This paper reviews the ecological literature published during the last 15 years on pollination and seed dispersal by lizards, in order to determine the possible effects of these animals on plant reproduction. This review is only limited to these years because articles on plant-lizard interactions during this period have used more rigorous experimental approaches than those made previously. All compiled data were analyzed considering the conceptual framework provided by the quantity and quality components of pollination and seed dispersal (i.e., effectiveness), since this information is essential to have an idea of the relative contribution of animals to plant fitness. Results showed that 34 species of lizards feed on nectar and fruits of plants. While lizards consume these plant materials, they could effectively pollinate flowers or disperse seeds to sites away from parent plants. However, more studies on particular aspects of these interactions should be conducted in order to completely understand the ecological and evolutionary effects of lizards on plants.


SUMMARY. A geographic information system (GIS) database of the poultry industry on the Delmarva Peninsula was developed through a cooperative agreement between the Delmarva Poultry Industry, Inc., and the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. The purpose of this database was to facilitate disease surveillance and assist in managing the response to outbreaks and other emergencies. Two methods of data collection were employed and are described in this paper. The first method was to visit each poultry farm and collect the latitude and longitude coordinates with a handheld global positioning system unit. The second method used property ownership information, aerial photographs, and a GIS to determine the latitude and longitude of each poultry farm. There was no significant difference between the two methods in the accuracy of the results, but there was a large difference in the amount of time and money necessary to obtain the data. These findings indicate that whereas there are many ways to obtain accurate data for a GIS database, other factors may influence which method is chosen. A subset of farms contained within the database was visited to assess the accuracy of the locations contained within the database. Of the 240 farms visited for validation, 212 showed evidence of a functioning or previously functioning poultry operation. The corresponding error rate was 11%. This demonstrates the need to assure that the database is kept up to date to ensure that attrition among poultry growers is recorded. Several potential factors that might contribute to sources of error are discussed.


Improving user experience of a dialogue system often requires intensive developer effort to read conversation logs, run statistical analyses, and intuit the relative importance of system shortcomings. This paper presents a novel approach to automated analysis of conversation logs that learns the relationship between user-system interactions and overall dialogue quality. Unlike prior work on utterance-level quality prediction, our approach learns the impact of each interaction from the overall user rating without utterance-level annotation, allowing resultant model conclusions to be derived on the basis of empirical evidence and at low cost. Our model identifies interactions that have a strong correlation with the overall dialogue quality in a chatbot setting. Experiments show that the automated analysis from our model agrees with expert judgments, making this work the first to show that such weakly-supervised learning of utterance-level quality prediction is highly achievable.


SLAPPS (strategic lawsuits against public participation), well known in the United States of America, are on the increase in the United Kingdom. SLAPPS are court actions taken by powerful or wealthy individuals or organizations against ordinary people who seek to express their views and to take part in the decision-making processes which affect their lives. Their effect is meant to "chill" through legal intimidation – to stop the critics and end the debates. A steady growth of SLAPPS has occurred where government and business see their interests being threatened by those who dare to rock the boat. The court case becomes a weapon in a larger political war, tying people up in court rooms, sapping their energy and money, carrying the fear of severe legal sanction. In this way the law is used not to protect a valid legal claim but rather to frighten and silence those who are bold enough to criticize, question and speak out. Looking at various high-profile cases the author, Fiona Donson, considers both the theory and practice of attacks upon free speech in a modern democracy. In the new era of human rights in the United Kingdom the author poses important questions about what the use of such legal actions tells us about the health of our democracy at the turn of the millennium.


Keeping semiconductors safe from harm Solar cells harvest the energy of sunlight to create electricity, but electricity is hard to store. Solar cells could also be used to make hydrogen from water, which can be stored as a fuel. Separating water into hydrogen and oxygen, however, presents challenges, especially if this is done directly by illuminating the anode that oxides water. Under the acidic or alkaline conditions needed for practical devices, semiconducting anode materials corrode during operation. Hu et al. now show that amorphous titanium dioxide coatings can protect semiconductors from alkaline corrosion while still allowing light through. Science, this issue p. 1005 An amorphous titanium oxide coating protects semiconductors by conducting photogenerated charge carriers to nickel catalysts. Although semiconductors such as silicon (Si), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and gallium phosphide (GaP) have band gaps that make them efficient photoanodes for solar fuel production, these materials are unstable in aqueous media. We show that TiO2 coatings (4 to 143 nanometers thick) grown by atomic layer deposition prevent corrosion, have electronic defects that promote hole conduction, and are sufficiently transparent to reach the light-limited performance of protected semiconductors. In conjunction with a thin layer or islands of Ni oxide electrocatalysts, Si photoanodes exhibited continuous oxidation of 1.0 molar aqueous KOH to O2 for more than 100 hours at photocurrent densities of >30 milliamperes per square centimeter and ~100% Faradaic efficiency. TiO2-coated GaAs and GaP photoelectrodes exhibited photovoltages of 0.81 and 0.59 V and light-limiting photocurrent densities of 14.3 and 3.4 milliamperes per square centimeter, respectively, for water oxidation.


Cambarus {Depressicambarus) harti (Piedmont Blue Burrower) is a stateendangered primary burrowing crayfish found in highly organic soils associated with seepage areas only in Meriwether County, GA. As is the case with many native burrowing crayfishes, virtually nothing is known about the biology and ecology of this species. To help fill this gap, the current study provides information on population demographics, environmental correlates of activity, burrowing behavior, and habitat fidelity of C. harti. Field surveys from the type locality revealed that crayfish could be found throughout the year, with a near 3:1 ratio of female to male adults captured, an ovigerous female found in June, and the highest number of small juveniles found in August. Adults were not found together in burrows; however, juveniles were often found sharing the burrows of females. Burrowing activity was generally higher in the summer than winter, and also increased with receding groundwater levels. Based on observations and experiments with artificial burrowing chambers (ABCs), the burrows of C. harti followed a predictable form and were often capped with at least one chimney of seemingly deliberate construction. Total burrow area and mean chimney pellet diameter increased with crayfish size. It appeared that C. harti will burrow in other soils, but displays a strong affinity to its type-locality soils, particularly below groundwater level. Observations from a communal ABC revealed that adults use burrows to brood young and will share burrows with other adults for a period of time, possibly during burrow construction and/or times of disturbance, but eventually tend to segregate to solitary occupancy. Taken together, these data offer insight into the biology and ecology of this highly endemic and elusive animal that will be useful for management and conservation efforts and provide much-needed scientific information about burrowing crayfishes in general.


In this paper we consider chemotherapy in a spatial model of tumor growth. The model, which is of reaction-diffusion type, takes into account the complex interactions between the tumor and surrounding stromal cells by including densities of endothelial cells and the extra-cellular matrix. When no treatment is applied the model reproduces the typical dynamics of early tumor growth. The initially avascular tumor reaches a diffusion limited size of the order of millimeters and initiates angiogenesis through the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted by hypoxic cells in the core of the tumor. This stimulates endothelial cells to migrate towards the tumor and establishes a nutrient supply sufficient for sustained invasion. To this model we apply cytostatic treatment in the form of a VEGF-inhibitor, which reduces the proliferation and chemotaxis of endothelial cells. This treatment has the capability to reduce tumor mass, but more importantly, we were able to determine that inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation is the more important of the two cellular functions targeted by the drug. Further, we considered the application of a cytotoxic drug that targets proliferating tumor cells. The drug was treated as a diffusible substance entering the tissue from the blood vessels. Our results show that depending on the characteristics of the drug it can either reduce the tumor mass significantly or in fact accelerate the growth rate of the tumor. This result seems to be due to complicated interplay between the stromal and tumor cell types and highlights the importance of considering chemotherapy in a spatial context.


The FHEW cryptosystem introduced the idea that an arbitrary function can be evaluated within the bootstrap procedure as a table lookup. The faster bootstraps of TFHE strengthened this approach, which was later named Functional Bootstrap (Boura et al., CSCML'19). From then on, little effort has been made towards defining efficient ways of using it to implement functions with high precision. In this paper, we introduce two methods to combine multiple functional bootstraps to accelerate the evaluation of reasonably large look-up tables and highly precise functions. We thoroughly analyze and experimentally validate the error propagation in both methods, as well as in the functional bootstrap itself. We leverage the multi-value bootstrap of Carpov et al. (CT-RSA'19) to accelerate (single) lookup table evaluation, and we improve it by lowering the complexity of its error variance growth from quadratic to linear in the value of the output base. Compared to previous literature using TFHE's functional bootstrap, our methods are up to 2.49 times faster than the lookup table evaluation of Carpov et al. (CT-RSA'19) and up to 3.19 times faster than the 32-bit integer comparison of Bourse et al. (CT-RSA'20). Compared to works using logic gates, we achieved speedups of up to 6.98, 8.74, and 3.55 times over 8-bit implementations of the functions ReLU, Addition, and Maximum, respectively.


