Electrostatic modulation of interface conduction between semiconductors and insulating oxides is the foundation of semiconductor technology. This field effect concept can be applied on complex oxides, such as high temperature superconductors and colossal magnetoresistive manganites, in order to create new electronic and magnetic phases. Competition and coexistence of multiple nanoscale phases make them exciting to study around phase transitions. This study on hole doped La1-xSrxMnO3 systems has a two-fold purpose. One is the demonstration of the field effect on La1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.125, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5) thin films. It is an important step towards electrostatic control of material properties; however, a challenging task because of their charge carrier densities of 0.01-1 hole/unit cell, a few orders of magnitude larger than in doped semiconductors. Control by linear dielectrics needs huge, constantly applied bias. Energy efficient tuning with low voltages requires highly polar ferroelectric. Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 was chosen, whose remanence provides 0.5 charge carrier/unit cell on the manganite/ferroelectric interface. La1-xSrxMnO3/Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 heterostructures were synthesized by pulsed laser epitaxy and remarkable conduction modifications were observed in the La1-xSrxMnO3. This can be a strong foundation of a new tool to research electronic oxides. The second purpose of this work is to utilize the phase separation in manganites. There has been extensive research on multiferroic materials, in which dielectric and magnetic responses are controlled by magnetic and electric field, respectively. In order to demonstrate magnetically tuned capacitance, insulating La7/8Sr1/ 8MnO3 was studied. Drastic capacitance change in magnetic field was shown through a phase transitions and explained in the framework of electronic phase separation. It makes this material eligible for high frequency magnetoelectric applications. Modulating charge carriers, mobility and magnetism in magnetic oxides, superconductors and superlattices has a great impact on the emerging field of oxide electronics. These compounds overcome the scaling limitations of conventional semiconductors; using low operation voltage oxide ferroelectrics lowers energy consumption. This thesis shows that changing fundamental physical properties of complex oxides on the atomic scale is possible by ferroelectric field effect. This technique is proposed as a tool to study thin films, artificially stacked structures and to induce and optimize novel phases and phenomena. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Materials Science & Engineering This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/278 First Advisor Takeshi Egami


The German Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI) and the French Institut Polair Paul Emil Victor (IPEV) have merged their research stations on Svalbard into a joint Arctic Research Base, located in Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen (79°N, 12°E). This merger comprises* Joint announcements of research opportunities* Joint evaluation of research proposals by a French-German Advisory Board* Establishment of joint research projects* Common utilisation of personnel, logistics, and instrumentation* Common project administration and on-site management* Joint representation of the base* Streamlining of logistical and funding mattersThe Joint French-German Arctic Research Base has a two-fold task. It is a general platform for short, medium, and long term research projects in the fields of Atmospheric Sciences, Geo-Sciences, Marine, and Terrestrial Biology. On the other hand, it comprises a state of the art, dedicated atmospheric observatory for Arctic meteorology, atmospheric chemistry and stratospheric monitoring (ozone layer and related research). Beside passive and active remote sensing instrumentation, a modern balloon launch facility is included. The available scientific instrumentation from Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Institut Francais Polair Paul Emil Victor, and Univ. of Bremen allows determining type and concentration of trace gases in the troposphere and stratosphere, as well as atmospheric aerosols. Regular meteorological balloon soundings measure the vertical distribution of temperature, water vapour pressure and ozone concentration. In addition the Joint French-German Arctic Research Base offers a range of research facilities and laboratories for scientists in the disciplines of biology, chemistry, geophysics, and atmosphere physics. The station comprises several buildings, offering accommodation for up to 16 people, laboratories and offices. In addition an external clean air station (Corbel-Station) is available outside from the village of Ny-Alesund. There is one scientist as station leader and one engineer permanently at the station, which are supported by additional personnel from AWI and IPEV during peak periods.Details of the base are available from http://www.ipev.fr/awipevThe new International Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Alesund is available for scientific use since June 2005. It is a state-of-the-art laboratory for research in marine ecology, physiology, biochemistry, as well as some physical sciences like oceanography, marine geology and ice physics. The laboratory is constructed with smaller rooms and laboratories with equipment for different purposes. See http://www.kingsbay.no/english/marine_lab.htmProject proposals from Germany for the French-German Arctic Research Base are welcome until October 2005 for the season April 2006 March 2007.For more information visithttp://www.awi-potsdam.de/www-pot/koldewey/practical_info.htmlor contact firstname.lastname@example.com


Zircon provenance studies of modern and ancient fluvial systems help reveal the relative contributions and importance of upstream sediment sources. A 2014 study of detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions from the Yangtze River (China) and its tributaries proposed a strong anthropogenic control on sediment flux. Those data, along with other data from the region, were reanalyzed using multiple detrital zircon U-Pb age distribution comparison techniques and a distribution-mixing model to construct an improved and quantitative view of provenance. The variability in the Yangtze River trunk stream U-Pb age distributions is evaluated with respect to trunk-to-trunk stream comparisons, trunk-to-tributary comparisons, and in mixture models that consider tributary and bedrock contributions, the latter using a comprehensive compilation of bedrock source terranes. Uniformity in the zircon age distribution of the Yangtze River trunk stream is established in the upper reaches, downstream of the first bend, and maintained by the left-bank tributaries to its outlet. Whether considering the bedrock source terranes or only the modern Yangtze River sediments, the major source of sediments contributing to Yangtze River is clearly the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (e.g., Songpan Ganze complex, Longmenshan Range), where rock uplift rates are high. The purported increase in anthropogenic impact on sediment yield in the lowlands, at least as viewed through detrital zircon age distributions, is insignificant.


Consequently, the research and development for the 5G systems have already been started. This chapter presents an overview of potential system network architecture and highlights a superallocation technique that could be employed in the 5G cognitive radio network (CRN). A superallocation scheme is proposed to enhance the sensing detection performance by rescheduling the sensing and reporting time slots in the 5G cognitive radio network with a cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing (CCSS). In the 4G CCSS scheme, first, all secondary users (SUs) detect the primary user (PU) signal during a rigid sensing time slot to check the availability of the spectrum band. Second, during the SU reporting time slot, the sensing results from the SUs are reported to the corresponding cluster heads (CHs). Finally, during CH reporting time slots, the CHs forward their hard decision to a fusion center (FC) through the common control channels for the global decision. However, the reporting time slots for the SUs and CHs do not contribute to the detection performance. In this chapter, a superallocation scheme that merges the reporting time slots of SUs and CHs by rescheduling the reporting time slots as a nonfixed sensing time slot for SUs to detect the PU signal promptly and more accurately is proposed. In this regard, SUs in each cluster can obtain a nonfixed sensing time slot depending on their reporting time slot order. The effectiveness of the proposed chapter that can achieve better detection performance under –28 to –10 dB environments and thus reduce reporting overhead is shown through simulations.


India experienced one of the strictest lockdowns during COVID-19 and sections of the workforce seemed overwhelmingly disadvantaged. Given substantial poverty still, marginalized daily wage labor and gendered outcomes in the context of India, economic shocks are expected to have disparate implications. Employing World Bank data for rural areas in six states of India, we investigate the probability of female employment during the lockdown period between March and May 2020. Based on marginal estimates of logit specifications, our results show that females, in general, were 8 percent less likely to be employed as compared to males. Females belonging to marginalized castes experienced higher likelihood of being unemployed – between 9 and 14%. Return migrants generally suffered less in terms of finding alternative jobs at the source, but being a female return migrant, the probability of joblessness rises to about 17%. For female return migrants belonging to marginalized castes, the probability of joblessness is about 10%. Lockdown is expected to have raised the economic inequality by gender and needs commensurate interventions.


When Greek children of the 9th century BC played "Greeks and Trojans," who were the good guys and who the bad? The terms of the question are anachronistic in various ways and need qualification, but the question is nevertheless fascinating. What prompts it is a new understanding of the emotional dynamics of the Odyssey that emerges from an analysis of its form. The heart of this analysis is a perception of symbolic correspondence between the fall of Troy and Odysseus's slaughter of the suitors. The correspondence is supported by, and prompts new explanations for, problematic passages and thematic relationships that have long concerned commentators. My interpretation suggests what in any case seems reasonable, that the Odyssey was strongly influenced in its composition and initial reception by contemporary response to the fall of Troy. In considering this response I will make psychological claims that expand conventional reader-response theory by enlisting cultural anthropology to evaluate evidence spanning centuries of social evolution. My wide-ranging speculation is New Historicist in regarding the form of the Odyssey as evidence of contemporary attitudes toward the sacking of Troy; my approach is anti-New Historicist in assuming that a basic psychological dynamic is constitutive of human nature and in discerning psychological continuity between Homeric and later audiences. In the Odyssey, problematic passages and thematic parallels to the fall of Troy suggest that those who composed and first listened to the epic felt unconscious guilt over the victory of their not-so-distant ancestors. In the context of this unconscious guilt, the climactic action of the epic has transtextual significance. The slaughter of the suitors is symbolic reparation for the sacking of Troy--a reparation in which Odysseus symbolically becomes, or is made to resemble in his bloody defense of home and family, a last, now victorious, Trojan. My leap from formalist analysis into considering what the Odyssey meant to its first audiences is precipitated by the implications whereby a text, and particularly a "historic" text, establishes its full field of meaning. I call these implications "transtextual" by analogy with "metahistory," Hayden White's term for the moral and esthetic motives which determine the way history is written. Chronicle and epic are related genres, and much of the content of the Odyssey is, like historical data, received, not invented. But in an epic, freedom to choose, arrange and embellish is far greater, so that the transtextuality of the Odyssey is broader in its implications. Of these implications I am chiefly concerned with the moral and psychological. Consideration of the transtextuality of the Odyssey involves an exercise in reader-response theory--or, here, listener-response theory--across a vast expanse of time and differing cultures. At such distance, there are obvious dangers of projection--what Edward Said would call imaginative colonization of otherness. We may, however, be able to surmise the response of the Homeric audience to the epic and to the oral tradition that was, and to a significant degree remains, its context. The reason for thinking this possible is that, despite great cultural diversity, human beings are fundamentally the same. To say so is, of course, to fly in the face of current relativist theory, which holds that all "regimens of truth" are based on nothing more enduring than social consensus. Foucault, the chief spokesman for radical relativism, proclaims that any axiomatic system is arbitrary. Such exclusive localization of values has been challenged, however, by researchers from various disciplines. For example, G. P. Murdock and Alexander Argyros argue convincingly for basic cultural universality and maintain that cultural differences are noticeable only because they figure against a larger ground of common culture. Underlying this cultural ground are physical, biological and familial relationships that do not differ fundamentally between peoples of varying cultures. …


