In a previous paper we presented a homogeneous and 92% complete optical spectral dataset of the 3CR radio sources with redshift <0.3. Here we use the emission line measurements to explore the spectroscopic properties of the sample. The 3CR sources show a bimodal distribution of excitation index, a new spectroscopic indicator that measures the relative intensity of low and high excitation lines. This unveils the presence of two main sub-populations of radio-loud AGN to which we refer to, following previous studies, as high and low excitation galaxies (HEG and LEG, respectively). In addition to the two main classes, we find one source with a spectrum typical of star forming galaxies, and 3 objects of extremely low level of excitation. All broad-line objects are HEG from the point of view of their narrow emission line ratios and all HEG are FR II radio-galaxies with log L-178 [erg s(-1)] greater than or similar to 32.8. Conversely LEG cover the whole range of radio power encompassed by this 3CR subsample (30.7 less than or similar to log L-178 less than or similar to 35.4) and they are of both FR I and FR II type. The brightest LEG are all FR II. HEG and LEG obey to two (quasi) linear correlations between the optical line and extended radio luminosities, with HEG being brighter than LEG in the [O III] line by a factor of similar to 10. HEG and LEG are offset also in a plane that compares the black hole mass and the ionizing nuclear luminosity. However, although HEG are associated with higher nuclear luminosities, we find LEG among the brightest radio sources of the sample and with a clear FR II morphology, indistinguishable from those seen in HEG. This suggests that LEG are not simply objects with a lower level of accretion. We speculate that the differences between LEG and HEG are related to a different mode of accretion: LEG are powered by hot gas, while HEG require the presence of cold accreting material. The high temperature of the accreting gas in LEG accounts for the lack of "cold" structures (i.e. molecular torus and broad line region), for the reduced radiative output of the accretion disk, and for the lower gas excitation.


Drug like methotrexate were used in the present study because of dual importance, both for clinicians as well as an interest of basic scientists. Methotrexate, an antineoplastic agent is used for malignant as well as non malignant conditions and become teratogenic & mutagenic in nature. They prevent cell proliferation by incorporated into DNA during the "S"- phase of the cell- cycle and inhibit rapidly dividing normal somatic cell-division including germ cells because of antagonist of folic acid synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase an essential enzyme required for the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. The rational behind this study is to observe binding sites activity of native methotrexate structure to DNA, and dihydrofolate reductase (protein) as well as mutated structure of drug (methotrexate) using different software of structural modeling. For drug (methotrexate) - protein structure interaction, homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling, was used in the present study for constructing model of a protein from its amino acid sequence to enhance activity of the drug by structural modification. All homology modeling techniques help for the identification of one or more known protein structures (known as "templates" or "parent structures") resemble to the structure of query sequence, and on the production of an alignment, which maps residues in the query sequence. The sequence alignment and template structure are then used to produce a structural model of the target site of drug or protein. Interestingly in the present study indicates the significant interaction between the drug and DNA/ proteins were noticed which could be further useful in reaching qualitative and quantitative conclusions about the query sequence of developing new molecule (drug action), especially in formulating hypotheses about why certain residues are conserved and making toxic side effects which may in turn lead to experiments to test hypotheses of drug mediated toxicity.


Conductive elastomers are strain-sensing technology which can be embedded unobtrusively into a garment's fabric. A prototype was realized to simultaneously measure the strains at multiple points of a shirt covering the thorax and upper limb. This paper describes preliminary experiments with machine learning techniques, employed to analyse the strain measures in order to reliably reconstruct upper-limb posture. The scope of the application is to detect execution, correctness and progress of physical exercises performed as part of neurological rehabilitation therapy


This study explored how knowledgeable pre service teachers in the Neag School of Education at the University of Connecticut were in the field of student rights and tort liability. This field has grown in importance due to a recent increase in student lawsuits and the expectations that teachers know these laws when they become certified. A total of 183 students were given a survey in their education classes with 27 statements of famous misconceptions about student rights and tort liability. Students were asked to determine if these statements were true or false and how confident they were in their answer. The average percentage of correctly answered questions for student rights and tort liability was 59.15% and 50.27% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for questions answered correctly based on differences in gender, major, or class standing. A total of 54% of students surveyed cited the Neag School of Education as their most common source of legal knowledge. Examining Pre Service Teacher Knowledge of Student Rights and Tort Liability 5


Purpose

Bank customers' perceptions of service quality and service image of Islamic banks may differ from those of conventional banks. The purpose of this paper is to examine the differing perceptions of customers of Islamic and conventional banking systems in an emerging market, which has rarely been addressed and adds to the body of knowledge on this topic. This study also re-examines the SERVQUAL model of customer banking services to measure their impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses responses from a randomly drawn sample of 229 customers from conventional banks and 225 customers from Islamic banks operating in Bangladesh using a structured questionnaire. SPSS and structural equation modeling techniques were employed as statistical tools for data analysis.

Findings

Overall, the examined service quality dimensions wield varying effects on client satisfaction mediated through the perceived image of banking services. Islamic bank customers' perceptions of the level of reliability, responsiveness, security and reputation were significantly higher than those of conventional banks.

Research limitations/implications

This study enhances our understanding of how Islamic banking practices differ from those of conventional banking in terms of service quality and image-related factors. More specifically, the findings of this research explain consumers' perceived assessment of satisfaction and loyalty in a comparative research setting.

Originality/value

No prior studies have addressed the impact of the individual service quality dimensions on image factors in the context of conventional and Islamic banking in an emerging market, Bangladesh.


This paper describes a fingerprint system for a secure perimeter, allowing access to only those people who are identified by the officials using bio-metric identification of finger print. The system would work in both online and offline mode. System also employs Power over Ethernet. The goal of this project is to develop a complete system for fingerprint identification. The fingerprint scanning device utilizes serial communication. This device will be connected to the microprocessor using RS-232 ports. The system will consist of an LM3S6965 microprocessor, LCD display, fingerprint sensor, electronic door strike, and MCU to USB PC interfacing. Software Code for the PC allows the owner to register and maintain the attendance record for finger-prints and monitor door entry. LCD's and LED's will be used to display whether or not access was granted or denied.


A multi-institution project was implemented with the goal of improving science education through redesigned courses, inquiry-oriented pedagogy, and outreach to public schools. We examined the nature of faculty grassroots leadership in science education reform in the four main higher-education partners of the project: a community college, a master's level university, and two different research universities. The main focus of the study was the interplay and role of top-down leaders in positions of authority (typically administrators) versus grassroots leadership among faculty and how these two converge and interplay to create organizational change. The convergence of bottom-up and top-down leadership is affected by institutional culture and context. Cross-comparative findings from the four cases are presented, including the context for change in each case, the role of administrative leadership on each campus, factors that either facilitated or hindered the emergence of faculty grassroots leadership, and the institutionalization and sustainability of these reforms. We then address the broader implications of the study with respect to understanding how grassroots leadership and traditional forms of authority and leadership can complement each other and facilitate organizational change. We contend that faculty grassroots leadership emerges on different campuses when there is sensitivity to the contextual differences. In particular, some attention needs to be given to the campus culture and the nature of faculty interactions at that site. The context for change at each institution and the role of administrative leadership and support shaped the conditions under which faculty grassroots leadership had emerged and, ultimately, the degree to which it was sustained over time. In addition, the faculty ownership of this project was essential to its success because, ultimately, the faculty needed to embrace the goals of curricular redesign and inquiry-oriented pedagogy for the desired institutional changes to be sustained.


Increase in saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in membrane phospholipids dramatically affects membrane properties and cellular functioning. We sought to determine whether exogenous SFA from the diet directly affects the degree of membrane phospholipid unsaturation in adult hearts and if these changes correlate with contractile dysfunction. Although both SFA-rich high fat diets (HFDs) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA)-rich HFDs cause the same degree of activation of myocardial FA uptake, triglyceride turnover, and mitochondrial FA oxidation and accumulation of toxic lipid intermediates, the former induced more severe diastolic dysfunction than the latter, which was accompanied with a decrease in membrane phospholipid unsaturation, induction of unfolded protein response (UPR), and a decrease in the expression of Sirt1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), catalyzing the conversion of SFA to MUFA. When the SFA supply in the heart overwhelms the cellular capacity to use it for energy, excess exogenous SFA channels to membrane phospholipids, leading to UPR induction, and development of diastolic dysfunction.