Career issues have long been an integral component of the educational process. Career or vocational development in the schools was advocated, at the onset of the industrial revolution, as far back as the late 1800s. This concept of including career preparation in our schools was supported by one of the basic principles set forth by John Dewey (1859, 1952, 1995); that the most powerful learning comes from combining the practical with the intellectual. This concept of the importance of career exploration and the facilitation of the career development process in our schools was the precursor to the more expansive theme of this special issue. As manuscripts were solicited under the rubric of career issues, the editor began to develop an understanding of the interrelatedness and interdependency of topics under such a broad category. Although some of the articles included in this special issue do not specifically address the career issues of students in our schools, they each address some vital component related to the larger theme of Career Issues in Education. The origination of this special issue began in a conversation between the guest editor and Drs. Russell N. Cassel and Phil Feldman during the 1999 World Conference of the American Counseling Association in San Diego. Dr. Cassel indicated several concerns related to the condition of career issues in our schools. Dr. Cassel's concerns included: (a) A student in high school without a tentative job career plan is "like a ship in the water without a rudder"; (b) It is not unrealistic to infer cause and effect between students without career goals/plans/motivation, and some of the behavioral ills of society; (c) Goals and motivation are intimately related phenomenon, and you can't have one without the other; (d) Many of the concerns related to the A Nation at Risk report (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) are related to an absence of job-career plans; and (e) When students fail to know their career interest areas, the schools have failed. These concerns developed into an invitation from Dr. Cassel to spotlight the faculty of the College of Education at the University of South Alabama and their work related to Career Issues in Education in a Special Issue of Education. The lead article, by Lane, provided the seed for the development of the special issue. In collaboration with Dr. Cassel, Lane has addressed the need for a scientific method for the development and testing of job-career plans in our schools. Lane's article addresses several of the concerns that provided the basis for the special issue and served as a foundation for the expanded concept of Career Issues in Education. Another concept that developed from the concerns addressed by Dr. Cassel related to a comprehensive federal program for the transition of students from school to work. The second article in the issue includes an examination of the School-to-Work (STW) programs that were established by the School-to-Work Opportunities Act (1994). STW programs represent a grouping of very diverse attempts at connecting education to job skills so that students may successfully transition from school to work. In this article, the guest editor of the issue offers a review of the literature related to STW and provides recommendations for the future. The next article, by Smith, addresses career exploration opportunities for middle school students. Smith provides a specific examination of the academic and personal benefits arising from appropriate career exploration opportunities in grades 6-8. Additionally, this article includes examples of creative collaborative efforts in several different schools and emphasizes the importance of school counselors and teachers. The author, now on the University faculty, worked in public schools in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Alabama for 26 years and provides a review of the issues based on this extensive experience. Gray's article explores the changes in curricula and in government programs that have lead to an improved workforce in the new millennium. …


ABSTRACT PIOCH, S., KILFOYLE, K., LEVREL, H and SPIELER, R., 2011. Green Marine Construction. In: Micallef, A. (ed.), MCRR3-2010 Conference Proceedings, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 61, pp. 257–268. Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy, ISSN 0749-0208. The oceans incorporate three-quarters of the Earth's surface, and most of humanity lives in coastal regions. For example, more than half of the total U.S. population presently lives in coastal areas, and the coastal population is projected to increase by 7 million between now and 2015. Similar projections can be made for other developed countries many of which depend on the coastal zone as a major source of tourism-related income. The long-term ecological health and sustainability of the marine and coastal environments are obviously at risk. Coastal projects such as beach re-nourishment, housing developments, and pipe-line, harbor and marina construction can have negative impacts on the coastal environment that must be minimized and often mitigated. Typically, mitigation is done after the fact at considerable expense and often with a questionable return of ecosystem services. However, multiple research projects clearly show that species-specific and lifestage-specific habitat can be designed into artificial structure. Thus, with forethought, coastal construction can include structural designs that are not only ecosystem friendly but which also return ecosystem services impacted by construction. Structure incorporating fish and invertebrate habitat can often be integrated up front at little or no extra construction cost. This paper discusses the results of some of the artificial habitat research as well as recent examples of coastal construction and design that have incorporated these findings.


ABSTRACT We investigated the effect of codon optimization on the expression levels of heterologous proteins in Aspergillus oryzae, using the mite allergen Der f 7 as a model protein. A codon-optimized Der f 7 gene was synthesized according to the frequency of codon usage in A. oryzae by recursive PCR. Both native and optimized Der f 7 genes were expressed under the control of a high-level-expression promoter with their own signal peptides or in a fusion construct with A. oryzae glucoamylase (GlaA). Codon optimization markedly increased protein and mRNA production levels in both nonfused and GlaA-fused Der f 7 constructs. For constructs with native codons, analysis by 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends revealed that poly(A) tracts tended to be added within the coding region, producing aberrant mRNAs that lack a termination codon. Insertion of a termination codon between the carrier GlaA and native Der f 7 proteins in the GlaA fusion construct resulted in increases in mRNA and secreted-carrier-GlaA levels. These results suggested that mRNAs without a termination codon as a result of premature polyadenylation are degraded, possibly through the nonstop mRNA decay pathway. We suggest that codon optimization in A. oryzae results in elimination of cryptic polyadenylation signals in native Der f 7, thereby circumventing the production of truncated transcripts and resulting in an increase in steady-state mRNA levels.


The main motivation of this work is the evaluation of the Unified Parallel C (UPC) model, for Boltzmann-fluid simulations. UPC is one of the current models in the so-called Partitioned Global Address Space paradigm. This paradigm attempts to increase the simplicity of codes and achieve a better efficiency and scalability. Two different UPC-based implementations, explicit and implicit, are presented and evaluated. We compare the fundamental features of our UPC implementations with other parallel programming model, MPI-OpenMP. In particular each of the major steps of any LBM code, i.e., Boundary Conditions, Communication, and LBM solver, are analyzed.


Many schools in South Africa are dysfunctional, or at least do not function optimally. This statement could be substantiated by just citing statistics about failure rates, school dropout rates, school violence, matric pass rates, learner absenteeism, educator absenteeism or the incidence of discipline problems and the effect thereof on educators. This problem could, to a considerable extent, be addressed by means of proper strategic planning of the education system as such and of particular schools. Educational planning expertise in South Africa, however, is extremely thinly spread, concentrated virtually exclusively in academics at universities specializing in educational planning. The authors who are academics at a university and who are specializing in Comparative Education and in Educational Planning, have for some time, as part of the application of research based developments and community service, been involved in facilitating strategic planning in schools. Based on their knowledge and experience in the field of Comparative Education, and having subjected it to the test of practical implementation, the authors have developed a model for strategic planning to be used specifically in schools. This article gives a theoretical foundation of the model, outlines the model, and describes the researchers'/developers' experience of employing it in strategic planning at five South African schools.


Humans have the ability to convey an array of emotions through complex and rich touch gestures. However, it is not clear how these touch gestures can be reproduced through interactive systems and devices in a remote mediated communication context. In this article, we explore the design space of device-initiated touch for conveying emotions with an interactive system reproducing a collection of human touch characteristics. For this purpose, we control a robotic arm to touch the forearm of participants with different force, velocity and amplitude characteristics to simulate human touch. In view of adding touch as an emotional modality in human-machine interaction, we have conducted two studies. After designing the touch device, we explore touch in a context-free setup and then in a controlled context defined by textual scenarios and emotional facial expressions of a virtual agent. Our results suggest that certain combinations of touch characteristics are associated with the perception of different degrees of valence and of arousal. Moreover, in the case of non-congruent mixed signals (touch, facial expression, textual scenario) not conveying a priori the same emotion, the message conveyed by touch seems to prevail over the ones displayed by the visual and textual signals.


In this paper, I argue that the normative framework of liberal democracy is one of the sources of the failure of international climate politics. The liberal framework makes it very likely that at least some democracies will not consent to an international agreement to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this situation, the institution of judicial review might be viewed as crucial to overcome the risk of a tragedy of the commons. However, judicial review cannot serve this purpose in the case of climate change and an institutional change of the kind required cannot be derived from within the normative framework of liberal democracy itself.


