Abstract Rockwell Kent is famous for the near three hundred illustrations he made for two simultaneously released 1930 editions of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851). But Kent's illustrations, while widely praised, also mark a complex intervention that was explicitly designed to critique Melville's own visuality. Kent spent five years researching and designing his project, during which he discovered many of the nineteenth-century textual and visual sources that had influenced Melville, or that Melville had outright appropriated. These include the illustrated whaling chronicles of William Scoresby, Thomas Beale, Frederick Bennett, and John Ross Browne. Kent's highly stylized illustrations remediate these chronicles and their attendant imagery through three approaches: by directly copying illustrations that Melville used as sources; by hybridizing Melville's visuality with its actual antecedents; and by pre-empting the "pictures" that Ishmael—the only surviving crewmember and narrator of the book—hopes to "paint," thus complicating, if not abrogating, the narrator's will to ekphrasis. In other words, Kent's images complete a tripartite, verbal–visual signal jamming that could magnify, reverse, collapse, or ironize Melville's own visuality. Moreover, because Kent identified Melville's source imagery decades before anyone else, and then critiqued Melville's visuality based on these hard-earned discoveries, his illustrations constitute a historiographic origin point for the literary discipline now called "Melville and the Visual Arts." The Kent Moby-Dick, as well as its many foreign translations, is a novel replete with much more than images: it is a novel saturated with an ongoing, albeit wholly visual, dialogue about Melville's own visual program. It therefore represents a unique category of production, where illustration becomes literary criticism, or, one could say, illuminated critique.


Abstract.
 The 'buchanosteid' placoderms are best known from the Early Devonian of Australia, but also occur in China, Russia, Central Asia and the Middle East. Here we rediagnose the type species Buchanosteus confertituberculatus (Hills 1936) from the type locality at Buchan, Victoria, in the light of new material of both head and trunk shields. The superfamily Buchanosteoidea Denison, 1978 is redefined to unite taxa that share a similar skull roof with separate rostro-pineal (ethmoid) bone, and postethmoid skull pattern characterised by a large trapezoidal nuchal, strap-like short and broad preorbitals, large subrectangular centrals, small postorbitals not contacting the paranuchals, and large, elongate marginal plates. The Family Buchanosteidae is redefined on skull roof and parasphenoid shape and trunk armour features as a monotypic family within the Buchanosteoidea. A new family (Parabuchanosteidae nov.) includes taxa with the posterior lateral plate overlapping the anterior dorsolateral plate externally. Two new buchanosteids are described, Richardosteus barwickorum gen. et sp. nov., from Burrinjuck, south-eastern Australia, and Urvaspis lithuanica gen. et sp. nov., from Severnaya Zemlya, Russia.


Herein, a simple and fast method for the electrocatalytic detection of ethanol using disposable nanostructured screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) is presented for the first time. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), prepared in the presence of citrate and later purified and dispersed in ultrapure water, were employed in the modification of the SPCEs (SPCE-PtNPs). The synthetized nanoparticles and the catalytic nanostructured solid surface were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Both systems were also characterized using voltammetric techniques. Finally, the PtNPs modified SPCEs were employed for the electro-oxidation of ethanol in an alkaline medium using portable instrumentation. The electrochemical results revealed that PtNPs can effectively enhance the electron transfer between the analyte of interest and the electrode. The content of ethanol was assayed in real samples (alcoholic beverages) revealing an accurate performance. Additionally, a stability study of the nanostructured surface was carried out. The results obtained corroborate the promising catalytic activity of PtNPs in ethanol detection using disposable, cost-effective and miniaturized sensing devices.


Due to the rapid development of computer technology and new methods for the extraction of data in the last few years, more and more applications of databases have emerged, for which an efficient and effective similarity search is of great importance. Application areas of similarity search include multimedia, computer aided engineering, marketing, image processing and many more. Special interest adheres to the task of finding similar objects in large amounts of data having complex representations. For example, set-valued objects as well as tree or graph structured objects are among these complex object representations. The grouping of similar objects, the so-called clustering, is a fundamental analysis technique, which allows to search through extensive data sets.

The goal of this dissertation is to develop new efficient and effective methods for similarity search in large quantities of complex objects. Furthermore, the efficiency of existing density-based clustering algorithms is to be improved when applied to complex objects.

The first part of this work motivates the use of vector sets for similarity modeling. For this purpose, a metric distance function is defined, which is suitable for various application ranges, but time-consuming to compute. Therefore, a filter refinement technology is suggested to efficiently process range queries and k-nearest neighbor queries, two basic query types within the field of similarity search. Several filter distances are presented, which approximate the exact object distance and can be computed efficiently. Moreover, a multi-step query processing approach is described, which can be directly integrated into the well-known density-based clustering algorithms DBSCAN and OPTICS.

In the second part of this work, new application ranges for density-based hierarchical clustering using OPTICS are discussed. A prototype is introduced, which has been developed for these new application areas and is based on the aforementioned similarity models and accelerated clustering algorithms for complex objects. This prototype facilitates interactive semi-automatic cluster analysis and allows visual search for similar objects in multimedia databases. Another prototype extends these concepts and enables the user to analyze multi-represented and multi-instance data. Finally, the problem of music genre classification is addressed as another application supporting multi-represented and multi-instance data objects. An extensive experimental evaluation examines efficiency and effectiveness of the presented techniques using real-world data and points out advantages in comparison to conventional approaches.


The dramatic increase in data rates in wireless networks has caused radio spectrum usage to be an essential and critical issue. Spectrum sharing is widely recognized as an affordable, near-term method to address this issue. This paper first characterizes the new features of spectrum sharing in future wireless networks, including heterogeneity in sharing bands, diversity in sharing patterns, crowd intelligence in sharing devices, and hyperdensification in sharing networks. Then, to harness the benefits of these unique features and promote a vision of spectrum without bounds and networks without borders, this paper introduces a new concept of the Internet of spectrum devices (IoSDs) and develops a cloud-based architecture for IoSD over future wireless networks, with the prime aim of building a bridging network among various spectrum monitoring devices and massive spectrum utilization devices, and enabling a highly efficient spectrum sharing and management paradigm for future wireless networks. Furthermore, this paper presents a systematic tutorial on the key enabling techniques of the IoSD, including big spectrum data analytics, hierarchal spectrum resource optimization, and quality of experience-oriented spectrum service evaluation. In addition, the unresolved research issues are also presented.


We present a novel fragment‐based approach that tackles some of the challenges for chemical biology of predicting protein function. The general approach, which we have termed biofragments, comprises two key stages. First, a biologically relevant fragment library (biofragment library) can be designed and constructed from known sets of substrate‐like ligands for a protein class of interest. Second, the library can be screened for binding to a novel putative ligand‐binding protein from the same or similar class, and the characterization of hits provides insight into the basis of ligand recognition, selectivity, and function at the substrate level. As a proof‐of‐concept, we applied the biofragments approach to the functionally uncharacterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cytochrome P450 isoform, CYP126. This led to the development of a tailored CYP biofragment library with notable 3D characteristics and a significantly higher screening hit rate (14 %) than standard drug‐like fragment libraries screened previously against Mtb CYP121 and 125 (4 % and 1 %, respectively). Biofragment hits were identified that make both substrate‐like type‐I and inhibitor‐like type‐II interactions with CYP126. A chemical‐fingerprint‐based substrate model was built from the hits and used to search a virtual TB metabolome, which led to the discovery that CYP126 has a strong preference for the recognition of aromatics and substrate‐like type‐I binding of chlorophenol moieties within the active site near the heme. Future catalytic analyses will be focused on assessing CYP126 for potential substrate oxidative dehalogenation.


The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between job
satisfaction with turnover intentions of Malaysia France Institute
employees. The instrument employed was the Minnesota Satisfaction
Questionnaire (MSQ) (Weiss et al., 1967) to measure job satisfaction, and a
four-items adapted from Hunt, Osborn and Martin ( 198 1) was used to
measure intention to turnover. The Pearson correlation, T -test, and ANOVA
test were used to determine the relationships and differences between
variables.
A total of 130 self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all
MFI employees and 72 (55. 38%) responses were collected. The results
showed that more than half (55. 6%) of MFI employees were either satisfied
or very satisfied with their current job and only 5. 6% have low job
satisfaction. The main job satisfiers in MFI were the job activity and
relationship among co-workers. Meanwhile the main job dissatisfiers were
company policy and practices, and job advancement.
Though it was found that job satisfaction has a moderate negative
relationship (r=-0.397, p<0.0 1) with overall intention to turnover, the
intention to turnover in MFI was high too. Only 8.3% respondents have low
turnover intention, while 30.6% have high turnover intention and the other
6 1. 1 % have moderate turnover intention level. Other findings obtained like age, salary and working tenure did not
have any significant relationship with both job satisfaction and turnover
intention. Job satisfaction and intention to turnover also did not differ by
gender and academic qualification.
The analysis confirms that the measures of job satisfaction exert an
inverse relationship with intention to turnover. That is, the higher levels of
job satisfaction are associated with lower levels of intention to turnover.
However, the situation in MFI was a little different, where high level of job
satisfaction does not guarantee low intention to turnover.
The probable reason behind the finding was that though the MFI
employees are satisfied with their current job, they perceive that there are
better job opportunities available elsewhere.


