Flood events have far-reaching consequences, not only in economic or financial terms but also in social and health-related impacts. There is a growing body of research that suggests that property-level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA) measures have the potential to benefit homeowners by reducing the impact of flooding on households. Emphasis has, therefore, been placed on the implementation of PLFRA measures, and yet despite this, the take-up among the at-risk residents in England is low. One of the reasons identified in the literature is that homeowners do not clearly recognise the benefits of the measures. This research uses a survey of households affected by the summer 2007 flood event in England to investigate the perception of homeowners in connection with the benefits of PLFRA measures. The results highlight that there is a consensus among respondents that implementing adaptation measures has the potential to reduce health-related flood impacts such as worrying, stress and strain between families. However, there was a high level of uncertainty with regard to potential financial benefits from investing in adaptation measures, in the form of premium reduction by insurers. It was evident from the analysis that knowledge of the frequency of future flood events and expected flood damage rated highly among the factors perceived by homeowners to influence the uptake of PLFRA measures. Furthermore, the results show that there is a wide range of opinion among the respondents as to who is responsible for protecting homes against flood risk. For instance, the government flood protection scheme has the potential to provide a confusing message to floodplain residents as to whose responsibility it is to protect properties against flood risk. It is, therefore, recommended that at-risk population should be made aware of the limits of the responsibilities of other stakeholders in the domain of flood risk management at household levels. However, it is anticipated that the introduction of the new UK flood insurance scheme, Flood Re, may help to bring more clarity. There is a need to increase the motivation of homeowners to invest in PLFRA measures, which could be achieved through a range of actions, including the provision of subsidies and incentives, which would help in promoting more sustainable behaviour.


Multi-step processes are common in healthcare, software development, and other dynamic environments. Managers who monitor processes are overwhelmed by information, and often limited in the time to investigate data from different viewpoints. We propose a visual approach to facilitate retrospective analysis, to promote ∗e-mail: email@example.com †This work was done while visiting the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA ‡e-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com §e-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com ¶e-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com timely completion of multi-step processes, and improve performance. It uses a novel visualization called the Process Completion Diagram (PCD) that aggregates event-logs into in-time, late and not-completed completions, and visualizes those using shapes and colors. The interactive Multi-Step Process Visualization (MSProVis) combines a number of PCDs and allows users to review and compare series of PCDs at three levels of detail, allowing comparisons between steps or between actors executing those steps. MSProVis computes default thresholds that define in-time and late completions. These might trigger alarms, and allow managers to adjust those thresholds interactively. A pilot usability test with five participants showed that all participants could learn how to read almost all the information presented in the PCD without training in less than five minutes, and use MSProVis effectively. They carried out nine tasks successfully, which lasted on average seven minutes. Suggestions for improvement include color usage, and label and shape positioning.


This landmark theoretical book is about the mechanisms by which special interest groups affect policy in modern democracies. Defining a special interest group as any organization that takes action on behalf of an identifiable group of voters, Gene Grossman and Elhanan Helpman ask: How do special interest groups derive their power and influence? What determines the extent to which they are able to affect policy outcomes? What happens when groups with differing objectives compete for influence? The authors develop important theoretical tools for studying the interactions among voters, interest groups, and politicians. They assume that individuals, groups, and parties act in their own self-interest and that political outcomes can be identified with the game-theoretic concept of an equilibrium. Throughout, they progress from the simple to the more complex. When analyzing campaign giving, for example, they begin with a model of a single interest group and a single, incumbent policy maker. They proceed to add additional interest groups, a legislature with several independent politicians, and electoral competition between rival political parties. The book is organized in three parts. Part I focuses on voting and elections. Part II examines the use of information as a tool for political influence. Part III deals with campaign contributions, which interest groups may use either to influence policy makers' positions and actions or to help preferred candidates to win election.


Computational science is well established as the third pillar of scientific discovery and is on par with experimentation and theory. However, as we move closer toward the ability to execute exascale calculations and process the ensuing extreme-scale amounts of data produced by both experiments and computations alike, the complexity of managing the compute and data analysis tasks has grown beyond the capabilities of domain scientists. Thus, workflow management systems are absolutely necessary to ensure current and future scientific discoveries. A key research question for these workflow management systems concerns the performance optimization of complex calculation and data analysis tasks. The central contribution of this article is a description of the PANORAMA approach for modeling and diagnosing the run-time performance of complex scientific workflows. This approach integrates extreme-scale systems testbed experimentation, structured analytical modeling, and parallel systems simulation into a comprehensive workflow framework called Pegasus for understanding and improving the overall performance of complex scientific workflows.


Our goal with this research manifesto is to define a roadmap to guide the evolution of the new research field that is emerging at the intersection between crowdsourcing and the Semantic Web. We analyze the confluence of these two disciplines by exploring their relationship. First, we focus on how the application of crowdsourcing techniques can enhance the machine-driven execution of Semantic Web tasks. Second, we look at the ways in which machine-processable semantics can benefit the design and management of crowdsourcing projects. As a result, we are able to describe a list of successful or promising scenarios for both perspectives, identify scientific and technological challenges, and compile a set of recommendations to realize these scenarios effectively. This research manifesto is an outcome of the Dagstuhl Seminar 14282: Crowdsourcing and the Semantic Web.


A general procedure for the analysis of the diffraction capabilities of a three-dimensional low-efficiency hologram is presented. Tightly coupled to a description of the hologram in terms of its three-dimensional spatial Fourier modes, the procedure uses the angular spectrum theory for decomposing the reading light into plane waves. The convolution in the Fourier domain between the two Fourier distributions produces the angular spectrum of the diffracted light. Of special interest are the angular moments of the diffracted light, as a means of detecting the average orientation and distortion of the fringes in the hologram. These vary, in the case studied here, as a consequence of the uneven motion of the supporting media, which subjects the hologram to convection, rotation, and deformation. Diffusion takes place simultaneously, reducing the hologram modulation. Computed time evolutions of diffracted spots from holograms deformed by simple case flows are presented. In this paper we deal only with the readout process of deformed holograms; the effect of the fluid motion on the hologram is studied in detail in the first part of this series [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A5, 1287 ( 1988)].


Night Moves (1975): America at Middle Age Released to little fanfare thirty years ago-warmly received by the more serious critics but just past the moment when it might have enjoyed broad commercial success-Night Moves, still relatively obscure, stands as one of the achievements of the 1970s, a period now widely acknowledged as Hollywood's last golden age. While the peerless Chinatown-the Citizen Kane of the seventies film-reached back so seamlessly to the great classic studio films noir of the 1940s that in memory it has almost become one of them. Night Moves remains plainly neo-noir, unambiguously of the period, visually, stylistically, and politically. Finally available on DVD, Night Moves is a reminder of the extent to which great films depend on the unpredictable magic and serendipity of collaboration. Alan Sharp's tight, witty, and insightful script is brought to life by Gene Hackman and a pitch-perfect supporting ensemble, brilliantly orchestrated by director Arthur Penn and his team of period-pros including cinematographer Bruce Surtees and editor Dede Alien. Writer, star, and director bring their best stuff to the table, and it is hard to imagine the movie absent each of their contributions. Hackman plays Harry Moseby, an ex-Pro-Bowl football player who now gets by, more or less, running a one-man private-eye agency. By convention, he is hired to track down the wayward daughter of a disreputable guardian, and by convention the routine investigation must disturb and uncover darker and more dangerous secrets. Against genre, however, Harry not only has a wife but finds out (by accident) that she has taken a lover, one with a limp and a cane, no less, both mocking his masculinity and depriving him of the right to square things with a good sock to the jaw. This apparent sub-plot, of Harry's troubled marriage and the riveting domestic confrontations between husband and wife (in the kitchen, in the driveway, in the bedroom), is neither a distraction nor of secondary interest, for Night Moves is ultimately about the investigator, not the investigation. This raises the stakes considerably, because Harry Moseby is not just anybody; he is America. Stranded at the embarrassing age of forty, post-Vietnam, post-Watergate, down a peg and directionless, with the hopes of the sixties long given way to the hollowness of the seventies, Harry is defined by disappointment and lost opportunity. A chess player, he passes the lonely hours of surveillance playing and reenacting classic matches on his portable set. One match he plays over and over again is from 1922: black had a mate and he did not see it. "Three little knight moves," Harry explains at one point. But he "played something else and lost. He must have regretted it every day of his life. I do, and I wasn't even born." Writer Sharp, a Scotsman, clearly saw the movie as a vehicle to puzzle through the American enigma (though his novelization betrays a more heavy-handed critique of both character and society) as he had done with his script for the revisionist western and Vietnam allegory Ulzana 's Raid for Robert Aldrich. Gently probing national myths, Harry attributes his ability to resist the advances of young nymph Delly by conjuring the pure thoughts of Thanksgiving and George Washington's teeth. More pointedly, in response to a question about the Kennedy assassination, Moseby explains, "when the President got shot I was on my way to a football game in San Diego; when Bobby got shot I was sitting in a car waiting for a man to come out of a house with his girlfriend-a divorce case." Harry states the facts and does not dwell on the point, but a more concise summary of America's fall from grace is unlikely to be found. Certainly the sentiment did not escape the politically astute Arthur Penn, who had previously earned an Oscar nomination for directing the downbeat counter-culture classic Alice's Restaurant and also enjoyed a big hit with his revisionist western Little Big Man, a retelling of the conquest of the west from the perspective of the conquered. …


In this paper, we propose a highly non-linear mathematical expression for characterising the flow behaviour of partially dense P/M materials during the case of simple upsetting – compression test, taking functional dependence of strain hardening index on a matrix strain and yield matrix (of partially dense material) on a mixed combination of matrix strain and strain sensitivity into account. Equivalent flow stress of matrix is considered to be a function of relative density, matrix strain and strain rate sensitivity parameters. A new parallel Runge-Kutta-fifth order algorithm with adaptive step-size control has been proposed for numerical integration of the resultant mathematical expression to compute the value of yield stress of partially dense P/M porous materials. Furthermore, a modest effort has been made to bring out the effectiveness of the adaptive step-size control. Numerical results show that the proposed parallel Runge-Kutta-fifth order algorithm with the adaptive step-size control increases the computational speed by more than eight times in an interval when solving the highly non-linear prevailing equation in comparison with the above algorithm with the fixed constant step-size.