INTRODUCTION Depending on geographic location, there are many industries globally that face the difficult situation of competitive and, at times, limited growth. This is especially true in the US and Europe where population growth is rather stagnated and many industries have reached their mature stage (Anonymous, 2001). With competitive and investor pressure, it becomes imperative for these industries to transform themselves so as to be in position for the coming years (Kopczak & Johnson, 2003; Lewis, 2000). With pricing and volume growth as limiting factors, these businesses are increasingly focused on exploring opportunities to re-invent themselves and further streamline their supply chains in order to generate additional value for investors (Lewis, 2000). Competitively driven global businesses are swiftly capitalizing on the value of forging strong corporate alliances that achieve optimal operational efficiencies and relationships with suppliers and customers along agile supply chains. The result is synergistic mutual competitive advantages for the re-aligned participants in a synchronized supply chain as in Figure 1 (Fingar, 2000). Competencies and strategies are based in applications of information technology to achieve operational improvements and collaborative alliances that will lead to product re-design reconfiguration of the supply chain and optimization of manufacturing and logistics costs (Fingar, 2000; Mockler, 2000; Narayanan & Raman, 2004). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Throughout the 80s, 90s, and beyond, with increasing global competitive pressure, many businesses survived by recognizing the value of operational efficiency. Often time corporate strategies were focused on issues such as quality of product and customer service levels. Internal operating cost was of utmost importance. Such efforts led to successful business organizations that not only had a clear vision of the future direction of their respective industry, but were also streamlined and operationally lean. With relentless pressure by global competitors and consumers during the 90s, leading organizations recognized the need to further distance themselves from competitors. dominating firm that essentially had the ability to facilitate various changes within the industry. The focus became the synchronization of the respective supply chain with this firm as the leading coordinator. Over the past forty years, this dominating position has shifted from manufacturers to the retailers. With this balance of power change come the need to re-focus and assess the strategies of each industry and its corresponding supply chain (Kopczak & Johnson, 2003; Mockler, 2001). Generally, there are two tool sets that can be deployed to synchronize the supply chain. One tool set being the implementation of information technology such as RFID, WiMax, and e-commerce (Lewis, 2000). As an example, the implementation of on-line ordering system in the airline industry has reduced transaction cost by up to 80%. Another tool set is for the analysis and improvement of operations functions such as manufacturing, inventory management, procurement, and logistics. For example, the recent implementation of the continuous replenishment concept coupled with the inventory aggregation effect has transformed various retailing businesses to the lowest cycle inventory level and highest inventory turnovers in history (Homer & Thompson, 2003). But this tool set is infeasible without the use of information technology to provide the visibility of materials and information exchange for inter-organizational synchronization. It is often the combination of these two tool sets that provide organizations with the optimal level of value generation (Mockler, 2001). The intent of this research effort is to present a two-dimensional supply chain life-cycle management framework that can be implemented by industries to analyze the potential deployment of information technology strategically (Fingar, 2000). …


Nail-biting is currently classified as an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified. Although seldom targeted as a primary symptom, nail-biting is often associated with somatic complications and decreased quality of life. The present study assessed the effectiveness of an innovative self-help technique, titled decoupling (DC). DC aims at attenuating pathological nail-biting by performing motor sequences that decouple and rearrange the behavioral elements involved in the habit. A total of 72 participants with excessive nail-biting were recruited via specialized self-help forums and were randomized to either DC or progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) groups after baseline assessment. Four weeks later, participants underwent a similar assessment as before and were asked to rate the effectiveness of the intervention. The primary outcome parameter was the Massachusetts General Hospital Scale (MGH) adapted. Relative to the PMR group, the DC group showed significant progress in withstanding the urge to bite their nails. Furthermore, they appraised the appearance of their nails as considerably less compromised at the end of the treatment relative to participants undergoing PMR. At statistical trend level, the DC group showed a significantly greater decline on the adapted MGH relative to PMR. Despite methodological limitations, the present study asserts that the effectiveness of DC, previously shown for trichotillomania, extends to nail-biting.


Context: Congenital coronary anomalies, including anomalous origin, distribution, intercoronary communications, and coronary fistulae occur at a rate of approximately 1% in the general population and are the most incidental findings. Case Report: A 49-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with exercise-induced dyspnea and atypical angina pectoris. Coronary angiography (CAG) and contrast-enhanced 320-slice multidetector cardiac computed tomography with subsequent three-dimensional reconstructions revealed a single coronary artery (SCA) arising from the right sinus of Valsalva with a proximal branch giving rise to the left anterior descending coronary artery. The left anterior descending coronary artery shows severe atherosclerotic lesions and it is occluded afterwards. Adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a stress myocardial ischemia at the anterior wall without signs of fibrosis, scar, or necrosis. Conclusion: We present an extremely rare case of a SCA, with the solitary vessel arising from the right sinus of Valsalva. In our patient′s case, the atherosclerotic lesions and occlusion in the branch supplying the anterior wall were considered eligible for neither percutaneous intervention nor bypass graft surgery.


Silicon photonic integrated circuits for telecommunication and data centers have been well studied in the past decade, and now most related efforts have been progressing toward commercialization. Scaling up the silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-based device dimensions in order to extend the operation wavelength to the short mid-infrared (MIR) range (2–4 μm) is attracting research interest, owing to the host of potential applications in lab-on-chip sensors, free space communications, and much more. Other material systems and technology platforms, including silicon-on-silicon nitride, germanium-on-silicon, germanium-on-SOI, germanium-on-silicon nitride, sapphire-on-silicon, SiGe alloy-on-silicon, and aluminum nitride-on-insulator are explored as well in order to realize low-loss waveguide devices for different MIR wavelengths. In this paper, we will comprehensively review silicon photonics for MIR applications, with regard to the state-of-the-art achievements from various device demonstrations in different material platforms by various groups. We will then introduce in detail of our institute's research and development efforts on the MIR photonic platforms as one case study. Meanwhile, we will discuss the integration schemes along with remaining challenges in devices (e.g., light source) and integration. A few application-oriented examples will be examined to illustrate the issues needing a critical solution toward the final production path (e.g., gas sensors). Finally, we will provide our assessment of the outlook of potential future research topics and engineering challenges along with opportunities.


The concentration of glucose in the bloodstream is regulated by glucose itself, along with the hormones insulin and glucagon. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in part by regulating phosphorylation of a transcriptional coactivator known as cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein 2 (CRTC2). Dentin et al. (see the Perspective by Birnbaum) found that high concentrations of circulating glucose also regulate CRTC2, but do so through stimulation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and consequent O-linked glycosylation of the same serine residue in CRTC2 that is modified by phosphorylation. Thus, CRTC2 integrates signals from hormones and nutrients and might be a target for efforts to treat abnormalities of glucose homeostasis that are associated with diabetes. R. Dentin, S. Hedrick, J. Xie, J. Yates, III, M. Montminy, Hepatic glucose sensing via the CREB coactivator CRTC2. Science 319, 1402-1405 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. J. Birnbaum, Sweet conundrum. Science 319, 1348-1349 (2008). [Summary] [Full Text]


This essay explores majority decisions to give up majority power. In particular, it analyzes a majority's decision to institute judicial review as a method of final decision-making on questions of constitutional rights and contrasts that decision with the majority's election of a dictator. Both decisions involve a majority's voluntary transfer of power for certain matters in irreversible ways. Adopting the proceduralist viewpoint, the essay argues that these types of decisions - involving majoritarian renunciation of power - require a greater justification than decisions that do not alter future decision-procedures. That greater justification requires these types of decisions, decisions this essay terms "delegation decisions," to satisfy three legitimacy conditions. First, the majority can only legitimately give up power over issues that can be decided by procedures other than majority vote. Second, the procedural mechanism the majority gives power to must be a fair procedure. Finally, the procedural mechanism must also be appropriate for the decisions it is supposed to make. The essay argues that majoritarian imposition of judicial review satisfies these three conditions. Majoritarian election of a dictator does not. First, the imposition of judicial review hands over only one set of issues to the constitutional court - bill of rights questions - that is capable of resolution by a nonmajoritarian procedure. Second, judicial review as practiced by an ideal constitutional court is a fair procedure for rights questions because it exemplifies qualities such as anonymity and neutrality that are central to procedural fairness. Finally, a constitutional court is appropriate for deciding constitutional rights questions because its virtues - particularly its transparency, deliberative capacity, principled reasoning, and impartiality - are relevant for these questions and mitigate distortions in the decision-making process concerning rights. On the other hand, an elected despot makes decisions on questions that the majority cannot legitimately relinquish power over, fails to instantiate values of procedural fairness, and is inappropriate for any number of the infinite questions that it has authority to decide. Proceduralists can thus resist the majority's election of a dictator without also having to resist its imposition of judicial review. And they need not abandon proceduralism in order to do so.


The importance of levering private finance and investment into urban regeneration is a central consideration of policy. Attention has focused on institutional investors' motives for holding regeneration investments and on how they might be encouraged to put more money into inner-city areas. The paper argues that, while helpful, the impact of such an approach upon urban regeneration will be limited. This is because, by definition, institutional investors are only interested in institutional property and buildings which do not conform to this frame of reference will not be of interest to them. However, other actors see things differently. Independent developers embrace the challenge presented by fringe locations, mixed uses and the local urban culture and aesthetic—and translate these characteristics into development values. Urban policy needs to address the contrasting ways in which the nature, construction and application of investors' strategic rationality intercept with local development conditions. In particular, greater emphasis should be given to encouraging independent, locally based forms of property investment and development.


In February and March 2016, four cases of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) occurred over 3 weeks in a small area north of Lyon in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France. There were no deaths but two cases had sequelae. This community outbreak was caused by a rare meningococcal strain of the clonal complex ST-32, covered by the 4CMenB/Bexsero vaccine. The incidence rate for serogroup B IMD in this area was 22.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, which is above the epidemic threshold (10/100,000). The number of cases observed was significantly higher than expected in the age group of 0–24 year-olds (standardised incidence ratio: 96). These results suggested the potential emergence of this invasive strain in this sub-population. In accordance with French recommendations, it was decided to vaccinate the population aged between 2 months and 24 years, living, working or studying in the epidemic area. The vaccination campaign took place from April to September 2016. Vaccination coverage was estimated at 47% for one dose and 40% for two doses. The lowest coverage estimations were observed for the age groups younger than 3 and 15–19 years. Enhanced epidemiological and microbiological surveillance reported a fifth case in June 2016, outside the epidemic area.


