industry, and the research for constructive conclusions which would create positive contribution to manufacturing industry. The outcome will show that manufacturing industry has to make radical changes if it is to maximise on the advantages of new technologies.


A study on the health effects of shift work among Malay workers was conducted at an electronic
factory in Hulu Kelang, Selangor. The comparative study was done on shift and regular workers. A
sample consisting of 100 shift workers which made up 20% of the' total shift work first, and 40 regular
workers which made up about 80% of the regular workers were selected. Firstly, purposive sampling
was done where all the respondents selected we.re unmarried Malay women who worked as production
operators. Later, simple random sampling was carried out to select the respondents. Data was collected
using questionaire based on the objectives. The respondents selected were in the age range, 1.9.- 22
years. The respondents had until secondary school level education and had been working from 1 - 5
years with a monthly income of about $350 - $400. Statistical tests revealed significant differences in
health of shift and regular workers. Shift work affects their sleeping patterns and·mealtime. The disturbance
has a negative impact on the physiology of the workers. Emotionally, the shift workers are not
satisfied with the working conditions as well as the working system. Besides' this, shift work also affects
the social activities of workers, such as recreation, relationship~ with other members of the family,
relatives and friends.


Contemporary debates in anarchism, particularly the conceptual debates sparked by the development of post-anarchism and those surrounding the emergence of the anti-globalization movement, have brought an old question back to the table: what is anarchism?

This study analyzes the canonical representations of anarchism as a political movement and political philosophy in order to reflect on the ways in which that critical question, 'what is anarchism?' has been answered in mainstream literature. It examines the way that the story of anarchism has been told and through a critical review, it discusses an alternative approach.

For this purpose, two seminal canon-building texts, Paul Eltzbacher's The Great Anarchists, and George Woodcock's Anarchism have been identified and their influence is discussed, together with the representations of anarchism in textbooks describing political ideologies. The analysis shows how assumptions, biases, and hidden ideological perspectives have been normalized and how they have created an official history of a political movement. In challenging the official account, this study highlights the exclusions and omissions (third world anarchists, women anarchists, queer anarchism and artistic anarchism) that have resulted in the making of the core.

The question of how to tell the story of anarchist past carries us to the shores of postmodern history where theoreticians have been discussing the relationship between past and history and the politics of representation. The anarchism offered in this study demands an engagement with a network-like structure of information rather than a linear, axial structure.

Consequently, this study aims to show several layers of problems in the existing dominant historical representation of one of the richest political ideologies, anarchism; and then to discuss ways of representing the past and especially the anarchist past, to seek an answer to a principal question: what is anarchism?


Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine predisposing risk factors, microbiological profile and visual and structural treatment outcome of non viral microbial keratitis in children. Materials and Methods: A prospective case study of 52 eyes with microbial keratitis in a tertiary care teaching institute over a period of two years in children <16 years of age. Data was analyzed for patient demographics, culture data, management trends and visual and structural outcome of treatment. Results: Mean age of patients was 8.22 years ranging from 7 days to 14 years. The most common predisposing risk factor was trauma (57.69%), followed by malnutrition/Vitamin A deficiency (7.69%) unidentified causes accounted for 30.76% of cases. Cultures were taken from all patients. A total of 55.76% of eyes were culture positive.Bacterial isolates were seen in 30.76% of eyes, followed by fungi in 25% of the culture positive isolates. No growth in 44.23% of patients. Gram positive cocci(predominantly Staphylococcus aureus) were seen in 11.53% of isolates, and gram negative bacilli (predominantly Pseudomonas aerugionosa) in 19.23%. Fungi were identified in 25% of culture positive eyes with equal number of Aspergillus and Fusarium sp. Monotherapy with broad spectrum antibiotics was the preferred treatment. Final visual acuity on last follow up was < 6/60 in 20 eyes (62.5%) One patient each required therapeutic keratoplasty, conjunctival hooding and cyanoacrylate glue with bandage contact lens. Conclusion: Trauma was the predominant risk factor for microbial keratitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most common microorganism isolated. Majority of the cases responded to medical management.


In this study, we examine the phenomenon of the brain drain in Canada, specifically the loss of certain post-secondary graduates to the United States. Our analysis comprises three components: a descriptive analysis of the differences between graduates who stayed in Canada and those who moved to the United States; a multivariate analysis, to identify the determinant factors of the decision to move from Canada to the United States and the decision to return to Canada afterwards; and analysis to explain the wage differentials between stayers and movers. Using the data for the last three cohorts from the National Graduates Survey, we observe that the brain drain remains relatively marginal, affecting 2% of new graduates at most. We also note a slight decrease in the brain drain for the Class of 2005 compared with the Class of 2000 in the first two years after graduation. In addition, we identify a strong movement to return to Canada (some 48% of those who left between 2000 and 2005) or a strong intention to do so (61% of the graduates of 2000 still living in the United States in 2005). Striking differences emerge in connection with certain factors, however, including level of education and field of study. For example, PhDs are by far the most likely to move to the United States. That also holds true for graduates in the fields of mathematics, computer and information sciences and architecture, engineering and related technologies. The wage differences are also high, in the order of 27% to 40% higher for graduates working in the United States, of which only one third can be explained by a variety of observable factors. Finally, we find that the graduates of 2000 who returned to Canada after a stay in the United States earned, in 2005, up to 18% more on average than those who never left Canada, all other things being equal. Canada thus benefits from the brain drain when it is not permanent. Whatever the case, we do not believe that at current levels, the brain drain of post-secondary graduates to the United States requires specific intervention on the part of public policymakers. However, the phenomenon should be monitored on an ongoing basis, as it may evolve in the future.


In a previous paper, we proved that for any submartingale $(X_t)_{t \geq 0}$ of class $(\Sigma)$, defined on a filtered probability space $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P}, (\mathcal{F}_t)_{t \geq 0})$, which satisfies some technical conditions, one can construct a $\sigma$-finite measure $\mathcal{Q}$ on $(\Omega, \mathcal{F})$, such that for all $t \geq 0$, and for all events $\Lambda_t \in \mathcal{F}_t$: $$ \mathcal{Q} [\Lambda_t, g\leq t] = \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}} [\mathds{1}_{\Lambda_t} X_t]$$ where $g$ is the last hitting time of zero of the process $X$. Some particular cases of this construction are related with Brownian penalisation or mathematical finance. In this note, we give a simpler construction of $\mathcal{Q}$, and we show that an analog of this measure can also be defined for discrete-time submartingales.


Despite recent hard-earned experience during international and non-international armed conflicts in places like Afghanistan and Iraq, and in peacekeeping missions around the world, the international community continues to struggle practically and conceptually with detention of belligerents. The struggle includes questions ranging from when individuals may be detained and for how long, to determining the applicable legal regime. While this myriad of issues is vexing, they are neither as new, nor the applicable law as lacking, as has been argued.
This chapter takes a pragmatic approach to detention and suggests that the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols, outmoded and seemingly inapplicable though they may be in some respects, offer the most thorough, humane, realistic and readily available option for determining how to treat and when to release non-state actors detained during a non-international armed conflict. This chapter proposes to cut the legal Gordian Knot of detention with a policy sword, intermingling types and applications of the law of armed conflict and conflating treatment standards from Geneva Convention III with the civilian internment and release provisions of Geneva Convention IV.


