Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for plants, with a crucial role as a cofactor for many enzymes. Approximately one-third of the global arable land area is Zn deficient, leading to reduced crop yield and quality. To improve crop tolerance to Zn deficiency, it is important to understand the mechanisms plants have adopted to tolerate suboptimal Zn supply. In this study, physiological and molecular aspects of traits related to Zn deficiency tolerance were examined in a panel of 19 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Accessions showed a larger variation for shoot biomass than for Zn concentration, indicating that they have different requirements for their minimal Zn concentration required for growth. Accessions with a higher tolerance to Zn deficiency showed an increased expression of the Zn deficiency-responsive genes ZIP4 and IRT3 in comparison with Zn deficiency-sensitive accessions. Changes in the shoot ionome, as a result of the Zn treatment of the plants, were used to build a multinomial logistic regression model able to distinguish plants regarding their Zn nutritional status. This set of biomarkers, reflecting the A. thaliana response to Zn deficiency and Zn deficiency tolerance, can be useful for future studies aiming to improve the performance and Zn status of crop plants grown under suboptimal Zn concentrations.


Food for Education (FFE) programmes have been implemented in developing countries since the 1960s. This paper examines the impact of the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) school feeding programme on pupils' attendance and girls' enrolment rate within primary schools in northern Burkina Faso. Using difference-in-difference (DID) estimation with the data set on the Beoog Biiga programme, we find that take-home rations (THRs) increased school attendance for both boys and girls. Moreover, the findings show that girls' enrolment rate within schools increased by 3.2 per cent. This is driven by the increase in the number of newly enrolled girls compared with boys. We conclude that THRs have the potential to increase girls' educational attainment and gender equality within schools.


As a young lawyer practicing in Arizona, far from the political center of the country, William Hubbs Rehnquist's iconoclasm made him a darling of Goldwater Republicans. He was brash and articulate. Although he was unquestionably ambitious and extraordinarily self-confident, his journey to Washington required a mixture of good-old-boy connections and rank good fortune. An outsider and often lone dissenter on his arrival, Rehnquist outlasted the liberal vestiges of the Warren Court and the collegiate conservatism of the Burger Court, until in 1986 he became the most overtly political conservative to sit as chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Over that time Rehnquist's thinking pointedly did not--indeed, could not--evolve. Dogma trumped leadership. So, despite his intellectual gifts, Rehnquist left no body of law or opinions that define his tenure as chief justice or even seem likely to endure. Instead, Rehnquist bestowed a different legacy: he made it respectable to be an expedient conservative on the Court. The Supreme Court now is as deeply divided politically as the executive and legislative branches of our government, and for this Rehnquist must receive the credit or the blame. His successor as chief justice, John Roberts, is his natural heir. Under Roberts, who clerked for Rehnquist, the Court remains unrecognizable as an agent of social balance. Gone are the majorities that expanded the Bill of Rights. The Rehnquist Court, which lasted almost twenty years, was molded in his image. In thirty-three years on the Supreme Court, from 1972 until his death in 2005 at age 80, Rehnquist was at the center of the Court's dramatic political transformation. He was a partisan, waging a quiet, constant battle to imbue the Court with a deep conservatism favoring government power over individual rights. The story of how and why Rehnquist rose to power is as compelling as it is improbable. Rehnquist left behind no memoir, and there has never been a substantial biography of him: Rehnquist was an uncooperative subject, and during his lifetime he made an effort to ensure that journalists would have scant material to work with. John A. Jenkins has produced the first full biography of Rehnquist, exploring the roots of his political and judicial convictions and showing how a brilliantly instinctive jurist, who began his career on the Court believing he would only ever be an isolated voice of right-wing objection, created the ethos of the modern Supreme Court.


In task-environments with limited visibility (e.g. rescue workers in smoke), individuals rely on tactile perception as a primary mode of data acquisition.  They need to translate tactile information into three-dimensional images, to solve problems mentally, before translating them into motor actions. To assess this ability in an inexpensive, standardised way, the Tupperware Neuropsychological Task (TNT) was developed.  It is a timed task using the Tupperware™ Shape O Toy .  Participants completed the TNT blindfolded, and also completed standardised measures of spatial visualisation, tactile form perception and memory, and fine motor coordination. Health adults (N=170) aged 19 to 30 completed the tasks on all tests on an individual basis.  This paper reports normative data for the TNT, including mean completion time and standard deviations.  It also reports small but significant correlations with other measures of tactile form perception, mental rotations, motor manipulation and tactile recall.  This suggests that the TNT taps all these constructs in one task, which would make it an economical measure of the functions required to work effectively in low visibility environments.   Keywords :      tactile form perception; mental rotation; tactile memory


Software inspections have been found to be one of the most effective ways to promote quality and productivity in software development. Inspections are an especially important tactic to use during the analysis and design phases of software development since the correction of a defect found early in development can be 10 to 100 times less expensive to fix than rework performed at the system testing stage. Given its prominence within the software field, it is surprising that the software inspection process does not receive more attention with respect to education in the area of Systems Analysis and Design. The purpose of this article is to present an experiential exercise for the Systems Analysis and Design course that may be used to promote learning with respect to the software inspection process. The focal point of the exercise is a system specification document that describes the user requirements for a system for a fictional real estate company. The specification document includes three components that are typical of a specification document: a descriptive narrative overview, a project dictionary, and data flow diagrams (DFDs). Survey results regarding students' perceptions of the exercise are also discussed.


We present a method to predict complex structural (conformational) transitions in irregular or disordered macromolecular systems, such as proteins or glasses, at the atomic level. Our method aims at rare events, which currently cannot be predicted with traditional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, since these currently are limited to time scales shorter than a few nanoseconds. Given an initial conformation of the system, our method identifies one or more product states, which may be separated from the initial state by free energy barriers that are large on the scale of thermal energy. It also provides an approximate reaction path, which can be used to determine barrier heights or reaction rates with the usual techniques. The method employs an artificial potential that destabilizes the initial conformation and, thereby, lowers free energy barriers of structural transitions. As a result, transitions are accelerated and may be observed in MD simulations. An analytical estimate for the acceleration factor is given. The method is applied to two test systems, an argon microcluster and a simplified protein model. By these studies we demonstrated that our method is capable of shortening mean transition times from 0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}s (argon cluster) and 1.4 ns (protein model) to a few picoseconds. These results suggest that our method is particularly well suited to study biochemically relevant conformational motions in proteins at a microsecond time scale.


Abstract Background. Since 2005, we have treated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) uniformly at two dose levels, according to baseline liver function and normal liver dose. We retrospectively examined the outcomes for these patients. Material and methods. Between 2005 and 2012, 221 HCC patients were treated with SBRT. Eligibility criteria for SBRT included a single (either solitary or recurrent) HCC lesion; unfeasible, difficult or refusal to undergo other surgery or percutaneous ablative therapies; Child-Pugh Classification (CPC) A or B; tumors ≤ 5 cm; dose to the bowels < 25 Gy/5 fractions; curative intent. Patients followed up ≥ 6 months were eligible. The prescribed dose depended on liver function and liver dose: 40 Gy for CPC-A and 35 Gy for CPC-B, in 5 fractions, requiring a 5-Gy dose reduction if the proportion of the liver receiving ≥ 20 Gy exceeded 20%. Treatment outcomes and safety were analyzed. Results. A total of 185 patients (n = 48 in the 35-Gy group; n = 137 in the 40-Gy group) were eligible, with a median follow-up duration of 24 months (range 3–80). The three-year local control and overall survival rates were 91% and 70%, respectively. There were no significant differences in outcomes between dose levels: the three-year local control and overall survival rates in the 35-Gy and 40-Gy groups were 91% and 89% (log-rank p = 0.99) and 66% and 72% (p = 0.54), respectively. Acute toxicities ≥ grade 3 were observed in 24 (13.0%) patients, and 19 (10.3%) patients had worsening of CPC score by two points. All but three (1.6%) patients promptly recovered to grade 1–2. Grade 5 liver failure occurred in two patients in the 35-Gy group. Conclusion. SBRT for HCC was safe and provided equivalent outcomes when administered either in 35 or 40 Gy/5 fractions.