This essay describes and assesses Morton J. Horwitz's contribution to the broadening of legal education and scholarship in England, Canada, and Australia. It argues that Horwitz's work (principally The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (1977) - Transformation I) provided an important stimulus at a critical time in the late 1970s and 1980s when legal education, legal scholarship, and legal history avowedly oriented toward anti-formalism and law and society were struggling to be legitimized beyond the United States. For a short but crucial period that subsequently appears as law's tipping point - manifested in the move from an obsession with legal doctrine and legal institutions to the treatment of law in its larger socioeconomic context - Horwitz was an inspiration to those seeking to treat law as part of society, to transcend both the traditional chasm between law and justice and the dominant ahistorical tendencies in law schools, and to challenge legal history's almost exclusive preoccupation with the law and legal institutions of medieval England. It is also contended that the questions that Horwitz asked have in some ways increased rather than diminished in importance since they were first posed in the 1970s and 1980s. In order to understand Horwitz's significance, the essay surveys the condition of English legal education, legal scholarship and legal history prior to the publication of Transformation I, briefly contrasting the situation in England with that in Continental Europe and the United States. Relative to their continental European and U.S. counterparts, English law faculties were small and poorly resourced and failed to attract a fair share of the best talent among university students and from within the legal profession. In England, approaches to the law informed by the human sciences, which involved analysis of the policies embodied in the law and the way law operated in practice (in addition to doctrinal analysis), met with little encouragement from the profession, from law schools, or from universities. The centrality of private law, legal doctrine, courts, and cases was strenuously defended for its practical and educational virtues and for its objectivity, and it was claimed that the development of the social sciences threatened objectivity and law's singular claims to respect. This reflected England's failure to embrace an American-style legal realist revolution and the prevalence of legal formalism and legal positivism. Within legal scholarship and education as a whole, the ahistorical "analytical" legal theory of Bentham, Austin, and Hart and its doctrinal analogue constructed by jurists such as Dicey, Anson, Holland, and Salmond prevailed over those who sought to historicize the law.The sociological aspects of Maitland's historical writings did not bear fruit, nor did the melding of legal and economic history exemplified by Vinogradoff's Villainage in England or advocated by Holdsworth. The project to construct a historical jurisprudence rapidly ran into the sand. English legal history became increasingly preoccupied with the origins of legal doctrine and institutions, emphasizing continuity and de-emphasizing change and contingency. Legal history treatises and law school courses generally devoted minimal space to developments occurring after 1688, almost invariably focussing on the medieval origins of the law.Law and legal institutions continued to be central to medievalists, although beyond this, the relationship between law and history was often one of estrangement. The professionalization of law and history as academic disciplines, and the ensuing rivalry between them, meant that each was more preoccupied with policing the boundaries of its respective enterprise than exploring the potential for engagement and interaction. Moreover, Maitland became one of the most influential authorities for the view that the "legal mind," the professional approach to the past of the lawyer, was basically opposed to that of the historian. Thus, the uneasy relationship between law and history. This is not to say that some historians were not interested in law and legal institutions. But these were exceptions to the more general tendency, which treated law and legal institutions as largely peripheral to the discipline of English history. Outside medieval history, the law and legal institutions enjoyed little more than a walk-on part. Historians for the most part shared the prevailing wisdom that treated law as mere superstructure. The predominant tendency in progressive reformist literature on English (and British Commonwealth) law and law reform, at least from the 1940s onward, was resolutely ahistorical. This hostility to legal history - especially the model of legal history as medieval legal history - was symptomatic of a larger trend in the British Commonwealth. Insofar as the study of legal history was seen as a brake on progress, an antiquarian and conservative force more concerned with justifying the world as it is than with building a better world, legal history was suspect. Gradually, legal history was increasingly expunged from legal scholarship and the legal curriculum during the period circa 1940-75. After 1970, and particularly during the decade 1975-85, there was a renewed interest in legal history, especially modern legal history, among legal scholars, historians, sociologists, and criminologists. By contrast, the three-and-a-half decades between 1940 and 1975 were a period when the model of English medieval legal history was increasingly rejected without the development of any new approach to legal history to supersede it - save that offered by the new social history of crime that burst onto the scene in 1975 and the new history of private law exemplified by Transformation I. But in order for Transformation I to be favorably received, England and the English law school had to change. It is argued that the reception of Horwitz's work was sustained by a distinctive ideological moment - the 1960s, a period when change, and the possibility to effect political, cultural, and social change, was in the air, and that this change embraced law, law schools and legal scholarship. Both institutionally and in terms of ideas, law schools and academic law gradually became more diverse and more prepared to employ the methods of the humanities and social sciences to study legal phenomena empirically or to use social theory to understand law. English legal education and thought were on the cusp of radical change, although that change was neither immediate nor uncontested. Horwitz's reception in England is considered, drawing in part on communications with leading legal scholars, within and beyond the world of legal history. It is argued that Horwitz provided vital ammunition and inspiration at a key moment in the struggle to broaden legal education and thought. It was doubly timely, appearing as it did when theory and history were in the ascendancy, and when new perspectives on leftist politics that took law more seriously were being forged. Horwitz's importance stemmed partly from English, Canadian, and Australian perceptions of Transformation I as providing the private law analogue to the new social history of crime and the new (critical) criminology. The essay also and more briefly considers the condition of legal history in Canada and Australia prior to the publication of Transformation I. In particular, it examines the important role played by David Flaherty (in Canada) and Bruce Kercher (in Australia) in transmitting and championing Horwitz's work, Horwitz's reception in Canada and Australia (drawing upon the observations of Canadian and Australian scholars) and the ways in which Horwitz's scholarship contributed to the metamorphosis of Canadian and Australian legal history. The essay concludes that Horwitz's scholarship, notably Transformation I, was recognized beyond the United States of America as groundbreaking and inspirational (as well as controversial) at a significant juncture in the struggle to enlarge legal scholarship and education in England, Canada, and Australia. However, its impact became limited in duration and extent as it filtered through domestic priorities and sensibilities. Its influence in England, Canada, and Australia has been largely confined to Transformation I, and to the period of time from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s; and the reasons for this limited influence are discussed. The strands of Horwitz's work that are of continuing importance are elaborated, and it is argued that they, and the passion and commitment to justice that sustained them, are in some ways even more significant now than in their 1970s and 1980s heyday. This essay makes extensive use of interviews and correspondence with leading figures in England, Canada and Australia. It is published in the second volume of the recently published Essays in Honor of Morton J. Horwitz, the other contributors being: Constance Backhouse; Jack M. Balkin; Felice Batlan; Yochai Benkler; Barbara Aronstein Black; Elizabeth Borgwardt; Alfred L. Brophy; Christine Desan; Robert A. Ferguson; William Fisher; Owen Fiss; William E. Forbath; Tony A. Freyer; Lawrence M. Friedman; Robert W. Gordon; Thomas A. Green; James R. Hackney Jr.; Hendrick Hartog; Laura Kalman; Alfred S. Konefsky; Pnina Lahav; Sanford Levinson; Frank I. Michelman; Martha Minow; William E. Nelson; Edward A. Purcell; William H. Simon; Robert J. Steinfeld; Katherine V.W. Stone; Allison Brownell Tirres; Christopher Tomlins; Mark Tushnet; G. Edward White.