We study the rms peculiar velocity of clusters as a convenient statistic to put constraints on cosmological models. This statistic is easy to compute theoretically given a model for the power spectrum; we show that with some assumptions it can be directly related to the quantity $\Omega_0^{0.6}\sigma_8$. We develop a likelihood method for estimating the rms peculiar velocity of clusters from line-of-sight velocity measurements and their associated errors. We apply our method to two samples of cluster peculiar velocities; a new sample known as the SCI sample and a subsample of the Mark III catalog. Although these two samples initially give results which are inconsistent, we show that they can be put into good agreement by the removal, particularly from the Mark III sample, of a set of clusters with multiple mass concentrations, cluster membership ambiguities, or excessive obscuration, properties which may have introduced unaccounted for errors into measurements of their peculiar velocities. Once these clusters are removed from the samples, they both favor a relatively low value for the 1-D rms peculiar velocity of clusters $\sigma_v= 265^{+106}_{-75}{km s}^{-1}$ (at 90% confidence), leading to the constraint $\Omega_0^{0.6}\sigma_8= 0.44^{+0.19}_{-0.13}$, consistent with cluster abundance studies but inconsistent with $\Omega_0=1$ CDM normalized to COBE at the 99.7% confidence level.


Under FIRPTA, foreign persons are subject to U.S. tax on dispositions of directly held interests in U.S. real property as well as on dispositions of stock in certain U.S. real property holding corporations. Congress enacted FIRPTA to combat several techniques used by foreign persons to avoid U.S. tax on dispositions of U.S. real estate. However, since FIRPTA's enactment, changes in the tax law would defeat these tax avoidance techniques. Consequently, this raises the issue of whether FIRPTA continues to make sense as a policy matter. This article suggests that the repeal of portions of FIRPTA may be in order and sets forth an analysis of the various considerations in arriving at this conclusion. While it is somewhat unclear as to whether Congress's original reasons continue to justify the rule for directly held U.S. real estate, fundamental policy considerations call for the retention of this rule. On the other hand, serious consideration should be given to eliminating the rules that apply to dispositions of stock in certain U.S. real property holding corporations: an original purpose analysis of these rules is inconclusive, and a revised policy analysis suggests that the equity and efficiency benefits of the rules may not warrant the administrative costs involved.


The interwar French avant-garde long considered John Dos Passos as an eminent literary figure. Dos Passos's influence on French writers and editors, such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Claude-Edmond Magny, is now, of course, a critical commonplace. Sartre, in his 1938 article on U.S.A., considered Dos Passos to be "the greatest writer of our time" (80). Magny, in her preface to the 1949 French edition of The 42nd Parallel, praised Dos Passos as an innovative portrayer of "la condition humaine" (Stolzfus 218). Critics have also recognized the influence of avant-garde painters on Dos Passos and extensively documented his various biographical associations with France.(1) But the influence of the French writer Blaise Cendrars on Dos Passos's Manhattan Transfer has not been adequately treated. The present scholarship on the Dos Passos-Cendrars link is severely piecemeal, and it often lacks the needed historical contexts. Many of Dos Passos's most important interwar influences--French (Cendrars), Italian (Ungaretti), and Belgian (Verhaeren)--have been overlooked in Dos Passos criticism. Historically, American critics have tended to neglect transatlantic twentieth-century influences, even those as important as Cendrars, and the valuable work of the many French poet-theorists (e.g., Soupault, Aragon, Desnos, Breton, Jacob) active during the 1900-1930 period. The large body of American criticism assigns Dos Passos's main aesthetic influences to Joyce, Eisenstein, Eliot, and Whitman. Discussing the form of Manhattan Transfer, Iain Colley's Dos Passos and the Fiction of Despair is representative in attributing "Dos Passos's borrowings" to what Colley calls the "true experimentalists": Stein, Joyce, Carl Sandburg, Dreiser, Hemingway, and John Reed (60). Revealingly, Colley, contravening Dos Passos's own statements on literary works particularly suggestive in determining the form of Manhattan Transfer, provides, like most other British and American critics, the traditional Anglophone list. Dos Passos, however, in a letter to Melvin Landsberg (Sep. 23, 1957), has cited (with the exception of Stephen Crane) only foreign authors as possible influences on Manhattan Transfer: Baroja, Verhaeren, Zola, Flaubert, and Blaise Cendrars (243-244).(2) In light of this current critical dearth, Cendrars's role in Dos Passos studies merits special attention. An overlooked origin of Dos Passos's interwar fiction is Cendrars's early poetry (1912-1926). "Poetry," as Dos Passos recounts in The Best Times, "was more important than submarines or war guilt or brave little Belgium or the big board on the New York Stock Exchange" (24). But it was less the poetry of Eliot, Pound, and other Anglophone modernists than the experiments of Cendrars and the French avant-garde that pushed Dos Passos to try poetry as fiction. Dos Passos in 1926 wrote an article on Cendrars, "Homer of the Trans-Siberian" (1926), published that same year in the Saturday Review of Literature. Dos Passos's translations of Cendrars's Panama (1913), Transsiberien (1913), and selections from Documentaires (1923) and Feuilles de Route (1924) between the first and second volumes of U.S.A. attest to his continued, engaged interest in Cendrars's poetry. Dos Passos, of course, began his writing career as a poet, publishing Eight Harvard Poets in 1917 and A Pushcart at the Curb in 1922, both of which contain a wide assortment of imagist and free-form poems. While there is, as Linda Wagner argues in The Modern American Novel, "ample proof" that Dos Passos "was a staunch admirer of Ezra Pound" (28), this is only part of the formative influence story. At the end of her "modernist-imagist" argument, Wagner asserts: Much of [modernistic writing] stemmed from the basically poetic technique of concentrating meaning and emotion in an image.... This new intuition, this relatively new way of apprehending, encouraged writers to accept the device of the image or scene as a means of making their perceptions fresh, clear, and immediate. …


Polymers are increasingly used in structures that have to withstand impact
conditions. This thesis describes an investigation of strain rate properties at
room temperature of four engineering polymers; polyethylene (high density,
HDPE and ultra high molecular weight, UHMWPE), nylatron and
polyetheretherketone (PEEK 150g).
A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system was used to study the
response of these polymers in compression tests at high strain rates up to
10' S-1. Stress equilibrium in SHPB samples was studied theoretically by
examining multiple reflection effects during the initial elastic loading of the
polymers; this study proved very useful in the analysis of SHPB tests. To cover
a wide range of strain rate, compression studies were also made at low strain
rates (10-3 _10-2 S-1) using a Hounsfield screw machine. Viscoelastic models
have been applied to these results. These models fit quite well with the
experimental results of HDPE, UHMWPE, and nylatron, but not to the PEEK due
to the yield drop in the stress - strain curves, especially at high strain rates.
An exploding wire technique was used as an axial impulsive loading system
for hollow cylindrical samples. An image converter camera at framing intervals
of 21ls or 10 Ils recorded the radial expansion of the cylinder. The expanding
cylinder was used as a driving system for a new technique called the freely
expanding ring method, which was used to obtain the stress - strain behaviour of
polymeric thin rings placed as a sliding fit on the cylinder. This method
produced very high tensile strain rates up to fracture (> 10' S-1).
Comparisons have been made between results obtained from the quasi-static,
SHPB, and expanding ring tests. The freely expanding ring and SHPB results
were in good agreement indicating similar tensile and compressive high strain
rate behaviour.
The mechanical properties of the above polymers are strongly dependent on
strain rate. The Young's modulus and the flow stress increase with increasing
strain rate. Nylatron showed high strain rate strain softening at high strain, this
was due to the high temperature rise during loading, when the transition
temperature (Tg) of the material (50 QC) was exceeded. However, the other
materials showed continuous hardening behaviour. Plots of the flow stress at
5% and 10% strain vs log strain rate showed a linear increase up to a strain rate
of about 103 S-1. Above 103 s-1, the stress rose more rapidly, but then showed
significant drops for nylatron and PEEK. These drops in stress are probably due
to both micro crack initiation in the sample and also high temperatures around
the crack tips.


