Law schools have a contextual problem. They teach law universally, ignoring context. Through a traditional curriculum that has changed relatively little in over a century, law schools advance a universal approach to professionalism and professional identity preparing law students to enter a homogenous legal profession in which lawyers practice law performing similar tasks in similar practice settings representing similar clients. Except that unlike legal education, the practice of law has grown immensely complex and diverse over time. Far from universal, law practice and lawyers have become richly contextual. Context now matters in the practice of law: client identity, lawyer identity, tasks, subject matters and status inform and shape what lawyers do and their exercise of professional judgment. Law schools' disregard of context thus constitutes a significant problem as it misleads students and fails to adequately prepare them for the practice of law.
The mismatch between law practice and legal education requires a contextual approach. This Article argues that law schools can and should systematically introduce contextual insights into their curriculum and culture, including their approaches to professional ideology and socializing law students into the practice of law, addressing questions of justice as an integral part of legal education, exposing students to the complex problems of insufficient access to legal services and some of their possible solutions, and offering rich accounts of competing conceptions of lawyers' professional identities and their interaction with equally rich visions of personal identities.
A contextual approach to legal education is neither a dream nor an academic aspiration. Rather, it is well-grounded in the past, present and future of legal education. As the Article shows, Realist reforms to traditional legal education included experimentation with contextual insights. At present, law schools feature a rich and diverse commitment to context outside of their main curricular core, in clinics, skills classes, trial advocacy courses, simulations, required professional development classes, externships and experiential offerings. A contextual approach calls for learning from this rich periphery and bringing its contextual insights into the doctrinal and cultural core of legal education.
Law schools' contextual problem, the growing mismatch between the practice of law and legal education, must be addressed. A contextual approach to legal education holds the key to closing the gap and allowing law schools to better serve their students, the legal profession and the public while also addressing the much talked about practice ready crisis and the (neglected) challenges of insufficient attention to justice and to access to legal services.


Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has grown into a specialization informed by research and professional guidelines. This series presents up-to-date information on the most important and frequently conducted forms of FMHA. The 19 topical volumes address best approaches to practice for particular types of evaluation in the criminal, civil, and juvenile/family areas. Each volume contains a thorough discussion of the relevant legal and psychological concepts, followed by a step-by-step description of the assessment process from preparing for the evaluation to writing the report and testifying in court. Volumes include the following helpful features: BL Boxes that zero in on important information for use in evaluations BL Tips for best practice and cautions against common pitfalls BL Highlighting of relevant case law and statutes BL Separate list of assessment tools for easy reference BL Helpful glossary of key terms for the particular topic In making recommendations for best practice, authors consider empirical support, legal relevance, and consistency with ethical and professional standards. These volumes offer invaluable guidance for anyone involved in conducting or using forensic evaluations. This book places juvenile risk assessment within the context of FMHA for juveniles, so those using it will find it particularly useful to incorporate into their evaluations of risk and needs for adolescents in the juvenile justice system.


To date, over 84% of countries worldwide have renewable energy targets (RET), requiring that a certain amount of electricity be produced from renewable sources by a target date. Despite the worldwide prevalence of these policies, little research has been conducted on ex-ante RET policy analysis. In an effort to move toward evidence-based policymaking, this thesis develops computational models to assess the tradeoffs associated with alternatives for both RET achievement and RET policy formulation, including the option of creating renewable energy credit (REC) markets to facilitate meeting an RET goal. A mixed integer linear program (MILP), a probabilistic cost prediction model and a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) serve as the theoretical bases for the RET alternative and policy formulation analyses. From these models it was found, inter alia, that RET goals set too low run the risk of creating technological lock-in and could inhibit achievement of higher goals; probabilistic cost predictions give decision-makers essential risk information, when cost estimation is an integral part of alternatives assessment; and though REC markets may facilitate RET achievement, including REC markets in an RET policy formulation may not result in the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).


One of the challenges in writing an article reviewing the current state of cyber education and workforce development is that there is a paucity of quantitative assessment regarding the cognitive aptitudes, work roles, or team organization required by cybersecurity professionals to be successful. In this review, we argue that the people who operate within the cyber domain need a combination of technical skills, domain specific knowledge, and social intelligence to be successful. They, like the networks they operate, must also be reliable, trustworthy, and resilient. Defining the knowledge, skills, attributes, and other characteristics is not as simple as defining a group of technical skills that people can be trained on; the complexity of the cyber domain makes this a unique challenge. There has been little research devoted to exactly what attributes individuals in the cyber domain need. What research does exist places an emphasis on technical and engineering skills while discounting the important social and organizational influences that dictate success or failure in everyday settings. This paper reviews the literature on cyber expertise and cyber workforce development to identify gaps and then argues for the important contribution of social fit in the highly complex and heterogenous cyber workforce. We then identify six assumptions for the future of cybersecurity workforce development, including the requirement for systemic thinkers, team players, a love for continued learning, strong communication ability, a sense of civic duty, and a blend of technical and social skill. Finally, we make recommendations for social and cognitive metrics which may be indicative of future performance in cyber work roles to provide a roadmap for future scholars.


This paper discusses different policy options for the diffusion of information technology (IT) in rural areas. An IT programme for the northern part of Norway is assessed, and the effects of the programme are compared with the consequences of the ongoing diffusion of IT in the region. The analysis shows that the programme initiated some successful projects, but that it as a whole had minor effect on the diffusion and use of IT in the region. The conclusions are that technology diffusion programs should be integrated into general development strategies, and that one should put emphasis on stimulating innovations and learning processes locally. While technology push strategies are likely to be influenced by outside controlled forces, market pull efforts can more easily be adapted to local conditions and needs. This is not at least important when taking seriously to provide new jobs for women, which is particular important in rural areas.


The notion of context and its importance in knowledge representation and nonmonotonic reasoning was first discussed in Artificial Intelligence by John McCarthy. Ever since, contexts have found many applications in developing knowledge-based reasoning systems. Defeasible argumentation has gained wide acceptance within the Al community in the last years. Different argument-based frameworks have been proposed. In this respect, MTDR (Simari & Loui, 1992) has come to be one of the most successful. However, even though the formalism is theoretically sound, there exist sorne dialectical considerations involving argument construction and the inference mechanism, which impose a rather procedural approach, tightly interlocked with the system's logic. This paper discusses different uses of contexts for modelling the process of defeasible argumentation. We present an alternative view of MTDR using contexts. Our approach will allow us to discuss novel issues in MTDR, such as defining a set of moves and introducting an arbiter for regulating inference. As a result, protocols for argument generation as well as some technical considerations for speeding up inference will be kept apart from the logical machinery underlying MTDR. lSupported by a fellowship oí the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), República Argentina. 552 2do. Worksbop sobre Aspectos Teóricos de la Inteligencia Artificial. On the use of contexts forrepresenting knowledge in defeasible argumentation


Emotive audio-visual avatars are virtual computer agents which have the potential of improving the quality of human-machine interaction and human-human communication significantly. However, the understanding of human communication has not yet advanced to the point where it is possible to make realistic avatars that demonstrate interactions with natural-sounding emotive speech and realistic-looking emotional facial expressions. In this paper, We propose the various technical approaches of a novel multimodal framework leading to a text-driven emotive audio-visual avatar. Our primary work is focused on emotive speech synthesis, realistic emotional facial expression animation, and the co-articulation between speech gestures (i.e., lip movements) and facial expressions. A general framework of emotive text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis using a diphone synthesizer is designed and integrated into a generic 3-D avatar face model. Under the guidance of this framework, we therefore developed a realistic 3-D avatar prototype. A rule-based emotive TTS synthesis system module based on the Festival-MBROLA architecture has been designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework design. Subjective listening experiments were carried out to evaluate the expressiveness of the synthetic talking avatar.


We examine different features and classifiers for the categorization of opinion words into actor and speaker view. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive work to address sentiment views on the word level taking into consideration opinion verbs, nouns and adjectives. We consider many high-level features requiring only few labeled training data. A detailed feature analysis produces linguistic insights into the nature of sentiment views. We also examine how far global constraints between different opinion words help to increase classification performance. Finally, we show that our (prior) word-level annotation correlates with contextual sentiment views.


Soviet justice system on the whole was controlled by the Communist Party but still it is known relatively little how exactly justice was administered within the party system, a ubiquitous and multifaceted organization that included thousands of members at different levels of administrative hierarchy. Archival documents permit studying both punishment and pardons and reveal that justice for party members, especially party elites, differed from that for ordinary people. Instead of punishing specific crimes and maintaining certain levels of deterrence, it enforced loyalty for the regime among party members.


In this study we assessed the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Lavender essential oil. The antioxidant and antibacterial capacity of test sample was assayed by a linoleic acid system and conventional method of bacterial growth inhibition. The results demonstrated that the essential oil consisted of 1,5-Dimethyl-1-vinyl-4-hexenyl but yrate as the most abundant component (43.73%), followed by 1,3,7-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl- (25.10%), Eucalyptol (7.32%), and Camphor (3.79%). Lavender essential oil display the stronger antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid model system and good antibacterial activity against four rhinitis-related bacteria including staphylococcus aureus,Micrococcus ascoformans, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli.