Substrate cover by corals, soft corals, sand, bare rock and algae was determined by several means for seaward reef slopes of the Central Indian Ocean atolls of Peros Banhos and Salomon, Chagos Archipelago, and in the lagoon of the former. Cover of hard substrate by coelenterates averages 80 O/O between 3 and 42 m, and calcareous algae dominate above and below these depths. Alcyonarian corals contribute about 15 "/,I of thls between 3 and 23 m; at least 5 '/U of rock at all sites is uncolonised. A quantitative method identifies species zones to 45 m in detail and to 60 m more briefly on seaward slopes, and to 25 m on lagoon reef slopes and knolls. On seaward slopes one typical pattern of zones exists of several species and one 'indominant' zone. Different typical zonations exist on the lagoon reef slopes and on knolls. Exceptions to typical zones are recorded. Species richness increases with depth on both seaward and lagoonal slopes to a peak at 20 m after which a steady decline occurs. The diversity curve on seaward slopes results from two overlapping species associations. Species richness has no general correlation with coral cover, or with species zones. Size-frequency histograms are drawn for 8 densely crowded and 5 more dispersed coral populations. The former and 2 of the latter show bimodal distributions; this is interpreted as reflecting a variable growth rate where colonies remain small for variable, sometimes long periods until opportunity allows accelerated growth into the adult canopy or mode. More dispersed species are either bimodal or unimodal with young that grow rapidly immediately. Population structures of zone-forming species reflect intrarather than interspecific competition for unpartitioned resources, and the canopy structure resembles those of phaeophytes and trees.


Contemporary social science remains quite divided about the type of coordination that allows some groups of agents to carry out successful economic development and which distinguishes them from cases of failure. In some cases, it is said to be traditional or non-market forms of coordination, such family, networks, or shared traditions: these are "communitarian" sources of organization. In most mainstream economics, however, the opposite is said to be necessary: anonymous and transparent rules of the market, property rights, and contracts. These are "societal" forces. For example, for some analysts, Silicon Valley is a case of community, while for others it is due to appropriate societal forces. The same cleavage can be found in rival interpretations of the success of the Asian Tigers, the industrial clusters of the Third Italy, or any of a host of other cases. A more robust explanation shows how both communitarian and societal forces act as checks and balances on one another, all the while each creating specific but different sources of efficiency in the economy. This view is illustrated via a study in contrasts, between a failed case of low-technology economic development in the Brazilian Northeast, and a success story in the state of Jalisco, Mexico


Observations from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer show an anomalously bright spot on Titan located at 80°W and 20°S. This area is bright in reflected light at all observed wavelengths, but is most noticeable at 5 microns. The spot is associated with a surface albedo feature identified in images taken by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem. We discuss various hypotheses about the source of the spot, reaching the conclusion that the spot is probably due to variation in surface composition, perhaps associated with recent geophysical phenomena.


Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely adopted in many domains, including computer vision, natural language processing, and medical care. Recent research reveals that sparsity in DNN parameters can be exploited to reduce inference computational complexity and improve network quality. However, sparsity also introduces irregularity and extra complexity in data processing, which make the accelerator design challenging. This work presents the design and implementation of a highly flexible sparse DNN inference accelerator on FPGA. Our proposed inference engine can be easily configured to be used in both mobile computing and high-performance computing scenarios. Evaluation shows our proposed inference engine effectively accelerates sparse DNNs and outperforms CPU solution by up to 4.7 $\times$ in terms of energy efficiency.


Introduction Software testing is accepted as an integral part of the systems development process. Testing proves that the system works correctly as it was intended to and that it demonstrates that the developers have understood and met customers' requirements (Tayntor, 1998). To ensure quality it is crucial that systems are tested rigorously, as failing to do so can cause serious malfunctions and a software developer can obtain a reputation for delivering inferior-quality products. For students to be effective in industry, a close alignment between testing practices in industry and those to which a student is exposed to during undergraduate study is essential. There is a major emphasis on programming and systems development in the Information Systems (IS) degree curriculum at the University of Cape Town (UCT). As students progress through the curriculum each year, the percentage of the overall marks allocated to the practical systems development component of the course increases. A requirement for both third and fourth year IS courses, is a systems development group project. * Third year student groups are expected to go out into industry to find a sponsor whose business specifications match the generic specifications given to them. Project sponsors then allocate time to meet with students and supply them with information about the particular business. * Fourth year students go out into industry to identify a related business need. The systems they develop have to improve organizations' efficiency and effectiveness. In many cases these new systems will enable businesses to operate more effectively or even create totally new business opportunities. A vital component of the group project is to expose students to real life systems and, thus, obtain invaluable industry related experience. Since good testing is an essential component in the production of systems of a high caliber, students need to be equipped to play a critical role in such testing. This paper provides an overview of a research project undertaken by a group of fourth year Information Systems students. The primary objective of the study was to determine how well the software testing skills and procedures of IS students at UCT are aligned with industry norms in South Africa. Consequently the findings can be applied to improve and/or adapt the curriculum of IS students in South Africa. In order to successfully compare the practices of students to those of industry, it was necessary to investigate what software testing methods are currently employed by industry, as well as how, why and when they are implemented. It was also necessary to determine which of these aspects are covered in UCT's syllabus. Software Testing Understanding quality testing is a key factor towards obtaining a better idea of the overall objective of software testing. "Software testing is the process of executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors" (Myers, 1987). Hetzel suggests that "it involves any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of a program or system and determining that it meets its required results" (Hetzel, 1988). Software testing can also be described as the process of testing the functionality and the correctness of software while it is being run. Software testing is usually performed for one of two reasons: (1) defect detection, and (2) reliability estimation. Software testing can, however, only indicate the existence of flaws, not their absence (unless testing is exhaustive). The difficulty with reliability estimation is that the input distribution used for selecting test cases may be flawed. It becomes clear that the entire software testing process is highly dependable on many different variables. If any of these are faulty, the entire process is compromised (Cigital Labs, n.d.). Information drives today's organizations. Superior systems allow for more efficient business processes. …


This lecture provides an introduction to cyber foraging, a topic that lies at the intersection of mobile and cloud computing. Cyber foraging dynamically augments the computing resources of mobile computers by opportunistically exploiting fixed computing infrastructure in the surrounding environment. In a cyber foraging system, applications functionality is dynamically partitioned between the mobile computer and infrastructure servers that store data and execute computation on behalf of mobile users. The location of application functionality changes in response to user mobility, platform characteristics, and variation in resources such as network bandwidth and CPU load. Cyber foraging also introduces a new, surrogate computing tier that lies between mobile users and cloud data centers. Surrogates are wired, infrastructure servers that offer much greater computing resources than those offered by small, battery-powered mobile devices. Surrogates are geographically distributed to be as cl se as possible to mobile computers so that they can provide substantially better response time to network requests than that provided by servers in cloud data centers. For instance, surrogates may be co-located with wireless hotspots in coffee shops, airport lounges, and other public locations. This lecture first describes how cyber foraging systems dynamically partition data and computation. It shows how dynamic partitioning can often yield better performance, energy efficiency, and application quality than static thin-client or thick-client approaches for dividing functionality between cloud and mobile computers. The lecture then describes the design of the surrogate computing tier. It shows how strong isolation can enable third-party computers to host computation and store data on behalf of nearby mobile devices. It then describes how surrogates can provide reasonable security and privacy guarantees to the mobile computers that use them. The lecture concludes with a discussion of d ta staging, in which surrogates temporarily store data in transit between cloud servers and mobile computers in order to improve transfer bandwidth and energy efficiency. Table of Contents: Introduction / Partitioning / Management / Security and Privacy / Data Staging / Challenges and Opportunities


As portable computing devices grow in popularity, so does the need for secure communications. Lacking tethers, these devices are ideal for forming small proximal groups in an ad-hoc fashion in environments where no server or permanent services are available. Members of these groups communicate over a broadcast or multicast network interconnect, and rely upon each other to form a cohesive group. While generally small in size and short in lifetime, security is a critical aspect of these groups that has received much academic attention in recent years. Much of the research focuses upon generating a common, group-wide private key suitable for encryption. This group key agreement utilizes keying technology that is very costly for small, limited-lifetime devices. Furthermore, key agreement provides no constructs for message authentication or integrity. Traditional systems require two keypairs to address both aspects of the secure group – one for encryption, the other for message validation. This work investigates the appropriateness of using a shared keypair for both contributory group key agreement and message quality guarantees. A JCE-compliant key agreement and digital signature framework has been implemented and is presented, and discussed. Using elliptic curve-based keys, this is possible at no loss in security, and these keys are easily and quickly computable on smaller devices. Algorithms that are known for their cryptographic strength are leveraged in both encryption and digital signature applications. This technique provides a computationally-efficient key agreement scheme and digital signature framework, and a network-efficient key and signature distribution system. Perfect forward and backward security is maintained, and all members retain a current view of the group from a cryptographic perspective. This thesis is the culmination of several quarters of research and work, all conducted at the Rochester Institute of Technology under the supervison of Dr. Hans-Peter Bischof between December 2002 and January 2004. This thesis is completed as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters Degree in Computer Science from the Rochester Institute of Technology. Chapter


A key goal of the Semantic Web is to shift social interaction patterns from a producer-centric paradigm to a consumer-centric one. Treating customers as the most valuable assets and making the business models work better for them are at the core of building successful consumer-centric business models. It follows that customizing business processes constitutes a major concern in the realm of a knowledge-pull-based human semantic Web. This paper conceptualizes the customization of service-based business processes leveraging the existing knowledge of Web services and business processes. We represent this conceptualization as a new Extensible Markup Language (XML) markup language Web Ontology Language-Business Process Customization (OWL-BPC), based on the de facto semantic markup language for Web-based information [Web Ontology Language (OWL)]. Furthermore, we report a framework, built on OWL-BPC, for customizing service-based business processes, which supports customization detection and enactment. Customization detection is enabled by a business-goal analysis, and customization enactment is enabled via event-condition-action rule inference. Our solution and framework have the following capabilities in dealing with inconsistencies and misalignments in business process interactions: 1) resolve semantic mismatch of process parameters; 2) handle behavioral mismatches which may or may not be compatible; and 3) process misaligned rendezvous requirements. Such capabilities are applicable to business processes with heterogeneous domain ontology. We present an architectural description of the implementation and a walk-through of an example of solving a customization problem as a validation of the proposed approach.


Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are bringing revolutionary change in the field of wireless networking. It is a trustworthy technology in applications like broadband home networking, network management and latest transportation systems. WMNs consist of mesh routers, mesh clients and gateways. It is a special kind of wireless Ad-hoc networks. One of the issues in WMNs is resource management which includes routing and for routing there are particular routing protocols that gives better performance when checked with certain parameters. Parameters in WMNs include delay, throughput, network load etc. There are two types of routing protocols i.e. reactive protocols and proactive protocols. Three routing protocols AODV, DSR and OLSR have been tested in WMNs under certain parameters which are delay, throughput and network load. The testing of these protocols will be performed in the Optimized Network Evaluation Tool (OPNET) Modeler 14.5. The obtained results from OPNET will be displayed in this thesis in the form of graphs. This thesis will help in validating which routing protocol will give the best performance under the assumed conditions. Moreover this thesis report will help in doing more research in future in this area and help in generating new ideas in this research area that will enhance and bring new features in WMNs.


Background: Hospital acquired infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Though Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) is widely analyzed by many researchers, not much is known about the incidence and bacteriological profile i.e., only few studies are being published by them. This study is conducted to evaluate bacteriological profile of HAP in Intensive Medical Care Unit (IMCU) patients. It may increase the awareness of clinicians about the need to reduce the morbidity and mortality by coming to know about the various pathogens causing HAP and its sensitivity and/or resistance to various antibiotics. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from HAP patients in IMCU. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted over a period of one year among 2454 patients admitted in IMCU of Coimbatore Medical College & Hospital, Tamil Nadu. The Specimens Sputum, Bronchoscopic Alveolar Lavage (BAL), Endotracheal aspirate (ETA) and Blood were collected and processed using standard laboratory techniques. Results: Out of 2454 cases, 253(10.3%) patients developed HAP. Totally 145 sputum samples, 70 BAL and 38 ETA were collected and processed.The commonest organism isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae (48.2%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.3%), E.coli (8.4%), Acinetobactor species (7.7%), Proteus species (6.9%), MRSA (6.2%), MSSA (5.1%), Serratia species (0.7%), Enterobactor species (0.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae(0.4%) and Candida albicans (0.4%). All Gram negative bacterial isolates had 100% sensitivity to Imipenem. 82% (n=108) of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 52% (n=12) of E.coli were found to be ESBL producers. Staphylococcus aureus had a maximum sensitivity to Vancomycin followed by third generation cephalosporins. 54.84% (n=17) of Staph.aureus were Methicillin Resistant strains. Conclusion: The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates will help the clinicians to choose the appropriate antimicrobial agents for prophylactic as well as treatment purposes.


T cell activation occurs upon the stimulation of the T cell receptor and secondary costimulatory proteins (see the Connections Map by Koretzky and Singer for details about T cell receptor signaling). The costimulatory signal can be provided by one of several ligand-receptor interactions, including members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Liu et al. discovered a negative signal for T cell proliferation that is transmitted through the death domain-containing receptor DR6 of the TNF receptor family by analyzing the proliferative responses of T cells from DR6-deficient mice. Both in isolated T cells and in cells from antigen-challenged mice, disruption of DR6 led to hyperproliferation of T cells. DR6-/- CD4+ T cells demonstrated enhanced proliferation in response to T cell activation that did not involve increased production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). However, activated DR6-/- T cells did express higher levels of the costimulatory protein CD28 and the IL-2 receptor α subunit CD25 and exhibited higher proliferative response to exogenously added IL-2 than to wild-type T cells. Confirmation of an inhibitory signal was obtained by inhibiting the DR6 ligand-receptor interaction with soluble DR6, which produced hyperproliferation in wild-type T cells. DR6-/- CD4+ T cells stimulated by activation of the TCR and the CD28 complex, there was enhanced secretion of T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines compared with wild-type T cells, suggesting that DR6 provides a negative signal regulating Th2 differentiation. The results presented by Liu et al. are important for understanding the mechanisms controlling T cell differentiation and proliferation and are an example of how activation of a TNF receptor provides an inhibitory signal regulating cell proliferation. J. Liu, S. Na, A. Glasebrook, N. Fox, P. J. Solenberg, Q. Zhang, H. Y. Song, D. D. Yang, Enhanced CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production in DR6-deficient mice. Immunity 15, 23-34 (2001). [Online Journal] G. Koretzky, A. Singer, T cell signal transduction. Science's STKE (Connections Map, as seen July 2001), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/cm/CMP_7019. [Pathway]


Objectives Children presenting unplanned to healthcare services are routinely asked about previous immunisations as part of their assessment. We aimed to assess the accuracy of screening children for immunisation status by history. Design Diagnostic accuracy study. We compared information from patient history by a retrospective review of notes and used a central database of child immunisation records as the reference standard. Setting Paediatric emergency department in a tertiary hospital in Oxford, UK. Participants Consecutive children aged 6 months to 6 years presenting over a 2-month period. Outcome measures Proportion of children with documented immunisation history; sensitivity and specificity of detecting overdue immunisations by history compared to central records. Results 1166 notes were surveyed. 76.3% children were asked about immunisations. The proportion of children who were fully immunised on central records was 93.1%. History had a sensitivity of 41.3% (95% CI 27% to 56.8%) and a specificity of 98.7% (95% CI 97.5% to 99.4%) for detecting those who were overdue. Negative predictive value was 95.8% (95% CI 93.9% to 97.2%). Only around a third of children with overdue immunisations are detected by the current screening methods, and approximately 1 in 20 children stated as being up to date are in fact overdue. Conclusions History had poor sensitivity for identifying overdue immunisation. Strategies to improve detection of children overdue with immunisation should focus on alternative strategies for alerting clinicians, such as linkage of community and hospital electronic records.


Using counterfactual microsimulations, Shapley decompositions of time change in inequality and poverty indices make it possible to disentangle and quantify the relative effect of tax-benefit policy changes, compared to all other effects including shifts in the distribution of market income. Using this approach also helps to clarify the different issues underlying the distributional evaluation of policy reforms. An application to the UK (1998-2001) confirms previous findings that inequality and depth of poverty would have increased under the first New Labour government, had important reforms like the extensions of income support and tax credits not been implemented. These reforms have also contributed to substantially reduce poverty among families with children and pensioners.


From info-economic point of view, the growing kinds of interactions between producers and consumers have occupied a large extent of commercial dialogues. The way by which a trade dress as an example of trademarks could promote the quality of an info-commercial system is our first question. At the same time, we know that the trademark law system, each of word mark and trade dress plays its own communicational roles based on laws which govern each of lingual and visual systems of communication. However, as a matter of fact, assimilating the concepts "trademark" and "trade dress" have invariably been posing the fundamental question of determination of "distinctiveness". In this article we have tried to analyze and streamline the question of distinctiveness of trade dress based upon semiotics. Reaching at the conclusion that in terms of distinctiveness trade dress should be treated as a "pre-occurred" and explore-able event in relation to consumers not as a "presume-able" matter in relation to trade dress itself.


An empirical algorithm to retrieve integral ocean wave parameters such as significant wave height (SWH), mean wave period, and wave height of waves with period larger than 12 s (H12) from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over sea surface is presented. The algorithm is an extension to the Envisat Advanced SAR (ASAR) wave mode data based on the CWAVE approach developed for ERS-2 SAR wave mode data and is thus called CWAVE_ENV (CWAVE for Envisat). Calibrated ASAR images are used as the only source of input without needing prior information from an ocean wave model (WAM) as the standard algorithms used in weather centers. This algorithm makes SAR an independent instrument measuring integrated wave parameters like SWH and mean wave period to altimeter quality. A global data set of 25 000 pairs of ASAR wave mode images and collocated reanalysis WAM results from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to tune CWAVE_ENV model coefficients. Validation conducted by comparing the retrieved SWH to in situ buoy measurements shows a scatter index of 0.24 and 0.16 when compared to the ECMWF reanalysis WAM. Two case studies are presented to evaluate the performance of the CWAVE_ENV algorithm for high sea state. A North Atlantic storm during which SWH is above 18 m as observed by SAR and Radar Altimeter simultaneously is analyzed. For an extreme swell case that occurred in the Indian Ocean, the potential of using SWH measurements from ASAR wave mode data derived by the CWAVE_ENV algorithm is demonstrated.