Simulations and near-field measurements indicated that collective surface plasmons of silver nanoparticle clusters resulted in the super-resolution property of the AgOx-type super-resolution near-field structure. Randomly distributed metallic nanoparticle clusters transferred evanescent signals from subwavelength objects to propagating waves like a near-field probe and circumvented the diffraction limit.


In this book, scientists from various disciplines address the advances in seafood research with respect to quality, safety, consumer's demands and processing of wild and farmed fish. The nutritional properties of marine lipids and lipid oxidation from model systems to seafood are presented. Several contributions on the effects of natural anti-oxidants to prevent oxidation are also included. Effects of dietary factors on muscle tissue quality, pre-rigor processing and brining of farmed cod are covered. The development of rigor mortis and the quality of muscle in relation to commercial and experimental slaughter techniques are also discussed. Consumer's knowledge, perception and need for information about seafood are discussed. Topics such as shelf life and microbial quality of seafood are covered in a range of contributions. Inactivation of micro organisms or biopreservation of seafood are included. Attention is paid to the development of the Quality Index Method for the evaluation of the quality of fresh fish and products. The characterisation and the quality of processed by-products are also presented. The presence of trace elements and organic contaminants in variety of seafood products is highlighted. Finally, several contributions regarding advanced methodologies to determine the quality of seafood are presented. This book will be of interest to anybody concerned with quality and safety of fish throughout the entire chain from catch to consumer.


Background: Prostate cancer commonly occurs in older men. Since TNM staging excludes prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and Gleason score, patients with prostate cancer are divided into risk groups when deciding on treatment options. This study determined the profile and risk stratification of patients with prostate cancer treated at the Department of Oncology, Universitas Annex in Bloemfontein, Free State, during 2008 to 2010. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection. Information was gathered from 497 patient files on age, race, residence, Gleason score, PSA level, TNM stage, and initial treatment. The patients' risk group was determined from their Gleason score, PSA level, and T stage. Results: Patients were mostly (45.7%) between 65 and 75 years of age and 72.8% were in the black race group. The largest percentage of patients had a Gleason score of 8 to 10 (43.7%), PSA level > 20 ng/ml (67.9%), and a T stage ≥ T3 (62.3%). Almost half of the patients (48.7%) had stage IV disease and 38.4% received palliative hormonal therapy as initial treatment. The majority of patients (82.5%) fell into the high risk group. Conclusions: The majority of patients in each age group fell into the high risk group, which means that these patients were at a higher risk of developing metastatic prostate cancer. We recommend better education of our patient population and local clinic staff, so that people in the community can understand the prevalence of the disease, the symptoms and effect of the cancer, and that it is treatable if detected early.


The aim of this study was to assess the volume and function of human brown adipose tissue (BAT) in vivo using MR imaging. Methods: BAT volumes under thermoneutral conditions in the cervical areas were assessed via water-fat contrast using the Dixon method and via water-saturation efficiency using fast spin-echo and T2-weighted images. The existence of cervical BAT was also assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT scans in the same subjects. BAT functionality was assessed via functional MR imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal changes in response to a mild cold challenge. Results: Under thermoneutral conditions, we were able to distinguish BAT from white adipose tissue in the cervical and supraclavicular fat. BAT showed higher water-to-fat contrast and higher water-saturation efficiency in MR imaging scans. The location and volume of BAT assessed by MR imaging were comparable to the measurements by 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. During mild cold challenge, BOLD fMRI signal increased in BAT by 10.7% ± 1.8% (P < 0.01). Conclusion: We demonstrated the feasibility of using MR imaging and fMRI to assess BAT volume and BAT responses to mild cold stimulation in the cervical areas of human subjects.


Since the first blue lasers made from GaN-based semiconductors reached power levels making them suitable for industrial applications a few years ago, users where asking for more power. Quickly, output powers for fiber-coupled diode lasers increased from several hundred watts in early 2018 [1] to 1000 W in 2019 [2] and even 2000 W in 2020 [3]. But lifetime has always been an object of concern since the blue diode-laser moved out of the TO-can to enter the high power world. As part of the research project "FoulLas", which started in 2019 and is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Laserline took on the task of developing a cw fiber-coupled diode-laser exceeding 2 kW blue laser power for fouling removal of vessels and submarine structures. Caused by stronger restrictions on the use of biocide containing coatings for ship hulls, new strategies against marine fouling moved into the focus of development activities. A new approach is to lethally damage the microorganisms on the subsea surfaces by laser irradiation to be washed away by the streaming water. Apart from that, they can no longer contribute to the spread of species. This paper covers concepts and possibilities of power increase beyond 2 kW for fiber-coupled lasers based on blue diodelaser bars. Results of a laser with more than 2 kW output power are presented. In addition, new findings on degradation processes and lifetime tests are reported. To tie in with the application, insights into the maritime application of fouling removal are given.


ABSTRACT Virtually all youth in detention have been exposed at least one traumatic event in their family system or in the community, and a vast majority have experienced cumulative traumatic events that led to major dysregulated states. Building on several seminal works on trauma-informed juvenile justice programs and on implementation research, this theoretical research-based paper aims to describe the preparation stage for implementation of the Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency framework (ARC) to a population of youth in detention. The ARC framework is well-suited to meet the complex needs of young offenders by focusing on building blocks that promote resiliency, including caregiver affect management and attunement, affect identification and modulation, and executive functions and self-identity. Based on this extensive preparation stage and a case illustration, recommendations and best practice protocols for making a shift towards a trauma-informed youth justice system are highlighted.


Many science archive centres publish very large volumes of image, simulation, and experiment data. In order to integrate and analyse the available data, scientists need to be able to (i) identify and locate all the data relevant to their work; (ii) understand the multiple heterogeneous data models in which the data is published; and (iii) interpret and process the data they retrieve. RDF has been shown to be a generally successful framework within which to perform such data integration work. It can be equally successful in the context of scientific data, if it is demonstrably practical to expose that data as RDF.  In this paper we investigate the capabilities of RDF to enable the integration of scientific data sources. Specifically, we discuss the suitability of SPARQL for expressing scientific queries, and the performance of several triple stores and RDB2RDF tools for executing queries over a moderately sized sample of a large astronomical data set. We found that more research and improvements are required into SPARQL and RDB2RDF tools to efficiently expose existing science archives for data integration.


"Forms of Utopia" is part of a larger research investigating critical and speculative methods used in architectural and literary utopian and dystopian works of the 20th century. It presents one of several case study pairings featuring a work of architectural and literary fiction, which were created within a similar historical and societal context and which deal with similar issues. The text investigates and juxtaposes two fictional worlds created in the first part of the 20th century, namely Ludwig Hilberseimer's architectural proposal Metropolisarchitecture, and Yevgeny Zamyatin's literary work We. Taking into consideration various issues which arise while examining works from two different fields, a comparative method was devised which combines approaches taken from both the literary and architectural field. The developed method is based on a combination of Carline Levine's approach proposed in her book Forms: Whole, Rhythm, Hierarchy, Network (Princeton UP, 2015) and an architectural typological analysis. By using this method, the text examines various forms and patterns of spatial and social experience which are described in the works and through which the utopian and dystopian worlds are structured. Focusing on two main types of forms identified by Levine – namely bounded wholes and rhythms – the text distills common threads, investigates how the authors propose and generate a built and social environment, and how this environment is ideologically and critically charged. While examining the various social and spatial forms which are used to build both fictional worlds, the text also explores the fact that, even though the two worlds are sometimes based on same spatial forms, one author views his project as utopian while the other proposes a dystopian future.


We consider the empirical relevance of two opposing hypotheses on the causality between income and democracy: The Democratic Transition hypothesis claims that rising incomes cause a transition to democracy, whereas the Critical Junctures hypothesis denies this causal relation. Our empirical strategy is motivated by Unified Growth Theory, which hypothesizes that the present international income differences have roots in the prehistoric past. Thus, we use prehistoric measures of biogeography as instruments for modern income levels, and find a large long-run causal effect of income on the degree of democracy. This result rejects the Critical Junctures hypothesis, which is an important part of the Primacy of Institutions view.


Lignocellulosic portion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is considered a potential feedstock for fuel ethanol production. I review the trends in MSW generation, composition and disposal practices, and evaluate the aggregate and regional potential of MSW as a feedstock. I present an overview of the current technology of MSW to ethanol conversion. An attractive feature of MSW-ethanol conversion is that the feedstock is available at a negative cost; i.e. disposal facilities charge tipping fees ranging from $15-$100/ton to accept MSW. I assess the financial feasibility of a typical MSW-ethanol plant with a capacity of 500 tons per day under a number of scenarios with respect to tipping fees, ethanol prices, capital costs, byproduct prices and ethanol tax incentives. I find the profitability to be robust across scenarios. I then discuss technical, economic, environmental and social barriers that inhibit commercialization.