Abstract Rock varnish samples were collected near three point sources of air pollution to determine if the varnish contained a record of recent air pollution. Samples were collected as follows: downwind of the Nevada Test Site (NTS); in the fallout pattern of the shuttered Mohave Power Plant, located in Laughlin, Nevada; and, near the operating Reid-Gardner Power Plant, just east of Las Vegas, Nevada. Analysis of the NTS rock varnish shows 240Pu/239Pu mass ratios as low as 0.0592 ± 0.0003 and 241Pu/239Pu ratios as low as 0.00063 ± 0.00004, compared to worldwide values of 0.18 ± 0.01 and 0.009 ± 0.002, respectively, clearly indicating that the varnish can be used as a forensic tool for identifying the source of air pollution, in this case the NTS. The samples collected in the plumes of the coal-fired power plants contain thorium and uranium, and have 232Th/238U mass ratios from 1 to 30, and concentrations from 5 to 755 ppm for Th and 1 to 578 ppm for U. The highest concentrations of these elements occur together at locations that implicate the power plants; however, additional samples would be required to demonstrate unequivocally that the power plants are the sources. Overall, it is apparent that rock varnish can be utilized as a passive monitor to investigate recent air pollution.


Objectives
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at high risk for malnutrition and poor growth. New drugs that modulate CF transmembrane receptor (CFTR) function are available, although their effects on anthropometric parameters are not clear. This systematic review aimed to determine if various CFTR modulator therapies affect weight and growth parameters in individuals with CF.

Methods
A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL and Embase databases for peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials (RCT) published from January 2002 to May 2018 that examined the effect of CFTR modulation therapy on weight and growth parameters in children and adults with CF. Articles were screened for relevance, data was extracted and summarized, and risk of bias was assessed to determine the quality of evidence.

Results
A total of 612 original articles were identified, and 13 articles representing 10 RCTs were included in qualitative synthesis and three were included in quantitative synthesis. All but one RCT demonstrated low risk of bias. The targeted class of CFTR mutation varied by RCT. Studies indicated that, in children and adults with CF with class III mutations, ivacaftor treatment alone increased weight and BMI (4 RCTs), but it did not influence growth in individuals with class II (1 RCT) or class IV mutations (1 RCT). Treatment with ivacaftor + lumacaftor in adults homozygous for the F508del CFTR mutation (class II) increased BMI following 24 weeks of treatment (2 RCTs), but there was no effect in adults heterozygous for the mutation treated for 8 weeks (1 RCT). Treatment with lumacaftor + tezacaftor in individuals ages 12-20 years with class II mutations did not change growth parameters (1 RCT).

Conclusions
Effects of CFTR modulators on increasing weight and growth in individuals with CF are likely dependent on the therapy formulation (single vs combination therapy) and the targeted CFTR mutation. Whereas ivacaftor alone increases weight and growth parameters in individuals with class III mutations, ivacaftor + lumacaftor is more effective at increasing BMI in adults homozygous for the class II F508del CFTR mutation. Additional studies are needed to determine effects of other CFTR modulator drugs on growth parameters in individuals with varying CFTR mutations.

Funding Sources
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/Medical Nutrition DPG, National Institutes of Health.


A great deal of everyday expression is, strictly speaking, nonsense. But courts and scholars have done little to consider whether or why such meaningless speech, like nonrepresentational art, falls within "the freedom of speech." If, as many suggest, meaning is what separates speech from sound and expression from conduct, then the constitutional case for nonsense is complicated. And because nonsense is so common, the case is also important — artists like Lewis Carroll and Jackson Pollock are not the only putative "speakers" who should be concerned about the outcome.This Article is the first to explore thoroughly the relationship between nonsense and the freedom of speech; in doing so, it suggests ways to determine what "meaning" means for First Amendment purposes. The Article begins by demonstrating the scope and constitutional salience of meaningless speech, showing that nonsense is multifarious, widespread, and sometimes intertwined with traditional First Amendment values like autonomy, the marketplace of ideas, and democracy. The second part of the Article argues that exploring nonsense can illuminate the meaning of meaning itself. This, too, is an important task, for although free speech discourse often relies on the concept of meaning to chart the Amendment's scope, courts and scholars have done relatively little to establish what it entails. Analytic philosophers, meanwhile, have spent the past century doing little else. Their efforts — echoes of which can already be heard in First Amendment doctrine — suggest that free speech doctrine is best served by finding meaning in the way words are used, rather than in their relationship to extra-linguistic concepts.


Mobile technologies offer the potential for efficacious and cost-effective lifestyle interventions for weight loss. Extant research indicates that mobile health (mHealth) lifestyle interventions are potentially effective and practical methods of weight loss, but it is less known what intervention characteristics are associated with weight loss effects. This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of mHealth physical activity interventions for weight loss compared with non-technology/usual care interventions and the moderating effects of behavioral change theories, techniques, and mobile technologies. A total of 24 studies were identified based on inclusion criteria. Weight loss was the primary outcome. The results showed a medium significant effect size (d = 0.395; 95% CI = 0.243, 0.546; Z = 5.107, p < 0.001; N = 5146) favoring mHealth interventions. Interventions were significantly more effective when wearable devices were used (QB = 4.102, df = 1, p < 0.05) and when feedback was employed (QB = 4.566, df = 1, p < 0.05). The implications for future mHealth intervention design are discussed.


Exposure of mammalian cells to ultraviolet (UV) light or high osmolarity strongly activates the c-Jun amino-terminal protein kinase (JNK) cascade, causing induction of many target genes. Exposure to UV light or osmotic shock induced clustering and internalization of cell surface receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Activation of the EGF and TNF receptors was also detected biochemically. Whereas activation of each receptor alone resulted in modest activation of JNK, coadministration of EGF, IL-1, and TNF resulted in a strong synergistic response equal to that caused by exposure to osmotic shock or UV light. Inhibition of clustering or receptor down-regulation attenuated both the osmotic shock and UV responses. Physical stresses may perturb the cell surface or alter receptor conformation, thereby subverting signaling pathways normally used by growth factors and cytokines.


Abstract The Tarbert Formation on a north-south oriented structure along the eastern flank of the Viking Graben has been studied. The reservoir in the two wells studied is buried ~100 m deeper in the northern than in the southern well. The present reservoir temperature is ~130°C. The reservoir quality is good, but due to extensive illitization of kaolin, the northern well shows lower permeability values than the southern well, for similar porosity values. The initial composition of the analysed samples in the two wells is very similar. There are no significant differences in total clay content and both wells contain K-feldspars and kaolin. However, the diagenetic alteration is more advanced in the deeper well. Total porosity is about the same in both wells but, due to illitization, the ratio of micro- vs. macro-porosity is higher in the deeper well. Petroleum emplacement in the structure occurred in two phases: oil emplacement predates, whereas gas emplacement postdates, most of the quartz cementation. In the deeper well, illitization occurred after gas emplacement.


We recorded forty-five-minute dialogues for thirty straight days around New York City. Half these talks took place at a Union Square health-food store that we call "W.F." Other locations included MoMA, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera House, Central Park, Prospect Park, and a Tribeca parking garage. What follows is our twentieth conversation. Here sickness, emptiness, a train delay, and an argument seem to prefigure disaster and the project's sudden end. But this disaster—much like the two-character Japanese word for "crisis": the first one meaning "danger," the second, "opportunity"—offers clarities perhaps best expressed by a Japanese proverb:Luck turns
Wait


Construction researchers and industry practitioners have begun to explore the possibilities offered by mobile and pervasive computing in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC). It is expected that the construction industry will be keen to apply these technologies as they promise significant benefits in areas such as materials management, project management, distributed collaboration and information management, all leading to improvements in productivity. This book offers a comprehensive reference volume to the use of mobile and pervasive computing in construction. Based on contributions from a mix of leading researchers and experts from academia and industry, it provides up-to-date insights into current research topics in this field as well as the latest technological advancements and practical examples. The chapters introduce the key theoretical concepts in mobile and pervasive computing and highlight the applications and solutions which are available to the construction industry. More specifically, the book focuses on the manner in which these technologies can be applied to improve practices in construction and related industries. This book will be of particular interest to academics, researchers, and graduate students at universities and industrial practitioners seeking to apply mobile and pervasive computing systems to improve construction industry productivity.


A programmed turnover of pancreatic beta cells occurs in the neonatal rat involving a loss of beta cells by apoptosis, and their replacement by islet cell replication and neogenesis. The timing of apoptosis is associated with a loss of expression of a survival factor, insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), in the pancreatic islets. Offspring from rats chronically fed a low protein isocalorific diet (LP) exhibit a reduced pancreatic beta cell mass at birth and a reduced insulin secretion in later life. This study therefore investigated the impact of LP on islet cell ontogeny in the late fetal and neonatal rat, and any associated changes in the presence of IGFs and their binding proteins (IGFBPs). Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either LP (8% protein) or normal (C) (20% protein) chow from shortly after conception until the offspring were 21 days postnatal (PN). Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered 1 h before rats were killed and pancreata removed from animals between 19.5 days fetal life and postnatal day 21. Offspring of rats given LP diet had reduced birthweight, pancreatic beta cell mass, and pancreas insulin content, with smaller islets compared with control fed animals, which persisted to weaning. Histological analysis showed that islets from pups given LP diet had a lower nuclear labeling index with BrdU in the beta cells, although, paradoxically, more beta cells showed immunoreactivity for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Because PCNA is present in G1 as well as S phase of the cell cycle, we quantified the number of beta cells immunopositive for cyclin D1, a marker of G1, and NEK2, an indicator of cells in G2 and mitosis. More beta cells in islets from LP-fed animals contained cyclin D1, but less contained NEK2 than did those in controls. This suggests that the beta cell cycle may have a prolonged G1 phase in LP-fed animals in vivo. Offspring of rats given C diet had a low rate of islet cell apoptosis detected by the TUNEL method in fetal and neonatal life (1-2%), with a transient increase to 8% at PN day 14. Offspring of rats receiving LP diet demonstrated a significantly greater level of islet cell apoptosis at every age, rising to 15% at PN 14. IGF-II mRNA was quantified in whole pancreas and was significantly reduced in LP-fed animals at ages up to PN day 10. IGF-II immunoreactivity within the islets of LP-fed rats was also less apparent, but no changes were seen in immunoreactive IGF-I or IGFBPs-2 to -5. These findings show that LP diet changes the balance of beta cell replication and apoptosis in fetal and neonatal neonatal life, which may involve an altered length of beta cell cycle, and contribute to the smaller islet size and impaired insulin release seen in later life. A reduced pancreatic expression of IGF-II may contribute to the lower beta cell proliferation rate and increased apoptosis seen in the fetus and neonate after feeding LP diet.