Previous work on the semantics of relaxed shared-memory concurrency has only considered the case in which each load reads the data of exactly one store. In practice, however, multiprocessors support mixed-size accesses, and these are used by systems software and (to some degree) exposed at the C/C++ language level. A semantic foundation for software, therefore, has to address them. We investigate the mixed-size behaviour of ARMv8 and IBM POWER architectures and implementations: by experiment, by developing semantic models, by testing the correspondence between these, and by discussion with ARM and IBM staff. This turns out to be surprisingly subtle, and on the way we have to revisit the fundamental concepts of coherence and sequential consistency, which change in this setting. In particular, we show that adding a memory barrier between each instruction does not restore sequential consistency. We go on to extend the C/C++11 model to support non-atomic mixed-size memory accesses. This is a necessary step towards semantics for real-world shared-memory concurrent code, beyond litmus tests.


One of the central places in finding out the overall solutions to stop the processes of economic power weakening of Sjenica's region, deagrarianization and depopulation of rural regions, is assumed by the question of adequate rural economy structuring in accordance with locally available resources. Within these frameworks we should look for the place, i.e. the position of tourist activity in Sjenica's region, which so far has not been given an appropriate role in development policies and concepts related to these areas, although it is based on various strong, highly attractive natural-ecological and anthropogenesis values. Rural areas were used for some forms of economic production and were known by low overall population densities. Tourism is attracted into these regions by natural features landscape quality and rural way of life. Rural tourism brings life to many areas. It can include a great variety of activities and can be way to prosperous life for people in Sjenica's region.


The effect of dissolved humic acid on the oxidation of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by potassium permanganate was studied. It was found that the degradation of phenolic EDCs is promoted to various extents by the addition of humic acid. Results show that the removal rate of estrone by permanganate within 3 min of reaction time is increased from approximately 10% in control experiments to 68% when 0.08 mg l -1 of humic acid is present in the reaction system. The oxidation experiment of nine types of phenolic EDC by permanganate confirms that the promotion induced by the addition of humic acid varies in the cases of different EDCS. Results also indicate that the promotion induced by the presence of humic acid takes effect under acidic and neutral pH conditions, while the effect of pH plays a dominant role for the degradation of phenolic EDCs under alkaline conditions. Additionally, it was found that the oxidation of estrone by permanganate is promoted through the addition of humic acid to natural waters.


There has been considerable information reported on rejection of trace organic compounds from pilot-scale and full-scale experiments with reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), but this information has limited value in predicting the rejection of these compounds by high-pressure membranes. The goal of this research is to define relationships between compound properties, membrane properties, and operational conditions, e.g. pressure, recovery, affecting trace organic compound rejection, comparing bench-scale recirculation tests and bench-scale single-pass tests. In addition, bench-scale results are compared against single element tests to ascertain scale-up effects.


Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the sediment of seagrass ecosystems was examined using mesocosm experiments containing Zostera marina (eelgrass) and reference pools. Lead was approximately 20-fold higher in the surface sediment in the eelgrass pool than in eelgrass leaves and epiphytes on the eelgrass leaves, whereas zinc and cadmium were significantly lower in the surface sediment than in the leaves, with intermediate concentrations in epiphytes. Copper concentrations were similar in both the surface sediment and leaves but significantly lower in epiphytes. Carbon and nitrogen contents increased significantly with increasing δ13C in surface sediments of both the eelgrass and reference pools. Copper, Zn, Cd, and Pb also increased significantly with increasing δ13C in the surface sediment in the eelgrass pool but not in the reference pool. By decomposition of eelgrass leaves with epiphytes, which was examined in the eelgrass pool, copper and lead concentrations increased more than 2-fold and approximately a 10-fold, whereas zinc and cadmium concentrations decreased. The high copper and lead concentrations in the surface sediment result from accumulation in decomposed, shed leaves, whereas zinc and cadmium remobilized from decomposed shed leaves but may remain at higher concentrations in the leaves than in the original sediments. The results of our mesocosm study demonstrate that whether the accumulation or remobilization of trace metals during the decomposition of seagrass leaves is trace metal dependent, and that the decomposed seagrass leaves can cause copper and lead accumulation in sediments in seagrass ecosystems.


Web based multimodal travel planners are able to generate adequate travel advises for the public transport using timetable information. These travel advises are nowadays lacking detailed pedestrian route advises for the walking parts of a journey. This research focuses on developing a 3D geo data model to support pedestrian route finding for access, change and egress public transport in multimodal travel advises. The research studies the suitability of Oracle spatial 11g to find walk routes in such geo data models. It focus on geo data models to support finding an optimal route for the individual public transport traveller taking into account his specific preferences and constrains (e.g. wheelchair) for the pedestrian part of the journey in a travel advise. Travel time and time pressure, physical effort safety and conform personnel characteristics and vicinity are seen as important aspects of an optimal route. A literature study is done on existing standards and models to investigate approaches to develop such a 3D geo data model. Based on this literature study a new conceptual geo data model is developed to support pedestrian routing in multimodal travel advises. It uses, similar as in a navigable space model (Slingsby, Raper 2008) a model representing 3D spaces only by their lower surfaces. A Stop Place Model (IFOPT 2007) is taken for it semantics describing and indentifying these spaces relevant for pedestrian routing related to public transport. To persist the geometrical aspects of these lower surfaces in a spatial database the geo data model uses simple feature (OGC 1999) surfaces. The model supports modelling of multiple layered floors and traffic areas which can be seen by a traveller on which "walking around" is possible. It also supports virtual surfaces "hidden paths" with are predefined logic connecting route areas on these floors and traffic areas. As in existing models (Lee 2004) (Stevens, Choi 2006) adjacency and connectivity of spaces are modelled with networks. The developed pedestrian model is new because attributes and behaviour of networks and surfaces are integrated. Important in this geo data model is that no difference is made between in modelling indoor and outdoor spaces. The lower surfaces representing spaces are modelled as objects inherit attributes and behaviour from nodes in a network and therefore called NodeSurfaces. Every NodeSurface is seen as possible connection for a route choice for an optimal pedestrian route. These possible pedestrian connections are modelled by combining connecting NodeSurfaces and using simple feature multiSurface to model it geometrical aspects. In this geo data model these multi surfaces are describing the potential pedestrian connections with attributes and behaviour from links in networks. Important characteristics of this multiSurface ("LinkSurfaces") are the direction (including up/down in 3D), the accessibility and pedestrian duration for a specific traveller. A prototype implementing this new geo data model in Oracle 11g was developed. To illustrate and evaluate the new model surfaces relevant in a simple bus stop and a multimodal transport interchange where drawn in Google SketchUp and exported to KML files. These 3D surfaces where used as dataset for optimal route finding in the prototype. This research evaluates this prototype to evaluate the feasibility and suitability of the new geo data model. This prototype was also used to evaluate in suitability of Oracle spatial 11g to find walk routes in such pedestrian models. The results of the conceptual model are promising especially when modelling hidden paths. It was possible to implement the geo data model in Oracle 11g. Oracle 11g network shortest route capabilities for logical network turned out to be suitable for finding the optimal route for individual travellers with specific speed and accessibility properties. Due to the limitation that Oracle 11G does not support 3D distance calculation in geographic 3D all distances in pedestrian speed calculation were done on the geodetic surface. Optimal pedestrian routes where exported to KML files and visualisation was done with Google earth. Limitations were found for visualisation of surfaces below ground level (underpasses). The concepts of LinkSurfaces used to represent 3D pedestrian spaces in the proposed geo data models worked well in the prototype. This concept combing characteristics from links in a network and characteristic from OGC simple feature multi surfaces, is a simple, effective and well structured way to represent complex 3D spaces used by pedestrian routes in a geo data model.


AIROD Sendirian Berhad (ASB) was incorporated in early
1985 as a business firm, being the first Government project to be privatized. Its principal activities range from providing overhaul and repair services of military and commercial aircrafts and its related equipment and components. ASB clearly set its short-term and long-term goals and are made known to all its employees. Its organization structure is based on seven formal departments under the overall direction of the Managing Director, an expatriate from Lockheed Aircraft Services International (LASI).
The main problems faced by this company are: its inability to penetrate open market; high overhead costs; and inadequate skill and expertise to keep in pace with the rapidly changing environment of aircraft maintenance services.

The case is analyzed using the framework suggested by Leslie Rue and Phyllls Holland. Thus, the following are analyzed: mission, strategies and objectives, strategic capabilities, the broad environment, the competitive environment, and the SWOT analysis.
The alternative options/ solutions to overcome the stated problems are presented in two-fold: the improvement of current capabilities, and the search for new capabilities. In the former, the options available are to: redefine mission statement, restructure the organization, set functional area standard refine corporate goals, adopt strategic management, of excellence, improve marketing and financial management, develop human resource, and acquire civil work certification. In the latter alternative, the options available are to: upgrade A-4 aircraft, and add new lines of business which include manufacturing aircraft parts and flight data recorders, developing capability in ground communication systems, servicing of cathodic protection device, undertaking subcontract work, negotiating with aircraft manufacturers to become the licensed assembler and/ or manufacturer of aircraft and aircraft parts, and establishing the Aeronautical Training School.
In recommendation, the summary of strategies to be adopted are presented according to short-term and long-term implementation. Then the impact of these strategies are summarized by proposing the two management key goals: to expand sales at a growth rate of 10% per year, and to achieve an annual net profit margin of 10%. Then the projected sales and profit f or the period 1988 to 1994 is proposed based on the actual results of the past three years of operations. The implementation plan and review and control method are then presented to allow the company to translate the strategies into plan and action; and to review the plan when environmental changes affect the attainment of goals. The three types of control techniques proposed are: strategic control, management control, and operational control.
The newly formulated corporate goals for the next seven years (1988 - 1994) will hopefully bring ASB towards another phase of organizational development.