The purpose of this thesis is to identify the destination site selection criteria for internationalconferences from the perspectives of the three main players of the conference industry,conference buyers (organizers and delegates) and suppliers. Additionally, the researchidentifies the strengths and weaknesses of the congress cities of Stockholm and Vienna.Through a comparison with Vienna, the top city for hosting international conferences, a roadmap for Stockholm has been designed, to strengthen its congress tourism opportunities, thus,obtaining a higher status as an international congress city. This qualitative research hascombined both primary and secondary data methods, through semi-standardized expertinterviews and secondary studies respectively, to fulfil the study's aim. The data have beenanalysed by applying the techniques of qualitative content analysis; the secondary dataadopting an inductive approach according to Mayring (2003) while the expert interviewsusing a deductive approach according to Meuser & Nagel (2009). The conclusions of thesecondary data have been further compared and contrasted with the outcomes of the primarydata, to propose fresh discoveries, clarifications, and concepts related to the site selectioncriteria for international conferences, and for the congress tourism industry of Stockholm. Theresearch discusses the discoveries of the site selection criteria, the implications of thestrengths and weaknesses of Stockholm in comparison to Vienna, recommendations forStockholm via a road map, and future research areas in detail. The findings andrecommendation, not only provide specific steps and inceptions that Stockholm as aninternational conference city can apply, but also propose findings, which can aid conferencebuyers and suppliers to cooperate, to strengthen their marketing strategies and developsuccessful international conferences and destinations to help achieve a greater competitiveadvantage.


Teachers are the most important school-specific factor in student learning. Yet, little evidence exists linking teacher professional learning programs and the various strategies or components that comprise them to student achievement. In this paper, we examine a teacher fellowship model for professional learning designed and implemented by Leading Educators, a national nonprofit organization that aims to bridge research and practice to improve instructional quality and accelerate learning across school systems. During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 school years, Leading Educators conducted its fellowship program for teachers and school leaders to provide educators ongoing, collaborative, job-embedded professional development and to improve student achievement. Relying on quasi-experimental methods, we find that a school's participation in the fellowship model increased student proficiency rates in math and English language arts on state achievement exams. Further, student achievement benefitted from a more sustained duration of teacher participation in the fellowship model, and the impact on student achievement varied depending on the share of a school's teachers who participated in the fellowship model and the extent to which teachers independently selected into the fellowship model or were appointed to participate by school leaders. Taken together, findings from this paper should inform professional learning organizations, schools, and policymakers on the design, implementation and impact of teacher professional learning.


We developed a 3D Monte Carlo photon tracing program for the transfer of radiation in inhomogeneous and irregular terrain to calculate broadband solar and thermal infrared fluxes. We selected an area of 100 × 100 km2 in the Tibetan Plateau centered at Lhasa city and used the albedo and surface temperature from MODIS/Terra for this study. We showed that anomalies of surface solar fluxes with reference to a flat surface can be as large as 600 W/m2, depending on time of day, mountain configuration, and albedo. Surface temperature is the dominating factor in determining anomalies of the surface infrared flux distribution relative to a flat surface with values as high as 70 W/m2 at cold mountain surfaces. The average surface solar flux over regional domains of 100 × 100 km2 and 50 × 50 km2 comprising intense topography can deviate from the smoothed surface conventionally assumed in climate models and GCMs by 10–50 W/m2.


This study contributes to validity studies by determining the cut-off point of an inventory measuring university students' anxiety levels with Angoff, ROC, and Borderline methods and by examining high/low anxiety levels according to these methods point. The study is regarded as a basic research due to the newlyadded data in a multi-scoring inventory which validity and reliability studies were previously performed. This study included 290 participants who studied at the Education Faculty of a state university and were planning to take the Public Personel Selection Examination. Trait Anxiety and Test Anxiety Scales were applied to the students. Findings obtained from this study show that the cut-off scores (48 and 48.5) calculated by Angoff and ROC analyses are very close to each other. The consistency coefficient among the judges was examined to prove the reliability of the cut-off points determined by Angoff and Borderline methods. According to the AUC (area under the curve) value obtained in the study, it is seen that the Trait Anxiety Inventory could correctly classify high anxious and low anxious individuals at the rate of 73% (moderate level). It is shown that the scale is quite likely to determine anxiety levels when it is used for screening rather than diagnosis. As a conclusion, the study indicates that when ROC analysis is used to determine the cut-off score of a multiscoring psychological measuring instrument, such characteristics as sensitivity, specificity, and positive/ negative predictive values that other methods do not have provide more detailed and objective information.


Several imaging devices are characterized by a space-variant point-spread function (PSF), such as the wide-field/planetary camera of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Several techniques for image recovery that use data from such imagers approximate the space-variant PSF by a space-invariant PSF. A modified Richardson-Lucy method is implemented that accommodates the space-variant PSF of the HST as well as corrections for background counts, nonuniform flat field, and readout noise. The implementation runs on the DEC mppl2000 Sx/Model 200 massively parallel computer. Restorations of simulated HST images are obtained with a space-variant PSF and, for comparison, with a space-invariant approximation. Results of these processing methods are compared, and it is found that a residual artifact appears in restorations when a space-invariant PSF is used owing to the mismatch of the PSF kernel used in the restoration and the space-variant one underlying the image acquired with the telescope. This residual artifact is effectively eliminated when the processing is based on the space-variant PSF.


The fragmentation mechanisms of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) for femtosecond ultraviolet laser pulses in a transmission geometry are characterized on the basis of the well-known benzyltriphenylphosphonium (BTP) thermometer ion. We demonstrate that the survival yield of BTP approaches unity under these conditions, which suggests that a minimal amount of fragmentation is occurring. It is shown that, while the survival yield of BTP is insensitive to the fluence within the studied fluence range, the magnitude of fragmentation for the matrix increased notably with increasing fluence. While nonlinear absorption and ionization are expected to lead to large matrix fragmentation rates, the high BTP survival yields indicate a reduced amount of energy being transferred from the matrix to these BTP thermometer ions. The femtosecond ablation employed here results in increased heating rates and occurs within the fully stress-confinement regime, which minimizes the matrix-analyte interaction during the ablation event. This interpretation is supported by our finding that angiotensin was the largest biomolecule which could be routinely be measured with femtosecond pulses. The spatio-temporal overlap between a neutral biomolecule and matrix ions resulting from this process is too short to result in sufficient proton exchange for ionization.


Magnesium (Mg) is essential for all life, and is utilized for many important biological processes. All cells must maintain an appropriate concentration of Mg in the cytosol and within organelles in order to maintain key biological processes such as transcription and translation. Despite the fundamental importance of Mg homeostasis, relatively little is known about homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The goal of this work was to identify membrane transport systems that may be involved in the active transport of Mg, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. Although a variety of Mg influx systems have been described, proteins mediating active transport of Mg (which are essential to prevent the overaccumulation of cytosolic Mg) have not been identified from any organism. In yeast, a vacuolar Mg/H exchange activity has been described, but the molecular identify of this protein is not known. To try and identify this activity, a candidate gene approach was used. Four yeast genes of unknown function (PER1, YNL321w, YDL206w, and YJR106w) were screened for phenotypic effects on Mg homeostasis when overexpressed or deleted. PER1 encodes a membrane protein that is essential for growth in high Mg concentrations. YNL321w, YDL206w, and YJR106w are members of the CaCA (calcium/cation antiporter) superfamily, members of which transport a variety of divalent metal cations via a cation/proton exhange mechanism. Experiments to determine the function of Per1 showed that overexpression of this gene did not affect the Mg content of yeast, but the per1 mutation did reduce Mg content. However, information communicated from another research group indicated that this effect was not specific to Mg. In addition, Per1 was subsequently identified by another research group as an ER protein mediating a step in the pathway for Franklin, Andrew J. 2007, UMSL, ii glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis. Of the three remaining candidate proteins, only one (Ynl321w) produced a significant increase in intracellular Mg content when overexpressed. However, the ynl321w deletion mutation did not alter Mg accumulation, Mg tolerance, or tolerance to a range of other potentially toxic cations. Combining the ynl321w mutation with knockout mutations in the other two CaCA proteins also did not affect metal tolerance, indicating that these proteins do not have a redundant function. However, the ynl321w mutant did show a slight sensitivity to a high Ca concentration (700 mM). As a result of this, I screened for other Ca related phenotypes in ynl321w mutants, alone and when combined with other mutations that disrupt Ca homeostasis. I observed that when combined with ynl321w, vcx1 and pmc1 mutations displayed synthetic Ca sensitivity phenotypes. Measurement of cellular Ca content with AAS showed that the ynl321w mutation was associated with an increase in Ca content, and that this effect that was still observed in vcx1 or pmc1 backgrounds, indicating it was independent of vacuolar Ca storage. Thus, these findings suggest a role for Ynl321w in Ca secretion from the cell via the secretory pathway or plasma membrane. Localization studies using fluorescence microscopy and sucrose gradient fractionation showed that Ynl321wp to be localized to the ER membrane. As a consequence of these observations, I propose that Ynl321w may perform a similar function to Pmr1p, a P-type ATPase that transports Ca and Mn into the Golgi (and eventually, releases the ion to the external environment). Therefore, I renamed the Ynl321w protein Ecx1 (for ER calcium exchanger). The identification of Ecx1 is the first described example of a CaCA protein participating in Ca homeostasis within the secretory pathway. Although the work did not provide insight into the molecular Franklin, Andrew J. 2007, UMSL, iii mechanisms of Mg, it did identify a factor in Ca homeostasis. Franklin, Andrew J. 2007, UMSL, iv


Estimates of the total lifetime dispersal capacity of individuals comprising invertebrate drift in streams and rivers have proved very difficult to determine empirically. Here we use recent data on dispersal in the amphipod Gammarus pulex L. to illustrate a method for estimating the total distance an individual is likely to travel downstream during the period between hatching and its first reproductive episode. For the system we consider, this estimate is on the order of 1.5 km. This method may be useful in future explorations of the ecological relevance of within‐stream displacement and population persistence. Furthermore, we are able for the first time to estimate an upper bound for the mortality risk associated with entering the drift, which, for the G. pulex population under consideration, is less than 1% for individual drift events. We suggest that this risk may not be nearly as high as had previously been thought. These mortality and distance estimates may illustrate a fundamental difference between dispersal in lotic systems and those in other habitats, in that the mean dispersal distance is of much higher ecological relevance than that of rare long‐distance events.