A simple, three-dimensional, holographic grating consists of a sinusoidally modulated dielectric slab. The assumption that the modulation index, δ, is constant is at most a first-order approximation. Usually, the light beams used in making the grating are attenuated inside the recording material, hence δ varies within the dielectric slab. From known solutions for the electromagnetic field diffracted by a uniform dielectric grating, solutions for the case when δ is not constant are found, first for a lossless and then for a lossy dielectric grating. The effective modulation index of the grating at exactly Bragg-angle incidence is given by the averaged value of δ over the slab thickness.


The term structure of interest rates contains information about the market's expectations of the direction of future interest rates. Similarly, the term structure of credit spreads contains information about the market's perception of future credit spreads. The term structure of credit spreads is closely linked with conditional default probabilities and this link suggests a downward sloping term structure of credit spreads for high risk issuers, whose default probability conditional on survival is likely to decrease. This paper shows that for sufficiently low credit quality, as defined by the level of credit spreads, this holds true most of the time when spreads are taken from credit default swap (CDS) markets. We also discuss why CDS markets give a better way of analyzing this problem than bond price data.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been slowly moving into the mainstream as remote monitoring solutions – especially in hostile, hard-to-reach or otherwise complicated scenarios, where deployment of a traditional network may be unpractical. Some of the envisioned applications, such as wildlife monitoring, introduce an additional difficulty by featuring mobile elements. In these circumstances traditional routing techniques must be abandoned in favour of Opportunistic Routing (OR), which uses mobility to its advantage by having nodes carry around messages. This dissertation addresses the issue of Opportunistic Routing in WSNs. An overview of existing solutions is presented, followed by the description of a new Convergent Hybrid-replication Approach to Routing in Opportunistic Networks (CHARON). This approach is focused on simplicity and efficiency, aiming for real-world applicability. It primarily routes messages based on estimated delay, and supports basic Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms. It also provides built-in radio power management, a seldom found feature. A reference implementation of CHARON is then presented, accompanied by simulation and real-world test results that show this solution is capable of achieving good delivery statistics with high efficiency.


Since 1990, Grant Hill has thrilled sports fans with his artistry on the basketball court, first as an All-American player at Duke University and then as a six-time NBA All-Star for the Detroit Pistons and the Orlando Magic. During these years, Hill has amassed a collection of art by African Americans that he now shares with the public through this book, which accompanies a traveling exhibition.

The forty-six pieces documented here include thirteen works that span the career of the great Romare Bearden, from his 1941 gouache painting Serenade to the important collages of the 1980s. Hill's fascination with artists' depiction of women is represented in Elizabeth Catlett's lithographs, many of them from the 1992 series "For My People," and her sculptures in stone, bronze, and onyx. In addition to these two giants of twentieth-century art, the Hill Collection features pieces by Phoebe Beasley, Arthello Beck Jr., John Biggers, Malcolm Brown, John Coleman, Edward Jackson, and Hughie Lee Smith.

Hill began collecting art in the early 1990s after learning from his parents to appreciate artworks not only as objects of beauty but as expressions of heritage and culture. According to the internationally known curator Alvia J. Wardlaw, he is part of an emerging group of young African American collectors who have "raised the bar for others." Hill writes, "Getting to know yourself means understanding your background and appreciating those who have come before you. My father has a saying he uses in speeches: 'To be ignorant of your past is to remain a boy. 'The interest in my heritage as an African American is reflected in this collection."

Something All Our Own features Wardlaw's essay on the history of African American collecting. It also features articles about Bearden and Catlett by the scholars Elizabeth Alexander and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and reflections about Hill by the historian John Hope Franklin, Duke's basketball coach Mike Krzyzewski, and the sportswriter William C. Rhoden. Hill and his father, the NFL great Calvin Hill, contribute a dialogue that explores their motivations for collecting art.

At the heart of the book are the exquisite color photographs of the forty-six artworks included in the exhibition, with commentary by Wardlaw and by Hill himself.

As a star athlete, Grant Hill is well aware that African Americans who excel in sports and entertainment are more broadly recognized than their counterparts in artistic fields. He strives to inspire young people to explore their heritage and broaden their concept of excellence by learning more about African American art. By sharing his artworks with collectors and fans, Hill reminds us that while the jump shot is ephemeral, art is enduring.


This dissertation discusses the previously unexamined and little-acknowledged genre of women's prison zines in America. Beginning in the 1930s, these works of art and literature gave insight into the invisibilised world of women's prisons and challenged preconceived ideas and stereotypes about female incarceration. The genre reached a peak in the 1970s—the decade on which I focus. Establishing the genre and its core characteristics for the first time, I define women's prison zines as a form of "collective outsider writing" and place them into key theoretical and academic contexts that otherwise exclude them. Chapter One defines women's prison zines as a distinctive and compelling subgenre of American protest literature, with a complex protest aesthetic aimed at wider social change beyond penal reform. Chapter Two goes one step further to place zines within the feminist protest writing tradition. The zines offer a concentrated perspective on women's rights through collaboration with external feminist organisations and discussion of gendered concerns. Finally, Chapter Three argues that women's prison zines develop the tradition of feminist collective autobiography, as they offer a powerful, collective narrative voice that establishes solidarity and kinship in an otherwise confined and alienating space. I argue that women's prison zines sit at the intersection of these three genres—protest literature, feminist writing and collective autobiography—and that they fuse together elements of all three traditions to form a key example of what I term "collective outsider writing."


The platinum-group elements contain three radioisotope systems that have been used in many and varied ways in geo- and cosmochemistry. Unique chronological applications include dating the formation of such diverse materials as sulfides, gold, organic-rich sediments, iron meteorites, and sulfide inclusions in diamonds. These systems also serve as isotope tracers for processes such as continental erosion, the deposition of extraterrestrial materials on Earth's surface, crust-mantle differentiation, recycling of subducted crust into the mantle, core-mantle exchange, and volatile-element depletion of planets and planetesimals. Although these systems have been in use for only a short time, the discoveries they have provided bode well for their incorporation as staples in the geochemical toolbox.


Abstract This study describes for the first time "outer-bank bars," an intra-channel architectural element that is unique to sinuous submarine channels. The study is based on interpretation of 3D seismic data of sinuous channels in the upper slope of the Amazon Fan, offshore Brazil. Outer-bank bars comprise channel-fill deposits found in tight meander loops at outer corners of bend apices or slightly upstream or downstream of apices. This architectural element can be up to 1.5 km wide and up to 150 m thick with continuous internal reflectors dipping 1–20° towards the inner bend of the meander loop, a direction of dip opposed to that of fluvial point bars or submarine lateral-accretion packages. The angles of outer-bank bar surfaces increased to a maximum at bend apices. Outer-bank bars occur in the final aggradational channel fill in the two separated channel–levee systems in the Amazon data set. They may have been formed as a result of enhanced deposition on the outside of the bend caused by a combination of flow-volume reduction and flow superelevation. Accretion of outer-bank bars may cause the thalweg position to shift towards the inner bends leading to sinuosity reduction. Since this architectural element is likely to be sand prone, its recognition may have significant implications for prediction of hydrocarbon reservoirs.


Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a preventable cause of mental retardation in neonates. In India, CH is compounded by a lack of efficient newborn screening (NBS) programs, nonavailability of infrastructure, and the rising cost of health care. This review focuses on NBS techniques for early detection of CH, along with management strategies in the Indian scenario. Guidelines recommend measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyroxine (T4) levels or combined TSH and T4 as an ideal approach for screening CH within 2–4 days after birth. In preterm and low birth weight neonates, additionally, after 2–4 weeks, a follow-up screening has been suggested. If laboratory test is positive, a noninvasive scintigraphy and/or ultrasound has also been suggested as additional test to identify underlying etiology. Levo-T4 (L-T4) has been recommended as the first-line treatment with an initial standard dose of 10–15 μg/kg/day, based on the disease severity; with regular follow-up, up to 3 years of age. Although L-T4 tablet form is the standard of care in many developing countries like India, liquid formulations of L-T4 have been found to possess some additional beneficial effects. In summary, the government or policymakers should encourage mandatory cost-effective NBS for the early detection and treatment of CH.


