New genes with novel functions arise by duplication and divergence, but the process poses a problem. After duplication, an extra gene copy must rise to sufficiently high frequency in the population and remain free of common inactivating lesions long enough to acquire the rare mutations that provide a new selectable function. Maintaining a duplicated gene by selection for the original function would restrict the freedom to diverge. (We refer to this problem as Ohno's dilemma). A model is described by which selection continuously favors both maintenance of the duplicate copy and divergence of that copy from the parent gene. Before duplication, the original gene has a trace side activity (the innovation) in addition to its original function. When an altered ecological niche makes the minor innovation valuable, selection favors increases in its level (the amplification), which is most frequently conferred by increased dosage of the parent gene. Selection for the amplified minor function maintains the extra copies and raises the frequency of the amplification in the population. The same selection favors mutational improvement of any of the extra copies, which are not constrained to maintain their original function (the divergence). The rate of mutations (per genome) that improve the new function is increased by the multiplicity of target copies within a genome. Improvement of some copies relaxes selection on others and allows their loss by mutation (becoming pseudogenes). Ultimately one of the extra copies is able to provide all of the new activity.


The present study investigated saccadic inhibition in both voluntary and stimulus-elicited saccades. Two experiments examined saccadic inhibition caused by an irrelevant flash occurring subsequent to target onset. In each trial, participants were required to perform a single saccade following the presentation of a black target on a gray background, 4 to the left or to the right of screen center. In some trials (flash trials), after a variable delay, a 33-msec flash was displayed at the top and bottom third of the monitor (these regions turned white). In all experimental conditions, histograms of flash-to-saccade latencies documented a decrease in saccadic frequency, forming a dip, time-locked to the flash and occurring as early as 6070 msec following its onset. The fast latency of this effect strongly suggests a low-level, reflex-like, oculomotor effect, which was referred to as saccadic inhibition. A novel procedure was developed to allow comparisons of saccadic inhibition even across conditions, which in the absence of a flash (no-flash trials) produce dissimilar saccadic reaction times (SRTs) distributions. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the fixation stimulus on saccadic inhibition by contrasting three conditions: a gap condition (fixation stimulus disappeared 200 msec prior to target onset), a step condition (offset of the fixation stimulus was simultaneous with target onset), and an overlap condition (the fixation stimulus remained on for the duration of the trial). The overlap condition produced substantially stronger saccadic inhibition, relative to the gap and the step conditions. Experiment 2 contrasted the saccadic inhibition effect obtained for prosaccades (saccades aimed at the target) with the effect obtained for antisaccades (i.e., saccades aimed away from the same target). The onset of saccadic inhibition was earlier, and its magnitude was stronger, for antisaccades, relative to prosaccades. The plausibility that the superior colliculus is the neurophysiological locus of the saccadic inhibition effect was explored.


In the paper the new possibilities for constructing and developing a new class of Cognitive Vision Systems, describing the semantic interpretations of medical images will be presented. Discussed in detail are methods of syntactic computational intelligence to the development of a semantic description for some medical visualizations with particular attention to the leg bones images. The presented methodology makes possible to find, for analysed structure, its semantic description and allow to formulate a semantic meaning of visible deformation, injury or pathology. Presented approach shows that artificial intelligence methods based on mathematical linguistic formalism can be used to develop new classes of intelligent information systems i.e. cognitive vision systems dedicated to perform semantic analysis of medical images.


Given the significant improvements in the company's financial situation, KUKA refinanced the secured syndicated loan it had concluded in 2010 prematurely, replacing it with an unsecured loan and for significantly better conditions. The leading banks, Commerzbank and Deutsche Bank, were able to successfully place the new loan among the robotics and plant engineering manufacturer's closest key banks. KUKA was very satisfied with the syndication process, also called the Club Deal. Peter Mohnen, CFO of KUKA AG: "We see the conclusion of this agreement as a clear indication of our financial partners' faith in our company and as confirmation of the positive developments at KUKA."


This paper presents a novel acceleration feedback control method for robust hovering of a quadrotor subject to aerodynamic disturbances. An acceleration based disturbance observer (ABDOB) is designed to reject disturbances acting on the positional dynamics of the quadrotor. In order to provide high stiffness against disturbances acting on the attitude dynamics, a nested position, velocity and inner acceleration feedback control structure that utilizes PID and PI type controllers is developed. To obtain reliable angular acceleration information, a cascaded estimation technique based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a classical Kalman filter (KF) is proposed. EKF estimates the Euler angles and gyro biases by fusing the data from gyroscope, accelerometer and magnetometer. Compensated gyro data are then fed into a Kalman filter whose process model is derived from Taylor series expansion of angular velocities and accelerations where angular jerks are considered as stochastic inputs. The well-known kinematic relation between Euler angular rates and angular velocities is employed to estimate reliable Euler accelerations. Estimated Euler angles, rates and accelerations are then used as feedback signals in the nested attitude control structure. Performance of the proposed method is assessed by a high fidelity simulation model where uncertainties in the sensor measurements, e.g. sensor bias and noise, are also considered. Developed controllers that utilize estimated acceleration feedback provide extremely robust hovering results when the quadrotor is subject to wind gusts generated by Dryden wind model. Simulation results show that utilization of acceleration feedback in hovering control significantly reduces the deviations in the x-y position of the quadrotor.


Standard-essential patents ("SEPs") are patents that embody industry-adopted technical standards. While standardization presents many benefits, including interoperability of standardized products and lower manufacturing costs, to the consumers and the industries, it may also lead to the "hold-up" problem where a SEP holder demands a high royalty rate from an implementer using the standard-development leverage. To mitigate the hold-up problem, standard-setting organizations often require the participants to agree to license their SEPs to implementers on "fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory" ("FRAND") terms.
In recent years, disputes concerning FRAND-encumbered patents have arisen frequently around the globe. In particular, China has become an important forum for the worldwide SEP holders and implementers because many telecommunications companies involved in standard setting have significant patent portfolios in China. This Note describes the current status of the FRAND jurisprudence in China. In doing so, this Note analyzes how Chinese courts responded to four key questions—(1) Is the patent owner's failure to license fairly a breach of contract? (2) Does agreeing to license on FRAND terms waive the right to injunctive relief? (3) How should courts decide whether the proffered license is fair and reasonable? and (4) Is a SEP holder obligated to license its SEP to any willing license seeker?—and compares the answers with those provided by courts in the United States and Europe.


The article deals with a brief historical excursion on the formation and development of forensic activity in Ukraine. In particular, the coverage of forensic expert activities in the press, starting with the establishment of the Cabinet of Scientific and Forensic Expertise at the Prosecutor's Chamber of Justice of Kyiv in the years 1914-1915. The article based on archival materials, namely, newspapers and other constituent documents of the Cabinet of Scientific and Forensic Expertise, analyzes the public perception of the emergence of forensic science, its capabilities, and describes the main stages of forensic science.

It was noted that the press of that time described the importance and significance of the appearance of a forensic examination, indicated the main types of research conducted, explained the features of the work of forensic experts. Also in the articles of newspapers and magazines of that time revealed the transformations that took place in expert institutions, the increase in the number of expert studies conducted, the increase in the number of forensic areas in which expertise was carried out, and were highlighted the increase in requirements for the qualifications of experts related to the challenges of time. The article also indicates that at crucial points in the history of Ukraine the development of forensic science and the expertise continued, moreover, the activities of experts became more active, especially during the Ukrainian People's Republic as well as after the events of 1917. However, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, the press of that time very rarely wrote about forensic activities, very often were only comments on the theory and practice of criminalistics.

Key words: forensic expert activity, forensic expert, mass media, Cabinets of forensic expertise.


High-throughput DNA sequencing has enabled us to look beyond consensus reference sequences to the variation observed in sequences within organisms; their haplotypes. Recovery, or assembly of haplotypes has proved computationally difficult and there exist many probabilistic heuristics that attempt to recover the original haplotypes for a single organism of known ploidy. However, existing approaches make simplifications or assumptions that are easily violated when investigating sequence variation within a metagenome. We propose the metahaplome as the set of haplotypes for any particular genomic region of interest within a metagenomic data set and present Hansel and Gretel, a data structure and algorithm that together provide a proof of concept framework for the recovery of true haplotypes from a metagenomic data set. The algorithm performs incremental haplotype recovery, using smoothed Naive Bayes — a simple, efficient and effective method. Hansel and Gretel pose several advantages over existing solutions: the framework is capable of recovering haplotypes from metagenomes, does not require a priori knowledge about the input data, makes no assumptions regarding the distribution of alleles at variant sites, is robust to error, and uses all available evidence from aligned reads, without altering or discarding observed variation. We evaluate our approach using synthetic metahaplomes constructed from sets of real genes and show that up to 99% of SNPs on a haplotype can be correctly recovered from short reads that originate from a metagenomic data set.


