A sparkling and up-to-date new cover for one of Fontana Press's strongest-selling titles. 'Jung was on a giant scale...he was a master physician of the soul in his insights, a profound sage in his conclusions. He is also one of Western Man's great liberators.' J. B. Priestly, Sunday Telegraph 'Jung can sometimes rise to the heights of a Blake or a Nietzsche or a Kierkegaard...like any true prophet or artist, he extended the range of the human imagination...to be able to share Jungian emotions is surely an almost necessary capacity of the free mind.' Philip Toynbee, Observer This compact volume of extracts from the twenty volumes of Jung's published writings presents him clearly, in his own words and in precis. Jung's writing is the key to understanding 20th-century psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Most of the terms of reference now used ('extrovert', 'collective unconscious', 'archetype') are Jungian. This is essential reading for both students of psychology and the general reader.


Background: A novel coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China towards the end of 2019 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 virus). Large scale spread within China and internationally led the World Health Organisation to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30th January 2020. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 virus infection include asymptomatic infection, mild upper respiratory symptoms, severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure and even death. There are no antivirals of proven clinical efficacy in coronavirus infections. Remdesivir (GS-5734), a nucleoside analogue, has inhibitory effects on animal and human highly pathogenic coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. It is also inhibitory against the COVID-19 virus in-vitro. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in adult patients with severe pneumonia caused by COVID-19 virus infection.Methods: The protocol is prepared in accordance with the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) guidelines. This is a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Adults (≥18 years) with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 virus infection, and severe pneumonia signs or symptoms, and radiologically confirmed severe pneumonia are randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to intravenous remdesivir or placebo for 10 days. The primary endpoint is time to clinical improvement (censored at Day 28), defined as the time (in days) from randomization of study treatment (remdesivir or placebo) until a decline of two categories on a six-category ordinal scale of clinical status (1 ꞊ discharged; 6 ꞊ death) or live discharge from hospital. One interim analysis for efficacy and futility will be conducted once half of the total number of events required had been observed.Discussion: This is the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 2019-nCoV. Enrolment began in sites in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on 6th February 2020.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04257656, 6th February 2020.


With recent progress in graphics, it has become more tractable to train models on synthetic images, potentially avoiding the need for expensive annotations. However, learning from synthetic images may not achieve the desired performance due to a gap between synthetic and real image distributions. To reduce this gap, we propose Simulated+Unsupervised (S+U) learning, where the task is to learn a model to improve the realism of a simulators output using unlabeled real data, while preserving the annotation information from the simulator. We develop a method for S+U learning that uses an adversarial network similar to Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), but with synthetic images as inputs instead of random vectors. We make several key modifications to the standard GAN algorithm to preserve annotations, avoid artifacts, and stabilize training: (i) a self-regularization term, (ii) a local adversarial loss, and (iii) updating the discriminator using a history of refined images. We show that this enables generation of highly realistic images, which we demonstrate both qualitatively and with a user study. We quantitatively evaluate the generated images by training models for gaze estimation and hand pose estimation. We show a significant improvement over using synthetic images, and achieve state-of-the-art results on the MPIIGaze dataset without any labeled real data.


Abstract. Frozen ground has an important role in regional hydrological cycle and ecosystem, especially on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which is characterized by high elevation and a dry climate. This study modified a distributed physically-based hydrological model and applied it to simulate the long-term (from 1961 to 2013) change of frozen ground and its effect on hydrology in the upper Heihe basin located at Northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The model was validated carefully against data obtained from multiple ground-based observations. The model results showed that the permafrost area shrank by 9.5 % (approximately 600 km2), especially in areas with elevation between 3500 m and 3900 m. The maximum frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground decreased at a rate of approximately 4.1 cm/10 yr, and the active layer depth over the permafrost increased by about 2.2 cm/10 yr. Runoff increased significantly during cold seasons (November–March) due to the increase in liquid soil moisture caused by rising soil temperature. Areas where permafrost changed into the seasonally frozen ground at high elevation showed especially large changes in runoff. Annual runoff increased due to increased precipitation, the base flow increased due to permafrost degradation, and the actual evapotranspiration increased significantly due to increased precipitation and soil warming. The groundwater storage showed an increasing trend, which indicated that the groundwater recharge was enhanced due to the degradation of permafrost in the study area.


The objective of this paper is to extend, in the context of multicore architectures, the concepts of tile algorithms [Buttari et al., 2007] for Cholesky, LU, and QR factorizations to the family of two-sided factorizations. In particular, the bidiagonal reduction of a general, dense matrix is very often used as a preprocessing step for calculating the Singular Value Decomposition. Furthermore, in the Top500 list of June 2008, 98 percent of the fastest parallel systems in the world were based on multicores. This confronts the scientific software community with both a daunting challenge and a unique opportunity. The challenge arises from the disturbing mismatch between the design of systems based on this new chip architecture-hundreds of thousands of nodes, a million or more cores, reduced bandwidth and memory available to cores-and the components of the traditional software stack, such as numerical libraries, on which scientific applications have relied for their accuracy and performance. The many-core trend has even more exacerbated the problem, and it becomes critical to efficiently integrate existing or new numerical linear algebra algorithms suitable for such hardware. By exploiting the concept of tile algorithms in the multicore environment (i.e., high level of parallelism with fine granularity and high-performance data representation combined with a dynamic data-driven execution), the band bidiagonal reduction presented here achieves 94 Gflop/s on a 12,000 × 12,000 matrix with 16 Intel Tigerton 2.4 GHz processors. The main drawback of the tile algorithms approach for the bidiagonal reduction is that the full reduction cannot be obtained in one stage. Other methods have to be considered to further reduce the band matrix to the required form.


United Kingdom sheltered housing accommodates about 5% of the older population. This is a diverse community of people who are either active or older who need little support; and those who are frail and vulnerable with high levels of chronic disease and disability. A common aspiration of tenants is to be independent and remain in their home. Within the sheltered housing sector there is much interest in the role of technologies in supporting tenants to achieve these aspirations. Whilst a small proportion of tenants use computers, telecare and telehealth systems to support independent living, the majority have a television. The television is predominantly used for pleasure and information. With the advancement in technology it is feasible for the television to have greater functionality. The i-SPY Digital, Care Messenger system is a set top box with related cloud based software that has messaging capacities that are transmitted to the end-user through their television. This pilot implementation study introduced Care Messenger into a sheltered housing service to explore how this system could be used to support independent living through enhancement of the network of care. The network of care includes all support resources available to individual tenants including family/friends, sheltered housing/council services, health and social care services, and community services. This paper will report on challenges to implementation, how the system is being used by tenants and sheltered housing staff, and the potential to use the system within an integrated and interactive assistive technology platform.


The Dead Sea is a terminal lake, located in an arid environment. Evaporation is the key component of the Dead Sea water budget and accounts for the main loss of water. So far, lake evaporation has been determined by indirect methods only and not measured directly. Consequently, the governing factors of evaporation are unknown. For the first time, long-term eddy covariance measurements were performed at the western Dead Sea shore for a period of 1 year by implementing a new concept for onshore lake evaporation measurements. To account for lake evaporation during offshore wind conditions, a robust and reliable multiple regression model was developed using the identified governing factors wind velocity and water vapour pressure deficit. An overall regression coefficient of 0.8 is achieved. The measurements show that the diurnal evaporation cycle is governed by three local wind systems: a lake breeze during daytime, strong downslope winds in the evening, and strong northerly along-valley flows during the night. After sunset, the strong winds cause half-hourly evaporation rates which are up to 100 % higher than during daytime. The median daily evaporation is 4.3 mm d −1 in July and 1.1 mm d −1 in December. The annual evaporation of the water surface at the measurement location was 994±88 mm a −1 from March 2014 until March 2015. Furthermore, the performance of indirect evaporation approaches was tested and compared to the measurements. The aerodynamic approach is applicable for sub-daily and multi-day calculations and attains correlation coefficients between 0.85 and 0.99. For the application of the Bowen ratio energy budget method and the Priestley–Taylor method, measurements of the heat storage term are inevitable on timescales up to 1 month. Otherwise strong seasonal biases occur. The Penman equation was adapted to calculate realistic evaporation, by using an empirically gained linear function for the heat storage term, achieving correlation coefficients between 0.92 and 0.97. In summary, this study introduces a new approach to measure lake evaporation with a station located at the shoreline, which is also transferable to other lakes. It provides the first directly measured Dead Sea evaporation rates as well as applicable methods for evaporation calculation. The first one enables us to further close the Dead Sea water budget, and the latter one enables us to facilitate water management in the region.


A model reference adaptive-sliding mode control is presented and applied for a variable stiffness actuated (VSA) system. The VSA is a flexible stiffness machine with two coupled actuators in each link, and its safety during the movement can be guaranteed by varying both stiffness and the angular variables. Realisation of precise control of two coupled actuators poses a considerable challenge, however, because of uncertain time-varying parameters and unknown variation bounds. In this paper a neuro-sliding mode approach based on model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed. The proposed MRAC control structure induces the VSA to follow its nominal dynamics with help of sliding mode control efforts. The sliding gain, implemented by a simple neural network (NN), is adaptively updated based on the Lyapunov criterion. A control law and adaptive laws for the sliding mode control as well as the weights in the NN are established so that the closed-loop system is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. The tracking errors of both the angular variables and stiffness are managed to guarantee the system to be asymptotically stable rather than uniformly ultimately bounded. And, the feasibility of the proposed control approach is demonstrated by means of experimental results as well as computer simulations.