Accurate prediction of beach response to storms requires synthesizing complex relationships among nearshore hydrodynamics, underlying geology, nearshore bathymetry, beach topography, and sediment characteristics. Previous research on the Outer Banks of North Carolina has correlated the presence of underlying paleo-channels, nearshore heterogeneous sediment, and shore-oblique bars with shoreline erosional hotspots and undulations in the shape of the shoreline (megacusps and embayments on the scale of 1000m). Despite the documented relationships among these features, the morphodynamic link between the persistent nearshore bathymetry, shoreline morphology, and long-term erosion is unknown. This study quantifies the spatial and temporal variations between foreshore topography, slope, grain size, shoreline dissipation width, and maximum runup during an extra-tropical storm along the Kitty Hawk, NC erosional hotspot
Analysis of topographic data suggests that during the storm the lower foreshore eroded and flattened and the upper foreshore accreted and steepened, with erosion focused on the megacusp horns and embayments. No obvious alongshore patterns exist in mean grain size, and foreshore slope and mean grain size were not related during or after the storm. Foreshore slope, swash dissipation width, and maximum runup were not related after the storm, which suggests that common expected parameter relationships are not applicable in this region of irregular surf zone bathymetry. Results from this study suggest that other parameters, such as alongshore variations in wave setup, should be included in calculations of maximum runup for models of alongshore variability in shoreline erosion in response to storm events.


Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are continuation of the same pathological and physiological processes that are largely unrecognized in critical patients. From an era of indistinct definitions and recommendations, this condition has been studied extensively and experts have come forward with clear definitions and recommendations for management. IAH is graded in four grades and ACS is IAH above 20 cm H 2 O with new organ dysfunction. IAH/ACS can present as acute, hyperacute, or chronic and aetiologically can be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary. It affects various body systems including respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic systems adversely and results in deleterious consequences. Management of IAH/ACS is based on the evacuation of intra-luminal and extra-luminal contents, improving the abdominal wall compliance. There are various surgical techniques recommended for preventing the development of IAH/ACS and mitigating the negative consequences. New medical therapies such as octreotide, tissue plasminogen activator, melatonin and vitamin C are being investigated and non-pharmacological methods such as continuous negative abdominal pressure (CNAP) have been introduced recently but are still experimental and not recommended for routine use.


Background: Cellulases and lipases have broad industrial application, which calls for an urgent exploration of microorganisms from extreme environments as valuable source of commercial enzyme. In this context, the present work describes the bioprospection and identification of deep-sea bacteria that produce cellulases and lipases, as well their optimal temperature of activity. Results: The first step of this study was the screening of cellulolytic and lipolytic deep-sea bacteria from sediment and water column, which was conducted with substrates linked with 4-Methylumbelliferyl. Among the 161 strains evaluated, 40 were cellulolytic, 23 were lipolytic and 5 exhibited both activities. Cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria are more common in sediment than at the water column. Based on the ability to produce cellulases and lipases three isolates were selected and identified (16S rRNA sequencing) as Bacillus stratosphericus , B. aerophilus and B. pumilus . Lipases of strain B. aerophilus LAMA 582 exhibited activity at a wide temperature range (4o to 37oC) and include psychrophilic behaviour. Strain Bacillus stratosphericus LAMA 585 can growth in a rich (Luria Bertani) and minimal (Marine Minimal) medium, and does not need an inducer to produce its mesophilic cellulases and lipases. Conclusions: Deep-sea sediments have great potential for bioprospection of cellulase and lipase-producing bacteria. The strains LAMA 582 and LAMA 585 with their special features, exhibit a great potential to application at many biotechnology process.


We study earnings and income inequality in Britain over the past two decades, including the period of relatively "inclusive" growth from 1997-2004 and the Great Recession. We focus on the middle 90%, where trends have contrasted strongly with the "new inequality" at the very top. Household earnings inequality has risen, driven by male earnings – although a 'catch-up' of female earnings did hold down individual earnings inequality and reduce within-household inequality. Nevertheless, net household income inequality fell due to deliberate increases in redistribution, the tax and transfer system's insurance role during the Great Recession, falling household worklessness, and rising pensioner incomes.


This article discusses the relationship between the modern novel of Beard and John's storiesabout Lazarus and Jesus, and wants to give answers to three questions: (1) how is the Lazarusstory in John interpreted by Beard?; (2) what meaning does John's story have within its ownliterary and cultural setting?; (3) what similarities and differences are there between Beard'sinterpretation and the original meaning of the Johannine story? Questions 1 and 2 require anintratextual analysis, which focuses on the structure and meaning lines in each of the two texts.Then follows an intertextual analysis which in this article is particularly aimed at comparingthe contents of the concepts/ death/ and/ live/ in the Fourth Gospel with the ways in whichthese concepts are semantically coloured in Beard's book. Studying echoes from the Bible inmodern literary contexts can explain how the rich potential of meaning of biblical texts isbeing unlocked in new texts, time and time again, but can also help us to read the Bible withnew eyes through the lens of modern culture.


In order to sustain the rural education community, access to high quality professional development opportunities must become a priority. Teachers in rural areas face many challenges in order to access professional learning equitable to their city counterparts. In the current climate, the Federal government of Australia is committed to initiatives that support the use of ICT in education. These include initiatives such as the Digital Education Revolution, including the National Broadband Network. This 'revolution' includes the committal of $2.2 billion funding over six years from 2008 - 2013 which purports to bring substantial and meaningful change to teaching and learning in Australian schools. Of this funding, the Prime Minister (former Minister for Education), Julia Gillard, has committed $40 million of the total budget to ICT related professional development for teachers. But how will rural teachers ensure they get a piece of the PD pie? Access to professional learning is critical and isolation from colleagues, professional associations and support structures can affect the retention of teachers and in turn affect the sustainability of rural communities. This research paper describes the findings of the first phase of a study that investigates access to professional learning from rural and remote areas of Western Australia, the efficiencies of this approach including teacher perceptions and possible opportunities for improvement through the application of technologies. A survey instrument was administered and the results from104 principals and teachers within the Remote Teaching Service and the Country Teaching Program of the Department of Education and Training (WA) are discussed. Qualitative data was collected by semi-structured interviews and emailed questionnaires. Phase One findings highlight the principals and teachers" perceptions of their access to professional development opportunities, professional learning communities and their use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to bridge the gap.


CONTEXT
Probiotics are live microorganisms intended to confer a health benefit when consumed. One condition for which probiotics have been advocated is the diarrhea that is a common adverse effect of antibiotic use.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the evidence for probiotic use in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD).

DATA SOURCES
Twelve electronic databases were searched (DARE, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, MANTIS, TOXLINE, ToxFILE, NTIS, and AGRICOLA) and references of included studies and reviews were screened from database inception to February 2012, without language restriction.

STUDY SELECTION
Two independent reviewers identified parallel randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and/or Bacillus) for the prevention or treatment of AAD.

DATA EXTRACTION
Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed trial quality.

RESULTS
A total of 82 RCTs met inclusion criteria. The majority used Lactobacillus-based interventions alone or in combination with other genera; strains were poorly documented. The pooled relative risk in a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analysis of 63 RCTs, which included 11 811 participants, indicated a statistically significant association of probiotic administration with reduction in AAD (relative risk, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.68; P < .001; I(2), 54%; [risk difference, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.05], [number needed to treat, 13; 95% CI, 10.3 to 19.1]) in trials reporting on the number of patients with AAD. This result was relatively insensitive to numerous subgroup analyses. However, there exists significant heterogeneity in pooled results and the evidence is insufficient to determine whether this association varies systematically by population, antibiotic characteristic, or probiotic preparation.

CONCLUSIONS
The pooled evidence suggests that probiotics are associated with a reduction in AAD. More research is needed to determine which probiotics are associated with the greatest efficacy and for which patients receiving which specific antibiotics.