Governments involved in Arctic and Antarctic governance have been well aware of the increasing human pressure on the Polar Regions and particularly the last two decades many initiatives have been taken to protect the Arctic and Antarctic environment. But what values are to be protected? This paper studies two central questions: a) To what extent does wilderness protection receive attention in the international governance systems for the Polar Regions? b) Should wilderness protection be acknowledged as an emerging issue for international law and policy development for the Polar Regions? First, on the basis of a definition of the term 'wilderness', the role of law in protecting wilderness is debated. This includes a discussion on the relationship between wilderness protection on the one hand and sustainable development and the protection of biological diversity on the other. Next, attention is focused on the Arctic and Antarctic. It is concluded that the international governance systems of both the Arctic and the Antarctic pay very little attention to the preservation of the Polar Regions as the last relatively untouched wildernesses on earth. The applicability of various multilateral environmental agreements to the Polar Regions (particularly the Arctic) is not very helpful in this respect as wilderness protection does not receive substantial attention in these legal instruments either. The broad acknowledgement of the wilderness values of these regions, the current lack of attention for wilderness protection at the international level and the fast increase of commercial activities in both Polar Regions are strong arguments for a positive answer to the second question and for urging the states involved in the Arctic Council and the Antarctic Treaty System to open the debate on relevant questions: What are wilderness values in the context of the Polar Regions more precisely and when would these values be adversely affected? What are the consequences of wilderness protection for human activities? And for the Arctic, how could wilderness protection be integrated in the efforts regarding sustainable development to ensure the right balance between wilderness protection and the protection of indigenous peoples rights? The good news is that there are various opportunities to discuss these questions in the near future. For the Antarctic the issue of wilderness protection is included in the five years work plan of the Committee for Environmental Protection and - in parallel - the issue may receive attention during the debate on the development of a common strategic view on the future of Antarctic tourism. For the Arctic one of the opportunities to discuss wilderness protection would be the 'restart' of the work on the Circumpolar Protected Areas Network. In trying to find answers to the relevant questions it is worthwhile to study and identify the lessons learnt (including best practices) of the present domestic systems of wilderness protection. The questions are certainly complex; however, excluding these questions from the international governance debate and simply denying relevance of wilderness protection with the argument that the concept is too vague and subjective will most certainly result in a continuing loss of untouched nature, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.


I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hydrogen holds great promise to provide clean energy, produce major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce or eliminate dependence on foreign oil. Although a complete transition to a hydrogen economy is decades away, significant advances are currently being made toward affordable, safe, and non-polluting energy based upon hydrogen. Recent news reports suggest that widespread hydrogen use, particularly in consumer applications, could give rise to unusually extensive liability under the legal theories of negligence, strict products liability, and abnormally dangerous activities. The research and experience with hydrogen, however, suggest that the opposite may be true. First, although hydrogen differs from gasoline, propane, natural gas, and other fuels, studies have shown that the differences do not make it any more dangerous. Hydrogen is non-toxic, disperses quickly if leaked, and produces no smoke or toxic fumes when burned. Furthermore, hydrogen burns faster, and at a lower temperature, and radiates far less heat than fires fed by other fuels. Second, hydrogen has been in significant production and transportation for over fifty years and has an enviable safety record. Although there have been incidents involving hydrogen, a thorough search of the case law has failed to produce a single instance where liability was assessed as a result of hydrogen's unique nature. In fact, there are very few reported cases containing the word "hydrogen." By contrast, there are literally dozens of cases involving gasoline, natural gas, propane, and other fuels in use today. Third, although there are technical challenges in delivering hydrogen at the consumer level, these challenges will likely be met by technology, training, and strong safety standards. Furthermore, significant investments are currently being made in each of these areas to promote such technological developments. Finally, a strong national interest exists in pursuing alternative energy sources, including hydrogen. The national security, environmental, and other costs of continued fossil fuel reliance are too great. It is important to explore an alternative like hydrogen and ensure that public investments lead toward sustainable markets for these options. II. INTRODUCTION According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), "[hjydrogen is a potential answer to satisfying many of our energy needs while reducing (and eventually eliminating) carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions."1 The promise of hydrogen is so great that President George W. Bush included a major hydrogen initiative in his 2003 State of the Union Address. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced a major initiative to create hydrogen highways in California, and hydrogen initiatives are underway in other states, such as New York and Ohio.3 Despite the great promise of hydrogen, the move toward a large scale use is not without its critics. History shows there will always be those who oppose shifts in traditional approaches. One relevant example involves reaction in Congress to the invention of the automobile. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the Congressional Horseless Carriage Committee (Carriage Committee) sounded alarms about the invention of the gasoline-powered car. The Carriage Committee found that because "horseless carriages . . . might attain speeds of 14 or even 20 miles per hourf,]"4 they constitute a "menace" requiring prompt legislative action.5 Furthermore, the Carriage Committee stated that horseless carriages "would wreck our agriculture" and involve "forces of nature too dangerous to fit into our usual concepts."6 Looking back, it is easy to see that the Carriage Committee's fears were not well justified. The internal combustion engine did not destroy agriculture, but rather, greatly enhanced it. Also, our regulatory and legal systems adjusted by allocating risk and responsibility, ensuring a vibrant industry and widespread consumer availability of the automobile. …


By using an evaporated silver film that has a continuously varying thickness, we have demonstrated the dependence of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on the dielectric properties of the film. These results support local field models that are based on metal-particle resonances for SERS.


The transport and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during resuspension events were investigated using a batch mixing technique. This technique allowed for the determination of sorption and desorption kinetics under more realistic mixing conditions than those used in previous investigations. It was demonstrated that sorption follows second‐order kinetics that are dependent on both POP concentration and the total suspended solids (TSS) of the system. Desorption shows a similar dependence. To further characterize pollutant release, the impact on maximum POP release of suspending uncontaminated sediment concomitantly with contaminated sediment was investigated, as this more accurately models real‐world resuspension events. It was found that even relatively low ratios of uncontaminated to contaminated sediment (1:2) yield a maximum POP release nearly 10 times lower than for systems containing only contaminated sediment. Increasing the ratio of uncontaminated sediment further reduced maximum POP release. These results highlight an important limitation of laboratory desorption experiments and current risk‐assessment models related to dredging operations; under typical field conditions, the impact of dredging on pollutant transport and fate may be greatly overpredicted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:375–381. © 2013 SETAC


In this paper, we describe TAKE_ONE, a parallel method of specifying human motion animation by a controlled mixture of values from three kinds of simulation: kinematic, dynamic, and constraint. In addition, tools to assist an animator to define qualities such as realism, individuality and expressiveness are developed. The issues in comprehensive animation methods are explosion of complexity, difficulty in determining values of input parameters, and lack of ease in fine-tuning an animation. We discuss the advantages and issues involved in structuring the specification of an animation. We provide a structured method to use or to convert to, a parameterized motion definition. We introduce a method of specification to allow the development of the essential and minimal definitional qualities of an action. The result is that a reduction in run-time complexity and user-specification is effected and groundwork for an action database is done. We develop techniques to refine kinematic animation specification so that it is more representative of actual positional goals and so that it is compatible with the use of the other methods. We provide a structure to systematically merge animations from the three methods, through user or program control, and provide an interface to an iterative method of definition and fine-tuning. Examples are provided to show the power of the TAKE_ONE method, including: an object placement example whose implementation is explained in detail, a wheel-turning task, and finally, a classical ballet pirouette which will serve as a goal example for our completed work. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-88-52. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/675 EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF HUMAN MOTION ANIMATION


When listening to modified speech, either naturally or artificially altered, the human perceptual system rapidly adapts to it. There is some debate about the nature of the mechanisms underlying this adaptation. Although some authors propose that listeners modify their prelexical representations, others assume changes at the lexical level. Recently, Larsson, Vera, Sebastian-Galles, and Deco [Lexical plasticity in early bilinguals does not alter phoneme categories: I. Neurodynamical modelling. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 76–94, 2008] proposed a biologically plausible computational model to account for some existing data, one which successfully modeled how long-term exposure to a dialect triggers the creation of new lexical entries. One specific prediction of the model was that prelexical (phoneme) representations should not be affected by dialectal exposure (as long as the listener is exposed to both standard and dialectal pronunciations). Here we present a series of experiments testing the predictions of the model. Native listeners of Catalan, with extended exposure to Spanish-accented Catalan, were tested on different auditory lexical decision tasks and phoneme discrimination tasks. Behavioral and electrophysiological recordings were obtained. The results supported the predictions of our model. On the one hand, both error rates and N400 measurements indicated the existence of alternative lexical entries for dialectal varieties. On the other hand, no evidence of alterations at the phoneme level, either in the behavioral discrimination task or in the electrophysiological measurement (MMN), could be detected. The results of the present study are compared with those obtained in short-term laboratory exposures in an attempt to provide an integrative account.


Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present an original concept of measuring the degree of protectionism (DP) by constructing a synthetic measure of DP on the basis of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Owing to application of TOPSIS method, another goal was achieved in ranking and classifying EU member states in terms of degree of protectionism. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the study of TOPSIS method, which is a multi-criteria decision-making method that allowed to measure the degree of protectionism, EU member states were investigated. Findings: The results reveal that EU countries were not strongly diversified as regards to DP level (with some exception of Germany and The Netherlands). Furthermore, no EU member states can be qualified as purely liberal nor fully protectionist. The results of the study referring to top protectionist countries reveal some similarities to the results of other classifications based on different methodology. Practical implications: The outcomes of the study might be used by decision-makers in terms of commercial policy, both at the EU institutional level as well as outside this framework - by EU trade partners. Ranking might also serve as an instrument for boosting commercial policy and practices promoting further trade liberalization. Originality/Value: Although there are plenty of papers on protectionism, so far there is no universally accepted method of measuring the phenomenon. Furthermore, the majority of studies focus on tariffs only or selected trade instruments, what brings the risk of underestimation of degree of protectionism, as countries use plenty of different measures in this respect. Thus, in our paper a new approach was proposed. The application of TOPSIS method with data extracted from Global Trade Alert that provides comprehensive list of all diverse trade policy interventions. The paper contains an original authors' concept of measuring DP, which might be also applied to comparisons of EU member states with other countries, thus the paper will contribute to the development of literature.


