The article explores the formulation of the criminal defence of necessity in the context of murder cases. The discussion will provide a medium through which to critique necessity's theoretical foundations which are classified either as one of justification or excuse. It is this highly problematic distinction which will be exposed as not only having been overlooked in case law but is futile where necessity is considered as providing a murder defence. Such a theoretical dichotomy does not reflect the competing rights and values present in the case law, and nor does it align with the decision-making process taken by judges in cases where they resolve such moral conflicts. What is present is a contextual form of necessity that frames and recognises the circumstances the actors are placed in. The analysis argues for a recategorisation of necessity into a narrow fact-driven category beyond the abstract duality of justification or excuse. To support the view of a situation-led approach, necessity is exposed as omitting a critical doctrinal element; that of the imminence of harm within a broader recognition that the situation presents an emergency. Adopting a comparative perspective, the article analyses why the emphasis placed on the imminence of harm found in Canadian jurisprudence ought to be reflected in English law. The rationale for this is to fully reflect the agony of the circumstances that underpin the scope of necessity in murder situations and to ensure that actors in such tragic situations have their rights secured as far as possible, before allowing the defence to apply. One of the final implications of the article is a reconsideration of the relationship between necessity and duress of circumstances arguing that a reappraisal of their convergence is required. The article's argument leaves the juridical precept that duress is not available as a defence to murder on an insecure foundation and in need of judicial re-evaluation.


Abstract Research within a constructivist approach often relies on interview data, which are used to reveal beliefs held by the interviewee or to expose conceptions or conceptual structures that are supposed to reside within the interviewee. From a sociocultural perspective, severe criticism has been leveled against the neglect of the problems of inferring conceptions held by a participant from what is uttered in an interview. Utterances should be looked upon as cultural tools used to realize discursive practices, rather than as propositions mirroring mental entities. It is argued that the clinical interview, often used by constructivists, disregards the impact of a situation and discursive norms with regard to what is uttered in a conversation. Here, it is argued that by taking into account an interviewee's conceptions of the situation, as well as of the subject matter being talked about, some sort of a bridge between the methodological standpoints of constructivism and sociocultural theory can be formed. It is proposed that utterances should be regarded as actions, and thus the problem of ascribing meanings to behavior is in focus, that is, how a series of behaviors can be regarded as an intentional action. It is argued that by means of such an approach, it is possible to make inferences about conceptions and conceptual structures much in the same way as is done in research on conceptual change. However, this means that utterances cannot just be "read off." The interviewee's aims, conceptions of the subject matter talked about, as well as the interviewee's conceptions of the situation to hand must be taken into account. A reinterpretation of data reported by Andrea diSessa and Bruce Sherin is used as an illustration.


This paper describes a grid impact analysis of charging electric vehicles (EV) using charging curves with detailed battery modelling. A probabilistic method using Monte Carlo was applied to a typical Spanish distribution grid, also using mobility patterns of Barcelona. To carry out this analysis, firstly, an IEEE test system was adapted to a typical distribution grid configuration; secondly, the EV and its battery types were modeled taking into account the current vehicle market and the battery characteristics; and, finally, the recharge control strategies were taken into account. Once these main features were established, a statistical probabilistic model for the household electrical demand and for the EV charging parameters was determined. Finally, with these probabilistic models, the Monte Carlo analysis was performed within the established scenario in order to study the lines' and the transformers' loading levels. The results show that an accurate model for the battery gives a more precise estimation about the impact on the grid. Additionally, mobility patterns have been proved to be some of the most important key aspects for these type of studies.


The fate of the terrestrial biosphere is highly uncertain given recent and projected changes in climate. This is especially acute for impacts associated with changes in drought frequency and intensity on the distribution and timing of water availability. The development of effective adaptation strategies for these emerging threats to food and water security are compromised by limitations in our understanding of how natural and managed ecosystems are responding to changing hydrological and climatological regimes. This information gap is exacerbated by insufficient monitoring capabilities from local to global scales. Here, we describe how evapotranspiration (ET) represents the key variable in linking ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources, and highlight both the outstanding science and applications questions and the actions, especially from a space‐based perspective, necessary to advance them.


Organic polymers - carbon nanotubes nanocomposites are synthesized either by mechanical mixing of the two components or by covalently linking the nanotubes to the matrix. The various procedures will be overviewed and the determining factors will be identified for the best mechanical properties of the composites. On the other hand, it will be shown that for highest electrical conductivity much smaller amounts of carbon nanotubes are needed if the nanotubes can be aligned. The thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites will also be overviewed. Finally, together with nanoclay particles, nanotubes are inducing remarkable flame retardant properties in the nanocomposites materials.


From the leading foundation for AIDS research, a comprehensive guide to help readers understand the complexities of HIV/AIDS and provide the latest information on combination therapy. The AmFAR AIDS Handbook picks up where other books on AIDS leave off. It is the book you will turn to for a greater understanding of this disease, its causes and effects, and what new treatment options are being developed. How is HIV transmitted? When should antiviral treatment begin? Should treatment ever be stopped? How do protease inhibitors work? How does the disease differ in men, women, and children? This guide incorporates the latest research findings-including those on combination drug therapy-and answers all your questions in language comprehensible to nonscientists. AmFAR (American Foundation for AIDS Research) is the leading nonprofit organization dedicated to the support of laboratory and clinical research on AIDS, AIDS prevention, and advocacy for sound AIDS-related public policy. It has given out over $140 million to more than 1700 research teams. Elizabeth Taylor is the founding national chairman and Dr. Mathilde Krim is the founding co-chair and chairman of the board.


Weeding is often an emotionally charged topic for both librarians and faculty. However, a print collection needs weeding in order to be stronger and more relevant. Despite the merits of deselection, the prospect of discarding books often makes the campus community nervous, concerned, and defensive. At California State University, Fullerton's (CSUF) Pollak Library, librarians were preparing for a large-scale monograph weeding project. The library faculty and administration grappled with how to productively and efficiently involve the large CSUF teaching faculty in the weeding process, knowing that many in the campus community were very concerned about the project. Staff from the library systems department were tasked with developing an innovative web-based tool that would enable faculty to easily provide feedback on deselection candidates on a title-by-title basis. The initial pilot, in which 1700 titles slated for deselection were loaded into the interface for faculty feedback, resulted in faculty requesting that nearly every title be retained in the collection. A second load of over 30,000 titles had very different results. This paper discusses CSUF's weeding process, the creation of the deselection tool, and the design of the user interface. It also analyzes the results of faculty feedback entered via the weeding interface, comparing results from the initial pilot to the larger, ongoing project.


A discrete event model was used to examine the effect of machine downtime and operating policy on the long-run average cost of an automotive stamping line. Operating policy refers to the selection of a target batch size and the circumstances under which a line stoppage will lead to the current batch being abandoned. It is assumed that the abandon/resume decision is based solely on the severity of the problem (i.e., repair cost) and the fraction of the batch completed. A method of identifying low-cost operating policies is presented using data obtained from a real stamping plant. It is found that, within a single part framework, this approach results in significantly lower average costs than are currently achieved. It is also demonstrated that by varying the model parameters it is possible to measure the potential benefits arising from process modifications (e.g., decreased die-set times). This can be used to identify the areas where improvements will have the greatest impact on cost and is particularly useful when assessing the expected return on a potential investment. A multiple-part extension to the model is suggested and the potential benefits discussed.


Low pressure cold spraying is an attractive technique for onsite metal coating fabrication due to its compactness and portability. However, the bonding strength of the coating prepared by low pressure cold spraying is generally low, which restricts the further applications in engineering and industrial fields. To improve the bonding strength, pre-treatment on substrate surface can be an effective procedure. In this study, a low-temperature plasma treatment was applied to a pretreatment technique, and the effect of the treatment on particle bonding was compared with that of a laser treatment. Copper coatings on aluminum and copper substrates were selected and studied as basic metal materials. The SEM observation results show that the particle adhesion rate significantly increases by the laser and plasma treatments, due to the removal of the native oxide films on the substrates. The particle bonding on the plasma-treated substrate reveals better interfacial adhesion with less gap compared with the laser-treated one. The pre-treatment by low-temperature plasma can be an attractive technique to assist the cold spraying process due to the oxide removal ability and no thermal effect which can apply a wide range of materials.


Abstract The isolated population of Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) in Perth, Western Australia, was founded by fewer than 10 birds introduced in the early 1960s. I recorded vocalisations of individuals in Perth, and from >2000 km away, at one site in South Australia and one in Victoria, to determine if the Perth population showed evidence of a founder effect in three common types of vocal signals. I measured spectral features of the calls of each recorded bird. Linear discriminant analysis indicated the three population samples differed significantly for all three call-types but there was no consistent trend suggesting the Perth birds retained evidence of a founder effect in these calls. Calls of Perth birds were not more simplified or more homogeneous in their acoustic traits. Although it is possible that there are founder effects for total vocal repertoires, which was not assessed here, there was no evidence for a founder effect in these most conspicuous vocalisations.