BACKGROUND
Radiotherapy (RT) is a risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), specifically basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but whether features, histology, or recurrence of NMSC after RT resemble those observed in the general population is unknown.

METHODS
A retrospective review (1994-2017) was performed within the Adult Long-Term Follow-Up Program and Dermatology Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Demographics, clinical features, histology, treatment, and recurrence were collected for this patient cohort that was under close medical surveillance. Pathology images were reviewed when available.

RESULTS
A total of 946 survivors (mean age, 40 years [SD, 13]) were assessed for NMSC. The mean age at first cancer diagnosis was 16 years (range, 0-40 years [11]), and the most common diagnosis was Hodgkin lymphoma (34%; n=318). In 63 survivors, 281 primary in-field lesions occurred, of which 273 (97%) were BCC and 8 (3%) were SCC. Mean intervals from time of RT to BCC and SCC diagnosis were 24 years (range, 2-44 years) and 32 years (range, 14-46 years), respectively. The most common clinical presentation of BCC was macule (47%; n=67), and the most common histologic subtypes were superficial for BCC (48%; n=131) and in situ for SCC (55%; n=5). Mohs surgery predominated therapeutically (42%; n=117), the mean duration of follow-up after treatment was 6 years (range, 12 days-23 years), and the 5-year recurrence rate was 1% (n=1).

CONCLUSIONS
Most NMSCs arising in sites of prior RT were of low-risk subtypes. Recurrence was similar to that observed in the general population. Current guidelines recommend surgical intervention for tumors arising in sites of prior RT because they are considered to be at high risk for recurrence. These findings suggest that an expanded role for less aggressive therapy may be appropriate, but further research is needed.


He studied with Niels Bohr, taught Richard Feynman, and boned up on relativity with his friend and colleague Albert Einstein. John Archibald Wheeler's fascinating life brings us face to face with the central characters and discoveries of modern physics. He was the first American to learn of the discovery of nuclear fission, later coined the term "black hole," led a renaissance in gravitation physics, and helped to build Princeton University into a mecca for physicists. From nuclear physics, to quantum theory, to relativity and gravitation, Wheeler's work has set the trajectory of research for half a century. His career has brought him into contact with the most brilliant minds of his field; Fermi, Bethe, Rabi, Teller, Oppenheimer, and Wigner are among those he called colleagues and friends. In this rich autobiography, Wheeler reveals in fascinating detail the excitement of each discovery, the character of each colleague, and the underlying passion for knowledge that drives him still.


The Music Fairies desperately need Rachel's and Kirsty's help! Jack Frost and his naughty goblins have stolen the fairies' Magical Musical Instruments, which means that music is being ruined for everyone! Jack Frost plans to use the instruments to help him win a national talent competition in the human world, and with the help of the enchanted instruments, he's bound to win. If this happens, humans will find out about Fairyland and then all the fairies will be in danger! Rachel and Kirsty must help Danni to find her Magic drum kit. But how will they find it AND get it back from Jack Frost and his sneaky goblins...?


This paper deals with the classification of grasslands using high resolution satellite image time series. Grasslands considered in this work are semi-natural elements in fragmented landscapes, i.e., they are heterogeneous and small elements. The first contribution of this study is to account for grassland heterogeneity while working at the object scale by modeling its pixels distributions by a Gaussian distribution. To measure the similarity between two grasslands, a new kernel is proposed as a second contribution: the a-Gaussian mean kernel. It allows to weight the influence of the covariance matrix when comparing two Gaussian distributions. This kernel is introduced in Support Vector Machine for the supervised classification of grasslands from south-west France. A dense intra-annual multispectral time series of Formosat-2 satellite is used for the classification of grasslands management practices, while an inter-annual NDVI time series of Formosat-2 is used for
permanent and temporary grasslands discrimination. Results are compared to other existing pixel- and object-based approaches in terms of classification accuracy and processing time. The proposed method shows to be a good compromise between processing speed and classification accuracy. It can adapt to the classification constraints and it encompasses several similarity measures known in the literature. It is appropriate for the classification of small and heterogeneous objects such as grasslands.


Noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers (NOPAs) pumped with ultrashort subpicosecond pulses often suffer from pulse-front tilting, resulting in angular dispersion and noncompressibility of the amplified signal pulses. We show that pulse-front matching (PFM) with a prism-telescope setup corrects for pulse-front tilts in a near-IR NOPA. We discuss the conditions that lead to pulse-front tilt and angular dispersion in NOPA-amplified signal pulses, thus requiring pulse-front mismatch correction. We review the method of PFM and describe the application of PFM to an 800 nm pumped near-IR NOPA based on a 2-mm-thick bulk potassium-titanyl phosphate (KTP) crystal. The introduction of pulse-front matching into the KTP-NOPA reduces the signal pulse angular dispersion significantly over the >35 THz bandwidth, thus nearly removing the pulse-front tilt. Compression of 1200 nm pulses to ~25 fs can be readily achieved with a fused-silica prism pair compressor.


The sexual transfer of genes between taxa possessing different structural karyotypes must involve the passage of genes through a chromosomal sterility barrier. Yet little is known about the effects of structural differences on gene introgression within or adjacent to the rearranged chromosomal fragments or about the patterns of introgression in collinear regions. Here, we employ 197 mapped molecular markers to study the effects of chromosomal structural differences on introgression in backcrossed progeny of the domesticated sunflower, Helianthus annuus, and its karyotypically divergent wild relative, H. petiolaris. Forty percent of the genome from the seven collinear linkages introgressed, whereas only 2.4% of the genome from the 10 rearranged linkages was transferred. Thus, chromosomal rearrangements appear to provide an effective mechanism for reducing or eliminating introgression in rearranged chromosomal segments. On the other hand, observations that 60% of the markers from within the collinear portion of the genome did not introgress suggests that genic factors also resist introgression in Helianthus. That is, selection against H. petiolaris genes in concert with linkage may have reduced or eliminated parts of the genome not protected by structural changes. Thus, barriers to introgression in Helianthus appear to include both chromosomal structural and genic factors.


During several visits to the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, I have been able to study the whole collection of Cirripeds. Most of the material is already known from Hoek's important study of the Siboga collection.
Yet there was some material left undetermined.
By the courtesy of the Director, Professor De Beaufort, I have been able to work out this material. For this I want to express here my best thanks, including in this also thanks to the Curator Dr. H. Engel, who afforded me much help by giving information about the localities.
Duplicates of this collection are preserved in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.
In the present paper I have taken up only those species of the collection which are from the Indomalayan region. The rest of the unidentified material is rather small and most of the species are from the African waters.
The material dealt with here is also from another point of view homogeneous as most of the finds are taken during the cruises of the "Gier" in the years 1907 and 1908. Some specimens from this expedition are already included in Hoek's description of the Siboga material. Those are not dealt with in the present paper.
During my work on this paper another publication about the Indomalayan Cirripedia was published by Broch (1931). From several papers our knowledge of this region is rather good. Still it has been possible to add some new species in the present paper.
First a list of the species and subspecies in the collection may be given. For exact informations about the localities I refer to the detailed


Existing probabilistic privacy enforcement approaches permit the execution of a program that processes sensitive data only if the information it leaks is within the bounds specified by a given policy. Thus, to extract any information, users must manually design a program that satisfies the policy. In this work, we present a novel synthesis approach that automatically transforms a program into one that complies with a given policy. Our approach consists of two ingredients. First, we phrase the problem of determining the amount of leaked information as Bayesian inference, which enables us to leverage existing probabilistic programming engines. Second, we present two synthesis procedures that add uncertainty to the program's outputs as a way of reducing the amount of leaked information: an optimal one based on SMT solving and a greedy one with quadratic running time. We implemented and evaluated our approach on 10 representative programs from multiple application domains. We show that our system can successfully synthesize a permissive enforcement mechanism for all examples.


Abstract An experimental set-up was used to visually observe the characteristics of bubbles as they moved up a column holding xanthan gum crystal suspensions. The bubble rise characteristics in xanthan gum solutions with crystal suspension are presented in this paper. The suspensions were made by using different concentrations of xanthan gum solutions with 0.23 mm mean diameter polystyrene crystal particles. The influence of the dimensionless quantities; namely the Reynolds number, Re, the Weber number, We, and the drag co-efficient, cd, are identified for the determination of the bubble rise velocity. The effect of these dimensionless groups together with the Eötvös number, Eo, the Froude number, Fr, and the bubble deformation parameter, D, on the bubble rise velocity and bubble trajectory are analysed. The experimental results show that the average bubble velocity increases with the increase in bubble volume for xanthan gum crystal suspensions. At high We, Eo and Re, bubbles are spherical-capped and their velocities are found to be very high. At low Weand Eo, the surface tension force is significant compared to the inertia force. The viscous forces were shown to have no substantial effect on the bubble rise velocity for 45 < Re < 299. The results show that the drag co-efficient decreases with the increase in bubble velocity and Re. The trajectory analysis showed that small bubbles followed a zigzag motion while larger bubbles followed a spiral motion. The smaller bubbles experienced less horizontal motion in crystal suspended xanthan gum solutions while larger bubbles exhibited a greater degree of spiral motion than those seen in the previous studies on the bubble rise in xanthan gum solutions without crystal.


Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions, Sixth Edition is focused on providing in-depth coverage around teaching, learning and evaluation strategies for Nurse Educators and health professionals. The text addresses different styles of learning, diversity in the classroom and critical thinking. Creative and innovative strategies and techniques are woven throughout the text with an emphasis on the importance of simulation in the classroom. The authors bring key concepts to life by including specific examples and suggestions for how to implement teaching strategies, how to identify types of learners as well as how to predict potential issues or challenges with each strategy. The Sixth Edition addresses specific teaching-learning strategies for traditional classroom settings, the clinical arena, and through the use of technology for both web-based and virtual simulation. The new edition focuses on the strategy behind the use of technology to help the students understand how it helps to promote learning and engagement. Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions, Sixth Edition is appropriate for all graduate level courses for health professions educators. A unique quality of this text is that it can be used in any health professions program other than nursing. No other Health professions education text acknowledges fields other than nursing. This text is widely used by students who practice and teach in a variety of health professions and is viewed as an integral resource for their professional development. Key Features: - Provides specific examples and suggestions for how or when to use particular teaching strategies according to type of learner in the classroom - Addresses trends in health care and education of health professionals (Reference is made to the 2003 report from the Institute of Medicine on health professions education. Examples throughout point to the changing nature of patient care and show how to prepare students to practice in diverse settings) - Discusses the use of Library Resources - Includes coverage of the education of health professionals New to this Edition: Clinical Reasoning Research and teaching the strategies of searching written by a Research Librarian Innovation of new teaching methods and technologies Emphasis on simulation Extensive revision of Concept Mapping chapter along with information on how to grade a student's map Teaching preparation and the use of resources Synchronous Learning


Background: Although renal tubular epithelium has a great capacity for repair it has been suggested that the administration of mesenchymal stem cells may accelerate the recovery following severe ischemic injury. Methods: Here we analyzed the survival rate and organ distribution of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells as well as their contribution to kidney regeneration after ischemic renal injury using functional tests, histological examination as well as quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Intravenously injected stem cells were mainly trapped in lungs and liver. One hour after injection, less than 1% of the injected stem cells could be detected in the injured kidneys. These cells disappeared within the first few days and did not replace renal epithelial cells precluding substantial transdifferentiation. To clarify whether reinforced stem cell delivery might promote sustained survival or conversion to tubular epithelia, stem cells were directly injected into the injured kidneys. Although these grafted cells also did not show sustained survival or contribute to structural renal repair, stem cell injection was associated with a significant but transient initial decrease in serum creatinine. Conclusion: These data suggest that mesenchymal stem cells do not significantly contribute to epithelial renewal after ischemic injury, promoting the idea that the major impact of cell-based therapy for acute kidney injury may result from paracrine or endocrine effects unrelated to stem cell transdifferentiation.


This thesis analyses the European Community (EC) as a strategic actor in the
International Political Economy (IPE). Rivalry or competition in the IPE has traditionally
been analysed with a central focus on the state. Yet, with the advent of factors such
globalisation and interriationalisation, the trend towards the formation of regional trading
blocs, and the emergence of firms as powerful political actors, the notion of states'
autonomy and strategic action capacities has increasingly been at odds with the realities
of social, economic and political life. This thesis captures the complex interactions of
state actors in today's IPE by adopting the concept of state economic functions and
creating a level playing field upon which their interactions can be analysed. In order to
evaluate strategic action capacities, the thesis identifies a range of key political, market
and social variables and synthesises them into a research framework for the study of
strategic action in the IPE. The research framework consists of four interactive elements:
international relations, institutional capacity, decision-making capacity and market
structure. Reflecting the need to analyse strategic action capacities on a sectoral basis, the
research framework is applied to a longitudinal case study of EC policy-making in the
steel sector from the 1970s to the 1990s. The thesis shows that the focus on state
economic functions enables the researcher to move beyond traditional state-centric
analysis and to incorporate non-state actors such as the EC into the analysis. The
application of the research framework to the case of the EC shows that it emerged as a
'parallel' or 'joint' provider of state economic functions and that it has evolved into one of
the most powerful actors in the IPE. The empirical analysis of EC policy-making in steel
produces not only produces insights into the EC's strategic action capacities, but also
insights into the strategic action capacities of other actors in IPE, the factors that restrict
actor's capacity to act strategically, and the policies that should be adopted in order to
improve strategic action capacities. By approaching the EC from the perspective of
strategic action, the thesis offers a new approach to on-going research that tries to
conceptualise the role and capacities of the EC in IPE, the evolution of the EC into a
powerful international actor, and insights into the factors that shape the strategic action
capacities of actors in the IPE.


Using the technique of prepared questions, Conversations with Lukacs is a brilliant gathering of thoughts and insights covering topics as ontology, the techniques of manipulative societies, the pitfalls of combating Stalinism with Stalinist methods, and the problems of intellectuals in advanced capitalist societies. Above all, there is the restatement of Lukacs unshaken conviction that the working class, with all the changes that have occurred in its way of life and composition, is still the historical carrier of social transformation.Lukcas's interlocutors in these four conversations are Hans Heinz Holz, Leo Kofler, and Wolfgang Abendroth. Each of them engages LukA!cs in separate dialogues, on being and consciousness (Holz), on society and the individual (Kofler), and on the elements of scientific politics (Abendroth). Lukacs, Abendroth, and Holz work toward a "Provisional Summary" in the last conversation.The interlocutors and the editor write that "These conversations show very clearly the basis of abstraction in the experiences of everyday life...This gives these conversations with Lukacs a more than anecdotal value; for the unmediated way in which thought is produced in conversation corresponds exactly to that primary level of experience, the data of everyday reality, whose theoretical value Lukacs emphasizes. ..They aspire to bear witness to the living thought of one of the great men of our century, and to provide the opportunity to approach this thought by the simplest possible route."


Big data analytics uncover hidden patterns and useful information from big data. It is a complex and time-consuming process. Recent advancements in parallel and distributed approaches have led to the evolution of big data analytics. It also claimed bigger data may not always be better data. Toward scalable solutions for big data analytics, it is highly demanded to have a scalable and dynamic process with more representative and relevant sets of data. We envision that if the condensed and representative sample can be drawn from very large-scale datasets in a parallel and distributed manner and this can be defined as signature learning, this approach can provide more accurate results in an efficient manner. Using signature learning with relevant datasets in a parallel and distributed manner, the complexity of big data problems can be reduced.
In this thesis, we propose the SigSpace-Text framework that is an extension of our previous model of signature-based learning (SigSpace) that proved the effectiveness of signature-based classification with image signatures and audio signatures. SigSpace was not feasible with text data due to the inherent problems in the text domain such as a high-dimensional feature space and sparse feature vectors. In order to handle these issues, we explore using Natural Language Processing, that features extraction and feature selection techniques (TFIDF, Word2Vec). Signature learning in SigSpace-Text is based on a class-level clustering approach, in which a generic pattern is identified for a given category using state-of-the-art clustering algorithms, i.e., K-Means, Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). These signatures are used (instead of raw data) as a feature set to the classification. Through extension, the proposed SigSpace-Text approach brings vital, practical information to signature learning approaches on several text classification tasks. The SigSpace-Text model supports incremental, distributed, and parallel learning using big data analytics including Apache Spark and the Machine Learning library such as Spark MLlib. In experiments with the SigSpace-Text framework, the effectiveness of the proposed signature learning model was evaluated for various parameters (such as the signature size, classification algorithms, local signatures/global signatures) and was also validated with a number of classification algorithms (i.e., Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and Random Forests) using 20 newsgroup dataset. Based on these observations, we identify that SigSpace-Text outperforms state-of-the-art performance results on the dataset.


Recently, three types of memories have been proposed as possible main memory extensions and replacements for head per track disks or drums; these are CCD, bubble, and BEAMOS memories.1,2,3The extent to which these memories come into widespread use will depend on such factors as cost, performance, reliability, maintainability and profitability. In this paper, potential areas of application for these memories are examined and some of the conditions which must be met for the memories to be economically attractive are determined for systems employing both a single job stream and multiprogrammed job streams.


Patients and therapists are concerned with the complexities of protecting medical confidentiality. The traditional perception of protection of patient confidentiality is that the individual's interest in protecting his confidentiality may conflict with the public's need for information, especially in cases involving possible danger. In fulfilling his dual role of representing both the patient and the public, the therapist acts according to existing laws and regulations. We describe 3 cases in which refraining from providing the Army with information in accordance with the law was recognized in retrospect as having caused the patient suffering, and even danger. It is recommended that the therapist's judgement be considered in addition to other legal criteria for determining whether or not to protect patient confidentiality.