 Key words: Antibacterial, Lavender; antioxidant, essential oil, extraction, rhinitis.


This e-book explores the representation of the gods in Greek hexameter poetry in its many forms, including epic, hymnic and didactic poetry, from the archaic period to late antiquity. Its twenty-five chapters, written by an international team of experts, trace a broad historical arc, reflecting developments in religious thought and practice, and ongoing philosophical and literary-critical engagement with the nature and representation of the divine and the relationship between humans and gods. They proceed from the poems ascribed to Hesiod and Homer and the so-called Cyclic epics, via the Hellenistic poets Apollonius, Callimachus, Aratus and Moschus, to the poets and poems of the third to sixth centuries CE, including Quintus of Smyrna, Triphiodorus, the Cynegetica, Nonnus, Eudocia, Colluthus, the Argonautica of Orpheus and the Sibylline Oracles. An epilogue explores the reception of the Greek "epic" gods by the Roman poets Virgil and Ovid, and by the English poets Tennyson, Walcott and Oswald.


Wild sea urchins are harvested for their gonads (roe or uni) throughout coastal areas of the world. The high value of urchin gonads on global seafood markets along with increasing popularity and demand worldwide have led to the development of formulated-feed-based gonad enhancement programs since the early 1990s. Along the coast of eastern Canada, there is an abundance of green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, representing a largely untapped resource for gonad enhancement. To gain knowledge on the conditions and systems that optimize green sea urchin gonad production, two studies were performed with Newfoundland green sea urchins fed proprietary formulated feeds. In the first study, we carried out two gonad enhancement experiments with urchins fed in conical tanks at a water temperature of 1, 3, or 6°C. The first experiment lasted 4 wk with urchins collected before the spawning period, and the second lasted 8 wk with urchins collected during the spawning period. Feed consumption, feces production, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) all nearly doubled at 6 compared to 1°C, and urchins maintained good physiological condition and high gonad production, regardless of temporal proximity to spawning. However, the feed imparted a bitter gonad taste. In the second study, we carried out a 7-wk experiment in a tiered raceway system with urchins fed at three different stocking densities (2.5, 6.5, and 10.5 kg urchins m⁻²), at a water temperature of 6°C. We also carried out concurrent trials with urchins fed kelp (Laminaria digitata), achieving a lower GSI than with the feed. Feed consumption was lowest in the most downstream raceway positions. Raceway position and urchin density influenced aggregation patterns, which reflected wild behaviours, however neither affected GSI. Regardless of different growing conditions and containment systems, in both studies urchins surpassed the GSI market target of ~10 to 15% in less than 7 wk, demonstrating the efficiency of formulated-feed-based gonad enhancement of Newfoundland green sea urchin.


Surface Traps in Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells, their Mitigation and Impact on Manufacturability Ahmad R. Kirmani Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are potentially low-cost, solution-processable semiconductors which are endowed, through their nanoscale dimensions, with strong absorption, band gap tunability, high dielectric constants and enhanced stability. CQDs are contenders as a standalone PV technology as well as a potential back layer for augmenting established photovoltaic (PV) technologies, such as Si. However, owing to their small size (ca. few nanometers), CQDs are prone to surface trap states that inhibit charge transport and threaten their otherwise wonderful optoelectronic properties. Surface traps have also, indirectly, impeded scalable and industry-compatible fabrication of these solar cells, as all of the reports, to date, have relied on spin-coating with sophisticated and tedious ligand exchange schemes, some of which need to be performed in low humidity environments. In this thesis, we posit that an in-depth understanding of the process-structure-propertyperformance relationship in CQDs can usher in fresh insights into the nature and origin of surface traps, lead to novel ways to mitigate them, and finally help achieve scalable fabrication. To this end, we probe the CQD surfaces and their interactions with process solvents, linkers, and ambient environment employing a suite of spectroscopic techniques. These fundamental insights help us develop facile chemical and physical protocols to mitigate surface traps such as solvent engineering, remote molecular doping, and oxygen doping, directly leading to better-performing solar cells. Our efforts finally culminate in 5 the realization of >10% efficient, air-stable CQD solar cells scalably fabricated in an ambient environment of high, uncontrolled R.H. (50-65%). As-prepared solar cells fabricated in high humidity ambient conditions are found to underperform, however, an oxygen-doping recipe is devised to mitigate the moisture-induced surface traps and recover device performances. Importantly, these solar cells are fabricated at coating speeds of >15 m min with roll-to-roll compatible techniques such as blade and bar coating requiring 1/25 the CQD material consumed by the standard spin-coated devices, overcoming the two major challenges of manufacturability and scalability faced by CQD PV.


While visual programming languages continue to gain popularity in domains ranging from scientific computing to real-time systems, the wealth of abstraction mechanisms, reasoning principles, and type systems developed over the last thirty years is currently available mainly for textual languages. With the goal of understanding how results in the textual languages can be mapped to the graphical setting, we develop the visual calculus PreVIEW. While this calculus visualizes computations in dataflow-style similar to languages like LabVIEW and Simulink, its formal model is based on Ariola and Blom's work on cyclic lambda calculi. We extend this model with staging constructs, establish a precise connection between textual and graphical program representations, and show how a reduction semantics for a multi-stage language can be lifted from the textual to the graphical setting.


In the present study, we have constructed a bioluminescent bioreporter for the assessment of nitrate/nitrite bioavailability in wastewater. Specifically, an approximately 500-bp DNA fragment containing a nitrate/nitrite-activated nasR-like promoter (regulating expression of genes encoding nitrite reductase in the genus Klebsiella) was fused upstream of the Vibrio fischeri luxCDABE gene cassette in a modified mini-Tn5 vector. Characterization of this strain, designated W6-1, yielded dose-dependent increased bioluminescence coincident with increased nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium added to the growth medium from 1 to 11 ppm. Bioluminescence in response to nitrogen species addition was light dependent up to 10, 7, and 8 ppm with nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium, respectively. This response was linear in the range from 1 to 8 ppm for nitrate (R2 = 0.98), 1 to 6 ppm for nitrite (R2 = 0.99), and 1 to 7 ppm for ammonium (R2 = 0.99). A significant bioluminescent response was also recorded when strain W6-1 was incubated with slurries from aged, nitrate/nitrite contaminated wastewater. Thus, bioreporter strain W6-1 can be used to elucidate factors that constrain the use of nitrate/nitrite in wastewaters.


For most of us, medical writing is highly technical. We prepare regulatory or clinical documents or write materials targeted to medical doctors. Medical writing for lay audiences is different, and it does not come naturally to most of us because we are often locked into our specialties and specialised way of writing. What's more, most of us started our careers as scientists. Joyce Salita explains that scientists (and therefore most medical writers) face a variety of challenges in writing for lay audiences. Writing patient education materials, for example, requires a skillset unusual for most medical writers. Stella Hart describes that writers preparing patient education materials need to be able to empathise with the patient's experience, ask interactive questions, and write in a way that is appropriate for their audience's literacy level. This touches on issues of readability and 'health literacy', and it means that the writer must be able to explain complex medical issues in a way that can help patients make choices related to prevention and treatment – not an easy task. Writing for lay audiences is also increasing relevant for regulatory writers. According to Lisa Chamberlain James, there has been 'a paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies towards transparency and an emphasis on the benefit-risk ratio of medicines'. Risk management plan (RMP) Section VI.2, established in 2013, and Regulation EU 536/2014 require regulatory writers to prepare lay summaries and explain risk-benefit to lay audiences in a way that avoids bias and confusion. As pointed out in Lisa's article and a second article by Kerstin Prechtel and Stefanie Rechtsteiner, the RMP legislation creates an enormous challenge because it requires submission of a public summary that must simultaneously be understood by regulators, industry, healthcare professionals, and patients; must be medically accurate; and must convey all relevant information needed for a medicine's authorisation. In addition, as described by Claire Gillow, recent EU legislation also requires that a layperson summary accompany clinical trial summaries – even though regulatory guidance is not yet available. Regulatory writers are also called on to prepare package leaflets. The legislation and template for the preparation of patient leaflets have been around for more than 15 years, but Antoinette Fage-Butler explains that they have not necessarily simplified the task of preparing these materials. She advocates replacing the template with a set of recommendations that allows regulatory writers greater freedom to respond to patients' needs. With the different skills needed to write for lay audiences (not to mention the evolving requirements and guidelines), how can a medical writer feel confident that the documents they write for lay audiences are understood and accomplish their objectives? One answer is user testing, in which feedback from test users is used to improve the quality of educational materials. Theo Raynor and colleagues describe their experience in employing user testing to test and improve not only information for patients but also information for professionals and other audiences. For those medical writers who already have a knack for lay writing, medical journalism might be attractive. Jo Whelan describes medical journalism and how a medical writer might find work, and Sonya Collins describes how elements of storytelling are used in medical journalism. Finally, Stevan Mijomanovic and Sofija Micic Kandijas discuss medical blogs, an extension of medical journalism and an increasingly popular way of communicating medical information.