This book investigates the historical paths leading from pronouns to markers of verbal agreement and proposes a unified formal account of this grammaticalization process. In opposition to beliefs widely held in the literature, it is argued that new agreement formatives can be coined in a multitude of syntactic environments. Still, the individual paths toward agreement are shown to exhibit a set of underlying similarities which are attributed to universal principles that govern the reanalysis of pronominal clitics as exponents of verbal agreement across languages. It is claimed that syntactic principles impose only a set of necessary conditions on the reanalysis in question, while its ultimate trigger is morphological in nature. More specifically, it is argued that the acquisition of inflectional morphology is governed by blocking effects which operate during language acquisition and promote the grammaticalization of new markers if this change serves to replace 'worn-out', underspecified forms with new, more specified candidates.


This study aims to visualize salient network activations in a customized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based Deep Learning (DL) model, applied to the challenge of chest X-ray (CXR) screening. Computer-aided detection (CAD) software using machine learning (ML) approaches have been developed for analyzing CXRs for abnormalities with an aim to reduce delays in resource-constrained settings. However, field experts often need to know how these techniques arrive at a decision. In this study, we visualize the task-specific features and salient network activations in a customized DL model towards understanding the learned parameters, model behavior and optimizing its architecture and hyper-parameters for improved learning. The performance of the customized model is evaluated against the pre-trained DL models. It is found that the proposed model precisely localizes the abnormalities, aiding in improved abnormality screening.


The solution of least squares estimation problems is of great importance in the areas of numerical linear algebra, computational statistics and econometrics. The design and analysis of numerically stable and computationally efficient methods for solving such least squares problems is considered. The main computational tool used for the estimation of the least squares solutions is the QR decomposition, or the generalized QR decomposition. Specifically, emphasis is given to the design of sequential and parallel strategies for computing the main matrix factorizations which arise in the estimation procedures. The strategies are based on block-generalizations of the Givens sequences and efficiently exploit the structure of the matrices. An efficient minimum spanning tree algorithm is proposed for computing the QR decomposition of a set of matrices which have common columns. Heuristic strategies are also considered. Several computationally efficient sequential algorithms for block downdating of the least squares solutions are designed, implemented and analyzed. A parallel algorithm based on the best sequential approach for downdating the QR decomposition is also proposed. Within the context of block up-downdating, efficient serial and parallel algorithms for computing the estimators of the general linear and seemingly unrelated regression models after been updated with new observations are proposed. The algorithms are based on orthogonal factorizations and are rich in BLAS-3 computations. Experimental results which support the theoretical derived complexities of the new algorithms are presented. The comparison of the new algorithms with the corresponding LAPACK routines is also performed. The parallel algorithms utilize efficient load balanced distribution over the processors and are found to be scalable and efficient for large-scale least squares problems. It is expected that the proposed block-algorithms will facilitate the solution of computationally intensive statistical problems and the estimation of large scale linear models on serial and parallel computers.


This article explores the Great Kanto Earthquake as a window into Japan of the 1920s and examines how this disaster was interpreted and used for political, ideological, and social ends. I suggest that a wide cross-section of commentators described the disaster as an act of divine punishment to admonish Japan's subjects for leading what many claimed were self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles. I further argue that the disaster nurtured a strong sense that Japan possessed an unparalleled opportunity not only to rebuild Tokyo to reflect and reinforce new values but also to reconstruct the nation and its people. In doing so, the 1923 calamity fostered a culture of catastrophe and reconstruction that amplified discourses of moral degeneracy and national renovation in interwar Japan.


OBJECTIVE
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 is upregulated in fat of obese rodents and promotes adipose tissue development in these animals. However, it is unclear whether TIMP-1 independently predicts adiposity in humans and whether serum levels are increased in s.c. and visceral obesity.

DESIGN
Twenty-four lean, 16 s.c. obese, and 20 visceral obese subjects were studied.

METHODS
Plasma TIMP-1 concentrations were quantified using ELISAs and correlated to clinical parameters.

RESULTS
Plasma TIMP-1 levels were significantly different between lean (156 +/- 42 microg/l), s.c. obese (186 +/- 52 microg/l), and visceral obese (198 +/- 42 microg/l) subjects (P < 0.01). Furthermore, TIMP-1 correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), % body fat, fasting insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol, leptin, interleukin-6, and negatively with adiponectin (P < 0.05). Moreover, TIMP-1 serum levels predicted % body fat but not WHR independent of age, sex, and plasma insulin.

CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate that increased TIMP-1 serum levels are found with increased adiposity in humans.


Fatality records for American cave-diving fatalities (n = 368) occurring between 1969 and 2007 were examined and circumstances preceding each death categorized. Safety rules breached were noted in each case. The number of deaths per year peaked in the mid-1970s and has diminished since. Drowning was the most frequent cause of death, most often after running out of gas, which usually followed getting lost or starting the dive with insufficient gas. Compared with untrained divers, trained divers tended to be older, died at deeper depths and further inside caves, carried more cylinders of gas and more often died alone. Untrained divers were more likely to have dived without a guideline, without appropriate number of lights, and/or without adequate gas for the planned dive. Since running out of gas was associated with the greatest number of fatalities for trained divers, we recommend that gas management rules should receive the greatest emphasis in cave diving courses.


The restoration of the missing maxillary incisors is a complex and delicate treatment challenge. When implant therapy is used, proper treatment planning is critical, as selecting the proper number, location, and dimension of the implants is a difficult task. Thus, this article discusses the issues that must be addressed during diagnosis and treatment planning to achieve a predictable esthetic outcome when using implants to replace the maxillary incisors. The advantages and disadvantages of several implant-supported treatment options-using a combination of regular- and narrow-neck implants-are presented. Ultimately, the use of narrow-neck implants at the lateral incisor sites is presented as the best option for ensuring excellent esthetic outcomes, and the corresponding indications and contraindications are discussed. Further, all treatment options are ranked based on the predictability of their esthetic outcomes.


Abstract In the present work, the shape of a mixing vane in a pressurized water reactor fuel assembly has been optimized numerically using three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis of the flow and heat transfer to find the effects of flow characteristics downstream of the mixing vane on heat transfer augmentation and also to optimize the shape of the mixing vane to increase the resistance to departure from nucleate boiling by enhancing the heat transfer without excessive pressure loss. The response surface method is employed as an optimization technique. The objective function is defined as a combination of the heat transfer rate and the inverse of friction loss with weighting factor. The bend angle and base length of the mixing vane are selected as design variables. In most of the numerical experiments, both the heat transfer and friction loss are enhanced as the bend angle and base length increase. The swirl and cross-flow characteristics and thermal-hydraulic performances of different shapes of mixing vane are discussed. From the results, the close relationship between the swirl factor and the heat transfer rate has been found. In the specified ranges of the design variables, the sensitivity of the objective function to the base length is only about one-tenth of the sensitivity to the bend angle. Nine points for numerical experiments were sufficient for construction of a reliable response surface. The optimum shape has been obtained as a function of the weighting factor in the objective function.


This essay employs a comparative approach to the dynamics underpinning the transnational migration of African football players. More specifically, it assesses the extent to which divergent levels of professionalism and football development across the game in South Africa and Ghana shape and contour patterns of player mobility. This analysis, rooted in ethnographic research in both locales, reveals that significant economic divergences between the Premier Soccer League (PSL) in South Africa and the Ghanaian Premier League produce dramatically different patterns of inward and outward football migration. These patterns reveal that while Ghana's most talented players typically seek careers outside of the country, the PSL is not only able to retain highly skilled South African football labour but also represents an attractive destination for footballers from elsewhere in the continent.