Currently there is considerable disparity in terms of socioeconomic status between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. There is not a single indicator within the domains of education, employment, income, housing and health where Indigenous Australians have better or equal outcomes compared to non-Indigenous Australians (Biddle, 2013c). Since the inclusion of Indigenous Australians as a separate cultural entity within the Census, and the consequent availability of comparative statistics, the extent of this disadvantage has been known. Consequently, it has formed the basis of numerous policies and interventions (Altman, Biddle, & Hunter, 2008). However, it has been acknowledged that these policies have been largely a failure (Australian Public Service Commission, 2007). As of 2008, the Closing the Gaps policy came to the forefront as a means by which to remedy the situation. However, this policy has come under considerable criticism as it is argued that it largely fails to account for cultural difference and difficult to measure factors such as discrimination. In light of this criticism, the current study aimed to empirically determine the potential impact of such factors on Indigenous socioeconomic disadvantage. To achieve this it used the difference between Indigenous and non-Indigenous mean incomes as a way in which to measure Indigenous socioeconomic disadvantage. It used the explanatory variables of educational attainment, health, remoteness of residence, age and gender to ascertain the percentage of this income difference which could be attributed to demographical differences between the two populations. Findings inferred that only 31% of the difference between Indigenous and non-Indigenous incomes could be attributed to demographic differences in the explanatory variables between the two groups. These findings suggested that 69% of the income difference could be potentially attributed to other variables not observed by the study and, as Altman (2009) argues, largely ignored by Closing the Gaps.


Early hip hop film musicals have either been expunged from cinema history or excoriated in brief passages by critics and other writers. Hip Hop on Film reclaims and reexamines productions such as Breakin' (1984), Beat Street (1984), and Krush Groove (1985) in order to illuminate Hollywood's fascinating efforts to incorporate this nascent urban culture into conventional narrative forms. Such films presented musical conventions against the backdrop of graffiti-splattered trains and abandoned tenements in urban communities of color, setting the stage for radical social and political transformations. Hip hop musicals are also part of the broader history of teen cinema, and films such as Charlie Ahearn's Wild Style (1983) are here examined alongside other contemporary youth-oriented productions. As suburban teen films banished parents and children to the margins of narrative action, hip hop musicals, by contrast, presented inclusive and unconventional filial groupings that included all members of the neighborhood. These alternative social configurations directly referenced specific urban social problems, which affected the stability of inner city families following diminished governmental assistance in communities of color during the 1980s. Breakdancing, a central element of hip hop musicals, is also reconsidered. It gained widespread acclaim at the same time that these films entered the theaters, but the nation's newly discovered dance form was embattled--caught between a multitude of institutional entities such as the ballet academy, advertising culture, and dance publications that vied to control its meaning, particularly in relation to delineations of gender. As street-trained breakers were enticed to join the world of professional ballet, this newly forged relationship was recast by dance promoters as a way to invigorate and "remasculinize" European dance, while young women simultaneously critiqued conventional masculinities through an appropriation of breakdance. These multiple and volatile histories influenced the first wave of hip hop films, and even structured the sleeper hit Flashdance (1983). This forgotten, ignored, and maligned cinema is not only an important aspect of hip hop history, but is also central to the histories of teen film, the postclassical musical, and even institutional dance. Kimberley Monteyne places these films within the wider context of their cultural antecedents and reconsiders the genre's influence.


In this article, the author attempts to explain the leading factors behind growing Islamic influence in Azerbaijan. She describes social, political and economic problems as main triggers of Islam gaining stronghold across the country. The author argues that as a result of continued problems such as corruption, poverty, and semi-authoritarian government combined with disillusionment with the West and support of various religious sects from countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the rise of fundamental Islam has been inevitable.


Combination of multibeam backscatter and bathymetry: A method to characterize the seafloorA high resolution multibeam survey was conducted by the RV "Polarstern" in order to identify and map locations of carbonate mounds in the Porcupine Seabight west of Ireland utilizing the multibeam echo sounder Hydrosweep DS-2. The scientific interest of that area rose due to an expected link between the carbonate mounds and subsurface hydrocarbon resources. In addition to the depths measurements the acoustic intensity of the received echo was recorded for individual measurements.After processing of the echo amplitudes by employing NRGCOR software the backscatter strength of the ensonified seafloor is used to identify areas of similar physical properties. Normalization was applied to the backscatter data to obtain acoustic response information which is independent from the incidence angle of the sonar beam. The mapped grey scale variation of the acoustic response is used to separate different types of seafloor. Four distinct types of seafloor have been depicted which are mounds, buried mounds, channel seafloor and inter channel areas. A semi-empirical method was applied to determine shape aspects of the angular backscatter strength. Three parameters, i.e. predicted 20° angular response, slope and coefficient of variation of the angular backscatter responses were computed to understand varying seafloor characteristics.The combination of backscatter and bathymetric data is another significant aspect of this contribution. Applying 3D visualisation techniques enables the user to link acoustic backscatter response to the seafloor morphology.


This article examines the framework of the Agreement for Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and assesses its impacts on domestic autonomy and authority in matters of food and environmental safety. The direct impact of the SPS Agreement appears quite limited, as only a few cases have arisen. The Agreement has not proven to be a pervasive tool for the purpose of overturning domestic policies on food or environmental safety, despite the fact that the WTO Panel or Appellate Body decisions have found that domestic measures violate the terms of the SPS Agreement. Limited enforcement mechanisms provide protection for domestic policies, though perhaps at the price of trade sanctions. Moreover, theoretical literature suggests that the SPS Agreement may indeed enhance democratic values by discounting the influence of special interests and retaining ultimate authority for enforcement within the discretion of domestic government. Important issues nevertheless remain, including the role of the precautionary principle in policymaking and the means to address normative values, such as developing moral consensus on animal welfare, in trade matters. Trade has proven to be a catalyst for change and cooperative development in this context.


Recently, the use of algae for CO2 abatement, wastewater treatment, and energy production has increasingly gained attention worldwide. In order to explore the potential of using algae as an alternative fuel as well as the possible challenges related to the algae gasification process, two species of macroalgae, Derbesia tenuissima and Oedogonium sp., and one type of microalgae, Scenedesmus sp. were studied in this research. In this work, Oedogonium sp. was cultivated with two protocols: producing biomass with both high and low levels of nitrogen content. Cogasification of 10 wt % algae with an Australian brown coal was performed in a fluidized bed reactor, and the effects of algae addition on syngas yield, ash composition, and bed agglomeration were investigated. It was found that CO and H-2 yield increased and CO2 yield decreased after adding three types of macroalgae in the coal, with a slight increase of carbon conversion rate, compared to the coal alone experiment. In the case of coal/Scenedesmus sp, the carbon conversion rate decreased with lower CO/CO2/H-2 yield as compared to coal alone. Samples of fly ash, bed ash, and bed material agglomerates were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy combined with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was observed that both the fly ash and bed ash samples from all coal/macroalgae tests contained more Na and K as compared to the coal test. High Ca and Fe contents were also found in the fly ash and bed ash from the coal/Scenedesmus sp. test. Significant differences in the characteristics and compositions of the ash layer on the bed particles were observed from the different tests. Agglomerates were found in the bed material samples after the cogasification tests of coal/Oedogonium N+ and coal/Oedogonium N. The formation of liquid alkalisilicates on the sand particles was considered to be the main reason for agglomeration for the coal/Oedogonium N+ and coal/Oedogonium N tests. Agglomerates of fused ash and tiny silica sand particles were also found in the coal/Scenedesmus sp. test. In this case, however, the formation of a Fe-Al silicate eutectic mixture was proposed to be the main reason for agglomeration. Debersia was suggested to be a potential alternative fuel, which can be cogasified with brown coal without any significant operating problems under the current experimental conditions. However, for the other algae types, appropriate countermeasures are needed to avoid agglomeration and defluidization in the cogasification process.


More than 400,000 ha of land have been damaged by rivers in Nepal. Agro-forestry practices have been launched in those areas with the twin objectives of countering land degradation problems and meeting the demands of local people for fuelwood, fodder, and small timber. This study assessed the effectiveness of such practices in the riverside areas of the middle hills region in reclaiming the flooddamaged lands, considering vegetation establishment, land productivity and control of weed infestation (Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum munja) as the bases for evaluation. Data were gathered from the field measurements and observations. Results of two years' study showed that Dalbergia sissoo could be successfully intercropped with Zea mays, Solanum tuberosum, Cajanus cajan and Phaseolus vulgeris in flood-affected areas. There was no significant difference in growth performance of Dalbergia sissoo planted in river-affected areas and unaffected areas. Yields of various crops have also been documented. Species composition was found to have changed in silvipasture plots. The study reveals that agro-forestry practices have been effective in reclaiming the flood-damaged areas.


– Organizational commitment (OC) has important implications for both individuals and organizational outcomes. This paper aims to present an approach to understand the dynamics between various enablers that help to improve OC in the organizations. , – Using interpretive structural modelling, the research presents a hierarchy-based model and the mutual relationships among the enablers of OC in organizations. , – The research shows that there exists a group of enablers having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance, while another group consists of those variables that have high dependence and are the resultant actions. , – This classification provides a useful tool to human resource managers to differentiate between independent and dependent variables and their mutual relationships which would help them to focus on those key variables that are most important for effective implementation of policies to improve OC in their organization. , – This research assumes importance in context of countries in the gulf region which are developing economies dependent on large-scale expatriate workforce. Meeting governmental legislation alongside managing differences in culture, work attitude poses a challenge to human resource managers. The findings of this study would serve as a guide to these managers to frame effective policies related to OC.