An optical fiber evanescent wave methane gas sensor based on core diameter mismatch is reported. The sensor consists of a multimode fiber in which a short section of standard single-mode fiber, coated with the inclusion of cryptophane molecules E in a transparent polysiloxane film, is inserted. The sensing principle is analyzed by optical waveguide theory. For different sensing film thicknesses and interaction lengths, the sensor signal is investigated within the methane concentration range of 0-14.5% (v/v). It is shown that the sensor signal with the thickness of 5 \mu m and the interaction length of 3 mm strengthens linearly with the increasing concentration of methane, with a slope of 0.0186. The best detection limit of the sensor for methane is 2.2% (v/v) with a response time of 90 s. This sensor is suitable for the detection of methane concentration below the critical value of 5%.


Underrepresentation of women in Turkish politics is well documented. This is evident in the numbers of women in key decision-making positions, including the Parliament. The role of women's NGOs is significant in educating, motivating and mobilizing women to participate in politics. These organizations increasingly use the Internet for mobilization, opinion formation, recruitment, networking, lobbying and fundraising. The paper explores the extent to which and the ways in which Ka-der as a WNGOs is affected by the Internet, both in terms of its structure and operation, including its relationships with members and adherents and in the way Ka-der communicates with external actors, such as similar organizations, potential members, politicians and the media. We argue that different functions of WNGOs are supported asymmetrically by the Internet. While the e-mail group is mostly used for internal purposes, the website and the use of social media serve to enhance links with the outside environment.


Context: In the aftermath of the Second Lebanon War, a project was initiated and designed to reduce tension in the children living in the area under bombardment. Aims: To assess the impact of yoga intervention in a group of Israeli school children residing in the region affected by the Second Lebanon War. Settings and Design: The study population included 122 school children aged 8–12 years in two elementary schools in Safed (n=55 and n=67, respectively) and their teachers (n=6). The children attended the third grade (n=28), fourth grade (n=42) and sixth grade (n=52). Inclusion in the study was based on the school principal's consent to participate in the program. Materials and Methods: Assessment was conducted using three questionnaires that have been previously validated in international studies and translated to Hebrew. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis of the results included Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Tests for pre- and post-intervention comparisons and the Kruskall–Wallis test for teacher and child cross-comparisons. Results: Based on the questionnaires completed by the children and their teachers, we found that the teachers reported many statistically significant improvements in the children's concentration, mood and ability to function under pressure, although the children themselves were unaware of any change in their behavior. Enjoyment was reported by all participants, and almost all expressed an interest in continuing to practice yoga during school hours. We conclude that participation in yoga classes may be both enjoyable and beneficial to children living in stressful conditions. Conclusions: The study indicates that yoga may be beneficial as an intervention for children in postwar stress situations.


Depression (also known as major depression or major depressive disorder) is a psychiatric disorder that affects mood, behavior, and overall health. It causes prolonged feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. People with depression may also have changes in appetite (leading to overeating or not eating enough), changes in sleeping patterns (sleeping too much or not being able to sleep), loss of energy, and difficulty concentrating. Although depression is considered primarily a mental health disorder, it can also have physical features including headaches, other unexplained aches and pains, unusually slow or fast movements, and digestive problems. To be diagnosed with depression, an individual must have signs and symptoms nearly every day for at least 2 weeks. However, the features of this condition vary widely.


Latinx literature in the Midwest encompasses work created by authors from a variety of backgrounds, with authors of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban descent predominating in literature that takes locations throughout the region as its settings. Although much work focuses on Chicago, the multiple Latinidades of the region appear in fiction and poetry from across the region. Regarding genre, most of this literature falls into the categories of novel, short story, and poetry; however, works such as prose poems, novels in verse, heavily footnoted fiction, or metaliterary texts challenge genre boundaries and reveal Latinx literary innovation. This literature emerges from the history and experience of Latinx migration to the region, which dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, and, not surprisingly, that history often figures in the literature. Spanish-language Latinx literature about the Midwest also exists, and like its English-language counterpart, often addresses transnational experiences. Major publishers have made the work of Latinx authors in the Midwest well-known, yet there are also vibrant cultures of small press, community, and collective publishing, and self-publishing, through which Latinx authors have shared their talents with wider audiences in and beyond the region.
 Some of the themes addressed by Latinx literature in the Midwest are migration, with characters coming both from other regions of the United States and directly from Latin America; labor, mostly industrial and agricultural work, but also involving characters in the service sector and professionals; belonging and the question of what and where home is and how to create this space in the Midwest; environment and gentrification; transnationalism, often evoking different ethnic backgrounds from the present; family relationships; gender and sexuality, focusing on what it means to be Latinx and part of the LGBTQ community and situations of discrimination with families and workplaces; race, including Afro-Latinx characters; and religion and spirituality, looking not only to Catholicism, but also to Judaism and African diaspora–inspired systems of Orisha worship.


This paper contrasts measures of teacher effectiveness with the students' evaluations for the same teachers using administrative data from Bocconi University. The effectiveness measures are estimated by comparing the performance in follow-on coursework of students who are randomly assigned to teachers. We find that teacher quality matters substantially and that our measure of effectiveness is negatively correlated with the students' evaluations of professors. A simple theory rationalizes this result under the assumption that students evaluate professors based on their realized utility, an assumption that is supported by additional evidence that the evaluations respond to meteorological conditions.


We have measured the out-of-band transmittance (attenuation) for several narrow-band filters using two Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers in the wavelength range of 2–25 μm. Band-rejection filters are used to eliminate the power transmitted in the main band of the filter under investigation. Neutral-density filters are used for the reference measurement to reduce the effect of nonlinearity. Results from different optical arrangements are compared and discussed. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using Fourier-transform infrared instruments to measure a spectral transmittance of 10−6.


Introduction: In Turkey, the gene expression profile test is not standard, so adjuvant treatment is planned according to clinicopathological factors. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed important parameters that affect the decision on adjuvant chemotherapy, and also factors related to survival in stage IA breast cancer patients in Turkey. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 347 stage IA patients. The relationship between the clinicopathological parameters and adjuvant chemotherapy was analyzed. Results: The median age and follow-up time were 52 years (range: 25-86) and 22.6 months (range: 1-113), respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 87.9% and 98.7%, respectively, but the median DFS was not reached. Age, estrogen receptor (ER) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, and the presence of triple-negative breast tumor (TNBC) were related to DFS, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), HER2 status, the presence of TNBC, and recurrence were related to OS (p < 0.05). Furthermore, age, menopausal status, multicentricity, grade, tumor size, necrosis, ER, the presence of TNBC, and HER2 were found to be related to adjuvant therapy decision (p < 0.05). All these parameters, in addition to LVI and PNI, were independent factors for chemotherapy by logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: In decisions about adjuvant therapy in stage IA breast cancer patients, clinicopathological factors should be kept in mind.


Let me get a gripe out of the way before I begin to review seriously this work by a distinguished contemporary philosopher. Notice the sub-title: an 'interrogation.' Is anyone out there as tired as I am of this term? It is by now both clichéd and annoying, conjuring up the image of a poor trembling text in the interrogation room without benefit of counsel, bright lights glaring on its cover, as a couple of policemen turn pages roughly, shouting aggressive questions and hurling accusations. Can we not be gentler with (most) texts and interpret them, or engage in the sort of conversation with them that Michael Oakeshott suggested so eloquently? I suspect that Professor Bernstein is unaware of how frequently he 'interrogates,' salting his pages, at times, with more than one 'interrogation' per page. Can we not get off this prosecutorial binge and just read the bloody book!


Red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) is one of the most important resources for the bottom-trawl fleets in the northwestern Mediterranean, in terms of both landings and economic value. A simple bioeconomic model introducing Game Theory for the prediction of effort dynamics at vessel level is proposed. The game is performed by the twelve vessels exploiting red shrimp in Blanes. Within the game, two solutions are performed: non-cooperation and cooperation. The first is proposed as a realistic method for the prediction of individual effort strategies and the second is used to illustrate the potential profitability of the analysed fishery. The effort strategy for each vessel is the number of fishing days per year and their objective is profit maximisation, individual profits for the non-cooperative solution and total profits for the cooperative one. In the present analysis, strategic conflicts arise from the differences between vessels in technical efficiency (catchability coefficient) and economic efficiency (defined here). The ten-year and 1000-iteration stochastic simulations performed for the two effort solutions show that the best strategy from both an economic and a conservationist perspective is homogeneous effort cooperation. However, the results under non-cooperation are more similar to the observed data on effort strategies and landings.