Objectives: Composite resins should undergo attentive tests to specify their biocompatibility before they have contact with the teeth, regardless of physico-mechanical properties. Hence, this study has been carried out to assess the knowledge of potential cellular responses and biological effects of composite resins on three different cells after two different exposure times.
Methods: The composites Surefil SDR flow, Dentsply Caulk/ABD (SS), X-tra base flowable, Voco Cuxhaven Germany (XB), Venus Bulk Flow, Voco Cuxhaven Germany (VB), Filtek Bulk Flow, 3 M/ESPE-USA (FB), Tetric-Evo bulk flow, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein (TE) were immersed into molds (Height: 4 mm, Width: 6 mm) and polymerized according to manufacturer's instructions. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), cortical neuron cells (CNCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were inoculated into 24-well plates, separately. Then, the insert membranes with a 3 µm pore width compatible for plates were inserted and dental composite samples were added. The experimental procedures were performed after 24 h and 72 h. The cell viability of the cells was obtained from an MTT assay. Total antioxidant (TAS) and oxidant (TOS) status were examined by using real assay diagnostic kits. The dynamic process of apoptosis analysed by using annexin V-FITC staining with flow cytometry. Human beta defensins were assessed by RT-PCR. Lastly, supernatants were analysed for production of IL6, IL8 and IL10 cytokines.
Results: According to analysis of variance, there were significant differences between three cells. There was an increase in the cytotoxicity values in some groups after 72 h. A 24 h and 72 h experiment revealed that VB was the strongest cytotoxic agent, followed sequentially by XB and FB. Exposure of cells to the composites of SS, XB, VB, FB and TE for 24 h reduced the cell number approximately by 6, 24, 35.6, 28.6 and 1%. A 72 h reduced the cell number for 25.3, 31.6, 40.6, 50.3 and 8%, respectively, by SS, XB, VB, FB and TE.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that from all these data, if the three cell cultures are compared, cortical neuron cells were more sensitive to the resin composites.


Effective implementation of mediation programs on a large scale is a complex challenge. This article describes the process of design and implementation of a child protection mediation model and highlights the challenges and successes involved in leading fundamental culture shifts within the child welfare system over a period of eleven years.


Background/Context Many scholars in the fields of teacher education, multicultural education, and bilingual education have argued that children of recent immigrants are best served in classrooms that have teachers who understand the cultural background and the home language of their students. Culturally knowledgeable and responsive teachers are important in early education and care settings that serve children from immigrant families. However, there is little research on immigrant teachers' cultural and professional knowledge or on their political access to curricular/pedagogical decision-making. Focus of Study This study is part of the larger Children Crossing Borders (CCB) study: a comparative study of what practitioners and parents who are recent immigrants in multiple countries think should happen in early education settings. Here, we present an analysis of the teacher interviews that our team conducted in the United States and compare the perspectives of immigrant teachers with those of their nonimmigrant counterparts, specifically centering on the cultural expertise of immigrant teachers who work within their own immigrant community. Research Design The research method used in the CCB project is a variation of the multi-vocal ethnographic research method used in the two Preschool in Three Cultures studies. We made videotapes of typical days in classrooms for 4-year-olds in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings in five countries (England, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States) and then used these videos as cues for focus group interviews with parents and teachers. Using a coding framework designed by the national CCB team, we coded 30 focus group interviews. The coding framework was designed to facilitate comparisons across countries, cities, and categories of participants (teachers and parents, immigrant and nonimmigrant). Findings/Results Teachers who are themselves immigrants from the same communities of the children and families they serve seem perfectly positioned to bridge the cultural and linguistic worlds of home and school. However, our study of teachers in five U.S. cities at a number of early childhood settings suggests that teachers who are themselves immigrants often experience a dilemma that prevents them from applying their full expertise to the education and care of children of recent immigrants. Rather than feeling empowered by their bicultural, bilingual knowledge and their connection to multiple communities, many immigrant teachers instead report that they often feel stuck between their pedagogical training and their cultural knowledge. Conclusions/Recommendations Bicultural, bilingual staff, and especially staff members who are themselves immigrants from the community served by the school, can play an invaluable role in parent–staff dialogues, but only if their knowledge is valued, enacted, and encouraged as an extension of their professional role as early childhood educators. For the teachers, classrooms, and structures in our study, this would require nonimmigrant practitioners to have a willingness to consider other cultural versions of early childhood pedagogy as having merit and to enter into dialogue with immigrant teachers and immigrant communities.


Contamination of surface waters with faeces may lead to increased public risk of human exposure to pathogens through drinking water supply, aquaculture, and recreational activities. Determining the source(s) of contamination is important for assessing the degree of risk to public health, and for selecting appropriate mitigation measures. Phage-based microbial source tracking (MST) techniques have been promoted as effective, simple and low-cost. The intestinal enterococci are a faecal "indicator of choice" in many parts of the world for determining water quality, and recently, phages capable of infecting Enterococcus faecalis have been proposed as a potential alternative indicator of human faecal contamination. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate critically the suitability and efficacy of phages infecting host strains of Enterococcus species as a low-cost tool for MST.


Image-based studies of developing organs or embryos produce a huge quantity of data. To handle such high-throughput experimental protocols, automated computer-assisted methods are highly desirable. This article aims at designing an efficient cell segmentation method from microscopic images. The proposed approach is twofold: first, cell membranes are enhanced or extracted by the means of structure-based filters, and then perceptual grouping (i.e. tensor voting) allows to correct for segmentation gaps. To decrease the computational cost of this last step, we propose different methodologies to reduce the number of voters. Assessment on real data allows us to deduce the most efficient approach.


The presence of security vulnerabilities in automotive networks has already been shown by various publications in recent years. Due to the specification of the Controller Area Network (CAN) as a broadcast medium without security mechanisms, attackers are able to read transmitted messages without being noticed and to inject malicious messages. In order to detect potential attackers within a network or software system as early as possible, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are prevalent. Many approaches for vehicles are based on techniques which are able to detect deviations from specified CAN network behaviour regarding protocol or payload properties. However, it is challenging to detect attackers who secretly connect to CAN networks and do not actively participate in bus traffic. In this paper, we present an approach that is capable of successfully detecting unknown CAN devices and determining the distance (cable length) between the attacker device and our sensing unit based on Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique. We evaluated our approach on a real vehicle network.


The problem of object (network) localization using a mobile sensor is examined in this paper. Specifically, we consider a set of stationary objects located in the plane and a single mobile nonholonomic sensor tasked at estimating their relative position from range and bearing measurements. We derive a coordinate transform and a relative sensor-object motion model that leads to a novel problem formulation where the measurements are linear in the object positions. We then apply an extended Kalman filter-like algorithm to the estimation problem. Using stochastic calculus we provide an analysis of the convergence properties of the filter. We then illustrate that it is possible to steer the mobile sensor to achieve a relative sensor-object pose using a continuous control law. This last fact is significant since we circumvent Brockett's theorem and control the relative sensor-source pose using a simple controller.


Understanding how Hofmeister salt ions and other solutes interact with proteins, nucleic acids, other biopolymers and water and thereby affect protein and nucleic acid processes as well as model processes (e.g. solubility of model compounds) in aqueous solution is a longstanding goal of biophysical research. Empirical Hofmeister salt and solute "m-values" (derivatives of the observed standard free energy change for a model or biopolymer process with respect to solute or salt concentration m3) are equal to differences in chemical potential derivatives: m-value = delta(dmu2/dm3) = delta mu23, which quantify the preferential interactions of the solute or salt with the surface of the biopolymer or model system (component 2) exposed or buried in the process. Using the solute partitioning model (SPM), we dissect mu23 values for interactions of a solute or Hofmeister salt with a set of model compounds displaying the key functional groups of biopolymers to obtain interaction potentials (called alpha-values) that quantify the interaction of the solute or salt per unit area of each functional group or type of surface. Interpreted using the SPM, these alpha-values provide quantitative information about both the hydration of functional groups and the competitive interaction of water and the solute or salt with functional groups. The analysis corroborates and quantifies previous proposals that the Hofmeister anion and cation series for biopolymer processes are determined by ion-specific, mostly unfavorable interactions with hydrocarbon surfaces; the balance between these unfavorable nonpolar interactions and often-favorable interactions of ions with polar functional groups determine the series null points. The placement of urea and glycine betaine (GB) at opposite ends of the corresponding series of nonelectrolytes results from the favorable interactions of urea, and unfavorable interactions of GB, with many (but not all) biopolymer functional groups. Interaction potentials and local-bulk partition coefficients quantifying the distribution of solutes (e.g. urea, glycine betaine) and Hofmeister salt ions in the vicinity of each functional group make good chemical sense when interpreted in terms of competitive noncovalent interactions. These interaction potentials allow solute and Hofmeister (noncoulombic) salt effects on protein and nucleic acid processes to be interpreted or predicted, and allow the use of solutes and salts as probes of