(ABSTRACT) For receivers using the Global Positioning System (GPS), it is standard procedure to treat the receiver clock bias from GPS time as an unknown. This requires four range measurements to the satellites in order to solve for three dimensional position and clock offset. If the receiver clock could be synchronized with GPS time, the extra range measurement would not be necessary. To achieve this synchronization, a stable frequency reference must be incorporated into the GPS user set. This concept is known as clock aiding or clock augmentation of GPS receivers. Clock augmentation increases the availability of the navigation function because only three GPS satellites are required. Also, it is shown that clock augmentation improves vertical accuracy by reducing the vertical dilution of precision (VDOP), which is a unitless multiplier that translates range measurement error into vertical position error. This improvement in vertical accuracy is particularly beneficial for applications involving final approach and landing of aircraft using GPS, because GPS typically provides better horizontal accuracy than vertical accuracy. The benefits of atomic clock augmentation are limited by factors that cause a loss of synchronization either between the receiver and GPS time, or between ground station and airborne receivers processing GPS data in differential mode (DGPS). Among the error sources that cause a clock offset are antenna rotation, hardware drifts due to temperature variations, and relativistic effects for GPS receivers on moving platforms. Antenna rotation and temperature effects are addressed and supported by experimental data. It is shown that two particular relativity terms thought to be missing from GPS receiver algorithms are not evident in data collected during a flight test experiment. Upon addressing the error sources, the dissertation concludes with analysis of DGPS data collected during a flight test at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Tech Center in Atlantic City, during which external rubidium oscillators were used by airborne (Boeing 757-B) and ground station GPS receivers. A new method of clock modeling is introduced, and this clock model is used to demonstrate the improvement in vertical accuracy, as well as three-satellite navigation. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


The recognition that better use of existing knowledge can enhance performance has spawned substantial interest in the replication of productive knowledge within organizations. An enduring belief is that when expanding by replication, organizations can and should strive to adapt to fit the salient characteristics of new environments. Yet some have argued that the exploitation of an established template for doing business by replication can be more successful when the template is copied precisely. Using unique longitudinal data, we report a large-sample empirical investigation of the survival consequences of accurate replication versus local adaptation by examining the effect that deviation from the template has on the survival chances of franchise units within a large franchise organization.


Establishing a new medical discipline in the United Kingdom must meet a series of criteria laid down by the European Medical Specialist Qualification Order, the General Medical Council, and the Specialist Training Authority (STA). Enthusiastic practitioners of sport and exercise medicine must meet the demands of these bodies before the National Health Service medical education unit will recommend that the secretary of state for health should amend schedule 2 of the Specialist Medical Order. There is a reluctance in the STA to increase the number of specialties. Any proposal to support the recognition of sport and exercise medicine will need to be soundly based and closely argued, demonstrating that an identified need for the specialty can be met by appropriately trained doctors. Postgraduate medical training in the United Kingdom is based on doctors spending one year as a preregistration house oYcer followed by a minimum of two years general professional/basic specialty training giving a breadth of experience before the doctor chooses a higher specialty training programme. These supervised programmes vary from a minimum of one year in general practice to four to six years in hospital based or community medicine specialties. Thereafter, the doctor applies to the STA for recognition that his/her training has been completed. This entitles the doctor to have his/her name added to the specialist medical register with an agreed suffix acknowledging the specialty. This is the background against which the Intercollegiate Academic Board for Sport and Exercise Medicine was established with the support of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges in April 1998. The board's first priority has been to develop a diploma examination, building on the experience of the Scottish Royal Colleges, which will set the minimum standards of knowledge and "touch line skills" for doctors practising sport and exercise medicine. This examination is pitched at a similar standard to the membership examinations in medicine and surgery, and acknowledges the completion of basic specialty training. In due course, the examination will be an entry requirement for higher specialty training in sport and exercise medicine. The first part of the examination consists of a multiple choice question paper (two hours duration), of which about one third of the questions cover the basic sciences, and three short essay questions (one hour). Candidates must pass part I before they enter part II, which consists of a 30 minute oral followed by two 30 minute objective structured clinical examinations designed to assess core and clinical skills. The board has issued a syllabus and reading list to help the candidates, who come from a wide range of backgrounds, to prepare for the examination. Details of suitable educational courses run by the British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine and several universities can be obtained from the National Sports Medicine Institute. The board has clarified the steps that need to be put in place to establish higher specialty training programmes in sport and exercise medicine. Individual specialty advisory committees supervise and accredit training programmes, trainers, and trainees before recommending a successful trainee to the STA. A common feature of all specialties is that trainees can apply for a flexible year to undertake additional relevant training or research. Rehabilitation medicine currently allows trainees to spend a year in sport and exercise medicine. The Intercollegiate Board of Sport and Exercise Medicine hopes to persuade more specialty advisory commit tees, ranging from orthopaedics and trauma to rheumatology, occupational medicine, or public health to view sport and exercise medicine as a suitable flexible training year. Developing a four year full time higher specialty training programme in sport and exercise medicine that will meet the requirements of the STA, as outlined above, will require an enormous commitment, looking at European, North American, and Australasian experience as well as coordinating clinical and educational opportunities. The number of centres able to oVer a full programme will be limited. The Intercollegiate Academic Board of Sport and Exercise Medicine would welcome approaches from centres who would be prepared to develop suitable programmes for what will initially be a small number of trainees to meet the requirements of Great Britain and Ireland. The momentum to develop one year and four year higher specialty training programmes has recently been accelerated by correspondence between Ms Kate Hoey, MP, Minister for Sport and the Chairman of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges which accepts that sport and exercise medicine is ready to develop along these lines. The board is also considering how best to recognise the continuing competence of doctors practising sport and exercise medicine. The procedures to document the appraisal, revalidation, continuing medical educational requirements, and professional development of doctors in Great Britain and Ireland is still in its infancy. The Intercollegiate Academic Board of Sport and Exercise Medicine expects to make a positive contribution to the debate as well as supporting doctors practising sport and exercise medicine as a specialty interest or on a full time basis. The board will be available, as the professional body responsibility for standards in sport and exercise medicine, to advise colleges, postgraduate deans, and regional advisers in general practice on the quality of programmes suitable for continuing medical education credits or postgraduate educational allowances. The board may also act as the body that will record the portfolio of doctors who do not naturally fall under the umbrella of one of the more established colleges or faculties. In summary, the programme being pursued by the Intercollegiate Academic Board of Sport and Exercise Medicine is designed to: (a) recognise basic specialty training in sport and exercise medicine; (b) promote one year flexible training opportunities in a wide range of higher specialty training programmes; (c) develop a four year higher specialty training programme in sport and exercise medicine; (d) gain recognition for the new specialty by the STA; (e) establish a system to recognise the continuing competence of doctors practising sport and exercise medicine. The Intercollegiate Academic Board of Sport and Exercise Medicine must report its progress and plans for future development to the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges in July 2000. The plans summarised above will be the basis of the submission that will hopefully be approved and give further momentum to the eventual recognition of sport and exercise medicine as a fully fledged specialty in Great Britain and Ireland.


Single-frequency Yb3+ fiber amplifiers operating at 1064 nm are promising candidates to fulfill the challenging requirements for laser sources of the next generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We present the current development progress of a fiber amplifier engineering prototype and compare the optical and thermal performance to the solid-state-laser source of advanced LIGO. The fiber amplifier system consists of two monolithic fiber amplifier stages which currently deliver more than 110 W (functional prototype demonstrated 215 W [9,11]) of output power. The fiber amplifier output beam has one to two orders of magnitude lower relative beam pointing and relative power noise in the lower frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz compared to the solid-state-laser system. It also has a polarization extinction ratio above 21 dB and a TEM00-mode content of more than 97.8 % ±0.6 % at 110 W output power. Besides the optical properties, repair and maintenance procedures are improved by a modular design of the system. Each of the modules can separately be maintained and repaired or easily be replaced by a preassembled module; it therefore minimizes laser downtimes. Another advantage is the lower heat load of approximately 500 W compared to the SSL, which produces more than 4500 W of heat, both at an optical output power of 200 W. The lower heat load simplifies cooling and reduces the complexity of the modules.


A Fukushima-like nuclear accident does not have to be caused by nature. Similar results could be wrought by a dedicated terrorist group that gained access to a nuclear power plant and disabled its safety systems. To guard against natural accidents, terrorist sabotage, and possible combinations of these two classes of events, nuclear plant operators and regulators should consider a combined approach called nuclear safety-security. Although safety and security programs have different requirements, they overlap in key areas and could support and enhance one another. Nuclear facilities could improve safety-security in technical ways, including more secure emergency electrical supplies, better security for control rooms, and, at new plants, reactor containment structures built to survive attacks by terrorist-flown airplanes. At the institutional level, regulators could strengthen the safety-security interface by requiring that it be built into the life cycle of nuclear plants, from design to dismantlement. The authors offer technical and institutional recommendations on how, for example, the International Atomic Energy Agency can support improved safety-security at nuclear plants globally by creating design standards that relate to both accidents and threats while encouraging countries to accept International Physical Protection Advisory Service missions that review security and physical protection systems and provide advice on best practices.


Despite their effectiveness in a wide range of tasks, deep architectures suffer from some important limitations. In particular, they are vulnerable to catastrophic forgetting, i.e. they perform poorly when they are required to update their model as new classes are available but the original training set is not retained. This paper addresses this problem in the context of semantic segmentation. Current strategies fail on this task because they do not consider a peculiar aspect of semantic segmentation: since each training step provides annotation only for a subset of all possible classes, pixels of the background class (i.e. pixels that do not belong to any other classes) exhibit a semantic distribution shift. In this work we revisit classical incremental learning methods, proposing a new distillation-based framework which explicitly accounts for this shift. Furthermore, we introduce a novel strategy to initialize classifier's parameters, thus preventing biased predictions toward the background class. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with an extensive evaluation on the Pascal-VOC 2012 and ADE20K datasets, significantly outperforming state of the art incremental learning methods.