SUMMARYContextModel policies have been suggested as a possible way of addressing some of the perceived weaknesses and inefficiencies in the administration and implementation of the current development plan system. The particular interest in model policies may be traced to the Review of Strategic Planning. Responses to the Consultation Paper suggested a majority view in favour of model policies.Research Aims and ObjectivesThe main aim of the study was to scope the potential of model planning policies, and, in particular, to advise on the most advantageous types and forms of model planning policy. The specific research questions were as follows:What is the scope for model development plan policies, in type, number and applicability?Can generic examples be put forward for discussion as part of this research?What are the practical concerns of users and service providers?What approaches to drawing up such policies would offer most advantages?How can model policies, once drawn up, be kept responsive to changing circumstances across Scotland?Are there any ways that guidance or advice from central government (for example, on policy form and content) might be adjusted to help?Research MethodologyThe scoping study was carried out through a literature review, an analysis of a sample of structure and local plans, and a series of focus groups. The perceptions of, and ambitions for, model planning policies differ considerably in practice. The focus groups were critical for canvassing the views and concerns of providers and users, and for stimulating a debate between special interest groups and practitioners. Importantly, a broad range of diverse user groups took part in the study.Principal FindingsModel planning policies mean different things to different service providers and users. The discussions around model policies fall into two broad areas - product and process. The research evidence shows that the identification of model policies involves much more than the comparison of wording across a number of development plans. Asserting what constitutes a model policy requires a much deeper understanding of context and setting, intention and workability. Thus, attention must be paid to the reasons why a specific policy takes a particular form. Policies also have to be read in the context of the supporting justification. The experiences of how the policy works in practice are critical. A more comprehensive approach than simply sampling plan policies is required. Moreover, the processes of identifying model policies require clear definitions and robust evaluation criteria as to what makes for 'good' policy.The policy cycle model is used to highlight the different stages in policy making and as the basis for a discussion around developing a robust policy discipline. The scoping study identified a number of related studies and research projects which are used to provide the beginnings of a resource bank for encouraging the sharing of best practice.There is no single universal type of model planning policy. Three broad families of potential model policies may be identified - international, national and local. These are based on a selected list of characteristics: origin, authority, sponsor, purpose and focus, applicability pan-Scotland, the degree of expertise required, content, the scope for departure, and whether a given policy is capable of expression in a model form.The research suggests that model policies may be appropriate for international and national designations, particularly those that are environmental in character and protectionist in intention. These draw their authority from a legislative or regulatory basis. Model policies could therefore form an integral part of the ongoing revision of national policy and be disseminated through relevant Planning Advice Notes or as stand-alone guidance.Model policies will take a different form in local circumstances. This reflects the necessary emphasis upon local distinctiveness and the tendency for local issues to attract greater interest by the community. There are, however, opportunities for commonplace policies to be shared. This will involve greater knowledge management about policy development and best practice by partner agencies also involved in the planning system. There is evidence of a lack of sufficient guidance in what constitutes best practice in policy drafting. Recommendations are made in the report as to how these gaps may be filled.


Blowing Spring Cave in northwestern Arkansas is representative of cave systems in the karst of the Ozark Plateaus, and stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δ2H) and inorganic carbon (δ13C) were used to quantify soil-water, bedrock-matrix water, and precipitation contributions to cave-spring flow during storm events to understand controls on cave water quality. Water samples from recharge-zone soils and the cave were collected from March to May 2012 to implement a multicomponent hydrograph separation approach using δ18O and δ2H of water and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C–DIC). During baseflow, median δ2H and δ18O compositions were –41.6‰ and –6.2‰ for soil water and were –37.2‰ and –5.9‰ for cave water, respectively. Median DIC concentrations for soil and cave waters were 1.8 mg/L and 25.0 mg/L, respectively, and median δ13C–DIC compositions were –19.9‰ and –14.3‰, respectively. During a March storm event, 12.2 cm of precipitation fell over 82 h and discharge increased from 0.01 to 0.59 m3/s. The isotopic composition of precipitation varied throughout the storm event because of rainout, a change of 50‰ and 10‰ for δ2H and δ18O was observed, respectively. Although, at the spring, δ2H and δ18O only changed by approximately 3‰ and 1‰, respectively. The isotopic compositions of precipitation and pre-event (i.e., soil and bedrock matrix) water were isotopically similar and the two-component hydrograph separation was inaccurate, either overestimating (>100%) or underestimating (<0%) the precipitation contribution to the spring. During the storm event, spring DIC and δ13C–DIC decreased to a minimum of 8.6 mg/L and –16.2‰, respectively. If the contribution from precipitation was assumed to be zero, soil water was found to contribute between 23 to 72% of the total volume of discharge. Although the assumption of negligible contributions from precipitation is unrealistic, especially in karst systems where rapid flow through conduits occurs, the hydrograph separation using inorganic carbon highlights the importance of considering vadose-zone soil water when analyzing storm chemohydrographs. Keywords: carbon, stable isotopes, cave, hydrograph, Arkansas. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.667


Adults' motivation to participate in continued education is of immediate interest, as lifelong learning is now considered as the solution to the pressing problems of increased levels of unemployment, not least among unskilled workers. Many theories concerning motivation and adult education maintain that individuals are innately motivated to learn, and conclude that motivation problems result from various dispositional, situational and structural impediments. If such barriers are removed, adults will be naturally motivated to educate themselves. This article argues against these theories and maintains that motivation should not be regarded as something residing within the individual. It is rather a construct of those who see it lacking in others. A critical reading of the literature shows how motivation theory stigmatizes people held 'unmotivated' in that the theories ascribe motivation problems to the individual, while assuming the basis upon which the problem is formulated for granted, and making those who formulate the problem invisible. Instead of a problem solver, motivation becomes a euphemism for direction and control. This article suggests that motivation should be seen as a relational concept, rather than as residing within the individual. Adults' motivation, or lack of this, is best understood in relation to those who formulate the problem. Instead of asking what motivates adults to study, research should focus on who states that this is a problem, and why, and the reasons for this conclusion. This approach makes the operations of power visible, and demonstrates how the discourse of lifelong learning, as a necessary political response to economic and technological determinism, constructs adults as inadequate.


The recapitulation of tissue organization and function in vitro is one of the main objectives of tissue engineering. Proper tissue function depends on the spatial assembly and interactions between key components such as cells, growth factors, signaling cues and extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is of utmost importance in the design of engineered tissues, since it not only provides support but also actively interacts with cells and growth factors to regulate tissue function. Tissue engineering has thus pushed towards the development of novel biocompatible and biodegradable materials capable of both supporting and interacting with cells. Such biomaterials are expected to allow the positioning of different cell types and the localization of biological factors, as well as having controlled adhesive properties and stiffness. Yet despite constant improvement on biomaterial design, technological advances and the increasing knowledge gained on tissue functions, the synthesis of artificial tissues and organs still remains far ahead. Current achievements in research have enabled the generation of engineered constructs with either controlled positioning of cells or patterning of growth factors. But the combination of both aspects into a reproducible and high-throughput strategy is still a task at hand. Another limitation is the current inability to recreate stable vascularization in tissue constructs. Vascularization is a compulsory aspect of engineering artificial tissues, since survival of any clinical-sized constructs depends on the availability of oxygen and nutrients normally provided by blood circulation in vivo. Such a shortcoming is directly linked to the necessity of establishing new strategies for the localized control of cellular function in 3D-arranged microenvironments, since vascularization is a complex and well-orchestrated phenomenon involving cell migration and differentiation under the control of specific guidance and signaling cues. To this end, a platform for the synthesis of tunable tissue constructs was developed in this thesis work. Taking advantage of the biocompatible and highly customizable enzymatically cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel platform, a strategy for the controlled incorporation of bioactive factors via peptide linkers was developed. The successful localized immobilization of growth factors and their ability to differentiate cells in a 3D-controlled manner was demonstrated by the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells by tethered bone morphogenic protein-2. Furthermore, using the same model, the release dynamics of the immobilized growth factors were investigated and a cell-dependant release strategy was devised by designing a proteolytically degradable peptide linker. The availability of immobilization strategies that are cell-responsive and that can mimic ECM properties is a desirable feature that can also contribute to the improvement of growth factor dose-response relationship. Additionally, selected factors modulating angiogenesis were evaluated for their potential role and use in the design of tissue constructs. Pro-angiogenic, anti-angiogenic effects and influence on cell migration were assessed in vitro and using the highly vascularized chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Preliminary experiments support the hypothesis that the selected growth factors could be used for establishing prevascular structures in engineered constructs.


This chapter from a forthcoming Cambridge Press book, Beyond Environmental Law, proposes emulating free market dynamics with a new regulatory instrument, the Environmental Competition Statute. This statute would authorize any polluter making a pollution reduction to require a dirtier competitor to reimburse it for the full cost of making this improvement along with a preset profit margin. This creates an economic dynamic similar to that prevailing in very competitive markets. In such markets, those who innovate in effect take money from those who do not, by taking over a portion of their market share. This statute similarly allows environmental innovators to prosper at the expense of environmental laggards, thereby allowing environmental markets to function like other competitive markets. This proposal has the potential to encourage contests to improve environmental quality comparable to the ongoing competition to realize other sorts of improvements. It aims to allow the capabilities of innovators free reign in improving environmental quality. It makes it possible for anybody reducing pollution to realize a profit from doing so. It systematically externalizes pollution control costs, just as polluters now externalize the costs of pollution. In short, an Environmental Competition Statute encourages competition to improve the environment. This chapter discusses the problems with existing environmental law, including existing market mechanisms that this statute seeks to overcome. It provides a detailed description of a number of operation details. And it defends the idea against possible objections.


In recent years, a growing number of UN peacekeepers have been mandated to carry out "stabilization" tasks. Yet the UN still has no explicit definition of or framework for this concept, and most recent stabilization operations, such as those in Afghanistan and Iraq, occurred under quite different circumstances from UN peacekeeping operations. The AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), which has long operated with the consent of a weak host government, in parallel with external and local forces, under a complex mandate, and with African personnel, may offer a more useful point of comparison.
The latest report by IPI investigates what lessons UN peacekeepers can draw from the AU's experience in Somalia. AMISOM suffered from a number of political and operational challenges in its attempt to implement an effective stabilization strategy. It suffered from, inter alia, overly securitized responses, fragmented command and control, inadequate logistical support and force enablers, and a failure to significantly degrade al-Shabaab's fighting ability or provide security to the local population.
On the basis of these challenges, the report offers nine lessons for UN peacekeepers with a mandate to stabilize:
- Missions must be appropriately configured to fulfill their mandate. - The political and military elements of a stabilization strategy must be in sync. - Extending state authority is not synonymous with peacebuilding, at least in the short term. - Territorial expansion is less important than degrading the capabilities of spoilers. - Strategic coordination among relevant partners is a crucial, mainly political task. - Lack of coordination can have negative political and military effects. - Effective stabilization requires positive relationships between peacekeepers and the local population. - There can be no successful exit without building capable, legitimate, and inclusive national security forces. - UN organizational frameworks and bureaucratic culture are not suited to supporting war-fighting operations.


Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a common attack in recent years that can deplete the bandwidth of victim nodes by flooding packets. Based on the type and quantity of traffic used for the attack and the exploited vulnerability of the target, DDoS attacks are grouped into three categories as Volumetric attacks, Protocol attacks and Application attacks. The volumetric attack, which the proposed method attempts to detect it, is the most common type of DDoS attacks. The aim of this paper is to reduce the delay of real-time detection of DDoS attacks utilizing hybrid structures based on data stream algorithms. The proposed data structure (BHM ) improves the data storing mechanism presented in STONE method and consequently reduces the detection time. STONE characterizes regular network traffic of a service by aggregating it into common prefixes of IP addresses, and detecting attacks when the aggregated traffic deviates from the regular one. In BHM, history refers to the output traffic information obtained from each monitoring period to form a reference profile. The reference profile is created by employing historical information and only includes normal traffic information. The delay of DDoS attack detection increases in STONE due to long-time intervals between each monitoring period. The proposed method (F-STONE) has been compared to STONE based on attack detection time, Expected Profile Update Time (EPUT), and rate of attack detection. The evaluation results indicated significant improvements in terms of the EPUT, acceleration of attack detection and reduction of false positive rate.


OBJECTIVES
The diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) participates in the systemic homeostasis and may work as a unified system with integrated functions but anatomically disperse. However, the mechanisms that are involved in the integration of the distant parts of the DNES are poorly known. This study is aimed on the effects of a pinealectomy on the population of the neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in the colon of rats.

METHODS
A group of seven newborn rats and one of adult rats were submitted to a pinealectomy. The animals were sacrificed after 15 days and 90 days, respectively. The control groups of adult and newborn rats were subjected to a 'sham surgery' and then sacrificed after similar periods of time. Paraffin-included sections of the colon samples were stained by the Churukian-Schenk method in order to selectively stain the NECs. The NEC index was estimated by the expression: iNEC = NECs population per crypt/Total cell population of the crypt. The results were expressed as median and absolute range, and the statistical significance was demonstrated by the Mann-Whitney (U) test.

RESULTS
The morphometric analysis showed a significant increase in the number of colonic NECs of the adult rats subjected to a pinealectomy when compared to the controls. No statistical difference was observed between the iNECs of the newborn groups of rats.

CONCLUSION
This finding suggests the existence of regulatory mechanisms that integrate distant parts of the DNES, by adapting the population of the endocrine cells after the ablation of an important component of the system. Further studies on the mechanisms involved in the integration of the DNES may be facilitated by the simple experimental model that we propose.


In the fabrication of organic free-form shapes in architecture one is constantly faced with specifi c planning and design challenges. This paper examines these problems as well as possible solutions for the design of a completed and built prototype using the example of an organically shaped pavilion made of glass fi bre reinforced plastic modules. The paper describes which adjustments to the original design were required to take the step from "digital physicality" to "physical digitality" to realize a constructive and economically successful implementation. The solutions discussed combine modern digital software methods such as parametric design with innovative 3D modelling principles.


Recombination frequency greatly affects selection efficiency in plant breeding. A high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map integrated with physical map and other molecular maps is very useful for characterizing genetic recombination variation. In this study, recombination frequency in maize was investigated through SNP linkage maps constructed with three recombinant inbred line populations. The integrated map consisted of 1443 molecular markers, including 1155 SNPs, spanning 1346 cM. A 100-fold difference in recombination frequency was observed between different chromosomal regions, ranging from an average of 0.09 cM/Mb for pericentromeric regions to 7.08 cM/Mb for telomeric regions. Recombination suppression in non-centromeric regions identified nine recombination-suppressed regions, one of which likely contained condensed heterochromatin (knobs). Recombination variation along chromosomes was highly predictable for pericentromeric and telomeric regions, but population-specific with 4.5-fold difference for the same marker interval across the three populations or specific chromosome regions because of the presence of knobs. As recombination variation can be identified and well characterized as shown in this study, the related information will facilitate future genetic studies, gene cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding.


Our research aims to identify the factors that go into the dynamic of mealtime for children and how these factors affect health outcomes outside the nutrient composition of the meal itself. Our survey included questions that would help us understand what dynamics are present during the time when children are eating their meals at home, and if these factors directly or indirectly affect the BMI of the child. Our strongest outcome is the R-values which indicate room for further collaborative research in this growing area of nutrition.


The authors present a complete clinical case report of functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of the smile harmony of a 23-year-old male patient through periodontal plastic surgery, tooth bleaching and prefabricated composite resin veneers, emphasizing the advantages, limitations and patient's perceptions about the treatment.  After clinical and radiographic evaluations, extra and intra-oral photographs were taken, plaster study models were obtained, digital smile design and diagnostic wax-up were performed. The patient accepted and authorized the proposed dental procedures. The treatment proved to be effective, being a practical and safe approach, with aesthetic recovery of the smile harmony and patient satisfaction. Keywords Dental esthetics; Tooth bleaching; Dental veneers; Composite resin.


Totemism and Exogamy 0700713387 Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead 0700713395 The Fear of the Dead in Primitive Religion 0700713409 Anthologia Anthropologica 0700713417 The Golden Bough 0700714480 Studies in Greek Scenery, Legend and History 0700714499 Folk-Lore in the Old Testament 0700714405 The Magical Origin of Kings 0700714413 The Worship of Nature 0700714421 The Gorgon's Head and Other Literary Pieces 070071443X The Devil's Advocate 0700714448 Myths of the Origin of Fire 0700714510 Garnered Sheaves 0700714391 Creation and Evolution in Primitive Cosmogenies and Other Pieces 0700714502


A new framework for representing quasi-harmonic signals, and its application to score-informed single channel musical instruments separation, is introduced in this paper. In the proposed approach, the signal's pitch and spectral envelope are modeled separately. The model combines parametric filters enforcing an harmonic structure in the representation, with Gaussian modeling for representing the spectral envelope. The estimation of the signal's model is cast as an inverse problem efficiently solved via a maximum a posteriori expectation-maximization algorithm. The relation of the proposed framework with common non-negative factorization methods is also discussed. The algorithm is evaluated with both real and synthetic instruments mixtures, and comparisons with recently proposed techniques are presented.


English as a lingua franca (ELF) has been described as "… the fastest-growing and at the same time the least recognised function of English in the world." (Mauranen 2009). As a shared language used between speakers who do not have the same lingua cultural backgrounds, English has been the global language of business for some time (Charles 2008) and is increasingly used in academia, not only as the lingua franca of research, but also for teaching and administrative work. As a field of research, ELF focuses on language use in context, notably showing how flexible users of ELF are in negotiating meaning and achieving understanding, despite differences in cultural and linguistic backgrounds (Firth 1996, 2008). Yet, using English as a lingua franca can present challenges, and the research findings have implications not only for users of English in a range of contexts, but also for teachers and learners of English. The focus of this article is on the effect of change with regard to English on curriculum development and syllabus design at the University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Language Center. Drawing on Richards (2001), curriculum development refers here to an overall process of educational planning and implementation, comprising needs analysis, situation analysis, setting of aims and learning outcomes, course design, delivery and assessment. These elements are seen as a "network of interacting systems." (Richards 2001:41). Syllabus design, on the other hand, deals with the specific content covered in a given course.


BACKGROUND
People with serious mental illness have consistently higher levels of mortality and morbidity than the general population. They have greater levels of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, diabetes, and respiratory illness. Although genetics may have a role in the physical health problems of these people, lifestyle and environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, poor diet, and low levels of physical activity play a prominent part.

OBJECTIVES
To review the effects of dietary advice for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychosis.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (September 09, 2013 and February 24, 2016).

SELECTION CRITERIA
We planned to include all randomised clinical trials focusing on dietary advice versus standard care.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The review authors (RP, KTP) independently screened search results but did not identify any studies that fulfilled the review's criteria.

MAIN RESULTS
We did not identify any studies that met our inclusion criteria.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Dietary advice has been shown to improve the dietary intake of the general population. Research is needed to determine whether dietary advice can have a similar benefit in people with serious mental illness.