Compounding is a highly productive word-formation pattern in the English language. In light of this, it is counterintuitive that English lacks a general word-formation rule for genuine verbal compounds and those appear to be very rare. But for what reason does verbal composition disqualify as a productive word-formation pattern in English? How are verbal pseudo-compounds processed and what does this imply about the way in which newly coined genuine verbal compounds would be processed? What are the factors that determine and influence the processing of English verbal compounds and pseudo-compounds? This book adopts a fresh cognitive linguistic perspective on verbal compounding and investigates the above questions with the help of experimental methods. It offers a novel and cognitive linguistically based model of mental access to verbal compounds and tries to complement the prevailing structural and typological approaches by insights on language processing.


ACKGROUND: 'Pink Lady®' (Malus × domestica Borkh.) apples were harvested at commercial maturity and stored at 1 °C under either air or controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions (2.5 kPa O2: 3 kPa CO2 and 1 kPa O2: 2 kPa CO2) for 15 or 28 weeks. Standard quality parameters, consumer acceptance and volatile compound emission were evaluated after cold storage plus shelf life period at 20 °C.

RESULTS: A shelf life period of 17 days after long-term storage in controlled atmosphere allowed the regeneration of the characteristic esters associated to the aroma of this variety. Sixty-five per cent of consumers preferred apples with higher emissions of aroma-active volatile compounds, despite the fact that these apples displayed lower values for standard quality attributes. The most accepted samples corresponded to fruit stored in air for 15 weeks regardless of post-storage period, in air for 28 weeks plus 1 day at 20 °C, and in 2.5 kPa O2: 3 kPa CO2 for 15 weeks plus 7 days at 20 °C.

CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of specific aroma volatile compounds are suggested to be more important than total aroma emission for consumer acceptance of 'Pink Lady®' apples. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry


This study assessed the effects of race and place of residence on clinical trial participation by patients seen at a designated NCI comprehensive cancer center. Clinical trial accrual to cancer case ratios were evaluated using a database of residents at the continental United States seen at The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins from 2005 to 2007. Place of residence was categorized into 3 nonoverlapping geographic areas: Baltimore City, non-Baltimore City catchment area, and non-catchment area. Controlling for age, sex, county poverty level, and cancer site, significant race and place of residence differences were seen in therapeutic or nontherapeutic clinical trials participation. White non-Baltimore City catchment area residents, the designated reference group, achieved the highest participation rate. Although the test of interaction (control group compared with all others) was not significant, some race-geographic area group differences were detected. In therapeutic trials, most race-place of residence group levels were statistically lower and different from reference; in nontherapeutic trials, race-specific Baltimore City groups participated at levels similar to reference. Baltimore City residents had lower participation rates only in therapeutic trials, irrespective of race. County poverty level was not significant but was retained as a confounder. Place of residence and race were found to be significant predictors of participation in therapeutic and nontherapeutic clinical trials, although patterns differed somewhat between therapeutic and nontherapeutic trials. Clinical trial accruals are not uniform across age, sex, race, place of residence, cancer site, or trial type, underscoring that cancer centers must better understand their source patients to enhance clinical trial participation.


The AIRE protein plays a remarkable role as a regulator of central tolerance by controlling the promiscuous expression of tissue-specific antigens in thymic medullary epithelial cells. Defects in the AIRE gene cause the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, a rare disease frequent in Iranian Jews, Finns, and Sardinian population. To this day, the precise function of the AIRE protein in regulating transcription and its interacting proteins has yet to be entirely clarified. The knowledge of novel AIRE interactors and their precise role will improve our knowledge of its biological activity and address some of the foremost autoimmunity-related questions. In this study, we have used a yeast two-hybrid system to identify AIRE-interacting proteins. This approach led us to the discovery of a newAIRE-interacting protein calledDAXX.Theprotein is known to be a multifunctional adaptor with functions both in apoptosis and in transcription regulation pathways. The interaction between AIRE and DAXX has been validated by in vivo coimmunoprecipitation analysis and colocalization study in mammalian cells. The interaction has been further confirmed by showing in transactivation assays that DAXX exerts a strong repressive role on the transcriptional activity of AIRE.


How is human personhood conceived in Muslim thought? It is, of course, impossible to frame such a vast question across the breadth of Muslim thought. But I will begin to explore this question drawing on the work of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111). What are the crucial attributes about being a person? Is it to be a rational person? Or does it also involve the element of being a moral person, who requires some amount of choice in make moral choices. What is the moral authority of nature? What is the relationship between personhood and corporeality? My presentation will attempt an outline of a Muslim anthropology of personhood drawing on the work of Ghazali. Then I will also attempt to provide a framework for understanding the relationship between human beings, and technology, especially enhancements.


Under the leadership of Samuel Adams, patriot propagandists deliberately and conscientiously kept the issue of slavery off the agenda as goals for freedom were set for the American Revolution. By comparing coverage in the publications of the patriot press with those of the moderate colonial press, this book finds that the patriots avoided, misinterpreted, or distorted news reports on blacks and slaves, even in the face of a vigorous antislavery movement. The Boston Gazette, the most important newspaper of the Revolution, was chief among the periodicals that dodged or excluded abolition. The author of this study shows that The Gazette misled its readers about the notable Somerset decision that led to abolition in Great Britain. She notes also that The Gazette excluded antislavery essays, even from patriots who supported abolition. No petitions written by Boston slaves were published, nor were any writings by the black poet Phillis Wheatley. The Gazette also manipulated the racial identity of Crispus Attucks, the first casualty in the Revolution. When using the word slavery, The Gazette took care to focus it not upon abolition but upon Great Britain's enslavement of its American colonies. Since propaganda on behalf of the Revolution reached a high level of sophistication, and since Boston can be considered the foundry of Revolutionary propaganda, the author writes that the omission of abolition from its agenda cannot be considered as accidental but as intentional. By the time the Revolution began, white attitudes toward blacks were firmly fixed, and these persisted long after American independence had been achieved. In Boston, notions of virtue and vigilance were shown to be negatively embodied in black colonists. These devil's imps were long represented in blackface in Boston's annual Pope Day parade. Although the leaders of the Revolution did not articulate a national vision on abolition, the colonial antislavery movement was able to achieve a degree of success but only in drives through the individual colonies. Patricia Bradley is the former director of the American Studies program at Temple University and is currently Chair of the Temple University Department of Journalism, Public Relations, and Advertising.


The benzothiazole cyanine dye K21 forms dye aggregates on double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) templates. These aggregates exhibit a red-shifted absorption band, enhanced fluorescence emission, and an increased fluorescence lifetime, all indicating strong excitonic coupling among the dye molecules. K21 aggregate formation on dsDNA is only weakly sequence dependent, providing a flexible approach that is adaptable to many different DNA nanostructures. Donor (D)-bridge (B)-acceptor (A) complexes consisting of Alexa Fluor 350 as the donor, a 30 bp (9.7 nm) DNA templated K21 aggregate as the bridge, and Alexa Fluor 555 as the acceptor show an overall donor to acceptor energy transfer efficiency of ∼60%, with the loss of excitation energy being almost exclusively at the donor-bridge junction (63%). There was almost no excitation energy loss due to transfer through the aggregate bridge, and the transfer efficiency from the aggregate to the acceptor was about 96%. By comparing the energy transfer in templated aggregates at several lengths up to 32 nm, the loss of energy per nanometer through the K21 aggregate bridge was determined to be <1%, suggesting that it should be possible to construct structures that use much longer energy transfer "wires" for light-harvesting applications in photonic systems.