Context: Immunoassay-based techniques, routinely used to measure serum estradiol (E2), are known to have reduced specificity, especially at lower concentrations, when compared with the gold standard technique of mass spectrometry (MS). Different measurement techniques may be responsible for the conflicting results of associations between serum E2 and clinical phenotypes in men. Objective: Our objective was to compare immunoassay and MS measurements of E2 levels in men and evaluate associations with clinical phenotypes. Design and Setting: Middle-aged and older male subjects participating in the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Sweden study (n = 2599), MrOS US (n = 688), and the European Male Aging Study (n = 2908) were included. Main Outcome Measures: Immunoassay and MS measurements of serum E2 were compared and related to bone mineral density (BMD; measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and ankle-brachial index. Results: Within each cohort, serum E2 levels obtained by immunoassay and MS correlated moderately (Spearman rank correlation coefficient rS 0.53–0.76). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels associated significantly (albeit to a low extent, rS = 0.29) with immunoassay E2 but not with MS E2 levels. Similar associations of immunoassay E2 and MS E2 were seen with lumbar spine and total hip BMD, independent of serum CRP. However, immunoassay E2, but not MS E2, associated inversely with ankle-brachial index, and this correlation was lost after adjustment for CRP. Conclusions: Our findings suggest interference in the immunoassay E2 analyses, possibly by CRP or a CRP-associated factor. Although associations with BMD remain unaffected, this might imply for a reevaluation of previous association studies between immunoassay E2 levels and inflammation-related outcomes.


IEEE standard 1012 [33] focuses on verification & validation (V&V) processes and applies to systems, software, and hardware being developed, maintained, or reused (e.g., Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) components). V&V processes include the analysis, evaluation, review, inspection, assessment, and testing of products. V&V may be performed at the level of the system, software element, or hardware element, or on any combination of these. V&V may also be performed on an element of a system, including a subordinate system (i.e., subsystem). In each case, the V&V processes are invoked, either in parallel or recursively, across the full life cycle of the system or element.


In the nanoscale structure of a wide variety of material systems, a close juxtaposition of optically responsive components can lead to the absorption of light by one species producing fluorescence that is clearly attributable to another. The effect is generally evident in systems comprising two or more light-absorbing components (molecules, chromophores or quantum dots) with well-characterised fluorescence bands at similar, differentiable wavelengths. This enables the fluorescence associated with transferred energy to be discriminated against fluorescence from an initially excited component. The fundamental mechanism at the heart of the phenomenon, molecular (resonance) energy transfer, also operates in systems where the product of optical absorption is optical frequency up-conversion. In contrast to random media, structurally organised materials offer the possibility of pre-configured control over the delocalization of energy, through molecular energy transfer following optical excitation. The Förster mechanism that conveys energy between molecular-scale components is strongly sensitive to specific forms of correlation between the involved components, in terms of position, spectroscopic character, and orientation; one key factor is a spectroscopic gradient. Suitably designed materials offer a broad scope for the widespread exploitation of such features, in applications ranging from chemical and biological sensing to the detection of nanoscale motion or molecular conformations. Recently, attention has turned to the prospect of actively controlling the process of energy migration, for example by changing the relative efficiencies of fluorescence and molecular energy transfer. On application of static electric fields or off-resonant laser light – just two of the possibilities – each represents a means for achieving active control with ultrafast response, in suitably configured systems. As the principles are established and the theory is developed, a range of new possibilities for technical application is emerging. For example, applications can be envisaged for new forms of all-optical switching and transistor action. There is also interest in engaging with the interplay of optical excitation and local nanoscale force, exploiting local responses to changes in dispersion forces, accompanying molecular energy transfer.


This article contrasts the secular and Catholic literature on consumerism and its implications for liberty. Three specific questions are considered: Is consumerism harmful to liberty? Is it a necessary consequence of a market economy? Who is responsible for consumerism? The article shows that Catholic teaching on consumerism differs markedly from secular theoretical work but corresponds closely to secular empirical research. The article concludes by offering several suggestions, based on Catholic Social Teaching, for what can be done about consumerism. Andrew V. Abela, "The Price of Freedom: Consumerism and Liberty in Secular Research and Catholic Teaching," Journal of Markets & Morality 10, no. 1 (Spring 2007): 7-25


Several state‐of‐the‐art general circulation models (GCMs) predict that large volcanic eruptions should result in anomalous dry conditions throughout much of monsoon Asia. Here, we use long and well‐validated proxy reconstructions of Asian droughts and pluvials to detect the influence of volcanic radiative forcing on the hydroclimate of the region since the late Medieval period. Superposed epoch analysis reveals significantly wetter conditions over mainland southeast Asia in the year of an eruption, with drier conditions in central Asia. Our proxy and model comparison suggests that GCMs may not yet capture all of the important ocean‐atmosphere dynamics responsible for the influence of explosive volcanism on the climate of Asia.


Models of stimulus-response functions have been used for decades in an
attempt to understand the complex relationship between a sensory stimulus
and the neural response that it elicits. A popular model for characterising
auditory function is the spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF), originally
due to Aertsen and Johannesma (1980); Aertsen et al. (1980, 1981).
However, the STRF model predicts auditory cortical responses to complex
sounds very poorly, presumably because the model is linear in the stimulus
spectrogram and thus incapable of capturing spectrotemporal nonlinearities
in auditory responses.
Ahrens et al. (2008a) introduced a multilinear framework, which captures
neuron-specific nonlinear effects of stimulus context on spiking responses
to complex sounds. In such a framework, contextual effects are interpreted
as nonlinear stimulus interactions that modulate the input to a subsequent
STRF-like linear filter. We derive various extensions to this framework, and
demonstrate that the nonlinear effects of stimulus context are largely inseparable,
and fundamentally different for near-simultaneous and delayed
non-simultaneous sound energy. In two populations of neurons, recorded
from the mouse auditory cortex and thalamus, we show that simultaneous
sound energy provides a nonlinear positive (amplifying) gain to the
subsequent linear filter, while non-simultaneous sound energy provides a
negative (dampening) gain. We demonstrate that this structure is largely
responsible for providing a significant increase in the predictive capabilities
of the model.
Using this framework, we show that nonlinear context dependence differs
between cortical fields, consistent with previous studies (Linden et al.,
2003). Furthermore, we illustrate how such a model can be used to probe
the nonlinear mechanisms that underly the ability of the auditory system
to operate in diverse acoustic environments. These results provide a novel
extension to the study of receptive fields in multiple brain areas, and extend
existing understanding of the way in which stimulus context drives
complex auditory responses.


Abstract. An advanced "quasi-hydrostatic approximation" of 3-dimensional atmospheric-dynamics equations is proposed and justified with the practical goal to optimize atmospheric modelling at scales ranging from meso meteorology to global climate. For the vertically quasi-hydrostatic flow with inertial forces negligibly small compared to gravity forces, the asymptotically exact equation for vertical velocity is obtained. In the closed system of hydro/thermodynamic equations, the pressure is determined by the total air mass above, so that mass instead of pressure is considered as a dependent variable. In such a system, the sound waves are filtered, though the horizontal inertia forces are taken into account in the horizontal momentum conservation equations. The major practical result is an asymptotically exact equation for vertical velocity in the quasi-hydrostatic system of the atmospheric dynamics equations. Investigation of the stability of solutions to the system in response to small shortwave perturbations has shown that solutions have the property of shortwave instability. There are situations when the growth rate of the perturbation amplitude tends to infinity. It means that the Cauchy problem for such equations may be ill-posed. Its formulation can become conditionally correct if solutions are sought in a limited class of sufficiently smooth functions whose Fourier harmonics tend to zero reasonably quickly when the wavelengths of the perturbations approach zero. Thus, the numerical scheme for the quasi-hydrostatic equations using the finite-difference method requires an adequately selected pseudo-viscosity to eliminate the instability caused by perturbations with wavelengths of the order of the grid size. The result is useful for choosing appropriate vertical and horizontal grid sizes for modelling to avoid shortwave instability associated with the property of the system of equations. Implementation of pseud-viscosities helps to smoothen or suppress the perturbations that occur during modelling.


of a thesis at the University of Miami. Thesis supervised by Professor Chun-Yuh Charles Huang No. of pages in text. (56) Among the debilitating disorders associated with the musculoskeletal system, osteoarthritis and osteogenesis are the most prevalent disorders. These diseases are commonplace among people throughout the world and related healthcare options do little to improve on the condition. While the causes are yet to be fully understood, novel approaches involving stem cell treatments are currently being evaluated. The understanding of metabolic, formation, and degradation processes is simply a steppingstone leading to the formulation of an innovative treatment. The goal of this study was to assess the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of stem cells derived from two different cell lines in the teeth. While there is a plethora of available stem cell lines found in the human body, cells from the Periodontal Ligament (PDL) and Dental Pulp were utilized to perform these experiments. Due to the many characteristics shared between teeth and bone it was hypothesized that compressive forces, both dynamic and static, on both cell lines would have a positive differentiation impact. Cells were loaded into 2% Agarose hydrogels and tested at a frequency of 1Hz and 0.1Hz for dynamic compression as well as static compression. A custom designed bioreactor was used to provide the sinusoidal dynamic compression in addition to the static compression. All experiments were performed under 15% strain for two hours a day, for three consecutive days. Samples were quantified using RT-PCR in association with ten genes varying for chondrogenesis or osteogenesis. Results from this study suggested that mechanical loading had a positive impact on the differentiation of cells derived from the PDL and Dental Pulp. Dynamic loading conditions resulted in an increase of up regulation for osteogenic and chondrogenic genes, while static loading had displayed no positive effects.