Introduction A vast amount of literature examines the legal, ethical and social issues involved in the collection and use of blood and other biological samples for research purposes. For example, a recent study analyzed nearly 600 papers on consent and biobank research. (1) Some literatuAre focuses on the prospective collection of blood or other biological materials for the purpose of creating biobanks as a resource for biomedical research. Other literature addresses the secondary research use of stored samples that were initially collected for clinical purposes. In contrast with the wealth of literature addressing these topics, comparatively little has been written about the research use of blood that is collected by blood service agencies to meet blood supply needs in the health care system. Public communication intended to motivate people to donate blood emphasizes the use of blood as a precious resource to sustain and save lives. Yet, blood that is collected primarily for medical care purposes may also be stored and used for research. Some recent literature underscores the potential benefits of creating and using repositories of donated blood for research purposes. In an editorial in Transfusion, Allain and Busch argue "we feel strongly that research repositories are key to advancing the field [of transfusion medicine] and should be established and maintained." (2) They also suggest that such repositories can support broader research inquiries beyond those directly related to transfusion medicine, that "repository samples need to be made widely available to the scientific community" and should be linked with other biobanking initiatives. (3) Other researchers discuss opportunities for using blood donation repositories as a resource for genetic studies. (4) Another scholar cautions, however, that broader research use of blood collected by blood banks raises questions about linking "the ethic of donation with the goal of medical research." (5)Indeed, in any efforts to expand research uses of blood collected by blood service agencies, it is critically important not to undermine the trust that donors have in these organizations. And while Allain and Busch advocate for wide research access to biorepositories of donated blood, they also acknowledge that "to make these resources powerful research tools it is important to address ethical and/or informed consent considerations when the specimens are collected to allow for their future use...." (6) This article explores issues concerning the research use of blood donated to blood banking organizations. It begins with an overview of practices of these organizations in retaining samples and creating biorepositories. Next, the article examines donors' knowledge of and attitudes toward use of donated blood in research. Available research shows that donors express trust in blood banks to make appropriate choices for how donated blood is used, however donors may give little thought to research use and focus, instead, on use for medical care purposes. Whatever their level of awareness about research uses, donors maintain a privacy interest in retained samples. The article discusses relevant privacy aspects, then turns to a discussion of consent challenges and options. Blood service organizations that wish to store, use and share donated samples for research should ensure that consent for research is addressed in a manner than sustains the trust relationship between blood bank and donor. The concluding section of the article suggests several areas for further research to inform policy options for consent to research use of donated blood. Blood Service Organizations and Retention and Use of Stored Samples A survey of practices among blood service agencies in more than 15 countries found that most store samples for some period, ranging from several days to indefinite storage. A distinction is noted between "donation specimens retained primarily for [the blood agency's] operational purposes" and "collections of donor and/or recipient biospecimens that are made available to the research community. …


Drought indices have been extensively used by the hydrological research community for understanding drought risks to water resources systems. In a humid climate, such as in England, most agricultural production is rainfed and dependent on summer rainfall, but knowledge of drought risks in terms of their occurrence and potential agronomic impacts on crop productivity remains limited. This paper evaluated the utility of integrating data from three well-established drought indices, including the standardised precipitation index (SPI), standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), with simulated yield outputs from a biophysical crop model for potato, a drought-sensitive and high-value crop. The relationships between drought onset and yield response were statistically evaluated. The SPEI-3 drought indicator was found to be most suited to monitoring water availability and hence drought conditions for both rainfed and irrigated production. 'Heat maps' were produced to illustrate the strength of the correlation between the modelled SUBSTOR-Potato yields and SPEI for different aggregation periods and monthly lags. Finally, the outputs were used to assess alternative ways in which decision-making could be improved regarding adaptation strategies to reduce agricultural system vulnerability to future drought events.


OBJECTIVE
Uterine rupture is a preventable condition which has persistently remained in our environment. The aim of this study therefore is to ascertain the incidence of uterine rupture, examine the predisposing factors and maternal and fetal outcome of patients managed of uterine rupture in a tertiary hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This descriptive case series was conducted at the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe, University Teaching Hospital Nnewi from March 2004 to February 2009.

RESULTS
The incidence of uterine rupture was 6.2 per 1000 deliveries. The commonest age range of occurrence was 30-34 years. Uterine rupture occurred predominantly among women of low parity. Previous caesarean section with concurrent use of oxytocics was the commonest risk factor documented.The maternal and perinatal mortality ratio was 94 per 100,000 deliveries and 6 per 1000 births respectively. Surgery was the main stay of treatment and the commonest procedure carried out was uterine repair only.

CONCLUSION
Rupture of the gravid uterus is still a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in our environment. The causes are commonly preventable. The provision of maternal care by skilled personnel, proper antenatal care, update training programmes for health care providers and appropriate legislation on maternal care will significantly reduce the incidence of uterine rupture and improve its prognosis.


From the Publisher:
The new media industry needs the producer who manages, the director with creative vision, and the writer who documents the development process. This comprehensive book is a practical, skills-oriented book for the producer, director, and writer of multimedia. It provides readers with a sound grounding in the concepts of interactive design, and then takes them through the step-by-step process of developing the multimedia product. Written with a professional orientation, this book teaches readers how to create multimedia faster, better, and less expensively. It also can act as a procedure manual for the reader's company. Topics include: Interactive, non-linear, multimedia design; the development process; games and educational products. For any multimedia professional, in particular CD-ROM developers and publishers.


The use of a dictionary to solve vocabulary problems during reading has lately become the centre of much interest. In 1998, CITO drew up new guidelines for the modern foreign languages taught at HAVO ('higher secondary general education') and VWO ('Pre-university education') which allowed the use of a dictionary during the final exams in reading comprehension.A next point of discussion is whether MAVO ('lower secondary general education') pupils should also be allowed to use a dictionary during final exams. The present study is an answer to this question and aims to find out if allowing the use of a dictionary during final exams in reading comprehension is indeed in the best interest of MAVO pupils.The literature section deals with vocabulary knowledge and dictionary use in relation to reading comprehension. In this section, the importance of a large vocabulary, the ability to use the context to guess the meanings of unfamiliar words and knowing how to use a dictionary most effectively are emphasised as being inextricably linked with each other and with reading comprehension.Furthermore, an experiment was conducted aimed at determining whether MAVO pupils would in any way benefit from using a dictionary during an English reading comprehension test. Results show that the use of a dictionary does not significandy affect reading comprehension scores and therefore does not result in improved reading comprehension.The reason for this the absence of this effect most likely lies in the absence of a large vocabulary, the inability to guess and the inexperience with dictionary use. Unless the teaching programme deals with these important prerequisites to reading comprehension, there is not much sense in allowing MAVO pupils to use the dictionary, since it does not lead to improved reading comprehension.


Abstract The aim of this article is to compare 2008-2010 recession magnitudes in individual EU countries. For the comparison the recession magnitude scale was used. The strongest recession during the examined period took place in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Greece and Ireland, while the weakest recessions in the EU occurred in France, Malta and Cyprus. Poland and Slovakia were the only two EU countries that didn't fall into a recession, that's why they were not included in the study. The main findings of the paper are that EU19's recession was much smaller than both the Great Depression of the 1930s and the recent Great Recession in the USA. Furthermore, with the use of a linear econometric model it was found that recession magnitudes in EU countries were directly proportional to the countries' GDP per capita in 2008 and growth prior to recessions, while countries' economic openness was indirectly proportional to recession magnitudes, all the relationships being statistically significant.


The study was focused on optimal condition (pH, dosage and contact time), kinetic, and adsorption isotherm of dye removal from textile dyeing industrial wastewater by rice husk and water hyacinth as adsorbents. The results revealed that the maximum dye removals in both of rice husk and water hyacinth were occurred at initial pH 2.0 with the percentages of 95% and 93%, respectively. Optimal dosages of rice husk (50 g/L) and water hyacinth (10 g/L) were suitable contact time interval for adsorption equilibrium at 360 min. The kinetics followed a pseudo second-order. Correlation coefficient (R2) of rice husk adsorbent used in both Langmuir's equation isotherm and Freundlich's equation isotherm (0.9946, 0.9445) were higher than R2 of water hyacinth adsorbent (0.8043, 0.8109). Rice husk was the best adsorbent followed Langmuir's equation isotherm and adsorption mechanism was a chemisorption. Moreover, the characteristics of textile dyeing industrial wastewater using rice husk adsorbent were decreased from 178 to 85 mg/L (TSS), 1,883 to 1,430 mg/L (TDS), 95 to 48 mg/L (BOD) and 445 to 292 mg/L (COD), respectively. Hence, rice husk and water hyacinth could be applied for dye removal in wastewater treatment.


The article critiques pregnancy policies in the education systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Policies discussed are divided into expulsion, re-entry and continuation policies. Arguing from the standpoint of theories of oppression, it is postulated that expulsion policies symbolise direct violence against girls who become pregnant and are more common in those countries with poor human rights records. Continuation and re-entry policies are prevalent in countries that have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention on the Rights of Children. It is argued that re-entry policies also violate girl mothers' right to education through a retreat ideology that requires temporary withdrawal of the pregnant girl from school. Moreover, gender inequalities are built into the policies and supported by traditional and institutional ideologies that make re-entry of the girl mother into the school difficult. The Botswana re-entry policy is reviewed to illustrate difficulties in the readmission of girl mothers to school.