Summary: This short-term study on commercial discards was carried out in fishing grounds around Gokceada Island in the northeastern Aegean Sea, a geographic area where fisheries information is rather limited. A total of 28 bottom trawls were performed between 70 and 410 m depth from December 2009 to February 2010. All the samples were collected on board a commercial trawler under commercial fishing conditions. A total of 3143 kg of biomass was caught in 28 valid hauls. Landings accounted for about 67% of the total catch while the remaining 33% was discarded. Fish species comprised 85% of the total catch and their composition could be divided into four main groups related to depth: shallow shelf (70 to 88 m), deep shelf (155 to 180 m), shelf break (196 to 276 m), and upper slope (307 to 410 m). Fish dominated the abundance and biomass of both landings and discards in all bathymetric strata. Echinoderms also accounted for a large proportion of the discards. Mean total catches varied between 78.4 kg/h on the shallow shelf and 38.1 kg/h on the shelf break with no differences in the landing biomass between groups, but with slightly higher discards over the shallow shelf. Taking into account the preliminary nature of the findings, based on a short-term analysis, the minimum mesh size and minimum landing size currently applied in the Turkish bottom trawl fishery are not sufficient to reduce discards and to protect juveniles of commercially important species in the northeastern Aegean Sea.


In this review, we will summarize our ongoing studies on the functionality of both γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate receptors expressed by undifferentiated neural progenitor cells isolated from embryonic rodent brains. Cells were cultured with growth factors for the formation of round spheres by clustered cells under floating conditions, whereas a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed expression of mRNA for particular subtypes of different ionotropic and metabotropic GABA and glutamate receptors in undifferentiated progenitors and neurospheres. Moreover, sustained exposure to either GABAergic or glutamatergic agonists not only modulated the size of neurospheres formed, but also affected spontaneous and induced differentiation of neural progenitor cells into particular progeny cell lineages such as neurons and astroglia. Both GABA and glutamate could play a pivotal role in the mechanisms underlying proliferation for self-replication along with the determination of subsequent differentiation fate toward particular progeny lineages through activation of their receptor subtypes functionally expressed by undifferentiated neural progenitor cells. Accordingly, neurogenesis seems to be also under control by GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling in developing brains as seen with neurotransmission in adult brains.


Information technology as a more intermediary utilizes the science of the day to provide the necessary data for the specialists, organizations, and ultimately all types of groups in the shortest possible time and in the best possible way. Many countries believe that entrepreneurship has played an indispensable role in improving productivity and economic growth. Since the benefits of tourism industry in the regional process through the creation of foreign exchange earnings lead to economic growth and in the local procedures through the creation of jobs the consistent distribution of income will improve lives of the people, developing countries see the prosperity of tourism as a way for the economic development in all aspects. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize new business opportunities in the electronic tourism industry of Chabahar city. In the present article which conducted in 2018 thirty people were selected from the active tourism industry in the area for the research sample.  Expert choice software was used to analyze the data. Smart advertising opportunities with a coefficient of 0.221, smart commerce with a coefficient of 0.191, smart residency with a coefficient of 0.172, smart navigation with a coefficient of 0.131, intelligent transportation with a coefficient of 0.113, smart routing with a coefficient of 0.092, Smart data with a coefficient of 0.049, and smart training with coefficient 0.029 were recognized as new businesses in the industry of Chabahar.


A review of the literature on corrosion fatigue and fatigue testing is followed in this work by an analysis of the variables involved and of the various mechanisms which have been advanced. Particular reference is made to the corrosion fatigue of surgical implant alloys. An experimental programme was devised to be particularly relevant to the environmental variations possible in implant/body systems.
A multi-specimen, reverse-bend, strain facility was designed and produced for this research. Small smooth specimens were tested at a 'walking pace' of 1.7 Hz. A multi-channel,
mini-potentiostat was also designed and produced for electrochemical studies during corrosion fatigue. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to examine fracture surfaces.
The corrosion fatigue performance of some alloys (stainless
steel type 316, titanium 130 and 318) currently used for
surgical implants has been evaluated. A comparative study of
the performance of mild steel, a material which has in the past been used for implants, was also made. A series of experiments was conducted to simulate normal conditions with a 0.17M saline solution buffered at pH 6.5. Some extreme conditions were also investigated at pH 1.5 and pH 11.5. In order to evaluate the comparative influence of saline, additional experiments were conducted in air and in distilled water for each material.A considerable number of metal/environment combinations was thereby investigated, involving corrosion fatigue in both the passive-state and the active state. Since it is common place for some implants to be drilled for fitting, a further series of experiments was conducted using specimens containing a drilled hole. The influence of such stress concentrating features was thus established for each material.
The behaviour of mild steel in all the environments tested,
and that of S316 in pH 1.5 saline was described using a single model for interaction between stress concentration and corrosion during fatigue. A different model was found to represent the behaviour of all the other metal/environment combinations tested. The two models were seen to represent, respectively, activestate corrosion fatigue and fatigue under passive state conditions. The drilling of holes in mild steel and T130 showed a small stress concentration effect. No such effect was produced with holes in stainless steel. By contrast, however, the drilling of a hole in T318 resulted in a dramatic reduction in the fatigue limit: a reduction of the order of 50% was obtained in both distilled water and saline solutions. Unlike other materials S316 produced a wide scatter band of results in saline pH 6.5. This was attributed to a naturally fluctuating corrosion potential indicative of an irregular film breakdown and repair. This was attributed to a naturally fluctuating corrosion potential indicative of an irregular film breakdown and repair.
The results are generally discussed and the evidence
produced shows that the use of S316 for surgical implants cannot be recommended because of poor resistance to corrosion fatigue at low pH. T130 was superior in this respect. However, T318 showed the best resistance to corrosion fatigue even allowing for the drastic reduction in performance with a drilled hole.


Although the groundwater table in the State of Qatar peninsula is reducing, there is a persistent increasing level of groundwater in some areas in Doha city. This increasing tendency could be attributed to the topography of the area, geological structure, rapid urbanization, increase in water consumption, uncontrol led irrigation of farms and green areas as well as the absence of storm-water drainage system. To lower the groundwater table, a drainage system has been laid through Rayan and Wadi Musheirib which are the worst affected areas. This system drains away the groundwater as well as the stormwater to the Arabian Gulf. A qualitative and quantitative monitoring program was initiated in order to evaluate the possibility of utilizing this drained water. The results obtained indicate that the drainage water could be used for irrigating certain types of trees.


The purpose of reading is for the reader to construct meaning from the text. For many young adults with Down syndrome, knowing what the text is all about is difficult, and so for them the activity of reading becomes simply the practice of word calling. It is suggested in the literature that for those individuals with Down syndrome, learning can continue into adolescence and that this may be the optimal time for learning to occur. However, a review of the literature revealed limited empirical research specifically relating to the reading comprehension of young adults with Down syndrome. Recent findings from Latch-On (Literacy And Technology Hands On), a research-based literacy and technology program for young adults with Down syndrome at the University of Queensland, revealed that comprehension remained the significant area of difficulty and showed least improvement (Moni & Jobling, 2001). It was suggested by Moni and Jobling (2001) that explicit instruction in comprehension using a variety of strategies and meaningful, relevant texts was required to improve the ability of young adults with Down syndrome to construct meaning from written texts. This paper is based on an action research project that was developed within the Latch-On program. The project utilised a modification of Elliot's (1991) action research model and was conducted to investigate specific teaching and learning strategies that would enhance the reading comprehension of young adults with Down syndrome. The participants were 6 young adults with Down syndrome ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. As the data from this project are still being analysed, preliminary findings of one participant are presented as a case study. The preliminary findings appear to indicate that the program of specific teaching and learning reading comprehension strategies used in this project was beneficial in the participant's reading comprehension.


This is an introduction to the thought of Carl Gustav Jung, describing how ideas of Jungian depth psychology impact on and relate to the major scientific and cultural issues and trends of the 20th century and beyond. It explores issues such as the origins of the self, family and gender, social conflict, racism, international strife, the new scientific thinking, the sources of the renewed interest in religion, ethics and artistic creativity. Jung's life and work were concerned with two major themes, which are still relevant at the beginning of the millennium: the discovery and mapping of the unconscious, an internal source of creativity or destruction for each individual; and those outbreaks of dreadful violence and expressions of awesome creativity which can erupt from within the collective unconscious of humans as a group.


We present a study of Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment light curves of red giant stars exhibiting long secondary periods (LSPs)—an enigmatic phenomenon commonly observed in stars on the upper red giant branch and asymptotic giant branch. We show that the light curves of LSP stars are essentially identical to those of the spotted variables with one dark spot on their photospheres. Such behavior can be explained by the presence of a dusty cloud orbiting the red giant together with a low-mass companion in a close, circular orbit. We argue that the binary scenario is in agreement with most of the observational properties of LSP variables, including non-sinusoidal shapes of their radial velocity curves.