In their substantive introduction, the editors first revisit two classical sites of controversy which have offered frameworks for theorizing the interplay between materiality and sociality: reification and fetishism. Obviously, these critical vocabularies emerge as crucial sites of perplexity as soon as the ontological boundary between subjects and objects is rendered equally problematic and fluid as the epistemological boundary between the imaginary and the real. A thumbnail sketch of the history of the two discursive traditions (from Marxism up to Actor Network Theory) provides an elaborate systematic framework for introducing the individual articles. The first axis of debate is generated by conceptual residues of the traditional tug-of-war between idealism and materialism which continues to infiltrate recent redescriptions of the web of sociality/materiality. The concern here is how much autonomy and agency can be granted to material objects in view of their social inscription and symbolic construction, and how far conceptual experiments with the ontological symmetry between humans and nonhumans may take us and/or should be permitted to go. The second axis of debate concerns the fate of critical theory and of ethico-political sensibility in the face of heightened uncertainties about the distinction between what is real, what is constructed, and what is imaginary, and between what may count as a person and what as a thing.


This paper examines techniques for speaker normalisation and adaptation that are applied in training with the aim of removing some of the variability from the speaker independent models. Two techniques are examined: vocal tract normalisation (VTN) which estimates a single "vocal tract length" parameter for each speaker and then modifies the speech parameterisation accordingly and speaker adaptive training (SAT) which estimates Gaussian mean and variance parameters jointly with a speaker specific set of maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) based transformations. It is shown that VTN is effective for both clean speech and mismatched conditions and that the further improvements obtained by applying MLLR in testing are essentially additive. Detailed results from the use of SAT show that worthwhile improvements over using MLLR with standard speaker independent models are obtained.


MRI has improved the diagnostic work-up of multiple sclerosis, but inappropriate image interpretation and application of MRI diagnostic criteria contribute to misdiagnosis. Some diseases, now recognized as conditions distinct from multiple sclerosis, may satisfy the MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis (e.g. neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Susac syndrome), thus making the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis more challenging, especially if biomarker testing (such as serum anti-AQP4 antibodies) is not informative. Improvements in MRI technology contribute and promise to better define the typical features of multiple sclerosis lesions (e.g. juxtacortical and periventricular location, cortical involvement). Greater understanding of some key aspects of multiple sclerosis pathobiology has allowed the identification of characteristics more specific to multiple sclerosis (e.g. central vein sign, subpial demyelination and lesional rims), which are not included in the current multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria. In this review, we provide the clinicians and researchers with a practical guide to enhance the proper recognition of multiple sclerosis lesions, including a thorough definition and illustration of typical MRI features, as well as a discussion of red flags suggestive of alternative diagnoses. We also discuss the possible place of emerging qualitative features of lesions which may become important in the near future.


Abstract This article provides a systematic analysis of the challenges of managing agricultural indigenous knowledge (IK), and accessing external knowledge in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific focus on Tanzania. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect primary data from 181 small-scale farmers in the six districts of Tanzania. The findings indicated that farmers faced various challenges in managing their IK, and accessing external knowledge, which ranged from personal and social barriers, to factors in the external environment such as infrastructure, policy, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and weak linkages between research, extension services and farmers. Farmers also faced challenges when using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to manage their knowledge, such as personal, socio-cultural, infrastructural, technical, and economic factors. It is thus important for the government to improve access to extension services, review the IPR system, enhance rural electrification, telecommunications and roads infrastructure. Further, the knowledge providers (i.e. agricultural extension officers, researchers, educators, libraries, non governmental organisations, civil society, and other agricultural actors) should nurture a knowledge sharing culture. Farmers need to be assisted and trained to document their knowledge, map communities' IK bearers and innovators, use multiple formats (print and ICTs) with traditional communication channels (for instance, folklore and apprenticeships) specific to a local context to disseminate knowledge. Participatory approaches should be employed in knowledge production and dissemination in order to include farmers' needs and expressing knowledge in the resulting technologies, practices and new knowledge. In this way linkages between indigenous and external knowledge would be enhanced for improved farming activities in the local communities.


In this paper we revisit the regular-language representation of game semantics of second-order recursion free Idealized Algol with infinite data types. By using symbolic values instead of concrete ones we generalize the standard notion of regular-language and automata representations to that of corresponding symbolic representations. In this way terms with infinite data types, such as integers, can be expressed as finite symbolic-automata although the standard automata interpretation is infinite. Moreover, significant reductions of the state space of game semantics models are obtained. This enables efficient verification of terms, which is illustrated with several examples.


Problem statement: Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) defines how to integrate widely disparate applications for a world that is Web based and uses multiple implementation platforms. Using (SOA) one can build durable e-learning contents, regardless of changes or evolutions in technology. This means that new content should be added to existing content without costly redesign, reconfiguration, or recoding. Approach: In this study an e-Learning management system with Web services oriented framework was proposed. The system will be an open source application with client-scripting facility. It also supports the cross browser and it is fully integrated with different databases; MS SQL Server, MS Access, Oracle and LDAP. Results: The key values of Interoperability, durability, compatibility, manageability, dynamic reusability and accessibility in the proposed architecture enhance the future e-Learning systems to communicate more efficiently and share data more easily. Conclusion/Recommendations: Web services architecture will provide a standard based platform for Service-Oriented Computing. It defines itself as a set of specifications that support an open XML-based platform for description, discovery, and interoperability of distributed, heterogeneous applications as services.


Consumer Buying Behaviour refers to the buying behaviour of the ultimate consumer. Many factors, specificities and characteristics influence the individual in what he is and the consumer in his decision making process, shopping habits, purchasing behaviour, the brands he buys or the retailers he goes. A purchase decision is the result of each and every one of these factors. An individual and a consumer is led by his culture, his subculture, his social class, his membership groups, his family, his personality, his psychological factors, etc., and is influenced by cultural trends as well as his social and societal environment. By identifying and understanding the factors that influence their customers, brands have the opportunity to develop a strategy, a marketing message (Unique Value Proposition) and advertising campaigns more efficient and more in line with the needs and ways of thinking of their target consumers, a real asset to better meet the needs of its customers and increase


Observation of coherence shifts reveals hot energy transfer and excess energy dissipation mechanisms in photosynthesis. Photosynthetic proteins have evolved over billions of years so as to undergo optimal energy transfer to the sites of charge separation. On the basis of spectroscopically detected quantum coherences, it has been suggested that this energy transfer is partially wavelike. This conclusion depends critically on the assignment of the coherences to the evolution of excitonic superpositions. We demonstrate that, for a bacterial reaction center protein, long-lived coherent spectroscopic oscillations, which bear canonical signatures of excitonic superpositions, are essentially vibrational excited-state coherences shifted to the ground state of the chromophores. We show that the appearance of these coherences arises from a release of electronic energy during energy transfer. Our results establish how energy migrates on vibrationally hot chromophores in the reaction center, and they call for a reexamination of claims of quantum energy transfer in photosynthesis.


Most of the data on the Web is stored in relational databases. In order to make the Semantic Web grow we need to provide easy-to-use tools to convert those databases into linked data, so that even people with little knowledge of the semantic web can use them. Some programs able to convert relational databases into RDF files have been developed, but the user still has to link manually the database attribute names to existing ontology properties and this generated "linked data" is not actually linked with external relevant data. We propose here a method to associate automatically attribute names to existing ontology entities in order to complete the automation of the conversion of databases. We also present a way - rather basic, but with low error rate - to add links automatically to relevant data from other data sets.


A contract is a legally binding agreement that expresses high-level requirements of parties in terms of obligations, powers and constraints. Parties' actions influence the status of a contract and shall comply with its clauses. Manual contract monitoring is very laborious in real markets, such as transactive energy, where plenty of complex contracts are running concurrently. Furthermore, liability, right and performance transition through run-time operations such as subcontracting, assignment and substitution complicate contract interpretation. Automation is needed to ensure that contracts respect desirable properties and to support monitoring of compliance and handling of violations. In this thesis research, I propose an innovative ontology that defines fundamental contractual notions (such as the ones mentioned above) and their relationships, on which is built a specification language, called Symboleo, that provides syntax and axiomatic semantics of contracts via first-order logic. Symboleo enables the development of advanced automation tools such as a compliance checker that monitors contracts at runtime, and a model checking verification method that analyzes liveness and safety properties of contracts. This paper reports on the problem domain, research method, current status, expected contributions, and main foreseen challenges.


In this commentary Gene Green reads Paul's two letters to the Thessalonians in light of the canon of Scripture and of new knowledge about the first-century world of Thessalonica. This fruitful approach helps illuminate the impact of the gospel on its original readers and, in turn, shows how potent a force it can be for the church and society today.
 The book begins with an in-depth study of the Thessalonians themselves -- their history, land, socioeconomic conditions, and religious environment. This fascinating discussion gives the necessary context for fully appreciating the circumstances surrounding the founding of the city's first church and the subsequent struggles of the Thessalonian believers to live out their Christian faith.
 The main body of the book provides informed verse-by-verse commentary on 1 & 2 Thessalonians that extracts the fullest possible meaning from these important New Testament texts. As Green's exposition shows, the Thessalonian scriptures are especially valuable as letters of friendship and for showing Paul's pastoral concern for the many areas in which the Thessalonians needed guidance. Some of Paul's purposes are to thank the new believers for their steadfastness amid suffering, to encourage them in their trials, to urge them not to neglect their daily work, and, no less important, to teach them about the future of believers who die before Christ returns. Indeed, the matter of the last things and the second coming of Christ so permeates these texts that they are often called Paul's eschatological letters.
 Filled with new information about ancient society, this commentary will fast become a standard reference work for Bible study. By carefully bridging the biblical and modern worlds, Green shows with clarity and warmth the continuing relevance of 1 & 2 Thessalonians for contemporary readers.