To test whether acute denervation alters the vascular effects of dopamine and dobutamine, we anesthetized 16 greyhounds and placed them on total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Eight dogs received total spinal anesthesia before drug testing; eight dogs were tested in the absence of total spinal anesthesia. During dopamine and dobutamine infusions, venous capacitance [determined by the volume of the CPB venous reservoir (VR)] and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored. The CPB pump flows remained constant throughout our studies. Every dog received six increasing doses of both drugs. In the absence of total spinal anesthesia, both dopamine and dobutamine increased VR (decreased venous capacitance) in a dose-dependent manner. Do but amine decreased MAP in a dose-related fashion but do pa mine had no significant effect on MAP. After total spinal anesthesia, both dopamine and do but amine produced greater dose-related increases in VR (i.e., decreases in venous capacitance) than in the absence of spinal anesthesia. Dopamine increased MAP but dobutamine had no significant effect. These data demonstrate how dopamine and dobutamine differ in their effects on the arterial circulation in the presence or absence of spinal anesthesia. The acute denervation of spinal anesthesia altered venous and arterial dose-response relationships of both drugs. Finally, our study demonstrates the effectiveness of dobutamine and, perhaps even more so, dopamine as possible alternatives to ephedrine for the pharmacologie correction of the non cardiac circulatory se quelae of spinal anesthesia.


In gradient-index glass the variation of glass composition can also cause a variation in the thermal properties across the gradient region. The difference in thermal expansion and dn/dT across the gradient-index region has been modeled. Several examples illustrate how the models can be utilized to select gradient-index glass compositions that will have constant thermal properties within the gradient region. Experimental measurement of the variations of αL and dn/dT in gradient-index glass is presented in a separate paper.


Received: October 06, 2018 Accepted: October 27, 2018 Published: November 30, 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 4 DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2018.1.4.7 This article discusses Dickens's characterisation of children with the aim of showing whether the rhetoric he uses for that purpose is empty or not. This is carried out through an analysis of Oliver Twist, his first eponymous novel with a child hero featuring the unhappy parish children. This unhappy childhood, caught up in the Victorian workhouse system brought about by the Industrial Revolution, could not leave Dickens cold. On the contrary, that provoked strong reactions through his career both as a public orator and prose writer. The question that goes with this topic being not asked rhetorically, it is noteworthy that as a public orator and prose writer, Dickens inescapably relied on rhetorical devices to characterise those children. The experience of such a childhood by Dickens himself drove him to its recreation through a hyperbolic language and style as pinpointed in the development of this study. Indeed, to achieve its objective as regards the shallowness or depth of Dickens's characterisation of children, this analysis is based on the historical and formalistic approaches, thereby resulting in the assessment of Dickens as a writer of solid rhetoric. The analysis is divided into two parts: Dickens's recreation of childhood experiences, and Dickens's hyperbolic portrayal of children. The first part is thus devoted to the link between the recreation of the author's own childhood and of his characters; the second, to the rhetorical devices the author uses to portray his child characters. If in the first part the emphasis is laid on the biographical background of Little Oliver, in the second, it is on the conception of hyperbole, which is the apple of discord between this analysis and the previous ones. KEYWORDS


The literature on optimal income taxation has operated on the assumption that wage rates are generated exogenously by innate ability and therefore do not respond to behavior and taxation. This is in stark contrast to a large empirical literature documenting a strong effect of work effort on future wage rates. Considering a two-period Mirrlees model where work effort as young affects the wage rate as old, we provide analytical characterizations and numerical simulations of optimal nonlinear tax schedules that depend on per-period earnings and potentially on age. We show that career effects of work effort have important implications for the optimal tax schedule in both the age-independent and age-dependent cases. In the age-independent case, the presence of career effects make marginal tax rate schedules less progressive than in standard models with exogenous wage rates. In the age-dependent case, career effects create a strong argument for lower taxes on the old, opposite the recommendation in the recent literature on age-dependent taxation. This result is driven by a combination of career incentive effects and the fact that increasing earnings over the career path for each ability level imply a negative correlation between age and innate ability, conditional on earnings, creating an equity argument for lower income taxes on the old.


I have been through eight different agriculture teachers during my time at Nelson County High School and they have all impacted me in various ways. This was a quote from Nolan Miles, 201 120 1 2 State FFA Treasurer, during the advisor appreciation luncheon at the Kentucky State FFA Convention. My co-workers and I looked at each other. Had it really been eight different people? I never realized until that moment how much teacher turnover had transpired over the last four years. Through all of its changes the Nelson County agriculture program has remained successful. What was the constant factor that ensured that success? The answer resides not in people, because people come and go, or events because they too evolve over the years. The secret of success for the agriculture program was traditions that have prevailed through time. Traditions of leadership, service, diversity, and community involvement all culminated together to create a strong program and various events were utilized as vessels to exhibit these core traditions.Tradition of LeadershipOne of the key traditions of the Nelson County program, and other programs all across the nation, is a tradition of leadership. A student lead executive team is an essential part of this tradition. As advisors we are asked to advise from time to time as the need arises not overshadow the students. The committees are responsible for developing the ideas, planning the events, and carrying them out to completion. One event that truly achieves a tradition of leadership is the Freshmen Leadership Conference (FLC). In 2002 the executive team saw a need for freshmen in leadership roles. How could they get them more involved and instill in them the leadership qualities necessary to run a successful chapter? Through this brainstorming session, FLC was born. An overnight conference that included workshops put on by the executive team, vespers from the chapter officers, and fellowship with other freshmen was created. Over time state officers became involved and attended to serve as role models. Other chapters across the state developed their own FLC programs. This event has become a true means to accomplishing the tradition of leadership. Even before FLC began the Nelson County agriculture program was practicing the tradition of leadership. During the parent member banquet this spring the class of 1949, who founded the Nelson County chapter, was honored. A gentlemen from this class shared with the audience what he had gained from his high school agriculture experience. He said that because someone saw potential in him, gave him a task, and trusted him to follow it to completion he was able to use those skills to be successful for the remainder of his life. Letting go and handing the students the reins is a way to ensure you are practicing true leadership and will preserve the program long after the current teachers are gone.Tradition of ServiceService is one of the most vital parts of any organization. Giving back to the school and community at large is a task that many chapters would consider a fundamental tradition. The National FFA supports this cause with the million hour challenge that logged chapter's community service hours (National FFA, 2012). The Kentucky State Association recently implemented a day of service at the State Convention to help cultivate the tradition of service. Over time the events to provide service have changed at Nelson County, but the one thing that remains is contributing something valuable to the school or community. This past year a new event for our chapter was instituted called extreme yard makeover. Families across the county are in need of assistance in taking care of their property due to disability or old age. Simple tasks such as stacking fire wood for the winter, trimming trees and bushes, and cleaning up yard debris are invaluable to a family in need. Instilling in students the desire to help others around them is priceless and will make them better citizens. …


Hasandağ and Erciyes stratovolcanoes, which are the two important stratovolcanoes in Central Anatolia, erupted volcanic products with both calc-alkaline and alkaline compositions, although the calc-alkaline activity is more widespread. There are three stages of geochemical evolution in the history of the Hasandağ stratovolcanic complex: (1) Keçikalesi tholeiitic volcanism, (2) Hasandağ calc-alkaline volcanism, and (3) Hasandağ alkaline volcanism. The geochemical evolution of Erciyes volcanic complex also exhibits three distinct evolutionary stages: (1) Koçdağ alkaline volcanism, (2) Koçdağ calc-alkaline volcanism and (3) Erciyes calcalkaline volcanism. The volcanic rocks from both suites show enrichments in LREE relative to HREE. The rocks as a whole show enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) in N-MORB normalized multielement diagrams, although the thoeliitic and alkaline rocks have less pronounced effects of HFSE/LILE fractionation comparing to the calc-alkaline rocks. Theoretical fractionation models obtained using the whole-rock trace element data indicate two distinct fractionation trends for the Hasandağ volcanism: amphibole and plagioclase fractionation for the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline rocks and plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole fractionation for the alkaline rocks. The alkaline and calc-alkaline rocks of Erciyes volcanism, on the other hand, indicate similar fractionation trends that can be explained by plagioclase and amphibole fractionation. AFC modelling indicate that the effect of crustal contamination on parental melt compositions is less pronounced in the Erciyes volcanic rocks compared to the Hasandağ volcanic rocks. Theoretical melting trends obtained using the non-modal batch melting model indicate degree of melting between 8–9% for the Keçikalesi tholeiitic rocks, 4–5% for the Hasandağ alkaline rocks and 3–8% for the Koçdağ alkaline rocks. The modeling also shows that the Central Anatolian volcanic rocks were originated by variable degree melting of a mantle source with garnet+spinel lherzolite composition, although the effect of residual garnet in the source is more pronounced for the Hasandağ alkaline rocks. Geochemical modeling indicates that Central Anatolian volcanic rocks are likely to have originated by partial melting of a metasomatised lithospheric mantle. Delamination of TBL (termal boundary layer) may be considered as a potential mechanism that may cause thermal perturbation melting of continental lithospheric mantle. The distribution of volcanic centres along the regionscale strike-slip fault systems may also indicate additional effects of strike-slip faulting on melt production and eruption.