This book is a profoundly moving and analytically incisive attempt to shift the terms of discussion in American politics. It speaks to the intellectual and political weaknesses within the liberal tradition that have put the United States at the mercy of libertarian, authoritarian populist, nakedly racist, and traditionalist elitist versions of the right-wing; and it seeks to identify resources that can move the left away from the stunned intellectual incoherence with which it has met the death of Bolshevism. In Ira Katznelson's view, Americans are squandering a tremendous ethical and political opportunity to redefine and reorient the liberal tradition. In an opening essay and two remarkable letters addressed to Adam Michnik, who is arguably East Europe's emblematic democratic intellectual, Katznelson seeks to recover this possibility. By examining issues that once occupied Michnik's fellow dissidents in the Warsaw group known as the Crooked Circle, Katznelson brings a fresh realism to old ideals and posits a liberalism that "stares hard" at cruelty, suffering, coercion, and tyrannical abuses of state power. Like the members of Michnik's club, he recognises that the circumference of liberalism's circle never runs smooth and that tolerance requires extremely difficult judgments. Katznelson's first letter explores how the virtues of socialism, including its moral stand on social justice, can be related to liberalism while overcoming debilitating aspects of the socialist inheritance. The second asks whether liberalism can recognise, appreciate, and manage human difference. Situated in the lineage of efforts by Richard Hofstadter, C. Wright Mills, and Lionel Trilling to "thicken" liberalism, these letters also draw on personal experience in the radical politics of the 1960's and in the dissident culture of East and Central Europe in the years immediately preceding communism's demise. "Liberalism's Crooked Circle" could help foster a substantive debate in the American elections of 1996 and determine the contents of that desperately needed discussion.


The European Union budget is distributed primarily in the form of intergovernmental grants to sub-state governments, which invest the grants in local projects. Transfers are allocated under the auspices of the European structural funds. This article assesses the causal links between electoral incentives on the recipient side, European funding goals, and local grant allocation. Tobit regressions of the allocation patterns in 419 local districts in Germany for the period 2000–6 suggest the following: although recipient sub-state governments enjoy substantial discretion in selecting projects, their distributive choices are largely in accord with European goals. As theoretically predicted, however, there is robust evidence that sub-state governments' electoral concerns distort the local allocation of structural funds.


We report on high-quality InGaAs/GaAs multi-quantum well waveguide photodetectors, monolithically integrated through metalorganic vapor-phase selective-area epitaxial growth and contact metallization in a 300-mm CMOS pilot line. The photodetectors are implemented using the nano-ridge engineering concept, leveraging aspect-ratio trapping in combination with precise control of the nano-ridge cross section dimensions and composition. The InGaAs/GaAs p-i-n nano-ridge photodetectors are shown to achieve high internal responsivities of up to 0.65 A/W at −1 V bias and 1020 nm wavelength. A clear correlation is observed between measured responsivity and contact-plug design, correlating well with simulation models. In addition, a record-low dark current density of 1.98 × 10−8A/cm2 and low absolute dark currents of <1 pA are demonstrated, illustrating the high quality of the III-V materials and effective in-situ InGaP surface passivation layers. Initial RF measurements suggest RC-limited photodetection bandwidths in the GHz range. These results illustrate the strong potential of the III-V/Si nano-ridge epitaxy and waveguide device concept, to complement the Silicon Photonics toolbox with high-quality, high-throughput III-V functionality.


Date of Award Spring 4-28-2017 Document Type Thesis Primary Advisor Dr. John D. Royer Abstract Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) is an effective tool for the evangelism of Christianity. With its origins dating back to the late 1960s, CCM resembles musical styles of popular-secular culture while retaining fundamental Christian values in lyrical content. This historical perspective of CCM marketing strategies, CCM music television, CCM and secular music, arts worlds within CCM, and the science of storytelling in CCM aims to provide readers with the context and understanding of the significant role that CCM plays in modern-day evangelism. This thesis will present CCM as an integrational religious style of music, meaning that it targets both Christian and non-Christian audiences. The writer has included specific case studies that provide evidence for CCM as an integrational art world. Finally, the paper will expound on the dilemma of evangelical American churches to accomplish cultural relevance without compromising religious worship tradition. The writer encourages the reader to entertain the idea of combining tradition and contemporary musical styles to evangelize and minister to more audiences. It is the hope of the writer that through this thesis, the reader will experience a greater appreciation for contemporary Christian music styles. Recommended Citation Gillen, Autumn E., "Gospel with a Groove: A Historical Perspective on the Marketing Strategies of Contemporary Christian Music in Relation to its Evangelistic Purpose with Recommendations for Future Outreach" (2017). Selected Honors Theses. 76. https://firescholars.seu.edu/honors/76  Download


The main aim of this study was concerned with the design and commissioning of a corona cage, which could be used under Direct Current (DC) conditions. The cage was designed based on empirical formulas and equations as well as electric field simulations. The designed cage was then fabricated. The commissioning of the cage was undertaken in the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) laboratory at the University of Durban Westville (UDW). Tests to determine the effects of a silicone coating as well as wind on the corona performance of conductors were undertaken. The tests were done in order to determine ways of improving the corona performance of conductors under HVDC potential. The tests were carried out using various conductor surface conditions. The wind tests were made possible by using a powerful fan. A silicone coating was also used to determine the effects that it would have in mitigation of corona activity on HVDC conductors. The conductors were tested without the coating, with half of their length coated and then fully coated. Results showed that the effect of wind on corona generation in a corona cage is minimal. The effect of the silicone coating was that it increased the corona currents measured in the corona cage. The conductors with no coating generated the lowest currents, the half coated conductors generated the second highest measured currents and the fully coated conductors generated the most corona. Analysis of the increased currents showed that the increase in corona currents due to the silicone coating could be attributed to three factors. Firstly the coating caused an increase in conductor to cage capacitance. Secondly, partial discharges could have occurred in the silicone due to microscopic air particles and lastly, the increase in corona currents could be ascribed to the effect of the boundary conditions on the boundary between the conductor and the coating.


Recent analyses of fluid inclusions in peridotite minerals suggest that CO 2 is a dominant volatile species in the upper mantle. In a CO 2 -bearing oceanic mantle, the low-velocity zone (LVZ) can be explained by a large decrease in the peridotite solidus temperature at a depth of about 90 km, causing melting by intersection with a geotherm. This decrease in the solidus temperature has been found in the system CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -CO 2 and results from a change in partial melt composition along the solidus from enstatite-normative at pressures less than 26 kb to larnite-normative (melilititic) at greater pressure. Although these liquids dissolve up to 20 wt percent CO 2 , they are silicate liquids containing at least 30 percent SiO 2 . These silica levels are appropriate for kimberlitic liquids, but the liquids are more calcic than typical kimberlites. At depths of less than 90 km in suboceanic mantle, CO 2 may be present in carbonate minerals or in vapor, depending upon the geotherm, but cannot be in solution in silicate peridotite minerals. Beneath continents, CO 2 will be present in carbonate minerals, and the mantle will not melt at least to depths of 120 km.


Space, Time and Causality: Some Neural Observations Anjan Chatterjee University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 Abstract: Knowledge of events involves understanding the way that objects occupy space, exist in time, and relate to each other. I will consider behavioral, fMRI and lesion studies that explore how space, time and causality are structured and interact in our brains. Tentatively, I propose the following. 1) The perception and conception of space has a parallel organizational structure. Evidence for this claim comes from the finding that the distinction between path and manner of motion as expressed linguistically is also processed with an analogous dorsal ventral neural organization. 2) Perception of space and time can be tightly linked. Behavioral data show that we are spatial-temporal synaesthetes. The perception of spatial distance and the perception of temporal duration interact highly. 3) The right hemisphere is biased to process space and the left to process time despite bilateral overlap in neural underpinnings of these processes. This assertion is based on data from size discrimination and temporal order judgment tasks, which we regard as markers of space and time granularity. The hypothesis also bears out in data examining the contributions of space and time to perceptual causality. 4) Time, compared to space, has a privileged relationship to causality. In making judgments about perceptual causality, people are more sensitive to temporal offsets than to spatial deviations. When listening to short narratives with sequential events, the neural circuits engaged by causality subsumes neural circuits engaged by time much more so than the neural circuits engaged by space. Investigating interactions between space, time, and causality can reveal the rich texture of events.


Biventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy is associated with more hemodynamic instability than is isolated left ventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy; medical management is more invasive and the course of hospitalization is longer. In March 2011, a 62-year-old woman presented at our emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. On hospital day 2, she experienced chest pain. An electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme levels suggested an acute myocardial infarction. She underwent cardiac angiography and was found to have severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction involving the mid and apical segments, which resulted in a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.10 to 0.15 in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Her hospital course was complicated by cardiogenic shock that required hemodynamic support with an intra-aortic balloon pump and dobutamine. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed akinesis of the mid-to-distal segments of the left ventricle and mid-to-apical dyskinesis of the right ventricular free wall characteristic of biventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy. After several days of medical management, the patient was discharged from the hospital in stable condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of the literature on biventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy that compares its hemodynamic instability and medical management requirements with those of isolated left ventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Herein, we discuss the case of our patient, review the pertinent medical literature, and convey the prevalence and importance of right ventricular involvement in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. (Tex Heart Inst J 2013;40(3):305-11)


On December 3, 2010, the United States and South Korea agreed to incremental changes to the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) that greatly increase prospects for Congressional ratification next year. Immediate tariff cuts on autos and light trucks have been deferred a few years. Korea agreed to auto regulatory reforms that should help mitigate existing problems and preclude the introduction of new nontariff barriers. Minor adjustments also were made to the phase-out of Korean pork tariffs, the duration of US L-1 visas, and the grace period before Korea has to implement a pharmaceutical "patent linkage" system. The new deal should provide gains of more than $20 billion in bilateral trade. The pact also should have positive knock-on effects on the awakening global trade talks and on negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership.