The liver is the vital organ for fat and carbohydrate metabolism as well as detoxification and excretion of metabolites. Any functional impairment will thus affect the whole organism and is absolutely undesirable. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial worldwide disease which coincides with metabolic syndrome. The spectrum of NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with consecutive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and might ultimately lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 20-30% of the general population in Europe, and it is paralleling with the increase in fructose consumption. Fructose, a monosaccharide, is naturally present in fruit, and it can be metabolized into glucose and lipid within the liver. Industrially, fructose is used in soft drinks as a sweetener, and it is integrated in pre-packed food as an additive. Fructose is considered a risk factor for NAFLD. Previous reports found an upregulation of liver lipocalin-2 (LCN2) expression in inflammation and metabolic syndrome. LCN2 is a 25-kDa secretory glycoprotein, found abundantly in tissues that are exposed to microorganisms. It can bind a variety of lipophilic substances.
Study motivations. Although ultrasonography, CT scan, and MRI are reliable tools for detecting a fatty liver, they are inadequate to classify the disease. Instead, a liver biopsy is needed to distinguish between simple steatosis and NASH. However, this is an invasive procedure which carries the risk of bleeding and injury to gallbladder, lungs and kidney. Thus, serum biomarkers would be most welcome. In addition, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is still poorly defined. The available animal models, such as Lcn2-/-, db/db, ob/ob, and ZF fa/fa do not mimic the physiological and/or histological features of NAFLD seen in humans. Since fructose is included in commercial/fast food as well as juice beverages and as it has been proposed to induce the most NAFLD manifestations noticed in humans; this study selected fructose as an inducer for metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.
This study aimed to establish diet-induced fatty liver models in non-genetically-modified rats, to compare the expressional changes of inflammatory and metabolic parameters and LCN2 in these models, to explore whether serum LCN2 is a diagnostic indicator for NASH, and to investigate the potential mechanism(s) that induce(s) hepatic LCN2 expression.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n= 4 per group/ time point) as follows: chow pellets (control (Co)), liquid Lieber-DeCarli (LDC, high fat), and LDC + high (70% of the total calorie) fructose (L-HFr) diet. After feeding for 4 or 8 wks; the animals were deprived of any food 10 h before sacrifice.
Blood from the vena cava and liver samples were harvested. Blood samples were examined for fasting glucose, lipid profile, serum transaminases activities, and leptin concentration. Histochemical studies for lipid deposition, inflammation, and fibrosis were performed on the liver sections. In addition, the hepatic transcript of Lcn2, the inflammatory mediators Il-8, Mcp-1 (Ccl2), alpha-2 macroglobulin (α2m), Tnf-α, Inos, Tlr4, and fructose transporter (Glut5) and leptin receptor (Lep-r) were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, ELISA and Western blots were performed to assess LCN2 levels in serum, while the localization of LCN2 in liver tissue was detected by double-immunofluorescence staining. Western immunoblots for hepatic LCN2, CD14, IκB1α, pMAPK, casp 9, Cyt c, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE adducts): by-products of lipid peroxidation, GRP78: an ER chaperone, and PGC-1α: a mitochondrial-biogenic protein, were carried out. In vitro experiments were done as well to study Lcn2 transcription. Primary hepatocytes (HCs) were isolated from control rats and cultured in M199 media supplemented with either 20 mM glucose or fructose for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h.
Hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome, including a significant elevation of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides as well as a decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels, were observed in the LHFr group. The activities of AST and ALT were augmented in L-HFr fed rats. Concurrently, feeding with L-HFr augmented fasting leptin levels by about 3-fold vs. Co (P<0.001). Histologically, hepatic simple steatosis was featured in the LDC group. Parallel to the metabolic syndrome, the L-HFr group evidenced NASH criteria, such as inflammation (grade 2) and mild fibrosis (stage 2) in the portal triads, and hepatocellular ballooning in the centrilobular areas. Hepatic Glut5 and Lep-r expressions were substantially upregulated in the L-HFr group. While most tested biochemical parameters under the LDC regimen were slightly higher than in control rats, a significant increase in the plasma triglyceride level was seen in this group at wk 4.
In the liver, specific transcripts of Mcp-1, α2-m, and Il-8 were increased in the L-HFr group at both time points (P<0.001), whereas the transcription of Tlr4, Inos, and Tnf-α was significantly enhanced at wk 4 and then dropped to the control level at wk 8. In contrast, no significant change was observed in the LDC group. Interestingly, of the studied parameters, hepatic transcription of Lcn2 mRNA was the most pronounced (90- and 507-fold higher in the L-HFr rats vs. control at wk 4 and 8, respectively (P<0.001)). These data were further validated by Western blots. Of note, while hepatic LCN2 expression reached its maximum at wk 8, the expression of inflammatory mediators in the liver decreased to control levels pointing to a possible hepatoprotective effect of LCN2. Likewise, a significant elevation of systemic LCN2 levels was observed in the L-HFr regimen. In contrast to the mild changes seen in the LDC group, the hepatic expression of CD14, pMAPK, casp 9, Cyt c and 4-HNE proteins was increased in the L-HFr group. Conversely, the expression of PGC-1α in the liver was reduced in the L-HFr group at wk 8. In the liver, the localization of LCN2 was restricted to MPO+ recruited granulocytes. LCN2 showed a high consecutive expression in fructose-treated primary HCs compared to glucose treatment.
Conclusion
Both LDC and L-HFr diets led NAFLD. While the LDC diet resulted in a simple steatosis, the L-HFr diet led to NASH. Fructose supplementation appears to worsen liver pathology. The features of the metabolic syndrome and NASH with progressive fibrosis obtained with fructose-enriched diet represent an animal model broadly similar to the conditions in human liver disease. These findings highlight the impact of dietary composition in the development of NAFLD. The fructose diet upregulates hepatic Lcn2 gene expression in fructose-induced NASH. This correlates with the increased indicators of inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This novel study could introduce serum LCN2 as a useful new diagnostic to discriminate between simple steatosis and NASH. Evidently, an interaction exists between the metabolic impetus and inflammatory processes in the animals. The current model is valuable for investigation of the role(s) of LCN2 and other markers for inflammation and metabolism in greater depth and the development of new insights for preventing NASH.


Previous work on the dynamics of conflicts where we see terrorism has tended to focus on whether we see shifts in attack mode following government countermeasures. We contend that many factors other than counterinsurgency can influence whether groups resort to terrorism, including competition between groups, as well as their relationship to public opinion and other political events. Hence, understanding terrorist tactics in prolonged conflicts with multiple actors requires us to consider a more general framework of innovation, imitation, competition and dependence between actors. We use disaggregated data on terrorist attacks, counterterrorism and public opinion in the Israel—Palestine conflict to jointly evaluate predictions derived from several conventional theories of strategic behaviour. We find that the strategic calculus of Palestinian groups is complex and cannot be treated as time invariant. Our results suggest that factors such as the degree of public support, inter-group competition, the anticipation of countermeasures and non-trivial non-violent payoffs have an observable effect on the strategic behaviour of the Palestinian groups, and that structural relationships are often far from constant over time.


Petitioner Ford Motor Company argues that specific personal jurisdiction "[r]equir[es] that the defendant's contacts with the forum State have caused the plaintiff's claims." This has never been the law, nor should it be. While general jurisdiction may be amenable to narrowly defined categories, specific jurisdiction is not. Ever since this Court's pathmarking decision in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, specific jurisdiction has been a far more flexible inquiry into the relationship among the forum, the defendant, and the dispute. This is as it should be. Due process does not require that specific jurisdiction rest on a strict causal link between the defendant's forum-state contacts and the plaintiff's claims, and inventing such a requirement provides no new benefits, whether in terms of fairness or federalism. It would, however, generate needless inefficiencies, jeopardize states' well-accepted regulatory interests, and possibly result in claims that cannot be brought in any U.S. state.

