Conjectured associations between dietary acrylamide intake and cancer have been evaluated in more than 15 epidemiologic studies examining almost every major cancer site. We have critically reviewed the epidemiologic studies of estimated dietary acrylamide exposure and cancer. As substantially greater acrylamide exposure occurs through tobacco smoke than dietary exposure, we present the results separately for never smokers or adjusted statistically for smoking status, where possible. After an extensive examination of the published literature, we found no consistent or credible evidence that dietary acrylamide increases the risk of any type of cancer in humans, either overall or among nonsmokers. In particular, the collective evidence suggests that a high level of dietary acrylamide intake is not a risk factor for breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancers, which have generated particular interest because of a conjectured hormonal mechanism of acrylamide. Moreover, the absence of a positive association between smoking and ovarian and endometrial cancers suggests that any association of these cancers with the much lower, more sporadic dietary acrylamide intake is unlikely. In conclusion, epidemiologic studies of dietary acrylamide intake have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of cancer. In fact, the sporadically and slightly increased and decreased risk ratios reported in more than two dozen papers examined in this review strongly suggest the pattern one would expect to find for a true null association over the course of a series of trials. Therefore, continued epidemiologic investigation of acrylamide and cancer risk appears to be a misguided research priority.


Using a multifunction spectrophotometer, the refractive index of a pigment can be estimated by measuring the backscattering of light from the pigment in immersion liquids having slightly different refractive indices. A simple theoretical Gaussian function model related to the optical path distribution is introduced that makes it possible to describe quantitatively the backscattering signal from transparent pigments using a set of only a few immersion liquids. With the aid of the data fitting by a Gaussian function, the measurement time of the refractive index of the pigment can be reduced. The backscattering measurement technique is suggested to be useful in industrial measurement environments of pigments.


Ultrasound vibroacoustography is a new medical imaging technique that relies on the nonlinear interaction of high-frequency fields to produce a low-frequency acoustic emission. Combining the resolution obtained by using a high-frequency focused source with the clean (free of artifacts from multiple scattering) images obtained with low-frequency fields yields a clearer image of abnormal tissue than does traditional ultrasound. A modeling strategy for this imaging modality is presented that overcomes the traditional difficulties in modeling over the range of frequencies present in these experiments. Through a combination of appropriate approximations and exact methods, it is possible to obtain images that capture the basic structure of experimental data despite the use of a simplified physical model.


This paper reports on a study that examined the development of pedagogical methods for increasing the visual literacy skills of a group of library and information science students. Through a series of three assignments, students were asked to provide descriptive information for a set of historical photographs and record reflections on their experiences via blog posts. The three separate versions of the image descriptions submitted by the students were analyzed to discern changes using descriptive statistics, and their blog posts were examined to identify recurrent themes using the constant comparative method. Findings associated with the image descriptions indicate that students' skill in describing the photographs show a modest increase across the three versions. Analysis of the blog postings revealed an overarching theme of frustration associated with the experience of developing image descriptions among the students. The underlying reasons for their frustrations are examined, and suggestions are provided for further increasing students' abilities to describe images.


This book provides an important shift in the analysis of Britain's policy towards the illegal postwar Jewish immigration into Palestine. It charts the development of Britain's response to Zionist immigration, from the initial sympathy, as embodied in the Balfour Declaration, through attempts at blockade, refoulement and finally disengagement. The book exposes differences in policy pursued by the great departments of state like the Foreign, Colonial and War Offices and their legal advisors, and those implemented by the Admiralty. The book argues that the eventual failure of Britain's immigration policy was inevitable in view of the hostility shown by many European nations, and America, towards Britain's ambition to retain her position in the Middle East.


Overcomplete latent representations have been very popular for unsupervised feature learning in recent years. In this paper, we specify which overcomplete models can be identified given observable moments of a certain order. We consider probabilistic admixture or topic models in the overcomplete regime, where the number of latent topics can greatly exceed the size of the observed word vocabulary. While general overcomplete topic models are not identifiable, we establish generic identifiability under a constraint, referred to as topic persistence. Our sufficient conditions for identifiability involve a novel set of "higher order" expansion conditions on the topic-word matrix or the population structure of the model. This set of higher-order expansion conditions allow for overcomplete models, and require the existence of a perfect matching from latent topics to higher order observed words. We establish that random structured topic models are identifiable w.h.p. in the overcomplete regime. Our identifiability results allow for general (non-degenerate) distributions for modeling the topic proportions, and thus, we can handle arbitrarily correlated topics in our framework. Our identifiability results imply uniqueness of a class of tensor decompositions with structured sparsity which is contained in the class of Tucker decompositions, but is more general than the Candecomp/Parafac (CP) decomposition.


We develop scenarios for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity sector in the upper Midwest (Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Manitoba) by 80% relative to 1990 levels. The report has three major components: 1) an inventory of CO2 emissions from all fossil fuel combustion in the region from 1960-2001, subdividing by economic sector and specific electricity generating station; 2) an evaluation of all electricity resources in the region and all technologies for utilizing them, taking into account the overall scale of the resource, technology costs, and other issues that influence the selection of a certain technology; and 3) the development of a simulation model to examine the impact of various factors (policies, prices, technologies, resources) on the regional electricity supply and its emissions from 2005-2055.


These days the phrase that best describes the state education scene is "unprecedented change." Abolishing or drastically revising the state education code, reducing state rules and regulations, changing the governance structure for the state board and for the chief state school officer, and downsizing the state department are items under discussion in many states. Provisions in state constitutions that create a system of public schools and underpin the functions of the state board and state superintendent have a long and rich history. This history was once deemed so important that in 1969 the Council of Chief State School Officers devoted two volumes to the history of education in the states.(1) The first contained a long chapter for each state, written by a "senior official" in that state. The second was devoted to an overview of state education activity and laws since 1900. The two tomes were never on the best-seller list, but in the 1960s and 1970s they were often prominently displayed on the bookshelves in each chief's office. Today, they are out of sight, probably on the back shelves of the state library or carried off as office mementos. They might even be found in a box of obscure books at a garage sale or flea market. Someone needs to find these books and read what the old-timers had in mind for education. In many instances the early "vision" has been lost, with hundreds of decisions layered into the codes over the years. In many states economic and social changes may have outpaced the original vision. Many of the current proposals for change are based on a political wisdom that has been in vogue since the last election. There is the possibility that this new political wisdom could match the original vision of a century ago, but there is also the possibility that the proponents of the status quo could find support in their state's history. But if no one knows - or cares to find out - then "bold" and "forthright" action in 1995 could be just a step backward. Education Code Changes Both Gov. Pete Wilson of California and Gov. John Engler of Michigan called for the abolition of the education code in their state-of-the-state addresses earlier this year. California's 11 volumes do go into great detail, with some critics, such as Gov. Wilson, calling it micromanagement when even the contents of school first-aid kits are mandated. Proposing to go "cold turkey" and throw the whole code out certainly starts a good discussion, but in the one state (Kentucky) where this was done by the courts it quickly became apparent that something must replace the old code. Those in charge in other states will soon find themselves facing the same question that the founders of the current system faced: Do we abolish or keep school districts? And once this fundamental decision has been made, a host of other decisions related to safety, health, and accountability all step forward. In normal times most states repeal existing parts of the code as they add new items. Other states have begun building "sunset clauses" into new legislation, thus forcing programs back for periodic review. In recent years the use of "waivers" has grown popular, but increasingly states are reporting that waivers are more likely to be needed between local boards and individual buildings than they are between states and districts. In 1977 Jim Walsh and J. Peter Williams, Jr. - a couple of Texas attorneys specializing in school law - wrote a model state education code. Their effort was "policy oriented" rather than "rule oriented." At the time, their work was not widely accepted, and in fact its only known national exposure came in a brief Kappan article that year and in a discussion session at the annual meeting of the Education Commission of the States. But today people are still asking which states have "short" or "good" education codes that could serve as models. For the past six months the staff of the Education Commission of the States has been working with California's policy leaders and with some 40 state education groups to draft a new agenda for California schools and communities. …


Abstract This paper evaluates the effects for the Spanish case of allowing greater flexibility regarding the weekly hours worked on the working week, employment and productivity. A baseline model economy is calibrated to reproduce the cross-sectional distribution of workweeks across plants, as well as certain features of the Spanish economy. The author compares the steadystate status quo, where a forty-hour workweek is imposed and no flexibility is allowed, and the steady-state of economies with a higher degree of flexibility in weekly hours. The 2012 reform is found to preserve employment and generate a 1.72% increase in productivity. In the work-sharing scenario, the increase in employment (1.86%) comes at the expense of a lower increase in productivity (1.31%). Finally, the full flexibility scenario preserves employment and generates a substantial increase in productivity (2.6%).