Introduction: Science has proven the importance of early childhood development. In Chile, infants and pre-school children undergo serial standardized screening tests, aiming for early detection and intervention of developmental delays. Objective: to identify risk factors (RF) for developmental delay in pre-school children who belong to a Family Health Center serving a low-income urban/rural community, in the Metropolitan Region (North Area) of Santiago. Method: Retrospective review of 159 healthy pre-school children files (including personal and family charts), who had their TEPSI development screening test at 4 years-old, according to the program during 2003. The study group (SG) included all children with developmental deficits, and the control group (CG) was obtained from sequential selection of charts from children with normal test performed during the last trimester of 2003. Results: In 2003, 541 of 610 children under control at the Family Health Center had the TEPSI test due at age 4. SG included 76 children with developmental delay (abnormal test); CG included 83 children with normal development. 23% of the CG had some abnormal sub-test (usually involving language). RF for developmental deficit: male sex (p0.0006), poorer families (p0.0018), Family Health Center registration after 12 month of age (p 0.0075), not attending pre-school education (p 0.0075), suspected developmental deficit in previous evaluations (p 0.0013) and illiterate mother (p 0.018). Conclusions: In a low-income population, preventive actions including health promotion and education play a protective role on infant development. To know the risk factors for developmental disability helps to identify those children who require a more intensive intervention, in order to promote the expression of their potential.


Abstract

This thesis provides an analytical account of a qualitative research study into the experience of eight newly qualified children's nurses during their transition into children's community nursing teams in the North West of England.
The study took place at a time when the recruitment of newly qualified children's nurses into U.K. children's community nursing teams was not only a new professional endeavour, but one that met with some resistance due to the prevailing attitude that the community was an inappropriate first post destination for them. The transition experience of their contemporaries, whose first post was within hospital based services, has been well researched. Indeed the resulting notion of "reality shock" led to major changes in clinical practice. However, little research attention has been paid to the experiences of transition of those who take up first posts in the community.

The findings indicate that there were factors that both facilitated and hindered the development of their professional identity as children's community nurses. Of significance is that the participants did not report the shock like reactions described by their contemporaries in acute hospital based settings. They described an ideal transition experience as one which included a period of lengthy and consistent support, the allocation of contrived workloads and continued support during independent visits. However, this ideal experience of transition was often disrupted through circumstances such as perceptions of being undervalued, lack of colleagues' acknowledgement of the value of their undergraduate learning experiences and the allocation of complex cases requiring skills and knowledge beyond their competence level.

The notion of an ideal experience of transition which accommodates individual differences during transition as described in this thesis offers a pragmatic solution to other children's community nursing teams seeking to ease the transition experience of newly qualified children's nurses. It also challenges the assumption that they are an inappropriate first post destination for newly qualified children's nurses.


A subpolar front (SPF) generated between the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) and the North Korea Cold Current (NKCC) in the western margin of the East/Japan Sea has shifted northward in recent decades. This study investigated the biomass and composition of the phytoplankton assemblage in relation to hydrological and biogeochemical features in the shallow shelf and slope off the Korean coast from January to June in 2016 and 2017, to determine the mechanistic effects of SPF on spring–summer phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Monthly average depth-integrated chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels and the contribution of phytoplankton classes revealed bimodal diatom blooms in early spring and summer in the frontal zone. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the distribution of high Chl a was associated with cold, low-salinity NKCC water in March 2016. No Chl a peak was observed in March 2017 when the warm saline EKWC water mass invaded. These results suggest that the NKCC intrusion acts as a forcing mechanism leading to enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the frontal zone. In contrast, positive correlations of Chl a concentration with water density and nutrient concentrations suggest that summer blooms were fed by the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) driven by shoaling of the pycnocline and nitracline. Varying water-column stratification determined the thickness of the SCM layer, driving year-to-year variability in the magnitude of diatom blooms. These findings further suggest that seasonal/interannual variability in the timing of algal blooms affects regional trophodynamics and hence could be an important factor in explaining ecosystem changes in this region.


BACKGROUND
The migration of foreign workers from developing regions to developed countries may potentially lead to transmission of intestinal parasitic infections. In order to determine the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections and the health status of foreign workers, 302 Thai laborers brought to Taiwan were examined in this study. Nine species of parasites were found in 64.9% of laborers; Opisthorchis viverrini, hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, Fasciolopsis buski, Taenia sp, Echinostoma sp, Entamoeba coli.

METHODS
From June 1992 to December 1993, a total of 302 Thai laborers, participating in the mandatory entry health examination at Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Lin-Kou Medical Center were interviewed and examined. These subjects underwent a physical examination, chest roentgenography, and serological tests for human immunodeficiency virus antibody, syphilis (VDRL), and hepatitis B surface antigen.

RESULTS
Among the 302 Thai laborers examined, 196 (64.9%) were found to be infected with 1 to 5 species of parasites. All 193 infected Thai laborers were treated in Taiwan. Two or 3 courses of pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, praziquantel, and metronidazole were administered to 119, 45, 24, and 5 infected patients respectively. After 1 week of treatment, all results of stool examinations were negative.

CONCLUSION
Acquisition of infection has been determined to be related to the consumption of koipla, a dish prepared from uncooked freshwater fish. Not unexpectedly, in the present study, it was found that this species was the most important intestinal parasite among Thai laborers and was significantly associated with the consumption of koipla.


Well testing is a critical part of any evaluation of a carbonate reservoir discovery. Well-test interpretation in carbonate reservoirs poses additional challenges to those normally faced in the interpretation process in clastic reservoirs. The range of different boundary and crossflow relationships that are generated during well testing by the complex porosity systems are often poorly quantified and understood. The volume over which the pressure response is effective is also a source of great uncertainty and could be critical at the exploration/appraisal stage in any project. In this paper, which describes a generic modelling approach, we consider carbonate reservoirs which contain three pore sytems (or porosity types): (1) microporosity (end-member) with low permeability and high porosity; (2) macroporosity (end-member) with high permeability and high porosity; and (3) fracture porosity with high permeability and low porosity. These occur in various nested geometrical distributions and varying contrasts. The observed well-test responses (i.e. fracture flow, fracture–matrix interactions) tend to 'obscure' one of these systems when compared with theoretical models. Micro- (meso-) and macroporosity can merge into a single matrix porosity system where the permeability contrasts are not great and the correlation lengths short (which can often be the case in carbonates). Macroporosity can also appear in well testing to 'merge' with the fracture response, i.e. the contributions of flow in the fractures and (high-permeability) porous matrix are indistinguishable. As a result of the homogenizing attributes of pressure dissipation away from the well, it is not generally possible to see the effects of a 'triple-porosity' response (i.e. where three different pore systems have a separate and identifiable signature on the well-test response) and a classical double-porosity response in the well test, despite three different pore systems being present, is possible. The apparent double-porosity response, which might obscure a triple-porosity system, therefore needs careful interpretation in order to attribute the appropriate properties during reservoir characterization in carbonates. In this work we use 'geological' well testing (i.e. well testing through numerical simulation of hypothetical geological models) to systematically analyse the effects of microporosity, macroporosity and fracture porosity on pressure dissipation and their apparent homogenization. While recent studies have proposed that a triple-porosity system should result in a 'W-shaped' response, we do not observe this behaviour in our simulations, although we specifically designed our geological models with a triple-porosity system. Instead we observe how macroporosity merges with the fractures or micro- and macroporosity merge, creating a 'sub-dominant' matrix or a 'dominant' fracture system, respectively and follow a traditional 'V-shaped' double-porosity response.


For small open economies economic diplomacy is an important determinant of trade intensity, foreign direct investments and economic development, but comes at non-negligible costs. It is therefore important to evaluate the social welfare effects of economic diplomacy. The authors present a social cost benefit analysis of Dutch economic missions (head of state and ministerial levels) estimating its annual net present value at over €100 million. Central in their analysis is the welfare notion that extra exports only increase welfare to the extent that exporting companies are, on average, more productive than non-exporters. The economic benefits of economic missions are more difficult to quantify than the costs. Suggested avenues for further research include the quantification of the impact of missions on exports and foreign direct investment, and the productivity premium of exporters and the learning effect, especially for new exporters that require government support.


Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) residue is fragile and does not provide a lot of ground cover. Legumes intercropped in sunflower could increase soil cover, reduce soil erosion, and add nitrogen and organic matter to the soil. Field studies were designed to evaluate the effect of different sowing dates of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), yellow-flowered sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), snail medic [Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill.], and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) intercropped in dwarf and standard-height oilseed sunflower on agronomic traits of sunflower. Legumes were sown the same time as sunflower and at the V4 and V10 sunflower growth stages. Studies were conducted at Carrington (1992 and 1993) and Prosper (1992, 1993, and 1994), North Dakota. Sunflower oil content was not influenced by intercropped legumes. When sown at the same time as sunflower, all legumes, except black lentil, reduced sunflower seed yield. Black lentil produced 1385 kg ha -1 dry matter. Compared with the control, sunflower achenes per head, and head diameter were reduced by legumes sown at the same time as sunflower. Sunflower yield, head diameter, achenes per head, and 1000-achene weight were not significantly lower when legumes were sown at the V4 or V10 sunflower growth stages. Hairy vetch is recommended for intercropping at V4 and V10 sunflower growth stages because it did not reduce sunflower yield and on average produced 1593 and 831 kg ha -1 dry matter. At the drier environment, Carrington 1992, biomass produced by the legumes was low when legumes were sown at the V4 or V10 sunflower growth stages, with 314 and 57 kg ha -1 , respectively. Sweetclover could be sown at the V4 growth stage of sunflower to establish it as a cover crop for the subsequent season.