Improve the prediction of the vital and functional prognosis of comatose patients suffering from anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy after successful resuscitation from a cardiac arrest, addmitted to the Intensive Care and Coronary Units of the Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, based on clinical, neurophysiological and biochemical results.
The results of these different tests, revised and combined all together, will improve the prediction of the patients' prognosis, leading to an accurate vital and functional outcome, as they only have been studied separately so far. Anoxia is the third most frequent cause of coma, and the most common cause of post-anoxic coma in adults is the cardiac arrest. The incidence of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is not well known, but it is certain that cardiac arrest, the most common cause of post-anoxic coma, affects approximately 24000 to 50000 Spanish people every year, most of them occuring out of the hospital. A cardiac arrest is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of the blood due to failure of the heart to contract effectively during systole. It is different from, but may be caused by, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, where blood flow to the still-beating heart is interrupted. Arrested blood circulation prevents delivery of oxygen to all parts of the body. Cerebral hypoxia, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain, causes victims to lose consciousness and to stop normal breathing, although agonal breathing may still occur. Brain injury is likely if cardiac arrest is untreated for more than five minutes


Stone cells are one of the most important factors affecting the fruit quality of pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder, P. communis L., P. pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai and P. bretschneideri × communis). Sections of pear fruits were examined during fruit development to analyze the content and diameter of stone cells in four different pear cultivars. At maturity, the abundance of stone cells in Dangshansuli pears was the highest at the peel, followed by core and flesh. In contrast, the stone cells of three other cultivars were more abundant at the core compared to the peel and flesh, and the percentage of stone cells with a diameter greater than 80 μm was significantly lower than in Dangshansuli. In addition, the initiation of stone cell formation in Dangshansuli pears was at 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) and peaked at 7 weeks after flowering. Contrarily in Whangkeumbae, Bartlett and Yuluxiangli pears, stone cells were initiated at 15 DAFB and peaked 4–6 weeks after flowering. In conclusion, the higher density, larger diameter, and radial distribution of stone cells in Dangshansuli pears resulted in a coarse texture compared to Whangkeumbae, Bartlett, and Yuluxiangli pears. These findings can help to improve the visualization of stone cells in pear fruit and help to improve the fruit quality by reducing the formation of stone cells. © 2017 Friends Science Publishers


BACKGROUND
Although there are an increasing number and variety of medications available for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), few data are available describing recent, and changes over time in, use of different cardiac medications in patients with AMI from a more generalizable, community-wide perspective. Moreover, it is unclear whether the demographic and clinical profile of patients receiving these agents is similar or varies according to the type of agent prescribed.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The purpose of this study was to examine recent patterns and changes over a decade-long period (1986 to 1997) in the use of cardiac medications during the acute hospitalization and at the time of hospital discharge in metropolitan Worcester, Mass, residents (1990 census estimate, 437,000) hospitalized with confirmed AMI. There was a marked increase in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aspirin, beta-blockers, lipid-lowering agents, and thrombolytic therapy between 1986 and 1997. The use of calcium antagonists, lidocaine, and other antiarrhythmic agents declined over this period. Similar trends were observed in the use of these agents in hospital survivors at the time of hospital discharge. Patient age, presence of comorbidities, and AMI-associated characteristics influenced the use of these therapies; sex differences in the use of several of these medications were also noted.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this population-based observational study provide insights into changing prescribing patterns in the hospital treatment of patients with AMI. Despite encouraging increases in the use of several of these agents, considerable opportunities for increased utilization remain.


Cells organize and regulate their metabolism via membrane-or protein-bound organelles. In this way, incompatible processes can be spatially separated and controlled. In prokaryotes, protein-based compartments are used to sequester harmful reactions and store useful compounds. These protein compartments play key roles in various metabolic and ecological processes ranging from iron homeostasis to carbon fixation. We identified more than 900 proteinaceous encapsulin nanocompartment systems in bacterial and archaeal genomes. Encapsulins can be found in 15 bacterial and 2 archaeal phyla. Our analysis reveals 1 new capsid type and 9 previously unknown cargo proteins targeted to the interior of encapsulins. We experimentally characterize 3 newly identified encapsulin systems and illustrate their involvement in iron mineralization, oxidative and nitrosative stress resistance and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, a process responsible for 30% of the N lost from the oceans. We propose that encapsulins represent a widespread strategy for toxic reaction sequestration in prokaryotes.


This thesis describes the development, characterisation and application of a portable spectroscopy system for ultra-sensitive, real-time detection of breath ethane. In healthcare, breath ethane is a widely accepted marker of free radical-induced cell damage and may be
used to indicate changes in oxidative stress.
The aim was to deliver a compact instrument capable of long-term, on-site use in a clinical environment, while also retaining the high performance previously achieved by lab-based systems at the University of Glasgow. The newly developed instrument has a sensitivity of 70 parts per trillion with a 1 Hz sampling rate. The system incorporates a cryogenicallycooled lead-salt laser and uses a second derivative wavelength modulation detection scheme.
A thermally-managed closed-loop refrigeration system has eliminated the need for liquid coolants.
The instrument has been field-tested to ensure target performance is sustained in a range of environments, both indoor and outdoor. It has since been used in a number of pilot clinical studies, both off-site and on-site, in which breath ethane was monitored as a marker of oxidative stress. The three main clinical areas investigated were dialysis, radiotherapy and intensive care. In the intensive care study, the instrument was modified to enable automatic
breath sampling of inspired and expired gases of ventilated patients. This technique proved highly successful and the instrument then remained at the Southern General hospital, where it continued to be used as part of a wider study into breath ethane in intensive care patients.
The use of the new spectroscopy system has enabled ultra-sensitive, rapid analysis of a large number of breath samples. The use of the new instrument, in particular for continual breath monitoring, has enabled the detection of short-lived fluctuations in breath ethane,
yielding some interesting findings in a number of pilot clinical studies. Our results suggest that breath ethane may be used as an indicator of dynamic changes in oxidative stress. Further studies will be required to determine if such monitoring is of clinical benefit.

Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to spectroscopy and some background to our project. A number of spectroscopic techniques and laser sources are discussed, along with a review of previous work in ethane detection. In chapter 2 some background theory of molecular spectroscopy is given, with a more detailed discussion of the wavelength modulation technique.
Chapter 3 describes in detail the development of the portable spectroscopy system. The achieved performance and factors contributing to this performance are discussed in
chapter 4. The field test of the instrument is reported on in chapter 5. In chapter 6 the application of the technology to breath analysis and the current challenges in this field are discussed. Example breath ethane measurements for healthy controls are provided. The
clinical pilot studies conducted using the new system in areas of dialysis, intensive care and radiotherapy are discussed in chapters 7, 8, and 9 respectively. Chapter 10 contains the thesis summary and conclusions, with suggestions for future work.


This paper describes the results of initial work analysing a panel of rural households in Peru between 1994 and 2004 to determine household responses to changes in relative prices of traditional versus export-oriented products. Our principal interest was to better understand how household responses to external economic shocks influenced rural welfare, income distribution and poverty. Since a large percentage of Peruvians living in poverty are located in rural areas, learning more about how these households respond to a changing external environment provides insights into the factors that influence their ability to improve their absolute and relative economic position. The results of our analysis indicate that changes in relative prices had a significant impact on the adoption of new agricultural products, and the magnitude of response was mitigated by households? degree of tenure security and access to regional and local markets. Analyses of household expenditures over the period indicate that those who adopted export crops experienced a significant growth in consumption proportional to the change in acreage devoted to exportable products, and were less likely to be classified as impoverished at the end of the period. Instrumental variables estimates suggest that this association is causal.


Abstract. Located at the transition between the Saharan and Sahelian zones, at the center of one of the largest endorheic basins, Lake Chad is ideally located to record regional environmental changes that occurred in the past. However, until now, no Holocene archive was directly cored in this lake. In this paper, we present pollen data from the first sedimentary sequence collected in Lake Chad (13° N; 14° E; Sahel region). Dated between ca. 6700 and ca. 5000 cal yr BP, this record is continuous and encompasses part of the termination of the African Humid Period (AHP). Vegetation reconstructions are based on standard analyses of pollen diagrams and are strengthened by quantitative approaches. Potential biomes are reconstructed using the biomization method and mean annual precipitation (Pann) is estimated using the modern analogues technique. Results show that, between ca. 6700 and ca. 6050 cal yr BP, a vegetation close to humid woodland or humid savanna, including elements currently found further southward, thrived in the vicinity of the Mega-Lake Chad in place of the modern dry woodland, steppe and desert vegetation. At the same time, montane forest populations extended further southward on the Adamawa Plateau. The high abundance of lowland humid pollen taxa, particularly of Uapaca, is interpreted as the result of a northward migration of the corresponding plants during the AHP. This preferential zonal occurrence of these taxa in Lake Chad Basin (LCB) (rather than extrazonal) is driven by more humid local and regional climate conditions at this latitude, as shown by mean Pann estimated values of ca. 800 (−400/+700) mm during this period. However, we cannot rule out that an increase of the Chari–Logone inputs into the Mega-Lake Chad might have also contributed to control the abundance of these taxa. Changes in the structure and floristic composition of the vegetation towards more open and drier formations occurred after ca. 6050 cal yr BP, following a decrease in mean Pann estimates to approximately 600 (−230/+600) mm. But, the constant significant presence of lowland humid taxa until ca. 5000 cal yr BP, contemporaneous with a slight increase in steppic taxa, demonstrates that at this date, the modern vegetation was not yet established in the vicinity of Lake Chad. Our data indicate that between ca. 6700 and ca. 5000 cal yr BP vegetation and climate changes must have occurred progressively, but that century-scale climate variability was superimposed on this long-term mid-Holocene drying trend as observed around ca. 6300 cal yr BP, where pollen data indicate more humid conditions.