Abstract The formation of secondary Ln(III) solid phases ( e.g. Nd(OH)CO3 and Sm(OH)CO3) has been studied as a function of the humic acid (HA) concentration in 0.1 M NaClO4 aqueous solution and their solubility has been investigated in the neutral pH range (6.5–8) under normal atmospheric conditions. Nd(III) and Sm(III) were selected as analogues for trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions. The solid phases under investigation have been prepared by alkaline precipitation and characterized by TGA, ATR-FTIR, XRD, TRLFS, DR-UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy, and solubility measurements. The spectroscopic data obtained indicate that Nd(OH)CO3 and Sm(OH)CO3 are stable and remain the solubility limiting solid phases even in the presence of increased HA concentration (0.5 g/L) in solution. Upon base addition in the Ln(III)-HA system decomplexation of the previously formed Ln(III)-humate complexes and precipitation of two distinct phases occurs, the inorganic (Ln(OH)CO3) and the organic phase (HA), which is adsorbed on the particle surface of the former. Nevertheless, HA affects the particle size of the solid phases. Increasing HA concentration results in decreasing crystallite size of the Nd(OH)CO3 and increasing crystallite size of the Sm(OH)CO3 solid phase, and affects inversely the solubility of the solid phases. However, this impact on the solid phase properties is expected to be of minor relevance regarding the chemical behavior and migration of trivalent lanthanides and actinides in the geosphere.


The digitized version of the only extant copy of Archimedes' key mathematical and scientific works contains over 6,500 images and 130 pages of transcriptions. Metadata is essential for managing, integrating and accessing these digital resources in the Web 2.0 environment. The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set meets many of our needs. It offers the needed flexibility and applicability to a variety of data sets containing different texts and images in a dynamic technical environment. The program team has continued to refine its data dictionary and elements based on the Dublin Core standard and feedback from the Dublin Core community since the 2006 Dublin Core Conference. This presentation cites the application and utility of the DCMI Standards during the final phase of this decade-long program. Since the 2006 conference, the amount of data has grown tenfold with new imaging techniques. Use of the DCMI Standards for integration across digital images and transcriptions will allow the hosting and integration of this data set and other cultural works across service providers, libraries and cultural institutions.


A problem that has become apparently growing in the deployment of renewable energy systems is the power grids inability to accept the forecasted growth in renewable energy generation integration. To support forecasted growth in renewable generation integration, it is now recognised that Energy Storage Technologies (EST) must be utilised. Recent advances in Hydrogen Energy Storage Technologies (HEST) have unlocked their potential for use with constrained renewable generation. HEST combines Hydrogen production, storage and end use technologies with renewable generation in either a directly connected configuration, or indirectly via existing power networks. A levelised cost (LC) model has been developed within this thesis to identify the financial competitiveness of the different HEST application scenarios when used with grid constrained renewable energy. Five HEST scenarios have been investigated to demonstrate the most financially competitive configuration and the benefit that the by-product oxygen from renewable electrolysis can have on financial competitiveness. Furthermore, to address the lack in commercial software tools available to size an energy system incorporating HEST with limited data, a deterministic modelling approach has been developed to enable the initial automatic sizing of a hybrid renewable hydrogen energy system (HRHES) for a specified consumer demand. Within this approach, a worst-case scenario from the financial competitiveness analysis has been used to demonstrate that initial sizing of a HRHES can be achieved with only two input data, namely " the available renewable resource and the load profile. The effect of the electrolyser thermal transients at start-up on the overall quantity of hydrogen produced (and accordingly the energy stored), when operated in conjunction with an intermittent renewable generation source, has also been modelled. Finally, a mass-transfer simulation model has been developed to investigate the suitability of constrained renewable generation in creating hydrogen for a hydrogen refuelling station.


The article is aimed at reconsidering the question if the project of econometrics can be read in line with scientific realism. Previously, the methodological literature focused on the philosophy of econometrics, voices criticizing realist interpretations of econometrics were raised. The criticism was aimed at showing that econometric models lack robustness. The use of slightly different methods leads to obtaining different and often contrary models what supposedly undermine the project of econometrics. In this article, I aim at offering a new argument in defence of the current practice of the economists devoted to the empirical branch of macroeconomics. To do so, I apply Maki's (2009) model of representation to three case studies of contradictory pairs of econometric models and argue that contrary results are not necessarily a drawback of econometrics. Instead, the seemingly contradictory pairs of models are useful in various contexts constituted by their purpose and audience.
Keywords: Econometrics, Emerging contrary result phenomenon, ERR, Minimal scientific realism, Robustness checks, Reinhart-Rogoff controversy.
JEL: B41, C18, C82.


Tectonic sedimentology has broad appeal because it can be applied at many time and length scales, such as sedimentary consequences of: changing rates of plate creation at mid‐ocean ridges, continent–continent collisions, plateaux uplift, active plate margins, extensional rift tectonics and the birth, growth and death of individual folds and faults. Tectonic sedimentology deals with the direct influence of neotectonics on sedimentation and basin development, and with the inverse problem of reconstructing the order and development of palaeotectonic structures. This review attempts to show how the scope and importance of the subject has developed over the last decade and is divided into five themes: (i) At the largest tectonic scale, constraints on mid‐ocean ridge activity and continent–continent collisions come from: (a) precise chemical analyses of fluid inclusions in marine halite deposits dating back to ca 550 Ma; (b) Sr‐isotopic ratios of marine Phanerozoic calcitic fossils; and (c) chemical composition of Archaean and Proterozoic banded iron formations. (ii) At regional scales, constraints on the timing and extent of continental plateau uplift/incision and cratonic tilting are given by: (a) palaeoaltimetry estimates from oxygen isotope depletion in carbonate palaeosols; (b) radiometric dating of palaeowater‐table speleothems; and (c) preferential river migration. (iii) At basin scales, catchment processes are emphasized as key controls on sediment flux from tectonic uplands to sedimentary basins. The inadequacy of sediment transport algorithms based on tractive stress and flow power to describe erosion, incision and sediment transport during the most formative catchment hydrological events is emphasized. (iv) Rates of basin‐scale fault and fold growth, displacement, death and basement uplift are provided by application of facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy to accurately‐dated sediments in sedimentary basins. (v) The effects of changing climate and varying basin base‐level in modifying tectonic influences on erosion and sedimentation are examined. In such cases, experimental and numerical modelling using multi‐variate parameters of subsidence rate, sediment supply and sea‐level change can shed light on the problem. Future developments will undoubtedly improve such models, hopefully establishing full linkage and feedback between sediment/water supply and changing climate within an overall tectonic framework that may itself be changing.


Researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston and their colleagues have isolated rare cancer stem cells that cause leukemia in a mouse model of the human disease. The leukemia stem cells isolated proved to be surprisingly different from normal blood stem cells - a finding that may be good news for developing a drug that selectively targets them. Cancer stem cells are self-renewing cells that are likely responsible for maintaining or spreading a cancer, and may be the most relevant targets for cancer therapy. The discovery provides answers to the longstanding questions of whether cancer stem cells must be similar to normal stem cells, and what type of cell first becomes abnormal in leukemia, the most common form of cancerin childhood. The journal Nature has posted the study's findings online in advance of print publication, (www.nature.com/nature/index.html). It had been speculated that leukemia begins in a totally undifferentiated stem cell that can become any type of specialized blood cell and has the ability to renew itself almost without limit. Instead, the scientists showed that they could create leukemia stem cells, which also are self-renewing, from partially committed, non-self-renewing "progenitor" cells. The latter are short-lived cells that can turn into several types of blood cells, but are more "committed" than stem cells, which can become any kind of blood cell and also are virtually "immortal." "Our data supports the idea that leukemia stem cells do not have to originate from normal blood stem cells. Furthermore, we have shown that fully developed leukemia stem cells do not necessarily have the same genetic program asnormal stem cells," said Scott Armstrong, MD, PhD, of Dana-Farber and Children's Hospital and senior author of the paper. "This is an important finding, because it indicates that in the future we should be able to specifically target leukemia stem cells without killing normal stem cells." Leukemias are cancers of the blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow in which white blood cells proliferate abnormally, with life-threatening effects. About 35,000 diagnoses of all types of leukemia will be made in 2006, according to the American Cancer Society, with about 22,280 deaths. Some forms of leukemia have a high rate of cure. In other forms, chemotherapy may initially put the patient's disease into remission, but after months or years the cancer reappears and may be fatal. Many scientists believe that relapses are caused by the survival of a handful of leukemia stem cells mixed in with the population of cancer cells. These cells have gained self-renewal capabilities, and, if not killed by chemotherapy, can lie dormant in the bone marrow and eventually trigger new growth of the leukemia. Current thinking is that cure rates of leukemia and other cancers could be improved if the cancer stem cells could be identified and selectively targeted with designer drugs. To test this hypothesis, the researchers sought to transform a normal, partially committed progenitor blood cell from a mouse into a leukemia stem cell, and then determine whether that stem cell was more like a normal blood stem cell or instead resembled the progenitor. As a first step, they inserted an abnormal gene, MLL-AF9, which causes a type of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in humans, into partially committed mouse blood cells known as granulocyte macrophage progenitors, or GMPs. These genetically altered cells were injected into mice, which subsequently developed AML. Through several steps of purification, the researchers winnowed down the leukemia cells from the mice to a small population that contained a large percentage of leukemia stem cells - as evidenced by the fact that they could induce cancer in normal mice using successively smaller amounts of cells, since only the stem cells cause the disease when injected. "Such a pure populationof leukemia stem cells had not been isolated before," said Andrei Krivstov, PhD, of Children's Hospital Boston, the paper's lead author. "We are the first to transplant as few as four cells and induce leukemia in the mice." The investigators next compared gene activity in the leukemia stem cells with that in the original partially committed progenitor cells, and in normal uncommitted blood stem cells. Using microarray technology, they compared the cells' gene expression patterns - that is, which genes were turned on and which were turned off. In terms of gene activity, "the leukemia stem cell looks most like the committed progenitor," said Armstrong, who is also an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. "But there's a program of a few hundred genes that are turned on in the progenitor, which appears to give it the ability to self-renew. It's almost as if the abnormal gene we inserted knowswhat to do to turn on the program that makes it a self-renewing cancer stem cell." The scientists referred to the gene activity pattern they discovered as a "signature" of self-renewal. Their next efforts will be to determine which genes among the several hundred that were particularly active or inactive are the most responsible for the cancer cell's behavior. These genes might eventually become targets for new types of drugs. Moreover, said Armstrong, knowing the gene signature of an individual patient's leukemia might be useful in predicting how difficult it will be treat it and for evaluating the success of treatment. So far, researchers have not identified and isolated a pure population of leukemia stem cells in humans with the disease. The gene expression signature might be used to identifyleukemia stem cells in the human disease, and the presence of a large number of leukemia stem cells could indicate a poor prognosis. The paper's other authors are affiliated with Dana-Farber, Children's Hospital Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The research was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, the Leukemia Lymphoma Society, the Richard and Susan Smith Foundation, and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. Founded in 1869 as a 20-bed hospital for children, Children's Hospital Boston today is the nation's leading pediatric medical center, the largest provider of health care to Massachusetts children, and the primary pediatric teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. In addition to 347 pediatric and adolescent inpatient beds and comprehensive outpatient programs, Children's houses the world's largest research enterprise based at a pediatric medical center, where its discoveries benefit both children and adults. More than 500 scientists, including eight members of the National Academy of Sciences, nine members of the Institute of Medicine and 11 members of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute comprise Children's research community. For more information about the hospital visit: http://www.childrenshospital.org. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (www.dana-farber.org) is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), designated a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute. Contacts: Bill Schaller or Richard Saltus at Dana-Farber; Tel.: 617.632.4090; Jamie Newton at Children's Hospital Boston; Tel.: 617.355.6420