Abstract
 Based on a recent small bryophyte collection from the western escarpment mountains of Yemen in the vicinity of Ibb (Ibb Governorate), 36 mosses are reported, among them 11 new to the bryoflora of the country. Gemmabryum nanoapiculatum (Ochi & Kürschner) Kürschner comb. nov. is collected for the first time since the type collection. Beside some hygrophytic taxa, growing in the vicinty of water pools and runnels, most of the recorded species belong to drought adapted, xerophytic taxa and fit into the expected bryophyte spectrum for the Arabian Peninsula. Together with pantropical and Afromontane species they indicate a common floral history and past and present migration routes.


This thesis investigates the suitability of magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium silicate as possible high-k dielectric materials on both silicon and indium phosphide (InP) surfaces. Given that the emphasis of this study was controlling the semiconductor/high-k interface formation, the principle experimental technique used in these studies was x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), however, additional techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrical characterisation have also been employed. XPS studies have shown that exposure to ambient conditions results in the rapid formation of magnesium hydroxide and carbide species on the surface of MgO thin films. In order to prevent the detrimental affect of ambient exposure MgO/Si MOS devices were fabricated using an optimised metallisation procedure, called the FUSI process. Electrical characterisation of FUSI devices show low (< 1012 cm-2) interfacial state densities, and allowed the dielectric constant of MgO (~10) to be calculated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution synchrotron based XPS have identified the presence of thin (< 1 nm) amorphous magnesium silicate layers at the MgO/Si interface. Studies show no evidence for the formation of SiO2 upon MgO deposition with Mg silicate forming preferentially following MgO deposition onto both H-terminated and oxidised Si surfaces, and also following high temperature annealing. The mechanism by which Si oxide surfaces can be converted into Mg silicate has also been investigated. It has been shown that room temperature deposition of metallic Mg results in the formation of Mg silicide which decomposes during UHV annealing at 300 °C. Subsequent annealing to 500 °C results in the complete conversion of SiO2 to Mg silicate. As Mg silicide growth has been shown to be a vital intermediate step to silicate formation, the growth and stability of Mg silicide thin films on Si has also been investigated. InP studies have focused on the preparation of oxide free, chemically stable surfaces prior to MgO deposition. The effectiveness of different chemical wet etch preparation procedures are compared to that of in-situ atomic hydrogen cleaning based on both the removal of oxide species and the chemical stability of the cleaned surface. The deposition of Si and Mg silicate interfacial control layers (ICL) onto InP has been shown to effectively passivate the InP surface, inhibiting the growth of In and P oxide species upon MgO deposition and subsequent 500 °C annealing.


A simple and operationally practical method to sequester and remove fluoride generated through the SNAr reaction between amines and aryl fluorides is reported. Calcium propionate acts as an inexpensive and environmentally benign in situ scrubber of the hydrofluoric acid byproduct, which is simply precipitated and filtered from the reaction mixture during standard aqueous workup. The method has been tested from 10 to 100 g scale of operation, showing >99.5% decrease in fluoride content in each case. Full mass recovery of calcium fluoride is demonstrated at both scales, proving this to be a general, efficient, and robust method of fluoride abstraction to help prevent corrosion of glass-lined reactors.


This thesis examines the gains to acquiring shareholders in cash-acquisitions which occurred in Thailand in the period between 1992 and 2001. It analyses the impact of stock market valuations at the time the acquisitions occurred and the impact of toehold acquisition strategy on acquirers' post-acquisition performance. The first part reviews the merger and acquisition (M&A) history in the US and Thailand, Thai stock market history and corporate governance. It shows that the merger waves which took place in both countries are positively correlated to economic prosperity. However, after the Asian crisis in 1997, this relationship is reversed for Thailand. Accordingly, the second part empirically investigates the impact of stock market valuations and acquiring shareholders' long-term performance. The findings show that high-valuation acquirers perform significantly less well than low-valuation acquirers. The underperformance is due to an overpayment of acquisition premiums. Two-stage regressions allow us to discover that the acquisition premium is endogenously determined by the acquirer's financial constraint and the target's leverage. The acquirer's financial constraint is found to have a positive relationship with the acquisition premium whereas the target's leverage is found to be negatively related to the acquisition premium. The findings suggested that stock market valuation has a significant impact on acquiring shareholders. Engaging in an acquisition during a high-valuation period destroys shareholders' value in the long-run whereas low-valuation acquisition is considered to be a profitable strategy. In the third part, the role of toeholds1 and their impact on acquirers long-term performance is examined. Simultaneous equations are employed in order to investigate the relationship between the size of the toehold, the stock price run-up2 , the acquisition premium, and the acquirer's long-term performance. Since acquiring a toehold alerts the market to the possibility of a successful takeover and to a target's value, the size of the toehold is found to increase the target's stock price run-up. However, the size of the toehold is not found to have a direct effect on the acquisition premium but indirectly influences the acquisition premium through the stock price run-up. An increase in the stock price run-up is found to positively influence the acquisition premium. Both the stock price run-up and the acquisition premium have significant negative impacts on acquiring shareholders' post-acquisition gains. Therefore, toehold acquisition induces an added cost of acquisition by increasing the target's share price prior to the announcement date and leading to an acquisition premium.


Abstract Background The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD; NCT03036150) trial was designed to assess the effect of the sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin on kidney and cardiovascular events in participants with CKD with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). This analysis reports the baseline characteristics of those recruited, comparing them with those enrolled in other trials. Methods In DAPA-CKD, 4304 participants with a urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥200 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 25 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 were randomized to dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily or placebo. Mean eGFR was 43.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 and median UACR was 949 mg/g (108 mg/mmol). Results Overall, 2906 participants (68%) had a diagnosis of T2D and of these, 396 had CKD ascribed to a cause other than diabetes. The most common causes of CKD after diabetes (n = 2510) were ischaemic/hypertensive nephropathy (n = 687) and chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 695), of which immunoglobulin A nephropathy (n = 270) was the most common. A total of 4174 participants (97%) were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, 1882 (43.7%) diuretics, 229 (5.3%) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and 122 (2.8%) glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. In contrast to the Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE), the DAPA-CKD trial enrolled participants with CKD due to diabetes and to causes other than diabetes. The mean eGFR of participants in the DAPA-CKD trial was 13.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower than in CREDENCE, similar to that in the Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in DKD (FIDELIO-DKD) trial and the Study Of diabetic Nephropathy with AtRasentan (SONAR). Conclusions Participants with a wide range of underlying kidney diseases receiving renin–angiotensin system blocking therapy have been enrolled in the DAPA-CKD trial. The trial will examine the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in participants with CKD Stages 2–4 and increased albuminuria, with and without T2D.


This case study focuses first on Zone One Tondo Organization, the famed ZOTO that rallied thousands of people to its cause of community organization in Tondo, Metro Manila during the mid-1970s. It continues with an analysis of PECCO or Philippine Ecumenical Committee for Community Organization, a harbinger of the gospel of community organizing or CO, reminiscent of liberation theology as well as Alinsky and Marxist ideology. With these focus points, a study on variations of the CO theme leads to the discovery that these variations boil down to two basic molds: one that is strong on autonomy and self-organization, but lost in the larger maze of politics; the other, infused by the dynamics of the national democratic struggle, but weak in the basics of organization. This case study is instructive on the limits and strengths of community organizing and on the various challenges it faces. It seeks to present a fuller and infinitely richer picture of reality, tracing CO's advance on the path of development or liberation.


We have investigated experimentally different operational states of an all-normal-dispersion ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) ring laser with a long cavity. Various operational states were obtained by adjusting a polarization controller (PC) and the pump power. Self-pulsing, bright pulses, dark-bright pulse pairs and their harmonic mode locking (HML) counterparts, as well as dark pulses and their HML counterparts have all been obtained. Numerical simulations reproduce well the formation processes of dark pulses and dark-bright pulse pairs.