This Court should decline to adopt Petitioner's proposal for three reasons. First, this Court has never relied on a causation requirement to endorse — or reject — a state's exercise of personal jurisdiction over a defendant. In fact, doing so now would be inconsistent with this Court's most relevant precedent, Bristol-Myers Squibb v. Superior Court of California, which supports finding specific jurisdiction to adjudicate these claims by forum-state residents arising out of an occurrence in the forum state.

Second, changing course now by adopting a causation requirement would lead to disruptive and inefficient results in both simple and complex litigation. A causal test would break up single disputes, like that arising out of Adam Bandemer's car accident, across multiple state courts. It would make it harder for defendants to implead additional parties, for example, if Bandemer had sued the other driver, and he, in turn, wanted to bring in Ford as a third-party defendant. And it could result in no state having jurisdiction over foreign defendants like Honda that extensively market and sell products nationwide, even if the claim arises from an in-state injury.

A causation rule would also misallocate jurisdiction across the states. It would prevent states with core regulatory interests — over injuries to state residents occurring within the state and over products sold widely in the state's market — from adjudicating those claims while forcing such litigation into state courts that have professed little interest in them. Both Delaware and Michigan courts, for example, have dismissed similar cases for forum non conveniens, and both have expressed concern about such general jurisdiction cases clogging their dockets.

These problems would follow from any causation rule, but they would be needlessly compounded if the Court adopted Petitioner's preferred proximate-cause rule. Indeed, it is not clear that under Petitioner's proximate-cause rule, the plaintiffs could have brought their lawsuits in their home jurisdictions even if the cars involved had been purchased within the state.

This Court need not take these risks in order to promote fairness and federalism values. Petitioner has not even argued that Minnesota or Montana is an unfair place to litigate. To the extent that Petitioner's concern is being haled into an inconvenient or unpredictable forum, those concerns are already addressed by this Court's requirements that the defendant make purposeful contacts with the forum and that any exercise of personal jurisdiction be reasonable.

Third and finally, Petitioner's call for a supposedly bright-line rule is inconsistent with this Court's tried and true path of developing the law of specific jurisdiction cautiously on a case-by-case basis. While bright lines might make sense for subject-matter jurisdiction or general jurisdiction, they are a bad fit for the constitutional law of specific jurisdiction. And the supposedly bright-line rule proposed here is even worse, as it undermines the very values of fairness and federalism it purports to protect. Introducing a causation requirement into the specific jurisdiction analysis would not just flout a century of constitutional law — it would draw lines in all the wrong places.


Peak counts have been shown to be an excellent tool to extract the non-Gaussian part of the weak lensing signal. Recently, we developped a fast stochastic forward model to predict weak-lensing peak counts. Our model is able to reconstruct the underlying distribution of observables for analyses. In this work, we explore and compare various strategies for constraining parameter using our model, focusing on the matter density $\Omega_\mathrm{m}$ and the density fluctuation amplitude $\sigma_8$. First, we examine the impact from the cosmological dependency of covariances (CDC). Second, we perform the analysis with the copula likelihood, a technique which makes a weaker assumption compared to the Gaussian likelihood. Third, direct, non-analytic parameter estimations are applied using the full information of the distribution. Fourth, we obtain constraints with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), an efficient, robust, and likelihood-free algorithm based on accept-reject sampling. We find that neglecting the CDC effect enlarges parameter contours by 22%, and that the covariance-varying copula likelihood is a very good approximation to the true likelihood. The direct techniques work well in spite of noisier contours. Concerning ABC, the iterative process converges quickly to a posterior distribution that is in an excellent agreement with results from our other analyses. The time cost for ABC is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The stochastic nature of our weak-lensing peak count model allows us to use various techniques that approach the true underlying probability distribution of observables, without making simplifying assumptions. Our work can be generalized to other observables where forward simulations provide samples of the underlying distribution.


The nursing process was introduced in Australia in the mid 1970s, as a teaching tool, however, with the advent of tertiary based education in the late 1970s, it was used as a problem solving approach to the practice of nursing. Acceptance of the nursing process has required changes in attitudes and practice. The objectives of the study were firstly, to describe nurses' attitudes to the nursing process, and secondly, to relate these attitudes to education and experience. The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' attitudes to the nursing process because they are reported to influence the standards of client care. In addition, a better understanding of the problems experienced by nurses could aid in the planning bf nursing education curricula and inservice programmes, and expose some impediments to successful clinical and managerial implementation. A descriptive survey was conducted at a metropolitan teaching hospital of a convenience sample of registered general nurses. Responses to a twenty point questionnaire, developed by Bowman, Thompson & Sutton (1983) , were tabulated as percentage (ii) frequencies so that areas of positive and negative attitude could be identified. Demographic data was collected to enable correlation of number of years experience with attitude score, and to ascertain the influence of attitude by basic, inservice and postbasic nursing education in the nursing process by an analysis of variance procedure. The findings of the study indicated a moderately positive attitude held by the respondents; there was no significant negative correlation between years of experience since basic nurse education and attitude scores; there was a difference in attitude scores of nurses whose basic nurse education had included the nursing process; and inservice and postbasic nursing process education had no significant influence on attitude scores. It was concluded that while nurses had a moderately positive attitude to the nursing process, the absence of an acknowledged link with improved nursing care in a significant number of respondents indicated a knowledge deficit. In addition, too much paperwork and lack of time were cited as major barriers to ·�mplementation, and there ,· was an element of resignation to the use of the nursing process. The implications for the study lie in the educational provisions for nurses to facilitate translation from nursing theory to practice.


Plant breeding methodologies have been applied to fl ue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) for approximately seven decades. As has been observed in several other crops, stringent quality requirements have resulted in use of conservative breeding strategies in the development of new cultivars. The impact of breeding practices on genetic diversity within U.S. fl ue-cured tobacco germplasm has not been investigated. In this study, we genotyped 117 tobacco cultivars from eight sequential time periods with 71 microsatellite primer pairs. A total of 294 alleles were scored. Only a fraction (48%) of alleles present in the initial germplasm pool was represented in cultivars released during the 1990s and 2000s. Only 13 and 18 alleles were detected in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively, which were undetected in the initial gene pool. The overall trend was one of gradual reduction in allelic counts at microsatellite loci, indicating a reduction in diversity over time at the gene level. Average genetic similarity was highest among cultivars of the 1990s and 2000s, refl ecting a reduction in genetic diversity at the population level. This observed narrowing of the U.S. fl ue-cured tobacco germplasm base in combination with low rates of genetic gain for yield in the last 20 years may point to a need for diversifi cation of parental materials used in future breeding crosses. Reported genetic relationships among the group of genotyped cultivars may be valuable for future strategic germplasm choices.


Previous research indicates that consumers often exhibit surprisingly poor knowledge of product prices. The present study investigates whether price knowledge, as measured by reference price accuracy, is related to price-sensitivity as measured by the price-elasticity of demand. We hypothesize that consumers are most knowledgeable regarding the prices of goods for which demand is most price-elastic. Using a new data set containing a wide array of goods and services, we find significant correlations between price-elasticity and two measures of reference price accuracy. Additionally, price knowledge is found to be higher among teens and males than among older adults and females, respectively.