Delta coding is an iterative genetic search strategy that dynamically changes the representation of the search space in an attempt to exploit different problem representations. Delta coding sustains search by reinitializing the population at each iteration of search. This helps to avoid the asymptotic performance typically observed in genetic search as the population becomes more homogeneous. Here, the optimization ability of delta coding is empirically compared against CHC, ESGA, GENITOR, and random mutation hill-climbing (RMHC) on a suite of well-known test functions with and without Gray coding. Issues concerning the effects of Gray coding on these test functions are addressed.


This thesis describes the emplacement characteristics of four Caledonian plutons, Etive, Glencoe, Rannoch Moor and Strath Ossian, within the SW highlands of Scotland. A brief study of a further two plutons, Ben Nevis and Ballachulish, was carried out to establish whether their emplacement dynamics would provide any additional information on the regional tectonic processes operating at the time of Caledonian plutonism (425-400 ma).The trans-Caledonoid, linear shaped, Strath Ossian pluton was constructed by a process of multiple sheeting along a major mid-crustal shear zone, within a transtensional segment of a NW-SE-trending lineament. However, the Etive, Glencoe, Rannoch Moor, Ben Nevis and Ballachulish complexes, which have more elliptical forms, have been constructed by a process of in situ expansion within an overall sinistral transpressional system; allowing magma to expand predomiantly into the direction of maximum extension imposed by the controlling tectonic structures. A distinct episode of regional sinistral transtension may explain the emplacement of the Etive Dyke Swarm and the high level emplacement phenomenon, the Glencoe Fault Intrusion. Space creation for pluton emplacement at mid-crustal levels has been predominantly achieved by ductile movements along regional shear zones and bulk wall rock shortening by ductile flow. At high crustal levels, brittle translatory mechanisms, such as peripheral ring fault development and subsequent uplift, may provide a major component for space creation. This study has led to the identification of several major Caledonian NE-SW- trending shear zones and faults, which are distinct from an intersecting set of NW-SE- trending pre-Caledonian crustal lineaments which were reactivated during Caledonian orogenesis. The major intrusive phases of the above plutons, are all sited at shear zone or lineament intersections, where transtensional zones allowed and facilitated their ascent. Based on this new mapping and compilation of existing data, models are presented which may not only show that such lineaments actively controlled the siting of Caledonian magmatism in the NE and Northern Highlands, but also in the development of "gross orogenic flow patterns" and associated structures. In northern Scotland it may be possible to sub-divide the underlying basement into several 'distinct tectonic domains', characterised by the orientation of geologically-defined lineaments within the cover. A major deep crustal lineament, the "Ossian-Loch Quoich Line", may have controlled the northern limit of NW-directed underthrusting of a tectonically distinct basement unit (characterised by an E-W 'tectonic fabric') beneath the Dalradian and part of the southern Moine cover sequence.


This article explores the implementation of a pilot program in restorative justice in a medium-sized Midwestern city. Through an examination of meeting minutes, interviews, and the personal reflections of the authors, this article examines the implementation of a victim–offender mediation program, referred to throughout the article as the Fast Track Accountability Program (FTAP). Presented as a case study, the authors describe the key stakeholders, the process, the obstacles, as well as lessons learned along the way. Particular attention is given to the essential role of strong leadership and to the challenges faced when implementing such a program within the bureaucracy of the current, retributive, criminal justice system.


Mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication has long been considered to occur by asymmetric synthesis of the two strands, starting at the multiple origins of the strand-displacement loop (D-loop). We report the discovery of a major replication origin at position 57 in the D-loop of several human cell lines (HeLa, A549, and 143B.TK–) and immortalized lymphocytes. The nascent chains starting at this origin, in contrast to those initiated at the previously described origins, do not terminate prematurely at the 3′ end of the D-loop but proceed well beyond this control point, behaving as "true" replicating strands. This origin is mainly responsible for mtDNA maintenance under steady-state conditions, whereas mtDNA synthesis from the formerly identified D-loop origins may be more important for recovery after mtDNA depletion and for accelerating mtDNA replication in response to physiological demands.


The article proposes a framework for analysing re-scaling processes and applies it to a case study of the Dutch-German EUREGIO cross-border region. While much of the scale debate focuses on the causes and consequences of re-scaling, the article addresses the conditions and circumstances in which new territorial scales emerge and suggests a framework of necessary components of re-scaling processes. Informed by neo-Gramscian thinking, the scales debate as well recent analyses of regionalisation, these are formulated as: political mobilisation, governance building and strategic unification. The case study locates the EUREGIO case with respect to these dimensions. The article concludes that this framework can be used for studying and comparing other re -scaling cases and presents an initial typology for classifying cross-border regions.


The relationship between the actual anatomy of silicified plants and the nature of their permineralization has yet to be fully understood from a mineralogical point of view. Thin sections of silicified trunks obtained from the extinct Permo-Carboniferous arborescent plant taxa Arthropitys GOEPP., Psaronius COTTA and Dadoxylon ENDL., were studied by transmitted normal light (PPL), polarized-light (XPL), hot or scanning cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron microscopy (SEM) with energy and wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS and WDS). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) indicates that the SiO 2 phase is highly crystalline, probably due to its extreme age (approximately 300 million years). The cathodoluminescence of the silicifed trunks is seen to be unique and related to the petrographical characteristics of SiO 2 matter, which is closely connected to variation in plant anatomy. Microquartz (up to 20 μm) and fine megaquartz crystals (20–50 μm) generally produced red CL. They are present in most of the former plant tissues, especially in parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and also in cell walls and lumina of tracheids and rays of the secondary xylem. They almost completely reflect the original anatomical structures and as polyblastic textures preserve them best. Thick-walled sclerenchyma cells are usually best preserved, tracheids with lignin thickenings to a lesser extent. In contrast, megaquartz (above 50 μm) with brownish-red CL, spherulitic chalcedony with pinkish-purple or light violet CL, and agate-like structures sometimes crystallized as hyperblastic textures irrespective of the original plant tissues. This occurred especially in former thin-walled parenchyma, aerenchyma, voids, and in empty spaces and cracks. Parenchyma is thus well preserved only occasionally but aerenchyma is always transformed to an undifferentiated mineral phase. In the SiO 2 ground-mass, stable red CL prevails and blue CL is less common. CL sometimes allows visualisation of important fine scale anatomical detail that is not obvious under normal transmitted light. Furthermore, in several cases short-lived blue CL was recorded, which revealed a secondary overprint caused by a later silicification phase. CL also revealed traces of earlier calcification (orange CL). Detrital mineral grains, trapped in a compact silicified body (easily exposed by CL and analyzed by SEM/EDS) can serve as a clue to plant taphonomy, as for example black sands in "mineral pockets" probably indicate well-sorted sedimentary units from original riparian environments.


In 1993, WHO announced a "birth-control vaccine" for "family planning". Published research shows that by 1976 WHO researchers had conjugated tetanus toxoid (TT) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) producing a "birth-control" vaccine. Conjugating TT with hCG causes pregnancy hormones to be attacked by the immune system. Expected results are abortions in females already pregnant and/or infertility in recipients not yet impregnated. Repeated inoculations prolong infertility. Currently WHO researchers are working on more potent anti-fertility vaccines using recombinant DNA. WHO publications show a long-range purpose to reduce population growth in unstable "less developed countries". By November 1993 Catholic publications appeared saying an abortifacient vaccine was being used as a tetanus prophylactic. In November 2014, the Catholic Church asserted that such a program was underway in Kenya. Three independent Nairobi accredited biochemistry laboratories tested samples from vials of the WHO tetanus vaccine being used in March 2014 and found hCG where none should be present. In October 2014, 6 additional vials were obtained by Catholic doctors and were tested in 6 accredited laboratories. Again, hCG was found in half the samples. Subsequently, Nairobi's AgriQ Quest laboratory, in two sets of analyses, again found hCG in the same vaccine vials that tested positive earlier but found no hCG in 52 samples alleged by the WHO to be vials of the vaccine used in the Kenya campaign 40 with the same identifying batch numbers as the vials that tested positive for hCG. Given that hCG was found in at least half the WHO vaccine samples known by the doctors involved in administering the vaccines to have been used in Kenya, our opinion is that the Kenya "anti-tetanus" campaign was reasonably called into question by the Kenya Catholic Doctors Association as a front for population growth reduction.


The way we record knowledge, and the web of technical, formal, and social practices that surrounds it, inevitably affects the knowledge that we record. The ways we hold knowledge about the past - in handwritten manuscripts, in printed books, in file folders, in databases - shape the kind of stories we tell about that past. In this talk, I look at how over the past two hundred years, information technology has affected the nature and production of scientific knowledge. Further, I explore ways in which the emergent new cyberinfrastructure is changing our relationship to scientific practice.


Aging is a physiological process accompanied by cognitive decline, principally in memory and executive functions. Alterations in the connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) have been found to participate in cognitive decline, as well as in several neurocognitive disorders. The DMN has antisynchronic activity with attentional networks (task-positive networks (TPN)), which are critical to executive function and memory. Findings pointing to the regulation of the DMN via activation of TPN suggest that it can be used as a strategy for neuroprotection. Meditation is a noninvasive and nonpharmacological technique proven to increase meta-awareness, a cognitive ability which involves the control of both networks. In this review, we discuss the possibility of facilitating healthy aging through the regulation of networks through meditation. We propose that by practicing specific types of meditation, cognitive decline could be slowed, promoting a healthy lifestyle, which may enhance the quality of life for the elderly.