The promise of energy efficiency brings us to a lighter world, to a world that has less "losses" or dissipation. Energy efficiency is the realm of engineers, for whom machines can be described as quantitative inputs and outputs. The world of machines is supposed to be progressively "dematerialised" through various improvements in resource efficiency. Of course, we observe exactly the reverse: a multiplication of machines and growing resource exploitation. The possibility that improved efficiency leads to a world with more objects and more activities is called the Jevons paradox. In this paper, I explore this paradox through various academic disciplines (neoclassical economics, ecology, technology, sociology), taking seriously the way these disciplines not only analyse but also construct their proper worlds. The description of rebound effects is intimately linked to energy demand issues and to the understanding of how this demand is created and uncontrolled. A good description of rebound effects requires understanding how temporal and spatial aspects affect energy demand. The main argument of the paper is then the following: rebounds are systemic effects when saved energy is used elsewhere, at another time. Rebounds arise faster when infrastructures and markets enable energy to circulate, and when energy consumers are in competition. Rebounds participate then to the concentration of power. In conclusion, energy efficiency is a big business that actualises many materialisations, machines and infrastructures, ever more high performance artefacts, always more productive.


The work presented in this thesis addresses issues involving the accurate and efficient numerical modelling of turbulence combustion with an emphasis on an industrially representative Tay model combustor. This combustor retained all essential features of a modern aero-engine rich burn combustor and thus the turbulence combustion within this combustor is much more complicated than those observed in the combustor-like burners typically considered in laboratory experiments.

A comparative study of two combustion models based on a non-premixed assumption or a partially premixed assumption using the previously proposed models Zimont Turbulent Flame Speed Closure (ZTFSC) and Extended Coherent Flamelet Method (ECFM)) is presented in a first step. Comprehensive chemical reactions containing 244 reactions and 50 species are taken into account using a tabulated detailed chemistry approach and an assumed shape PDF to account for turbulence effects. The purpose of this study is to validate and compare the effectiveness of these models in predicting complex combustion and to improve upon for the defects observed in previous predictions of the same combustor. It is concluded that the use of models invoking the partially premixed combustion assumption can provide much more accurate results than models using a non-premixed combustion assumption especially in the primary zone of the combustor where turbulence combustion interaction is strong. In addition, certain shortcomings of steady RANS type models are identified as a result of strong unsteady effects and their inability to resolve the turbulence spectrum.

Following this, two URANS models and the scale resolving simulation (SRS) approach such as a shear stress transport, K-omega, scale adaptive simulation (SSTKWSAS) combined with the partially premixed method identified in the first step are employed in a second step to further improve the accuracy achieved and to provide evidence and guidance in terms of the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost for complex turbulent combustion simulations. The second generation SRS model (SSTKWSAS) is applied to the complicated flow environment of a realistic combustor for the first time. The present work highlights the superiority of the combination of the SSTKWSAS approach and a partially premixed combustion model in terms of both accuracy and efficiency for predicting such combustion problems.


The aim of this article is to inform and stimulate a proactive, multidisciplinary approach to research and development in surveillance-based detective work. In this article we review some of the key psychological issues and phenomena that practitioners should be aware of. We look at how human performance can be explained with reference to our biological and evolutionary legacy. We show how critical viewing conditions can be in determining whether observers detect or overlook criminal activity in video material. We examine situations where performance can be surprisingly poor, and cover situations where, even once confronted with evidence of these detection deficits, observers still underestimate their susceptibility to them. Finally we explain why the emergence of these relatively recent research themes presents an opportunity for police and law enforcement agencies to set a new, multidisciplinary research agenda focused on relevant and pressing issues of national and international importance.


The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is a most promising converter technology for the High Voltage DC application. The complex topology of the MMC requires several additional controllers to balance the energy in the capacitors which are distributed all over the converter. Typically, there is a requirement of two controls; one is the regulation of the total energy in each leg, and the other is the distribution of the energy between the upper and the lower arms. This paper presents control strategies for the latter one being capable of distributing the energy only by internal power flow, so that undesired interference with the associated grids can be completely avoided. The proposed controls are achieved by forcing the common mode currents to be balanced while keeping the classic cascaded control structure as much as possible. The effectiveness and advantage of the proposed solutions are demonstrated by simulations.


The electrophoretic karyotypes of five strains of Botrytis cinerea from different locations were determined. A unique karyotype was observed for each strain: although general features of the banding pattern of chromosome sized DNA were conserved between strains not two strains had identical karyotypes, indicating that considerable length polymorphism exists in this species. The size of the hands ranged from 1.88 Mb to 3.72 Mb and the genome sizes from 11.22 to 22.49 Mb using chromosomal standards from Hansenula wingeii. Three of the strains were quite similar both in number and size of bands and genome total size and would be the diploid form of the species. The other two presented lower band number and, according to the total genome size, one of them could be haploid and the other an anenploid form. The mitochondrial DNA hand was also shown on gels and its origin confirmed by the cytochrome c oxidase specific reaction. Infection assays were carried out both in Nicotiana tabacum and Vifis uinifera and differences in pathogenicity were shown by the strains, although parasitic degree could not be related to any ploidy state or specific band.


This paper investigates the effects of syllable structure on v-to-v coarticulation. It was hypothesized that open syllables (V#CV) would allow less v-to-v coarticulation than closed syllables (VC#V). Languages with simple syllable structure (Thai) would allow less v-to-v coarticulation than languages with complex syllable structure (English). /C1V1#C2V2/ and /C1V1C2#V2t/ sequences were recorded from six native speakers in Thai and English. F1 and F2 frequencies were measured. Results show that English consistently allows more v-to-v coarticulation than Thai, but open and closed syllables do not affect v-to-v coarticulation differently. The results on open and closed syllables are compatible with Ohman's model of coarticulation.


Optimization problems relating to wireless sensor network planning, design, deployment and operation often give rise to multi-objective optimization formulations where multiple desirable objectives compete with each other and the decision maker has to select one of the tradeoff solutions. These multiple objectives may or may not conflict with each other. Keeping in view the nature of the application, the sensing scenario and input/output of the problem, the type of optimization problem changes. To address different nature of optimization problems relating to wireless sensor network design, deployment, operation, planing and placement, there exist a plethora of optimization solution types. We review and analyze different desirable objectives to show whether they conflict with each other, support each other or they are design dependent. We also present a generic multi-objective optimization problem relating to wireless sensor network which consists of input variables, required output, objectives and constraints. A list of constraints is also presented to give an overview of different constraints which are considered while formulating the optimization problems in wireless sensor networks. Keeping in view the multi facet coverage of this article relating to multi-objective optimization, this will open up new avenues of research in the area of multi-objective optimization relating to wireless sensor networks.


A group of agents wants to reform the status quo if and only if this is Pareto improving. Agents have private information and may have common or private objectives, which creates a tension between information aggregation and minority protection. We analyze a simple voting system - majority rule with veto power (Veto) - that essentially resolves this tension, for it combines the advantageous properties of both majority and unanimity rules. We argue that our results shed new light on the evolution of voting rules in the EU institutions and could help to inform debates about policy reforms in cases such as juries in the US.


The deep reef refuge hypothesis (DRRH) predicts that deep coral reefs may act as refuges against major disturbances affecting shallow reefs, but to date, a few studies have explicitly examined its validity at the community level. We sampled 19 Brazilian reefs distributed between 3 and 61 m depth and tested five DRRH predictions regarding species diversity, distribution, and functional profile of communities. The first prediction was that deep reefs (>30 m depth) should host greater gamma diversity to be able to export species to shallow reefs (<30 m). Second, depth-generalist species should dominate the shallow reefs; otherwise, local extirpation in shallow areas could not be reverted by the deep reefs. Third, alpha diversity should be greater in deep reefs due to reduced anthropogenic pressure in deeper areas. Fourth, beta diversity should be smaller among shallow than deep reefs due to the human-induced spread of a few disturbance-adapted species near sea surface. Finally, the functional composition of shallow reefs should be a subset from that of deep reefs to allow functional recovering of shallower areas. Contrary to expectations, coral communities presented twice more gamma diversity in shallow than deep reefs (13 vs. seven effective species) and only three out of 17 species occurred along the entire gradient. Additionally, the alpha diversity of rare, typical, and dominant species was similar between shallow and deep reefs, and the beta diversity of rare and typical species was about 50% greater in shallow than deep reefs. Supporting the DRRH, coral communities of both reefs were dominated by reef-building, zooxanthellated, gonochoric corals with brooding or broadcast reproductive mode (Siderastrea stellata and Montastraea cavernosa). However, soft corals were observed only in shallow reefs and azooxanthellated corals were recorded only in deep reefs. These findings revealed a limited potential of deep reefs to serve as refuges for Southwestern Atlantic coral communities, though they may work for two depth-generalist dominant species. We strongly recommend preventing human disturbances at any depth and including both shallow and deep reefs in regional conservation actions.