Kilabuk, Elisha.  The Qalupalik. Iqaluit:  Inhabit Media Inc., 2011. Print. This volume is the first in the Unikkaakuluit Series from Inhabit Media.  It is currently available in English and South Baffin Inuktitut editions, with other Inuktitut dialects in the works.   Contemporary Inuit storyteller, Elisha Kilabuk, leads off this series with a story that he learned from his mother, who learned it from her father. It is not unusual to find a myth appearing in different cultures or subcultures in different forms.  This cautionary story is about the qalupalik has many variants.  The qalupalik is a scary monster that lives under the sea ice, and captures small children who wander too close to the water.  The monster is outwitted by a small orphan child, who convinces the creature that his toes, which are poking out of his shoes, will eat her. Inhabit Media has recently published similar stories in Stories of the Amautalik: Fantastic Beings from Inuit Myths and Legends.    In that version, the creature comes from underground, but is still outwitted by a child who tells the creature that his toes eat Amautaliks. The Qalupalik is a single story in a picture book.   There are a few sentences on each text page and a full colour image on the facing page.  Joy Ang's artwork is evocative and effective.  Her qalupalik is green and slimy with a huge nose, white eyes, webbed feet and long claws.  It is scary enough to keep any child from roaming too close to the water's edge.  The images of this disgusting creature will also cause this book to be in high demand among those 6 to 8 year olds who love "gross" pictures.  In contrast to the qalupalik, Ang's images of the children are more cartoon-like and light-hearted.  They are a nice balance to the scary monster.  While the text will be too difficult for early readers, the images tell the story and the book will work well as a "read aloud". Overall The Qalupalik is an excellent presentation of the myth and is recommended for public and elementary school libraries. Highly Recommended:  4 stars out of 4 Reviewer:  Sandy CampbellSandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.


School inspections are an important part of the accountability framework for education in England. In this paper we use a panel of schools to evaluate the effect of a school failing its inspection. We collect a decade's worth of data on how schools are judged across a very large range of sub-criteria, alongside an overall judgement of effectiveness. We use this data within a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to model the impact of 'just' failing the inspection, relative to the impact of 'just' passing. This analysis is implemented using a time-series of school performance and pupil background data. Our results suggest that schools only just failing do see an improvement in scores over the following two to three years. The effect size is moderate to large at around 10% of a pupil-level standard deviation in test scores. We also show that this improvement occurs in core compulsory subjects, suggesting that this is not all the result of course entry gaming on the part of schools. There is little positive impact on lower ability pupils, with equally large effects for those in the middle and top end of the ability distribution.


We examine the effect of a gifted and talented program in academic secondary education. Students are assigned based on a cutoff score in a cognitive aptitude test, which we exploit in a fuzzy regression discontinuity framework to identify program effects. We find that assigned students obtain higher grades, follow a more science intensive curriculum (most notably for girls), and report stronger beliefs about their academic abilities. We also find that these positive effects persist in university, where students choose more challenging fields of study with, on average, higher returns. Together, these findings are consistent with a human capital interpretation.


Arthur G. Adams has nurtured a lifelong interest in the Hudson River and its surrounding region. He has spent much of his life exploring its highways, byways, waterways, and foot trails from the Atlantic Coastal inlets to the Catskill and Berkshire Mountain Peaks. The Hudson Through the Years chronicles the history of the Hudson River region of New York State through five centuries, from its early inhabitants: its main Native American tribes and early Dutch and English settlers, through its current day residents. Tracing the history of the region from the American Revolution to the present, Adams incorporates the spread of industrialism, infrastructure, and trasnportation with tales of the early steamboats, ferries, horseboats, the Erie, Champlain, Iron and Anthracite canals, through the development of the trolleys, railroads, and automobiles. The book also includes details about the art and architecture of the region. Included in the book are data about New York's governors, political administrations, U.S. presidents, and British sovereigns, ferry and train routes and schedules, maps and tables, and statistics for population growth over the last five centuries. Also included is a helpful selected bibliography.


New specimens of the procellariiform taxon Diomedeoididae are reported from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) deposits of Wiesloch-Frauenweiler in southern Germany. Two skeletons belong to Diomedeoides brodkorbi, whereas isolated legs of larger individuals are tentatively assigned to D. lipsiensis, a species which has not yet been reported from the locality. The fossils allow the recognition of some previously unknown osteological features of the Diomedeoididae, including the presence of a vestige of the hallux. Diomedeoidids are characterized by extremely wide phalanges of the third and fourth toes, which also occur in some species of the extant procellariiform Oceanitinae (southern storm-petrels). The poorly developed processus supracondylaris dorsalis of the humerus supports a position of these Oligocene tubenoses outside a clade including the Diomedeidae (albatrosses), Procellariidae (shearwaters and allies), and Pelecanoididae (diving-petrels). It is hypothesized that like modern Oceanitinae, which have an equally short supracondylar process, diomedeoidids probably employed flap-gliding and used their immersed feet to remain stationary.


We present EIRE Mod, a quarterly DSGE model developed for macroeconomic policy analysis in Ireland. We simulate productivity and wage and price mark-up shocks to mimic the impact of various structural reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the Irish economy. We find that all the structural reforms lead to an increase in aggregate output. However, depending on the source of the shocks, there are important differences in the transmission channels and the effect on employment and external competitiveness. This work is the first step towards the development of a suite of DSGE models for Ireland. Extensions of the core EIRE Mod detailed here will further enhance its analytic capabilities.


This paper describes an ISO project which aims at developing a standard for annotating spoken and multimodal dialogue with semantic information concerning the communicative functions of utterances, the kind of semantic content they address, and their relations with what was said and done earlier in the dialogue. The project, ISO 24617-2 ""Semantic annotation framework, Part 2: Dialogue acts"", is currently at DIS stage. The proposed annotation schema distinguishes 9 orthogonal dimensions, allowing each functional segment in dialogue to have a function in each of these dimensions, thus accounting for the multifunctionality that utterances in dialogue often have. A number of core communicative functions is defined in the form of ISO data categories, available at http://semantic-annotation.uvt.nl/dialogue-acts/iso-datcats.pdf; they are divided into ""dimension-specific"" functions, which can be used only in a particular dimension, such as Turn Accept in the Turn Management dimension, and ""general-purpose"" functions, which can be used in any dimension, such as Inform and Request. An XML-based annotation language, ""DiAML"" is defined, with an abstract syntax, a semantics, and a concrete syntax.


Purpose – Most firms select their information technology outsourcing (ITO) vendors based on the two methods of the weighted-criteria evaluation technique – the "qualification score plus the lowest bid price for the highest price score (QS-LBHPS)" and the "qualification score plus the average bid price for the middle price score (QS-ABMPS)." This paper aims to understand whether these two methods provide the same or different results of vendor selection and how the proportional weights of a vendor's qualification and bid price affect the vendor selection results under the two methods. Design/methodology/approach –In total, 1,000 experimental tests were carried out using the developed spreadsheet template to examine vendor selection results of the two methods (QS-LBHPS and QS-ABMPS) and compare the vendor selection results under three conditions of vendors' qualification and price weights. A correspondence analysis was also used to determine the proximal relationships among the selection results of the weig...


Numerical noise is a prevalent concern in many practical optimization problems. Convergence of gradient based optimization algorithms in the presence of numerical noise is not always assured. One way to improve optimization algorithm performance in the presence of numerical noise is to adjust the method of gradient computation. This study investigates the use of Continuous Sensitivity Equation (CSE) gradient approximations in the context of numerical noise and optimization. Three problems are considered: a problem with a system of ODE constraints, a single parameter flow problem constrained by the Navier-Stokes equations, and a multiple parameter flow problem constrained by the Navier-Stokes equations. All three problems use adaptive methods in the simulation of the constraint and are numerically noisy. Gradients for each problem are computed with both CSE and finite difference methods. The gradients are analyzed and compared. The two flow problems are optimized with a trust region optimization algorithm using both sets of gradient calculations. Optimization results are also compared, and the CSE gradient approximation yields impressive results for these examples. This material was based on work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


This paper assesses how globalisation has shaped the economic environment in which the ECB operates and discusses whether this warrants adjustments to the monetary policy strategy. The paper first looks at how trade and financial integration have evolved since the last strategy review in 2003. It then examines the effects of these developments on global productivity growth, the natural interest rate (r*), inflation trends and monetary transmission. While trade globalisation initially boosted productivity growth, this effect may be waning as trade integration slows and market contestability promotes a winner-takes-all environment. The impact of globalisation on r* has been ambiguous: downward pressures, fuelled by global demand for safe assets and an increase in the propensity to save against a background of rising inequality, are counteracted by upward pressures, from the boost to global productivity associated with greater trade integration. Headline inflation rates have become more synchronised globally, largely because commodity prices are increasingly determined by global factors. Meanwhile, core inflation rates show a lower degree of commonality. Globalisation has made a rather modest contribution to the synchronised fall in trend inflation across countries and contributed only moderately to the reduction in the responsiveness of inflation to changes in activity. Regarding monetary transmission, globalisation has made the role of the exchange rate more complex by introducing new mechanisms through which it affects financial conditions, real activity and price dynamics. Against the background of this discussion, the paper then examines the implications for the ECB's monetary policy strategy. In doing so, it asks two questions. How is the ECB's economic and monetary analysis affected by globalisation? And how does globalisation influence the choice of the ECB's monetary policy objective and instruments? ...