Abstract Oxysterols are the 27-carbon products of cholesterol oxidation by both enzymic and non-enzymic mechanisms. Their roles in cholesterol homeostasis, as well as in diseases in which oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation are implicated (e.g. atherosclerosis), have been investigated extensively. However, there are a number of important considerations regarding the physiological/pathophysiological functions and activities of the different oxysterols. First, in both normal and diseased tissues, the levels of oxysterols are very low when compared to the native sterol. Also, when assessing studies that have measured the levels of oxysterols in biological samples, there must be careful consideration as to the method of sample isolation, storage and sampling. This is because of the potential generation or loss of oxysterols during these procedures. Additionally, the relevance of in vitro studies which examine the effects of oxysterols upon cell function should be judged as to cellular oxysterol content (both in terms of the levels of oxysterol and the degree of esterification) resulting from the oxysterol treatment. We present evidence that the means by which oxysterol is delivered in vitro determines whether the oxysterol content reflects what has been found in vivo. Studies identifying the specific cellular targets of oxysterol indicate that several oxysterols may be regulators of cellular lipid metabolism via control of gene transcription.


BACKGROUND
A recent study showed that current suboptimal U.S. breastfeeding rates cost the U.S. economy $13 billion per year in 2007 dollars for pediatric health cost and premature death. Cost data of excess maternal disease are not yet published but are thought to be substantial. Little is known about other costs.

METHODS
The approximate annual costs of many entities that impact breastfeeding or are impacted by breastfeeding were calculated and converted to 2010 dollars. Calculations assumed the United States went from 2007 breastfeeding rates to 90% compliance with medical recommendations. We included pediatric health costs, formula costs, cost of extra food for lactating women, paid leave, and additional factors.

RESULTS
If 90% of mothers could comply with current medical recommendations around breastfeeding, our economy could save $3.7 billion in direct and indirect pediatric health costs, with $10.1 billion in premature death from pediatric disease. We would spend $3.9 billion less per year on infant formula. Additional food for nursing mothers would cost up to $1.6-2.1 billion, and more Baby-Friendly® (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland/UNICEF, New York, NY) births would cost $0.145 billion. Paid leave would cost $6.2 billion for 12 weeks at 55% pay. Note that current formula company rebates of $2 billion to Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are equal to 32% of net WIC expenditures.

CONCLUSIONS
Even including paid leave, the net cost to our economy of our suboptimal breastfeeding rates would still be at least $8.7 billion. Paid leave would be expected to improve breastfeeding duration and reduce disparities. The WIC budget is dependent on formula company rebates, a conflicting situation.


Fire as disturbance of forests has an important ecological and economical role in boreal and hemiboreal forests. The occurrence of forest fires is both climatically and anthropogenically determined and shifts in fire regimes are expected due to climate change. Although fire histories have been well documented in boreal regions, there is still insufficient information about fire occurrence in the Baltic States. In this study, spatio-temporal patterns and climatic drivers of forest fires were assessed by means of spatial and time-series analysis. The efficiency of Canadian Fire Weather (FWI) indices as indicators for fire activity was tested. The study was based on data from the literature, archives, and the Latvian State Forest service database. During the period 1922–2014, the occurrence and area affected by forest fires has decreased although the total area of forest land has nearly doubled, suggesting improvement of the fire suppression system as well as changes in socioeconomic situation. The geographical distribution of forest fires revealed two pronounced clusters near the largest cities of Riga and Daugavpils, suggesting dominance of human causes of ignitions. The occurrence of fires was mainly influenced by drought. FWI appeared to be efficient in predicting the fire occurrence: 23–34% of fires occurred on days with a high or extremely high fire danger class, which overall had a relative occurrence of only 4.3–4.6%. During the 20th century, the peak of fire activity shifted from May to April, probably due to global warming and socioeconomic reasons. The results of this study are relevant for forest hazard mitigation and development of fire activity prediction system in Latvia.


The Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 creates a cause of action for trademark dilution. lu contrast to trademark infringement law, which requires a showing of consumer confusion about the source or affiliation of goods and services, dilution law protects the distinctive quality and selling power of the trademark itself, even if consumers are not confused. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, emphasizing the statute's requirement that the defendant's trademark "causes dilution" of the distinctive quality of an established trademark, has required evidence of•an actual diminution of the established trademark's selling power. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals has read the statute to require just a likelihood of dilution, and has held that circumstantial evidence of probable dilution is enough to prove a violation. This Note argues that the Fourth Circuit's interpretation is more consistent with the text of the statute and with the public interest in trademark law.


Note: DIPLOMES; 156; ICO; . Consultable sur demande a la Bibliotheque de l'EPFL / Offered in consultation at the EPFL library. Reference SCGC-STUDENT-1981-009 Record created on 2007-06-14, modified on 2017-05-12


This article is concerned with investigating some aspects of the usefulness of using genetic algorithms (GAs) for musical composition and to highlight some of their limitations. It also demonstrates the limited amount of work done so far in examining the output of GAs used in creative applications, rather than simply describing the architecture and functionality of such an algorithm, and the limited scope of work that has been undertaken. The article examines some approaches in musicology and composition that may help us to understand further how GAs could be applied to creative music tasks, and presents the IndagoSonus system as one possible application.


This work discusses the potential enlargement of the EU to embrace the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the enormous challenges, opportunities and threats this poses for parties on both sides. Understanding of the diversity of the issues raised, even by experimental expansion, is limited and rarely extends beyond the concerns voiced in a particular policy arena. This volume brings together contributions from specialists across the spectrum of the social sciences who consider the possible outcomes. The authors consider the countries to which membership might rationally be extended, and discus the future of a Union that continues to be exclusive, but which must advance in the context of the overall march of globalization. The contributions from numerous disciplines are complementary and include both macro and micro perspectives.


The right to adequate nutrition in children is essential for the attainment of high standards of health. The health and nutritional status of orphans and vulnerable children is important as it affects their growth, health and mental development. However, these children suffer from malnutrition as they have limited access to adequate food and proper health care. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of an integrated nutrition care intervention in improving the nutritional status of children aged 6 - 14 years orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS in Kilifi District, Kenya. A longitudinal quasi-experimental study was carried out in selected households of two divisions of Kilifi District. Two-stage sampling was used to identify the target households. Random sampling was used to identify the study subjects. A sample of 276 children was included in the study for experimental (138) and control (138) groups drawn from 153 households. The data collected included anthropometry measurements, dietary intake and socio-demographic characteristics of the study children. The intervention measures of the study were food rations, health and nutrition education, Vitamin A supplementation and de-worming. The experimental group was put on all the intervention measures, whereas the control group was given Vitamin A supplements and de-worming tablets, given in all the three phases. Epi-Info Anthro' software package was used to analyze anthropometry data. Nutri- survey package was used to compute the nutrient content of the children's meals. In both study areas, 26.1% of the children were underweight and 17.8% were wasted at baseline. In the control group at baseline, underweight was 29.7% and 18.8% were wasted, whereas in the experimental group, underweight was 22.5% and wasting was 16.7%. At endline evaluation, the proportion of underweight children in the control group reduced insignificantly (p=0.203) from 29.7% to 22.6% and wasting reduced insignificantly (p=0.295) from 18.8% to 13.9%. Among the experimental group, there was significant reduction (p=0.007) of underweight children from 22.5% to 9.4%, and wasting reduced significantly (p=0.031) from 16.7% to 7.7%. There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in malnutrition among the children in the experimental group but no significant reduction (p>0.05) in the control group. There is need for food rations and nutrition education among orphans and vulnerable children to improve their nutritional status. These results can be used by policy makers to modify programmes targeting orphans and vulnerable children to assure their nutrition security and improve their quality of life.


We describe 5 women and 5 men with periventricular nodular heterotopia and electroclinical features suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy, who were surgically treated for control of medically refractory seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia in 7 of the 10 patients. Because of the lack of clear localization, 6 patients were studied with intracranial depth electrode recordings. Seizures were of hippocampal onset (3 patients), regional temporal lobe onset (2 patients), or occipital‐temporal onset (1 patient). Anterior temporal lobectomy was performed in 6 patients; selective amygdalohippocampectomy, in 1; and anterior temporal lobectomy plus resection of the heterotopic tissue, in 3. None of the 9 patients followed for more than 12 months postoperatively were seizure free. Two patients were initially seizure free for approximately 18 months, but then seizures recurred. One patient had a major reduction in seizure frequency at a 39‐month follow‐up after most of the unilateral heterotopic tissue was included in the temporal resection. Temporal resection did not lead to a long‐term favorable outcome in this group of patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia and epileptogenic discharges involving the temporal lobe. This sugests a more widespread disorder with epileptogenic activity possibly originating in or near the heterotopic tissue. The clinical and electrographic features of periventricular nodular heterotopia pointing to temporal lobe origin are misleading and temporal resection does not result in long‐term cessation of seizures.


In this paper, we study the problem $Ax=\lambda_1 x-cv(x), x\in\R^n$ where $A$ is a Laplacian matrix, $\lambda_1$ is the principal eigenvalue of $A$, $c\in\R$, $v(x)$ is a periodic gradient vector field, and $n=2$ or $3$. We show that the problem has infinitely many solutions with all positive components and infinitely many solutions with all negative components. With certain restrictions on $c$ we provide more detailed information about the solution set. In particular, for the $n=3$ case we prove that the solutions can be characterized as local minima and saddle points of the associated functional.