Achieving climate neutrality requires a massive transformation of current energy systems. Fossil energy sources must be replaced with renewable ones. Renewable energy sources with reasonable potential such as photovoltaics or wind power provide electricity. However, since chemical energy carriers are essential for various sectors and applications, the need for renewable gases comes more and more into focus. This paper determines the Austrian green hydrogen potential, produced exclusively from electricity surpluses. In combination with assumed sustainable methane production, the resulting renewable gas import demand is identified, based on two fully decarbonised scenarios for the investigated years 2030, 2040 and 2050. While in one scenario energy efficiency is maximised, in the other scenario significant behavioural changes are considered to reduce the total energy consumption. A techno-economic analysis is used to identify the economically reasonable national green hydrogen potential and to calculate the averaged levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH2) for each scenario and considered year. Furthermore, roll-out curves for the necessary expansion of national electrolysis plants are presented. The results show that in 2050 about 43% of the national gas demand can be produced nationally and economically (34 TWh green hydrogen, 16 TWh sustainable methane). The resulting national hydrogen production costs are comparable to the expected import costs (including transport costs). The most important actions are the quick and extensive expansion of renewables and electrolysis plants both nationally and internationally.


P. aeruginosa is a pervasive opportunistic pathogen and its success can be attributed to its agility in responding to environmental stimuli using its five chemosensory systems. The chemosensory system known as the Chp system is responsible for the regulation of several cell processes including surface attachment, biofilm formation, twitching motility, swarming motility and cAMP regulation.
 Prior to this study only preliminary bioinformatic analysis of the Chp gene cluster had been performed and little was known regarding the transcription of the cluster. To this end RT-PCR was used to demonstrate that the Chp gene cluster is present in a single operon consisting of 10 genes including pilG, pilH, pilI, pilJ, pilK, chpA, chpB, chpC, chpD and chpE. Several putative promoter-binding sites for a number of sigma factors were also identified upstream of the Chp operon suggesting complex regulation of the operon. Bioinformatic analysis showed that although the structure of the Chp operon is well conserved within P. aeruginosa it is not conserved in other Pseudomonas spp. or bacteria where genes pilK, chpB, chpD and chpE are absent. These structural changes in the operon coincide with a large truncation in chpA that removes its Hpt6 domain suggesting an unknown function for this domain that is specific to P. aeruginosa.
 Previous work had shown the adaptor protein ChpC, unlike other elements of the Chp system, has little effect on twitching motility suggesting that it may be linking an unknown sensor to the Chp system to mediate a response to unknown environmental signals. Mutational analysis performed in this study to identify these environmental signals, identified that the Chp system through ChpC is responsible for mediating a twitching motility response to tryptone, mucin and BSA. Further work was performed using an ordered, non redundant library of PA14 transposon insertion mutants and identified that two methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, PctA and CtpH, and two solute binding proteins, DppA1 and DppA2, from a known peptide transport system were also mediating a specific response to tryptone.
 To gain a deeper understanding of the twitching motility response to tryptone live cell time-lapse video microscopy of the twitching motility zone was performed. Several novel behaviours were observed including affects on raft behaviour and rate of motility that were affected by cell number, cell-cell contact, cell shedding and a novel "internal raft" that appears to recruit cells to the outer edge of the colony. Further to this the variety of raft speed and raft size at the leading edge appears to be required for efficient colony expansion. ChpC mediates the response to tryptone by controlling the speed of individual cells rather than by coordinated cell movement enabling the development of a dynamic twitching motility zone required for fast and efficient colony expansion.
 This study has also shown that affect on virulence in response to tryptone is inverse to the twitching response with pyocyanin and elastase production being repressed. This repression was not mediated by ChpC or ChpA. Further to this and contrary to previous studies, ChpA mutants made using different antibiotic cartridges had vastly different virulence profiles suggesting acquisition of compensatory mutation. One mutant had severe defects in quorum sensing controlled virulence and both mutants had elevated HSL levels suggesting that ChpA is intersecting with the quorum sensing system to mediate virulence.
 Overall this work has broadened the understanding of the Chp system and has shown that the Chp operon is complex in its regulation with an overall structure that is unique to P. aeruginosa. The Chp system is also potentially intersecting with two other cell systems to mediate peptide taxis and virulence suggesting intersection with multiple networks in P. aeruginosa.


Deciding whether a vertex in a graph is reachable from another vertex has been studied intensively in complexity theory and is well understood. For common types of graphs like directed graphs, undirected graphs, dags or trees it takes a (possibly nondeterministic) logspace machine to decide the reachability problem, and the succinct versions of these problems (which often arise in hardware design) are all PSPACEcomplete. In this paper we study tournaments, which are directed graphs with exactly one edge between any two vertices. We show that the tournament reachability problem is first order definable and that its succinct version is Π2 -complete.


This compelling argument for the link between Calvinism in English religious life and the rise of tragedy on the Elizabethan stage draws on a variety of material, including theological tracts, sermons, and dramatic works beginning with sixteenth-century morality plays and continuing through Marlowe's career and the beginning of Shakespeare'sOriginally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1. INTRODUCTION The material of this note can find classroom use when students are studying Taylor polynomials in a Calculus or Elementary Analysis course. Taylor polynomials play an important role in calculus and its applications. For instance, it was shown in [3, Theorem 2] that Taylor polynomials can arise naturally in a differential equations course when one seeks polynomial approximations to power series solutions of certain initial value problems by using the method of undetermined coefficients. That paper was motivated by an example in a calculus reform textbook [1, Example 14, pp. 587-588]. One calculus textbook that is widely used today motivates the introduction of the nth Taylor polynomial as the polynomial of degree at most ? that gives the "best approximation" (in a certain sense) to a given infinitely differentiable function [4, p. 254] and, later, as a partial sum of the Taylor series of the given function [4, p. 607] . The main purpose of the present note is to motivate the supplement of the study of Taylor polynomials by means of the Binomial Theorem. We next explain how doing so in the typical calculus course would have at least three advantages over the other strategies that were described above. First, our proposed method uses a tool that is already familiar, as the Binomial Theorem is typically used early in a calculus course to prove the formula for the derivative of x^sup n^, as in [4, p. 184]. Second, our method reinforces the standard rules for differentiating sums or constant multiples of differentiable functions, which are generally covered shortly after the derivative of x^sup n^, as in [4, pp. 186-187]. Third, our method does not need time-consuming calculations of n01 derivatives. Thus, in regard to the third point, this note contributes to the view expressed in [2] that the Taylor polynomials/series of the most useful functions can often be obtained without the explicit calculations of higher derivatives of the kind that are found in [4, pp. 610-612]. 2. THE BINOMIAL THEOREM IMPUES TAYLOR'S THEOREM FOR POLYNOMIALS We will show how the Binomial Theorem, ... leads to a proof that any nth degree polynomial function, f(x)-a^sub n^x^sup n^+a^sub n-1^x^sup n-1^+ ... + a^sub 0^, can be expressed as ..., which happens to be (the definition of) the ? * Taylor polynomial of f (at x^sub 0^). The proof given below is thus, in effect, a discovery activity that can lead to the definition of the Taylor polynomials/series for any sufficiently/infinitely differentiable function. Let us begin with the special case f(x) = x^sup n^, for some positive integer n. As in [2, Example 1 (b)], the key is to rewrite x as the sum x^sub 0^ +(x-x^sub 0^) . Then, raising to the n* power and applying the Binomial Theorem, we have Next, observe that the factor n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - i + 1)(x^sub 0^)^sup n-i^ is the same as f^sup (i)^(x^sub 0^) for me particular function f(x) = x^sup n^. …