The ACT Council on the Ageing commissioned the development of a seniors' information and media strategy, to provide a framework to deliver key road safety messages to a rapidly growing risk group and their support network, over the coming years. The Seniors Moving Safely strategy report addresses the key ideas and messages to be disseminated; target audiences; effective message delivery; and availability and adaption of current ACT and interstate materials. It outlines both strategic and specific messages to be delivered and suggests effective means of communicating with older road users and their support networks. A program of topics, information/media delivery options, timing and estimated costs is suggested for the first two years, with an evaluation prior to setting the next three year program. The work sought to segment the target audience rather than treat it as monolithic; to create a program targeted to a single city or region rather than be multi regional as most state or national programs must be; and to link the strategic and tactical levels of road safety program development. The strategy seeks to create behavioural change not only in seniors, but in all road users, so the new practices and attitudes become part of ACT driving culture.


Two-dimensional graphene-like materials, namely MXenes, have been proposed as potential materials for various applications. In this work, the reactivity and selectivity of four MXenes (i.e. M2C (M = Ti, V, Nb, Mo)) and their oxygen-functionalized forms (i.e. O-MXenes or M2CO2) toward gas molecules were investigated by using the plane wave-based Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Small gas molecules, which are commonly found in flue gas streams, are considered herein. Our results demonstrated that MXenes are very reactive. Chemisorption is a predominant process for gas adsorption on MXenes. Simultaneously dissociative adsorption can be observed in most cases. The high reactivity of their non-functionalized surface is attractive for catalytic applications. In contrast, their reactivity is reduced, but the selectivity is improved upon oxygen functionalization. Mo2CO2 and V2CO2 present good selectivity toward NO molecules, while Nb2CO2 and Ti2CO2 show good selectivity toward NH3. The electronic charge properties explain the nature of the substrates and also interactions between them and the adsorbed gases. Our results indicated that O-MXenes are potential materials for gas-separation/capture, -storage, -sensing, etc. Furthermore, their structural stability and SO2-tolerant nature are attractive properties for using them in a wide range of applications. Our finding provides good information to narrow down the choices of materials to be tested in future experimental work.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


The temporal coincidence between rapid late Pleistocene sea-level rise and large-scale slope failures is widely documented. Nevertheless, the physical mechanisms that link these phenomena are poorly understood, particularly along nonglaciated margins. Here we investigate the causal relationships between rapid sea-level rise, flexural stress loading, and increased seismicity rates along passive margins. We find that Coulomb failure stress across fault systems of passive continental margins may have increased more than 1 MPa during rapid late Pleistocene–early Holocene sea-level rise, an amount sufficient to trigger fault reactivation and rupture. These results suggest that sea-level–modulated seismicity may have contributed to a number of poorly understood but widely observed phenomena, including (1) increased frequency of large-scale submarine landslides during rapid, late Pleistocene sea-level rise; (2) emplacement of coarse-grained mass transport deposits on deep-sea fans during the early stages of marine transgression; and (3) the unroofing and release of methane gas sequestered in continental slope sediments.


We developed a quantitative method, analogous to those used in statistical mechanics, to predict how biodiversity will vary across environments, which plant species from a species pool will be found in which relative abundances in a given environment, and which plant traits determine community assembly. This provides a scaling from plant traits to ecological communities while bypassing the complications of population dynamics. Our method treats community development as a sorting process involving species that are ecologically equivalent except with respect to particular functional traits, which leads to a constrained random assembly of species; the relative abundance of each species adheres to a general exponential distribution as a function of its traits. Using data for eight functional traits of 30 herbaceous species and community-aggregated values of these traits in 12 sites along a 42-year chronosequence of secondary succession, we predicted 94% of the variance in the relative abundances.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major bacterial pathogen found in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, with up to 80% being colonised by the age of 18. Within the CF lung, however, polymicrobial infections are increasingly common. In fact, the saprophytic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus is increasing observed in association with P. aeruginosa, which is correlated with poorer clinical outcomes. The aim of this project was therefore to investigate whether the interaction between P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus resulted in changes to its virulence potential using a range of in vitro and in vivo experimental methodologies.

The series of experiments described herein investigated the effect that A. fumigatus biofilms had on the induction of a surrogate virulence factor elastase from P. aeruginosa through the use of a biochemical assay. Elastase is produced by many strains of P. aeruginosa and causes host damage by cleaving elastin within the CF lung. A. fumigatus biofilms were grown in a 24-well plate format and live and ethanol-killed biofilms of various stages of development were produced (8 h germlings, 12 h monolayer of proliferating mycelia, 24 h and 48 h mature biofilm). These were then exposed to planktonic wild type and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Dead A. fumigatus biofilm was shown to increase elastase significantly in multiple strains, including a mucoid strain. It was also shown that the intact biofilm structure was essential to this increase in elastase, as disrupting the dead A. fumigatus biofilm and treating P. aeruginosa with the lysate did not result in a significant increase in elastase. Interestingly, the effect was restricted to dead biofilms, as presence of live A. fumigatus biofilm resulted in a significant decrease in elastase produced by certain P. aeruginosa strains. Despite a significant change in expressed elastase being found for P. aeruginosa type strain PA01 at the phenotypic level, a real time qPCR approach did not show any significant up-regulation of LasB, the gene encoding elastase, over multiple time points in response to dead 24 h A. fumigatus. The possibilities of transient gene expression or mRNA degradation with an increase in protein expression are potential explanations for this.

Cell culture studies utilising the A549 human lung epithelial cell line aimed to determine the effects of both supernatants from combinational cultures and elastase itself on a cell line of relevance to the CF lung. Elastase was shown to detach A549 cells from the plastic surface they were grown on and adherent to using light microscopy, with no loss of viability as measured by alamarBlue. The effect of combinational P. aeruginosa/A. fumigatus supernatants in contrast with their respective controls were difficult to determine due to the highly cytotoxic effect of live A. fumigatus in this project.

A Galleria mellonella wax worm insect model was also utilised to test for synergy in P. aeruginosa/A. fumigatus co-infections. This was performed by establishing the effect of an optimised P. aeruginosa inoculum on wax worm survival treated with dead A. fumigatus 8 h germlings. No significant difference were shown in the survival rates of this model when worms were injected with combinations of P. aeruginosa and killed A. fumigatus 8 hour germlings, though melanisation of the worms indicated an additive effect on the organisms.

In conclusion, these studies demonstrated a relationship between A. fumigatus biofilms and an increased virulence expression from P. aeruginosa using a surrogate virulence marker, elastase. Due to its known negative effects in regards to human health, this suggests that polymicrobial infections of both P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus could generate increased morbidity in those susceptible to these infections. Future work should be undertaken to unravel the exact mechanisms behind increased virulence expression in P. aeruginosa in response to A. fumigatus, and determine fully whether this is of important clinical significance and therefore a key bacterial/fungal interaction to focus on within CF studies.


Water resources allocation determines who is able to use water resources, how, when and where. It directly affects the value (economic, ecological, socio-cultural) that individuals and society obtain from water resources. This report overviews how allocation works in a range of countries and how the performance of allocation arrangements can be improved to adjust to changing conditions.

Capturing information from 27 OECD countries and key partner economies, the report presents key findings from the OECD Survey of Water Resources Allocation and case studies of successful allocation reform. It provides practical policy guidance for water allocation in the form of a "health check", which can be used to assess the performance of current arrangements and manage the transition to improved regimes.

This title belongs to OECD Report Series

ISBN: 9781780407623 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780407616 (Print)


PURPOSE
To examine the relationship between physical image characteristics and the clinical grading of images of conjunctival redness and to develop an accurate and efficient predictor of clinical redness from the measurements of these images.

METHODS
Seventy-two clinicians graded the appearance of 30 images of redness on a 100-point sliding scale with three referent images (at 25, 50, and 75 points) through a World Wide Web-based survey. Using software developed in a commercial computer program, each image was quantified in two ways: by the presence of blood vessel edges, based on the Canny edge-detection algorithm, and by a measure of overall redness, quantified by the relative magnitude of the redness component of each red-green-blue (RGB) pixel. Linear and nonlinear regressors and a Bayesian estimator were used to optimally combine the image characteristics to predict the clinical grades.

RESULTS
The clinical judgments of the redness images were highly variable: The average grade range for each image was approximately 55 points, more than half the extent of the entire scale. The median clinical grade was chosen as the most reliable measure of "truth." The median grade was predicted by a weighted linear combination of the edgeness and redness features of each image. The strength of the predicted association was r = 0.976, exceeding the strength of association of all but one of the 72 individual clinicians.

CONCLUSIONS
Clinical grading of redness images is highly variable. Despite this human variability, easily implemented image-analysis and statistical procedures were able to reliably predict median clinical grades of conjunctival redness.