Incubation temperature affects developmental rates and defines many phenotypes and fitness characteristics of reptilian embryos. In turtles, eggs are deposited in layers within the nest, such that thermal gradients create independent developmental conditions for each egg. Despite differences in developmental rate, several studies have revealed unexpected synchronicity in hatching, however, the mechanisms through which synchrony are achieved may be different between species. Here, we examine the phenomenon of synchronous hatching in turtles by assessing proximate mechanisms in an Australian freshwater turtle (Emydura macquarii). We tested whether embryos hatch prematurely or developmentally compensate in response to more advanced embryos in a clutch. We established developmental asynchrony within a clutch of turtle eggs and assessed both metabolic and heart rates throughout incubation in constant and fluctuating temperatures. Turtles appeared to hatch at similar developmental stages, with less-developed embryos in experimental groups responding to the presence of more developed eggs in a clutch by increasing both metabolic and heart rates. Early hatching did not appear to reduce neuromuscular ability at hatching. These results support developmental adjustment mechanisms of the 'catch-up hypothesis' for synchronous hatching in E. macquarii and implies some level of embryo–embryo communication. The group environment of a nest strongly supports the development of adaptive communication mechanisms between siblings and the evolution of environmentally cued hatching.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are inherently band limited in both range and azimuth, and hence, the point spread function (PSF) has the shape of a bidimensional sinc function. In addition, all SAR images are slightly oversampled, and as a consequence, the contribution of a single target extends to more than a single cell. The main lobe and the side lobes of strong scatterers are sometimes clearly visible in the images. This characteristic of the SAR images must be considered when applying differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) pixel selection algorithms. For persistent scatterers, the properties, for instance, the amplitude stability, are preserved in both redundant information around the main lobe and side lobes. For this reason, a cluster of pixels rather than just the pixel position corresponding to the exact location of the target will be detected. Spatially variant apodization (SVA) is a nonlinear filter based on cosine-on-pedestal weighting functions able to achieve a total side-lobe cancelation without degrading the original image resolution. When working with complex data under complex scattering scenarios, the PSF moves away from the ideal bidimensional sinc, and the SVA performance worsens. The amplitude and phase of the original images could be distorted by the SVA filtering compromising the pixel selection and the quality of the final DInSAR results. In this letter, SVA is used to method locate in the image the side lobes of high-power scatterers and generate a mask while preserving the amplitude and phase of the original images.


Agriculture, dealing with food production practices under diverse agro-ecological conditions confers socio-economic stability and development in a country particularly among rural populations while plant science (Botany) dealing with structural and physiological aspects of plants and post-harvest technology are relevant for maximizing utility and value of the agricultural produce. Since more than 70% of water is used for agricultural produce, irrigation is the major dimension of agriculture. The current issue of Journal of Agricultural Science and Botany brings forth the latest original research outcomes pertaining to plant seedling tolerance, crop food/ nutritional value, food processing and water resource management. Cold tolerance of plant seedlings and early spring cold planting leads to higher production and productivity in crops. In this context, Wang et al. [1] tested 212 sweet sorghum accessions for early spring and cold tolerance trait based on germination frequency, dry weights as well as field planting evaluation and found a significant variability among accessions which could help in genetic mapping and identification of the relevant genes. Liu et al. [2] studied the amount of flavonoids and pectin which have nutritional and health relevance, in 6 different tissues belonging to 7 accessions of Okra and found substantial variability among different accessions as well as different tissues. Rich genetic and tissues sources of flavonoids and pectins from Okra were identified which could help in further breeding-based improvement of the crop in terms of medicinal/food value. Kizito et al. [3] evaluated the organoleptic and oil absorption attributes of potato french fries with different coating material, at different frying and freeze storage conditions and found that potato strips fried at 170°C for 11 min after coating with 1% carboxymethyl coating (CMC), gave best results and have also simultaneously noted that free fatty acids and secondary oxidation products in fact increase with freeze storage time except p-anisidine. Ourang [4] studied various water resource management options for profit maximization by linear programming with the ultimate aim of sustainable agriculture involving cereals, cucurbits, alfalfa, corn and cotton. They ascertained that maximum financial efficiency in terms of profit-to-water consumption ratio was 0.33 while the least was 0.22 and have emphasized that though ground water usage leads to incremental profit; it causes higher consumption of water resources and diminishes water productivity. The findings that are highlighted in this issue advances our knowledge of (a) abiotic tolerance levels in different sorghum accessions and the relation between in vitro and ex vitro conditions in terms of stress adaptability (b) The distribution of important nutritional components among different Okra accessions with immense relevance in selection and breeding new cultivars with enhanced agricultural and food value for food and nutrition sufficiency (c) The optimal processing factors that yield consumer preferred quality attributes of potato French fries and (d) The irrigation water management options for enhanced profitability and environmental sustainability. However, the validity of the research outcomes depends on the yield levels of sweet sorghum and Okra accessions, the testing of nutritional role of CMC in potato french fries and finding ideal water resource management approach under drought conditions.


In an effort to better understand skin development, Han et al. created transgenic mice in which the expression of the inhibitory Smad, Smad7, can be induced in keratinocytes and epidermal stem cells. Smad7 was chosen because its expression is increased in pathological skin conditions. An inducible system was required to allow more precise control of the concentration of Smad7 and because constitutive expression of Smad 7 in keratinocytes of transgenic mice is embryonic lethal. Expression of Smad7 during embryogenesis disrupted hair follicle morphogenesis and differentiation. Expression in adults also inhibited hair follicle growth, promoted sebaceous gland growth, and caused epidermal hyperplasia. At concentrations that produced the effects noted, Smad7 (in the inducible system or in a low expressing constitutive transgenic mouse) did not inhibit transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling (detected as phosphorylated Smad2) or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling (detected as phosphorylated Smad 1, 5, and 8) and did not inhibit the expression of some Smad target genes. Thus, Smad7 at the concentrations that caused phenotypic changes was not completely effective in blocking Smad signaling. Wnt and hedgehog signaling are also involved in hair follicle and sebaceous gland development. In skin, increased expression of Smad7 caused a decrease in the abundance of β-catenin, a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, without altering β-catenin transcription. In Smad7 mice crossed with mice expressing a Wnt reporter gene, less reporter gene expression was visible in the mice in which Smad7 expression was increased. Both acute and prolonged expression of Smad7 decreased the abundance of β-catenin. The authors used cultured cells to show that Smad7 promoted the proteasomal-mediated degradation of β-catenin. Cotransfection experiments suggested that Smad7 recruited the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf to β-catenin to mediate ubiquitination of β-catenin. A comparison of aged wild-type skin and skin from 7-month-old Smad7-overexpressing mice showed similar phenotypic skin changes and similar expression levels of the Smad7 transcript. Skin from aged mice also showed a reduction in β-catenin abundance compared with skin from wild-type young mice. All of these results suggest that in skin, at physiological concentrations, Smad7 is a regulator of Wnt signaling rather than TGF-β signaling (see Millar for discussion). G. Han, A. G. Li, Y.-Y. Liang, P. Owens, W. He, S. Lu, Y. Yoshimatsu, D. Wang, P. Ten Dijke, X. Lin, X.-J. Wang, Smad7-induced β-catenin degradation alters epidermal appendage development. Dev. Cell 11, 301-312 (2006). [PubMed] S. E. Millar, Smad7: Licensed to kill β-catenin. Dev. Cell 11, 274-276 (2006). [PubMed]