To obtain more information on the flowering dogwood genome, a single custom, normalized library for Roche/454 sequencing was prepared and sequenced for bract ('Cherokee Brave') and leaf ('Appalachian Spring' and 'Cherokee Brave') tissue. The 1,621,644 reads were assembled into 63,029 unique sequences, comprising 42,946 isotigs (26,627 isogroups) and 20,083 singletons. Also, 5,670 expressed sequence tags (EST) – simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from the data set. To demonstrate the usefulness of this EST resource for marker development, primers were designed for 2,998 of the EST-SSRs of which 94 were tested for amplification of loci in 'Appalachian Spring', 'Cherokee Brave', and two F1 breeding lines. Seventy-five of the loci amplified and 29 were polymorphic, from which 9 of the most polymorphic loci were selected and tested using 22 individuals representing 6 dogwood species and an interspecific hybrid. The number of alleles detected ranged from 3 to 10 and observed heterozygosity was 0.05 to 0.67. Cross species transfer was higher in the big-bracted dogwood species (C. elliptica and C. kousa) than in the non-bracted species (C. alba, C. alternifolia, and C. sericea) and principal coordinate analysis differentiated all of the species. This work confirms the applicability of flowering dogwood EST-SSRs for the breeding and genetics of flowering dogwood and other Cornus species. We expect to optimize more EST-SSRs in order to accelerate breeding of flowering dogwood cultivars with improved disease resistance, heat or drought tolerance, and other aesthetically appealing ornamental traits.


Sequencing studies have highlighted candidate sets of genes involved in schizophrenia, including activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) complexes. Two genes, SETD1A and RBM12, have also been associated with robust statistical evidence. Larger samples and novel methods for identifying disease-associated missense variants are needed to reveal novel genes and biological mechanisms associated with schizophrenia. We sequenced 187 genes, selected for prior evidence of association with schizophrenia, in a new dataset of 5,207 cases and 4,991 controls. Included were members of ARC and NMDAR post-synaptic protein complexes, as well as voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. We observed a significant case excess of rare (<0.1% in frequency) loss-of-function (LoF) mutations across all 187 genes (OR = 1.36; Pcorrected = 0.0072) but no individual gene was associated with schizophrenia after correcting for multiple testing. We found novel evidence that LoF and missense variants at paralog conserved sites were enriched in sodium channels (OR = 1.26; P = 0.0035). Meta-analysis of our new data with published sequencing data (11,319 cases, 15,854 controls and 1,136 trios) supported and refined this association to sodium channel alpha subunits (P = 0.0029). Meta-analysis also confirmed association between schizophrenia and rare variants in ARC (P = 4.0 × 10−4) and NMDAR (P = 1.7 × 10−5) synaptic genes. No association was found between rare variants in calcium channels and schizophrenia. In one of the largest sequencing studies of schizophrenia to date, we provide novel evidence that multiple voltage-gated sodium channels are involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis, and increase the evidence for association between rare variants in ARC and NMDAR post-synaptic complexes and schizophrenia. Larger samples are required to identify specific genes and variants driving these associations. Author Summary Common and rare genetic variations are known to play a substantial role in the development of schizophrenia. Recently, sequencing studies have started to highlight specific sets of genes that are enriched for rare variation in schizophrenia, such as the synaptic gene sets ARC and NMDAR, as well as voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. To confirm the role of these gene sets in schizophrenia, and identify specific risk genes, we sequenced 187 genes in a new sample of 5,207 schizophrenia cases and 4,991 controls. We find an excess of protein truncating mutations with a frequency <0.1% in all 187 targeted genes, and provide novel evidence that mutations altering amino acids conserved across sodium channel proteins are risk factors for schizophrenia. Through meta-analysing our new data with previously published sequencing data sets, for a total of 11,319 cases, 15,854 controls and 1,136 trios, we increase the evidence for association between rare coding variants and schizophrenia in voltage-gated sodium channels, as well as in synaptic gene sets ARC and NMDAR. Although no individual gene was associated with schizophrenia, these findings suggest larger studies will identify the specific genes driving these associations.


Many program analyses require statically inferring the possible values of composite types. However, current approaches either do not account for correlations between object fields or do so in an ad hoc manner. In this paper, we introduce the problem of composite constant propagation. We develop the first generic solver that infers all possible values of complex objects in an interprocedural, flow and context-sensitive manner, taking field correlations into account. Composite constant propagation problems are specified using COAL, a declarative language. We apply our COAL solver to the problem of inferring Android Inter-Component Communication (ICC) values, which is required to understand how the components of Android applications interact. Using COAL, we model ICC objects in Android more thoroughly than the state-of-the-art. We compute ICC values for 460 applications from the Play store. The ICC values we infer are substantially more precise than previous work. The analysis is efficient, taking slightly over two minutes per application on average. While this work can be used as the basis for many whole-program analyses of Android applications, the COAL solver can also be used to infer the values of composite objects in many other contexts.


We consider in this paper relay assignment for cooperative systems with mutiple source-destination pairs. The objective here is to assign relays to the source-destination pairs in such a way that all pairs achieve the maximum diversity. In networks with mutiple source-destination pairs, it is normally difficult for destinations to acquire the channel state information (CSI) of the entire network without feedback. To this end, we design a practical limited feedback strategy in conjunction with two relay assignment schemes, i.e., fullset selection and subset selection, which are based on maximizing the minimum end-to-end (E2E) signal to noise ratio (SNR) among all pairs. In this strategy, each destination acquires its SNR, quantizes it, and feeds it back to the relays. The relays then construct the E2E SNR table and select the relay assignment permutation from all possible relay assignment permutations or only a subset of these permutations. We analyze the performance of these schemes over independent Rayleigh fading channels in terms of the worst E2E SNR. We derive closed-form expressions for the E2E bit error rate (BER) and investigate the asymptotic performance at high SNR. We show that relay assignment with quantized CSI can achieve the same first-order diversity as that of the full CSI case, but there is a second-order diversity loss. We also demonstrate that increasing the quantization levels yields performance that is close to that of having full knowledge of the CSI.


We describe in this paper a support client interface to the IP telephony application Skype. The system uses a variant of SynFace, a real-time speech reading support system using facial animation. The new interface is designed for the use by elderly persons, and tailored for use in systems supporting touch screens. The SynFace real-time facial animation system has previously shown ability to enhance speech comprehension for the hearing impaired persons. In this study weemploy at-home field studies on five subjects in the EU project MonAMI. We presentinsights from interviews with the test subjects on the advantages of the system, and onthe limitations of such a technology of real-time speech reading to reach the homesof elderly and the hard of hearing.


We present and report on Design Exposition Discussion Documents (DExDs), a new means of fostering collaboration between visualization designers and domain experts in applied visualization research. DExDs are a collection of semi-interactive web-based documents used to promote design discourse: to communicate new visualization designs, and their underlying rationale, and to elicit feedback and new design ideas. Developed and applied during a four-year visual data analysis project in criminal intelligence, these documents enabled a series of visualization re-designs to be explored by crime analysts remotely – in a flexible and authentic way. The DExDs were found to engender a level of engagement that is qualitatively distinct from more traditional methods of feedback elicitation, supporting the kind of informed, iterative and design-led feedback that is core to applied visualization research. They also offered a solution to limited and intermittent contact between analyst and visualization researcher and began to address more intractable deficiencies, such as social desirability-bias, common to applied visualization projects. Crucially, DExDs conferred to domain experts greater agency over the design process – collaborators proposed design suggestions, justified with design knowledge, that directly influenced the re-redesigns. We provide context that allows the contributions to be transferred to a range of settings.


Objectives
This study aims to determine the frequency and characteristics of autoimmune diseases associated with sarcoidosis patients.

Patients and methods
The study included 131 sarcoidosis patients (36 males, 95 females; mean age 46.1 years; range, 20 to 82 years). Demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological data of patients were evaluated retrospectively. The characteristics of autoimmune diseases associated with sarcoidosis (sarcoidosis-overlap group) patients and isolated sarcoidosis (isolated sarcoidosis group) were analyzed and compared.

Results
Concomitant autoimmune diseases were detected in 15 (11.5%) (5 males, 10 females; mean age 50.8 years; range, 26 to 58 years) of the 131 patients with sarcoidosis and their mean disease duration was three months (range, 1 to 30 months). When compared with isolated sarcoidosis patients, more hand finger joint involvement, rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and less nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage were found in the sarcoidosis-overlap group (p=0.035, p=0.049, p=0.015, p=0.018, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups when evaluated for demographic, clinical parameters and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs usage.