The aim of the study was to discover the nature and effects of postnatal care from the perspective of midwives, who provided that care in a regional health care facility, and women, who had recently experienced that care as new mothers. A qualitative research approach was considered to be the most useful way to investigate the experience of postnatal care, with the particular methodology being that of phenomenology. Literature uncovered during the literature search process was categorised and reviewed, which included rationales for providing postnatal care; postnatal policies and practices; the strengths and limitations of postnatal practices; and suggestions for change and future directions. Philosophical approaches to phenomenology as a research methodology were described and analysed, as were some of the ways in which phenomenological studies have been used to advance nursing and midwifery knowledge. Data collection was by a series of conversational interviews with 15 midwife and 15 mother participants, who selfselected and agreed to have their interviews audiotaped and transcribed. Following transcription and checking of interviews, the context of each of the 15 midwife and 15 mother participants was outlined, followed by the researcher's interpretation of the main characteristics of their postnatal situation. Thematic analysis was based on van Manen's (1990) phenomenological approach to researching 'lived experience'. Individual themes were collated across the postnatal experiences of all participants, with 44 different themes being revealed for the midwives and 34 for the mothers. The collective themes which emerged from the process of reading and re-reading the stories of the participants were also presented, together with illustrations from their stories. Further analysis then revealed the final themes of the study and illustrated the essence of the participants' experiences. The seven final themes identified from the midwives' stories were named as comforting; connecting; informing; facilitating; valuing; reflecting; and changing practices; with six final themes from the mothers' stories named as reflecting; connecting; learning; valuing care; receiving care; and expressing concerns. Following this, a number of insights and implications for postnatal care practice, administration, education and research were drawn from the themes.


Al2O3 changes from transparent to a range of intense colours depending on the chemical impurities present. In blue sapphire, Fe and Ti are incorporated; however, the chemical process that gives rise to the colour has long been debated. Atomistic modelling identifies charge transfer from Ti(III) to Fe(III) as being responsible for the characteristic blue appearance.


1.1 This test method covers the determination of the aromatic hydrogen content (Procedures A and B) and aromatic carbon content (Procedure C) of hydrocarbon otis using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. Applicable samples include kerosenes, gas otis, mineral oils, lubricating otis, coal liquids, and other distillates that are completely soluble in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride at ambient temperature. For pulse Fourier transform (FI') spectrometers, the detection limit is typically 0.1 tool % aromatic hydrogen atoms and 0.5 mol % aromatic carbon atoms. For continuous wave (CW) spectrometers, which are suitable for measuring aromatic hydrogen contents only, the detection limit is considerably higher and typically 0.5 tool % aromatic hydrogen atoms. 1.2 The reported units are mole percent aromatic hydrogen atoms and mole percent aromatic carbon atoms. 1.3 This test method is not applicable to samples containing more than 1 mass % olefinic or phenolic compounds. 1.4 This test method does not cover the determination of the percentage mass of aromatic compounds in otis since NMR signals from both saturated hydrocarbons and aliphatic substituents on aromatic ring compounds appear in the same chemical shift region. For the determination of mass or volume percent aromatics in hydrocarbon otis, chromatographic, or mass spectrometry methods can be used. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, i f any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Notes 1, 2 and 3.


What can we learn about management ethics from other cultures and societies? In this textbook, cross-cultural management theory is applied and made relevant to management ethics. To help the reader understand different approaches that global businesses can take to operate successfully and ethically, there are chapters focusing on specific countries and regions. As well as giving the wider geographical, political and cultural contexts, the book includes numerous examples in every chapter to help the reader critique universal assumptions of what is ethical. By taking a closer look at the way we view other cultures and their values, the author challenges us to rethink commonly held assumptions and approaches in cross-cultural management, and to apply a more critical approach.


Fish stocks in Ghanaian waters are on the decline. There is therefore the need to rebuild the stocks through marine stock enhancement and restocking. Stock enhancement and restocking are the guarantee routes to revive the stock declining menace of the country. Other benefits will include sustainable employment, increase fishers income, reduce poverty, ensures food security and promote national development. Species to be used for restocking is a major problem since the biology of the existing species is poorly understood. There are certain factors that must be taken into considerations if stock enhancement and restock programmes are to be successful, namely existing fisheries management schemes, socio-economic factors, institutional capacity and aquaculture development. The potential for Ghana to create sustainable, supplemental livelihoods through restocking or stock enhancement appears promising.


Despite living in an age of ubiquitous access to digital information, scholars still struggle to access both the physical and digital primary sources needed for research and teaching. This can be due to limited access to physical primary sources (i.e. cultural heritage materials located in another country), lack of resources to make analog primary sources digitally accessible (i.e. limited funds and staff for digitization), or lack of a concerted effort to collect born digital materials (i.e. no clear institutional mandate).  The inaction around preservation and access can result in the loss of the materials themselves, for example to obscurity and obsolescence, as well as an impoverished historical record. In order to confront these threats while simultaneously supporting scholarly research at The University of Texas at Austin, the University of Texas Libraries has adopted a post-custodial archive model to address the collection, preservation, and access challenges for digitized and born digital archival materials. This approach also allows us to secure valuable scholarly resources for The University of Texas at Austin and the global community and to foster deep collaborative relationships with campus faculty and academic units as well as with our partners around the globe, all in close alignment with the strategic priorities of the Libraries and the University. This presentation will explore the background and rationale that underlies the post-custodial archive model and how this model has been implemented through digital projects such as the Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive, Primeros Libros de las Americas, and the Human Rights Documentation Initiative. We will discuss these initiatives as part of broader efforts to redefine the role and identity of the research library as a central component of teaching, scholarship, and resource to 21 st century learners, and as an exemplary activity of the University's commitment to "scholarship and education that advances the social good."


We consider three levels of food security - national, regional and global. In our paper we will concentrate on first and second, because the global level depends on national food security of produsing and consuming countries, as well as consist on regional food securities of different parts of the World.


The solid oxide membrane (SOM) method is an emerging technology for the environmentally friendly and energy-efficient extraction of metals direct from their respective oxides. This paper reports on the successful extraction of titanium powder direct from high-titanium slag in molten calcium chloride using the SOM method. The deoxidation process was carried out at 1000 °C and potential of 3.8 V. The current feature, phase composition evolution and morphology variation were investigated experimentally. It is found that the titanium can be successfully electrochemically extracted from high-titanium slag, the deoxidation process possesses a considerable electrolysis rate, and the current efficiency reaches ~55% in 6 h. It is shown that the SOM method is a promising alternative process for the extraction of titanium direct from titanium mineral resources.


We use the self-consistent harmonic approximation (SCHA) to study static properties of the two-dimensional quantum Heisenberg model with easy-axis anisotropy. We calculate the critical temperature as a function of the spin value, and compare with classical results. Specifically, we compare how the ratio of critical temperatures varies as a function of the spin S in the quantum and classical cases, for afixed anisotropy parameter. We see that, for values of spin near 5/2, the classical result approximates to the quantum results and the classical calculation is justified. We have also studied the behavior of the magnetization for very small anisotropies. We have shown that our magnetization curves do not present a plateau in the limit of very small anisotropies, as predicted by the real-space renormalization-group calculations.


Trouser tear testing has been concerned in this research work. A polypropylene film and a low density polyethylene film used in the packaging industry are considered. The experimental trouser tear tests showed different results for both materials when they were subjected to load in different material directions. Therefore the hypothesis was verified, that the in-plane material orientation/alignment induced during manufacturing, hence creating anisotropic in-plane mechanical properties, also affects the tearing behavior. A brittle-like failure was shown in the polypropylene film while the low density polyethylene presented a highly ductile behavior. The two polymer films can be classified as one low-extensible and one high-extensible material according to the test method utilized. Material parameters in the principal material directions i.e. manufacturing direction and cross direction were extracted from the experimental tests for further numerical studies. Scanning electron microscope was used for micromechanical and fractographical analysis of the crack tip and crack surfaces created during the tests. The methods discussed will help classify different groups of materials and can be used as a predictive tool for the crack initiation and crack propagation path in packaging material, especially thin polymer films.


CONTEXT Previous studies have suggested that children who experience parental suicide at earlier ages are at higher risk of future hospitalization for suicide attempt. However, how the trajectories of risk differ by offspring age at the time of parental suicide is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To study time at risk to suicide attempt hospitalization among offspring of suicide decedents as compared with offspring of unintentional injury decedents by their developmental period at the time of parental death. DESIGN Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six thousand ninety-six offspring who experienced parental suicide and 32 395 offspring of unintentional injury decedents prior to age 25 years between the years 1973 and 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Parametric survival analysis was used to model the time to hospitalization for suicide attempt among offspring who lost a parent during early childhood (0-5 years old), later childhood (6-12 years old), adolescence (13-17 years old), and young adulthood (18-24 years old). RESULTS The risk in offspring who lost a parent to suicide or an unintentional injury during childhood surpassed the other age groups' risk approximately 5 years after the origin and, for the youngest group, continued to rise over decades. Offspring who lost a parent during adolescence or young adulthood were at greatest risk within 1 to 2 years after parental death, and risk declined over time. Offspring who lost a parent to suicide in childhood and young adulthood had earlier onset of hospitalization for suicide attempt compared with offspring who lost a parent to an unintentional injury. CONCLUSIONS The hospitalization risk for suicide attempt in offspring who lost a parent during their childhood is different from those who lost a parent later in development. The results suggest critical windows for careful monitoring and intervention for suicide attempt risk, especially 1 to 2 years after parental death for the older age groups and over decades for childhood survivors of parental death.