"A great civilization is not conquered from without until it has destroyed itself from within." - W. Durant, The Story of Civilization, Vol. 3 Abstract and Introduction Population pressure and militant religion are the most important causes of the crisis before us today because we can do something about them, and if we don't we are doomed. The history of the earth is vast and many civilizations have risen, fallen, transformed, and sometimes collapsed catastrophically. All of this is extremely complicated, so to boil it down to a couple of variables is ridiculously simplistic. That is, however, one role of theory for complex processes, reducing dozens or even hundreds of variables into a smaller number that minds can more easily manage. So this is a position paper, not empirical research. Controversies accompany definition of many key terms such as "civilization," "religion" (militant and otherwise), "genocide," "human nature," "population pressure" and so forth. These will be set aside so that the key thesis can be presented in the space available. I encourage anyone to disprove or improve on these ideas, because however you describe it, our global civilization is entering a period of profound crisis. Practical answers matter more than words, and accuracy matters more than ideology. In the past, as cases here show, some civilizations facing similar challenges survived while others perished forever from this earth. So the question of why some fail and why others succeed is not a mere theoretical question. There are many other variables important to the rise and fall of civilizations, but most will not destroy you if neglected. Population pressure and militant religion can. Plus, we can affect these factors, while goals such as changing human nature or eliminating sin are ephemeral. This paper is built on foundations laid by such authors as Clive Ponting, Jared Diamond and Tatu Vanhanen (of Britain, the USA and Finland respectively). But almost every concept is disputable, from the definition of civilizations to the "evolutionary roots of politics" that Vanhanen discusses (and Azar Gat elaborates, 2006), which drive some of their political science colleagues into vehement denials that biology has anything at all to do with politics. The critics are wrong, but rather than argue each of these and many other relevant items extensively here, I will just declare my opinion. Having considered these complex and sensitive topics as carefully as I can, these are my conclusions. Readers may critique and prove or disprove them as they like. My goal is human survival, which I think is at risk to these two factors specifically. The "Developing Global Crisis," Civilizations and Genocide Both Diamond and Ponting spend considerable time on the case of Easter Island, where Polynesian colonists created a culture sustaining about 20,000 people that developed writing, built dramatic monuments, then collapsed to barely a thousand, near-starving survivors when they were discovered by European explorers. Subsequent archaeology reveals that the collapse was accompanied by total deforestation and a bizarre religious period with cannibalism and chronic violence among clans. This case is special because the limits of islands are so obvious and the isolation of Easter Island from other common factors (such as invasion) was so complete. Both authors attend to the mysteries of the Southern Mayan Empire, which suffered a 90% collapse of population over a single century (Diamond, 2005; Ponting, 2007). As usual, there are competing hypotheses - was it soil erosion, disease, invasions, climate change or something more mysterious? Another case can be found on the very ground I stand on, which in 1800 CE was inhabited by 99% Native Americans, who by 1900 CE had been replaced by 99% whites of European heritage (Andregg, 2008). Many would dispute whether this case counts as a civilizational encounter (on the grounds that the native Dakota and Ojibwe were not sufficiently "civilized") or that any genocide occurred (on grounds of definition, or that driving people off to barren lands to die unseen is not equivalent to burning them in ovens). …


What are people's life experiences in present-day Japan? This timely volume addresses fundamental questions vital to under- standing Japan in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Its chapters collectively reveal a questioning of middle-class ideals once considered the essence of Japaneseness. In the postwar model household a man was expected to obtain a job at a major firm that offered life-long employment; his counterpart, the professional housewife, managed the domestic sphere and the children, who were educated in a system that provided a path to mainstream success. In the past twenty years, however, Japanese society has seen a sharp increase in precarious forms of employment, higher divorce rates, and a widening gap between haves and have-nots. Contributors draw on rich, nuanced fieldwork data collected during the 2000s to examine work, schooling, family and marital relations, child rearing, entertainment, lifestyle choices, community support, consumption and waste, material culture, well-being, aging, death and memorial rites, and sexuality. The voices in these pages vary widely: They include schoolchildren, teenagers, career women, unmarried women, young mothers, people with disabilities, small business owners, organic farmers, retirees, and the elderly.


Michelle Rosaldo presents an ethnographic interpretation of the life of the Ilongots, a group of some 3,500 hunters and horticulturists in Northern Luzon, Philippines. Her study focuces on headhunting, a practice that remained active among the Ilongots until at least 1972. Indigenous notions of 'knowledge' and 'passion' are crucial to the Ilongots' perceptions of their own social practices of headhunting, oratory, marriage, and the organization of subsistence labour. In explaining the significance of these key ideas, Professor Rosaldo examines what she considers to be the most important dimensions of Ilongot social relationships: the contrasts between men and women and between accomplished married men and bachelor youths. By defining 'knowledge' and 'passion' in the context of their social and affective significance, the author demonstrates the place of headhunting in historical and political processes, and shows the relation between headhunting and indigenous concepts of curing, reproduction, and health. Theoretically oriented toward interpretive of symbolic ethnography, this book clarifies some of the ways in which the study of a language - both vocabulary and patterns of usage - is a study of a culture; the process of translation is presented as a method of cultural interpretation. Professor Rosaldo argues that an appreciation of the Ilongots' specific notions of 'the self' and the emotional concepts associated with headhunting can illuminate central aspects of the group's social life.


Voice search applications are typically evaluated by comparing the predicted query to a reference human transcript, regardless of the search results returned by the query. While we find that an exact transcript match is highly indicative of user satisfaction, a transcript which does not match the reference still produces satisfactory search results a significant fraction of the time. This paper therefore proposes an evaluation method that compares the search results of the speech recognition hypotheses with the search results produced by a human transcript. Compared with a strict sentence match, a human evaluation shows that search result overlap is a better predictor of (a) user satisfaction and (b) search result click-through. Finally, we propose a model predicting the Expected Search Satisfaction Rate (ESSR), conditioned on search overlap outcomes. On a held out set of 1036 voice search queries, our model predicted an ESSR within 0.9% (relative) of the ground truth satisfaction averaged over 3 human judges.


Radio frequency (RF) heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) is one of the primary auxiliary heating methods for EAST. The ICRF system provides 6 MW power in primary phase and will be capable of 10 MW later. Three 1.5 MW ICRF systems in a frequency range of 25 MHz to 70 MHz have already been in operation. The ICRF heating launchers are designed to have two current straps with each driven by a RF power source of 1.5 MW. In this paper a brief introduction of the ICRF heating system capability in EAST and the preliminary results in EAST are presented.


Empirical studies show that observed frequencies nP for a daily precipitation amount P can be approximated by nP ∝ e mP , with negative values for the exponential coefficient m. The para- meter m describes the mean (μ) or any quantile for variables following such exponential distributions. The coefficient m varies from location to location, and exhibits a systematic relationship with local mean temperature and precipitation as well as other geographical parameters. A general linear model can be utilised to model μ directly from local climate conditions and geography. Estimates of m and μ from local climatic conditions allow an estimation of extreme values in the form of high per- centiles. Given changes in the mean local climate, it is possible to infer changes in the upper per- centiles. A new multi-model ensemble of the most recent climate simulations, carried out for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report (IPCC AR4), has been sub- jected to empirical-statistical downscaling, and provides best estimates for the continuing trends in mean temperatures and precipitation in northern Europe. These scenarios are used in conjunction with (1) the established relationship between the exponential coefficient m on the distribution func- tion, and (2) local mean temperature and precipitation for 2050, to infer changes in the 95th per- centiles of the rainfall for 2050. Two new independent analyses point towards an increase in the number of extreme precipitation events and a slight change in the number of rainy days over large parts of the Nordic countries. The projected increase was found to be sensitive to to the choice of predictors used to model the geographical dependency, rather than to the choice of method.


Although fast Hartley transform (FHT) provides efficient spectral analysis of real discrete signals, the literature that addresses the parallelization of FHT is extremely rare. FHT is a real transformation and does not necessitate any complex arithmetics. On the other hand, FHT algorithm has an irregular computational structure which makes efficient parallelization harder. In this paper, we propose an efficient restructuring for the sequential FHT algorithm which brings regularity and symmetry to the computational structure of the FHT. Then, we propose an efficient parallel FHT algorithm for medium-to-coarse grain hypercube multicomputers by introducing a dynamic mapping scheme for the restructured FHT. The proposed parallel algorithm achieves perfect load-balance, minimizes both the number and volume of concurrent communications, allows only nearest-neighbor communications and achieves in-place computation and communication. The proposed algorithm is implemented on a 32 node iPSC/2 hypercube multicomputer, high-efficiency values are obtained even for small size FHT problems. >


The diffusion of renewable energy in the power system implies high supply variability. Lacking economically viable storage options, renewable energy integration has so far been possible thanks to the presence of fast-reacting mid-merit fossil-based technologies, which act as back-up capacity. This paper discusses the role of fossil-based power generation technologies in supporting renewable energy investments. We study the deployment of these two technologies conditional on all other drivers in 26 OECD countries between 1990 and 2013. We show that a 1% percent increase in the share of fast-reacting fossil generation capacity is associated with a 0.88% percent increase in renewable in the long run. These results are robust to various modifications in our empirical strategy, and most notably to the use of system-GMM techniques to account for the interdependence of renewable and fast-reacting fossil investment decisions. Our analysis points to the substantial indirect costs of renewable energy integration and highlights the complementarity of investments in different generation technologies for a successful decarbonization process.


In recent years visualization of and interaction with 3D data have become more and more popular and widespread due to the requirements of numerous application areas. Two-dimensional desktop systems are often limited in cases where natural and intuitive interfaces are desired. Sophisticated 3D user interfaces, as they are provided by virtual reality (VR) systems consisting of stereoscopic projection and tracked input devices, are rarely adopted by ordinary users or even by experts. Since most applications dealing with 3D data still use traditional 2D GUIs, current user interface designs lack adequate efficiency. Multi-touch interaction has received considerable attention in the last few years, in particular for non-immersive, natural 2D interaction. Interactive multi-touch surfaces even support three degrees of freedom in terms of 2D position on the surface and varying levels of pressure. Since multi-touch interfaces represent a good trade-off between intuitive, constrained interaction on a touch surface providing tangible feedback, and unrestricted natural interaction without any instrumentation, they have the potential to form the fundaments of the next generation 2D and 3D user interfaces. Indeed, stereoscopic display of 3D data provides an additional depth cue, but until now challenges and limitations for multi-touch interaction in this context have not been considered. In this paper we present new multi-touch paradigms that combine traditional 2D interaction performed in monoscopic mode with 3D interaction and stereoscopic projection, which we refer to as interscopic multi-touch surfaces (iMUTS).