The aim of this study was to evaluate the longevity of donkey sperm comparing the rich seminal fraction and the whole semen in two extenders, Kenney and modified Baken extenders. Semen of five donkeys were collected through an open-end artificial vagina once a week for five consecutive weeks. The two first jets (rich fraction) of semen were collected separately from the rest of the ejaculate. Whole semen samples were obtained mixing proportionally part of the rich with part of the poor seminal fractions. Seminal samples were immediately diluted 1:1 in each extender and maintained at room temperature during sperm concentration analysis. Samples were further diluted to rich 50´106 sperm per ml, cooled in a refrigerator at the initial rate of -0.6° C/min and preserved at 5° C. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM) and sperm vigor (V) were examined after final dilution and cooling, and every 24 hours up to the decrease of total motility under 10%. Sperm morphology was evaluated using a phase contrast microscope directly after dilution, on days 3, 6 and 9 post collection. It was used a 2´2 factorial design in a randomised bloc experiment, and means were compared by Student's t test. Longevity did not vary between the rich seminal fraction and the whole semen for both extenders used. TM, PM, V and sperm morphology were better preserved in the extender with egg yolk (modified Baken extender) than in the one with skimmed milk (Kenney) in both seminal fractions.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. An impaired hypothalamopituitary axis and stress reactivity have extensively been discussed without convincing experimental evidence. We choose a standardized acute psychological stressor to determine whether MS patients show altered endocrine and immune responses to stress. In 35 relapsing-remitting MS patients we found elevated baseline levels for catecholamines, prolactin, and IL-6 compared to 15 healthy controls. All neuroendocrine parameters declined during the stress intervention in MS as well as in stress-exposed controls. But only prolactin showed a significantly larger decline in stressed MS patients versus controls. During exposure to the stress we found no significant changes in serum levels of IL-6, IL-6 receptor, or TNF-alpha in either MS patients or controls after stimulation of a whole blood culture. An altered neural immune signaling in relapsing-remitting MS patients during acute experimental stress could not be proven for the parameters analyzed.


An article appearing in this journal raised questions and stated propositions in relation to the appraisal remedy provisions found in section 164 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 ('the Act'). It was suggested that these questions required clarification through either legislative intervention or judicial determination.
The article in question was published prior to the commencement of the Act and thus subsequent amendments may not have been considered. This could perhaps explain all or part of the uncertainty regarding some of the issues covered. Whether this may be the case, and the extent to which it may be the case, will not be considered here. This note instead focuses on seven questions or concerns identified in the article and presents an alternative view to each of them.


In this paper we present what are, in our experience, the best practices in Peer-To-Peer (P2P) application development and how we combined them in a middleware platform called Mesmerizer. We explain how simulation is an integral part of the development process and not just an assessment tool. We then present our component-based event-driven framework for P2P application development, which can be used to execute multiple instances of the same application in a strictly controlled manner over an emulated network layer for simulation/testing, or a single application in a concurrent environment for deployment purpose. We highlight modeling aspects that are of critical importance for designing and testing P2P applications, e.g. the emulation of Network Address Translation and bandwidth dynamics. We show how our simulator scales when emulating low-level bandwidth characteristics of thousands of concurrent peers while preserving a good degree of accuracy compared to a packet-level simulator.


Many Buddhas, One Buddha introduces a significant section of the important early Indian Buddhist text known as the Avadānaśataka, or "One Hundred Stories", and explores some of its perspectives on buddhahood. This text, composed in Sanskrit and dating to perhaps the third to fifth centuries of the Common Era, is affiliated with the Sarvāstivāda or Mūlasarvāstivāda, and thus provides important evidence of the ideas and literatures of lost non-Mahāyāna schools of Indian Buddhism. The text is a rich literary composition, in mixed prose and verse, and includes some elaborate devotional passages that illuminate early Indian perspectives on the Buddha and on the role of avadāna texts. The book introduces the first four chapters of the Avadānaśataka through key themes of these stories, such as predictions and vows, preparations for buddhahood, the relationship between Śākyamuni and other buddhas, and the relationship between full buddhahood and pratyekabuddhahood. The study of these stories closes with an argument about the structural design of the text, and what this tells us about attitudes towards different forms of awakening. The second part of the book then presents a full English translation of stories 1-40. From tax-dodging merchants, to monks fretting about their sewing skills, the stories offer a rich and entertaining slice of Indian Buddhist literature and teaching.


Objective: To report blood pressure elevation associated with rofecoxib use in 2 older adults. Case Summaries: Two patients, aged 75 and 94 years, were prescribed rofecoxib for osteoarthritis pain. After the initiation of therapy, an elevation in systolic blood pressure measurement ≥17 mm Hg was observed. Upon withdrawal of rofecoxib, blood pressure in one patient returned to baseline measurements. In the second patient, sustained rofecoxib use resulted in blood pressure elevation and change in antihypertensive therapy. Discussion: It is well known that even a small elevation in blood pressure can significantly increase a person's risk for cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the potential magnitude of blood pressure elevation with the use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in the older adult population. In 2 older adults with osteoarthritis and hypertension, rofecoxib potentially led to a substantial elevation in blood pressure. In each case, adjustments of respective therapeutic regimens were made. The Naranjo probability scale indicates a probable relationship in both cases between the rofecoxib and blood pressure elevation. Conclusions: These reports suggest that rofecoxib could produce greater elevation in blood pressure in older hypertensive adults than has been previously reported. Therefore, close monitoring of blood pressure for 1–2 months after initiation of rofecoxib therapy is advisable. Further study is needed to determine the true clinical significance of these findings in older hypertensive adults.


The electrical properties of isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) are dependent on the filler concentration and electrical properties of the conductive additives. ICAs with metal-coated polymer spheres (MPS) are an efficient way of reducing the amount of precious metals in the adhesive without compromising the condcuting properties. Today little is known about the electrical properties of a single MPS and how the thickness of the metal coating relates to the electrical properties, because no good method exists for measuring electrical properties of spherical thin films of small diameters. In this work, a method for probing silver-coated polymer spheres with micromanipulators, is developed and tested. The measurements were done in a dual beam focused ion beam (FIB)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a large vacuum chamber, allowing for manipulation and observation in the nanometer range. Polycrystalline tungsten probes are used for the measurements. They are shaped into flat punch probes with an ion beam and controlled by micromanipulators. Electrical measurements with both two and four probes/wires were performed, the latter found to give precise measurements of the silver coating investigated: The slope of the measured voltage drop divided by the total current was found, V/I, for simplicity called resistance throghout this study. The resistance decrease monotonically with increasing coating thickness. From 0.604 Ω for the 60 nm thick coating, to 0.118 Ω, 0.096 Ω, and 0.079 Ω for the 100 nm, 150 nm, and 270 nm respectively. Computer simulations of the same system conducted with COMSOL Multiphysics, supports the experimental findings. The simulations have resulted in a resistivity prediction model, which predicts the silver coating resistivity given the sphere's geometry and measured resistance. The proposed method proves it possible to conduct measurements on single micron sized silver-coated polymer spheres with a high precision. The promising method lays the foundation for further development of the four-wire setup in addition to even better understanding of the silver coatings.


: A 25 years old woman who ate her birthday cake, which was brought by her husband. After consumption of cake she felt some illness like irritation in chest and vomiting, so she was brought to hospital for treatment and doctors collected her gastric lavage during treatment. Chemical analysis of cake sample by thin layer chromatography and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos and pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin, which confirmed intention of accused to cause health hazard to victim which may lead to homicide.


Only a few genes involved in teeth development and morphology are known to be responsible for tooth abnormalities in Mendelian-inherited diseases. We studied an inbred family of Pakistani origin in which two first-cousin born brothers are affected by early tooth loss with peculiar teeth abnormalities characterized by the absence of cementum formation. Whole exome sequencing revealed a H2665L homozygous sequence variant in the VCAN gene. Dominant splicing mutations in VCAN are known to cause Wagner syndrome or vitreoretinopathy. We explored teeth morphology in these two patients, while versican expression was assessed by western blot analysis. Early signs of vitreoretinopathy were found in the elder brother while the parents were completely negative. Our findings suggest that the homozygous recessive H2665L missense sequence variant impairs the normal morphology of the teeth roots via loss of cementum synthesis, and is also associated with early onset, recessive, Wagner syndrome, thus expanding both the phenotype mutation scenario and the inheritance mode of VCAN mutations.