This paper suggests a framework for operations managers to use in making focus decisions in professional services. This framework is supported empirically from data from the health care industry using three types of data: 1 industry statistics, 2 case studies, and 3 questionnaire surveys. Our objective has been to: 1 gain a better understanding of the concept of focus as it applies to the health care sector, 2 develop a framework to assist service operations managers with focus decisions, and 3 develop a base from which to generalize about micro-focusing decisions in professional services.


The Spanish Constitution of 1978 provid- ed an opportunity for minority nationalities within Spain to achieve a degree of political au- tonomy not shared by others within the state. During the constituent process, the non-Span- ish speaking national communities of Catalonia and the Basque Country were the only political entities demanding political autonomy to ac- commodate their national identities in the new Constitution. Today, after thirty years of demo- cratic and constitutional development, we can see that the possibilities offered by the Spanish Constitution to recognize and accommodate the multinational character of the Spanish state have been lost. This article examines causes of this failure to take advantage of the possibilities provided by the Spanish Constitution to pro- vide for asymmetrical political autonomy for minority nationalities.


More than 47,000 culverts have been installed under the highways of Utah. The Utah Department of Transportation (DOT) maintains these culverts but has no comprehensive system for assessing condition and planning maintenance activities. Utah DOT initiated a study to determine the condition of its culverts by field surveys. The objective was to develop a system of qualitative and quantitative performance measures to assess both the long- and short-term behavior of highway culverts and to support the Utah DOT effort to modify and populate a computerized database designed to store culvert inspection data that can be used for statewide culvert asset management. Culvert management practices currently used by Utah DOT and other agencies are described. A total of 272 culvert inspections conducted during this project showed the inventory to be aging but not generally in need of immediate maintenance. The Utah DOT database, developed to track culvert condition, is effective but could be improved. Improvements would streamline both culvert inspections and priority ranking of culvert repairs. The FHWA system for rating culvert maintenance action was adopted, with a new proposed table for rating thermoplastic pipe. Culvert ratings were adjusted with an importance modifier that focused inspection and maintenance activity on critical culverts with higher consequence of failure. Critical culverts should be placed on a regular inspection schedule, whereas other culverts can be inspected during periodic roadway repaving or rehabilitation. Culvert inspection results will be added to the database to provide more insight eventually into culvert service life than is now possible.


Physicochemical and rheological properties of flours and starches from nine Malaysian rice varieties (seven MR and two MRQ) were investigated. The physicochemical properties determined were swelling power (SP), carbohydrate leaching (CL), gelatinization, pasting, and textural characteristics, whereas the rheological properties studied were steady and dynamic shear. The varieties can be classified into low, intermediate and high amylose (AM) rice and also into intermediate and high-gelatinization temperature (GT). The varieties can be clearly grouped into MR and MRQ varieties based on setback (SB) and final (FV) viscosities and textural analysis. MRQ possessed greater SB, FV and gel hardness but lower gel adhesiveness, whereas, MR varieties showed the opposing results. An increase in AM increased the SB, FV, gel hardness, apparent viscosities(ηa) at and above 8% and 6% for flours and starches, respectively), and, storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), complex modulus (G*) and complex viscosity (η*), but decreased the SP, To, Tp, Tc, enthalpies (ΔH), peak viscosity (PV), breakdown (BV), gel adhesiveness, and tan δ. ηa of the flours and starches increased with increasing solid concentrations and the viscosities depended on concentration regimes. Close-packing concentration was observed at concentration ranges of 6.4-8.7% (w/w) and 3.4-4.7% (w/w) in both flour and starch pastes, respectively. Cross-over concentration in the viscosity of the flour (5.6–7.9%, w/w) and starch (2.3–3.4%, w/w) pastes between high (MR) and low (MRQ) swelling varieties was found to occur at around the close-packing concentration. G', G", G* and η* increased whereas tan δ decreased with storage. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements of the starch and flour pastes before and after cooling indicated strong gel characteristics, with MRQ giving stronger and elastic gels. Cox-Merz rule was applicable in the rice starch only at certain concentrations. However, η* could provide a reasonable estimate of ηa. The interplay of starch granular properties and AM contents primarily influence the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of rice flours and starches, whereas the presence of flour components especially proteins significantly influenced the flour properties. MRQ34 exhibited interesting properties that possessed similar characteristics to the high AM variety (MRQ74). Strong correlation observed between the physicochemical (SP, FV, hardness and adhesiveness) and rheological (ηa, G', G", G* and η*) characteristics provide a means of predicting of the physicochemical properties via rheological methods and vice versa.


A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), termed L180/1, is described that completely blocks rosette formation between SRBC and human or sheep T lymphocytes. L180/1 precipitated a minor glycoprotein of about approximately 42,000 mol wt from surface-labeled SRBC. This glycoprotein was partially affinity purified and found to block E rosette formation and to compete with anti-T11 mAb for the E receptor. The molecule detected by mAb L180/1 thus appears to be recognized by the E receptor and was given the preliminary name, T11 target structure (T11TS). Since the mAb to sheep T11TS blocks the binding of SRBC to both human and sheep T cells, and mAb to T11 blocks the binding of red cells from human and sheep to the human E receptor, we concluded that analogous receptor-ligand (T11-T11TS) systems exist in man and sheep that are crossreactive over the species barrier. The possibility is discussed that the E receptor, which is known to be involved in T cell activation, and T11TS function as complementary cell interaction molecules in T cell responses.


KE WORDS Distributed algorithms, hierarchical model, power flow, state estimation In this paper algorithms for solution of power flow and state estimation problems based on the method of functional modeling (FM) are presented. An outline of the FM method is given in the first part of the paper. According to the FM method a power system is represented by hierarchical model consisting of systems of equations of lower (subsystem) level and system of equations of higher level in which only boundary variables of subsystems are present. The key element in the FM method is the notion of functional characteristic (FM). These characteristics represent subsystems on the higher level of model as black boxes, in which all internal constraints (equalities and inequalities) are observed. The simplest algorithm for obtaining a linear FC of subsystem from a system of equation is elimination of internal variables. Important advantage of the hierarchical FM algorithms is that results obtained by them on each iteration are exactly the same as results which can be obtained by basic one level algorithms, from which the FM algorithms are derived.


Now in our second decade after 9/11, we are firmly in the prevention era of law enforcement. Faced with the unacceptable consequences of identifying threats too late, government agents are moving aggressively to identify potential terrorists before they strike. Undercover agents and confidential informants necessarily play a large role in such efforts. As a result of such operations, we have seen a number of cases brought to trial in the federal courts in which defendants have asserted the entrapment defense. To date, the defense has not succeeded. However, as a consequence of these cases, the United States Supreme Court may be required to reconsider the defense for the first time in over twenty years. Thus, now is a good time to re-examine the entrapment defense that the Supreme Court first recognized eighty years ago. This Article argues that the federal entrapment defense represents a doctrinal anomaly that straddles the line between criminal procedure and criminal substance. Understanding how and why the entrapment defense evolved as it did may engender greater sympathy for this much-maligned corner of the criminal law. It could also lead to reforms in the way the defense is administered that would better serve the interests that animate the defense — some sounding in the traditional concerns of substantive criminal law (culpability and dangerousness) and others in the traditional concerns of criminal procedure (deterring overzealous and unwarranted intrusions by government agents).


Abstract Our objective was to study the development of experimental brain ischemia and hemorrhage by real-time optical imaging. Optical imaging is based on the ability of near infrared light to non-invasively penetrate through the intact scalp and skull and measure brain concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, dominant brain absorbers. Optical imaging was performed in 7 anesthetized, instrumented, and ventilated newborn piglets subjected to the injection of 0.3 cc of saline followed by 2 cc of blood into the left frontal subcortical brain region via a needle inserted through the skull with stereotactic guidance. The image-acquisition rate of 5.26 images per sec allowed for real-time imaging. The detection threshold of the imager at the estimated depth of 1–1.5 cm was ∼, 70 μL for saline and ∼,40 μL for blood. The imager readily detected five subcortical hematomas and two large bilateral subarachnoid hemorrhages. The imager detected a global decrease in brain absorption associated with the volume-injection-related increase in intracranial pressure in the surrounding ipsi- lateral and contralateral brain. Any decrease in brain absorption is an equivalent to brain ischemia. This study demonstrates the capability of optical imaging in detecting brain ischemia and hemorrhage in real-time with high temporal and spatial resolution.


Open Science is about how we address the profound challenges which now confront humanity: climate, the food crisis, environmental degradation, resource scarcity and disease; through science communication. These call for the sharing of scientific knowledge among billions of humans, on a scale never before attempted.

Open Science offers practical ways to communicate science in a highly networked world where billions of people still have little or no access to advanced knowledge or technologies. The authors describe low-cost, effective means to transfer knowledge to target audiences in industry, government, the community and to the public at large.