While there has been considerable discussion of issues about child protection and the cooperation between school and social services in that context, studies on the intersection between school and family law proceedings seem virtually non-existent. This is also the case when it comes to family law proceedings, school and different forms of childhood adversity. An on-going study aims to fill this gap in knowledge and explores how family law proceedings in cases involving domestic violence impact on school and how school staff tackle the issue of domestic violence and family law. The paper discusses what the practices of family law professionals (social workers investigating the child's situation) as well as school staff mean for children's vulnerability and victimization at school. The analysis both concerns the children exposed to violence who are the objects of family law disputes, and the vulnerability of other children at school. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews with school staff, individually or in groups (22 interviewees). The analysis shows that children's vulnerability and victimization can be due both to actions by family law social workers and by school staff. The material includes examples such as children in a class becoming witnesses to one of their peers being collected by social services staff for contact visits with a previously violent parent, in spite of the child trying to resist this; or a previously violent father without right to contact turning up at school and the staff phone the mother (rather than the police), ask her to come to school and deal with the situation, and send the mother and the father – together with the child - from the school premises to resolve the situation. In cases with previous violence, these are quite problematic and dangerous practices. The paper discusses what implications practices like these have not just for the child concerned but also for the children at school more broadly when it comes to children's sense of security and well-being. Finally, these practices are linked to dominating discourses in the domain of family law and school respectively.


The problem of estimating the time instants when the dynamical properties of a signal make abrupt changes is studied. This segmentation problem is usually considered as exponential in time. The author presents a specific but natural signal mode-called a changing regression model-and points out a method to compute an optimal estimate of the segmentation problem linearly in time. The linear constant is always less than one and decreases to zero as the measurement noise decreases to zero. The method is thus asymptotically efficient in the measurement noise.<<ETX>>


The authors have withdrawn their manuscript whilst they perform additional experiments to test some of their conclusions further. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.


Abstract. We use 2010–2015 observations of atmospheric methane columns from
the GOSAT satellite instrument in a global inverse analysis to improve
estimates of methane emissions and their trends over the period, as well as
the global concentration of tropospheric OH (the hydroxyl radical, methane's
main sink) and its trend. Our inversion solves the Bayesian optimization
problem analytically including closed-form characterization of errors. This
allows us to (1) quantify the information content from the inversion towards
optimizing methane emissions and its trends, (2) diagnose error correlations
between constraints on emissions and OH concentrations, and (3) generate a
large ensemble of solutions testing different assumptions in the inversion.
We show how the analytical approach can be used, even when prior error
standard deviation distributions are lognormal. Inversion results show large
overestimates of Chinese coal emissions and Middle East oil and gas emissions in
the EDGAR v4.3.2 inventory but little error in the United States where we use a new
gridded version of the EPA national greenhouse gas inventory as prior
estimate. Oil and gas emissions in the EDGAR v4.3.2 inventory show large
differences with national totals reported to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and our inversion is generally more
consistent with the UNFCCC data. The observed 2010–2015 growth in
atmospheric methane is attributed mostly to an increase in emissions from
India, China, and areas with large tropical wetlands. The contribution from
OH trends is small in comparison. We find that the inversion provides strong
independent constraints on global methane emissions (546 Tg a−1) and
global mean OH concentrations (atmospheric methane lifetime against oxidation
by tropospheric OH of 10.8±0.4 years), indicating that satellite
observations of atmospheric methane could provide a proxy for OH
concentrations in the future.


An investigation was conducted to detect the change-point years in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and precipitation time series in Iran for the period 1951-1999 (49 years). Due to the unavailability of data, the record length of the precipitation time series was not consistent for all stations, varying from 34 to 49 years. The Pettitt-Mann-Whitney and Mann- Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were applied to determine the significance of the detected changes. The difference in SOI and precipitation amounts for the period before and after the change years was investigated. The coincidence of change-point years in the SOI time series and precipitation data was explored to evaluate the possible forcing effects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on the suppression or enhancement of Iran's hydrological cycle. The results indicated that the mid 1970s are the most probable change-point years in the time series of Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) data. The frequency and intensity of El Nino events have increased since then. Consistent with this finding, precipitation data from both south-western and northern parts of Iran have also shown significant change years in or around the mid 1970s. Compared to the period before 1975, annual precipitation over most of the studied regions has increased. This increase was found to be more considerable in southern rather than northern districts. Seasonal precipitation amounts in southern regions have generally increased during autumn and winter and decreased in spring. On the other hand, for northern regions, precipitation has increased during summer and autumn and decreased throughout winter and spring. The most enhanced portions of the hydrological cycle in the southern and northern regions were centred on March and May, respectively.


The application of lightweight materials for tanks for transportation appears promising. Besides saving weight and therefore transportation costs, new complex geometries that depart from common cylindrical shapes of steel tanks can be manufactured. For transportation of dangerous goods, fire and explosion safety must be maintained to prevent accidents with serious consequences. In this work the fire behavior of lightweight tanks made from glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) with complex geometries is investigated. Pretests on intermediate scale GFRP plates are conducted to identify suitable fire protection systems and surface treatments for composite tanks. The fire resistance is shown to be improved by addition of fire protective coatings and integrated layers. Finally, a complex rectangular GFRP tank with a holding capacity of 1100 liters is fire protected with an intumescent fire coating. The tank is filled up to 80 % with water and burned under an engulfing fully developed fire. It was shown that the intumescent layer could expand before the decomposition of the resin occurred. Furthermore, the adhesion between tank surface and coating was maintained. The structure could withstand a fire for more than 20 min.


Background: Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure commonly exceeds the recommended range of 20–30 cm H₂O during anaesthesia. A set volume of air will not deliver the same cuff pressure in each patient and the pressure exerted by the ETT cuff can lead to complications, with either over- or under-inflated cuffs. These can include a sore throat and cough, aspiration, volume loss during positive pressure ventilation, nerve palsies, tracheomalacia and tracheal stenosis. No objective means of ETT cuff pressure monitoring is available in the operating theatres of Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) and Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH). The ETT cuff pressure of patients undergoing general anaesthesia is therefore unknown. Method: ETT cuff pressure of 96 adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia without nitrous oxide at CMJAH and CHBAH was measured by one researcher. A RUSCH Endotest™ manometer was used to measure ETT cuff pressure in size 7.0 – 8.5 mm ETTs. The cuff inflation technique that was used by the anaesthetist was also documented. Results: The mean ETT cuff pressure recorded was 47.5 cm H₂O (range 10–120 cm H₂O). ETT cuff pressures exceeded 30 cm H₂O in 64.58% of patients. Only 18.75% of patients had ETT cuff pressures within the recommended range of 20–30 cm H₂O. There was no statistically significant difference between the ETT cuff pressures measured at the two hospitals. Minimal occlusive volume was the most frequent technique used to inflate the ETT cuff (37.5%); this was followed by inflating the ETT cuff with a predetermined volume of air in 31.25% of cases and palpation of the pilot balloon (27.08%). There was no statistically significant difference between the ETT cuff pressure measured and the inflation technique used by the anaesthetist. Conclusion: ETT cuff pressures of the majority of patients undergoing general anaesthesia at two academic hospitals were higher than the recommended range. ETT cuff pressure should routinely be measured using a manometer.