Twenty-five winter wheat cultivars (cv.s) were evaluated for their ability to produce embryogenic callus, eventually plantlets, as well as the agronomic performance in the field to determine the relationship between tissue culture and agronomic traits. There were significant genotype effects on callus formation, callus fresh and dry weight, callus moisture content, embryogenic calli formation and the frequency of plant regeneration. Relationship between tissue culture and agronomic traits was examined by correlation and regression analysis. Important relationships between the two traits were found such as the frequency of plantlets regeneration from immature embryos could be estimated from spike number per m2. Such relationships may be due to the fact that plantlets regeneration might be controlled by the genetic system controlling the incidence of spike number per m2 or partial linkage with it. This result suggests that it is possible to screen genotypes with good tissue culture traits directly at the agronomic trait level, a practice rather simple and straightforward.


Methane monooxygenases (MMOs) activate the high energy C-H bond of methane and convert it to methanol with high selectivity and under physiological conditions. Despite decades of efforts focusing on elucidating the structure, function and mechanism of soluble MMOs, the structure of a key intermediate (called compound Q) remained unknown. This article highlights a recent report by Banerjee et. al. which not only firmly establishes the core-structure of Q, but also provides significant insight into its formation, reaction with methane and eventual decay.


In many real-world applications, sensitive information must be kept it log files on an untrusted machine. In the event that an attacker captures this machine, we would like to guarantee that he will gain little or no information from the log files and to limit his ability to corrupt the log files. We describe a computationally cheap method for making all log entries generated prior to the logging machine's compromise impossible for the attacker to read, and also impossible to modify or destroy undetectably.


Due to its drastic development and evolution from a unique urban model to a new form of an "African City", Africa's capital city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was presented as an exemplary city pointing out issues evolving from rapid urbanization and the implementation of Chinese mega-projects in the infrastructural sector. Like elsewhere in the continent, China's impact cannot be underestimated, especially in road and rail construction, which is leading to an entire urban as well as social transformation of the city. Based on this phenomena, the presentation shows one key project concerning the construction of Addis Ababa's first light-rail transit system (LRT) which a) effects the mobility patterns of the people and simultaneously b) the production of space within the built environment.


Molecular dynamics has been used to study binding of substrate CO2 to the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II. Three potential CO2 binding sites have been located. The first is at the active-site hydrophobic pocket (the catalytically productive site), where CO2 is approximately 3.5 A from the zinc ion and interacts with His-94, His-119, Val-121, Val-143, Leu-198, Thr-199, the zinc ion, and the zinc-bound hydroxide ion. The second CO2 binding site is approximately 6 A from the zinc ion, where CO2 interacts with His-64, His-94, Leu-198, Thr-200, Pro-201, Pro-202, and some active-site water molecules. The third CO2 binding site is approximately 10 A from the zinc ion, is largely solvated by water molecules, and interacts with His-64, Asn-67, and Gln-92. At these three CO2 binding sites, the CO2 molecule is highly localized (the average Zn-CO2 distance fluctuation is approximately 1 A) and favors the linear binding orientation toward the zinc ion. This linear binding orientation of CO2 and its electrostatic interaction with the zinc ion direct diffusion of CO2 toward the zinc ion and facilitate the nucleophilic attack from O of the zinc-bound OH- to C of CO2 in the productive hydrophobic binding site. Finally, the two CO2 binding sites outside the hydrophobic binding pocket, which may represent two intermediate states along the CO2 binding pathway, could play important roles as a CO2 relay.


Abstract Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a rising concern for public health due to their ubiquitous presence as complex mixtures affecting development throughout generations. Our goal was to study the effect of a mixture of EDCs on female sexual development during 3 generations. Female rats (F0 generation) were orally exposed to a mixture of 14 anti-androgenic and estrogenic EDCs or corn oil for 2 weeks before and throughout gestation and until weaning. The mixture was composed of plasticizers (BPA, DBP, DEHP), fungicides/pesticides (Vinclozolin, Procymidon, Prochloraz, Epoxynazole, Linurone, p-p'-DDT), UV filters (4-MBC, OMC), Butyl Paraben and the analgesic Acetaminophen. The doses were in the micrograms/kg range in order to represent human exposure. Sexual development (vaginal opening, GnRH interpulse interval and estrous cyclicity) as well as maternal behavior were studied from F1 to F3 generations. At PND21 the mediobasal hypothalamus of the F1 and F3 were removed for gene expression analysis by RNAseq and RT-qPCR as well as for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of histone modifications at regulatory regions of target genes. While F2 and F3 females showed delayed vaginal opening, decreased percentage of regular estrous cycles and decreased GnRH interpulse interval, no such changes were detected in F1 animals. These reproductive phenotypes were associated with alterations in both transcriptional and histone posttranslational modifications of hypothalamic genes involved in reproductive competence and behavior like kisspeptin (Kiss1), oxytocin (Oxt), estrogen (Esr1), glutamate (Grin2d), dopamine signaling (Th and Drd1) as well as glucocorticoid activity (Nr3c1 and Crh). Concomitant with a decrease in transcriptional activity, we have observed either a decrease of active histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K9ac) for Esr1 and Oxt promoter regions, an increase of repressive histone modifications (H3K27me3, H3K9me3) for Grin2D, Th and Nr3c1 promoter regions or both for the Kiss1 promoter. Up-regulated genes (Pomc, and CRH) showed decreased H3K9me3 and increased H3K9ac at their 5'regulatory regions. F1 females that were exposed in utero to the EDC mixture, showed a reduction in Th mRNA expression and decreased grooming/licking behavior while spending more time resting alone. These alterations on maternal behavior are known to cause transgenerational alterations of the development of the corticotropic and gonadotropic axis. Overall, our data shows that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant EDC mixture transgenerationally affects sexual development throughout epigenetic reprogramming of the hypothalamus. Such effects could be mediated by alterations of maternal behavior caused by exposure of the first generation to the EDC mixture.


Data filtering in spreadsheets is a common problem faced by millions of end-users. The task of data filtering requires a computational model that can separate intended positive and negative string instances. We present a system, FIDEX, that can efficiently learn desired data filtering expressions from a small set of positive and negative string examples. There are two key ideas of our approach. First, we design an expressive DSL to represent disjunctive filter expressions needed for several real-world data filtering tasks. Second, we develop an efficient synthesis algorithm for incrementally learning consistent filter expressions in the DSL from very few positive and negative examples. A DAG-based data structure is used to succinctly represent a large number of filter expressions, and two corresponding operators are defined for algorithmically handling positive and negative examples, namely, the intersection and subtraction operators. FIDEX is able to learn data filters for 452 out of 460 real-world data filtering tasks in real time (0.22s), using only 2.2 positive string instances and 2.7 negative string instances on average.


Abstract Survival and recovery are important dynamic processes of biotic evolution during major geological transitions. Disaster and opportunistic taxa are two significant groups that dominate the ecosystem in the aftermath of mass extinction events. Disaster taxa appear immediately after such crises whilst opportunists pre-date the crisis but also bloom in the aftermath. This paper documents three disaster foraminiferal species and seven opportunistic foraminiferal species from Lower Triassic successions of South China. They are characterized by extreme high abundance and low diversity and occurred occasionally in Griesbachian, Smithian and Spathian strata. The characteristics (small size, simple morphology) and stratigraphic ranges of these groups suggest that r-selection is a commonly used strategy for survivors to cope with either harsh post-extinction conditions and/or environments lacking incumbents.


Editor's Introduction | Insects, particularly blowflies and their larvae, can provide important evidence in the investigation of a crime. Information about the size and age of blowfly larvae on a corpse can be used to identify the time, and sometimes place, of death. Martin Hall, a forensic entomologist who has worked as an expert witness on over 30 criminal cases, presents a fascinating overview of the ways in which insects can provide vital clues about a murder.


We consider the incompressible Navier-stokes equations (NS) in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ for $n\geq2$. Global well-posedness is proved in critical Besov-weak-Herz spaces (BWH-spaces) that consist in Besov spaces based on weak-Herz spaces. These spaces are larger than some critical spaces considered in previous works for (NS). For our purposes, we need to develop a basic theory for BWH-spaces containing properties and estimates such as heat semigroup estimates, embedding theorems, interpolation properties, among others. In particular, it is proved a characterization of Besov-weak-Herz spaces as interpolation of Sobolev-weak-Herz ones, which is key in our arguments. Self-similarity and asymptotic behavior of solutions are also discussed. Our class of spaces and its properties developed here could also be employed to study other PDEs of elliptic, parabolic and conservation-law type.