Background: Cloninger's model of personality comprises four temperament (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and three character dimensions (Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence). These dimensions are associated to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Specific combinations of temperament dimensions are associated to each disorder, while Self-directedness and Cooperativeness are negatively related to both types of disorders. Nevertheless, low levels of autonomy, responsibility, and self-control (i.e., Self-directedness) and low levels of helpful behavior, empathy, and care for others (i.e., Cooperativeness) might as well be epiphenomena of the disorder. We used a twin-pair method to (1) examine the familiality of the seven personality dimensions, and (2) whether this could be related to the genetic vulnerability to develop ADHD and/or ASD. Method: Probands diagnosed with either ADHD (n = 74) or ASD (n = 21) (D-probands) and their co-twins (D-cotwin) were identified from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. The controls (C-probands) and their co-twins (C-cotwin) were 729 twin-pairs who do not reach diagnosis criteria. We used Pearson correlations between twins to analyze the relationship between personality dimensions among twin-pairs. By examining D-cotwins and C-cotwins who do not reach diagnosis criteria we disentangled a genetic relationship between personality traits and the disorder⎯the co-twin of twins diagnosed with a disorder who do not reach diagnosis criteria themselves, yet share at least 50% of their genes with the disordered twin, should differ in the character measures when compared with the non-diagnosed co-twins of healthy controls. Although the non-diagnosed D-cotwins did not express the phenotype for ADHD, they should have more ADHD vulnerability genes than individuals with no relation to a D-proband (i.e., C-cotwins). Results: All seven personality dimensions were significantly correlated across twin-pairs with coefficients ranging from .30 for Novelty Seeking to .51 for Cooperativeness. The non-diagnosed C-cotwins reported higher Self-directedness (t = 2.96, df = 737, p = .003) and lower Self-transcendence (t = -2.35, df = 737, p = .019) than the non-diagnosed D-cotwins. The mean scores of the non-diagnosed D-cotwins for these character traits were between those of the D-probands and the non-diagnosed C-cotwins. Suggesting that, at least these two scales, have trait-like characteristics related to familial vulnerability to ADHD. Self-directedness goes down, while Self-transcendence goes up in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. Conclusions: There is a weak/moderate effect size for Self-directedness and Self-transcendence in causation of ADHD and ASD. The combination of low Self-directedness and high Self-transcendence, for instance, predisposes to magical thinking in that imagination is not constrained by reality testing.


ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficiently propagates through cell-to-cell contacts, which include virological synapses (VS), filopodia, and nanotubes. Here, we quantified and characterized further these diverse modes of contact in lymphocytes. We report that viral transmission mainly occurs across VS and through "polysynapses," a rosette-like structure formed between one infected cell and multiple adjacent recipients. Polysynapses are characterized by simultaneous HIV clustering and transfer at multiple membrane regions. HIV Gag proteins often adopt a ring-like supramolecular organization at sites of intercellular contacts and colocalize with CD63 tetraspanin and raft components GM1, Thy-1, and CD59. In donor cells engaged in polysynapses, there is no preferential accumulation of Gag proteins at contact sites facing the microtubule organizing center. The LFA-1 adhesion molecule, known to facilitate viral replication, enhances formation of polysynapses. Altogether, our results reveal an underestimated mode of viral transfer through polysynapses. In HIV-infected individuals, these structures, by promoting concomitant infection of multiple targets in the vicinity of infected cells, may facilitate exponential viral growth and escape from immune responses.


A new fabrication technology for three-dimensionally buried silica on silicon optical waveguide based on deep etching and thermal oxidation is presented. Using this method, a silicon layer is left at the side of waveguide. The stress distribution and effective refractive index are calculated by using finite element method and finite different beam propagation method, respectively. The results indicate that the stress of silica on silicon optical waveguide fabricated by this method can be matched in parallel and vertical directions and stress birefringence can be effectively reduced due to the side-silicon layer.


A discussion between Canadian media theorist Chris Russill, associate professor at Carleton University, and Kate Maddalena, assistant professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, articulates Russill's work in terms of current conversations in media-related cultural studies. Russill uses media theory, particularly the intersecting lineages of Michel Foucault, Harold Innis, and Friedrich Kittler, to describe planetary media that record, store, and transmit light. He then discusses implications for the technical media apparatus being created, largely in earth systems sciences, to read, process, and deploy appropriate action in response to the same. The conception of earth as optical medium affords insight into the power politics of ozone holes, climate change, the photosynthetic machines of science fiction, and sunscreen


Abstract During the early People's Republic of China (PRC) era the science dissemination campaign (kexue puji) aimed at conveying not only scientific knowledge related to daily life concerns but also knowledge about invisible dangers, most prominently those emanating from weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons. The immediate task of the young PRC after the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was to make nuclear radiation visible by iconic metaphors and to teach the population about the dangers of an invisible nuclear fallout should the United States decide to use nuclear weapons. By focusing on the most characteristic media in science dissemination of the 1950s such as the Newsletter of Science Dissemination (Kexue puji tongxun), as well as popular science journals such Science Pictorial (Kexue huabao) and Knowledge Is Power (Zhishi jiushi liliang), this article shows how the state used metaphors of the invisible to influence social and political behavior. Convincing the barely literate peasant and the inchoately educated worker of possible dangers in the Cold War required a different epistemology of knowledge than in traditional society. This resulted in a further refinement of Maoist science philosophy that integrated materialism into science policies.


Quantifying reductions in streamflow due to groundwater pumping ("streamflow depletion") is essential for conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water resources. Analytical models are widely used to estimate streamflow depletion but include potentially problematic assumptions such as simplified stream‐aquifer geometry and rely on largely untested depletion apportionment equations to distribute depletion from a well among different stream reaches. Here, we use archetypal numerical models to evaluate the sensitivity of five depletion apportionment equations to stream networks with varying drainage densities, topographic relief, and groundwater recharge rates; and statistically evaluate the sources of error for each equation. We introduce a new depletion apportionment equation called web squared which considers stream network geometry, and find that it performs the best under most conditions tested. For all depletion apportionment equations, performance decreases with increases in drainage density, relief, or recharge rates, and all equations struggle to estimate depletion in short stream reaches. Poorly performing apportionment equations tend to underestimate streamflow depletion relative to numerical model results, leading to a negative bias and underpredicted variability, while error in the best performing apportionment equations tends to be due to imperfect correlation. From a management perspective, apportionment equations with error due to bias and variability are preferable as they correctly identify which reaches will be affected and can be statistically corrected. Overall, these results indicate that the web squared method introduced here, which explicitly considers stream geometry, performs the best over a range of real‐world conditions, and will be most accurate in flatter and drier environments.


Human beings live in various places. Place affects human
being. A few experiments were conducted on 200 students, including 100 male and
100 female. Participants were the students of a selected school. Place effect
on participants' motor, cognitive behaviors and academic confidence studied. The
subjects were divided into two groups. Group-A was consisted of students those were
in the school for more than 5 years, whereas in group-B students with less than
5 years stay in the school were there. It was assumed that duration as stay in
the school representing place effect may provide some relationship link?
Following instruments were used; Taping Board (Electronic) 10 trails for both
groups as motor performance, Star Mirror Drawing (Electronics) 10 trails with
preferred hand both groups for transfer as cognition and Academic
Self-efficacy Scale for all groups for academic
confidence implied in similar controlled conditions.
The results provided useful significant information about the place effect;
some emic proposition regarding gender also emerged. More studies recommended.


Messages embedded within media are powerful ideological forces influencing ways girls perceive and negotiate the world and their selves, setting standards, expectations, ideals and norms. From a neo-Gramscian perspective, popular culture is a site of negotiation for a girl's meaning making and construction of self. Over the course of this dissertation, seven teenage girls between the ages of 12 and 14 years offer a glimpse into their private lives as they reflect upon their relationships with popular culture. Through photo-ethnography, and video documented focus group and photo elicitation interviews, the girls discuss issues, personal attributes, and meaningful experiences, and demonstrate how they construct a sense of self amongst the hegemonic forces of peers, family, and societal values mediated by the media and popular culture. As I continue to witness the cultural, social and political girl "come together" through the site of popular culture, the more I realize this site's value as a gateway for meaningful, critical, and transformative media-based art education with an emphasis on self-actualization and social action. Using popular culture to engage girls in critical, reflective and reflexive dialogue provided me with a working framework to understand how each constructed her sense of self amongst others. I have discovered that much like a collage, constructed and juxtaposed piece by piece, everything a girl values becomes, in essence, layers in her self-portrait, and a mirror to her self. There are educational and research implications pointing towards reframing my research methodology for the classroom, adding a fourth step, art-based video documentary production, and inviting girls to consider and transform what limits their potential through meaningful media production.


Misregulation of a pluripotency-associated transcription factor network in adult tissues is associated with the expansion of rare, highly malignant tumor-initiating stem cells (TISCs) through poorly understood mechanisms. We demonstrate that robust and selective expression of the receptor for the adipocyte-derived peptide hormone leptin (OB-R) is a characteristic feature of TISCs and of a broad array of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells and is mediated directly by the core pluripotency-associated transcription factors OCT4 and SOX2. TISCs exhibit sensitized responses to leptin, including the phosphorylation and activation of the pluripotency-associated oncogene STAT3 and induction of Oct4 and Sox2, thereby establishing a self-reinforcing signaling module. Exposure of cultured mouse embryonic stem cells to leptin sustains pluripotency in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor. By implanting TISCs into leptin-deficient ob/ob mice or into comparably overweight Leprdb/db mice that produce leptin, we provide evidence of a central role for the leptin-TISC–signaling axis in promoting obesity-induced tumor growth. Differential responses to extrinsic, adipocyte-derived cues may promote the expansion of tumor cell subpopulations and contribute to oncogenesis.