Reminiscences of an American Composer and Pianist. By George Walker. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009. [viii, 222 p. ISBN 9780810869400. $40.] Illustrations, discography, bibliography, index. When the library at the Center for Black Music Research (CBMR) started in 1990, one of the earliest donations came from composer George Walker, who sent a collection of his published scores. I have never forgotten this act of generosity from someone who could surely understand and appreciate the goals of the CBMR. Therefore, I approached his autobiography with real interest and curiosity. I wish that I could report that Walker's autobiography reflects the same generosity and good will I encountered in 1990. George Walker is one of the major American composers of the late twentieth century. Born in 1922, he grew up in Washington, D.C., the child of a middle-class black family with Caribbean roots. As a child, he studied piano while attending the segregated schools of Washington and studying as a special student in the junior division at Howard University. He attended Oberlin Conservatory, from which he graduated in 1941 with a degree in piano performance. Subsequent studies at the Curtis Institute led to diplomas in piano performance and composition in 1945. In 1956, he obtained a D.M.A. from the Eastman School of Music. Walker had decided on a career as a concert pianist in a time when there were few African-American pianists on the concert circuit, and he had his share of "firsts," including the first Town Hall recital by a black artist in 1945. He also performed as soloist with several symphony orchestras. He seems to have had a fairly successful career as a concert artist, but when the stresses of a heavy schedule and constant travel threatened his health, he turned to teaching and later to composition, which he had studied at Curtis. He spent 1957-59 studying with Nadia Boulanger at Fontainebleau. He then embarked on an academic career, spending most of it at Rutgers. Walker is the composer of many compositions that are both successful and admired: his piano sonatas are generally studied, and his Lyric for Strings has become a staple of the orchestral repertoire. In 1996 he became the first living black composer to win the Pulitzer Prize, for his piece Lilacs for Voice and Orchestra. Based on a well-known poem by Walt Whitman, Lilacs was commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra for a program honoring Roland Hayes. Walker's music has been the subject of numerous theses and dissertations, including analyses of his Mass, his Concerto for Trombone and Orchestra, and his vocal works, as well as several studies of his piano sonatas. Most of these contain at least rudimentary biographical material, but he has not been the subject of a critical biography or a bio-bibliography, although he certainly deserves one. Walker's standing as a major composer makes his memoir potentially interesting for what it might contain about his music from his own point of view, not to mention the teachers, friends, and colleagues with whom he interacted. The memoir is a concise, if not downright terse, retelling of his life and career, in which he occasionally discusses his music, especially his reasons for writing certain pieces and the particular issues in composition he dealt with in each piece. For example, he decided to write serial music because other composers did not seem to be following the rules: Dodecaphony was acclaimed as the music of the avant-garde. But I was cognizant of the freedom that some composers indulged in while professing to use this technique. I decided to compose a strict serial work for piano. ... I had concluded that the only effective strict use of twelve-tone technique would necessarily be a short work. (p. 103) His piece Spatials is a series of brief variations on a twelve-tone theme. …


Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Third Edition serves as a convenient reference for oncology nurses caring for blood and marrow stem cell transplantation recipients. The Third Edition has been updated and revised to reflect the most current research related to the past, present, and future of blood and marrow stem cell transplants. This resource covers everything from preparing for transplantation surgery, to recovery-related issues and delayed outcomes. Basic background information on transplantation procedures and processes are provided, along with in-depth coverage of pulmonary, cardiac, renal and hepatic, neurologic, and hematologic effects. A chapter devoted to controversial ethical issues is also provided. Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Third Edition presents complete, up-to-date coverage of the transplantation process from beginning to end.


Purpose: This investigation is based on the theoretical analysis of the application of neural networks to the design and manage supply chains, along with an empirical approach, this investigation its developed with the prediction of the level of integration in the supply chain through neural networks. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology designed and used for the processing of data was the instruction of a neural network wich is used to predict the level of integration in a supply chain. This type of predictive application appears in the literature reviewed on supply chains. This analysis was carried out in a comparative way with the heterogeneous and homogeneous weights of the neuron training. Findings: The main results of this research focus on predicting the level of integration in the supply chain from the neoronal network. This provides a coached neuron that can be applied in other studies and, therefore, predict the outcome. On the other hand, it is shown that if the weights of the integration level variables are not homogeneous, the procedure presents different results depending on the context in which it is developed. Research limitations/implications: Among the limitations of the implementation of neural networks it should be noted, the necessary adaptation to the characteristics of the supply chains and the areas of performance of the business organizations under study, in the framework of activities productive or service itself, in addition to analyzing its corporate purpose in relation to the satisfaction of certain needs of the target markets. Originality/value: The literature shows multiple theoretical sources that refer to studies of neural networks in supply chains, observing the opportunity to apply this technique to predict the level of integration due to its benefits for decision making. The originality of this scientific work lies in the possibility of comparing the historical data of the level of integration and those predicted as a result of the coaching of the neuron with the weights of the heterogeneous and homogeneous variables.


This book describes America's first food as an invented tradition.Barbecue is a word that means different things to different people. It can be a verb or a noun. It can be pulled pork or beef ribs. And, especially in the American South, it can cause intense debate and stir regional pride. Perhaps then, it is no surprise that the roots of this food tradition are often misunderstood.In "Savage Barbecue", Andrew Warnes traces what he calls America's first food through early transatlantic literature and culture. Building on the work of scholar Eric Hobsbawm, Warnes argues that barbecue is an invented tradition, much like Thanksgiving - one long associated with frontier mythologies of ruggedness and relaxation.Starting with Columbus' journals in 1492, Warnes shows how the perception of barbecue evolved from Spanish colonists' first fateful encounter with natives roasting iguanas and fish over fires on the beaches of Cuba. European colonists linked the new food to a savagery they perceived in American Indians, ensnaring barbecue in a growing web of racist attitudes about the New World. Warnes also unearths the etymological origins of the word barbecue, including the early form barbacoa; its coincidental similarity to barbaric reinforced emerging stereotypes.Barbecue, as it arose in early transatlantic culture, had less to do with actual native practices than with a European desire to define those practices as barbaric. Warnes argues that the word barbecue retains an element of violence that can be seen in our culture to this day. "Savage Barbecue" offers an original and highly rigorous perspective on one of America's most popular food traditions.


A general solution, based on the classical buckling criterion, is given for the problem of buckling of low arches under a lateral loading acting toward the center of curvature. For a sinusoidal arch under sinusoidal loading, the critical load can be expressed exactly as a simple function of the beam dimension parameters. For other arch shapes and load distributions, approximate values of the critical load can be obtained by summing a few terms of a rapidly converging Fourier series. The effects of initial end thrust and axial and lateral elastic support are discussed. The buckling load based on energy criterion of Karman and Tsien is also calculated. Results for both the classical and the energy criteria are compared with experimental results.


The latest wearable technologies demand more intuitive and sophisticated interfaces for communication, sensing, and feedback closer to the body. Evidently, such interfaces require flexibility and conformity without losing their functionality even on rigid surfaces. Although there has been various research efforts in creating tactile feedback to improve various haptic interfaces and master-slave manipulators, we are yet to see a comprehensive device that can both supply vibratory actuation and tactile sensing. This paper describes a soft pneumatic actuator (SPA) based, SPA-skin prototype that allows bidirectional tactile information transfer to facilitate simpler and responsive wearable interface. We describe the design and fabrication of a 1.4 mm-thick vibratory SPA - skin that is integrated with piezoelectric sensors. We examine in detail the mechanical performance compared to the SPA model and the sensitivity of the sensors for the application in vibrotactile feedback. Experimental findings show that this ultra-thin SPA and the unique integration process of the discrete lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based piezoelectric sensors achieve high resolution of soft contact sensing as well as accurate control on vibrotactile feedback by closing the control loop.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to evaluate the balling phenomenon which occurs typically in Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).

BACKGROUND DATA
The balling phenomenon is a typical SLS defect, and observed in laser sintered powder, significantly reduces the quality of SLS, and hinders the further development of SLS Technology.

METHODS
Electronic database searches were performed using Google Scholar. The keywords "laser sintering, selective laser sintering, direct metal laser melting, and balling phenomenon" were searched in title/abstract of publications, limited to December 31, 2016. The inclusion criteria were SLS, balling phenomenon, some alloys (such as Cr-Co, iron, stainless steel, and Cu-based alloys) mechanical properties, microstructure and bond strength between metal-ceramic crown, laboratory studies, full text, and in English language.

RESULTS
A total of 100 articles were found the initial search and yielded a total of 50 studies, 30 of which did not fulfill the inclusion criteria and were therefore excluded. In addition, 20 studies were found by screening the reference list of all included publications. Finally, 40 studies were selected for this review.

CONCLUSIONS
The method in question is regulated by powder material characteristics and the conditions of laser processing. The procedure of formation, affecting factors, and the mechanism of the balling effect are very complex.


Genetically, porcine LH is the closest commercially available gonadotropin analog to tiger LH (93% homologous); however, its use may lead to possible autoimmune reactions, lessening ovarian responses in stimulated tigresses over time (Crichton et al. 2005 Biol. Reprod. 68, 105–113). To overcome this problem for use in assisted reproduction, we produced recombinant tiger LH (tLH), and tested the bioactivity of several tLH constructs using heterologous (rat) and homologous (cat) Leydig cell assays. To clone tLH, mRNA was isolated from an Amur tiger pituitary by TRIzol extraction (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). DNA was synthesized from the mRNA using reverse transcriptase (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and PCR was performed using tiger-specific primers for glycoprotein hormone α subunit or LH β subunit. The α subunit was cloned into the double-expression vector pIRES (Invitrogen). The tLH β subunit was cloned into the second site of pIRES and also into the plasmid pGS. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 and human granulosa cell tumor (COV 434) cells were transfected with plasmid DNA by calcium-phosphate precipitation: (1) pIRES containing α and pGS containing LH β, or (2) pIRES containing α and LH β. Cells were grown in selection media (250 µg mL–1 geneticine for pIRES, or 25 µm methionine sulfoximine for pGS). Media was collected and clarified at 1500g for 30 min. An immature rat Leydig cell assay protocol (Bousfield et al. 2001 Biol. Reprod. 64, 136–147) detected biological activity (testosterone production) by RIA. Of 14 tLH constructs created, 1 wild-type construct (LH WTCHO8) had LH activity 3 times greater than any other. A domestic kitten Leydig cell assay was performed in order to assess comparative sensitivities and specificities. Domestic kitten testicles, obtained from a local spay clinic, were disassociated with collagenase (225 U mg–1, Worthington Biochemical, Lakewood, NJ); however, the cells were more difficult to disperse than rat testicles, leading to low Leydig cell yields as determined histologically. Modification of the Leydig cell collagenase protocol for the cat was achieved by increasing the temperature and surface area, and agitating the minced tissue in medium on a stir plate. Samples of the 14 tLH constructs were run in parallel using rat and cat Leydig cell assays. Although rat Leydig cell testosterone concentrations (3.4 ng mL–1) were nearly 10-fold greater, the same trend for the different constructs was found in the cat Leydig cells with the same wild-type construct (LH WTCHO8, 0.37 ng mL–1) having greater LH activity than any other. The lower testosterone concentrations in the cat bioassay may be explained by insufficient Leydig cell numbers, age (sensitivity), damaging effect(s) of collagenase, or felid specificity. Still, these results lend validity to the use of the heterologous rat Leydig cell bioassay for recombinant tiger LH.