Early life experience has a powerful influence on later stress reactivity, which is demonstrated by the animal model, repeated brief postnatal maternal separation. In this classic paradigm, rat pups undergo a 15-minute daily separation (MS15) from their dam for approximately one to two postnatal weeks. A substantial literature has demonstrated that adult rats with a developmental history of MS15 are significantly less stress reactive compared to controls, as evidenced by decreased stress-induced hormone release. Conversely, the effects of early life experience on brain circuits that control stress responses are virtually unknown. Descending preautonomic circuits govern the output of the autonomic nervous system, which mediates physiological responses to stress (e.g., increased heart rate and decreased digestion). These circuits begin in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and limbic forebrain and synaptically innervate preganglionic neurons in the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and spinal cord that ultimately innervate body organs. A previous study from our laboratory has demonstrated that MS15 alters the developmental assembly of gastric preautonomic circuits (Card et al., 2005). These findings led us to hypothesize that MS15 rats would display altered circuit strength of gastric preautonomic circuits later in development, as assessed in juvenile rats. Indeed, the study described in Chapter 2 demonstrated that MS15 enhances the circuit strength of gastric preautonomic circuits originating within the PVN in juvenile rats. This enhanced circuit strength suggests that the function of preautonomic PVN pathways might also be altered by MS15. Thus, we hypothesized that MS15 rats would display altered stress-induced activation of the PVN to DVC pathway. The study described in Chapter 3 revealed that MS15 rats display decreased stress-induced Fos activation within the PVN and within a specific population of DVC neurons. Therefore, studies within this dissertation revealed that M15 alters the circuit strength of PVN preautonomic pathways and alters stress-induced activation of brainstem preautonomic pathways. These findings suggest that MS15 rats would display attenuated autonomic responses to stress and may provide insights into how early life experience shapes later stress reactivity.


Introduction: The use of panoramic radiography has shown a remarkable expansion over the past 20 years. Accurate positioning and preparation of patients is needed to avoid image distortion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the common errors on panoramic radiographs taken in the radiology department of Rasht dental school. Materials and Methods: The study sample included 390 digital panoramic radiographs taken in Rasht faculty of dentistry by a direct digital panoramic unit. Frequency of common errors including errors related to patient positioning and patient preparation in male and females were evaluated. Results: There were 314 panoramic radiographs (81.5%) with errors. Errors related to the improper patient positioning were observed in 306 cases (78.5%). The most common error was palatoglossal air space (56.2%). There was no significant difference between males and females. Conclusion: The errors seen in panoramic radiographs were relatively high, thus training the operators is essential to maximize the quality of panoramic radiographs.


This paper examines the state, drivers and, consequently, the impacts of agricultural mechanization in eleven countries in Africa. Using representative multistage stratified household survey data and robust analytical approaches, findings show light hand-held tools and equipment remain the main type of machinery in most countries – about 48% of the sampled households have access to light machinery compared to 35% that have access to animal-powered machinery, and only about 18% that use tractor-powered machinery. Significant drivers of agricultural mechanization include the size of the household, gender of the household head, participation in off-farm economic activities, distance to the input and output markets, farm size, land tenure, type of farming system, access to extension services, and use of fertilizer and pesticides. This study finds that after controlling for socio-economic, demographic, and regional determinants, agricultural mechanization, significantly increases the amount of cropland cultivated (extensification) and is also accompanied by input intensification especially in countries where land expansion is limited. We further find significant but mixed impact of agricultural mechanization on use of household and hired labor. Finally, agricultural mechanization significantly raises the productivity of maize and rice in all cases. These findings point to the importance of developing favorable arrangements that would avail mechanization to small and medium scale farmers. This would involve providing incentives for private sector to scale agricultural mechanization initiatives and targeting and engaging women farmers and the youth by investing in supportive infrastructure and training.


An electric field–temperature (E-T) phase diagram for a lead-free 0.5 mol. % Mn-doped Bi(Na0.1K0.9)TiO3 ceramics was investigated. The x-ray diffraction, dielectric and polarization measurements revealed relaxor behavior and were used to characterize the stability regions of the non-ergodic relaxor, ergodic relaxor and electric field induced ferroelectric states. As indicated by the polarization–current density profiles, transformation between two electric fields, induced ferroelectric states with opposite polarization direction arise via a two-step process through an intermediate relaxor state. Interplay between the ferroelectric state conversion and intermediate relaxor state is governed by the dynamics of polarization relaxation. The presented E-T phase diagram revealed the effects of the applied electric field and temperature on stability regions. This is of special interest since the Bi0.5(Na0.1K0.9)0.5TiO3 ceramics were proposed as a potential piezoceramic material.


If progress for gender equality and non-discrimination were measured in legal and policy advances, the momentum over the past 20 years would be record-breaking. And yet, why do so many hard-won policy and legal reform processes fail to generate any measurable changes for gender justice? Women's workforce participation is increasing all over the world yet we are witnessing persistent inequalities and gender power dynamics that keep women subordinate. Sexual harassment, for example, involving high profile individuals from the full spectrum of workplaces –United Nations, business, media, and civil society organizations– is front page news everywhere. In Australia, despite being outlawed for 25 years, sexual harassment is the top complaint received by its Human Rights Commission; in EU countries, 40-50% of women reported that they experienced sexual harassment in the workplace; in Japan, in 2013 the Equal Employment Office had 9.230 sexual harassment cases and in the US, one in three cases before the Equal Employment Commission are sexual harassment cases2.


Highway agencies across the nation are moving towards implementation of the new AASHTO Mechanistic- Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for pavement design. The objective of this project was to implement the MEPDG into the daily operations of the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT). The implementation of the MEPDG as a UDOT standard required modifications in some UDOT pavement design protocols (i.e., lab testing procedures, equipment, and protocols, traffic data reporting, software issues, design output interpretation, and others). A key requirement is validation of the MEPDG's nationally calibrated pavement distress and smoothness prediction models when applied under Utah conditions and performing local calibration if needed. This was accomplished using data from Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) projects located in Utah and UDOT pavement management system (PMS) pavement sections. The nationally calibrated MEPDG models were evaluated. With the exception of the new hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement total rutting model, all other models were found to be reasonable. The rutting model was locally calibrated to increase goodness of fit and remove significant bias. Due to the nature of the data used in model validation, it is recommended that further MEPDG model validation be accomplished in the future using a database that contains HMA pavement and jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) exhibiting moderate to severe deterioration. This report represents Phase II of the UDOT MEPDG implementation study and builds on the Phase I study report completed in 2005 for UDOT. The Draft User's Guide for UDOT Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (UDOT Research Report No. UT-09.11a, dated October 2009) incorporates the findings of this report as inputs and pavement design guidelines for Utah for use by UDOT's pavement design engineers during trial implementation of the MEPDG.


Designing an Instructional Publication on the Geology of Capitol Reef National Park Kinsey Gayle Spiel Department of Geological Sciences, BYU Master of Science The wide variety of strata, structural features, and landscapes of Capitol Reef National Park result from its complex, yet discoverable history. Our task was to write and design an informative book on this complexity while making it engaging for the public. We approached the design of this book using Stufflebeam's (2007) CIPP model. The CIPP model uses both summative and formative evaluations in the categories of context, input, process, and product. It provides the framework to methodically investigate the value of a product and identify and correct less effective pedagogical and design elements during its development. We demonstrated the use of the CIPP model as we wrote and illustrated pages of our book. Beginning with context, we identified our target audience, decided how we would provide a book that would serve this cohort, and made a plan for what we would accomplish with Exploring the Diverse Geology of Capitol Reef National Park. The input step involved understanding how to make our goals reality, especially concerning the design of the final book. We researched how the brain learns most effectively and incorporated those ideas into our book. We used principles developed by Clark and Mayer (2011) to reduce extraneous cognitive load. Research by James Hartley (1994) guided the instructional design and typography techniques. The process step helped us stay organized and follow our original plans. Finally, the product step enabled us and others to evaluate our product both formatively and summatively to make necessary alterations and plans for possibly future editions.


Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak.