An increase in external shocks, international terrorism and natural disasters over the past two decades has led to unsustainable debt burdens in small and vulnerable states, resulting in debt restructuring programmes.
This paper highlights the concerns of Commonwealth small states about their growing debt burden and the emerging challenges to their overall debt sustainability. It pinpoints the factors that lead to debt, the hurdles involved with debt restructuring and the weaknesses involved in debt management. It offers key lessons learned based on the experiences of seven small Commonwealth countries that have restructured their debts: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and Seychelles.


Parameter Estimation for the Lognormal Distribution Brenda F. Ginos Department of Statistics Master of Science The lognormal distribution is useful in modeling continuous random variables which are greater than or equal to zero. Example scenarios in which the lognormal distribution is used include, among many others: in medicine, latent periods of infectious diseases; in environmental science, the distribution of particles, chemicals, and organisms in the environment; in linguistics, the number of letters per word and the number of words per sentence; and in economics, age of marriage, farm size, and income.The lognormal distribution is also useful in modeling data which would be considered normally distributed except for the fact that it may be more or less skewed (Limpert, Stahel, and Abbt 2001). Appropriately estimating the parameters of the lognormal distribution is vital for the study of these and other subjects. Depending on the values of its parameters, the lognormal distribution takes on various shapes, including a bell-curve similar to the normal distribution. This paper contains a simulation study concerning the effectiveness of various estimators for the parameters of the lognormal distribution. A comparison is made between such parameter estimators as Maximum Likelihood estimators, Method of Moments estimators, estimators by Serfling (2002), as well as estimators by Finney (1941). A simulation is conducted to determine which parameter estimators work better in various parameter combinations and sample sizes of the lognormal distribution. We find that the Maximum Likelihood and Finney estimators perform the best overall, with a preference given to Maximum Likelihood over the Finney estimators because of its vast simplicity. The Method of Moments estimators seem to perform best when σ is less than or equal to one, and the Serfling estimators are quite accurate in estimating μ but not σ in all regions studied. Finally, these parameter estimators are applied to a data set counting the number of words in each sentence for various documents, following which a review of each estimator's performance is conducted. Again, we find that the Maximum Likelihood estimators perform best for the given application, but that Serfling's estimators are preferred when outliers are present.


1. Whole‐cell and intracellular recordings were made from neurons in slices of guinea‐pig spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis. 2. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) hyperpolarized 70% of neurons by activating 5‐HT1A receptors. The effect was mimicked by 5‐carboxamidotryptamine (5‐CT) and (+/‐)‐2‐dipropylamino‐8‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronapthalene hydrobromide (8‐OH‐DPAT) and antagonized by 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐[4‐(2‐phthalimido)‐butyl]‐piperazine hydrobromide (NAN 190) and pindobind‐5‐HT1A. Nine per cent of the neurons were depolarized by 5‐HT. 3. In about 20% of recordings, 5‐HT also evoked repetitive inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that were mediated by glycine. 4. Noradrenaline (NA) hyperpolarized 71% of neurons. This effect was mediated by activation of alpha 2‐adrenoceptors, since 5‐bromo‐N‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)‐6‐quinoxalinamine (UK14304) also caused a hyperpolarization and idazoxan (1 microM) blocked the hyperpolarization to both NA and UK14304. Phenylephrine depolarized a subset of neurons and this depolarization was blocked by prazosin, suggesting an action mediated by activation of alpha 1‐adrenoceptors. 5. NA also evoked repetitive GABAA‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in about 20% of recordings. The increase in synaptic activity was mimicked by phenylephrine and blocked by prazosin. 6. These results indicate that there are at least two mechanisms through which 5‐HT and NA inhibit neurons: (i) in many cells both 5‐HT and NA mediate a hyperpolarization through an increase of a potassium conductance; (ii) 5‐HT and NA also activated GABA‐ and glycine‐containing interneurons to cause IPSPs in separate groups of cells.


This article provides a comparative analysis of pension plan allocations to private equity and to venture capital in the United States and in Canada. Although the assets of American funds in our data are worth 10 times those of Canadian funds, their investment in private equity is about 20 times larger. Asset size is an important determinant of the decision to invest in private equity in both countries, but it is only a determinant of how much to invest in Canada. Asset size appears to be an important factor in explaining the difference in private equity investment, but it is not sufficient to explain it in its entirety. We examine other possible explanatory factors, such as fund types and location, the institutional environment, and regulatory constraints.


The skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, inhabits tropical and subtropical oceans the world over, and contributes substantially to total tuna catches. Both fishing pressure and anthropic influences affect skipjack populations, impacting on economic returns and investment. The present study analyses and compares spatial time series of catch and catch per unit effort (CPUE), of pole-and-line fishing of skipjack tuna from Brazil, South Africa and the Maldives. Both regional and inter-regional analyses were conducted for the period 1970-2014 in order to ultimately investigate potential associations between these fisheries, climatic conditions and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Correlation tests and spatial mapping tools were used. From 2004 to 2011, South African skipjack catches correlated positively with Brazilian ones and negatively with Maldivians. CPUEs from the Brazilian and Maldivian skipjack fisheries showed a significant positive correlation in the period 1982-1993. Yearly catches from all regions were strongly associated with the Northern Oscillation Index (p < 0.001), an ENSO index. This study reflects an effort to articulate an inter-regional appraisal of skipjack pole-and-line fisheries embedded in the context of a globally changing climate, in the face of which emerging economies are the most vulnerable. Evidence of common patterns influencing these fisheries should encourage international South-South cooperative management and understanding of the resource.


The advent of a new generation of Wide Field AO (WFAO) systems marks the beginning of a new era in high spatial resolution imaging. By using multiple Laser Guide Stars, WFAO significantly increases the field of view of the AOcorrected images, and the fraction of the sky that can benefit from such correction. The newly commissioned Gemini South Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) combined with the infrared camera GSAOI is delivering almost diffraction-limited images over a field of ∼ 2 arc-minutes across. In this paper, we first present recent observations of the young star-forming region N159W located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We obtained deep JHKs images from the GeMS/GSAOI instrument and developed reduction tools, in order to photometrically study the properties of the stellar members of the cluster and to bring new elements to our understanding of the process of massive star formation. However, despite the excellent performance of the GeMS/GSAOI system, some variable residues are still limiting the correction quality over the field. In particular, GSAOI is severely affected by distortion that can strongly degrade the resolution when combining multiple frames and can consequently reduce the sensitivity. The accuracy of the distortion correction of an instrument is critical for its use for highprecision astrometry and photometry. In a second part of this paper, we investigate an optimal way to correct for the distortion following an inverse problem approach. The formalism as well as first simulation results are presented.


Agricultural subsidies in grains, cotton, milk, sugar, tobacco, honey, wool, and peanuts are analysed in this examination of U.S. farm policy. Looking at such programs as food stamps, crop insurance, subsidised credit, trade credit, trade subsidies and import restrictions, conservation, agricultural research, and taxation, this historical perspective argues that these subsidies ultimately redistribute wealth to powerful agricultural interests who use their political clout to advance their economic interests at the expense of the general public. This analysis of government farm programs will appeal to professors and students who study agriculture; people affected by government farm policies; public officials, and businesses affected by agricultural policy such as those in food service, retail, and distribution.


The academy is not paradise. But learning is a place where paradise can be created. The classroom, with all its limitations, remains a location of possibility. In that field of possibility we have the opportunity to labor for freedom, to demand of ourselves and our comrades an openness of mind and heart that allows us to face reality even as we collectively imagine ways to move beyond boundaries, to transgress. This is education as the practice of freedom.


A person with a moderate or severe motor disability will often use specialised or adapted tools to assist their interaction with a general environment. Such tools can assist with the movement of a person's arms so as to facilitate manipulation, can provide postural supports, or interface to computers, wheelchairs or similar assistive technologies. Designing such devices with programmable stiffness and damping may offer a better means for the person to have effective control of their surroundings. This paper addresses the possibility of designing some assistive technologies using impedance elements that can adapt to the user and the circumstances. Two impedance elements are proposed. The first, based on magnetic particle brakes, allows control of the damping coefficient in a passive element. The second, based on detuning the P-D controller in a servo-motor mechanism, allows control of both stiffness and damping. Such a mechanical impedance can be modulated to the conditions imposed by the task in hand. The limits of linear theory are explored and possible uses of programmable impedance elements are proposed.


Many certifications are available in many professions. They represent a level of achievement and provide a dimension of professionalism to a resume. This article reveals the results of research covering the degree the extent of certification of members of the Hospitality Financial & Technology Professionals. Further, obstacles and assists in taking the examination to become a Certified Hospitality Accountant Executive (CHAE) were determined. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents have earned their CHAE. The biggest obstacle to taking the exam according to 60% of the respondents who have not earned the CHAE was lack of time to prepare. The biggest assist according to this same group would be an on-line CHAE preparation course.