Mastery of basic prosthetic techniques is necessary before a clinician can undertake complex prosthetic procedures with confidence. This book reviews practical solutions to clinical problems in prosthodontics and emphasizes the fundamentals necessary to elicit efficiency and success with every prosthetic protocol. The author demonstrates each step of prosthetic rehabilitation, starting with accurate impression taking, cast preparation and articulation, record taking, and thorough treatment planning. The sequences for fixed prosthodontic restorations are detailed in both arches for posterior full-coverage crowns, anterior porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, and porcelain laminate veneers. Comprehensive illustrations complement the descriptions. This atlas outlines the theories, skills, and therapeutic philosophy that are crucial to achieving excellence in prosthodontic rehabilitation.


Abstract The purpose with this essay is to present a picture of the changes in religious education in Sweden, and to make comparisons between Denmark's and the USA's model about teaching in religion. I have consequently described the historical development, with the beginning of the establishement of the public school, inte the year of 1842. 1919, a new document about the religious education was released, wich result in some major changes. This was in a time were the debate about religion and the Lutheran State Church of Sweden authority was an issue. The result was, among others, the abolition of the catechism as an educational material and the teaching of religion was given a considerable reduced amount of hours and the teaching was now supposed to be non-confessional. Then, in the 1960:s even more changes was about, and the teaching of religion was now supposed to share the teacher and the hours with three other subjects. This was in a time when christianity and religion over all had come in to question. Objectivity was the leading word in this new curriculum. In the USA there is no curriculum for teaching religion in the public school, a desicion characterized with the ideology of the religious neutral state. In Denmark there is religious teaching, with a strong emphasis on christianity.


This chapter first compares data collected on Kilivila colour terms in 1983 with data collected in 2008. The Kilivila lexicon has changed from a typical stage IIIb into a stage VII colour term lexicon (Berlin & Kay 1969). The chapter then compares data on the Kilivila taste vocabulary collected in 1982/83 with data collected in 2008. No substantial change was found. Finally the chapter compares the 2008 results on taste terms with a paper on the taste vocabulary of the Torres Strait Islanders published in 1904 by Charles S. Myers. Kilivila provides evidence that traditional terms used for talking about colour and terms used to refer to tastes have remained relatively stable over time. Keywords:language of perception; Papua New Guinea; Trobriand Islanders


Studies using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) indicate that unmedicated, acutely depressed patients have decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the occipital cortex. The aim of this study was to use 1H-MRS to determine if changes in occipital and frontal cortical GABA levels were present in patients with a history of depression who had recovered and were no longer taking medication. We used 1H-MRS to measure levels of GABA in both occipital cortex and anterior cingulate cortex/prefrontal cortex in medication-free, fully recovered subjects with a history of recurrent unipolar depression. Levels of GABA in both occipital and anterior cingulate cortex were significantly lower in recovered depressed subjects than healthy controls. Our data provide preliminary evidence that a history of recurrent depression is associated with decreased GABA levels in anterior cingulate cortex and occipital cortex. These changes could represent part of the neurobiological vulnerability to recurrent depressive episodes.


This article describes a pilot mental health and psychosocial support programme that was initiated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, after the massive influx of Iraqi refugees into Syria in 2006. The aim of the article is to provide: 1) an overall description of the programme for refugees within an urban setting, including initial outcome data; and 2) a description of applying a theoretical model to influence programme design and evaluation. This programme, based on good practice, began in 2008. The programme staff implemented a three-fold approach, which included: comprehensive mental health and psychosocial support case management; community outreach and a psychosocial centre to provide a safe healing space; and inter-agency mental health and psychosocial support capacity building of the local mental health system and within the displaced community. The different components were eventually transferred at the end of 2011 to national ownership, in order to ensure national system building, ownership and sustainability. The programme has since been adjusted to apply to the recent acute internal emergency. Results of mixed-method monitoring and evaluation show significant outcomes, including reported improvement in wellbeing among programme participants.


Mental health conditions are a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and health costs worldwide: They account for 199 million DALYs or 37 percent of healthy life years lost from non-communicable diseases. The sum of direct and indirect costs worldwide were estimated to amount to 2.5 trillion US dollars in 2010 and projected to increase to 6 trillion US dollars in 2030 (Bloom et al., 2010). The heavy financial and societal burdens of mental health impairments also mean that prevention measures to alleviate these problems will have high financial and societal returns. Education has been theorized to be such a prevention measure. This DIW Roundup reviews contemporaneous research on the causal effect of education on mental health.


The importance of graphical displays in statistical practice has been recognized sporadically in the statistical literature over the past century, with wider awareness following Tukey's Exploratory Data Analysis and Tufte's books in the succeeding decades. But statistical graphics still occupy an awkward in-between position: within statistics, exploratory and graphical methods represent a minor subfield and are not well integrated with larger themes of modeling and inference. Outside of statistics, infographics (also called information visualization or Infovis) are huge, but their purveyors and enthusiasts appear largely to be uninterested in statistical principles. We present here a set of goals for graphical displays discussed primarily from the statistical point of view and discuss some inherent contradictions in these goals that may be impeding communication between the fields of statistics and Infovis. One of our constructive suggestions, to Infovis practitioners and statisticians alike, is to try not to cram into a single graph what can be better displayed in two or more. We recognize that we offer only one perspective and intend this article to be a starting point for a wide-ranging discussion among graphic designers, statisticians, and users of statistical methods. The purpose of this article is not to criticize but to explore the different goals that lead researchers in different fields to value different aspects of data visualization.


This paper presents the application of quantitative chemical risk assessment for assessing and managing fluorosis in 19 schools and 6 villages in Madhya Pradesh, India. A longitudinal study was undertaken with a baseline survey in 2005 and an endline in 2007. Household surveys, water quality and food analysis were undertaken to measure the impact of an Integrated Fluorosis Mitigation programme that included water and nutritional interventions. The baseline survey indicated a maximum fluoride content of 7.8 mg/l in food and 3.7 mg/l in water, equating to a maximum fluoride uptake of 4.8 and 3.7 mg/l in food and water respectively. Mean (actual) daily intake of fluoride for all exposure routes was 0.4 mg/kg of combined adult and child body weight. Intake of fluoride through food was more than 40% of total intake. Calculated guideline values for age groups 18 years were 1.7 and 1.9 mg/l respectively. Using WHO methodology, the Guideline Value would be 1.7 mg/l. Fluoride dilution was implemented to reduce the fluoride content to below this level. The endline survey indicated reduction in the prevalence of grade 1 fluorosis of 86%, of grade 2 of 77%, of grade 4 of 60% in all children examined.


In the second half of the 19th century in the European culture appears an increased interest in evil. This phenomenon is widely spread particularly in France and England. In his famous volume of poems Les Fleurs du Mal  Charles Baudelaire publishes The Litanies for Satan where the Devil replaces God as the addressee of a blasphemous prayer. Joris-Karl Huysmans, an author of the novel La-bas, describes a black mess and a litany addressed to Satan who seems to be closer to sinful people than perfectly indifferent God. A poet from the Huysmans' artictic circle, Edouard Dubus, devotes his litany to a "Lady of grace and immorality" – a blasphemous double of Mary, mother of Jesus. An English poet Charles Algernon Swinburne writes Dolores, a poem addressed to "Our Lady of Pain" and recognised as the apogee of the satanic litany. In all these cases the choice of a litany as a literary genre results in acceptance of a vision of the world broaden with spirituality. In spite of their seemingly blasphemous plots, all these texts express a deep hunger for the sacred – the hunger that could not be satisfied with official religion.


We investigated relationships between tree-ring δ13C and growth, and flux tower estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) at Harvard Forest from 1992 to 2010. Seasonal variations of derived photosynthetic isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (c i ) showed significant increasing trends for the dominant deciduous and coniferous species. Δ13C was positively correlated to growing-season GPP and is primarily controlled by precipitation and soil moisture indicating that site conditions maintained high stomatal conductance under increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Increasing Δ13C over the 1992–2010 period is attributed to increasing annual and summer water availability identified at Harvard Forest and across the region. Higher Δ13C is coincident with an enhancement in growth and ecosystem-level net carbon uptake. This work suggests that tree-ring δ13C could serve as a measure of forest GPP and be used to improve the calibration and predictive skill of ecosystem and carbon cycle models.