The book features sections on good science writing, practical advice on how to develop communication and media strategies, ways to measure communication performance, how to handle institutional 'crises', how to deal with politicians and

much more.


Synopsis-The effect of additives of industrial importance in modern high speed papermaking is reviewed . These sizes, adhesives and fillers will be detrimental to formation, consolidation, physical and optical properties of paper or board, if they exist in a tightly aggregated condition and are poorly distributed in the fibrous product . Data are presented to illustrate suitable dimensions of the solid particles to supply the desired property with the least amount of addition. The retention of the additives without sacrifice of their efficiency is a difficult problem . Alumina precipitates can decrease paper strength to very low values, but can increase it again with additional aluminium sulphate . The absence of sulphate ions permits gain in strength above the starting value . Anionic polyacrylamide, carboxymethyl starch, urea-formaldehyde and cationic melamine-formaldehyde resins become considerably more effective with a closely controlled alumina compound . Recent studies on the degree of neutralisation of alum and the advantage of a moderate cationic charge in rosin sizing are reviewed, as well as an explanation for the improved efficiency of fortified rosin and synthetic sizes . Bridging by polyacrylamide molecules, the sorption and movement to fibre contact areas by molecules and macromolecular fragments from cationic starch are discussed. Evidence is presented for the agglomerated state of pigments in paper and electron micrographs establish that titanium dioxide can be retained at about 0.25 [L . Modern criteria for pigment evaluation are given . Debonding reduces pick resistance in offset printings, but helps in the ability to run letterpress paper .


The role of the immune system in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (PV) was investigated. The genetic and immunological basis for psoriasis is still unknown. Because of the reports of immunological defects in this disease, we investigated serum levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA, complement proteins C3, C4, serum zinc (Zn) levels and natural killer (NK) cell activities. Skin lesions of the psoriatic patients involved in the study comprised less than 10 % of the total body and the disease was in a stationary period. Zn levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. NK cell activity was measured by 51Cr (Na2 51CrO4). IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 assays were done by liquidphase immunoprecipitation assay with nephelometric endpoint detection. IgG, IgA, C3 and C4 levels were significanty higher in patients with PV than in healty controls (p < 0.05). However, NK cell activity, serum Zn and IgM levels did not show significant differences between these two groups. There are changed immunological responses, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Many controversial results have been related to immunological parameters in psoriatic patients. Therefore, more detailed studies in this field need to be done to determine the relationship between psoriasis and the immune system.


Starting from first principles, this book covers all of the foundational material needed to develop a clear understanding of the Mathematica language, with a practical emphasis on solving problems. Concrete examples throughout the text demonstrate how Mathematica language, can be used to solve problems in science, engineering, economics/finance, computational linguistics, geoscience, bioinformatics, and a range of other fields. The book will appeal to students, researchers and programmers wishing to further their understanding of Mathematica language. Designed to suit users of any ability, it assumes no formal knowledge of programming so it is ideal for self-study. Over 290 exercises are provided to challenge the reader's understanding of the material covered and these provide ample opportunity to practice using the language. Mathematica language notebooks containing examples, programs and solutions to exercises are available from www.cambridge.org/wellin.


Over the next decade, significant technological advancements and policy implementations are planned to each of the five space infrastructures, (telecommunication, positioning and navigation, broadcasting, earth observation, and tourism) creating new opportunities for information technology. Commerce in Space: Infrastructures, Technologies, and Applications compiles an authoritative body of research on the expanding role of earth observation satellite initiatives and their application to such capabilities as mobile broadband, Internet, and mobile communication connectivity. A must-have reference work for any library, this book provides a comprehensive review of how space technology can influence the future of information technology architecture across multiple domains such as health, education, logistics, business decision making, and communication.


In recent years, the Iranian government has tried to develop its national IP law in order to engage with the international IP system, prepare for membership of the WTO and fulfil its obligations under the TRIPs Agreement.
However, taking into account that the enforcement of any law is an important part of any regulation which should come about in the society, and get accepted by the people, the question thus arises is, how much is the international IP law consistent with Islamic law? Is this important in relation to the Islamic Countries?  Hence, in order to answer these questions, in section one, the historical background of IP law in the Islamic jurisprudence along with the different point of views of the Islamic scholars regarding the subject will be presented.
In section two, a case study of the Islamic Republic of Iran intellectual property law an Islamic Country will be reviewed. This case study will show how the Islamic countries developed their intellectual property laws and consequently prepared their national IP system for enforcing the TRIPS Agreement provisions.
 In further section, this paper describes in detail how enforcement of intellectual property rights should be handled, including rules for obtaining evidence, provisional measures, injunctions, damages and other penalties in international and national level of Iran. It covers the need to have a strong judicial system for dealing with both civil and criminal offenses. Government should make sure that intellectual property rights owners can receive the assistance of customs authorities to prevent imports of counterfeit and pirated goods. Further, Iran sees technology transfer as part of the arrangement in which they have agreed to protect intellectual property rights. The intellectual property rights of Iran include a number of provisions on this. For example, it requires government to provide incentives for their companies to transfer technology to Iran.
This paper deals with international and domestic procedures and remedies for the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights of Iran contain provisions on civil and administrative procedures and remedies, provisional measures, special requirements related to border measures and criminal procedures, which specify, in a certain amount of detail, the procedures and remedies that must be available so that right holders can effectively enforce their rights.


Microbial communities form the base of food webs in freshwater ecosystems, yet the interactions within these diverse assemblages are poorly understood. Based on evidence showing that primary production and respiration follow diurnal trends in lakes, we hypothesized that gene expression in freshwater microbes would have similar diel cycles. We used three 2‐d time series of metatranscriptomes to test this hypothesis in a eutrophic lake, an oligotrophic lake, and a humic lake. We identified prominent diel cycles in all three lakes, particularly in genes related to photosynthesis, sugar transport, and carbon fixation. The maximal time of expression for sugar transport genes tended to trail that of photosynthesis genes by several hours, indicating possible metabolic exchange between co‐occurring microbial lineages. These results provide an initial step in understanding sophisticated multispecies transcriptional organization within freshwater microbial communities.


Ever since the Supreme Court declared that the sentences which district courts impose on criminal defendants are to be reviewed on appeal for "unreasonableness," the standard's contours have remained elusive and mired in controversy, despite the Court's repeated attempts at elucidation. In few instances is this confounding state of affairs more apparent and acute than in the Eleventh Circuit's recent lengthy and factious en banc decision in United States v. Irey. This article explores Irey's merits, mistakes, and lessons, trying to locate each within the broader context of the Eleventh Circuit's sentencing jurisprudence. In doing so, the article advances three principal arguments. First, Irey represents a serious and unlawful encroachment on district courts' sentencing discretion, one based in part on misguided notions of culpability, mental illness, deterrence, the severity of supervised release, and obeisance to the Sentencing Guidelines. Second, Irey's lasting impact is likely an increased yet largely unjustified pressure on district courts to sentence defendants more harshly, particularly for sexual offenses. Third, Irey and its predecessors demonstrate that in reviewing for unreasonableness, the Eleventh Circuit unnecessarily and unfairly wields a single-edged sword, capable of striking what is perceived as an unduly lenient sentence yet impotent against an unduly harsh one. Recognizing the pretextual nature of much sentencing discourse - in which stakeholders inconsistently advance varyingly deferential degrees of appellate review suspiciously consonant with the practical sentencing outcomes they desire - the article concludes with a call for appellate judges to transcend such partisanship and exercise dispassionate, reasoned, and balanced (i.e., double-edged) sentencing review.


Purpose. This article considers whether the modular facet of popular 'radex' models of offender behaviour is falsifiable or a statistical inevitability when using Jaccard coefficient, as evidence from other domains suggests. Method. Data equivalent to that examined in previous papers, and artificial data varying on four parameters, were examined using the conventional procedure of deriving Jaccard coefficients and submitting these to a smallest space analyses (SSA-I). The parameters were number of variables, number of cases, highest frequency of variable occurrence, and distribution of occurrences. Evidence of a modular pattern in each SSA-I solution was assessed using one qualitative and two quantitative measures. Results. When variables were free to occur in more than 50% of cases, none of the Jaccard-based SSA-I solutions supported the null hypothesis of no modular facet. This contrasts equivalent analyses using Yules Q, where 95.7% of the solutions supported the null hypothesis. When variables were restricted to occur in less than 50% of cases, the number of solutions supporting the null hypothesis changes to .003 and 78%, respectively. Analyses of the artificial data found that reducing the number of variables in a Jaccard-based solution increased the likelihood of supporting the null hypothesis, which suggests that these solutions are structured by variable occurrence (i.e., frequency) rather than variable co-occurrence. Implications. Research using Jaccard coefficient to measure co-occurrences among behaviours should not claim that the modular facet of their radex model is an empirical finding. Unfortunately, this is many of the existing publications.


This article describes how Peruvian Shipibo–Konibo people instrumentalize local radio stations to participate in civil society and to become social leaders supported by their communities. The investigational group consisted of Shipibo–Konibo communicators, all of them are men, who work at local radio stations located in the region Ucayali, Amazonas, Peru. The indigenous radio broadcasters interviewed were chosen from the most popular radio stations of Ucayali. Topics in radio programs are politics, corruption, abuse, mishandling, as well as celebrations, traditional holidays, communities' anniversaries, and other cultural activities. Promoting social demands of their localities has given rise to new generations who now attend university and conduct radio programs in Shipibo–Konibo and Spanish, to communicate their concerns. It is an exploratory type research with a qualitative approach, focused on radio programs that got more local audience in the Peruvian Amazonia.