This study employs Monte Carlo experiments to evaluate the performances of a number of common panel data estimators when serial correlation and cross-sectional dependence are both present. It focuses on fixed effects models with less than 100 cross-sectional units and between 10 and 25 time periods (such as are commonly employed in empirical growth studies). Estimator performance is compared on two dimensions: (i) root mean square error and (ii) accuracy of estimated confidence intervals. An innovation of our study is that our simulated panel data sets are designed to look like 'real-world' panel data. We find large differences in the performances of the respective estimators. Further, estimators that perform well on efficiency grounds may perform poorly when estimating confidence intervals and vice versa. Our experimental results form the basis for a set of estimator recommendations. These are applied to 'out of sample' simulated panel data sets and found to perform well.


A study on the occurrence of epididymal lithiasis (EL) in Gallus gallus domesticus of different breeds and from different geographical regions of Brazil was carried out. Forty breeding roosters were collected in the states Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo and Goias, representing two specific pathogen free Leghorn lines (SPF), one commercial Leghorn layer breeder (Hy-Line) line, two commercial broiler breeder lines (Ross and Cobb), and two backyard chicken flocks. In commercial poultry breeders, EL was observed mainly after 55 weeks of age, and lithus resulted in lower fertility caused by inadequate maturation of spermatozoa and testicular atrophy, which evolved to more severe testicular dysfunction at 100 weeks of age. One hundred percent of the sampled roosters of the evaluated SPF lines presented epididymal lithiasis, which was also observed in all commercial genetic lines. The analysis of EL occurrence revealed no differences among regions and breeds: all regions and genetic lines presented epididymal calculi and the occurrence seemed higher in the more intensively-reared chickens. As for the backyard roosters, 50% presented calculi. Considering the occurrence of EL in the SPF flocks, its primary association with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection was discarded, despite its contribution to fertility loss.


According to the ESIC (European Service Innovation Centre) report, the Upper Austrian region is characterized by a strong manufacturing sector where service innovation driven transformation represents an inevitable step forward and is thus used as a large-scale demonstrator for the dynamic and broad impact of service innovation. The pricing of industrial services is a vast topic and difficult due to the complex parameters of services but represents one of the issues when talking about industrial services. As the Austrian region with high export rates and a broad international business presence, this paper focuses on companies in Upper Austria when elaborating on the importance of pricing regarding different value oriented services. Moreover, the paper emphasizes on general parameters that are important in the field of industrial services. In order to receive a more profound knowledge about the topic the authors worked closely together with the industry. A qualitative study conducted with five Upper Austrian companies highlights the challenges as well as the most important parameters and dynamics when actively selling additional services in the manufacturing industry. 51 in-depth interviews were carried out with sales employees, customers and experts from the respective companies. The results suggest that there are certain value dimensions which have to be taken into account for the successful delivery of industrial services. From a sales point of view price is the most important factor. However, this contradicts the common view of customers who rather base their choice on the aforementioned value driven aspects. Customers are more long-term and relationship oriented. Hence, the value benefits should be the main communication message towards the customer, and sales staff has to be trained accordingly.


Dendritic cells (DC) are key regulators of immune responses. In the current study, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke-induced aberrance in DC function is an important mechanism by which smokers develop cancer, infection, and allergy—diseases common in smokers. We demonstrate that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) inhibits DC-mediated priming of T cells, specifically inhibiting the secretion of IFN- (cid:1) whereas enhancing the production of IL-4 in the MLR. Conditioning with CSE did not effect cytokine (IL-10, IL-6, or IL-12) production from immature DCs, but significantly inhibited IL-12p70 release by LPS-matured DCs. In contrast, IL-10 secretion by LPS-activated CSE-conditioned DCs was enhanced when compared with control DCs. CSE also induced cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels in maturing DCs and significantly augmented endogenous PGE 2 release. Conditioning of DCs with CSE also suppressed LPS-mediated induction of CD40, CD80, and CD86, and suppressed maturation-associated CCR7 expression. Although CSE has been reported to induce apoptosis of fibroblasts and epithelial cells, the immunomodulatory effects observed with CSE were not due to diminished DC viability. The effects of CSE on DC function were not exclusively mediated by nicotine, because equivalent, or even higher concentrations of nicotine than those found in CSE, failed to suppress DC-induced T cell priming. These data provide evidence that soluble components extracted from cigarette smoke suppress key DC functions and favor the development of Th-2 immunity. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 2684–2691.


Writing the Self: Case Studies in Phenomenology and Fiction explores the way in which the notions of self, being and consciousness find expression in works of literary fiction and philosophical texts. It raises the question of whether there are paradigmatic features that are distinctive to philosophy and imaginative literature in their engagement with ontology. Whilst discussing various works of imaginative literature and philosophy, this thesis concentrates on aspects of Husserlian phenomenology and Martin Heidegger's Being and Time (1962) from the philosophical tradition and focuses on three selected works of post-1900 literary fiction: Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1902), Virginia Woolfs The Waves (1931), and Saul Bellow's Dangling Man (1944).

In an essay on "Literary Attestation in Philosophy", Robert Bernasconi asks, "Literary texts have a certain autonomy, but what happens to them when they are submitted to philosophically inspired readings?"(Bernasconi in Woods 1990: 24). This thesis argues that literary texts need not be "submitted" to philosophically inspired readings. Bernasconi makes an error by using the word "submitted". The texts themselves are not written with a view to supporting the philosophical claims made in a philosophical treatise. This is how both philosophy and literature retain their autonomy. This thesis will demonstrate how autonomy functions differently from insularity purporting that such a distinction is often overlooked. What is not being investigated in this thesis is whether or not philosophy can be used to prove fiction as an application of philosophical ideas. Rather, what is intended is to read them both as different enterprises but at the same time together. Coming together is not to be understood in the same way as dissolving the differences that exist between the two. Nor are the two fields to be understood as mutually dependant. Literature does not derive its conception of "literature" in opposition to the conception of philosophy nor vice-versa.

Chapter I of this thesis is a discussion of the theoretical foundation upon which the remainder of this thesis will rest. Through the discussion of selected works of philosophy and literary fiction, this chapter will lay down the theoretical parameters of the issues under examination in the chapters that follow. In chapter II Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1902) is studied in conjunction with Heideggerean and phenomenological thought. Chapter III takes as its point of departure the question of essence and existence in The Waves (1922) in order to examine the exploration of the Heideggerean notions of the ontic and the ontological. Chapter IV focuses on Bellow's Dangling Man (1944) and examines the way in which the protagonist's struggle in it is explored as a battle between the particular and the universal, and consequently as a strife between notions of essence and existence and ontic and ontological. The conclusion to this thesis endeavours to provide a premise within which ontology and hermeneutics may be understood in imaginative literature and philosophical writing.

The intention is never to prove that a work of fiction is phenomenological or Heideggerean but rather to highlight the treatment of Being, Consciousness and the Self in literary fiction and philosophical enquiry. This thesis aims to understand the manner in which the concepts of the ontic and the ontological are expressed in literary fiction and philosophical texts, and does so by raising the question of whether in fact the literary enterprise as opposed to the philosophical one is more adept at expressing either of the two concepts. Based upon such an examination, this thesis, strives to examine whether or not philosophy and literary fiction exist as two separate enterprises by traversing both the similarities and discrepancies that exist in the two fields.


In an attempt to increase power to detect genetic associations with brain phenotypes derived from human neuroimaging data, we recently conducted a large-scale, genome-wide association meta-analysis of hippocampal, brain, and intracranial volume through the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium. Here, we present a freely available online interactive tool, EnigmaVis, which makes it easy to visualize the association results generated by the consortium alongside allele frequency, genes, and functional annotations. EnigmaVis runs natively within the web browser, and generates plots that show the level of association between brain phenotypes at user-specified genomic positions. Uniquely, EnigmaVis is dynamic; users can interact with elements on the plot in real time. This software will be useful when exploring the effect on brain structure of particular genetic variants influencing neuropsychiatric illness and cognitive function. Future projects of the consortium and updates to EnigmaVis will also be displayed on the site. EnigmaVis is freely available online at http://enigma.loni.ucla.edu/enigma-vis/