Indiana University (IU) owns several collections of Africana personal papers. In this presentation, I will discuss this conference's theme, that is the research potential of such papers, from a librarian's perspective, based on my work with those collections, and based on research which resulted from this work. First, a brief overview of IU's collections of personal papers:2 While IU's Africana collection in the Wells Library (i.e., the main library) is primarily a working collection, it also includes several collections of personal papers. Probably the most notable among them is the * H.K. Banda Archive: this archive, dating mostly from the 1950s to the 1990s, was given to us by Dr. Don Brody, the late President Banda's official biographer. It includes published and unpublished correspondence, speeches, manuscripts, diaries, and extensive background information about Southern and Central Africa (including Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa) as well as videos, audio cassettes, photographs, and fabrics. We have a finding aid for the archive on the African Studies Collection's website: http:/ /www.libraries.iub.edu /index. php?pageld=1000481 We are currently in the process of digitising a small set of the collection (mainly correspondence and photographs) as a pilot project which hopefully will lead to a grant proposal to digitise the complete archive. * Nuer Field Notes (http:/ /www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/ ): This collection was given to us by a former missionary to South Sudan, Ms. Eleanor Vandevort. Ms. Vandevort was in South Sudan between 1949 and 1963. The collection is comprised of linguistic field notes on the Nuer language, correspondence, slides, as well as a scanned copy of her ethnographic monograph, A Leopard Tamed: the Story of an African Pastor, his People, and his Problems (New York: Harper & Row, 1968). It turned out that the field notes, which had never been published or developed into a publication by Ms. Vandevort, were a unique contribution to the field of Nuer linguistics, and I was able to obtain grant money to digitise the whole collection. A colleague of mine, Dr. Edward Miner (who is now the International Studies bibliographer at the University of Iowa) and I worked on the project together, and, in addition to digitising the collection, we also included an essay on the missionary and linguistic history of South Sudan (by Dr. Miner); and I wrote a biographical essay which was based on a three-month long series of interviews I conducted with Ms. Vandevort. * We have recently received another collection of papers by another missionary to South Sudan, a former colleague of Eleanor Vandevort, Robb McLaughlin. This collection is as yet unprocessed, but we know that it includes published materials on Nuer linguistics, Christian tracts and translations, hymnals, Nuer study materials developed by McLaughlin, his linguistic studies, hand written notes, etc. These collections are part of the Wells Library's Africana collection and therefore are part of my responsibilities. They came to us as gifts since I have been at IU. Indiana University's rare books library, the Lilly Library, also holds collections of Africana personal papers. Two of them were purchased (Nadine Gordimer papers; Athol Fugard papers), and one was a donation (Andrzejewski papers): * The Nadine Gordimer Papers : Initially, the Gordimer collection contained approximately 6,700 items covering the years 1934 to 2001 and consists of correspondence, short stories, novels, articles, lectures and speeches, a childhood diary, notebooks and research materials. Also included are scripts, many adapted from Gordimer's short stories and novels. There is extensive correspondence with her colleagues, literary agents and publishers, including magazines such as The New Yorker where many of her short stories and articles first appeared (see http://www.indiana.edu/-liblilly/guides/gordimer/gord2. …


This article describes the results of a study of briefs filed in the New York Court of Appeals between 1969 and 2008. In particular, portions of these briefs were analyzed using the Flesch Reading Ease test and the Flesh-Kincaid test. The first of these tests claims to determine how "readable" a piece of text might be, and the second expresses its results in terms of the grade level a hypothetical reader should have attained before the given text becomes "readable." Both of these tests are fallible, especially when used to determine the actual "readability" of a piece of text, but both provide a fixed point from which to compare different pieces of writing. And they are of particular interest to those interested in legal writing pedagogy because both tests measure aspects of Plain English such as the number of syllables in a word and the number of words in a sentence. The study's results will be disappointing to those who expect to see the influence of legal writing education reflected in the nature of practitioner writing. Far from showing an increase in Plain English use, the study records that legal writing in practice -- at least in New York State -- appears to have become significantly less plain since 1969. The study provides results for briefs filed in both civil and criminal matters and gives reading ease, grade level, average words per sentence, average sentences per paragraph, and incidence of passive voice scores for eight briefs each year between 1969 and 2008. In all but passive voice incidence, the results show a tendency for legal writing to become less "plain" over the years. The article suggests several possible reasons for the survey's results, and although the data do not point to a definite cause for the results, the article concludes that lawyer choice might be the most plausible explanation. Put simply, lawyers might not see any benefit to changing a practice style that has been considered acceptable in the past, even though judges, in particular, have been -- and remain -- highly critical of the quality of lawyer writing. Such criticisms, though, do not often obviously rise to the level of a judge changing the result of a case because of the poor quality of lawyer writing, and therefore lawyers likely see no benefit to the time-consuming and difficult task of changing their writing styles.


Network neutrality has received a great deal of attention recently, not just from legal academics and telecommunications experts, but from our elected representatives, the relevant agencies and the press. Our representatives have held multiple hearings on network neutrality and are actively considering whether to include a provision aimed at preserving network neutrality in pending telecommunications reform legislation. The Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission are also considering the issue. The press has been drawn to the debate by declarations that the fate of the Internet as we know it is at stake. Our article directly replies to a series of articles published by Professor Christopher Yoo on this topic. Yoo's scholarship has been very influential in shaping one side of the debate. Yoo has mounted a sophisticated economic attack on network neutrality, drawing from economic theories pertaining to congestion, club goods, public goods, vertical integration, industrial organization, and other economic subdisciplines. Yet he draws selectively. For example, his discussion of congestion and club goods is partial in that he ignores the set of congestible club goods that are most comparable to the Internet - public infrastructure. Yoo focuses on the negative externalities generated by users (i.e., congestion) but barely considers the positive externalities generated by users (he simply assumes that they are best internalized by network owners). Yoo appeals to vertical integration theory to support his trumpeting of 'network diversity' as the clarion call for the Internet, but he myopically focuses on the teaching of the Chicago School of economics and fails to consider adequately the extensive post-Chicago School literature. And so on. In our article, we explain the critical flaws in Yoo's arguments and present a series of important arguments that he and most other opponents of network neutrality regulation ignore.


The redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) is an exotic fish introduced into Tasmania in the mid
1800's. It is now well established and widespread in NSW and Victoria, as well as a
number of catchments in Tasmania (Wasson et al. 1996). The species is known from the
catchments of the South Esk and Derwent Rivers, and from a number of lower and mid
altitude lakes including Lake Gordon. It is widely considered a pest species and there is
active concern regarding the potential for establishment of the species in other waters,
particularly lakes of the Central Highlands and Lake Pedder. There has been a recent
focus on the potential for passage of redfin perch through McPartlans Pass Canal into
Lake Pedder, and via the Ouse/Shannon River system into the smaller lakes of the Central
Highlands. The species is well known from a number of larger farm and municipal dams,
and lack of quality control during government and private stocking and translocation of
rainbow trout and elvers is thought to have been responsible for some of this range
expansion (Davies et al. 1997).
Natural and manmade barriers to fish movement within stream drainages are common,
and some stop fish passage through a combination of high velocity flow and vertical
drops. Most however, are typified by a high velocity, hydraulically smooth zone through
which the fish cannot pass due to limitations in swimming abilities. Fish use several
swimming modes, including short bursts of high speed swimming, to negotiate high
velocity water or barriers.
There are two dominant modes of fish swimming - sustained swimming and burst
swimming. The point at which a fish switches from using 100% aerobic metabolism, used
during sustained swimming (where swimming can be maintained for > 30 - 200 min), to
anaerobic metabolism (resulting in fatigue) is defined as the maximum sustainable
swimming speed. Anaerobic swimming, characteristic of burst swimming, can only be
maintained for brief periods, typically no more than 20 seconds. Quantification of
maximum sustained swimming and burst swimming speeds is vital for determining the
needs of fish passage. A third swimming category, prolonged swimming, is intermittent
between 100% aerobic swimming and anaerobic swimming, where a combination of both
types is employed (Beamish 1978). This latter category cannot be accurately assessed or
measured (Beamish 1978), tends to be arbitrarily defined by the experimenter (e.g. see
Mitchell 1989),and is not useful in defining swimming-determined limits to barrier
passage.
This project was instigated in order to characterise the swimming performance of redfin
perch and to define its ability to pass barriers at specific water velocities. Work recently
conducted by Walker (1999), and Davies and Walker (in prep.), has quantified the
swimming capabilities of four common Tasmanian freshwater fish species. Their work
focused on measuring maximum sustainable and burst swimming speeds for each species
in flume trials. They were able to develop predictive equations from these data to relate
distance traveled by each species to water velocity for a range of fish performance. These
equations were then successfully validated by observing fish swimming performance in
the field over a range of water velocities, using experimentally manipulated flows
through culverts. Duration of fish passage was then estimated for six road culverts, and
related to culvert characteristics.
It was suggested to Hydro that these techniques could be used to develop a similar
database and predictive equations for redfin perch. These data are needed in response to
design issues and queries from Hydro in relation to construction of barriers to passage of
redfin perch within Hydro catchments. This project therefore quantifies maximum
sustained and burst swimming speeds for redfin perch, develops distance vs water
velocity equations and makes recommendations in relation to the design of barriers to
redfin perch movement.


The aim of this article is to analyze the Internet reality and performance of European minority language media, including a comparison of the evolution of traditional media websites between 2009 and 2016. The 10 language communities are Catalan, Galician, Basque, Welsh, Irish, Frisian, Breton, Corsican, Scottish Gaelic, and Sami. The quantitative and qualitative inquiry is based on the data of the complete censuses of the 10 media systems. To evaluate Internet and social media activity, as well as areas of improvement, we gathered information from an adequate sample of media editors and managers. The findings indicate that nine out of 10 news organizations have some presence on the Internet in the form of websites and/or social media. Compared with data collected in 2009, the average number of media organizations with no Internet presence has decreased from 29% to 9.2%. A niche of traditional media, however, remains outside the digital and online world.