This article investigates the story of Aleister Crowley's reception of The Book of the Law in Cairo, Egypt, in 1904, focusing on the question of why it occurred in Egypt. The article contends that Crowley created this foundation narrative, which involved specifically incorporating an Egyptian antiquity from a museum, the 'Stèle of Revealing,' in Egypt because he was working within a conceptual structure that privileged Egypt as a source of Hermetic authority. The article explores Crowley's synthesis of the romantic and scholarly constructions of Egypt, inherited from the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as well as the uses that two prominent members of the Order made of Egyptological collections within museums. The article concludes that these provided Crowley with both a conceptual structure within which to legitimise his reformation of Golden Dawn ritual and cosmology, and a model of how to do so.


This article approaches an issue of corporate governance from the narrow perspective of legal significance of governing function. The discussion was initiated by the inconsistency in regulations of former Lithuanian Law on Corporations and Lithuanian Civil Code concerning the governing bodies of legal entities. The subject – matter of this article is structural analysis of governing function. The objectives of this article were to reveal the main inconsistencies of Lithuanian legal approach towards governing function of legal entities and propose the criteria to analyze them. Whereas this is an interdisciplinary topic, a comparative view of governing function is taken from economic and legal perspectives. From economical analysis of the notion the inference is drawn, that this would be substantially precarious to reduce governing function to the managing body of the legal entity. Contrarily, legal analysis infers, that governing function has to be interpreted narrowly. This article shows that governing function is properly characterized as applying in narrower circumstances than the language of statutory regulations suggests. Specifically, governing function is performed and fiduciary duties arise only when one party delegates open–ended control over her property to another party. Extending governing function beyond this specific situation decreases the effectiveness of owners' governance rights and dilutes true governing bodies' legal and extralegal incentives. The article analyzes how this view operates in a legal form of corporation. Those whom the law classifies as governing bodies must carry on their dealings with beneficiaries at a level high above ordinary commercial standards.


Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) play a significant role for communication whenever infrastructure is not available. In MANET, the group communication-based applications use the multicast routing protocol, where there is a single sender node and a group of receiver nodes. The benefits of multicast routing protocols are the capability to reduce the communication costs and saving the network resources by reproduction of the message over a shared network. The security is the main concern for multicast routing protocol in MANET, as it includes large number of participants. The security issues become more rigorous in a multicast communication due to its high variedness and routing difficulty. In this paper, we consider the internal attack, namely Multicast Announcement Packet Fabrication Attack on PUMA (Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Announcements). We proposed the security approach to detect the attacks as multicast activity-based overhearing technique, i.e., traffic analysis-based detection method with a unique key value. The performance analysis, shows an improved network performance of proposed approach over PUMA.


The discontinuity of motion parallax offered by multi-view displays was assessed by subjective evaluation. A super multi-view head-up display, which provides dense viewing points and has short-, medium-, and long-distance display ranges, was used. The results showed that discontinuity perception depended on the ratio of an image shift between adjacent parallax images to a pixel pitch of three-dimensional (3D) images and the crosstalk between viewing points. When the ratio was less than 0.2 and the crosstalk was small, the discontinuity was not perceived. When the ratio was greater than 1 and the crosstalk was small, the discontinuity was perceived, and the resolution of the 3D images decreased twice. When the crosstalk was large, the discontinuity was not perceived even when the ratio was 1 or 2. However, the resolution decreased two or more times.


Networks of land managed for conservation across different tenures have rapidly increased in number (and popularity) in Australia over the past two decades. These include iconic large-scale initiatives such as Gondwana Link, the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative, Habitat 141°, and the South Australian NatureLinks, as well as other, landscape-scale approaches such as Biosphere Reserves and Conservation Management Networks. Their aims have been multiple: to protect the integrity and resilience of many Australian ecosystems by maintaining and restoring large-scale natural landscapes and ecosystem processes; to lessen the impacts of fragmentation; to increase the connectivity of habitats to provide for species movement and adaptation as climate changes; and to build community support and involvement in conservation.

This book draws out lessons from a variety of established and new connectivity conservation initiatives from around Australia, and is complemented by international examples. Chapters are written by leaders in the field of establishing and operating connectivity networks, as well as key ecological and social scientists and experts in governance.

Linking Australia's Landscapes will be an important reference for policy makers, natural resource managers, scientists, and academics and tertiary students dealing with issues in landscape-scale conservation, ecology, conservation biology, environmental policy, planning and management, social sciences, regional development, governance and ecosystem services.


Phishing, or the attempt of criminals to obtain sensitive information through a variety of techniques, is still a serious problem for IT managers and Internet consumers. With over 57 million Americans exposed to phishing in 2005, a reported 5% of recipients were victimized. Some believe that one percent of all email is phishing-related, and estimates of financial losses vary from 100 million to 1 billion dollars (US) a year (Goth, 2005). Our research examines the properties in a phishing email that may or may not influence the users to give out personal and sensitive information. For this field experiment we use students to test the effect that certain types of content have on the phishing process. The study outcomes suggest that user's do not pay attention to the sender's domain in a phishing email but do respond to personalized messages and messages that demand an immediate response.


When we listen to music we often experience a state that can be described as "˜in the groove'. This state is characterized by the wish or even the urge to move our body to the musical pulse (Janata et al., 2012; Madison, 2006). A previous study showed that high-groove music modulates the excitability of the motor system, whereas no effect of low-groove music was found (Stupacher et al., 2013). But which musical qualities contribute to the feeling of groove? To answer this question, we extracted audio features of 80 song clips with similar instrumentation and correlated them with subjective groove ratings. Song clips and groove ratings of 19 participants were taken from Janata et al. (2012). The following features were extracted with Matlab's MIR toolbox (Lartillot & Toiviainen, 2007): RMS energy, spectral flux, sub-band flux, pulse clarity ("˜MaxAutocor' and "˜Attack'), and event density. Additionally we used the Genesis Loudness toolbox to compute measures of loudness using the loudness model of Glasberg and Moore (2002). Results showed that groove ratings correlated positively (all ps < .01) with following audio features: RMS energy (r = .37), RMS variability (r = .57), pulse clarity "˜attack' (r = .38), spectral flux (r = .34), sub-band flux of band 1 (0-50 Hz, r = .29), and band 2 (50-100 Hz, r = .29). Additionally, groove ratings correlated positively (all ps < .05) with band 3 (100-200 Hz, r = .23), band 5 (400-800 Hz, r = .23), and band 6 (800-1600 Hz, r = .24). The mean loudness of song clips did not affect groove ratings. Since energy in low frequency bands (Burger et al., 2012; Van Dyck et al., 2013), percussiveness (similar to pulse clarity "˜attack'), and spectral flux (Burger et al., 2012) have previously been shown to affect motor movements, our results indicate that the experience of groove is a phenomenon predominantly based on auditory-motor interactions (cf. Janata et al., 2012; Stupacher et al., 2013). References Burger, B., Thompson, M. R., Luck, G., Saarikallio, S., & Toiviainen, P. (2012). Music moves us: Beat related musical features influence regularity of music-induced movement. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference in Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences for Music, Thessaloniki, Greece. Glasberg, B. R., & Moore, B. C. J. (2002). A model of loudness applicable to time-varying sounds. Journal Audio Engineering Society, 50, 331–342. Janata, P., Tomic, S. T., & Haberman, J. M. (2012). Sensorimotor coupling in music and the psychology of the groove. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 141, 54–75. Lartillot, O., & Toiviainen, P. (2007). A matlab toolbox for musical feature extraction from audio. In Proc. of the 10th Int. Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-07), Bordeaux, France. Madison, G. (2006). Experiencing groove induced by music: Consistency and phenomenology. Music Perception, 24, 201–208. Stupacher, J., Hove, M. J., Novembre, G., Schutz-Bosbach, S., & Keller, P. E. (2013). Musical groove modulates motor cortex excitability: a TMS investigation. Brain and Cognition, 82, 127–136. Van Dyck, E., Moelants, D., Demey, M., Deweppe, A., Coussement, P., & Leman, M. (2013). The impact of the bass drum on human dance movement. Music Perception, 30, 349–359.