For years, scientists have used thermal broadband cameras to perform target characterization in the longwave (LWIR) and midwave (MWIR) infrared spectral bands. The analysis of broadband imaging sequences typically provides energy, morphological and/or spatiotemporal information. However, there is very little information about the chemical nature of the investigated targets when using such systems due to the lack of spectral content in the images. In order to improve the outcomes of these studies, Telops has developed dynamic multispectral imaging systems which allow synchronized acquisition on 8 channels, at a high frame rate, using a motorized filter wheel. An overview of the technology is presented in this work as well as results from measurements of solvent vapors and minerals. Time-resolved multispectral imaging carried out with the Telops system illustrates the benefits of spectral information obtained at a high frame rate when facing situations involving dynamic events such as gas cloud dispersion. Comparison of the results obtained using the information from the different acquisition channels with the corresponding broadband infrared images illustrates the selectivity enabled by multispectral imaging for characterization of gas and solid targets.


The banana tree demands large quantities of fertilizers to maintain its nutritional requirements and achieve high productivity, but large percentage applied are not available, since it gets lost mainly by fixation, leaching and volatilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of remobilization and repartition of nutrients in banana tree, cultivar Thap Maeo, cultivated in the Western Amazon. The results showed that the highest proportion of K, Na, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe and Zn was found in the pseudostem. The remaining flowers represent a strong drain of nutrients. The biomass that comes from the culture residues represents a significant source of nutrients. The nutrient remobilization index was higher with N and K. The inverse was observed with Fe and Mn.


This paper presents an ultra-low power, silicon-integrated readout for resonant MEMS strain sensors. The analogue readout implements a negative-resistance amplifier based on first-generation current conveyors (CCI) that, thanks to the reduced number of active elements, targets both low-power and low-noise. A prototype of the circuit was implemented in a 0.18-µm technology occupying less than 0.4 mm2 and consuming only 9 µA from the 1.8-V power supply. The prototype was earliest tested by connecting it to a resonant MEMS strain resonator.


For most of my life, I have understood and accepted my own personal limitations. But a recent experience with a student now has me thinking that anything is possible. It all started this spring as I was looking over my class roster. I am a broadcast journalism professor, and my courses mainly deal with video shooting and editing for news content. As I was looking at the student list for my basic television production class, which would begin in about five weeks, one name stood out. Now, this is the first production class that journalism students take once accepted to the major, so it is rare that I would recognize any names on the list, but I had worked with this particular student before. The prior year, I shot and edited a public service announcement on handicapped accessibility at voting booths. Steven was featured in the spot. He has limited mobility with his hands and arms, which requires him to use a motorized wheelchair. As wrong at it may sound, my first reaction was there was no way Steven could complete my course. The physical requirements put on a broadcast news photojournalist can be demanding, and it just did not seem possible for him to do even the basic assignments. So I did some research. It turns out he was a print journalism student, not a broadcast journalism student. In our program, we are big on convergence; everyone should understand how the other areas of the media work. As a result, we require all journalism students to take the basic television production course. But, since he was a print journalism student, could we waive this requirement? Luckily for me, the class did not begin for another five weeks, so I had some time to consider options. I set up a meeting with our office of disability support services and pleaded my case to them. It turns out, since the school decided this was a required course, we could not waive it. We would basically be saying that no print journalism students would have to take this class, and that would cause some uproar within the program. I was told that I could allow him to substitute a similar course to cover the requirement. The problem with that is, neither our school nor the university offered anything that would work as a substitution. I could create an independent study in which I would work directly with him and cover the same course objectives in a manner that better suited his needs. It was clear that this was the way to go. The next fact I was told led to some heated debate among our faculty. It turns out that, as a school, we could create technical standards for our students. We could list standards that the mass communications students needed for successful completion of the program and their chosen occupations. This seemed like a great idea to me: let students know before coming in that they would have to be able to operate and transport professional broadcast video field gear with reasonable accommodations. These standards would not be a requirement, more of a starting point for students who may need accommodations and as a heads-up for both students and faculty. This way, the first time we would be faced with a student needing special accommodations would probably not be the first day of class. I want to pause for a minute to discuss the term "reasonable accommodations." What is considered reasonable? It turns out that a number of factors can affect that definition. Creating a special video camera system for this student to use would probably be considered unreasonable for a few reasons; one, the time and effort that would be needed to create such a device would outweigh the amount of instruction and credit hours the course required. Two, such a device would only exist in our department; therefore, this student could not reasonably expect to be hired at a TV station that had the same adaptive equipment. Third, and most applicable in a state school, the cost for such an extensive adaptation could not be absorbed by the department. …


'The best book on Art Deco to have appeared so far, and likely to remain so.' Bevis Hillier, Literary Review Art Deco - the style redolent of the flapper girl, the luxury ocean liner, Hollywood film and the skyscraper - came to epitomize the glamour, luxury and hedonism of the Jazz Age. It burst on to the world stage at the 1925 Exposition internationale des art decoratifs et industriels modernes in Paris, and quickly swept across the globe. Its influence was felt everywhere, from the skylines of New York and Shanghai to the design of fashionable eveningwear and plastic radios. Above all, it became the signature style of the pleasure palaces of the age - hotels, cocktail bars, nightclubs and cinemas. This authoritative publication brings together leading experts to explore the sources, varied forms of expression, distinct visual language and global reach of Art Deco. With its breathtaking illustrations, this lavish volume is the definitive book on what is, arguably, the most popular style of the twentieth century.


While privatizing Social Security can improve labor supply incentives, it can also reduce risk sharing. We simulate a 50-percent privatization using an overlapping-generations model where heterogeneous agents with elastic labor supply face idiosyncratic earnings shocks and longevity uncertainty. When wage shocks are insurable, privatization produces about $30,100 of extra resources for each future household after all transitional losses have been paid. When wages are not insurable, privatization reduces efficiency by about $8,100 per future household. We check the robustness of these results to different model specifications as well as policy reforms and arrive at several surprising conclusions. First, privatization performs better in a closed economy, where interest rates decline with capital accumulation, than in an open economy. Second, privatization also performs better when an actuarially-fair private annuity market does not exist. Third, government matching of private contributions on a progressive basis is not very effective at restoring efficiency and can actually harm.


In April 1996, a field demonstration was begun to evaluate the use of cottonwood trees to help clean up a trichloroethenecontaminated shallow aquifer (c 4 meters below land surface) at the Naval Air Station, Fort Worth, Texas. Transpiration, climate, soil-moisture, and tree-root data were collected and used to parameterixe and validate the hydrologic model PROSPER, which was used to simulate evapotranspiration for a 12-year period and to determine the trees' uptake of contaminated water from the saturated zone (aquifer). Simulated annual evapotranspiration from the combined unsaturated and saturated zones ranges from 25 to 48 centimeters for the period when the tree plantations have achieved a closed canopy (year 12 and beyond), depending on assumptions regarding climatic conditions, soil-water availability, and root growth. Simulated annual uptake from the saturated zone for year 12 and beyond ranges from 12 to 28 centimeters. The ground-water flow model MODFLOW was used to simulate the effects of this predicted transpiration on ground-water flow in the aquifer. Although transpiration from the aquifer is predicted to reach between 50 and 90 percent of the initial volumetric flux of ground water through the demonstration site, the outflow of contaminated ground water from the site will likely be reduced by only 20 to 30 percent. The discrepancy between predictions for volume of water transpired from the aquifer and the reduction in volumetric outflow of contaminated ground water can be attributed to a predicted increase in ground water inflow to the site and the release of water from storage in the aquifer. It may be possible to achieve a greater amount of hydraulic control if additional trees are planted.


OBJECTIVE To examine the extent and types of cigarette advertising materials in stores and to assess tobacco company compliance with the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of 586 stores that sold cigarettes. SETTING US state of California. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Trained data collectors classified cigarette advertising materials by type (signs, displays, functional items), location (interior or exterior), and placement (below 3 feet (1 m) or near candy). RESULTS California retail outlets featured 17.2 (SD 16.1) tobacco advertising materials on average, and 94% of stores featured at least some advertising. About 85% of these were within 4 feet (1.3 m) of the counter. About 50% of the stores had ads at or below 3 feet, and 23% had cigarette product displays next to candy. In violation of the MSA, 3% of stores featured signs with cartoons and 11% had large exterior signs. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco companies are aggressively using stores to market cigarettes. Moreover, the spirit of the MSA—to protect children from cigarette advertising—has not been realised. Future studies should monitor industry use of this venue and assess the impact of exposure to cigarette advertising materials in stores on adult smokers and youth.


Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy (REBT), previously called Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), is an active-directive, philosophically- and empirically-based psychotherapy that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enhancing people's lives. It was originated in 1955 by psychologist Albert Ellis, who was inspired by various teachings of ancient Asian, Greek, and Roman philosophies. When he later learned of general semantics (GS), a non-Aristotelian educational discipline originated by Alfred Korzybski in 1933, he drew on that system of thought, as well. Ellis refers to general semantics in many of his writings and lectures as an important influence on his thinking and practice. For example, in a speech titled "General Semantics and Rational-Emotive Therapy" that he presented at the Harvard Club in 1991, Ellis gave credit to Korzybski for predating him in observing that people act as "organisms-as-wholes-in-environments." (1) Ellis also acknowledged that Korzybski first formulated the REBT concept of secondary symptoms (such as anxiety about anxiety) through his description of second-order reactions. (2) Ellis found Korzybski's view of human functioning similar to the ABC theory of REBT. In the ABC theory an activating event (A), leads to a belief or cognition (B), that produces a feeling or consequence (C). As some evidence for this, he notes that Korzybski states that when individuals "perceive" a happening or an event they "silently" or "nonverbally" react with evaluations about it and their "emotions" and "evaluations" are organismically together and react with their verbalizations, which quickly follow their silent-thinking level. (3) Ellis also observed that Korzybski was a supporter of George Santayana's notion that humans are much better at believing than seeing. Science and Sanity Ellis was impressed with the "revolutionary" title of Korzybski's magnum opus Science and Sanity, as Ellis also believed that the scientific method was a beneficial approach for realizing sound mental health, as it is (a) pragmatic and tries to make its theory consistent with the "facts" of "reality," (b) uses logic to check its hypotheses and rules out magic and casual jumping to conclusions, (c) is open-minded and non-dogmatic, and (d) is alternative seeking and non-absolutist. (4) Unlike science, emotional disturbance and particularly severe neurosis tends to be replete with thinking that is unrealistic, illogical, dogmatic, devout, and rigid. Korzybski labeled such thinking "unsane." Ellis called it "psychologically dysfunctional." Given their similar conclusions on this subject and their mutual admiration for the efficacy of the scientific method in reducing unsound thinking, Ellis and Korzybski seem to be on the same page in concluding that the scientific method and non-neurotic sanity are related. Ellis and Korzybski also share the opinion that human beings are not born and reared to defeat themselves. If that were the case, then individuals and the human race would quickly cease to exist. Rather, REBT and GS have as a basic premise the notion that people can, if they choose to, use scientific thinking to reduce their misperceptions, overgeneralizations, and poor judgments to more accurately perceive, accept, and live more contentedly with "reality." REBT and GS similarly agree that the use of the scientific method to solve everyday problems can help individuals to become less disturbed and more functional, which can lead them to more fully employ their human potential for psychological and mental growth. Additionally, from a general semantics perspective, one might say such people are also in a better position to more fully employ their time-binding potential to pass along useful information to future generations. The "Is of Identity" and the "Is of Predication" GS warns against the use of the "is of identity" (e. …


When responses to international crimes are managed in terms of post-conflict justice, this event may end 'the demarcation debate' before it has begun, thereby rendering it superfluous among legal scholars. This is to say that the transition from theory to reality arguably has the effect of cancelling any sharp distinction between international criminal law, international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as well as extending international criminal justice into the moral territory. Certainly, this is a premise for the dual-aspect defense of those rights that help to explain the non-separation. However, to the extent that the defense discords with traditional assumptions, relevant aspects of pro-separation reasoning must be considered. These are accommodated under the triple-thesis whereby the unequal status of different (rights-)categories limit norm-integration. The author's account of the competing programs shows a series of flaws in the case of the triple-thesis doctrine, amounting to a vicious circle 'argument'.


Introduction:One of the cardiovascular effects of hyperthyroidism is increased carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). The aim of this study is to investigate the CIMT in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and the effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy on CIMT. Method:Twenty-six patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. CIMT was measured at the right and left external carotid arteries in every patient in both groups. CIMT was measured before and after the PTU therapy in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. Results:There was a significant difference in CIMT between the group of Graves' hyperthyroid patients and the control group (0.72 versus 0.55 mm, P < 0.0001) at baseline. Twenty-five of 26 patients with Graves' disease were followed up for 18 months prospectively. Euthyroidism has been achieved in 21 patients. After 18 months of treatment, CIMT decreased significantly compared with the baseline values [0.84 (0.54–1.3) to 0.72 (0.50–1.2), change 0.12 mm, P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Graves' hyperthyroidism is associated with atherosclerosis as assessed by CIMT. Treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism with PTU decreases the CIMT.


: As the world continues to experience problems including a lack of seafood and high energy demands, this paper provides an assessment for integrated multi-use o ff shore platforms (MUPs) as a step towards exploiting open seawater in a sustainable way to harvest food and energy. The paper begins with background about MUPs, including information regarding what an MUP is and why it is used. The potential energy technologies that can be involved in an o ff shore platform are introduced while addressing similar applications all over the world. The paper presents the state of the art of MUP structures on the light of EU-funded programs. An MUP would have a positive impact on various marine activities such as tourism, aquaculture, transport, oil and gas and leisure. However, there are concerns about the negative impact of MUPs on the marine environment and ecosystem. storage capacity must be considered with a well-designed control system. However, marine bio-mass would play a vital role in reducing battery size and improving power supply reliability. Direct Current (DC) systems have never been considered for o ff shore platforms, but they could be a better alternative as a simpler control system that requires with lower costs, has lower distribution losses, and has an increased system e ffi ciency, so studying the feasibility of using DC systems for MUPs is required.


This paper comprises Part II of a review of flower visitation and pollination by Diptera (myiophily or myophily). While Part I examined taxonomic diversity of anthophilous flies, here we consider the rewards and attractants used by flowers to procure visits by flies, and their importance in the lives of flies. Food rewards such as pollen and nectar are the primary reasons for flower visits, but there is also a diversity of non-nutritive rewards such as brood sites, shelter, and places of congregation. Floral attractants are the visual and chemical cues used by Diptera to locate flowers and the rewards that they offer, and we show how they act to increase the probability of floral visitation. Lastly, we discuss the various ways in which flowers manipulate the behaviour of flies, deceiving them to visit flowers that do not provide the advertised reward, and how some flies illegitimately remove floral rewards without causing pollination. Our review demonstrates that myiophily is a syndrome corresponding to elements of anatomical, behavioural and physiological adaptations of flower-visiting Diptera. The bewildering diversity of anthophilous Diptera and of the floral attractants and rewards to which they respond allows for only broad generalizations on myiophily and points to the need for more investigation. Ecological relationships between flies and flowers are critical to the survival of each group in many habitats. We require greater understanding of the significance of flies in pollination, especially in the face of recent pollinator declines.


The Vacancy Overview 2015, produced by the Skills and Labour Market Research Unit in SOLAS on behalf of the Expert Group on Future Skills Needs, draws on data from newly advertised job vacancies in the following sources: DSP Jobs Ireland and IrishJobs.ie, with the objective of identifying skills for which there is currently a demand in the Irish labour market.

While previous editions of the report examined the vacancies that were occurring by occupational group, the 2015 edition collates the data and reports the findings by sector, and introduces a number of additional key labour market indicators.


As is the case elsewhere in the world, all stakeholders in South Africa are deeply concerned about the level and scope of underachievement in mathematics, not only at Grade 12 level, but, indeed, at University,
 University of Technology and Further Education and Training levels. These concerns assume a deeper dimension in light of the fact that inadequate achievement in mathematics inevitably will have a ripple effect on the academic situation in any
 country: inadequate achievement in mathematics precludes learners from applying for admission to sought-after fi elds of study, which, in turn, prevents numerous learners from realising their true potential and, eventually, from being happy and
 successful in careers that they might otherwise have been able to execute successfully. It goes without saying that inadequate achievement in mathematics will impact negatively on the overall economic situation in any country (even more so in a
 developing country such as South Africa). Truth being, achievement in mathematics amounts to equipping oneself with survival skills. In this article, the spotlight shifts from a narrow and outdated focus on problems that are associated with
 inadequate achievement in mathematics to possible solutions for this disconcerting situation and the implied challenge it raises. The focus is thus on three levels that collectively underpin and impact on achievement in mathematics, viz. the
 macro level, the meso level and the micro level. The macro level refers mainly to the input by the national government (and, by default, the National Department of Education). In the fi rst instance, it is the responsibility of the state to
 provide adequate schooling facilities for all learners, irrespective of where they fi nd themselves. Furthermore, it is the duty of the state to ensure that every learner has access to basic facilities, including food, water, sanitation and
 housing. The state (via the National Department of Education) is also obliged to ensure that the basic philosophy that underpins mathematics education in the country is scrutinised continuously and that changes be made to existing teaching
 philosophy should these be recommended by the majority of stakeholders. Case in point: the implementation of Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) in South African mathematics classrooms has now already been under the spotlight for a number of years and
 there seems to be general consensus that it is essential to facilitate a number of basic changes to this philosophy and (especially) to the way in which it is implemented in South African classrooms. Teachers, for instance, constantly complain
 about matters such as an administrative overload, unacceptably high stress levels (brought about by factors broadly associated with OBE-related issues) and the fact that the laudable philosophy underpinning OBE is not consistently realised in
 practice. At the meso level, the spotlight falls on factors related to teacher training. For example, it seems highly advisable to optimise teacher training in mathematics, to facilitate training in emotional intelligence, to conduct a national
 audit on the number of mathematics teachers currently teaching mathematics (in terms of how many teachers are currently in the system, where these teachers fi nd themselves, their level of training, etc.) to determine training needs in mathematics
 and to facilitate a more equitable distribution of teachers across the country. For example, it is proposed that all graduating teachers be compelled to do community service in an effort to facilitate a better understanding of the challenges that
 teachers in various parts of the country face, thereby breaking down barriers between people. At micro level, the emphasis is on measures that might be taken to provide guidance to parents on how to assist their children in mathematics on the one
 hand and on practical ways in which to help learners in mathematics perform better in mathematics and leave school better equipped to deal with typical challenges at tertiary level on the other. It is hoped that this article will contribute to an
 improvement in the disconcerting situation to be found in mathematics classrooms across South Africa. I sincerely hope to have sensitised readers to the need not only to talk about the situation in mathematics in South Africa, but instead to
 start acting and in so doing to impact on the situation in practical ways.