Much scholarly attention has been paid recently to the optimal design of legal norms as constituting either clear-cut "rules" or open-ended "standards." The reemergence of formalist thought across schools and ideologies calling to reinforce a more rule-based regime in various legal fields has been increasingly challenging the substantive, contextual jurisprudence that had largely dominated the twentieth century. The study of legal standards versus rules in property law remains, however, quite limited, focusing mainly on specific aspects such as the remedy-based property rule/liability rule discourse, the debate whether the right to exclude represents the inherent "core" of property rights, and the renewed interest in the structural numerus clausus principle. This Article offers an innovative, comprehensive analysis of the ways in which legal standards operate in property law. It identifies the distinctive manner in which the chief justifications for standards, i.e. incompleteness of rights and enhancement of substantive value-based design and interpretation of norms, play out in property law. Cutting across conventional public law / private law distinctions, by referring to various standards such as "trade usage," "custom," "reasonableness," "abuse of rights," or "public use," the Article shows that legal standards hinge prominently on the institutional mechanisms by which such norms are crafted and enforced, and identifies the conditions under which property standards may outperform hard-edged rules. Considering the unique trait of property rights as implicating numerous and often indefinite interest holders, and hence the need for broad-based coordination in designing the content of property legal standards over time, the Article looks at the ways in which such standards can be filled with content by either bottom-up norms such as group-based customs, values, and understandings, or rather by top-down bodies such as courts. In essence, in order for property legal standards to work effectively, bottom-up and top-down decisionmaking institutions, working exclusively or conjointly, must systemically guide actors through the often inevitable incompleteness of rights and the dynamic nature of value-based norm-setting, without bringing property to the brink of excessive instability and insecurity that have led to the backlash of new formalism.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the occurrence of value conflicts between information security and other organizational values among white-collar workers. Further, analyzes are conducted of the relationship between white-collar workers' perceptions of the culture of their organizations and value conflicts involving information security.

Design/methodology/approach
Descriptive analyses and regression analyses were conducted on survey data gathered among two samples of white-collar workers in Sweden.

Findings
Value conflicts regarding information security occur regularly among white-collar workers in the private and public sectors and within different business sectors. Variations in their occurrence can be understood partly as a function of employees' work situations and the sensitivity of the information handled in the organization. Regarding how perceived organizational culture affects the occurrence of value conflicts, multivariate regression analysis reveals that employees who perceive their organizations as having externally oriented, flexible cultures experience value conflicts more often.

Research limitations/implications
The relatively low share of explained variance in the explanatory models indicates the need to identify alternative explanations of the occurrence of value conflicts regarding information security.

Practical implications
Information security managers need to recognize that value conflicts occur regularly among white-collar workers in different business sectors, more often among workers in organizations that handle sensitive information, and most often among white-collar workers who perceive the cultures of their organizations as being externally oriented and flexible.

Originality/value
The study addresses a gap in the information security literature by contributing to the understanding of value conflicts between information security and other organizational values. This study has mapped the occurrence of value conflicts regarding information security among white-collar professionals and shows that the occurrence of value conflicts is associated with work situation, information sensitivity and perceived organizational culture.


This 400th anniversary edition of the King James Version of the Bible is a reprint of the 1611 text, in an easy-to-read roman font instead of the black-letter type of the original. The original capital letters, many of which are pictoral, have been restored to each chapter in order to replicate the visual appeal of the early editions. The 1611 text is followed page-for-page and line-for-line, and all misprints are reproduced rather than corrected. The large body of preliminary matter, which includes genealogies, maps, and lists of readings, is also included. The text of the 1611 edition differs from modern editions of the King James Version in thousands of details, and this edition is the most authentic version of the original text that has ever been published. The volume concludes with an essay by Gordon Campbell on the first edition of the King James Bible.


Selective exposure is a popular research construct, but the strategies used to operationalize ideologically congruent exposure in contemporary correlational research are problematic. This article offers a novel approach, asking people directly about their tendency to seek information that is ideologically congruent with their opinions. A new measure for the tendency toward congruent selective exposure is proposed and was tested on three different data sets. In all three studies, confirmatory factor analysis revealed a two-factor model, with one factor representing the tendency to select congruent information and the other representing the tendency to avoid incongruent information.


This research objective is to determine the correlation between service and product qualities and customer's loyalty and brand image of sharia banking in Indonesia. This is a descriptive research whose objects included Bank Muamalat, Bank BNI Syariah, Bank Permata Syariah, and Bank BTN Syariah located in Bogor City. This research used Structural Equation Model (SEM) method as a research analysis tool with 200 customers as the respondents. The proper Sharia Banking's value is not only reflected in terms of service but also in developing products that can compete with conventional banks. The features in the products have provided easiness in transactions for customers and are free from riba. Based on the test, service and product qualities simultaneously have positive effects on brand image, and brand image positively affects the loyalty of sharia banking customers. Keywords: sharia banking, service quality, product quality, brand image, and customer loyalty


This study addressed two aims: (1) to assess the level of depressive symptoms among pregnant, HIV-infected racial and ethnic minority women and (2) to identify potentially modifiable factors associated with prenatal depression in order to foster proactive clinical screening and intervention for these women. Baseline interview data collected from HIV-infected women participating in the Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project were analyzed. Participants were from prenatal clinics in four areas representative of the U. S. HIV/AIDS epidemic among women. Of the final sample (n = 307), 280 were minorities (218 blacks [African American and Caribbean], 62 Hispanic). Standardized interviews assessed potential psychosocial factors associated with pregnancy-related depression and psychological distress (life stressors, inadequate social support, and ineffective coping skills) in a population for whom little work has been done. Depressive symptomatology was considerable, despite excluding somatic items in order to avoid confounding from prenatal or HIV-related physical symptoms. The psychosocial factors significantly predicted the level of prenatal depressive symptoms beyond the effects of demographic and health-related factors. Perceived stress, social isolation, and disengagement coping were associated with greater depression, positive partner support with lower depression. These findings demonstrate that psychosocial and behavioral factors amenable to clinical intervention are associated with prenatal depression among women of color with HIV. Routine screening to identify those currently depressed or at risk for depression should be integrated into prenatal HIV-care settings to target issues most needing intervention.


The performance of the LHCb Muon system and its stability across the full 2010 data taking with LHC running at √s = 7 TeV energy is studied. The optimization of the detector setting and the time calibration performed with the first collisions delivered by LHC is described. Particle rates, measured for the wide range of luminosities and beam operation conditions experienced during the run, are compared with the values expected from simulation. The space and time alignment of the detectors, chamber efficiency, time resolution and cluster size are evaluated. The detector performance is found to be as expected from specifications or better. Notably the overall efficiency is well above the design requirements.


Classical digital signal processing (DSP) lore tells us the tale of a continuous-time primeval signal, of its brutal sampling, and of the magic sine interpolation that, under the aegis of bandlimitedness, brings the original signal back to (continuous) life. This article switches the conventional viewpoint and cast discrete-time sequences in the lead role, with continuous-time signals entering the scene as a derived version of their gap-toothed archetypes. Some well-known but seldom-taught facts about interpolation and vector spaces are brought together and the classic sine reconstruction formula derived naturally from the Lagrange interpolation method are recalled. Such an elegant and mathematically simple result can have a great educational value in building a solid yet very intuitive grasp of the interplay between analog and digital signals.


IL-4-producing gamma delta cells belong to a novel subset of gamma delta lymphocytes that expresses a very restricted repertoire of TCRs. To gain a deeper insight into the development and in vivo functions of these cells, we have analyzed the genetic control of their representation in the thymus. Using an intercross between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice we found two loci on chromosomes 13 and 17-named LadT1 and LadT2, respectively-with marked influence in their development. The LadT2 locus does not appear to be the MHC locus. The region identified on mouse chromosome 13 contains the structural genes for TCR gamma as well as the IL-9 gene, which has been suggested as a candidate gene influencing the complex pathogenesis of asthma.


Abstract There is a perceived gap between traditional university education and a readiness to enter the workforce which is often addressed by the inclusion of a work-based learning experience within the undergraduate education process. The intention of the curriculum designers is that the work placement experience will provide learners with an opportunity to develop their employability skills and to apply the knowledge that they have gained within a practice setting. This practice-focused paper summarises the work conducted under the REAP (Roadmap for Employment-Academic Partnerships) project, illustrating existing practice in work placement and gathering input and experiences from higher education staff and employers. The aim of the work was to explore practice in work placement in undergraduate programmes in Ireland and to develop an outline guide to support good practice. The importance of the work placement interaction in contributing to the development of a broader more sustainable relationship is considered briefly. REAP is a collaborative project funded by the HEA (Higher Education Authority), involving a number of Higher Education institutions in Ireland aimed at developing systems and structures which support good practice in engagement interactions between higher education and enterprise. The research into work placement practice was undertaken in a number of ways. Higher education staff were invited to partake in seminars and workshops. The employers participated mainly by way of a survey with some in-depth interviews providing deeper insights into work placement and other potential interactions. The research allowed a generalised view of the work placement process to be developed and a series of stages with associated practice recommendations were identified. The importance of engagement with the employer before, during and after the placement process was highlighted and the role of the employer as a partner in the learning development underlined.