Cognitive scientists and others who do research on analogical reasoning often claim that the use of precedent in law is an application of reasoning by analogy. In fact, however, law's principle of precedent is quite different. The typical use of analogy, including the use of analogies to earlier decisions in legal argument, involves the selection of an analog from multiple candidates in order to help make the best decision now. But the legal principle of precedent requires that a prior decision be treated as binding, even if the current decision-maker disagrees with that decision. When the identity between a prior decision and the current question is obvious and inescapable, precedent thus imposes a constraint quite different from the effect of a typical argument by analogy. The importance of drawing this distinction is not so much in showing that a common claim in the psychological and cognitive science literature is mistaken, but that the possibility of making decisions under the constraints of binding precedent is itself an important form of decision-making that deserves to be researched in its own right.


Since 2007, urban cities have become the main living environment of humanity, as opposed to rural areas. Thus, with the increase of urban areas, it is appropriate to develop techniques for the orderly and integrated growth of the cities. The concept of Smart City arises in this context. Considering the particular challenges of each city to become a Smart City, it is necessary to select specific indicators to meet these different requirements. This article aims to select the most adequate indicators to measure Vitória's performance as a Smart City. The research began with a literature review in order to understand the state of the art theme and identify the existing assessment tools. After this stage, the European Smart Cities assessment tool was selected and studied to serve as a reference for the selection process of indicators. Afterwards, the indicators were selected based on suitability, clarity and availability criteria, and weights were assigned by their relevance, based on their compliance with the strategic goals of the city. This study suggests the indicators to measure Vitória's performance and reveals the need to improve the tool with the addition of indicators that are more suitable to local needs.


Military success in war was contingent on men sustaining a determination to fight. Persuading men to continue fighting or returning them to combat after illness or injury depended on maintaining their morale. The use of female nurses in upholding this resolve was integral to the war effort. The chapter explores the value of the presence of women in hospital wards and in social environments on active service overseas. It considers the occasional antipathy of military authorities and male colleagues to the location of female nurses in war zones. However, it is argued through the provision of expert clinical care, domestic acumen and the use of their 'female-selves', nurses were able to salvage men in readiness to return to battle. Nursing sisters thus created a space for themselves in frontline duties. However, the chapter argues, this was not without its difficulties. As single, white women in far-flung places, this position situated nurses in a liminal place between the respectable European colonial wife and the 'biohazardous' local women. The chapter acknowledges these difficulties, but also demonstrates how the nurses negotiated their way through these contradictions to their advantage and for those in their care.


AIM To investigate association of circulating inflammatory factors at the time of colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery with survival. METHODS Plasma levels from 174 CRC patients (69 females and 105 men), with median age 70 years (range 29-90), localized in the colon (n = 105) or rectum (n = 69), with stage I (n = 24), stage II (n = 54), stage III (n = 67) and stage IV (n = 29) were measured using commercially available Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine Panel 40-Plex, including 40 different chemokines, cytokines and interleukins. The prognostic association of each inflammatory factor was analysed as CRC-specific and total mortality. RESULTS Out of 174 patients, 66 died during the follow-up, 40 because of CRC specific mortality. High tertile levels of 8 factors were significantly associated with increased CRC-specific mortality, of which CCL1, CCL20, CCL24, CX3CL1, IL-4 and TNF-α remained significant in a multivariate Cox regression analysis. High tertile levels of 14 factors were associated with increased total mortality, of which CCL1, CCL15, CCL20, CX3CL1, CXCL13, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 remained significant after adjustment for clinical covariates. For most of the inflammatory factors the association between higher tertile levels and an increased mortality in general appeared two years after surgery. High tertile levels of TNF-α and CCL24 were exclusively associated with CRC-specific mortality. The distribution of these factors were not associated with TNM stage with exception for CCL20. CONCLUSION High plasma levels of inflammatory factors are associated with increased risk of mortality among CRC patients and could be potential biomarkers for revealing prognosis.


Kreab is a strategic communication consultancy specialized in corporate and
financial communication and public affairs.
The business leadership in the energy shift and climate change age is an issue
which concerns the company in order to have useful information that can help
its customers. This field can be studied with different perspectives such as
security of countries, energy strategies, politician affairs... However, this Master
Thesis is focused on the European young generation's perception of the big
companies in terms of how they work eco-efficiency and which is their
behaviour towards climate change issues.
Hence, this study is based on an exploratory online survey spread by Facebook
and Google Groups. Young Europeans from different countries, with a higher
percentage of Spanish people, provide us with their perceptions about ecoefficiency
of companies as well as the knowledge they have about them.
In this sense, new methodologies when analyzing data differing from Spanish
and non-Spanish participants have been developed, offering new tools for
perception-knowledge studies. Two existing sustainable indexes have been used to evaluate both, responder
perceptions about eco-efficiency of companies and new methodology: the 100
Global and Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI).
Hence, an ecoRanking built by eco-friendly answers from voters has lead to the
conclusion that participants with a better eco-friendly lifestyle have a better
perception of companies in terms of who they work eco-efficiency.
In addition, a correlation has been detected between company sustainability
perceptions and knowledge that voters have about these companies in the
Financial, Pharmaceutical and Telecommunication sectors. On the other hand
this correlation is nonexistent in the Automobile and Airline sectors.
Another result from this Master Thesis is that participants who answered "yes"
to the question "Would you like to lead a company in the future?" are better
informed about companies than those who answered "no".
Besides, female tell us to have more knowledge about Customer Discretionary
and Retail sectors (HM whereas men tell us to
be better informed about Automobile, Energy, Telecommunication and Financial
sectors (Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, Vodafone, Renault,...).
Finally, excepting young Europeans with remarkable eco-friendly lifestyles,
people do not know what companies do in eco-efficiency. Hence, companies
which work eco-efficiency prove it by being in sustainable Indexes.
Nevertheless, to be eco-efficient is not enough due to be perceived as an ecoefficient
company in needed nowadays.
To conclude, companies that are not assumed as eco-efficient should
communicate people what they actually do in eco-efficiency. On the other hand,
companies perceived as eco-efficient but not included in sustainable Indexes
should improve their eco-efficient work in order to face up the more eco-friendly
lifestyle trend, which will imply more accurate perception of companies in terms
of how they work eco-efficiently.


The cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a glycolipid-anchored, cell surface protein of unknown function, a posttranslationally modified isoform of which PrPSc is involved in the pathogenesis of Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, scrapie, and other spongiform encephalopathies. We have shown previously that chPrP, a chicken homologue of mammalian PrPC, constitutively cycles between the cell surface and an endocytic compartment, with a transit time of approximately 60 min in cultured neuroblastoma cells. We now report that endocytosis of chPrP is mediated by clathrin-coated pits. Immunogold labeling of neuroblastoma cells demonstrates that the concentration of chPrP within 0.05 microns of coated pits is 3-5 times higher than over other areas of the plasma membrane. Moreover, gold particles can be seen within coated vesicles and deeply invaginated coated pits that are in the process of pinching off from the plasma membrane. ChPrP is also localized to coated pits in primary cultures of neurons and glia, and is found in coated vesicles purified from chicken brain. Finally, internalization of chPrP is reduced by 70% after neuroblastoma cells are incubated in hypertonic medium, a treatment that inhibits endocytosis by disrupting clathrin lattices. Caveolae, plasmalemmal invaginations in which several other glycolipid-anchored proteins are concentrated, are not seen in neuroblastoma cells analyzed by thin-section or deep-etch electron microscopy. Moreover, these cells do not express detectable levels of caveolin, a caveolar coat protein. Since chPrP lacks a cytoplasmic domain that could interact directly with the intracellular components of clathrin-coated pits, we propose that the polypeptide chain of chPrP associates with the extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein that contains a coated pit internalization signal.


The thesis is a geographical study of the rural and urban settlements of the United Provinces. the work falls into three sections. Part 1 deals with the salient geographical features of the area, and the distribution and recent changes of population in relation to the geographical setting; Part II and III are devoted respectively to rural and urban settlements.
In Part II the distribution, sitting and size of rural settlements have first been discussed in relation to physiography, soils, hydrography and arable land. The types of settlements (agglomerated, dispersed and intermediate arrangements) have nest been considered and the physical and cultural factors influencing the various types and their distribution have been examined. Thereafter are describe and interpreted the shape and pattern of villages (on the basis of the arrangement of their dwellings and lanes) and lastly the main house types and their regional distribution.
In Part III the origin and growth of towns has been discussed, their existing distribution examined and explanations offered for their regional concentration. The size and functions of the towns have next been considered bringing out the relation between the town and country and the relative importance of the various functions in the cities and smaller towns. After this we study the morphology of the towns with some detailed discussion of the five biggest cities, followed by a general classification and interpretation of the town plans of the Province.
Finally the main findings have been brought together in a concluding chapter.
The new contributions consist essentially in a detailed study of the correlations of the physical and cultural features with settlements. The analysis of the relations between the number, size and spacing of villages is new as are the studies of village patterns and settlement types. Original observations have been made on the aspect and morphology of towns and attention has been drawn to their historical origins as affecting their general distributional pattern.