The Supreme Court is poised to toughen the nondelegation doctrine to strike down acts of Congress that give broad discretion to administrators, signaling a potential revolution in the separation of powers. A majority of the Justices have suggested they are open to the sweeping theory that all agency rulemaking is unconstitutional insofar as it coerces private parties and is not about foreign affairs. If adopted, this theory would invalidate most of the federal regulatory state. Jurists and scholars critical of rulemaking's constitutionality base their claims on the original meaning of the Constitution. But these critics face a serious obstacle: early Congresses enacted several broad delegations of administrative rulemaking authority. The critics' main response has been that these early statutes don't count, because they fall into areas in which (say the critics) the original nondelegation doctrine did not apply, or applied only weakly: non-coercive legislation (e.g., giving benefits) or foreign-affairs legislation.

This Article finds that the originalist critics of rulemaking are mistaken to say that no early congressional grant of rulemaking power was coercive and domestic. There is a major counter-example missed by the literature on nondelegation, indeed by all of legal scholarship, and not discussed more than briefly even by historians: the rulemaking power under the "direct tax" of 1798. In that legislation, Congress apportioned a federal tax quota to the people of each state, to be paid predominantly by owners of real estate in proportion to their properties' respective values. Thousands of federal assessors assigned taxable values to literally every house and farm in every state of the Union, deciding what each was "worth in money"—a standard that the legislation stated but did not define. Because assessors in different parts of a state could differ greatly in how they did valuation, Congress established within each state a federal board of tax commissioners with power to divide the state into districts and to raise or lower the assessors' valuations of all real estate in any district by any proportion "as shall appear to be just and equitable"—a phrase undefined in the statute and not a term of art. The federal boards' power to revise valuations en masse in each intra-state tax district is identical to the fact pattern in the leading Supreme Court precedent defining rulemaking. Thus, each federal board in 1798 controlled, by rule, the distribution of the federal tax burden within the state it covered.

This Article is the first study of the federal boards' mass revision power. It establishes that the mass revisions (a) were often aggressive, as when the federal board in Maryland raised the taxable value of all houses in Baltimore, the nation's fourth-largest city, by 100 percent; (b) involved much discretion, given serious data limitations and the absence of any consensus method; (c) had a major political aspect, as the federal boards were inheriting the contentious land-tax politics that had previously raged within the state legislatures, pitting the typical state's rich commercial coast against its poor inland farms; (d) were not subject to judicial review; and (e) were accepted as constitutional by the Federalist majority and Jeffersonian opposition in 1798 and also by the Jeffersonians when they later took over, indicating the boards' power was consistent with original meaning, or, alternatively, with the Constitution's liquidated meaning. Vesting administrators with discretionary power to make politically-charged rules domestically affecting private rights was not alien to the first generation of lawmakers who put the Constitution into practice.

More broadly, this Article is the first in-depth treatment of the 1798 direct tax's administration. It shows that the tax, measured by personnel, was the largest federal administrative endeavor, outside the military, of the Constitution's first two decades. It is remarkable that today's passionate debate on whether the administrative regulatory state violates the framers' Constitution has so far made no reckoning with this endeavor.


In addition to its essential roles in the maintenance, replication and transcription of the EBV genome, EBNA1 has more recently been shown to influence the transcription of cellular genes and to modulate the activity of key cellular signalling pathways. EBNA1 has previously been shown to abrogate TGFβ signalling in carcinoma cell lines, although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. This study has endeavoured to further dissect this observation, whilst revealing a novel function for EBNA1 in the activation of the closely-related BMP signalling pathway. The observed abrogation of canonical TGFβ signalling is now proposed to be the result of an EBNA1-mediated induction of negative regulators, while a concomitant increase in secreted TGFβ, in combination with a shift towards linker region phosphorylation of the R-Smad proteins in EBNA1-expressing cells conceivably constitutes a method of promoting pro-tumourigenic TGFβ-mediated effects, such as cellular migration. In addition, results demonstrating the activation of BMP signalling upon the expression of EBNA1, and in EBV-positive cell lines, are also indicative of a role in the promotion of migration, and potentially metastasis. In this way, EBNA1 may mediate effects that contribute to the development of EBV-associated tumours.


Vibroseis sources are the principal nonimpulsive sources used in land seismic exploration. To achieve an improved image of the subsurface with higher accuracy and better resolution, it is necessary to take the true ground force as the reference in calculating the cross-correlation function with the far-field data instead of using the theoretical reference signal. The true ground force is defined as the total compressive force exerted by the Earth upon the vibrator baseplate. Theoretically, it can be calculated by integrating the compressive stress over the surface area that contacts the baseplate. In practice it is very difficult to quantify the true ground force accurately. As the vibrator shakes on highly variable surfaces such as desert sand dunes, the vibrator will generate more harmonic distortion. At the same time, the baseplate will flex and rock. This results in poor repeatability of source signatures. This means that the true ground force varies from place to place and becomes impossible to determine.


Study objective: To investigate the effect of an early intervention visit in addition to written information and treatment as usual for patients with an estimated high risk for persisting disability after a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Research design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: One hundred and seventy-three patients, aged 15–70 years with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 14–15 were included. All received written information about MTBI. Ninety-seven patients who reported three or more symptoms according to the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) at 10 days after the injury were considered as high-risk patients and were randomized to either early visit to a doctor or to treatment as usual (TAU); all patients including the 76 low-risk patients were followed-up at 3 months. Completion rate was 83%. Outcome measures included RPQ and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: RPQ symptoms decreased significantly in both randomized groups, but were not significantly different in the groups at 3 months. At 3 months, anxiety and depression scores did not differ between groups. Conclusions: An early intervention, offered to patients with an estimated high risk for persisting disability, had no additional effect on symptom level at 3 months after MTBI as compared to TAU.


We have developed a slab-type Nd:YAG gain module based on the techniques of conduction cooling and end pumping. The Nd:YAG slab is end-capped on both ends by undoped pure YAG and is pumped through the end-caps by stacked arrays of laser diode bars. The slab's surfaces of total internal reflection are in contact on both sides with microchannel cooling blocks which are cooled by water circulation. The power oscillator based on the gain module generates more than 400 W at 1-kW pumping with a slope efficiency of 55%. The small-signal gain of the gain module is 10 in a single zig-zag pass, and the amplified beam shows a near diffraction-limited beam quality.


The lack of sufficient access to clean water is a common problem faced by communities, efforts to alleviate poverty and gender inequality and improve economic growth in developing countries. While reforms have been implemented to manage water resources, these have taken little notice of how people use and manage their water and have had limited effect at the ground level. On the other hand, regulations developed within communities are livelihood-oriented and provide incentives for collective action but they can also be hierarchal, enforcing power and gender inequalities. This book shows how bringing together the strengths of community-based laws rooted in user participation and the formalized legal systems of the public sector, water management regimes will be more able to reach their goals. Evaluating the interface between community and formal water laws, chapters consider examples from Africa, Latin America and Asia and provide valuable insights for policy makers, managers, researchers and field implementers.


Culturing cells in three-dimensions (3D) has become a well established approach as it is more representative of the in vivo environment than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Allowing cells to interact with each other in a spheroid creates a micro-environment which mimics in vivo tissue and is a better model for examining the effect of drugs in cancer. Developing uniform spheroids becomes especially important as it forms the basis for robust and reliable assays. S-BIO PrimeSurface® cultureware are ultra low attachment (ULA) dishes and plates that promote scaffold free, self assembly spheroid formation. The plates are pre-coated with a proprietary hydrophilic polymer that enables spontaneous spheroid formation of uniform size. PrimeSurface 96 and 384 ULA plates have good optical clarity making them highly suitable for brightfield and fluorescent imaging. Imaging technologies such as the BioTek Cytation™ 5 allows researchers to study not only spheroid proliferation through brightfield imaging, but also phenotypic events such as hypoxia, apoptosis, or necrosis induction through the use of fluorescent probes and fluorescence imaging. Incorporation of z-stacking and projection techniques in the Gen5™ Microplate Reader and Imager Software create in-focus images of spheroidal cells, allowing accurate, robust, and repeatable determination of the effect of test molecules or conditions. In this app note, we present data generated with BioTek Cytation 5 using PrimeSurface ULA plates to develop simple robust spheroid assays for brightfield and fluorescence imaging.