Promotions ordinarily involve higher wages and greater privileges; but often they also increase responsibility, accountability, and work hours. Therefore, whether promotions are good for workers' well-being is an empirical question. Using high-quality panel data the authors estimate pre- and post-promotion effects on job attributes, physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction in an attempt at answering this question. They find that promotions substantially improve job security, pay perceptions, and overall job satisfaction in the short term, and that promotions have short- and longer-term effects on job control, job stress, income, and hours worked. Despite these large effects on job attributes, however, promotions have negligible effects on workers' health and happiness. Only mental health seems affected, with estimates suggesting significant deterioration two years after receiving a promotion. Thus, the authors conclude that the additional stress involved with promotions eventually outweighs the additional status, at least for the average worker.


New Zealand's Official Development Assistance (NZODA) programme claims to support the construction of peaceful societies in aid recipient countries. This thesis evaluates this proposition by assessing the NZODA programme in relation to peacebuilding criteria. One theoretical framework that analyses the nature of peace implemented by international aid agencies separates peacebuilding into two different types: liberal peace and hybrid peace. This framework argues that the form of peace constructed can be determined by assessing aid agencies in relation to the following variables: method, actors, threat and geography. In this thesis two distinct eras of the NZODA programme are assessed in relation to peacebuilding. Firstly, NZAid (NZODA from 2001 to 2008) and secondly IDG (NZODA from 2009 to present), are assessed in relation to the Building Peace Gradation to determine which form of peace NZAid wished to promote, and what form of peace IDG is currently pursuing. The findings suggest there has been a distinct shift in New Zealand's development and foreign aid programme over the last 12 years. My conclusion is that NZAid was orientated towards hybrid peace while IDG is inclined towards liberal peace. The peacebuilding literature argues hybrid peace holds greater legitimacy in the local context as it builds upon pre-existing structures, utilises local actors and local methods of implementation, and works to counteract locally perceived threats. Consequently, hybrid peace is arguably more emancipatory, just, durable, sustainable, and leads to the eventual exit by the external aid agency. The peacebuilding literature maintains liberal peace is less legitimate as it introduces foreign structures, utilises external actors, introduces external threats and implements programmes through foreign top-down methods. Consequently, liberal peace tends to be more unjust, weak, unsustainable and the foreign agency is unlikely to exit during its implementation. This research concludes that IDG's current orientation towards liberal peacebuilding has been driven by a government with a neoliberal approach to aid effectiveness.


It has been said that modernist legend Mies van der Rohe's thirty years spent working in America reflected his mostconsistent and mature efforts toward achieving his goal of a new architecture for the twentieth century. Focusing on this American period, Conversations with Mies van der Rohe, the latest addition to our Conversations series, gives fresh credence to this claim by presenting the architect's most important design concerns in his own words. In this collectionof interviews Mies talks freely about his relationship with clients, the common language he aimed for in his architecturalprojects, the influences on his work, and the synthesis of architecture and technology that he advanced in his designs and built works.Conversations with Mies van der Rohe makes an important contribution to the corpus of Mies scholarship. It presents a vivid picture of a master of modernism, bringing his artistic biography to a close while completing the scope of his style in terms of techniques, scale, use of materials, and typology. An essay by Iaki balos provides a context for these interviews and looks at Mies's legacy from a contemporary perspective.


The quality of automotive fuels—gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol—is discussed in the light of their specifications in different countries and regions and in terms of their adulteration, which has such a prejudicial effect on the production chain, distribution chain, tax revenues, the environment, and end consumers. Different ways of adulterating automotive fuels are analyzed, as are the procedures for their detection. Several analytical methods for monitoring quality and detecting adulteration have been addressed in the literature, emphasizing the determination of properties such as density, distillation curve, octane rating, vapor pressure, etc., by means of physicochemical methods and chromatographic and spectrographic techniques, to the detriment of colorimetric methods. This chapter looks at colorimetric techniques designed for quality monitoring and the detection of adulteration in fuels, especially simple, quick, low-cost procedures with potential to be used in the field.


Anodized films of titanium were prepared under different controlled conditions in a water-based electrolyte containing fluorine ions, using either a constant potential or a potential gradually rising to 20 V. The films were then examined using transmission electron microscopy at different stages of growth, in particular, the very early stages of growth (30 s, 200 s, and 10 min) and when the ordered nano-tubular structure was finally established (2–4 h). The use of ramped voltage during the early stages of anodization allowed a well-interconnected porous network to develop and maintained active oxidation throughout anodization. The film, as formed, consisted mainly of amorphous oxide/hydroxides of titanium with small regions of nano-sized crystals. These were found more often in the denser regions of the amorphous network, particularly the arms of the coral-like structure that formed. As the anodized film grew in thickness, the pores tended to become aligned, leading to a surface layer of nanotubes on the electrode material. Electron optical characterization revealed that the nanotubes consist of a stack of rings where the passage of the current had been optimized.


The basal ganglia are thought to be important in the selection of wanted and the suppression of unwanted motor patterns according to explicit rules (i.e. response inhibition). The subthalamic nucleus has been hypothesized to play a particularly critical role in this function. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in individuals with Parkinson's disease has been used to test this hypothesis, but results have been variable. Based on current knowledge of the anatomical organization of the subthalamic nucleus, we propose that the location of the contacts used in deep brain stimulation could explain variability in the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on response inhibition tasks. We hypothesized that stimulation affecting the dorsal subthalamic nucleus (connected to the motor cortex) would be more likely to affect motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and stimulation affecting the ventral subthalamic nucleus (connected to higher order cortical regions) would be more likely to affect performance on a response inhibition task. We recruited 10 individuals with Parkinson's disease and bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus with one contact in the dorsal and another in the ventral subthalamic region on one side of the brain. Patients were tested with a Go-No-Go task and a motor rating scale in three conditions: stimulation off, unilateral dorsal stimulation and unilateral ventral stimulation. Both dorsal and ventral stimulation improved motor symptoms, but only ventral subthalamic stimulation affected Go-No-Go performance, decreasing hits and increasing false alarms, but not altering reaction times. These results suggest that the ventral subthalamic nucleus is involved in the balance between appropriate selection and inhibition of prepotent responses in cognitive paradigms, but that a wide area of the subthalamic nucleus region is involved in the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This finding has implications for resolving inconsistencies in previous research, highlights the role of the ventral subthalamic nucleus region in response inhibition and suggests an approach for the clinical optimization of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for both motor and cognitive functions.


The research center of Zero Emissions Buildings (ZEB) has a goal of eliminating the greenhouse gas emissions associated with all phases of building development and use. This is achieved through more sustainable building construction and more efficient energy use. The Norwegian government has a similar goal of achieving zero energy buildings as a standard by 2020. This has led to proper investigation in technological solutions that can help to achieve these goals. In a net-ZEB perspective, combined heat and power (CHP) is considered as a potential energy supply solution for buildings. CHP is seen as an emerging technology which has the potential to reduce primary energy consumption and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. This is achieved through concurrent production of electricity and heat using the same fuel. However, since the thermal output of CHP is substantially larger than the electrical output, the potential offered by CHP systems depend on their suitable integration with the thermal demand of the building. In this thesis, a simulation model is used to investigate the performance of a CHP system compared to a conventional gas boiler system in a multi-family building that complies with the Norwegian building norm, TEK10. Different operational strategies are applied to the CHP model to investigate its optimal integration in domestic dwellings. Analyzing the simulation results indicates that the CHP system gives primary energy savings in all operational strategies, but operating the system in follow thermal mode represents the greatest savings. Applying load management resulted in further savings, and the fuel efficiency did increase, achieving a value of 75.1% on a higher heating value (HHV) basis. The CHP device is more capable of covering the electricity demand as peaks are shaved. This implies that CHP is better suited for buildings with stable electricity and heat demand. Electric demand following operation did however result in poorer primary energy savings and the corresponding CHP efficiency did decrease due to poorer heat recovery efficiency and frequent part load operation. Using renewable upgraded biogas as fuel in thermal following mode did result in the highest primary energy savings. Primary energy consumption was reduced by 34.3%, and the corresponding system efficiency based on primary energy was 70.7% on a HHV basis. From an environmental perspective, it has been found that the CHP system is more favorable when the CO2-emission factor for electricity is high. This is due to the reduction in electricity imports from the grid, and the part substituted electricity covered by the electricity exports from the CHP system. The greatest reduction in grid imports was seen when the CHP-device was set to follow the electrical demand of the building without restriction in thermal surplus. The CHP was able to cover 88.27% of the electricity demand, but the system efficiency decreased as significant amounts of heat was wasted due to overproduction. The highest amount of exports was seen when load management was implemented in thermal demand following mode, and represented 76.61% of the produced electricity. Using the current CO2-emission factor for the UCPTE electricity mix, a reduction in CO2 emissions was seen for all CHP configurations. The use of renewable fuel resulted in the greatest savings, and emissions were reduced by 71.91% compared to the gas boiler, representing a tremendous reduction. The use of natural gas as fuel resulted in significantly lower savings. The best case achieved a 26.58% reduction compared to the reference system. When using the net-ZEB definition, only CHP fuelled on renewable fuel did achieve CO2-savings. This questions the environmental viability of today's CHP systems as the CO2-emission factor for electricity is expected to decrease over the coming years due to an expected increase in use of renewable fuels. Further research should therefore be done in order to enable an efficient CHP technology based on renewable fuels. This will decrease the emissions significantly, making CHP more competitive.