The increase in the variety of websites, ranging from information-intensive portal, through social media, to shopping website, has afforded consumers unprecedented opportunity to make informed purchase decisions. Anecdotal evidence indicates that consumers do spend considerable amount of effort visiting various online outlets, such as the social media websites, prior to committing to a purchase. This could suggest that online consumers in general are conscious-buyers who have a tendency to engage in reasonably wide amount of product research beyond the shopping websites. Building on the selective exposure theory, this research argues that online consumers are selective and focus in their product research endeavor; specifically, these consumers may have a tendency to biased process the exposed informational alternatives to gratify their needs for purchase through shopping websites. To validate this proposition, we collaborated with a Chinese Internet-based research agency to perform a pluralistic investigation, which involves a non-obtrusive tracking of 200 Chinese consumers' online activity and a series of post-investigation interviews. In terms of tracking of the consumers' activities, our novel analyzing technique, sequence analysis, can be used to categorize the distinctive clusters of cross-website navigations. In each distinctive cluster, consumers engaging in product information retrieving activities are more likely to commit to a purchase within a visit even after taking into consideration the previous visits' activities. Based on previous work, we argue that visits to different types of information media influence the online purchase commitment variously. The subsequent interview designs with a subset of consumers will be conducted to reveal that consumers have an inclination to gratify the reasons for purchase by focusing on visiting shopping websites; while other websites serve as good avenues to gratify reasons for nonpurchase in the future.


INTRODUCTION In 2001, the Third Circuit affirmed a district court's approval of a $3.2 billion settlement in a securities class action case brought principally against Cendant Corporation. (1) The district court selected lead counsel in this "mega case" through an auction (2)--a new, innovative tool for class action litigation. (3) Although the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ultimately held that the lower court erred in conducting an auction to determine who would represent the class, (4) use of court ordered auctions in securities litigation is on the rise. The law firms who represented the class in this case received a court-approved $262 million in fees and an additional $14.6 million in expenses. (5) With the realistic possibility of billions of dollars at stake, it is imperative that individual investors, institutional investors, and law firms that anticipate representing potential classes know and understand the implications of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (PSLRA) (6) and, specifically, the role court-ordered auctions could play in securities litigation. The PSLRA was designed to combat perceived failures in class action securities litigation. The legislative history behind the PSLRA, passed in 1995, reveals that Congress intended to reduce "abuse in private securities lawsuits," especially "the manipulation by class action lawyers of the clients whom they purportedly represent." (7) Through the PSLRA, Congress tried to correct the typical scenario of lawyers seeking clients instead of clients seeking lawyers. (8) To further this goal, the PSLRA provides increased access to the litigation system to more savvy and involved potential plaintiffs. (9) Lead plaintiffs under the PSLRA are now chosen not based on the timeliness of their filing, but upon the stake that they have in the litigation. (10) These plaintiffs, given an increased ability to control their own fate, began to participate with greater frequency in the class action process. (11) Congress wished to provide the whole class, instead of a select few, with the best, most efficient litigation tools and measures. In every class action litigation, the plaintiff class is comprised of the lead plaintiff, who has the single largest stake in the litigation, and other nonparticipatory parties. To ensure that the rights of nonactive parties are represented, Congress has provided some limitations on the power vested in lead plaintiffs. The PSLRA provides that, upon the appointment of the lead plaintiff, she "shall, subject to the approval of the court, select and retain counsel to represent the class[,]" (12) thereby explicitly involving the court in the process of deciding who will represent the class. A qualified lead plaintiffs power to select counsel for the class is thus far from absolute. Early interpretations of the PSLRA gave a broad range of freedom to lead plaintiffs in selecting and retaining counsel. (13) The only perceived limitation was that the counsel chosen withstand judicial approval. Still, the fact that courts maintain authority to approve or reject a lead plaintiff's selection indicates that the power of the lead plaintiff to choose legal counsel for the class is not absolute. Instead, lead counsel must be qualified to best represent the class in the eyes of the court. The PSLRA still has wrinkles. The potential for corruption in choosing and retaining counsel still exists. Infirmities such as overbilling, inadequate representation of the class, and improper focus on the needs of the lead plaintiff are problems still remaining, even after enactment and enforcement of the PSLRA. These problems arise, not because of the inherent nature of the PSLRA, but because the language of the Act allows self-interested lead plaintiffs to ignore the interests of the rest of the class. A competitive bidding system for the determination of lead counsel is the most effective way to close the gaps left open by the PSLRA. …


In this paper a brief outline of the origin and development of vocational guidance and career development during the 20th
century is presented We elaborate a summary of the changes society has suffered during the last decades, and which affect career counselling either directly or indirectly, and which imply a need for modifications in the current approach to career counselling. Subsequently, we propose new perspectives that will be needed to face these changes, and which have been suggested by different authors. Also some competencies needed by career counselors while acting at different levels of intervention are suggested


A new method is proposed and successfully demonstrated for the fabrication of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) nanowire (NW) transistors with rectangular-shaped NW channels and two independent gates. The two independently controllable gates allow higher flexibility in device operation and provide a unique insight into the conduction mechanism of the NW device. Our results indicate that dramatic performance enhancement is feasible when the thickness of the NW channel is sufficiently thin, and the two conduction channels in the NW structure are operating simultaneously.


This Essay analyzes an essay by H. L. A. Hart about discretion that has never before been published, and has often been considered lost. Hart, one of the most significant legal philosophers of the twentieth century, wrote the essay at Harvard Law School in November 1956, shortly after he arrived as a visiting professor. In the essay, Hart argued that discretion is a special mode of reasoned, constrained decisionmaking that occupies a middle ground between arbitrary choice and determinate rule application. Hart believed that discretion, soundly exercised, provides a principled way of coping with legal indeterminacy that is fully consistent with the rule of law. This Essay situates Hart's paper — Discretion — in historical and intellectual context, interprets its main arguments, and assesses its significance in jurisprudential history. In the context of Hart's work, Discretion is notable because it sketches a theory of legal reasoning in depth, with vivid examples. In the context of jurisprudential history, Discretion is significant because it sheds new light on long-overlooked historical and theoretical connections between Hart's work and the Legal Process School, the American jurisprudential movement dominant at Harvard during Hart's year as a visiting professor. Hart's Discretion is part of our jurisprudential heritage, advancing our understanding of legal philosophy and its history.


Nanoprobes of Cell Potential Direct electrical measurements of cell potentials usually face design compromises. Microelectrodes probe within the cytosol of cells but have a minimum size (hundreds of nanometers in width) for obtaining useful signals. Nanoscale field effect transistors (FETs) can have an active probe size of only tens of nanometers but generally allow only the outer cell potential to be measured. Tian et al. (p. 830) fabricated nanowires in which kinks could be introduced to create a sharp probe tip pointing away from the fabrication substrate. Coating the tip with a phospholipid bilayer allowed the probe to be inserted through the membranes of beating cardiac cells, where it could be used to follow temporal changes in cell potential. Kinked nanowire transistors can measure intracellular electric potentials. Nanoelectronic devices offer substantial potential for interrogating biological systems, although nearly all work has focused on planar device designs. We have overcome this limitation through synthetic integration of a nanoscale field-effect transistor (nanoFET) device at the tip of an acute-angle kinked silicon nanowire, where nanoscale connections are made by the arms of the kinked nanostructure, and remote multilayer interconnects allow three-dimensional (3D) probe presentation. The acute-angle probe geometry was designed and synthesized by controlling cis versus trans crystal conformations between adjacent kinks, and the nanoFET was localized through modulation doping. 3D nanoFET probes exhibited conductance and sensitivity in aqueous solution, independent of large mechanical deflections, and demonstrated high pH sensitivity. Additionally, 3D nanoprobes modified with phospholipid bilayers can enter single cells to allow robust recording of intracellular potentials.


Oxidative stress-induced neuroinflammation is the prominent feature of neurodegenerative disorders, and is characterized by a gradual decline of structure and function of neurons. Many biochemical events emerge thanks to the result of this neurodegeneration, and ultimately provoke neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, and oxidative stress, leading to neuronal death. This cascade not only explains the complexity of events taking place across different stages, but also depicts the need for more effective therapeutic agents. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of newly synthesized benzimidazole containing acetamide derivatives, 3a (2-(4-methoxyanilino)-N-[1-(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl] acetamide) and 3b (2-(Dodecylamino)-N-[1-(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl] acetamide) against ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in the rat model. Both derivatives were characterized spectroscopically by proton NMR (1H-NMR) and carbon-13 NMR (13C-NMR) and evaluated for neuroprotective potential using different pharmacological approaches. In vivo experiments demonstrated that ethanol triggered neurodegeneration characterized by impaired antioxidant enzymes and elevated oxidative stress. Furthermore, ethanol administration induced neuroinflammation, as demonstrated by elevated expression of tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), which was further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment with 3a and 3b ameliorated the ethanol-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and memory impairment. The affinity of synthesized derivatives towards various receptors involved in neurodegeneration was assessed through docking analysis. The versatile nature of benzimidazole nucleus and its affinity toward several receptors suggested that it could be a multistep targeting neuroprotectant. As repetitive clinical trials of neuroprotectants targeting a single step of the pathological process have failed previously, our results suggested that a neuroprotective strategy of acting at different stages may be more advantageous to intervene in the vicious cycles of neuroinflammation.