The price volatility of cryptocurrencies is often cited as a major hindrance to their wide-scale adoption. Consequently, during the last two years, multiple so called stablecoins have surfaced – cryptocurrencies focused on maintaining stable exchange rates. In this paper, we systematically explore and analyze the stablecoin landscape. Based on a survey of 24 specific stablecoin projects, we go beyond individual coins for extracting general concepts and approaches. We combine our findings with learnings from classical monetary policy, resulting in a comprehensive taxonomy of cryptocurrency stabilization. We use our taxonomy to highlight the current state of development from different perspectives and show blank spots. For instance, while over 91% of projects promote 1-to-1 stabilization targets to external assets, monetary policy literature suggests that the smoothing of short term volatility is often a more sustainable alternative. Our taxonomy bridges computer science and economics, fostering the transfer of expertise. For example, we find that 38% of the reviewed projects use a combination of exchange rate targeting and specific stabilization techniques that can render them vulnerable to speculative economic attacks – an avoidable design flaw.


In this paper, a novel method of representing symbolic images in a symbolic image database (SID) invariant to image transformations that is useful for exact match retrieval is presented. The relative spatial relationships existing among the components present in an image are perceived with respect to the direction of reference and preserved by a set of triples. A distinct and unique key is computed for each distinct triple. The mean and standard deviation of the set of keys computed for a symbolic image are stored along with the total number of keys as the representatives of the corresponding image. The proposed exact match retrieval scheme is based on a modified binary search technique and, thus, requires O (logn) search time in the worst case, where n is the total number of symbolic images in the SID. An extensive experimentation on a large database of 22,630 symbolic images is conducted to corroborate the superiority of the model. The effectiveness of the proposed representation scheme is tested with standard testbed images


The physiological role of the plasma contact system still remains a partial enigma. The aim of the presented work was to expand our understanding of the plasma contact system, focusing on its physiological activation and function, principally from a hemostatic perspective. It also explored contact system activation under pathological conditions. We found that when human platelets become activated in blood, plasma proteins of the contact system bind to platelets and initiate contact activation. The platelet-triggered contact activation contributed to clot formation by shortening the clotting time and enhancing clot stability. We demonstrated that the regulation of contact activation elicited by activated platelets differed from the previously described contact activation elicited by negatively charged material surfaces. Platelet-triggered contact activation and activation propelled by clotting blood were found to be regulated by antithrombin, whereas material-induced activation was regulated by C1 inhibitor. We also showed that the fibrin fibers that are formed during the clot process further enhance and propagate the contact activation initially induced by activated platelets. Fibrin not only activated factor XII but also seemed to increase the affinity of antithrombin for the proteases of the contact system, leading to the generation of contact enzyme-antithrombin complexes during clot formation. To determine whether the contact system might be involved in the inflammation and vascular disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we analyzed plasma samples from SLE patients. These patients were found to have altered levels of contact enzyme-serpin complexes, supporting the concept that the contact system may be involved in the pathophysiology of SLE. The contact enzyme-antithrombin complexes were clearly linked to platelet activation in vivo. Altered levels of both FXIIa-antithrombin and FXIIa-C1 inhibitor were found to be correlated with previous vascular disease and may therefore be potential biomarkers for assessing the risk of thrombotic events in SLE patients. These findings add to our knowledge of how the plasma contact system is activated and functions in vivo and will help us to understand the role of the contact system, not only in hemostasis but also in vascular disease and thrombotic conditions.


Hypoplastic Myelodysplastic Syndrome (h-MDS) comprises 15% of all MDS and has traditionally been difficult to distinguish from aplastic anemia (AA) by current testing. Accurate differentiation is important because treatment and prognosis differ. Since the publication of the 2008 World Health Organization classification of MDS, next-generation DNA sequencing has discovered novel mutations strongly associated with AA and MDS. Recent research supports the utility of identifying these mutations in the diagnosis and management of MDS; however, use of next-generation sequencing is not yet recommended in guidelines and the study is not routinely performed. We present a case where next-generation sequencing performed on a peripheral blood specimen aided the diagnosis and management of a 74-year-old man with h-MDS. This case adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the utility of next-generation DNA sequencing in the evaluation of MDS and h-MDS, particularly when diagnosis remains unclear after standard testing.


The Chilean economy is usually highly praised as a successful one since the imposition of neoliberal reforms, under the dictatorship of general Pinochet in 1973. The fact is that the four decades that have elapsed include sub-periods with quite different policy approaches and notably diverse outcomes. There is neither one unique model nor only one outcome. The four decades growth is moderate, averaging 4.2% per year; during the 16 years of dictatorship averaged 2.9% (meager), during one quarter of a century of democracy, 5.1%, a good performance, but a vigorous 7.1% in the first years (1990-98) and a modest 3.9% in the fifteen more recent years. Sometimes has performed closer to become a "model†for development, sometimes the opposite. Focusing in three episodes (1973-81, 1990-98 and 2008-13), we explore the underlying explanatory variables and some lessons for building "a model for developmentâ€


ROZDINA, D., G. RAIKOVA-PETROVA, R. MARINOVA and E. UZUNOVA, 2008. Food spectrum and feeding of Barbus cyclolepis Heckel from the middle stream of Maritza River (Bulgaria). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 209-213 To assess the food spectrum of Barbus cyclolepis altogether 101 specimens were investigated. Food of the barbel consists of 14 food components. The occurrence frequency and the index of dominance were the highest for Chironomid larvae with 78.95% and 42.11% respectively. Plant detritus is established as a significant component in the feeding of the species with 55.79% occurrence frequency and 23.16% index of dominance and is the most important nutrient during the summer season. Variation of index of dominance and fullness index during the year is also investigated. The maximum values of fullness index are established in August (4.8%) and the minimum is in November (0.56%). Feeding activity during the breeding season is decreased. The low value of vacuity index (5.94%) shows good feeding conditions.


Host intrusion detection systems are used to analyze internal events on host machines and detect behavioral patterns that differ from normal operation of the system and its processes. One important aspect in observing the behavior of processes are the application updates that may change the behavior of an application but also potentially help to build a profile for the application when observing its update patterns. In this study, we observe update frequencies and patterns of a set of applications on 100 machines during an analysis period of 100 days. Our preliminary results indicate that it is possible to detect clear software update patterns that can be used for profiling processes.


Quantum computations operate in the quantum world. For their results to be useful in any way, there is an intrinsic necessity of cooperation and communication controlled by the classical world. As a consequence, full formal descriptions of algorithms making use of quantum principles must take into account both quantum and classical computing components and assemble them so that they communicate and cooperate. This paper aims at defining a high level language allowing the description of classical and quantum programming, and their cooperation. Since process algebras provide a framework to model cooperating computations and have well defined semantics, they have been chosen as a basis for this language. Starting with a classical process algebra, this paper explains how to transform it for including quantum computation. The result is a quantum process algebra with its operational semantics, which can be used to fully describe quantum algorithms in their classical context.


The TONG WARS were violent outbreaks between the ON LEONG TONG and the Hip Sing Tong Chinese societies, first occurring in 1911 when the latter organization was formed. On 20 Nov. 1911, Woo Dip, of the On Leong Tong, was shot by Leing Young of the Hip Sing Tong, witnesses said, allegedly for refusing to pay the Hip Sing Tong $2 in protection money. Police searched for Young, who escaped, but helped by national representatives from the On Leong Tong and 2 disaffected Hip Sing Tong members, 2 other members of the Hip Sing Tong were convicted. The Hip Sing Tong charged that its convicted members were victims of a conspiracy by the On Leong Tong. On 29 May 1924, former On Leong Tong president, Yee Hee Kee, was shot 5 times; later that summer 7 Hip Sing Tong members were convicted of a $70,000 extortion scheme. Relations between the tongs remained tense; rumors of open warfare led to police searches and protection. The tong wars climaxed the following year. On 23 Sept. 1925, Yee Chock, of the On Leong Tong, was brutally murdered. Using information supplied by an elderly Chinese, Mark Ham, police arrested 3 Hip Sing Tong members. Safety Director Edwin D. Barry, however, was angered at the constant tension and periodic violence and determined to end the hostilities. He ordered every Chinese male in Cleveland--over 700 of them--arrested, closed Chinese businesses, and took steps to have the Ontario St. Chinese settlement condemned as a health and fire hazard and razed. The mass arrest soon embarrassed the city. Students visiting from China had been arrested and the Chinese government filed an official protest. Additional protests from the Cleveland Chinese community led city officials to issue an official apology to those arrested. The murder case, meanwhile, took a confusing turn. Mark Ham changed his story, confessing that the murder had been committed by members of the On Leong Tong in order to discredit the rival tong and to punish 3 recent defectors. Ham himself had been the lookout and was charged as an accomplice. On Leong Tong members claimed that Ham's confession had been made through a Hip Sing translator and was not true. Ham hanged himself in his jail cell before the trial was over. By 1930 the tong wars were over, and by the middle of the decade the former rivals were cooperating on projects within the Chinese community.