In this paper I explore the effects of political institutions—historical tax structure, political party power, neocorporatism, and federalism—on the implementation of explicit carbon tax (ECT) policies. This represents one of the first quantitative studies of ECT adoptions. The event history analysis shows that administrative capacity, operationalized as indirect tax structure, has a positive effect on the implementation of ECT, but only for the first adopters after which this effect declines. Social democracy is a robust positive predictor of ECT, suggesting left-party power represents greater demand for climate change policy. Federalism has a strong negative effect, meaning this type of political decentralization might make implementation of national-level ECTs more challenging, and decentralization might also reduce the administrative capacity for national-level ECTs. Neocorporatism has a positive effect in some models, suggesting cooperative institutions facilitate the implementation of ECT policies, which are often characterized by exemptions and rebates for certain sectors and reductions in taxes on labor. Evidence is also found for spatial diffusion of ECT policies spreading outward from Northern Europe.


Abstract In Timpoweap Canyon near Hurricane (Utah, USA), spectacular outcrop conditions of Early Triassic rocks document the geometric relationships between a massive Smithian fenestral-microbial unit and underlying, lateral and overlying sedimentary units. This allows us to reconstruct the evolution of depositional environments and high-frequency relative sea-level fluctuations in the studied area. Depositional environments evolved from a coastal plain with continental deposits to peritidal settings with fenestral-microbial limestones, which are overlain by intertidal to shallow subtidal marine bioclastic limestones. This transgressive trend of a large-scale depositional sequence marks a long-term sea-level rise that is identified worldwide after the Permian–Triassic boundary. The fenestral-microbial sediments were deposited at the transition between continental settings (with terrigenous deposits) and shallow subtidal marine environments (with bioturbated and bioclastic limestones). Such a lateral zonation questions the interpretation of microbial deposits as anachronistic and disaster facies in the western USA basin. The depositional setting may have triggered the distribution of microbial deposits and contemporaneous marine biota. The fenestral-microbial unit is truncated by an erosional surface reflecting a drop in relative sea level at the scale of a medium depositional sequence. The local inherited topography allowed the recording of small-scale sequences characterized by clinoforms and short-distance lateral facies changes. Stratal stacking pattern and surface geometries allow the reconstruction of relative sea-level fluctuations and tracking of shoreline migrations. The stacking pattern of these small-scale sequences and the amplitude of corresponding high-frequency sea-level fluctuations are consistent with climatic control. Large- and medium-scale sequences suggest a regional tectonic control.


This thesis attempts to construct a conceptual philosophical framework for a pre- existing secular2 programme of ethical development for children called EUDE, by comparing its main principles and practices with the Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), the work of a 5th century CE Buddhist scholar named Buddhaghosacarya. The comparison will help to make coherent sense of the EUDE practices and provide a conceptual framework for its methodology. The resulting comparison of both programmes will show the importance of phenomenological discipline in ethical development, that is, the programmatic and practical strategies for developing an ethical response to interaction with others. EUDE and Buddhaghosacarya share many of the same concerns and offer similar approaches to ethical development. They both address the conditions in experience that underlie moral choices and actions. Both work towards dismantling harmful conditions in experience through techniques that bring discipline, vision and understanding. Therefore, to a certain extent, the thesis is a comparative exploration of two practical disciplinary ethical programmes: The EUDE programme for children aged four to fifteen, and the Vissudhimaggha for Buddhist monks as well as the large virtuous (followers of sila) Buddhist community. However, it is important to clarify that this thesis is more than a simple comparative exercise; it is a constructive effort to use Buddhaghosacarya's systematic phenomenological methodology to provide a conceptual grounding for EUDE. This is because, although up to this point EUDE has been a highly successful and practical programme, its conceptual and philosophical principles have yet to be fully systematised and articulated. In a fascinating and productive way, this Buddhist thinker helps in that endeavour. My aim is to show how both programmes involve scrutiny of the conditions of thought and action as the means to make precise and structured interventions in ethical development. Their sustained attention to the psychological factors prior to decision-making or character formation allows for a very close comparative project of identifying and analysing ethical resources. Thus, we will see how the techniques for analytical attention to the conditions in experience in both programmes makes possible systematic ethical change, underlying an important contribution to the study of an essential area of ethical development.


The approval of BCNU wafers and bevacizumab(BEV)has widened the therapeutic options for malignant glioma patients. Although these new drugs contribute to improve disease management in patients, there are some pitfalls associated with the use of these new drugs. On the other hand, the recent reports of the results of the randomized trials on anaplastic oligodendroglioma(AO)and elderly glioblastoma(GB)have significant impact on clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the risks and benefits of the two new drugs, as well as the updated standard treatment for AO and elderly GB. Local chemotherapy with BCNU wafers offered a survival benefit to patients with recurrent as well as newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. BEV monotherapy was associated with a decrease in tumor volume as defined by contrast enhancement in the majority of the recurrent glioblastomas. The addition of BEV to radiotherapy(RT)/ temozolomide(TMZ)for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients improved progression-free survival(PFS)but not overall survival(OS). The analyses of two phase III clinical trials from the 1990's with long-term follow-up have shown that early administration of chemotherapy improved the OS of patients with anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors harboring a 1p19q co-deletion. Moreover, two phase III clinical trials with elderly glioblastoma patients have shown that MGMT promoter methylation predicts increased OS for patients treated with TMZ monotherapy. The recent approval of new drugs are encouraging. However, to fully benefit from these drugs, neurooncologists should correctly understand the results of the relevant clinical trials and be well aware of the possible risks. Current evidence suggests that molecular studies should be included in routine diagnostic procedures. (Received March 7, 2014;accepted April 8, 2014)


We investigate the effect of a secondary star magnetic field on the accretion disc dynamics of dwarf novae. Simulations have been carried out with a particle code and a dipolar magnetic field structure. The magnetic field acts to remove angular momentum from the disc material, increasing the inward mass flow. This makes the accretion disc more centrally condensed, causing a reduction in the recurrence time for dwarf nova outbursts. We have produced Doppler tomograms and light curves which may be compared with observations. These tomograms are significantly different from those produced in the absence of a magnetic field on the secondary. We derive an upper limit to the magnetic moment of the secondary star in UGem of mu_2<2x10^32 A m^2. The magnetic truncation of the accretion disc produces resonance phenomena similar to those seen in the superoutbursts of SUUMa systems. While these have not been observed for systems like UGem, observations of the SUUMa systems provide us with a useful diagnostic of the disc-field interaction. We are able to place an upper limit on the magnetic moment of the secondary in ZCha of mu_2<1x10^30 A m^2.


The steep decline of local newspapers in recent years represents a major shift in the media environment that may be detrimental to political accountability and knowledge. I argue that despite these seismic changes in the marketplace for news, local newspapers remain critical to American politics. Local newspapers inform and empower voters, but are subject to influence and distortion by campaigns. I establish the importance of local newspapers by testing for differences in political knowledge between readers of local and national newspapers. Using the National Annenberg Election Survey, I obtain accurate measures of newspaper readership, knowledge of national politics, and familiarity with local politics. I find that reading a national newspaper makes people better informed about national politics, but reading a local newspaper increases knowledge about local politics and equips citizens to hold incumbents accountable through their votes. Given the importance of newspapers to voters' decisions, I expect campaigns to seek earned coverage at every opportunity. Campaigns establish a regional presence and conduct newsworthy events, allowing them to cultivate relationships with reporters and earn coverage more easily. I use an original dataset of local newspaper coverage in three elections to demonstrate that local newspapers in areas where campaigns invest resources publish approximately 20% more stories on those elections, a finding that passes placebo tests and robustness checks. Finally, I examine whether campaigns can earn positive news coverage. I performed a content analysis on 304 articles from a matched pairs design of Florida newspapers in the 2004 and 2008 elections. I find that regional campaign presence generates positive earned media, but only in smaller newspapers. When campaign organization is present in an area with a resource-poor newspaper, the campaign receives approximately four times as many positive stories (and stories containing positive quotes) as when it ignores similar areas with a small newspaper. I conclude that local newspapers matter in elections, but recent changes in the media marketplace are reducing their effectiveness and opening them up to manipulation by strategic campaigns. Local newspapers must figure out ways to maintain their autonomy and usefulness in their uncertain future. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Political Science First Advisor Matthew S. Levendusky


The paper referred to in this abstract discusses the erosional processes during and after the initial failure, proposed solutions to repair and stabilize the site, and details of the performance of the site during the natural restabilization chosen as the preferred solution. Major points of the paper are as follows. Highly concentrated flow over a large vertical drop resulted in the initial erosional failure. Exposure of permafrost to thawing temperatures and continued streamflow resulted in an enlarged but more stable configuration after one summer. Several proposed earthwork and/or stream diversion solutions could have led to fast albeit high cost site stabilization. Natural restabilization resulted in a stable site with little additional erosion beyond the first summer.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
There is a disproportionate burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) -related genital tract disease in patients with CKD and kidney transplantation; therefore, the potential effect of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil; Merck GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) is profound. Immune abnormalities associated with CKD and immunosuppression may prevent optimal vaccine response. Our objective was to determine antibody response to the HPV vaccine in adolescent girls with CKD.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
This cohort study conducted from 2008 to 2012 included 57 girls aged 9-21 years old with CKD (n=25), on dialysis (n=9), or with status postkidney transplantation (n=23) who received the standard three-dose vaccine series of the HPV vaccine recruited from two pediatric nephrology clinics. Antibody levels to HPV genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18 were measured before vaccine dose 1 (baseline), <12 months after vaccine dose 3 (blood draw 2), and ≥12 months after vaccine dose 3 (blood draw 3). Seropositivity was defined as antibody level above an established threshold for each HPV genotype. Not all participants completed three blood draws.