A linear and a non-linear mathematical models for analyzing the deformation behavior of a beam with a pair of partially debonded piezoelectric actuators are developed on the basis of the Timoshenko beam theory. Effect of buckling is considered in the linear model, where the debonded actuator region is assumed to generate the Euler buckling load when the axial force in the region is larger than the load. The static behavior of the beam is investigated for extension and bending deformation. When the actuator debonds from its edge, the performance deteriorates; in contrast, the debonding in the middle of the actuator does not show any performance degradation until the debonded region buckles. The deformation behavior obtained from the linear model has been found to have good agreement with that from the non-linear model. The non-linear analysis shows that after the buckling the debonded actuator region maintains an axial force of the order of the Euler buckling load of a fix—fix column for the extending actuation, although for the bending actuation, it retains nearly 75% of the Euler buckling load. Further, the strain distribution in the debonded region shows that the buckling may occur before cracks begin in the actuator.


A size/shape distribution of spheroids was chosen to approximate a group of micrometer sized soil particles whose angular light scattering patterns had been measured previously. The scattering properties of the randomly oriented spheroids were calculated using the T-matrix method. The largest soil particles, those accounting for ~30% of the total scattering, were not included in the spheroid distribution because of computer limitations. These calculations were made to (1) investigate how well the measured scattering by soil particles is approximated by a similar distribution of spheroids and (2) use the data for spheroids to estimate some scattering properties that were too difficult to measure when the soil particles were studied previously. The shapes of the measured angular scattering patterns are better approximated by the distribution of spheroids than by a distribution of spheres of equal surface area or of equal volume.


475 ABSTRACT: Parametric modeling and assembly of curved surfaces can be difficult for students to grasp due to complex computational workflows that rely upon higher mathematics. Using readily available materials and 3D printed components, a kit for parametric curved surfaces can initiate students into this field of contemporary design using a tactile approach. Software templates then enable the students to create a digital model of their initial physical model. The paper presents an example kit for Tactile Experimental Parametrics. It describes the concept, the parametric models of the fittings, the printing process and tools, the parametric modeling of the assemblies, and example designs produced by the students. The software tool for modeling was Autodesk Revit, and the 3D printing was done with an XYZ Print desktop printer. Workshops were conducted at Harbin Institute of Technology with students in the upper levels of the architecture program.


BACKGROUND
Topical analgesia is becoming essential as the number of invasive screening procedures involving children rises steadily. Little is known about the frequency of these procedures, or about interventions to ease the pain.

METHODS
We investigated the use of EMLA cream in 184 school-aged children in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Another group of 20 children did not receive any local analgesia and was assessed as a control. Anticipatory anxiety, pain, adverse reactions and ease of procedure were assessed using a subjective visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score generated by the researcher and obtained from each child immediately after the procedure.

RESULTS
The use of EMLA cream resulted in reduced pain and distress. The pain-relieving influence of EMLA was good (91.3% analgesic effect). Participants who received EMLA cream reported significantly lower VAS pain scores (p=0.001). Pain scores generated by the researcher were also significantly lower in the EMLA group than in the control group (p=0.000). No adverse reactions were observed, and the children could continue with other research activities during the application time and after the procedure. Parent or caregiver scores were in favour of EMLA cream.

CONCLUSION
EMLA cream was safe and effective for alleviating the pain associated with venepuncture in a fieldwork setting. We therefore believe that it merits a place in the routine premedication of children before phlebotomy and cannulation procedures in clinical settings, research studies and field surveys. Further research is recommended to assess whether EMLA cream can be used for immunisations.


Abstract The celebrated Taylor rule provides a simple formula that aims to capture how the central bank interest rate is adjusted as a linear function of inflation and output gap. However, the rule does not take explicitly into account the zero lower bound on the interest rate. Prior studies on interest rate selection subject to the zero lower bound have not produced derivations of explicit formulas. In this work, Taylor-like rules for central bank interest rates bounded below by zero are derived rigorously using a multi-parametric model predictive control framework. This framework is used to derive rules with or without inertia. The proposed approach is illustrated through simulations. Application of the approach to US economy data demonstrates its relevance and provides insight into the objectives underlying central bank interest rate decisions. A number of issues for future study are proposed.


Pebbles on a wind-exposed sand surface have a tendency to tilt forward in the direction against the wind. This paper describes field observations and basic experiments aimed at increasing the knowledge of wind-tilting processes. The tilting velocity was related among other factors to wind velocity, mass balance conditions, and the geometry and weight of the obstacles. In addition basic studies on the flow pattern and micro-morphology around the objects were performed. Two main types of tilting could be distinguished: cavity tilting and deflational tilting. The former type is characteristic of obstacles with a high front edge; the latter is typical of flat obstacles. By the cavity tilting a hollow is excavated in front of the obstacle. In due course the obstacle tilts down into this depression. By the deflational tilting the surrounding sand surface is subsequently lowered and the obstacle will rest on a »sand pillar«, which is successively weakened on the windward side. Consequently the object is turned over. A basic model of the wind-tilting processes in dry sand is found at the end of the paper.


This study investigates the status of poets and poetry in sixteenth-century Ottoman Damascus by focusing on soldier-turned-poet Māmayya al-Rūmī (d. 985-7/1577-9). As a poet he received patronage from local centers of prestige; however, such support seems to have been at best sporadic. While his dīwān (collection of poetry) is replete with poems celebrating his poetic ingenuity—notwithstanding the fact that he was not a native Arab, it is also a testimony to his frustrations with lack of financial security and his diminishing social status. In addition to gloomy poetry, he also composed a great number of panegyrics in honor of Ottoman sultans, scholars, and administrators. What was Māmayya's position in the literary culture of sixteenth-century Damascus as a Rūmī? What was the role of panegyric poetry in this period? Did poets voice their concerns about lack of appreciation? This study explores these questions by focusing on a selection of poems by Māmayya al-Rūmī with references to his contemporary, and later poets.


In many real world applications we do not have access to fully-labeled training data, but only to a list of possible labels. This is the case, e.g., when learning visual classifiers from images downloaded from the web, using just their text captions or tags as learning oracles. In general, these problems can be very difficult. However most of the time there exist different implicit sources of information, coming from the relations between instances and labels, which are usually dismissed. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised framework to model this kind of problems. Each training sample is a bag containing multi-instances, associated with a set of candidate labeling vectors. Each labeling vector encodes the possible labels for the instances in the bag, with only one being fully correct. The use of the labeling vectors provides a principled way not to exclude any information. We propose a large margin discriminative formulation, and an efficient algorithm to solve it. Experiments conducted on artificial datasets and a real-world images and captions dataset show that our approach achieves performance comparable to an SVM trained with the ground-truth labels, and outperforms other baselines.


As shown by spectroscopic studies, the wing epithelium of the Cecropia silkworm is typical of the insect's non-muscular tissues in undergoing a virtual breakdown of the cytochrome system at the outset of pupal diapause, and a prominent resynthesis of this system when diapause is terminated. Further information on these marked changes has now been provided by spectrophotometric determinations of DPNH oxidase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, DPNH-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities in particulate preparations from wing homogenates. By the measurement of these activities, the changing concentrations of cytochromes c, b, b5 and a + a3, respectively, have been followed during the course of metamorphosis. In the freshly pupated insect, all the cytochrome components are present in high concentration. However, during the next 24 h the wing loses all but a trace of its cytochrome system; cytochromes b and c decline in concentration by more than 95 % and, by present techniques, thus reach undetectable levels which then persist throughout diapause. Cytochromes b5 and a + a3 also decrease prominently, but to a lesser degree, and low concentrations of both components remain detectable in the diapausing wings. Several months later, when the insect's prothoracic glands function to terminate diapause, cytochromes b and c reappear in detectable concentration. During the subsequent growth and development of the adult moth, b and c, together with a + a3 and b5, once again return to a high level. These findings confirm the results of the earlier, spectroscopic studies, afford a quantitative insight, and provide an explanation for several metabolic peculiarities of the diapausing tissues, particularly their extremely low respiration and the virtual insensitivity of this respiration to cyanide or carbon monoxide. In addition, the present findings strongly support the view that cytochrome synthesis in Cecropia and its relatives is closely linked to the action of the prothoracic gland hormone. According to the present analysis, withdrawal of this endocrine support for growth at the outset of diapause is causally related to the breakdown of the cytochrome system. And when the endocrine organs recover their function to bring about the termination of diapause, resynthesis of the cytochrome system appears to represent at least one type of reaction which intervenes between the primary action of the prothoracic gland hormone and the insect's developmental response.


Enterprise systems are frequently built by combining a number of discrete Web services together, a process termed composition. There are a number of architectural configurations or distribution patterns, which express how a composed system is to be deployed. Previously, we presented a model driven architecture using UML 2.0, which took existing service interfaces as its input and generated an executable Web service composition, guided by a distribution pattern model. In this paper, we propose using Web service semantic descriptions in addition to Web service interfaces, to assist in the semi-automatic generation of the distribution pattern model. Web services described using semantic languages, such as OWLS, can be automatically assessed for compatibility and their input and output messages can be mapped to each other


We present an example of a new class of optoelectronic devices realized by placing thin absorbers in a standing wave. Using quantum wells as absorbers and measuring the photocurrent from each of them separately it is possible to realize devices which accomplish complex tasks like separately detecting more than one wavelength at the same time or measuring the wavelength of a quasimonochromatic beam. In this letter we demonstrate a wavelength‐selective detector based on a single quantum well. It detects at 850 nm with a bandwidth <10 nm, while rejecting at the shorter wavelength of 835 nm by a factor of 120.