It is conventionally assumed that book publishing is a process through which writing is relayed to readers: publishing conceived as publication. At most, publishing is acknowledged as a process which writing passes through, with effects that are partially acknowledged for mass-market genre fiction, and almost universally denied for literary fiction. Here I argue that publishing—as a set of processes and practices—is constitutive of all formations of writing and reading. Publishing precedes writing and governs the possibilities of reading. This article is an explicit challenge to both contemporary book studies and literary studies. The argument elaborated here takes publishing—as a set of processes, practices and relations—to the centre of literary studies. It should be immediately clear that the definitions of "publishing" and the publishable formulated here, owe little to common sense. These common senses, implicit and explicit, are elaborated in the first section of this article. Section two presents a critical alternative. A sketch of this critical alternative—horizons of the publishable—follows. I finish by outlining some of the transformations effected by publishing and the publishable on concepts such as style, genre, intertextuality, adaptation, and the literary, in its strong evaluative sense.

The materiality of the book is now both topos and mantra. Varying modes of publication, the diverse physical forms of texts, and historically variegated reading practices are routinely invoked as contexts in ever more nuanced accounts of textuality and reading. In part, this represents the selective movement of book studies into the literary studies mainstream. Leah Price's introduction to the 2006 PMLA special issue—"Book History and the Idea of Literature


Since the 90s, successive reforms of the CAP have progressively introduced environmental considerations into the policy's goals. However, the CAP remains a sectorial policy intended to modernise the tools of production and support farmers' income. The agri-environmental measures (AEM) represent the CAP's most focused environmental initiatives, but they are granted a relatively modest budget, are dependent on voluntary adoption (with a low rate of uptake) and their limited duration makes significant structural changes difficult. Making aid payments conditional and subject to the respect of sanitary and environmental regulations is not a very efficient system, because the payments are not proportional to the environmental services rendered. While the majority of farm income support is financed by the European budget, support for public goods comes from the Ministries of External Affairs, with funding from both the European budget and the regions, with a continuous rise of the European contribution. Now, the aid to the farm income ensuring a certain degree of social cohesion is much more a regional or national matter than a European one, while some public goods provided through agriculture benefit to all the European citizens. The provision of some of the public goods through agriculture is therefore an opportunity to re-found the CAP around purposes common to the Member States, and dedicating the agricultural public aid to the production of public goods becomes a central issue.


BACKGROUND
Up to 1% of adults will have a leg ulcer at some time. The majority of leg ulcers are venous in origin and are caused by high pressure in the veins due to blockage or weakness of the valves in the veins of the leg. Prevention and treatment of venous ulcers is aimed at reducing the pressure either by removing/repairing the veins, or by applying compression bandages/stockings to reduce the pressure in the veins.The majority of venous ulcers heal with compression bandages, however ulcers frequently recur. Clinical guidelines therefore recommend that people continue to wear compression, usually in the form of hosiery (tights, stockings, socks) after their ulcer heals, to prevent recurrence.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of compression (socks, stockings, tights, bandages) in preventing the recurrence of venous ulcers. If compression does prevent ulceration compared with no compression, then to identify whether there is evidence to recommend particular levels of compression (high, medium or low, for example), types of compression, or brands of compression to prevent ulcer recurrence after healing.

SEARCH METHODS
For this update we searched The Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (searched 1 March 2012); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 2); Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to February Week 4 2012); Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, February 29, 2012); Ovid EMBASE (1980 to 2012 Week 08); and EBSCO CINAHL (1982 to 1 March 2012).

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials evaluating compression bandages or hosiery for preventing the recurrence of venous ulcers.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors undertook data extraction and risk of bias assessment independently.

MAIN RESULTS
Four trials (979 participants) were eligible for inclusion in this review. One trial in patients with recently healed venous ulcers (n = 153) compared recurrence rates with and without compression and found that compression significantly reduced ulcer recurrence at six months (Risk ratio (RR) 0.46, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.76).Two trials compared high-compression hosiery (equivalent to UK class 3) with moderate-compression hosiery (equivalent to UK class 2). The first study (n=300) found no significant reduction in recurrence at five years follow up with high-compression hosiery compared with moderate-compression (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.12). The second study (n = 338) assessed ulcer recurrence at three years follow up and found that high-compression hosiery reduced recurrence compared with moderate-compression (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.81). Statistically significant heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis of the results from these studies. Patient-reported compliance rates were reported in both trials;,there was significantly higher compliance with medium-compression than with high-compression hosiery in one and no significant difference in the second.A fourth trial (166 patients) found no statistically significant difference in recurrence between two types of medium (UK class 2) compression hosiery (Medi versus Scholl: RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.2).No trials of compression bandages for preventing ulcer recurrence were identified.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is evidence from one trial that compression hosiery reduces rates of reulceration of venous ulcers compared with no compression. Results from one trial suggest that recurrence is lower in high-compression hosiery than in medium-compression hosiery at three years whilst another trial found no difference at 5 years. Rates of patient intolerance of compression hosiery were high. There is insufficient evidence to aid selection of different types, brands, or lengths of compression hosiery.


The effect of fixed doses of oral hypoglycemic agents and placebo (diet alone) on the blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol responses during oral glucose tolerance tests done annually for up to four years' follow-up was studied, in a doubleblind manner, in five groups of mild male chemical diabetics. The drugs used were chlorpropamide (100 mg. O.D.), tolbutamide (500 ing. b.i.d.), phenformin (50 mg. O.D.), acetohexamide (250 mg. O.D.), and placebo. Each subject was given an individualized diet aimed at attaining and maintaining ideal weight. Comparison by chi-square analysis between the placebo group and each of the drug groups showed (a) no significant differences with regard to the number of subjects with normal glucose tolerance in each of the tests and (b) no change in the insulin secretion dynamics. Comparison between the initial test and each of the subsequent tests within each group showed (a) a greater number of subjects with normal glucose tolerance in the first follow-up test in the chlorpropamide group only, (b) no change in the insulin secretion dynamics except in the chlorpropamide group, where there was an increased insulin/glucose ratio in the first follow-up test, and (c) no change in the fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels.


A symmetric complex [NiL2(H2O)2]Cl2, where L = 2-picolylamine was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and structural methods. Single crystal X-ray studies reveal that the Ni(II) center located in a pseudo-octahedral N4O2 environment with bidentate ligands L positioned in basal and two water molecules in the apical position. The complex is solvatochromic, ionochromic and thermochromic. The observed positive solvatochromism in polar solvents is due to the substitution of water molecules by the solvent. The complex demonstrated distinct ionochromism towards cyanide and bromide anions in the presence of other halides and pseudo-halide anions and can be served as a ''naked-eye'' indicator for the qualitative detection of these anions. The compound showed reversible thermochromism in solid-state from blue to green due to dehydration and hydration process.


We only have a limited understanding of the nutrient uptake physiology of individual roots as they age. Despite this shortcoming, the importance of nutrient uptake processes to our understanding of plant nutrition and nutrient cycling cannot be underestimated. In this study, we used a 15N depletion method that allowed for the measurement of nitrate-N uptake rates on intact, individual, fine roots of known age. We expected that N uptake would decline rapidly as fine roots aged, regardless of the environmental conditions and species used. We compared age dependent uptake patterns of young grape cuttings with those of mature vines and with those of tomato. Although patterns of declining uptake with increasing root age were similar for all species and conditions tested, large differences in maximum N uptake rates existed between young cuttings and mature vines, and between woody and herbaceous species. Maximum rates were 10-fold higher for tomato and 3-fold higher for the grape cuttings, when compared with uptake rates of fine roots of mature vines. Coefficients of variation ranged from 43 to 122% within root age groups. The large variability in physiological characteristics of fine roots of the same age, diameter and order suggests that there is a functional diversity within fine roots that is still poorly understood.


Most of the recent evidence suggests that extramedullary plasmacytoma should be treated initially with radiation, as response rates have exceeded 90% in many studies. Surgery is not considered a primary treatment modality for such tumors. We report the case of a chronically immunosuppressed 43-year-old man with bilateral extramedullary plasmacytomas of the nasal cavities. The right-sided mass was surgically excised, while the left-sided mass was initially treated with radiation. However, the left mass proved to be radioresistant, and it was subsequently excised surgically The patient showed no evidence of recurrence of either mass at 42 months of follow-up. We believe that the particulars of this case, combined with the results of some recent studies, provide good evidence that surgery should be considered in the treatment of certain cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma.


Using the British New Earnings Survey Panel Data for 1975–2001, the authors estimate the wage cyclicality (the degree to which wage levels rise and fall with economic upturns and downturns) of three groups: job stayers, within-company job movers, and between-company job movers. Wages of internal movers, they find, were slightly more procyclical, and wages of external movers considerably more procyclical, than those of stayers. The greater cyclicality of movers' wages is particularly apparent for private sector workers and persons not covered by collective agreements. Nevertheless, because job stayers comprised about 90% of all observations in this large sample of British workers, the procyclicality of their wages was the predominant determinant of the overall procyclical pattern found across all groups. Thus, the analysis does not support the implication of some rigid wage models that employers use job title changes to adjust wages to the business cycle.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of melatonin treatment on sleep, behavior, cognition, and quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic sleep onset insomnia.

METHOD
A total of 105 medication-free children, ages 6 to 12 years, with rigorously diagnosed ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using 3 or 6 mg melatonin (depending on body weight), or placebo for 4 weeks. Primary outcome parameters were actigraphy-derived sleep onset, total time asleep, and salivary dim light melatonin onset.