Conclusion
Concomitant autoimmune diseases in patients with sarcoidosis may be rarely seen. These patients are characterized with more hand finger joint involvement, RF positivity, higher ESR and less NSAIDs usage. Multicenter, prospective studies involving large numbers of patients are needed to understand whether the association of sarcoidosis-autoimmune diseases is based only on coincidence or on a common etiopathogenesis.


History and Identity in the Late Antique Near East gathers together the work of distinguished historians and early career scholars with a broad range of expertise to investigate the significance of newly emerged, or recently resurrected, ethnic identities on the borders of the eastern Mediterranean world. It focuses on the "long late antiquity" from the eve of the Arab conquest of the Roman East to the formation of the Abbasid caliphate. The first half of the book offers papers on the Christian Orient on the cusp of the Islamic invasions. These papers discuss how Christians negotiated the end of Roman power, whether in the selective use of the patristic past to create confessional divisions or the emphasis of the shared philosophical legacy of the Greco-Roman world. The second half of the book considers Muslim attempts to negotiate the pasts of the conquered lands of the Near East, where the Christian histories of Hira or Egypt were used to create distinctive regional identities for Arab settlers. Like the first half, this section investigates the redeployment of a shared history, this time the historical imagination of the Qu'ran and the era of the first caliphs. All the papers in the volume bring together studies of the invention of the past across traditional divides between disciplines, placing the re-assessment of the past as a central feature of the long late antiquity. As a whole, History and Identity in the Late Antique Near East represents a distinctive contribution to recent writing on late antiquity, due to its cultural breadth, its interdisciplinary focus, and its novel definition of late antiquity itself.


Bismuth adsorbate-stabilized (2x1) and (2x4) reconstructions of the GaAs(100) surfaces have been studied by first-principles calculations, valence-band and core-level photoelectron spectroscopies, and scanning tunneling microscopy. It is demonstrated that large Bi atom size leads to the formation of the pseudogap at the Fermi energy and to the lower energy of an adsorbate-derived surface band, which contributes to the stabilization of the exceptional Bi/GaAs(100)(2x1) reconstruction. It is proposed that the Bi/GaAs(100)(2x4) reconstructions include asymmetric mixed Bi-As dimers, in addition to the Bi-Bi dimers. Based on the calculations, we solve the atomic origins of the surface core-level shifts (SCLSs) of the Bi 5d photoemission spectra from the Bi/GaAs(100)(2x4) surfaces. This allows for resolving the puzzle related to the identification of two SCLS components often found in the measurements of the Bi 5d and Sb 4d core-level emissions of the Bi/III-V and Sb/III-V(100)(2x4) surfaces. Finally, the reason for the absence of the common (2x4)-beta 2 structure and additional support for the stability of the (2x1) structure on the Bi/III-V(100) surfaces are discussed in terms of Bi atom size and subsurface stress.


Form of information technology that can be used as a media learning is to use e-learning. E-learning is innovation that would is used in learning, not only for learning material but also a change in the various competence students. Components form e-learning is e-learning infrastructure, the system and application e-learning and content e-learning. E-learning benefits for the world general education, namely: (1) flexibility place and time, (2) independent learning, (3) costs, (4) flexibility speed learning, (5) standardization teaching, (6) the effectiveness of teaching, (7) speed distribution, (8) on-demand availability, e-learning can be accessedd at any moment, (9) automation the process of administration. The strategy of e-learning are to support the implementation of a learning process, expected to improve absorption capacity from school tuition over the materials given, increase active participation from school tuition, improve the ability of independent study school tuition, material improve the quality of education and training, improve the ability of the displays information with a device information technology, expand the teaching and learning process by the use of the internet, not just limited to space and time. The e-learning involving four first is analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation. Conclusions from the discussion is information technology and telecommunications cheap and easily would eliminate the cap time and space been limit education world. Some logical consequence occurring include (1) students can easily take the material learning anywhere without limited in scope the place and time; (2) students can easily learning and discuss with the experts at things that they are interested in; (3) the material of learning even can easily taken in every corner of the world without depending on where students learn. But that opportunities was still face the challenges in costs aspect, the readiness of infrastructure information technology, the community, and regulations support for the e-learning. Education world in Indonesia has undergo development significant. The development is visible from more and learning diversity of method used. Methods used often utilized various media to improve the quality of lessons. The development of various media learning this along with the technological progress rapidly. The dynamics of this technology will reach remarkable acceleration. The technology that have learned from few years a go now starts replaced with the new various technology including the conventional learning ways. The form of information technology that can be used as a media learning is named e-learning. E-learning is innovation that can be used in learning process, not only for learning material but also a change in the various competence students. Through e-learning, learners not only listen to the discussion material from educator but also active in observing, do, demos, and so on. The material of learning can be virtualizatied in a variety of formats so it could more interesting and more dynamic in order to motivate students in learning. The utilization of technology telecommunications to learning activities college in Indonesia has conducive with the enactment of minister decree the ministry of national education (sk minister) 2001 that encourage college conventional to implement distance learning (dual mode). To a climate this favorable, some colleges has done many preparations, as the assignment lecturers to (a) follow training about the development of material electronic text, (b) identifying various platforms learning electronic that available , and (c) experiment about the use of platform learning electronic certain to present matter lecture.


In late 2004, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided funds to the New Mexico Department of Transportation to demonstrate a process for implementing a comprehensive State impaired-driving system. NHTSA also contracted with the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation to measure the effect of that system on various factors including driving-while-impaired (DWI) crash, injury, and fatality rates; DWI arrest rates; DWI conviction rates; blood alcohol concentration (BAC) patterns; and public awareness. New Mexico's core activities include high-visibility impaired-driving law enforcement operations, increased paid and earned media concerning New Mexico's law enforcement efforts, and prosecutorial and enforcement training in the six counties with the highest rates of alcohol-related fatalities. Other components of the comprehensive system include the creation of a DWI Leadership Team that provides support and direction to the system and the participation of a traffic safety resource prosecutor to assist on DWI prosecution and other traffic safety law training. The five counties initially participating in the project were Bernalillo, Dona Ana, McKinley, Rio Arriba, and San Juan. Santa Fe County joined that group in 2007. NHTSA's objective was to transfer this model to other States experiencing a high number or rate of alcohol related traffic fatalities or both. Overall, New Mexico's multi-faceted efforts appeared to have benefits for the State.


The paper investigates how the economic crisis and austerity politics affect the strategies of pro-Roma non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and movements that fight for Roma access to housing in Rome. In the last 20 years, the main social housing policy for the Roma adopted by the City of Rome consisted of the so-called 'equipped villages', that is, equipped areas with Portakabins and basic facilities. Designed as a temporary housing solution to accommodate the Roma population living in the slums of the Italian capital, these villages nonetheless persist, hosting an increasing number of Roma evicted from informal settlements. As a result, these villages are now harshly criticised for being highly segregating, for being overcrowded with worsening sanitary conditions and for not enabling integration. Furthermore, the recent economic recession and austerity politics are putting a strain on Roma integration policies. The increase of social tensions and unrest, the rise of populist parties and of anti-immigration (and anti-Roma) attitudes do not facilitate the inclusion of the Roma minority, in Italy as in other European countries. What effects are these dynamics having on the capacity of pro-Roma associations arguing against the segregation of the equipped villages and for the development of alternative social housing for the Roma? Although it may seem that the crisis has mainly negative effects on the possibility of insisting on Roma integration, the pro-Roma NGOs and movements considered in this paper show how post-crisis austerity can be mobilised as a new resource for action. The paper focuses on two strategies using the crisis as a frame and base for contesting the segregation of the Roma: the first is to highlight the costs of segregation and the second is to mobilise a new form of solidarity based on the housing crisis.


Wildlife tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism sectors worldwide. Across the world the number of tourists seeking close interaction with wildlife in their natural environment is growing. Understanding the interface between visitors (social) and wildlife (environmental) can make a critical contribution to the sustainability of this industry. This study examined wildlife tours in Australia. Questionnaires were posted to wildlife tour operators in Tasmania, Western Australia and Northern Territory, seeking information on the characteristics of tours, and the place of science and monitoring in their business. The results illustrate several similarities between wildlife and ecotourism, suggesting the benefits of increasing education and interpretation, both central features of ecotourism, to enhancing the sustainability of wildlife tourism. For tour operators, interactive activities included feeding, swimming with and touching wildlife, and the level of interaction was identified as high, making it imperative to better define interaction and develop species or group-specific protocols for sustainably managing these interactions. Lastly, this study showed a low level of engagement of scientists in protecting the wildlife of interest to tours. Given the centrality of science to sustainability, mechanisms for increasing this involvement particularly in impact research, through partnerships and other means, are critical for the long term sustainability of this industry.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to advance knowledge of the transformative potential of big data on city-based transport models. The central question guiding this paper is: how could big data transform smart city transport operations? In answering this question the authors present initial results from a Markov study. However the authors also suggest caution in the transformation potential of big data and highlight the risks of city and organizational adoption. A theoretical framework is presented together with an associated scenario which guides the development of a Markov model.