Humanity is on a deeply unsustainable trajectory We are exceeding planetary boundaries and unlikely to meet many international sustainable development goals and global environmental targets Until recently, there was no broadly accepted framework of interventions that could ignite the transformations needed to achieve these desired targets and goals As a component of the IPBES Global Assessment, we conducted an iterative expert deliberation process with an extensive review of scenarios and pathways to sustainability, including the broader literature on indirect drivers, social change and sustainability transformation We asked, what are the most important elements of pathways to sustainability? Applying a social?ecological systems lens, we identified eight priority points for intervention (leverage points) and five overarching strategic actions and priority interventions (levers), which appear to be key to societal transformation The eight leverage points are: (1) Visions of a good life, (2) Total consumption and waste, (3) Latent values of responsibility, (4) Inequalities, (5) Justice and inclusion in conservation, (6) Externalities from trade and other telecouplings, (7) Responsible technology, innovation and investment, and (8) Education and knowledge generation and sharing The five intertwined levers can be applied across the eight leverage points and more broadly These include: (A) Incentives and capacity building, (B) Coordination across sectors and jurisdictions, (C) Pre-emptive action, (D) Adaptive decision-making and (E) Environmental law and implementation The levers and leverage points are all non-substitutable, and each enables others, likely leading to synergistic benefits Transformative change towards sustainable pathways requires more than a simple scaling-up of sustainability initiatives?it entails addressing these levers and leverage points to change the fabric of legal, political, economic and other social systems These levers and leverage points build upon those approved within the Global Assessment's Summary for Policymakers, with the aim of enabling leaders in government, business, civil society and academia to spark transformative changes towards a more just and sustainable world A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article


Adenoid hypertrophy, a common disorder in pediatric population can present as a variety of symptoms including snoring, nasal obstruction and hyponasal speech to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), chronic rhinosinusitis and recurrent otitis media. Here we present a four years old boy presenting with periodic hematemesis for several months and the complaint of persistent presence of blood in saliva for whom complete GI evaluation revealed no obvious source. After otolaryngology consultation, detailed history and nasopharyngoscopy revealed hypertrophied adenoids as the source of bleeding. Surgical adenoidectomy was curative after 9 months follow up. This paper presented our experience in the management of an adenoid hypertrophy case presenting with oropharyngeal bleeding due to a mass-like lesion that is, to our knowledge, the first case of this issue.


Two new species of Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827 are described from the northeast coast of Bali (Indonesia): Elaphropeza triseta sp. nov. belonging to the ephippiata-group and E. balinensis sp. nov. belonging to the biuncinata-group. A COI Neighbour-Joining tree is given for the Southeast Asian Elaphropeza species showing large genetic distances between the species. The morphological characterisation of the ephippiata-group and the biuncinata-group sensu Shamshev & Grootaert 2007 is confi rmed.


Introduction: Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality, safe for both the mother and the fetus, which uses a high frequency sound to generate images of body tissues and organs. It has been widely used for fetal evaluation and dating. Purpose: To determine normative values of fetal heart circumference (FHC) as a predictor of the gestational age (GA) in black population and compare it to those of the Caucasian population. Material and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Nigeria. 324 women with a singleton pregnancy between 12 -40 weeks, who conceived naturally, were scanned using a 2D ultrasound machine with a 3.5 MHz curvilinear probe. Two fetal heart diameters at right angle to each other were taken at the level of the four-heart chamber view, during diastole. Results: There is a strong positive linear correlation between the FHC and the GA (r2= 0.964, p<0.001). The equation of GA prediction is Y=0.246X + 5.06 (where y=GA, X=FHC). FHC weekly growth rate is 3.81mm. FHC is more accurate between 12-20 weeks GA and its accuracy decreases as the pregnancy progresses. There is a strong correlation between FHC and biparietal diameter (BPD) (r2=0.959), HC(r2=0.946) and FL (r2= 0.962). Conclusion: The study has derived a nomogram of FHC as a predictor of the GA in Nigerian population and has shown that the FHC is a good predictor of GA especially in the early second trimester. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the FHC in our study population (blacks) and those of the Caucasian population.


The construction of short-pulse tunable soft x-ray free electron laser sources based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission process will provide a major advance in capability for dense plasma-related and warm dense matter (WDM) research. The sources will provide 1013 photons in a 200-fs duration pulse that is tunable from approximately 6 to 100 nm. Here we discuss only two of the many applications made possible for WDM that has been severely hampered by the fact that laser-based methods have been unavailable because visible light will not propagate at electron densities of ne≥1022 cm-3. The next-generation light sources will remove these restrictions.


Methoxamine (Vasoxyl) hydrochloride is a synthetic sympathomimetic compound whose chief therapeutic use has been in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia. Recent reports in the literature, however, have suggested that methoxamine hydrochloride is effective in terminating attacks of supraventricular tachycardia. Chotkowski and co-workers have commented upon the dramatic reversion of the paroxysmal to the normal rhythm in a matter of seconds when the drug is administered intravenously, and Berger and Rackliffe state that methoxamine hydrochloride is perhaps unique among pressor amines in that it does not cause cardiac irritability. Stutzman and co-workers noted that, of some 26 sympathomimetic compounds tested, only methoxamine hydrochloride and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) hydrochloride did not induce ventricular fibrillation in the experimental animal during cyclopropane anesthesia. Nathanson and Miller, however, noted ectopic ventricular activity after the administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride in a patient with shock following coronary occlusion, and, in a second patient with acute


A little-remarked aspect of the widening of United States trade and current account deficits since the late 1990s has been their limited effect on United States net foreign liabilities and, especially, net income. This has been possible because the United States has enjoyed both higher yields and larger valuation gains on its foreign assets than on its foreign liabilities. The gain from this asymmetry in returns has increased over time as declining 'home bias' has increased the size of gross foreign asset and liability positions. This highlights a major shortcoming in the standard analysis of external sustainability, which assumes symmetric investment returns. While some of this advantage might be due to transitory factors or measurement error, most of it seems to be explained by structural factors. The United States is a relatively safe investment destination. Its foreign liabilities are mainly in the form of debt, while its assets are mainly equities, which tend to yield higher returns (including valuation gains). If the factors underpinning the United States comparative advantage as a provider of safe, liquid financial assets persist and declining 'home bias' continues apace, then the need for external adjustment might be less than conventional analysis suggests. That said, future outcomes are subject to considerable uncertainty, as an increasingly-leveraged external balance sheet means that the United States is also more exposed to risk.


The Bank of Canada's version of the Global Economy Model (BoC-GEM) is derived from the model created at the International Monetary Fund by Douglas Laxton (IMF) and Paolo Pesenti (Federal Reserve Bank of New York and National Bureau of Economic Research). The GEM is a dynamic stochastic general-equilibrium model based on an optimizing representative-agent framework with balanced growth, and some additional features to help mimic the overlappinggenerations' class of models. Moreover, there is a concrete role for fiscal policy (albeit not fully optimized) and monetary policy. At the Bank, the model has been extended beyond the standard version with tradable and non-tradable goods sectors to include both oil and non-oil commodities. Furthermore, the oil sector is decomposed into oil for production and oil for retail consumption. The authors provide a detailed technical description of the model's structure and calibration. They also describe the model's simulation properties for Canadian and U.S. domestic shocks, and describe how the model can be used to analyze issues that currently are at the forefront for the Canadian and global economies, such as trade protectionism, global imbalances, and increasing oil prices.


Abstract. Nowadays, due to rapid development and large populations especially in urban areas has caused indoor spaces of buildings becomes bigger and more complex. In most developing countries, the needs of advance cadastre systems and land administration are vital due to rapid development and large population area especially in the city centre such as Kuala Lumpur. More populations have caused more limited space, which explains the need to build a more vertical building. Due to this, an efficient strata management are required for managing the strata title. A study of country-based profile on cadastre domain standard has been conceptualized for land administration in Malaysia that allows integration of 2D and 3D representation of spatial units with supports of both formal and informal Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR). Since this research used Malaysia cadastre management as a case study, the proposed model for the Malaysian land administration country profile was embedded in the integration model. Meanwhile, a new working item proposal for LADM Edition II has been introduced on the idea of encoding further integration of land administration with an existing standard such as IndoorGML. Hence, this paper proposes a conceptual model on the integration between both legal space (indoor) and legal object using LADM Edition II and IndoorGML standards for strata purposes. Three objectives had been recognized to achieve the aim of the study. Firstly, to identify the integration of spatial components and non-spatial components for strata management. The second is to develop a conceptual data model for strata with the integration of LADM Edition II and IndoorGML and lastly, is to develop a prototype to validate the proposed conceptual data model. Thus, the development of the conceptual model may provide insights or ideas for future work and land administration on strata purposes.


Corrosion control for metals has technical, economical, environmental, and aesthetical importance. The use of corrosion inhibitors from natural product is one of the best ways to slow the rate of corrosion of metals and alloys. The use of extract inhibitors from natural product is the best alternative because it does not contain heavy metals and is nontoxic, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, easy to obtain, inexpensive, and available in large quantities. The organic compounds contained in the extracts of natural products such as tannins, amino acids, phenolics, and alkaloids contain heteroatomic groups, which can inhibit corrosion rate and are interesting to study. With the development of science and technology, many methods are used to protect the corrosion, such as electroplating and coating, and organic inhibitor shows real promise such as Theobroma cacao peel extract. Although substantial research has been devoted to corrosion inhibition by plant extracts, reports on the detailed mechanisms of the adsorption process and identification of the active ingredient are still scarce. The addition of polar extract of cacao peel into a solution of HCl 1.5 M is very effective to reduce the attack surface corrosion on mild steel and can maintain its mechanical properties. This chapter consciously restricts itself mainly to plant materials, especially Theobroma cacao peel extract, as green corrosion inhibitors.