This case exposes students to predictive analytics as applied to discrete events with logistic regression. The VP of customer services for a successful start-up wants to proactively identify customers most likely to cancel services or "churn." He assigns the task to one of his associates and provides him with data on customer behavior and his intuition about what drives churn. The associate must generate a list of the customers most likely to churn and the top three reasons for that likelihood.


In "Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer" contributors analyze state-of-the-art research, theory and intervention to prevent cancer, detect it in more treatable stages, and enhance the quality of life among cancer patients and their families. In this shot across the bow of this feared and all-too-common disease, contributors explore conceptual and applied currents in health psychology, public health and behavioural medicine and review major research programmes on patient interventions. Authors also describe current thought on the mechanisms through which psychosocial interventions change behaviours or enhance adjustment. "Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer" vividly witnesses to the power of psychological interventions to enhance treatment and help cancer patients cope with cancer. Health psychologists, public health practitioners, medical doctors, oncologists and anyone else in the field of cancer care and research should value this book as a rich source of guidance.


The genus Haroldiataenius Chalumeau, 1981 (Aphodiinae: Eupariini) from southern United States, Mexico, and Central America is revised and nine species are recognized. The subgeneric name Sayloria Chalumeau, 1981 is synonymized with Haroldiataenius (sensu stricto) and Ataenius sabinoi Cartwright, 1974 is synonymized with A. lucanus Horn, 1871. Five species are transferred to Haroldiataenius from the genus Ataenius Harold creating the following new combinations: H. convexus (Robinson), H. griffini (Cartwright), H. lucanus (Horn), H. saramari (Cartwright), and H. semipilosus (Van Dyke). One new species, Haroldiataenius buvexus is described from Texas, USA. A key to species of Haroldiataenius is included and pertinent morpho-logical details are illustrated.


Human-robot interaction benefits greatly from multimodal sensor inputs as they enable increased robustness and generalization accuracy. Despite this observation, few HRI methods are capable of efficiently performing inference for multimodal systems. In this work, we introduce a reformulation of Interaction Primitives which allows for learning from demonstration of interaction tasks, while also gracefully handling nonlinearities inherent to multimodal inference in such scenarios. We also empirically show that our method results in more accurate, more robust, and faster inference than standard Interaction Primitives and other common methods in challenging HRI scenarios.


The study aimed at analyzing the relationship between assembly ergonomics, assemblability ("ease of assembly"), and product quality and at quantifying these relationships in economic terms. This was in order to better to support the development of more ergonomic product and assembly solutions, particularly at early stages of the car development process. The assembly of 24,443 cars was studied for 8 weeks in an assembly plant and for another 16 weeks as factory‐complete vehicles. The results show increased risks for quality errors of 3.0 and 3.7 times and total action costs that were 8.7 times and 8.2 times higher for high and medium physical load assemblies compared to low physical load assemblies for 55 tasks assessed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a keystone species in the Antarctic marine ecosystem, being a major food source for most Antarctic predators. Understanding krill reproduction is important since reproductive output is one of the key determinants of population size. Environmental parameters (food, light and temperature) are generally thought to be responsible for regulating the seasonal maturity cycle of organisms. This study investigates the effect of these environmental parameters on reproduction of krill from several aspects including maturation of female krill, development and hatching of eggs and larval survival.
Female krill were incubated for 10 months under controlled conditions to determine the influence of light and diet on sexual maturity and lipid and fatty acid (FA) compositions. Results from this investigation indicated that endogenous rhythm governed krill sexual maturation. The external sexual characteristics of krill were found to have undergone regression and re-maturation regardless of whether they had been kept under the natural photoperiod (emulating the field environment), or complete darkness. However, photoperiod significantly influenced the ovarian maturation cycle. Diet, either excess or limiting, did not affect this maturation and regression process. There was no significant effect of the addition of carnivorous diet (clam meat) on krill maturity. During five months of low food treatment, lipid was mainly utilized from digestive gland stores in the first two months, and later from other body fractions. Various feeding treatments did not induce any difference in FA compositions in krill. The FA composition of krill was however influenced by sexual maturity status.
After hatching, the larvae of E. superba undergo three non-feeding larval stages. This development is dependent on maternal fuel stores laid down in the eggs, which is in turn a function of the dietary conditions prior to spawning. To investigate the effect of maternal diet on embryogenesis, eggs were collected from both laboratory reared krill incubated under different feeding conditions and gravid krill caught in the field. Hatching success, and lipid and FA content and composition differed among the treatments. Positive correlations were found between hatching success and the levels of some specific fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Maternal diet to some degree influences the FA composition of eggs, and specific FA may play an important role in embryogenesis of krill eggs. Krill larvae cope with extremely low phytoplankton concentrations during their first winter, a period thought to be most critical. To investigate the starvation tolerance of larvae, the ultrastructure of digestive gland cells was investigated. The digestive gland is the major site of absorption and storage of nutrients. The effect of starvation on the ultrastructure of the digestive gland of krill larvae was observed as early as 5 days, and these effects increased with duration of starvation. Lipid droplets were rarely found in the digestive cells regardless of whether the larvae were fed or starved. These observations indicate that krill larvae utilize all available nutrients for growing rather than laying down storage. This process indicates that krill larvae are adapted to an environment where the food supply is continuous.
Increasing our understanding of Antarctic krill population is imperative to improve management model for the krill fishery. An understanding of factors influencing fecundity and annual recruitment of krill is important in determining population size. The results of this research helped elucidate the influence of environmental parameters on reproduction of krill. This research also facilitated a better understanding of how krill adapt to the extreme seasonal conditions, which makes them one of the most successful species in Southern Ocean ecosystem.


This work focuses on perceptions of butch
privilege in the undergraduate student body at
Georgia State University. Butch privilege is similar
to traditional definitions of privilege, whether
male, white or heterosexual. I define it as the
unearned and unacknowledged privilege experienced by
a butch lesbian (perceived or self-identified) due
to her occupation of masculinity. In order to
investigate this topic, an exploratory quantitative
analysis of how perceptions of masculinity and
status are associated with butch privilege was
conducted. A survey consisting of questions
regarding participants' perceptions of how
differential privileges are extended to masculine
and feminine looking women were presented to
undergraduate students during introductory sociology
classes. I found that the privileges traditionally
reserved for white males in society are perceived to
be extended to white butch lesbians due to their
occupation of masculinity.


Typestate oriented programming integrates notions of typestate directly into the semantics of an object-oriented programming language. This document presents the formalization of Featherweight Typestate, a typestate oriented language modeled after Featherweight Java. This language supports a classes-as-states model of typestates, and utilizes a flow-sensitive type system for checking access permissions and state guarantees, thereby enabling safe and modular typestate checking. The syntax and both static and dynamic semantics of Featherweight Typestate are presented, as well as a proof of type safety.


This book's unique combination of case studies and commentaries provides the basis for a systematic discussion of the role of individual leaders and complex institutions in U.S. foreign policy making. The case studies present routine and urgent, controversial and consensus-driven decisions in nine presidential administrations--"from Harry Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan in 1945, to George W. Bush's responses to international terrorism in the wake of 9/11. Each chapter includes essential background information, a chronology of events, and primary source documents. Through all these elements, even students with little or no background in history will gain a new understanding of how presidents, institutions, and issues all shape American foreign policy.