Design/methodology/approach

A model with several scenarios is developed to explore a theoretical framework focussed on matching the transport demands (of people and freight mobility) with city transport service provision using big data. This model was designed to illustrate how sharing transport load (and capacity) in a smart city can improve efficiencies in meeting demand for city services.

Findings

This modelling study is an initial preliminary stage of the investigation in how big data could be used to redefine and enable new operational models. The study provides new understanding about load sharing and optimization in a smart city context. Basically the authors demonstrate how big data could be used to improve transport efficiency and lower externalities in a smart city. Further how improvement could take place by having a car free city environment, autonomous vehicles and shared resource capacity among providers.

Research limitations/implications

The research relied on a Markov model and the numerical solution of its steady state probabilities vector to illustrate the transformation of transport operations management (OM) in the future city context. More in depth analysis and more discrete modelling are clearly needed to assist in the implementation of big data initiatives and facilitate new innovations in OM. The work complements and extends that of Setia and Patel (2013), who theoretically link together information system design to operation absorptive capacity capabilities.

Practical implications

The study implies that transport operations would actually need to be re-organized so as to deal with lowering CO2 footprint. The logistic aspects could be seen as a move from individual firms optimizing their own transportation supply to a shared collaborative load and resourced system. Such ideas are radical changes driven by, or leading to more decentralized rather than having centralized transport solutions (Caplice, 2013).

Social implications

The growth of cities and urban areas in the twenty-first century has put more pressure on resources and conditions of urban life. This paper is an initial first step in building theory, knowledge and critical understanding of the social implications being posed by the growth in cities and the role that big data and smart cities could play in developing a resilient and sustainable transport city system.

Originality/value

Despite the importance of OM to big data implementation, for both practitioners and researchers, we have yet to see a systematic analysis of its implementation and its absorptive capacity contribution to building capabilities, at either city system or organizational levels. As such the Markov model makes a preliminary contribution to the literature integrating big data capabilities with OM capabilities and the resulting improvements in system absorptive capacity.


The introduction of DRGs for financing health care is dramatically changing the system of delivery and provision in the U.S. To understand the consequences, it is important to focus not only on cost-containment issues but also on new institutional mechanisms fashioned to reshape health care delivery and provision. A realignment among the major actors is occurring, with the state adopting a central role in redefining its own function in the health care system, constructing a new framework and agenda for change, and enlisting the participation of other social actors in implementing change. The specific features of this realignment are analyzed in the context of mental health DRGs. This article concludes that, based on the consequences of DRGs to date, we ought to look beyond present indicators of retrenchment in the health care system to how the unique features of the American welfare state are continuing to evolve.


Early-life immune insults (ELII) including xenobiotic-induced developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) are important factors in childhood and adult chronic diseases. However, prenatal and perinatal environmentally induced immune alterations have yet to be considered in depth in the context of autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Numerous factors produce early-life-induced immune dysfunction in offspring, including exposure to xenobiotics, maternal infections, and other prenatal–neonatal stressors. Early life sensitivity to ELII, including DIT, results from the heightened vulnerability of the developing immune system to disruption and the serious nature of the adverse outcomes arising after disruption of one-time immune maturational events. The resulting health risks extend beyond infectious diseases, cancer, allergy, and autoimmunity to include pathologies of the neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. Because these changes may include misregulation of resident inflammatory myelomonocytic cells in tissues such as the brain, they are a potential concern in cases of prenatal–neonatal brain pathologies and neurobehavioral deficits. Autism and ASDs are chronic developmental neurobehavioral disorders that are on the rise in the United States with prenatal and perinatal environmental factors suspected as contributors to this increase. Evidence for an association between environmentally associated childhood immune dysfunction and ASDs suggests that ELII and DIT may contribute to these conditions. However, it is not known if this linkage is directly associated with the brain pathologies or represents a separate (or secondary) outcome. This review considers the known features of ELII and DIT and how they may provide important clues to prenatal brain inflammation and the risk of autism and ASDs.


In this article, the author discusses the expressive potential of music and how it can be applied in an arts-based qualitative research project. The limitation of music, and other forms of non-verbal forms of artistic expression, are discussed. The conclusion is that music can serve well as a supplementary form of expression in arts-based research, but, like many texts, even those whose meaningfulness is taken for granted, cannot stand alone.


The authors have over recent years performed extensive empirical research into European (UK, French and German) construction contractor performance. This paper represents the culmination of that research, by presenting a model for achieving optimum project time performance based on European best practice. By removing or neutralizing the impact of external factors (e.g. procurement method), the research concentrated on contractor practices and their direct impact on construction time performance. A variety of European contractor performance data were analysed to identify optimum solutions (i.e. contractors, construction practices) for achieving fastest project completion. The principal theme of the paper is graphical presentation and description of a theoretical model for optimum project (time) performance based on European best practice. Further, characteristics of UK, French and German variants of the model are presented. The application of multiple regression analysis to the data suggests that there are other factors, not embraced by the model, that may also impact significantly upon construction time performance. European contractors and clients may wish to consider the characteristics of these model(s) in striving to achieve earliest project completion.


Abstract During Hurricane Ivan (2004), dunes in undeveloped sections of northwest Florida were significantly reduced in height through direct wave erosion and the transfer of sediment to the backbarrier by overwash. The poststorm morphology of the island consists of a narrow beach face, multiple breach corridors, a washover terrace, and a remnant secondary dune that was further eroded in 2005 by Tropical Storm Arlene and Hurricanes Dennis and Katrina. The redevelopment of this dune will direct the response of the island to future storms, but the mechanisms of posthurricane dune recovery are unclear, particularly in this low-energy coastal environment. The recovery is further complicated by a swale that was created through a knickpoint effect on an adjacent road. The swale was reinforced when the road surface was removed and as a berm developed during the recovery of the beach face. Field observations suggest that sediment transport across the narrow beach face and berm is limited by a lag of shells and gravel from the pre-Ivan roadbed. As a consequence, sediment input to the dune is relatively minor with onshore winds, despite the presence of fans deposited during frontal storms in the swale behind the berm. The resulting sediment transport gradient across the seaward slope of the dune is more reflective of the expanding fetch than topographic acceleration and the drag imposed by the sparse vegetation. In contrast, there is a larger sediment input to the dune during offshore winds in response to the larger fetch across the washover terrace, despite the presence of a lag. It is concluded that posthurricane dune recovery in this area is strongly dependent on the deposition of sediment during frontal storms and the resulting development of a sand ramp through the swale. This will increase both the availability of sediment and the fetch for winds directly or obliquely onshore.


Learning has always been governed by brain neurophysiology and psychology principles. This articles aims to address the non linear dynamic between explicit (learn about) to implicit dimension of learning (learn to be) in the new learning environments. The author explores the link between the symmetrical and non symmetrical traits of the essential variables presented in the new learning environments and their impact on the self agency as a key factor in determining both the depth of knowledge acquired and the subjective feeling of ownership and satisfaction during learning process.
 Although contemporary main stream of learning psychology research remains dominated by a conscious-centric model of the higher mental processes, neuroscience discoveries have brought new insights on the influence of the unconscious dynamics over the rational thinking. Different authors had presented the mental agency using three characteristics to describe individuals as "agents of their own thinking"; self-awareness, self-determination, and self-direction. But attribution beliefs are deeply embedded within cultural and familial contexts and are the mental unconscious representations of early transactional relations of the individual with physical and social environment. Drawing on Matte Blanco theory we analyze the key variables of formal and non formal learning environments (physical arrangements, communication means, instructional material, types of interaction, learning objectives) in terms of symmetrical and asymmetrical traits that in a optimally balanced mix can establish the emergence of self agency. As we previously mentioned, this is not only the key factor in making an epistemic step from knowledge to knowing but also a factor positively correlated with mindfulness.


This paper proposes a new account of how empire became constitutional. When the United States took a deliberate imperial turn in 1898-1899 by annexing Puerto Rico and the Philippines, many jurists thought that the Constitution automatically made these islands proto-states and their residents U.S. citizens with full constitutional protections. Three decades later, this view was no longer mainstream. Contrary to standard accounts, this momentous change was neither quick nor the result of unilateral judicial action. To perceive dynamics extending beyond the judiciary, this study examines the attempts to win U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans by their first representative in Washington, Federico Degetau y Gonzalez. Aware that constitutional meaning was not exclusively the province of courts, he brought claims to U.S. citizenship before administrators, legislators, and the president as well. Officials responded with evasions through concessions. When Degetau sought a right as a citizen, they granted him it on other grounds. Meanings of U.S. citizenship changed as officials reduced the rights that would accompany a grant of citizenship while envisioning without endorsing the possibility of noncitizen U.S. nationals. That novel idea – like the idea of U.S. lands that would never be states and U.S. people with less than full constitutional rights – ripened into conventional wisdom and eventually still-binding doctrine. This suggests that the constitutional law of empire emerged as judges together with administrative and elected officials engaged in an iterative process in which they deployed forms of creative ambiguity to manage perceived conflicts between Constitution and empire.