RESULTS
Antibody response to all four HPV genotypes was 100% in the CKD and dialysis groups with samples drawn at <12 and ≥12 months after dose 3 of the HPV vaccine. Among patients with transplants, the percentages of patients achieving seropositivity were significantly lower at blood draw 2 for HPV genotypes 6 (63.6%; P=0.003), 11 (63.6%; P=0.003), and 18 (72.7%; P=0.02) and blood draw 3 for HPV genotypes 6 (62.5%; P=0.02), 11 (50%; P=0.001), 16 (75%; P=0.04), and 18 (50%; P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Antibody response to the quadrivalent recombinant HPV vaccine was robust and sustained in girls and young women with CKD and on dialysis. A less robust response to the vaccine was observed among those with a kidney transplant. Additional study is needed to determine if vaccination before kidney transplantation or an alternative vaccination regimen would benefit transplant recipients.


 Abstract— Drip Irrigation is today's need because water is nature's gift to the mankind and it is not unlimited and free forever. World's water resources are fastly vanishing. The one and only one solution to this problem is automated Drip Irrigation system. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. In Automatic microcontroller based drip irrigation system irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water. Irrigation system uses valves to turn irrigation ON and OFF. These valves may be easily automated by using controllers and solenoids. The purpose of this paper is to provide more facility in agriculture field by using wireless sensor network along with linear programming. Paper describes an application of a wireless sensor network for low-cost wireless controlled and monitored irrigation solution. The developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation as well as drip irrigation. use of linear programming help us to distribute available water to the crops if and only if there is immense need of water to the crop in order to get maximum profit with minimum cost. Also linear Programming helps us to do proper management of available water


Residues from slaughter houses offer an abundant resource in Bolivia. The residues can beused for biogas production with biofertilizer as a bi-product. These resources are, however,currently not being used. Instead, they are released in water systems, implying heavycontamination, e.g., on the Lake Titicaca in western Bolivia. Severe environmental effects areobserved in the lake and connected water systems. The residues from slaughter houses are animportant part of the problem. If the contamination continues, important environmental values willbe lost. Information around the resource is scarce, since no extensive inventory has been carried out. It isestimated that officially registered slaughter houses in the four major cities of Bolivia aloneproduce over 75 tons of organic residues per day. This flow of residues has increased since theworld market for animal fodder based on blood dropped significantly. In addition, there is littleexperience of biogas production in cold environments at that altitude, almost4000 meters over sea level. Production of biogas from waste is one of the most common methods to generate energy and at thesame time best waste reduction methods. Biogas production can be practiced favoring one theextremities, that is, either for the purpose of energy production or waste reduction. In this thesis, the focus is on waste reduction, that is the slaughter houseresidues. Nevertheless, the ultimate outcome is always to reduce as much waste as possible and, atthe same time, generate profitable energy. There are many technological and financial challenges that have to be addressed to see the completerealization of the biogas concept. Therefore, this master thesis focus on producing biogas fromresidues of slaughter houses in the greater area around Lake Titicaca and studies whichtechnological issues have to be solved. Furthermore, analyzing how the biogas segment can befurther developed in Bolivia according to the appropriate technology selection is alsoinvestigated.


A thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus F1 was found to produce an extremely thermostable serine protease. The F1 protease sequence was modeled onto the crystal structure of thermitase with 61% sequence identity. The F1 protease contains a catalytic triad comprising of Asp39, His72 and Ser226. The predicted structure of F1 protease comprised 10 α-helices and 10 β-sheets arranged in a single domain. Comparison of the predicted 3D structure of F1 protease with the crystal structure of serine proteases from mesophilic bacteria and archaea, led to the identification of features related to protein stabilization. Higher themostability was found to be correlated with an increased number of residues involved in ion pairs or networks of ion pair. In order to investigate F1 protease stability, two
mutated (W200R and D58S) F1 protease were designed. The analysis of molecular dynamics simulations of W200R mutant revealed that an additional three new ion pairs between Arg200 and Asp202, however there was no ion pair interaction at position Ser58. To confirm the role of ion pair, site-directed mutagenesis was carried out. Both mutated F1 proteases were designed, cloned into pGEX-4T1 and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The optimum expression level for the wild type F1 protease, W200R and D58S mutants were 94 U/mL, 112 U/mL and 68 U/mL, respectively. The wild type F1 protease, W200R mutant and D58S mutant were purified by affinity chromatography and heat-treatment. A single band was visible at SDS-PAGE at approximately 33.5 kDa. The purified wild type, W200R
mutant and D58S mutant showed 95%, 115% and 64% recovery with purification fold of 21.7, 33.8, and 17.2, respectively. In the presence of 2 mM CaCl2, the wild type had half-lives of 60 min and 7 min at 85 oC and 90 oC. Meanwhile, the W200R mutant had half-lives of 75 min and 12 min at 85 °C and 90 oC, which was more stable than wild type. The stability of W200R mutant was 1.25 times higher than that of the F1 protease. The enhanced thermostability can be correlated to the increase in the number of residues involving ion pairs and ion pairs networks. In contrast, the D58S mutant showed half-life of 45 min at 85 oC but there was no enzymatic activity at 90 oC. Thus, the D58S mutant was less thermostable than that wild type which could be due to the removal of ion pairs on this mutated F1
protease (computational work). Far-UV CD at 221 nm was used to detect the denatured proteins. As the temperature was increased from 50 °C to 90 °C, the change in ellipticity at 221 nm revealed a sigmoidal monophasic transition curve of mutant's proteins which indicated unfolding of a protein.The melting point at pH 8.0 of the wild type F1 protease, W200R mutant and D58S mutant were 70 °C, 72 °C and 63 °C, respectively. Far-UV CD measurements studies indicated the overall features of the secondary structure of protein. The wild type contains 25.5% of α-helix, 17.7% of β-sheet, 22.5% of turn and 34.0% of random coil. There was some loss of β-sheet in W200R but a 3.8% and 1.7% increase in an α-helix and a random coil, respectively, indicated that Arg200 stabilized the α-helix content. The
β-sheet was reduced to less than 4% and random coil rose up to more than 8%. A small decrease in the α-helix was observed in D58S mutant. This could be due to the substitution of Asp58 to Ser causing disruption of four
ion pairs between Asp58 and Arg103, located at β-sheet. The results obtained confirmed the important role of intermolecular ion pairs in the stability of the whole structure of F1 protease. These results also showed that simulation procedures and molecular biology techniques can be used together to direct protein engineering and/ or site-directed mutagenesis.


Adhesion, immune evasion and invasion are key determinants during bacterial pathogenesis. Pathogenic bacteria possess a wide variety of surface exposed and secreted proteins which allow them to adhere to tissues, escape the immune system and spread throughout the human body. Therefore, extensive contacts between the human and the bacterial extracellular proteomes take place at the host-pathogen interface at the protein level. Recent researches emphasized the importance of a global and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie bacterial immune evasion and pathogenesis. Through the use of a large-scale, unbiased, protein microarray-based approach and of wide libraries of human and bacterial purified proteins, novel host-pathogen interactions were identified.
This approach was first applied to Staphylococcus aureus, cause of a wide variety of diseases ranging from skin infections to endocarditis and sepsis. The screening led to the identification of several novel interactions between the human and the S. aureus extracellular proteomes. The interaction between the S. aureus immune evasion protein FLIPr (formyl-peptide receptor like-1 inhibitory protein) and the human complement component C1q, key players of the offense-defense fighting, was characterized using label-free techniques and functional assays.
The same approach was also applied to Neisseria meningitidis, major cause of bacterial meningitis and fulminant sepsis worldwide. The screening led to the identification of several potential human receptors for the neisserial adhesin A (NadA), an important adhesion protein and key determinant of meningococcal interactions with the human host at various stages. The interaction between NadA and human LOX-1 (low-density oxidized lipoprotein receptor) was confirmed using label-free technologies and cell binding experiments in vitro.
Taken together, these two examples provided concrete insights into S. aureus and N. meningitidis pathogenesis, and identified protein microarray coupled with appropriate validation methodologies as a powerful large scale tool for host-pathogen interactions studies.