State, Society & Governance in Melanesia ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm The Autonomous Region of Bougainville currently has the Pacific's only parliamentary reserved seats for women system. While the system guarantees a minimum level of representation for women in the Bougainville House of Representatives, concerns have been raised that the reserved seats act as a ceiling for women's representation and prevent women from successfully contesting other seats (CS/PIF 2005; Kelly 2010). This In Brief draws on fieldwork conducted in September 2013. I conducted qualitative interviews in Buka, Arawa and Port Moresby, including with the three current women members of the House of Representatives (MHRs), two of the three previous women MHRs, unsuccessful women candidates, the women representatives on the Bougainville Constitutional Commission, and representatives from church and women's groups.


Unmanned aerial vehicles are a salient solution for rapid deployment in disaster relief, search and rescue, and warfare operations. In these scenarios, the agility, maneuverability and speed of the UAV are vital components towards saving human lives, successfully completing a mission, or stopping dangerous threats. Hence, a high speed, highly agile, and small footprint unmanned aerial vehicle capable of carrying minimal payloads would be the best suited design for completing the desired task. This thesis presents the design, analysis, and realization of a dual-nacelle tiltrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. The design of the dual-nacelle tiltrotor aerial vehicle utilizes two propellers for thrust with the ability to rotate the propellers about the sagittal plane to provide thrust vectoring. The dual-nacelle thrust vectoring of the aerial vehicle provides a slimmer profile, a smaller hover footprint, and allows for rapid aggressive maneuvers while maintaining a desired speed to quickly navigate through cluttered environments. The dynamic model of the dual-nacelle tiltrotor design was derived using the Newton-Euler method and a nonlinear PD controller was developed for spatial trajectory tracking. The dynamic model and nonlinear PD controller were implemented in MATLAB R © Simulink using SimMechanics. The simulation verified the ability of the controlled tiltrotor to track a helical trajectory. To study the scalability of the design, two prototypes were developed: a micro scale tiltrotor prototype, 50mm wide and weighing 30g, and a large scale tiltrotor prototype, 0.5m wide and weighing 2.8kg. The micro scale tiltrotor has a 1.6:1 thrust to weight ratio with an estimated flight time of 6 mins in hover. The large scale tiltrotor has a 2.3:1 thrust to weight ratio with an estimated flight time of 4 mins in hover. A detailed realization of the tiltrotor prototypes is provided with discussions on mechanical design, fabrication, hardware selection, and software implementation. Both tiltrotor prototypes successfully demonstrated hovering, altitude, and yaw maneuvering while tethered and remotely controlled. The developed prototypes provide a framework for further research and development of control strategies for the aggressive maneuvering of underactuated tiltrotor aerial vehicles.


Parotid tumours are rare, but their diagnosis and management continue to be a surgical challenge. In a retrospective review of 60 patients over a 6-year period, the value of clinical features in distinguishing malignant from benign parotid tumours was examined. The sex of patients, the consistency, size and site of tumour, smoking, length of history and rate of growth were not helpful in differentiation. However, the association of pain, facial nerve paralysis, skin infiltration and enlarged ipsilateral cervical nodes with a final diagnosis of cancer was significant (P less than 0.005). Fixity of tumour and old age were also significant indicators of malignancy (P less than 0.05). When these symptoms and signs suggestive of malignant disease are associated with a parotid tumour, the patient should be prepared for the possibility of a radical operation. The surgeon should make extra efforts to obtain a histological diagnosis before proceeding to definitive surgery.


Unsupervised learning methods based on contrastive learning have drawn increasing attention and achieved promising results. Most of them aim to learn representations invariant to instance-level variations, which are provided by different views of the same instance. In this paper, we propose Invariance Propagation to focus on learning representations invariant to category-level variations, which are provided by different instances from the same category. Our method recursively discovers semantically consistent samples residing in the same high-density regions in representation space. We demonstrate a hard sampling strategy to concentrate on maximizing the agreement between the anchor sample and its hard positive samples, which provide more intra-class variations to help capture more abstract invariance. As a result, with a ResNet-50 as the backbone, our method achieves 71.3% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet linear classification and 78.2% top-5 accuracy fine-tuning on only 1% labels, surpassing previous results. We also achieve state-of-the-art performance on other downstream tasks, including linear classification on Places205 and Pascal VOC, and transfer learning on small scale datasets.


The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits the number of media outlets one entity can control in either national or local media markets and has restricted one entity from owning several outlets in different types of media. The FCC has justified its regulations as necessary to promote diversity of viewpoint. While the Supreme Court for decades has upheld these restrictions against First Amendment challenge, recent cases have been less receptive, using stricter scrutiny or demanding more empirical support. The problems the FCC's regulations face in court, however, stem as well from the FCC's inability to rely on meaningful metrics for its putative regulatory goal, viewpoint diversity. Rather than attempt to quantify or identify the number of viewpoints and ideas in a given media market, the FCC asserts that diversity of ownership is a proxy for diversity of viewpoint. The FCC, therefore, counts heads to determine if there is enough diversity - a meaningless inquiry when not tethered to a measurement of diversity of media content. This article proposes empirical and normative approaches to strengthen media ownership regulation. Empirically, the FCC could tackle the difficult question of relating viewpoint diversity in media content to market structure, a task its rulemaking has largely avoided. Normatively, in a de facto shift of the burden of persuasion, the FCC could argue from ethical/political grounds for decentralized ownership and maximize it until economic data clearly point to economic inefficiencies. In this way, a normative preference for decentralized ownership would guide regulatory action, and the FCC's line-drawing would concern economic efficiency - a more easily defined term than the elusive diversity concept.


E-application represents any online software application including e-governance, e-learning, ecommerce and other e-applications. Organizations are intended to develop their own style of e-application software. They consider personalization issues to positively approach their users. To retain users' trust and loyalty, organizations develop a robust e-application software system, which might complicate the online processes. The user of several e-applications could be the same person. Since each organization has its own eapplication, users might find difficulties in using different types of e-application software systems to complete their online services, which might be the same service in some cases. How to help the users to reduce the time needed to accomplish certain service without making their life difficult? How to help the organizations to facilitate their services through the personalized e-application software systems? How to help new organizations understand the needs of their users and develop their own customized personalized e-application software system? Current author argues that this problem could be solved by developing a common template framework for personalized e-application software system? To support this argument, this paper at first addresses the importance of the personalization concept and presents a framework for personalized e-application software system. Secondly it discusses the results of the conducted survey to know whether users support the implementation and usage of a common personalization framework for e-application software systems. The results of the survey were impressive in supporting the argument. This indicates the necessity for having a common personalized e-application software system for all parties: organizations, users and developers.


We consider a massive perturber moving along slightly-eccentric orbits through a collisional fluid in flat spacetime. We compute, via a frequency-domain calculation, the density perturbations induced by this massive perturber and reproduce the characteristic spiral wave structure previously computed for circular orbits with time-domain methods. These are needed for extending Barausse's perturbation analysis of relativistic dynamical friction effects on bodies moving through collisional fluids.


Eutrophication is a widespread phenomenon that disrupts natural ecosystems around the globe. Despite the general recognition that ecosystems provide many services and benefits to humans, little effort has been made to address how increasing anthropogenic eutrophication affects those services. We conducted a field experiment to determine the effect of nutrient enrichment on five ecological services provided by a model coastal system, a shallow seagrass community near Mobile Bay, Alabama (USA): (1) the provision of shelter for fauna; (2) the quality of food provided to first-order consumers; (3) quantity of food provision to first-order consumers and O2/CO2 exchange; (4) producer carbon and nitrogen storage, and (5) water clarity. The results showed a severe negative impact on seagrass density and biomass, which greatly reduced the structural complexity of the community and provision of shelter to fauna. Water clarity and the standing stock of producer carbon were reduced in the fertilized area in comparison with the control area. In contrast, nutrient addition did not affect in any consistent way the total quantity of food available for first-order consumers, the net exchange of O2/CO2, or the standing stock of producer nitrogen in the community. The nutritional quality of the food available for first-order consumers increased with fertilization. These results show that the impacts of nutrient enrichment on the services provided by natural systems may be disparate, ranging from negative to positive. These findings suggest that management policies for anthropogenic eutrophication will depend on the specific ecosystem service targeted. In the case of shallow seagrass beds, the loss of biogenic habitat and drastic impacts on commercially important fauna may be sufficiently alarming to warrant rigorous control of coastal eutrophication.


Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a progressively disabling, neurological condition, resulting in multiple signs and symptoms and reduced quality of life. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Although not traditionally considered a terminal condition, guidelines recommend the early involvement of palliative care services in IPD management. Limited evidence exists pertaining to the dying trajectory in IPD. However, the research that is available indicates an increasing symptom burden at the end of life. People with IPD rarely die in hospices. Therefore, the majority of patients with end-stage IPD will be cared for in hospitals, care homes and community settings. This article will focus on the main signs and symptoms of IPD that lead to morbidity and which are predictors of mortality. A case example of a man with advanced IPD admitted to a hospice is examined. The article aims to provide nurses caring for people with IPD in all environments with a broad overview of the effects of the disease. It is not its intention to discuss treatment strategies. Conflicts of interest: none