This study examines the effect that client size has on the relation between industry‐specialist auditors and fraudulent financial reporting. Most of the major accounting firms have organized their audit practices along industry lines, reflecting a belief that industry specialization leads to higher quality audits. Furthermore, regulatory bodies and extant research suggests that larger clients have greater bargaining power and are more likely to be able to convince the auditor to acquiesce to aggressive accounting. Also, it may be more difficult for an auditor to possess industry expertise for larger clients who are likely to be more complex and operate in more than one industry. Consistent with previous research, we generally find a significant negative relation between auditor industry specialization and client financial fraud. Also, as expected, the negative relation between auditor industry specialization and financial fraud is weaker for larger clients. This study provides evidence that the positive benefits of auditor industry specialization in deterring financial fraud is affected by client size.


Managing workflows in a complex and evolving environment is a challenge for technical services librarians. By taking advantage of technology, technical services librarians at the University of Houston Libraries currently develop and revise workflows using tools such as Google Docs, Microsoft Outlook Tasks, and Drupal-based forms. By embracing technology and harnessing the power of these tools, the UH librarians are able to successfully pair effective communication with a high-level of transparency. The Assistant Head of Acquisitions and the Electronic Resources Coordinator will talk about their experiences in creating workflows using a variety of products, as well as share their analysis of the limitations of each tool. Additionally, they will also share their experiences training technology-shy staff and workflow-resistant public services librarians on the newly developed workflows. Highlighted projects to be discussed will include a project to move print titles to online, a project to set up the online portion of print + online titles, and a project to run three serials reviews in 2012. The UH librarians will lastly touch on how these programs have helped to improve communication and to create a better sense of appreciation between technical services departments as well as improving communication between technical services and public services.


What is the price of a vote? This paper investigates this consequential controversy by analyzing a new comprehensive dataset of all French municipal and legislative elections over the 1993-2014 period. We begin by documenting the evolution of campaign finance in France, and show that both the amount and sources of campaign contributions vary widely from one candidate to another, in particular depending on their political party. We then turn to the empirical analysis and tackle a number of empirical challenges. First, we rely on recent methodological innovations to handle the special characteristics of multiparty data. Second, to overcome the endogenous nature of campaign spending, we propose a new instrument based on a change in legislation. We find that an increase in spending per voter consistently increases a candidate's vote share both for municipal and legislative elections, and that the effect is heterogeneous depending on the parties and on the sources of campaign funding. According to our estimations, the price of a vote is about 6 euros for the legislative elections, and 32 euros for the municipal ones. Simulations show that small changes in spending patterns and caps can have a large impact on electoral outcomes and seats. Our results suggest that political finance needs to be tightly regulated.


With millions of Americans unable to cope with the rising costs of prescription drugs, and many even forced to go without health insurance, the mounting pressure on Congress to enact major healthcare reform culminated in the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, & Modernization Act of 2003. This iBrief examines this legislation, and concludes that it provides elusive benefits for seniors and merely creates a windfall for the pharmaceutical and insurance industries.


Targeted and immunotherapy have revolutionized the systemic and adjuvant therapy in late stage melanoma. Recent pre-clinical and clinical data indicate that neoadjuvant immunotherapy might be superior to adjuvant therapy. Neoadjuvant therapy can bear several advantages, allowing one to 1) determine therapy efficacy within the individual patient for possible additional adjuvant therapy, if needed, 2) reduce tumor burden before surgery, 3) utilize pathological response data as surrogate outcome markers for relapse free and overall survival, and 4) identify biomarkers in a homogenous patient population. For these reasons (except latter), neoadjuvant therapy has become a standard of care in high tumor burden breast cancer. In the case of T cell checkpoint blockade, neoadjuvant therapies could bear a fifth, and potentially significant, advantage. T cell checkpoint blocking antibodies enhance T-cell activation at the moment antigen is encountered, and drug exposure during the time the in-situ malignancy still provides a major source of antigen may therefore potentially induce a stronger and broader tumor-specific T cell response. I will present pre-clinical and clinical data supporting this notion, present early clinical data supporting these ideas and will give an outline for effective biomarker identification, that will lead towards personalized combination immunotherapies.


The advanced flip chip in package (FCIP) process using no-flow underfill material for high I/O density and fine-pitch interconnect applications presents challenges for an assembly process that must achieve high electrical interconnect yield and high reliability performance. With respect to high reliability, the voids formed in the underfill between solder bumps or inside the solder bumps during the no-flow underfill assembly process of FCIP devices have been typically considered one of the critical concerns affecting assembly yield and reliability performance. In this paper, the plausible causes of underfill void formation in FCIP using no-flow underfill were investigated through systematic experimentation with different types of test vehicles. For instance, the effects of process conditions, material properties, and chemical reaction between the solder bumps and no-flow underfill materials on the void formation behaviors were investigated in advanced FCIP assemblies. In this investigation, the chemical reaction between solder and underfill during the solder wetting and underfill cure process has been found to be one of the most significant factors for void formation in high I/O and fine-pitch FCIP assembly using no-flow underfill materials.


The meaning and significance of Mach's Principle and its dependence on ideas about relativistic rotating frame theory and the celestial sphere is explained and discussed. Two new relativistic rotation transformations are introduced by using a linear simulation for the rotating disc situation. The accepted formula for centrifugal acceleration in general rela-tivity is then analysed with the use of one of these transformations. It is shown that for this general rel-ativity formula to be valid throughout all space-time there has to be everywhere a local standard of absolutely zero rotation. It is then concluded that the field off all possible space-time null geodesics or pho-ton paths unify the absolute local non-rotation standard throughout space-time. Thus it is suggested that Mach's principle holds in the restricted sense that there is a universal standard of absolute local rotation rate related to the apparent rotation of the celestial sphere. However this apparent rotation is actually the earth's rotation relative to a local mapping of null geodesic endpoints from that time and space distant sphere to the local time in the local zero-rotation environment. A connection of local inertia with the celestial sphere is not found.


Reports of anomalous experiences are to be found in all known societies, both historically and geographically. If these reports were accurate, they would constitute powerful evidence for the existence of paranormal forces. However, research into the fallibility of human memory suggests that we should be cautious in accepting such reports at face value. Experimental research has shown that eyewitness testimony is unreliable, including eyewitness testimony for anomalous events. The present paper also reviews recent research into susceptibility to false memories and considers the relevance of such work for assessing reports of anomalous events. It is noted that a number of psychological variables that have been shown to correlate with susceptibility to false memories (e.g., hypnotic susceptibility, tendency to dissociate) also correlate with the tendency to report paranormal and related anomalous experiences. Although attempts to show a direct link between tendency to report anomalous experiences and susceptibility to false memories have had only limited success to date, this may reflect the use of inappropriate measures.


Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health and gender problem, especially in low-income countries. The study focused on verbal abuse, physical abuse and abuse by restricting food provision to wives by their husbands by victim and perpetrator characteristics, emphasizing the socioeconomic context of rural Bangladesh. Using a cross-sectional household survey of 4411 randomly selected married women of reproductive age, the study found that a majority of the respondents are exposed to verbal abuse (79%), while 41% are exposed to physical abuse. A small proportion (5%) of the women had suffered food-related abuse. Risk factors observed were age of the wife, illiteracy (of both victims and perpetrators), alcohol misuse, dowry management, husband's monetary greed involving parents-in-law, and wife's suspicions concerning husband's extramarital affairs. Well-established risk factors for wife abuse, along with dowry and husband's monetary greed, have a relatively high prevalence in rural Bangladesh.


A vast body of empirical studies lends support to the incentive effects of rankorder tournaments. Evidence comes from experiments in laboratories and nonexperimental studies exploiting sports or firm data. Selection of competitors across tournaments may bias these non-experimental studies, whereas short task duration or lack of distractors may limit the external validity of results obtained in lab experiments or from sports data. To address these concerns we conducted a field experiment where students selected themselves into tournaments with different prizes. Within each tournament the best performing student on the final exam of a standard introductory microeconomics course could win a substantial financial reward. A standard non-experimental analysis exploiting across tournament variation in reward size and competitiveness confirms earlier findings. We find however no evidence for effects of tournament participation on study effort and exam results when we exploit our experimental design, indicating that the non-experimental results are completely due to sorting. Treatment only affects attendance of the first workgroup meeting following the announcement of treatment status, suggesting a difference between short-run and long-run decision making.


Background: Laparoscopic box trainers have been shown to improve acquisition of skills transferable to the operating theatre. However, despite calls for take-home box trainers to be made widely available, the effectiveness of unsupervised use is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify differences in task performance between surgical trainees allocated a take-home box trainer compared with controls. Methods: Thirty trainees at the beginning of their core surgical training (CST) were randomly allocated to control or intervention groups. A transfer task and a shape-cutting task were assessed according to the previously validated MISTELS system. Data were collected at the start and end of year one. The difference between preand post-study performance of each task was calculated. A survey was also undertaken to evaluate the use of the box trainers. Results: For the transfer task, the means of the differences between trainees' preand post-study performance scores for the control and intervention groups were 60.9 and 106.1, respectively (P = 0.041). For the shape-cutting task, the means of the differences between trainees' preand post-study performance scores for the control and intervention groups were 7.6 and 4.8, respectively (P = 0.912). Only 12% of survey respondents used the box trainer once a month or more, however 65% rated it as sometimes helpful or very helpful. Conclusions: In this study, unsupervised use of the box trainer was associated with improvement in a simple transfer task, but incorporation into a supervised laparoscopic training curriculum may be required for more complex tasks.