Abstract As a result of experiments with the Upper Plenum Test Facility and the 1400-MW(electric) Advanced Power Reactor (APR1400), sweepout in the downcomer has been identified as playing an important role in the depletion of the core coolant inventory during a large-break loss-of-coolant accident. In order to identify the sweepout mechanism and estimate the amount of coolant discharged during sweepout, separate-effects tests were performed in a rectangular-type test apparatus 1/5 the scale of the APR1400 downcomer. The experimental results showed that the sweepout was dominantly influenced by the hydraulic behaviors of coolant and steam near the intact cold leg. A sweepout model was developed by correlating the experimental results to analytically derived nondimensional parameters. The developed model showed applicability to the prototype, as the experimental results of the counterpart tests were in good agreement, within <25.0% of the uncertainty band.


Adjacent segment pathology affects 25% of patients within ten years of anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF). Laboratory studies demonstrate fused segments increase adjacent level stress including elevated intradiscal pressure and increased range of motion. Radiographic adjacent segment pathology (RASP) has been associated to ACDF in multiple statistically significant studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing anterior cervical discectomy and arthroplasty (ACDA) and ACDF have confirmed ACDF accelerates RASP. The question of greatest clinical interest is whether ACDA, artificial disc surgery, results in fewer adjacent level surgeries than ACDF. Current RCT follow up results reveal only non statistically significant trends favoring ACDA yet the post operative periods are only two to four years. Statistically significant increased RASP in ACDF patients however is already documented. The RCT patients' average ages are in the mid forties with an expected longevity of up to forty more years. Early statistically significant increased RASP in the ACDF patients supports our prediction that given sufficient follow up of ten or more years, fusion will lead to statistically significant higher rate of adjacent level surgery compared to artificial disc surgery.


The ParaHox cluster is the evolutionary sister of the Hox cluster. Like the Hox cluster, the ParaHox cluster is subject to complex regulatory phenomena such as collinearity. Despite the breakup of the ParaHox cluster within many animals, intact and collinear clusters have now been discovered within the chordate phyla in amphioxus and the vertebrates, and more recently within the hemichordates and echinoderms. The archetypal ParaHox cluster of amphioxus places it in a unique position in which to examine the regulatory mechanisms controlling ParaHox gene expression within the last common ancestor of chordates, and perhaps even the wider Deuterostomia. In this thesis, the genomic and regulatory landscape of the amphioxus ParaHox cluster is characterised in detail. New genomic and trascriptomic resources are used to better characterise the B.floridae ParaHox cluster and surrounding genomic region, and conserved noncoding regions and regulatory motifs are identified across the ParaHox cluster of three species of amphioxus. In conjunction with this, the impact of retrotransposition upon the ParaHox cluster is examined and analyses of transposable elements and the AmphiSCP1 retrogene reveal that the ParaHox cluster may be more insulated from outside influence than previously thought. Finally, the detailed analyses of a regulatory element upstream of AmphiGsx reveals conserved mechanisms regulating Gsx CNS expression within the chordates, and TCF/Lef is likely a direct regulator of AmphiGsx within the CNS. The work in this thesis makes use of new genomic and transcriptomic resources available for amphioxus to better characterise the genomic and regulatory landscape of the amphioxus ParaHox cluster, serving as a basis for the improved identification and characterisation of functional regulatory elements and conserved regulatory mechanisms. This work also highlights the potential of Ciona intestinalis as a 'living test tube' to allow the detailed characterisation of amphioxus ParaHox regulatory elements.


Preliminary experience with the occasional good survival of patients in Hunt and Hess Grade IV or V with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) led to a prospective management protocol employed during a 2 1/2-year period. The protocol utilized computerized tomography (CT) scanning to diagnose SAH and to obtain evidence for irreversible brain destruction, consisting of massive cerebral infarction with midline shift or dominant basal ganglia or brain-stem hematoma. These patients, along with those who exhibited poor or absent intracranial filling on CT or angiography, were excluded from active treatment and given supportive care only. All other patients had immediate ventriculostomy placement and, if intracranial pressure (ICP) was controllable (less than or equal to 30 cm H2O without an intracranial clot or less than or equal to 50 cm H2O in the presence of a clot), went on to have craniotomy for aneurysm clipping. Aggressive postoperative hypertensive, hypervolemic, hemodilutional therapy was subsequently employed. Of 54 patients with poor-grade aneurysms, ventriculostomy was placed in 47 (87.0%) and yielded high ICP's in the overwhelming majority, with the mean ICP being 40.2 cm H2O. Nineteen poor-grade aneurysm patients received no surgical treatment and survived a mean of 31.8 hours with 100% mortality. Thirty-five patients underwent placement of a ventriculostomy, craniotomy for aneurysm clipping and intracranial clot evacuation, and postoperative hypertensive, hypervolemic, hemodilutional therapy. The outcome at 3 months of the 35 patients who were selected for active treatment was good in 19 (54.3%), fair in four (11.4%), poor in four (11.4%), and death in eight (22.9%). It is concluded that poor-grade aneurysm patients usually present with intracranial hypertension, even those without an intracranial clot. Based on radiographic rather than neurological criteria, a portion of these patients can be selected for active and successful treatment. Increased ICP can be present without ventriculomegaly, and immediate ventriculostomy should be performed. As long as ICP is controllable, craniotomy and postoperative intensive care can effect a favorable outcome in a significant percentage of these patients.


This study compared the chemical compositions of sea cucumbers harvested from the Marmara Sea during the spring and summer in different months. They were processed using two different methods. The first method was evisceration by cutting the anus, followed by removal of the viscera by firmly squeezing the body. The second method was evisceration by cutting along the length of the body, followed by removal of the viscera. All of the sea cucumbers were boiled and dried. Their water, ash, protein, and fat contents were measured and recorded prior to and after processing. The moisture content of fresh sea cucumber decreased from 85% to 6.5% when it was processed with the first method, while the post-processing water content with second method came out to be 6%. Fresh sea cucumber (based on dry weight) contained 5.78–9.53% protein and 0.06–0.37% fat. The approximate percent composition of fat, protein, and ash were determined to be 1.17–2.44%, 39.77–59.57%, and 17.91–44.53% respectively for the first method; and 1.71–2.31%, 40.97–60.18%, and 29.82–40.04% for respectively for the second method. No significant differences were found for the second method in the water, ash, and fat content. Protein content was significantly lower for the second method in July. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the water, ash, fat, and protein content for the first method.


Nanotechnology (NT) is a field that is mushrooming, making an impact in all spheres of human life. Presently available literature revealed that the Titaniumdioxide (TiO2) synthesis usingmedicinal plants, microorganisms and algae and others as source has been unexplored and underexploited. NT is very important in developing sustainable technologies for the future, for humanity and the environment. The development of green processes for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs is evolving into an important branch of nanotechnology. Plantmediated synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles is gaining more importance owing to its simplicity, rapid rate of synthesis of NP of attractive and diverse morphologies and elimination of elaborate maintenance of cell cultures and ecofriendliness. The nontoxic and biocompatible properties of Titania find its applications in biomedical sciences such as bone tissue engineering as well as in pharmaceutical industries. This review presents a summary of green synthesis and biocompatibility of and a concise account of the in vitro toxicity data on TiO2 nanoparticles. Presently, the researchers are looking into the development of cost-effective procedures for producing reproducible, stable and biocompatible metal NPs.


With the advancement of wireless technology, our dependency on smart system has increases to a higher level than before. Without doubt, integration between different technologies becomes inevitable in order create affordable surveillance system. This paper presents the development of with web-based surveillance system with a dedicated Android-based mobile application using a Raspberry Pi and its supporting components i.e., Pi-Camera, PIR motion sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, web-based mobile application. The designed system also utilizes Node-Red development tools as the platform to integrate all components of the system, MQTT as the communication protocol for data acquisition and ThingSpeak as the middleware. The proposed system can be implemented over the internet using any computer and mobile devices, at anywhere and anytime. The system can automatically stream live video viewed from the Android mobile application and the Raspberry Pi device can send an alert notification to users via email and SMS. The system can be one possible features in smart home system and is considered as an affordable solution, customizable and easy to implement in comparison with other commercial surveillance system products such as CCTV or IP Camera.


The purpose of this article is to contribute to the research literature on entrepreneurial intention (EI) of engineering students in an emerging economy. Through the lens of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB), we investigate the influence of academic curriculum, institutional support, family, and peer effects in fostering an intent to be self-employed among Indian engineering students. Data collected from 210 final-year engineering students were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling method. The antecedents of the TPB, namely, attitude toward entrepreneurship (ATE), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC), demonstrated a favorable influence on EI. Whereas the regular academic curriculum seemed to have a negative influence on ATE, institutional support showed a positive effect. Both curriculum and academic support were found to have no significant impact on either PBC or SN. However, both family and peer influence revealed a strong positive relationship with all the antecedents of EI.