Benthic faunal content (benthic foraminifera, mollusca and ostracoda) of sediment cores from the SW Black Sea shelf were examined. Based on the vertical distribution of abundance and diversity of the benthic fauna, three benthic assemblages were distinguished. These assemblages are BF1, BF2 and BF3, and reflect the changes in bottom water from the termination of the Neoeuxinian period to present. BF1 displays high abundance and diversity in the surroundings of the Bosporus channel, diminishing in the shelf sediments further away from the channel. In the Mid-Shelf and Outer Shelf, it displays low abundance and low diversity. BF1 which started to be deposited at about 6 ky BP reflects the source effect of the saline Mediterranean lower layer, diminishing in strength toward more distal areas. In the Outer Shelf, changing foraminiferal faunal content may suggest that relatively low salinity conditions in the bottom water were established after ~4 ky BP. BF2 consists of a mixed fauna (brackish and euryhaline Mediterranean species), suggesting transitional conditions with intrusion of Mediterranean water earlier than ~8 ky BP. BF3 corresponds to the Neoeuxinian lake phase of the Black Sea.


Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-698and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of Windows 10 installation and configuration. Designed for experienced IT pros ready to advance their status, thisExam Reffocuses on the critical-thinking and decision-making acumen needed for success at the MCSA level. Focus on the skills measured on the exam: Prepare for and perform Windows 10 installation Configure devices and device drivers Perform post-installation configuration Implement Windows in the enterprise Configure and support networking, storage, data access, and usage Implement apps Configure remote management Configure updates, recovery, authorization, authentication, and management tools Monitor Windows This MicrosoftExam Ref: Organizes its coverage by the Skills measured posted on the exam webpage Features strategic, what-if scenarios to challenge you Provides exam preparation tips written by top trainers Points to in-depth material by topic for exam candidates needing additional review Assumes you are an IT pro looking to validate your skills in and knowledge of installing and configuring Windows 10


Safety and feasibility of lung resections by single incision thoracoscopy have been confirmed in large number of studies. As proponents claim its lesser invasive nature caused by lacking of additional intercostal port(s), opponents question the outcome measures of the approach especially in oncological manner. Since there is no major discussion regarding the superiority of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) on lung resections over the open technique in the surgical management of lung cancer today, advantage and disadvantage of single incision VATS lung resections was reviewed with the comparison of standard, multi-port VATS approach in this article. Overall, results of comparative studies confirm that single incision and multiportal thoracoscopy are similar, or single incision thoracoscopy has more advantages in the lung resection for lung cancer. Currently, the main disadvantage of single incision approach is the lacking of long-term oncological results.


This experiment investigated how the sequence of ability and effort attributional feedback over an extended period influences children's reading comprehension, attributions, and self-efficacy. Children with comprehension deficiencies participated in a training program that included instruction and practice in identifying important ideas. r.e group of children (ability-ability) periodically received ability feedback, a second group (effort-effort) received effort feedback, a third condition (ability-effort) was given ability feedback during the first half of the training program and effort feedback during the second half, and for a fourth group this sequence was reversed (effort-ability). Children who received ability feedback during the second half of training (ability-ability and effort-ability conditions) developed higher ability attributions and self-efficacy than subjects in the other two conditions. The sequence of extended attributional feedback did not differentially affect skill development. Implications for teaching are discussed.


Abstract Liver biopsy is not routine during bariatric surgery. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is widely used to screen for liver disease. We assessed the relationship between ALT and pathology in biopsies from Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) patients with normal preoperative ALTs. Biopsies from the LABS-1 and LABS-2 studies were scored using the NASH CRN and Ishak systems. Diagnosis and histology were examined in relation to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values. Six-hundred ninety-three suitable biopsies were evaluated. Biopsied patients had a median age of 45 years; 78.6% were female and 35.1% diabetic; median body mass index was 46 kg/m2. Six-hundred thirty-five biopsied patients had preoperative ALTs. Median ALT was 25 IU/L (interquartile range [IQR] 19–36 IU/L); 26.6% had an ALT > 35 IU/L and 29.9% exceeded the more restrictive Prati criteria for normal. Using the Prati criteria, 7.9% of participants with normal ALT had steatohepatitis and 5.3% had ≥ stage 2 fibrosis. Logistic regression models were used to predict the probabilities of having bridging fibrosis/cirrhosis or a diagnosis of borderline/definite steatohepatitis in the unbiopsied LABS-2 sample. The proportion of biopsied participants with these findings was very similar to the modeled results from the unbiopsied cohorts. We estimated that 86.0% of participants with advanced fibrosis and 88.1% of participants with borderline/definite steatohepatitis were not biopsied and went undiagnosed. As ALT did not reliably exclude significant obesity-related liver disease in bariatric surgery patients, consideration should be given to routine liver biopsy during bariatric surgery and medical follow-up of significant hepatic pathology.


Abstract Robot Interaction has always been a challenge in collaborative robotics. In tasks comprising Inter-Robot Interaction, robot detection is very often needed. We explore humanoid robots detection because, humanoid robots can be useful in many scenarios, and everything from helping elderly people live in their own homes to responding to disasters. Cameras are chosen because they are reach and cheap sensors, and there are lots of mature two-dimensional (2D) and 3D computer vision libraries which facilitate Image analysis. To tackle humanoid robot detection effectively, we collected a data set of various humanoid robots with different sizes in different environments. Afterward, we tested the well-known cascade classifier in combination with several image descriptors like Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), etc. on this data set. Among the feature sets, Haar-like has the highest accuracy, LBP the highest recall, and HOG the highest precision. Considering Inter-Robot Interaction, it is evident that false positives are less troublesome than false negatives, thus LBP is more useful than the others.


Never Going Back: A History of Queer Activism in Canada is the first comprehensive history of its kind. Drawing on over one hundred interviews with leading gay and lesbian activists across the country and a rich array of archival material, Tom Warner chronicles and analyzes the multiple - and often conflicting - objectives of a tumultuous grassroots struggle for sexual liberation, legislated equality, and fundamental social change. Warner presents the history of lesbian and gay liberation in a Canadian context, telling in the process the story of a remarkable movement and the people who made it happen. His history encompasses efforts to attain legislated human rights for gays and lesbians, significant regional histories, autonomous lesbian organizing, and the histories of lesbians and gays of colour, two-spirited people, and those living outside the urban mainstream of lesbian and gay life. It also recalls the crises confronting the movement: the backlash against queer activism from social conservative 'family values' campaigns, state and police harassment, and the exigencies of responding to AIDS. Moving beyond the discussions of equality-rights campaigns, Never Going Back delves inside the movement to look at dissent and debates over liberation and assimilation, sexual expression, race, the age of consent, pornography, censorship, community standards, and an identity forged from a common sexual orientation.


Some may argue that the proliferation of personal computers together with the widespread use of the Internet has brought many benefits to society. The popularity of the internet and its associated online services continues to grow at an exponential rate and consequently, so does the number of avenues for potential exploitation. Prior research has already established that sexual predators and social engineers use the Internet as a means to target and exploit individuals. Indeed, previous studies highlight the significant threats faced by users of instant messaging and social networking facilities. Online role-playing games and virtual environments provide yet another platform for users to interact with one another. Evidence suggests that subscribers of such services often become so immersed in a fantasy world that their ability to differentiate between the virtual and real world is reduced. This monograph investigates the level of threat faced by users of virtual environments and online role-playing games. The study made use of an online survey to assess the current level of awareness and understanding amongst individuals who spend excessive amounts of time engaging in such environments.


We reassessed the circumscription of the cantharelloid clade and identified monophyletic groups by using nLSU, nSSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequence data. Results agreed with earlier studies that placed the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Hydnum, Clavulina, Membranomyces, Multiclavula, Sistotrema, Botryobasidium and the family Ceratobasidiaceae in that clade. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of all genera except Sistotrema, which was highly polyphyletic. Strongly supported monophyletic groups were: (i) Cantharellus-Craterellus, Hydnum, and the Sistotrema confluens group; (ii) Clavulina-Membranomyces and the S. brinkmannii-oblongisporum group, with Multiclavula being possibly sister of that clade; (iii) the Sistotrema eximum-octosporum group; (iv) Sistotrema adnatum and S. coronilla. Positions of Sistotrema raduloides and S. athelioides were unresolved, as were basal relationships. Botryobasidium was well supported as the sister taxon of all the above taxa, while Ceratobasidiaceae was the most basal lineage. The relationship between Tulasnella and members of the cantharelloid clade will require further scrutiny, although there is cumulative evidence that they are probably sister groups. The rates of molecular evolution of both the large and small nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (nuc-rDNA) are much higher in Cantharellus, Craterellus and Tulasnella than in the other cantharelloid taxa, and analyses of nuc-rDNA sequences strongly placed Tulasnella close to Cantharellus-Craterellus. In contrast analyses with RPB2 and mtSSU sequences placed Tulasnella at the base of the cantharelloid clade. Our attempt to reconstruct a "supertree" from tree topologies resulting from separate analyses that avoided phylogenetic reconstruction problems associated with missing data and/or unalignable sequences proved unsuccessful.


Abstract : Phishing attacks are a significant security threat to users of the Internet, causing tremendous economic loss every year. Past work in academia has not been adopted by industry in part due to concerns about liability over false positives. However, blacklist-based methods heavily used in industry are slow in responding to new phish attacks, and tend to be easily overwhelmed by phishing techniques such as fast-flux and the proliferation of toolkits. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of two blacklist-enhanced content-based algorithms. The key insight behind our algorithms is to leverage existing human-verified whitelists and blacklists, and relax them via probabilistic methods to attain high true positive rates while maintaining extremely low false positive rates. Comprehensive experiments over a diverse spectrum of data sources show that our approach currently achieves a false positive rate of 0.0434% with a true positive rate of 87.42%. Our algorithms are able to adapt quickly to new phishing attacks by incremental retraining, and present a new framework that will generalize to evolving attacks.