Abstract:Despite high labor force participation, women remain underrepresented in leadership at every level. In this study, we examine whether women and men who show early academic achievement during their adolescence—and arguably signs of future leadership potential—have similar or different pathways to later leadership positions in the workplace. We also examine how leadership patterns by gender and early academic achievement differ according to parenthood status. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that overall, men supervise more people than women at work during their early-to-mid careers, regardless of their grade point averages (GPAs) in high school. In addition, among men and women who are parents, early academic achievement is much more strongly associated with future leadership roles for fathers than it is for mothers. Such patterns exacerbate gender gaps in leadership among parents who were top achievers in high school. Indeed, among those who had earned a 4.0 GPA in high school, fathers manage over four times the number of supervisees as mothers do (nineteen vs. four supervisees). Additional analyses focusing on parents suggest that gender leadership gaps by GPA are not attributable to different propensities for taking on leadership roles between the genders but are in part explained by unequal returns to educational attainment and differences in employment-related characteristics by gender. Overall, our results reveal that suppressed leadership prospects apply to even women who show the most promise early-on and highlight the vast under-utilization of women's (in particular mothers') talent for organizational leadership.


The paper gives a review of teaching medicine in the Soviet period at the University of Tartu and brings forth the changes made in the period of rebuilding the independent country. Already in the Soviet time the Medical Faculty occupied a noteworthy place in the Estonian public health-care system. However, in the autumn of 1944 the faculty started its work in very difficult conditions. Staffing the faculty was a rather complicated task. The property of the faculty was either destroyed or in a very damaged state. Nevertheless, the indispensable structure was restored and, especially from 1960-s some remarkable results in teaching and also in research were obtained. Great assistance in the training of the new generation of the teaching staff and scientists was rendered by medical scientists of the Medical Academy of the USSR. From 1960-s onward considerable number of young staff members had even a possibility to work in different distinguished centres abroad. It is worth to mention that most of the students received state stipend and the life in the dormitories was cheap. In the Soviet period young and ambitious students and also young doctors were motivated to start academic career since the salaries in the University were higher than in the general health-care system. Among many problems were shamefully backward structure and buildings, particularly in pre-clinical subdepartments, and also great difficulties in the communication with the Western World. Nevertheless, the faculty was able to maintain teaching medicine in Estonian. The transition started from 1989. Tartu became an "open city", and we had many visitors from different countries. Despite difficulties in newly independent Estonia the government invested and in 1999 new Biomedicum was inaugurated. Hence, the preclinical subdepartments were moved from their XIX century lodgings. Another development was to unite in 1991 different public healthcare institutions into the Tartu University Hospital. In the academic year 1991/1992 the new curriculum was introduced. It followed all European principles of teaching medicine. The same concerned postgraduate programs. In 1993/1994 residency programs were approved for all medical specialities. However, there are still several problems which need attention. The loyalty to the profession somewhat decreased, especially in the first years of transition. Due to remarkable differences in salaries some young physicians preferred to work for the pharmaceutical firms or moved abroad. The same concerns to the academic career where years of hard work are considerably less remunerated compared with the clinical practice.


This paper studies the empirical nexus between financial development and foreign exchange regime choices of two sets of countries as developed and developing economies. Data covers for the period of 2000-2016 and we employed ordered logistic regression models and found out that more developed financial systems contributes to greater flexibility in exchange rate regimes. We also found that domestic macroeconomic environment and the level of global economic integration play a role in the choice of exchange rate regime. Furthermore, developing countries favour more restrictive regimes while developed countries favour more flexible regimes. Global financial crisis of 2007-2009 has altered the level of influence exerted on the choice of regimes by the so called determinants of regime choice. We specifically discovered that the explanatory powers of the domestic and international macroeconomic environments on regime choice have waned post crises, suggesting that countries have chosen keep tighter control on exchange rates. Keywords: Exchange Rate Regimes, Financial Development, Global Financial Crises, Ordered Random Effects Logistic Model JEL Codes: F33, N20, C23


Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are subgroups of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) defined historically by clinical and histological features. GPA and MPA are heterogeneous entities with overlapping phenotypes. To identify novel subgroupings, cluster analysis was used to explore the phenotypic spectrum of AAV. Methods This study used a dataset of patients newly diagnosed as having GPA and MPA enrolled in five clinical trials. One cluster model included nine clinical baseline variables as input variables, and a second cluster model additionally included ANCA specificities. The clustering process involved multiple correspondence analyses followed by hierarchical ascendant cluster analysis. The clinical relevance of the generated clusters was analysed by their summary characteristics and outcomes. Results The analyses involved data for 673 subjects: 396 (59%) with GPA and 277 (41%) with MPA. Both cluster models resulted in five partially redundant clusters of subjects, and the model including ANCA resulted in more pertinent separations. These clusters were named 'renal AAV with proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA' (40% of subjects), 'renal AAV without PR3-ANCA' (32%) and 'non-renal AAV' (12%), 'cardiovascular AAV' (9%) and 'gastrointestinal AAV' (7%). The five clusters had distinct death and relapse rates. On the basis of 4 variables, 651 subjects (97%) could be accurately allocated to 1 of the 5 classes. Conclusions This analysis suggests that AAV encompasses five classes associated with different outcomes. As compared with the traditional GPA–MPA separation, this classification system may better reflect the phenotypic spectrum of AAV.


Background / Aims: Although the increase in the prevalence of obesity among Australian diabetics (DM) generally is well documented, little information has been published specifically about the situation among older Australians living in North Queensland. This is despite the reportedly growing geriatric population in the region. The main aim of the study is to determine prevalence of obesity in the elderly subjects with DM.

Methods: Hospital-based cross sectional study was prospectively conducted on patients admitted at the Townsville Hospital aged >70 years. Questionnaire was administered and anthropometric measurements were recorded in subjects with DM (study group) and non-DM (control group).

Results: Data of 68 subjects were analysed comprising of 31 DM and 37 non-DM. Prevalence of obesity (BMI>25 kg/m2) was 74.7% compared with 45.9% in non-DM X2 = 5.6, P = 0.018. The mean BMI and body weight were higher in DM than in non-DM, 28.2 + 6.7 vs 25 .2 + 5.3 kg/m2 and 78.5 + 18 vs 68.6 + 17 kg, both P < 0.05. Gender, mean age, and prevalence of other co -morbidities were similar in both groups.

Conclusion: We report high prevalence of obesity in diabetes elderly population. Prevention of DM may likely reduce rate of over weight in our geriatric subjects. This being pilot project further prospective studies on a larger population are needed to confirm our findings.


This book traces the toga's history from its origins in the Etruscan garment known as the tebenna, through its use as an everyday garment in the Republican period to its increasingly exclusive role as a symbol of privilege in the Principate and its decline in use in late antiquity. It aims to shift the scholarly view of the toga from one dominated by its role as a feature of Roman art to one in which it is seen as an everyday object and a highly charged symbol that in its various forms was central to the definition and negotiation of important gender, age and status boundaries, as well as political stances and ideologies.

It discusses the toga's significance not just in Rome itself, but also in the provinces, where it reveals ideas about cultural identity, status and the role of the Roman state. The Toga and Roman Identity shows that, by looking in detail at the history of Rome's national garment, we can gain a better understanding of the complexities of Roman identity for different groups in society, as well as what it meant, at any given time, to be 'Roman'.


The paper argues that many of the exaggerated claims that globalization has been an important factor in lowering inflation in recent years just do not hold up. Globalization does, however, have the potential to be stabilizing for individual economies and has been a key factor in promoting economic growth. The paper then examines four questions about the impact of globalization on the monetary transmission mechanism and arrives at the following answers: (1) Has globalization led to a decline in the sensitivity of inflation to domestic output gaps and thus to domestic monetary policy? No. (2) Are foreign output gaps playing a more prominent role in the domestic inflation process, so that domestic monetary policy has more difficulty stabilizing inflation? No. (3) Can domestic monetary policy still control domestic interest rates and so stabilize both inflation and output? Yes. (4) Are there other ways, besides possible influences on inflation and interest rates, in which globalization may have affected the transmission mechanism of monetary policy? Yes.


Popovich E. N. This article presents problems related to understanding, classification and implementation of the principles of organization and operation of automated systems in forensic expert activity. The basis of the classification is adoption of systems that can be used in activities of forensic science institutions. Depending on the destination, information systems differentiate into the following types: documentary and factographic. Forensic science institutions mainly use factographic information systems in their activities. Each information system, depending on the purpose of creation, can be constructed according to certain principles. We have provided a detailed analysis of such fundamental principles of automated system activity, namely: principle of legality; principle of information selection; principle of using hardware and software modules; principle of the possibility of step-bystep creating an information system; principle of simplicity and flexibility in terms of specific requirements of concrete information system application; principle of system acceptance for user of the "human – machine" dialogue; principle of distribution of information support; principle of task originality; principle of structural organization; principle of system approach; principle of combining the preparation of primary and machine documents; the principle of consistency of bandwidth of individual parts of a system; principle of data bank security; principle of using a professional language, etc. Author's definition of legality in forensic expert activity is presented that is understood as a complex social and legal phenomenon which main criterion is the legality category consisting of a set of subjective rights reflected and fixed in current legislation, formed as a result of objective social development.