Industrial grade Corundum and gem variety, (ruby and abrasive variety) occurs in and around Lakshmipuram and Gobbagurti areas of Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh. The area is within the Khammam Schist Belt., which is the northern extension of the Nellore Schist Belt of the Indian Peninsular Shield. Local entrepreneurs extract corundum based on certain faiths and beliefs since a long time. The nature of occurrence of corundum in these areas represents in-situ, float, and placer concentrations. Corundum occurs along with biotite gneisses, amphibolites and sillimanite-cordierite-diopsidebearing rocks, and magnesium-aluminium rich pelitic granulites. Tonalitic gneisses, cordieritecorundum rock and sillimanite schists form small lenticular bodies. The host rocks of corundum are intruded younger pegmatite veins that also have cut through the Precambrian suite of rocks. Distinct controls of corundum mineralisation manifested in geomorphology, structure and lithology are observed in an area that have proved to be very useful guides for understanding the various controls of corundum mineralization at Gobbagurthi as well as in surrounding areas of corundum occurrences in Khammam district.


This Thesis explored a range of approaches to study the uncertainty and impacts associated with climate change at the farm scale in Scotland. The research objective was to use a process of uncertainty evaluation and simulation modelling to provide evidence of how primary production components of agriculture in Scotland may change under a future climate. The work used a generic Integrated Modelling Framework to structure the following sequence of investigations: Evaluate a Regional Climate Model"s hindcast estimates (1960-1990) against observed weather data; Develop bias correction "downscaling factors" to be applied to the Regional Climate Model"s future estimates; Evaluate the impacts of weather data sources (observed and modelled) on estimates made by a cropping systems model (CropSyst); Estimate values for a range of agro-meteorological metrics using observed and estimated downscaled future weather data; Simulate spring barley and winter wheat growth using CropSyst with observed and modelled weather data; Develop CropSyst in order to represent grass growth, evaluate estimates against a set of a priori criteria and determine suitability for use in a whole farm model. Conduct counter-factual assessments of the impacts of climate change and potential adaptation options using a whole farm model (LADSS). The study aimed to use tools on a spectrum of land use modelling complexity: agrometeorological metrics (simple), CropSyst (intermediate), and the whole-farm integrated model (complex). Such an approach had a path dependency, in that to use the livestock system model component within the whole farm model, CropSyst had to make estimates of an acceptable quality for grass production. CropSyst however failed to meet the a priori evaluation criteria. This, coupled with technical and time constraints in running LADSS, led to the decision not to run the whole farm model. The findings were organised within the concepts of resilience and adaptive capacity. Results gained showed that the HadRM3 Regional Climate Model was capable of making both good and poor estimates of weather variables in the UK, and that downscaling improved the match between hindcast and observed weather data significantly. A sensitivity analysis involving introducing uncertainty from weather data sources within CropSyst showed that care was needed in interpreting estimates of future crop production. The agro-meteorological metrics indicated that whilst growing season length increases, the date of end of field capacity does not. The projected changes in crop production will likely be more positive if crop responses to elevated CO2 are considered. However, there will be additional constraints on crop growth due to increases in duration and magnitude of periods of growth limiting soil water deficits. Without adaptation to crop varieties with slower phenological development, yield decreases are seen in spring barley and winter wheat. The thesis concludes, whilst recognising the caveats and limitations of the methods used and the multiple range of external influencing issues, that the biophysical impacts at the farm scale in Scotland are within the boundaries of resilience, given that achievable adaptation options exist and are undertaken. The dynamics of farm scale management will need to adjust to cope with higher levels of water stress, but opportunities will also arise for greater flexibility in land use mixes. Crop yield can increase due to more favourable growing conditions and cultivar adaptations. These conclusions, when placed within the context of climate change impacts and adaptive cycles at a global scale, indicate that agriculture in Scotland has the potential to cope with the impacts but that substantial changes are required in farming practices.


Objectives To explore staff perceptions of barriers to the identification of mild to moderate distress and the provision of emotional support in patients with end-stage renal disease. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interviews with staff in two hospitals (n = 31), with data analysed using a hybrid approach combining thematic analysis with aspects of grounded theory. Results Staff appeared very aware that many patients with end-stage renal disease experience distress, and most thought distressed patients should be helped as part of routine care. However, practice was variable and looking for and addressing distress was not embedded in care pathways. Interviews identified six themes: i) staff perceptions about how distress is manifested and what causes distress were variable; ii) staff perceptions of patients could lead to distress being overlooked because patients were thought to hide their distress whilst some groups were assumed to be more prone to distress than others; iii) role perceptions varied, with many staff believing it to be their role but not feeling comfortable with it, with doctors being particularly ambivalent; iv) fears held back some staff, who were concerned about what might happen when talking about distress, or who found the emotional load for themselves to be too high; v) staff felt they lacked skills, confidence and training, vi) capacity to respond may be limited, as staff perceive there to be insufficient time, with little or no specialist support services to refer patients to. Conclusions Staff perceived significant barriers in identifying and responding to patient distress. Barriers related to skills and knowledge could be addressed through training, with training ideally targeted at staff with positive attitudes, but who currently lack skills and confidence. Barriers related to role perceptions would be harder to address. The study is relevant internationally as part of improving long-term condition pathways.


The manufacturing industry is undergoing a digital revolution, often referred to as Industry 4.0. The aim of this revolution is to transform the factories into, so called, smart factories. These smart factories will be modular, decentralized, and interconnected, to achieve higher level automation and flexibility. Additionally, a smart factory will have a digital twin, a virtual replica that allows testing, monitoring, and visualization of the factory behavior. As these factories are aimed to be completely automated, ensuring correctness and safety of the control logic in each sub-system of the factory is of utmost importance. The need for having digitalized tools that support operators and engineers was identified in a survey that was conducted to understand the problems faced during maintenance of manufacturing systems. To this end, this thesis provides an architecture that can be applied on old legacy systems as well as new state-of-the-art systems to collect data from the factory floor. The data obtained can be visualized in the form of Gantt charts to help operators keep track of the execution of the station. Furthermore, a model that captures the behavior of the system can be created by applying Process Mining algorithms to the collected data. Model-based techniques have shown to be beneficial in developing control logic for highly automated and flexible manufacturing systems, as these techniques offer tools to test and formally verify the control logic to guarantee its correctness. These formal tools operate on such a model of the behavior of the system. However, manually constructing a model on which these tools can be applied is a tedious and error prone task, seldom deemed to be worth the effort. Thus, supporting engineers to build models will improve the adoption of formal tools within the manufacturing industry. In order to obtain a formal model during the early development phase of the manufacturing system, this thesis studies the possibility to automatically infer a model of a system by interacting with its digital twin. The suggested L+ algorithm, an extension of the well-known L* algorithm, shows that it is possible to automatically build formal models in this way. Additionally, certain shortcomings are identified and need to be addressed before being able to these methods in a practical setting.


Although there is now a large evidence-based dentistry literature, previous investigators have shown that dentists often consider research evidence irrelevant to their practice. To understand why this is the case, we conducted a qualitative study. Objective: Our aim was to identify how dentists define evidence and how they adopt it in practice. Methods: A qualitative study using grounded theory methodology was conducted. Ten dentists working in eight dental practices were interviewed about their experience and work processes while adopting evidence-based preventive care. Analysis involved transcript coding, detailed memo writing, and data interpretation. Results: Findings revealed that dentists' direct observations – referred to as clinical evidence – provided the most tangible and trusted evidence in practice and during discussions with colleagues. Dentists described a detailed process used to gather, compare and implement clinical evidence. This process began when they were exposed to novelty in daily practice and proceeded through self-driven testing, producing clinical or tangible evidence that clinicians could use in practice. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we propose an alternative to the linear form of knowledge transfer commonly represented in the literature.


I can explain the title of this chapter, 'On being moved in thought and feeling: An approach to autism', because I want to approach the question 'What is autism?' from a fresh starting-point, one that encompasses a particular view of typical development. The view is that early interpersonal experience is critically important for the acquisition of cognitive as well as social abilities. On the other side to this coin is a thesis about what makes autism 'autism'. The thesis is closely allied to Kanner's (1943) suggestion that the children have 'inborn disturbances of affective contact'. The story is one that focuses both on what individual children lack by way of the necessary equipment to achieve fully-fledged intersubjective engagement with others, and what follows by way of interference with the kinds of interpersonal process that normally promote flexibility in children's thinking and attitudes. The central idea is that being moved by others--and here I am talking about movement in subjective orientation, especially as these involve feelings and attitudes--is one of the most significant features of human social life. It is foundational for experiencing people as people with their own subjective orientations to the world, for evolving forms of self-other awareness, for the construction of increasingly sophisticated concepts about the mind ('theory of mind'), for self-reflection and aspects of executive functioning, and for the kinds of symbolic functioning and flexible stance in relation to the world that contribute so much to human creativity in thinking and action. Of course it will not be possible for me to argue for each and every one of these claims. I have tried to do so in two books (Hobson 1993, 2002), of which the most recent (The Cradle of Thought) is intended to be reader-friendly to a wide audience. What I shall try to do in this contribution is to illustrate what I mean by 'being moved'. I shall do this by citing specific studies, mainly but not exclusively conducted in the Developmental Psychopathology Research Unit, Tavistock Clinic and University College London. En route, I shall offer some reflections on the implications of the findings for our notion of what is 'basic' to autism.