The restorative justice movement has great potential to reform the way society responds to crime and wrongdoing. One might logically assume that the greatest challenge to the new restorative justice paradigm is the traditional punitive criminal justice paradigm itself. A more immediate threat, however, is posed by merging community justice, another approach to reforming the justice system, with restorative justice. Community justice has superficial similarities to restorative justice but relies on the underlying authoritarian assumptions of the existing criminal justice system and on processes that exclude most of those individuals directly affected by the offense. This paper clarifies and contrasts the key elements of both the restorative justice and the community justice paradigms and explains the threat to restorative justice posed by combining and confusing the two.


From 2004 to 2006 an observational array of current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) were deployed as part of the Kuroshio Extension (KEx) System Study (KESS). KESS observed a transition from a weakly meandering (''stable'') to strongly meandering (''unstable'') state (Qiu and Chen). As the KEx made this transition, potential vorticity (PV) observed within the southern recirculation gyre (SRG) rapidly increased from January to July 2005. In this study, the authors diagnose eddy PV fluxes (EPVFs) in isentropic coordinates within the subtropical mode water (STMW) layer from the CPIES data to determine the role of mesoscale eddies in this rapid increase of PV. The rapid increase in PV within the SRG coincided with enhanced cross-front EPVFs and eddy PV flux convergence upstream of a mean trough in the KEx path and adjacent to the SRG. The enhanced cross-front EPVFs were the result of the formation of a cold-core ring (CCR) and the interaction of the jet with a preexisting CCR. Eddy diffusivities are diagnosed for the unstable regime with values that range from 100 to 2000m 2 s 21 . The high eddy diffusivities during the unstable regime reflect the nature of mesoscale CCR formation and CCR‐jet interaction as efficient mechanisms for stirring and mixing high PV waters from the north side of the KEx into the low PV waters of the SRG where STMW resides. This mechanism for crossfrontal exchange can explain observed increases in the STMW PV in the SRG over the 16 months of KESS observations.


Migration from developing countries to developed countries is not a new phenomenon. The causes of migration has been well explained by many authors. The rate of population growth and the proportion of youth in the population, their education and training, employment opportunities, income differentials in society, communication and transportation facilities, political freedom and human rights and the level of urbanization are the important causes of migration (Samuel and George 2002). According to Kaur (2013), among developing countries, South Asia is considered the hub of migrant workers because of populated countries like India, Bangladesh etc. These migrant workers help make up for the shortage of labour in the developed world and their remittances are major sources of foreign exchange reserves for South Asian countries. The study revealed that during the study period (1980-2010), remittances did not result in a reduction in poverty. Although remittances are considered as a tool of poverty reduction, the slow trickle down effects in these countries may be the one of the reasons for the negative relation.


Being in charge of cleaning up the March 24, 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill accident meant that Otto Harrison, the general manager of Exxon International Alaskan Operations, was there when the storm clouds over the event were thick. Despite years of learning, wisdom, growth, and dealing with success and failure, Harrison had never faced a challenge of this magnitude. He was sure his experiences would be utilized in full force. The questions he thought about included whether three different governing bodies (the state of Alaska, the federal government, and Exxon [a publicly held corporation]) could work together toward a common goal to leave few signs of the biggest oil spill ever to occur in North America. What type of help was most needed now? Would Exxon s plan satisfy the numerous stakeholders? How would the plan be viewed publicly? What impact would the cleanup plan have on Exxon's business? In the (A) case, the Exxon Valdez accident and immediate challenges are described so students can put themselves in Harrison s place to lead through the crisis. The (B) case (epilogue) outlines more problems and includes actions taken to try to clean up the oil as quickly and effectively as possible. The tragedy changed the oil industry in many ways some of which are described in the epilogue.


Phosphorus is one of the major nutrients that have been identified as a limited resource that would end up earlier than predicted at the rate of current consumption. Therefore, attempts to recover phosphorus from waste and its subsequent use are a concern of current researchers. Nevertheless, recovery of nutrients from wastewater is cumbersome because nutrients such as phosphates () and nitrates () prefer to remain in aqueous phase rather than being adsorbed on solid matrixes. Investigation of adsorption of available - P from simulated brackish water, on granulated solid waste material, prepared by crushed autoclaved aerated concrete (CAAC), and subsequent use of the material as phosphate fertilizer would be the focus of this research. Treatment of nutrient-rich brackish water is important because such water is discharged in huge volume at the time of harvesting of shrimp aquaculture ponds. Experiments conducted in simulated brackish water confirmed non-linear adsorption association with changing distribution coefficient (KD) which attributed the maximum removal of about 98% - P from 100 mgdm-3solution at its value of 40. The non-linear adsorption supported by both the Langumuir and the Freundlich isotherm models simultaneously satisfied monolayer adsorption and multilayer adsorption depicted by the regression coefficients of greater than .99 by the linearized forms of the isotherm models. Moreover, promising phosphate uptakes characteristics are exhibited by the adsorbent at the process of repetitive adsorption which resulted in 12 g/kg uptake of phosphate at 81% efficiency. The adsorbent seems to be used as a slow-released phosphorus fertilizer at the end of its life as an adsorbent.


HIV/AIDS is catastrophic both from a public health perspective and in terms of its impact on economic and social stability in many of the most severely affected nations, including virtually all of southern Africa. A public health response alone is insufficient to address this devastating epidemic. Political leadership at the highest levels is needed to mobilize a multisectoral response to the impact of HIV/AIDS on educational systems, industry, agriculture, the military, and other sectors. With a few notable exceptions, political response was slow to mobilize in the early years of the epidemic, but response has dramatically improved in the past 18 months. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) is involved in ongoing efforts to encourage political leaders to make a multisectoral response to the epidemic a major focus of their national plans.


Predicting the motion of a mobile agent from a third-person perspective is an important component for many robotics applications, such as autonomous navigation and tracking. With accurate motion prediction of other agents, robots can plan for more intelligent behaviors to achieve specified objectives, instead of acting in a purely reactive way. Previous work addresses motion prediction by either only filtering kinematics, or using hand-designed and learned representations of the environment. Instead of separating kinematic and environmental context, we propose a novel approach to integrate both into an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) framework for trajectory prediction. Instead of exponentially increasing the state-space complexity with kinematics, we propose a two-stage neural network architecture that considers motion and environment together to recover the reward function. The first-stage network learns feature representations of the environment using low-level LiDAR statistics and the second-stage network combines those learned features with kinematics data. We collected over 30 km of off-road driving data and validated experimentally that our method can effectively extract useful environmental and kinematic features. We generate accurate predictions of the distribution of future trajectories of the vehicle, encoding complex behaviors such as multi-modal distributions at road intersections, and even show different predictions at the same intersection depending on the vehicle's speed.


It occurs coarsely disseminated, and crystallized in perfect hexagonal plates striped on the edges. It has the whitish hue of tin. Its fracture displays a perfect foliation, but only in one direction. It has a strong metallic lustre; a moderate flexibility; considerable softness, and feels heavy. Before the blowpipe it burns with the colour and smell of tellurium, and has the same action with acids. The precipitate by water burns upon charcoal like tellurium; but after its sublimation a small metallic button remained of the colour of silver, malleable, but too minute for further examination; for on account of the rarity of the substance, I could only devote a single grain to this examination. It is found in the Orndal copper mine, accompanied by copper pyrites, and a small intermixture of sulphuret of molybdenum. The mine is called Mosnap, and has been full of water for several years. The vein lies in mica slate. I met with the same ore in Hungary, in the collection of my friend M. Gerhard, who gave me a specimen of it; but as he did not know from what part of Hungary it came, he did not value it. For this reason I omitted taking notice of it in the journal of my travels through Hungary and the Bannat of Temeswar. It is easily distinguished from molybdena, by its colour and its habitude before the blowpipe.


INTRODUCTION
Major depressive disorder is a chronic disease which may be associated with other mental illnesses. Lavandula officinalis and venlafaxine, herbal and chemical drugs respectively, are used to treat depression. Despite pharmacotherapy, major depressive disorder has a complicated pattern of resistance and recurrence.

AIM
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of L. officinalis and venlafaxine in treating depression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
For this study, 120 patients referred to the psychiatry clinic of the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, were randomly selected. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: venlafaxine (Control Group), venlafaxine + L. officinalis (L. officinalis Group), and venlafaxine + placebo (Placebo Group). All the patients underwent treatment for six weeks. Depression test was administered to the three groups at different time intervals before the treatment, four weeks after the treatment and at completion of the treatment. The data were analysed by SPSS version17.0.

RESULTS
Depression scores of all the groups decreased over time (p=0.001). The depression scores were significantly different between the control and L. officinalis groups (p=0.004), and the control and placebo groups (p=0.002), but were not significantly different between the L. officinalis and placebo groups (p=0.95).

CONCLUSION
Adding L. officinalis or a placebo is equally effective in decreasing mean depression score and venlafaxine obviously decreased this score.