RESULTS
Sleep onset advanced by 26.9 +/- 47.8 minutes with melatonin and delayed by 10.5 +/- 37.4 minutes with placebo (p < .0001). There was an advance in dim light melatonin onset of 44.4 +/- 67.9 minutes in melatonin and a delay of 12.8 +/- 60.0 minutes in placebo (p < .0001). Total time asleep increased with melatonin (19.8 +/- 61.9 minutes) as compared to placebo (-13.6 +/- 50.6 minutes; p = .01). There was no significant effect on behavior, cognition, and quality of life, and significant adverse events did not occur.

CONCLUSION
Melatonin advanced circadian rhythms of sleep-wake and endogenous melatonin and enhanced total time asleep in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia; however, no effect was found on problem behavior, cognitive performance, or quality of life.


This chapter aims at defining a minimum multiplicity of infection (MOI) and determining if the presence of non-Legionella species of bacteria would influence the recovery of Legionella pneumophila CFU during replication and lysis of amoebae host cells. It also aims at documenting the impact of adding the free-swimming ciliate Tetrahymena to the amplified number of Legionella after they had lysed the population of amoebae host cells. If amoebae infection by L. pneumophila was the result of inadvertent contact and subsequent phagocytosis, an inhibitory effect might have been expected since addition of exogenous bacteria would likewise result in increased inadvertent contact with phagocytosis, and thus diminish potential contact and uptake of virulent L. pneumophila. As a direct result of L. pneumophila amplification, amoebae lysed, liberating the bacteria, which were then concentrated into vesicles by the Tetrahymena sp. A conclusion reached in this study is that L. pneumophila can initiate infection in amoebae at an MOI considerably lower than often used in laboratory studies.


Flooding events are no longer rare, floods occur all over the world. Accordingly, it is vital for the society and different authorities to work with flood mapping. To meet the goal of Uppsala kommun to map the risks of floods in Uppsala lan, a map of the different areas around Funboan which are inside the area of risk for flooding have been developed. In the work, cross sections and the water flow have been measured. Moreover, an echo-sounding have been carried out in Funboan to map the bottom topography. From the bottom map and laser scanned data covering the study area, a terrain model was created. The terrain model was used to draw cross sections in MIKE 11-GIS which represented the characteristics of the surroundings along Funboan in the hydraulic module MIKE 11. Furthermore, the 100-year flow has been calculated for Funboan with different methods and the calculated maximum flow has been estimated. These flows were used as input to the MIKE 11 model. The results of the MIKE 11 simulations show that large parts of the areas surrounding Funboan would be flooded as a consequence of extreme flows in Funboan. The areas flooded in the model of Funboan are well consistent with contour lines, heights of the terrain model and orthophotos. Some weaknesses did emerge in the flood mapping as a result of incorrect interpolation between some of the cross sections. The main uncertainties in the model of Funboan lie in the determination of the water flow and size of the Manning number, however, there sensitivity have been identified. The measures simulated to reduce the flooding with changing the values of Manning's number and changing the appearance of some cross sections didn't affect the extent of the floods except from some reductions around the area of the church of Funbo. The model for Funboan can be used to produce flood maps and simulate water levels. However, to secure the validity of the model the flow in Funboan should be determined more accurately. Also, with advantage, the calculated maximum flow should be developed for Funboan.


Considerable controversy exists regarding the functional assessment of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficient athlete. Traditionally, clinicians have speculated that certain physical characteristics, such as muscular strength and power and joint laxity, should be assessed and used to predict functional capacity. Recent research has refuted the relationship between these physical characteristics andfunctional capacity, and has suggested the best assessment of functional capacity is acheived through the use of three functional performance tests. This paper describes three objective functional performance tests (FPTs) that have been shown to be accurate assessments of functional capacity in the A CL insufficient athlete. To assist the clinician with the assessment of the A CL insufficient athlete's readiness to return to pre-injury levels of activity, mean values on three FPTs were established for healthy Division I intercollegiate athletes (n = 30 males, n = 15 females). Collectively, these FPTs provide the clinician with new objective parameters by which to dynamically assess the functional capabilities of the A CL insufficient athlete. The results of these tests help provide a basis for determining an athlete's readiness to return to sport activity.


Since the culmination of the Vietnam War on April 30 th , 1975, waves of Vietnamese evacuees, refugees, and immigrants arrived in the United States and created a new home across the country. Orange County, California, is home to the largest concentration of Vietnamese Americans since 1975 in the U.S., and has notoriously been known as the "Vietnamese refugee capitol" in the diasporas. I argue that there has been an organic, thriving – albeit very under-studied – body of Vietnamese-language literature and media in Orange County and VietnAmerica since 1975, which provides a fertile ground for the articulation of what I call "refug-endity." These Vietnamese-language publications and cultural productions are highly autonomous yet hidden from the mainstream owing to cultural and language barriers. Nonetheless, I suggest that this refug-endity despite its seeming isolation – has a dormant yet permeating life, and is continued through the works of ethnic-Vietnamese artists of diasporic generations. Forty years later, refug-endity has evolved from ethnic autonomy to global visibility, with new diasporic crops in the making and a flourishing resurgence of the ethnic language in the American mainstream as well as within the ethnic enclaves. This entry draws from my research as well as lived experiences of nineteen years in Vietnam, as well as over two decades in Orange County and several parts of the Vietnamese diasporas worldwide. In particular, this article is based on my organic knowledge of, academic studies of, and contributions to the development of Vietnamese archives, media and cultural production, and primary sources in the Orange County (and beyond) ethnic enclave over the past forty years. Through 1 Glassey-Tranguyen: Refug-endity in VietnAmerica and the Diasporas 1975-2015 Published by Purdue e-Pubs, 2015 Trangdai Glassey-TranguyenArticulating Refug-endity in VietnAmerica and the Diasporas Journal of Southeast Asian American Education & Advancement, Vol. 10 (2015) ISSN: 2153-8999 analysis of works and programs pertaining to refug-endity, I reflect on four decades of the Vietnamese language productions, the themes of these productions, and the political economy that allowed for these productions to have life.


In this article we present results of a data collection project carried out to create a reliable georeferenced database to characterize the soil types constituting the near surface cover of study areas located in central Italy. The database includes the following features: i) the coordinates of the site investigations; ii) the geotechnical parameters; iii) the shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of soil; iv) the type of test used to evaluate the geotechnical parameters and the shear wave velocity; and v) the general description of the stratigraphy. Preliminary analyses on the data were performed to determine the average values, the distribution of the measured data over the intervals, and the probability density function that best fits the measured values. Secondly, geostatistical analyses were done to assess the spatial correlation between data. Among the soils considered, only gravels show a low correspondence between the experimental variograms and the mathematical curve fitting them, while for all of the other soils, such agreement is high. Finally, two applications of the newly developed database are proposed. The first one is the development of continuous soil property maps for a selected study area, created from the information included in the database, which is constrained by a discrete amount of information. In the second application approximately the 80 percent of the measured data are considered to provide spatial predictions, which are tested with the remaining 20 percent of the data.


Abstract This First Glossop Lecture explores the borderland between geology and engineering, partly historically and through the attitude and education of the practitioners but mainly by consideration of site investigation practice and the use of the geological model in the characterization of a site for engineering purposes. It starts with a historical overview, including the work of Glossop, to introduce the subject matter. The text is illustrated by tables and line drawings, many of which are block models. All models are annotated so that they largely speak for themselves. Text boxes are included for readers with less geological or geotechnical knowledge. Considered simply, the geology at any one site is a product of its history. The engineering geological environment of the site includes the geological history and the current geomorphological processes and climatic conditions. The development of the geological model for any site therefore requires specific consideration of the regional and local geological and geomorphological history and current ground surface conditions. This concept is examined from the scale of plate tectonics to the smallest geological features and micro climate. Simple models of various terrains, rock associations and surface environments and their effect on the geology and geomorphology are presented as geology for engineers, and these are used together with case histories from Britain and overseas to illustrate the development of a model for any particular site. Conclusions are drawn, based on experience of the use of models in practice. Appendices give details of various engineering geological environments. At each stage of site investigation, the status and capability of the model to anticipate are reviewed. Examples are given of varying approaches to each stage dependent upon the local geology and the project, and estimates are given of the potential improvement in geological knowledge at each stage depending on local circumstances. Geological mapping is an underused but important component in getting the model right. The geologist's role is to get the geology right. The model is also simply examined from risk and uncertainty viewpoints, geometry of local site geology, small scale features, sampling and also from a cost effectiveness perspective. The power of the model is more in its ability to anticipate conditions than to predict them precisely. Anticipation is turned into reality by the ground investigation. A Geological Enviromnental Matrix (GEM) to help anticipate the geology at any one site is presented and examples given of the matrix tested in operation. The paper concludes with consideration of unforeseen and unforeseeable geological conditions in a contractual situation; and discussion on the education, training, research and experience of geologists and engineers in improving teaching, communication and understanding in the borderland of geology and engineering. On any site, an experienced and appropriate geotechnical team is needed to get both the geological and the companion geotechnical models right, to outline objectives and questions to be answered and to determine activities to achieve these. The current status of development in engineering geology on a parochial and world scene is briefly judged. At present engineering geology is largely seen as a service profession, but the potential for developments in understanding the earth and earth's processes for the benefit of mankind through engineering is exciting. Engineering geology should not lose its distinct role but communication and interaction with engineering need fostering.