Abstract. The formation of carboxylic acids and dimer esters from α-pinene oxidation was investigated in a smog chamber and in ambient aerosol samples collected during the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX). Chamber experiments of α-pinene ozonolysis in dry air and at low NO x concentrations demonstrated formation of two dimer esters, pinyl-diaterpenyl (MW 358) and pinonyl-pinyl dimer ester (MW 368), under both low- and high-temperature conditions. Concentration levels of the pinyl-diaterpenyl dimer ester were lower than the assumed first-generation oxidation products cis -pinic and terpenylic acids, but similar to the second-generation oxidation products 3-methyl-1,2,3-butane tricarboxylic acid (MBTCA) and diaterpenylic acid acetate (DTAA). Dimer esters were observed within the first 30 min, indicating rapid production simultaneous to their structural precursors. However, the sampling time resolution precluded conclusive evidence regarding formation from gas- or particle-phase processes. CCN activities of the particles formed in the smog chamber displayed a modest variation during the course of experiments, with κ values in the range 0.06–0.09 (derived at a supersaturation of 0.19%). The pinyl-diaterpenyl dimer ester was also observed in ambient aerosol samples collected above a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California during two seasonally distinct field campaigns in September 2007 and July 2009. The pinonyl-pinyl ester was observed for the first time in ambient air during the 2009 campaign, and although present at much lower concentrations, it was correlated with the abundance of the pinyl-diaterpenyl ester, suggesting similarities in their formation. The maximum concentration of the pinyl-diaterpenyl ester was almost 10 times higher during the warmer 2009 campaign relative to 2007, while the concentration of cis -pinic acid was approximately the same during both periods, and lack of correlation with levels of cis -pinic and terpenylic acids for both campaigns indicate that the formation of the pinyl-diaterpenyl ester was not controlled by their ambient abundance. In 2009 the concentration of the pinyl-diaterpenyl ester was well correlated with the concentration of DTAA, a supposed precursor of diaterpenylic acid, suggesting that the formation of pinyl-diaterpenyl dimer was closely related to DTAA. Generally, the pinyl-diaterpenyl ester was found at higher concentrations under higher temperature conditions, both in the smog-chamber study and in ambient air aerosol samples, and exhibited much higher concentrations at night relative to daytime in line with previous results. We conclude that analysis of pinyl dimer esters provides valuable information on pinene oxidation processes and should be included in studies of formation and photochemical aging of biogenic secondary organic aerosols, especially at high temperatures.


Heterogeneity among countries in the European Union has continuously grown through enlargement processes or the outbreak of specific crises. After reaching important outcomes such as the European Monetary Union or the Schengen Agreement, in the face of the "big bang" enlargement of 2004 both national and European Union representatives subsequently committed to the motto "united in diversity", confident that the European project would progress and deepen. Nevertheless, the crises in the euro area posed a number of new internal and external challenges to the overall European integration process as well as the EU's political unity in terms of member states sharing the same rights and obligations, making permanent forms of differentiated integration more likely. Against this background, the paper presents a new collected dataset to outline how the EU narrative of political unity changes during times of increasing political differentiation and consequent differentiated integration. As such, it conducts a narrative analysis in two selected cases, the period between 2000 and 2004 preceding the big bang enlargement as well as the years of the crises in the euro area between 2010 and 2014. Although the existing narrative of political unity in the EU has changed in response to the crises under the more sceptical phrase "divided in unity", our analysis shows that differentiation is not a threat to political unity. Funda Tekin is Director of the Institute for European Politics (IEP) in Berlin. Vittoria Meissner is Research Associate at IEP. Nils Fabian Müller is Project Assistant at IEP.


The intricate rules for memory ordering and synchronisation associated with the C/C++11 memory model mean that data races can be difficult to eliminate from concurrent programs. Dynamic data race analysis can pinpoint races in large and complex applications, but the state-of-the-art ThreadSanitizer (tsan) tool for C/C++ considers only sequentially consistent program executions, and does not correctly model synchronisation between C/C++11 atomic operations. We present a scalable dynamic data race analysis for C/C++11 that correctly captures C/C++11 synchronisation, and uses instrumentation to support exploration of a class of non sequentially consistent executions. We concisely define the memory model fragment captured by our instrumentation via a restricted axiomatic semantics, and show that the axiomatic semantics permits exactly those executions explored by our instrumentation. We have implemented our analysis in tsan, and evaluate its effectiveness on benchmark programs, enabling a comparison with the CDSChecker tool, and on two large and highly concurrent applications: the Firefox and Chromium web browsers. Our results show that our method can detect races that are beyond the scope of the original tsan tool, and that the overhead associated with applying our enhanced instrumentation to large applications is tolerable.


In the last couple of years more and more multimodal corpora have been created. Recently many of these corpora have also included RGB-D sensors' data. However, there is to our knowledge no publicly available corpus, which combines accurate gaze-tracking, and high-quality audio recording for group discussions of varying dynamics. With a corpus that would fulfill these needs, it would be possible to investigate higher level constructs such as group involvement, individual engagement or rapport which all require multi-modal feature extraction. In the following paper we describe the design and recording of such a corpus and we provide some illustrative examples of how such a corpus might be exploited in the study of group dynamics.


Prose murder pamphlets first appeared during the final three decades of the sixteenth century and were a successful part of the early modern market for cheap print throughout the seventeenth century. There is a corpus of over 350 extant prose murder pamphlets printed between 1573 and 1700. The literary analysis of murder pamphlets undertaken in this research reveals them as an identifiable genre with recognisable narrative and rhetorical strategies. The Calvinist theology of providence and predestination gave the prose murder pamphlets their distinctive chain-link structure which began with original sin, progressed through sinfulness to murder, condemnation, death and salvation through God's divine grace. The chain-link narrative proved particularly sympathetic to the absorption and promulgation of other Protestant narratives, including those of divine providence, anti-papist propaganda, and control of youth, sodomy, dying, and English historiography. This structure also proposed that murder should be interpreted allegorically, as the narrative pattern was an allegory of an individual's journey through life from the prediction of original sin to the assurance of salvation.

An analysis of the embedded Protestant narratives of the murder pamphlets shows that murder was presented to early modern readers so that it could be scrutinised for its rhetorical, religious and political significance. The representation of murder, therefore, intersected with the religio-political crises and ecclesiastical politics of the seventeenth century. For over a century it carried forward a particular representation of English Protestantism, constructing the reader as an English Protestant 'subject': someone who was a member of the English nation, subject to a monarch and government that should embody godly rule, but who was also an individual Protestant with a godly duty to read and interpret God's purpose. This research demonstrates that although materially fragile, murder pamphlets were culturally robust and a detailed study of them contributes to a more detailed understanding of early modern literary culture.


One of the research areas with increasing interest in the field of telecommunications, are the ones related to future telecommunication systems, both 4th generation and beyond. In parallel, during the last years, several concepts have been developed related to clustering of users according to their interested, in the form of community networks. Solutions proposed for these concepts tackle the challenges horizontally, for each layer of the communication stack, ranging from community based communication networks (e.g. Seattle Wireless, or Personal Telco), to interest networks based on peer-to-peer protocols. However, these networks are presented either as free joining, or overlay networks. In practice, the notion of a self-organized, service and community oriented network, with these principles embedded in its design principles, is yet to be developed. This work presents an novel instantiation of a solution in the area of community networks, with a underlying architecture which is fully service oriented, and envisions the support for multiple community networks in the same device. Considerations regarding security, trust and service availability for this type of environments are also taken. Due to the importance of resource management and access control, in the context of community driven communication networks, a special focus was given to the support of scalable and decentralized management and access control methods. For this purpose, it is presented a policy language which supports the creation and management of virtual communities. The language is not only used for mapping the social structure of the community members, but also to, following a distributed approach, manage devices, resources and services owned by each community member.


Abstract Although earth mounds are a common archaeological feature of the northern Australian coastal plains, there has been little systematic investigation of them. This paper aims to redress the balance by reviewing and synthesising investigations into earth mounds in northern Australia. I examine several themes raised in the literature that are relevant to research on earth mounds in relation to a number of case studies from northern Australia. These include location, morphology, origins, chronology and the role of mounds in the wider context of settlement systems. I conclude that earth mounds in northern Australia can be divided into two distinct types, coastal/estuarine and freshwater. Both types proliferated in the late Holocene and represent seasonally occupied sites at the junction of a number of resource zones that may also have had social significance as territorial markers.


Here, we report the experimental observation of negative differential resistance (NDR) and hysteresis phenomena in graphene-based OLEDs and their effects on device performance. Our results reveal that the NDR and hysteresis mainly originate from the poly(methyl methacrylate) residue resting on graphene. We further demonstrate that current annealing is a facile and effective technique to remove the polymeric residue and eliminate the NDR, leading to the dramatically enhanced luminous efficiency from 30.9 to 41.6 cd A−1, and to 89.2 cd A−1 when equipped with a high index half-ball lens. The demonstrated pretreatment process of graphene establishes a new path for the construction of a wide variety of high performance optoelectronic devices.


In the decades since Congress and state legislatures passed most of the nation's most significant environmental laws, our knowledge about ecosystems has increased dramatically. As ecologists learn more about the complex and dynamic interactions that produce valuable ecosystem services, decisionmakers and advocates should adopt an ecosystem services approach to implementing laws that affect the environment. An ecosystem services approach integrates advances in ecology with the law. It fosters creative thinking about how to restructure laws and regulatory programs to mimic the connectedness of ecosystem functions. The approach requires performance-based evaluations to measure success or failure of management decisions, and it depends on public participation to prioritize those services that the public values most, thus ensuring long-term public support for and investment in achieving the identified goals. This white paper defines the approach and identifies both prerequisites and principles for implementing it. For example, policymakers and advocates should consider principles of ecological integrity, fairness, and resilience when selecting legal tools to protect ecosystem services. The paper then applies the ecosystem services approach in the context of floodplain restoration, focusing on flood hazard mitigation and the broad range of services provided by floodplains. It marks the beginning of a long-term discussion on how to adapt environmental, natural resources, and other laws to our dependence on functioning, dynamic ecosystems.