In Graham v. Florida, the United States Supreme Court declared that life sentences without the possibility of parole for non-homicides are off limits for all juveniles. Following its lead in Roper v. Simmons, the landmark decision in which the Court abolished the juvenile death penalty, the Court expanded on its Eighth Amendment juvenile jurisprudence by ruling that locking up juveniles for life based on crimes other than homicides is cruel and unusual and, therefore, prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. With that ruling, the Court erected a categorical bar to incarcerating forever those not yet adults at the time of their crimes. That categorical exclusion is itself a momentous development, and it will impact directly the lives of the 129 juvenile offenders whose sentences for non-homicides have relegated them to prison with no prospect of ever being freed. Of even greater import for the thousands of juvenile offenders whose sentences Graham does not impact directly, however, is the legal reasoning the Court used in striking down juvenile life without parole for non-homicides. The Court employed an analytical approach previously reserved exclusively for death penalty cases, and it did so without fanfare or elaboration. With Graham, the Court unceremoniously dismantled the wall that has separated its "death is different" jurisprudence from non-capital sentencing review since 1972. In its place, the Court fortified an expansive "kids are different" jurisprudence that traces its roots to Thompson v. Oklahoma and is now firmly planted with the Court's rulings in Roper and Graham. Just as Graham crossed the rigid divide between the Court's death and non-death cases, it places the Court's categorical approach to sentencing, formerly the exclusive province of the death penalty, within reach of all juveniles serving adult sentences.


Purpose

Full-range leadership theory and power-and-influence approaches to leadership emerge from different theoretical traditions, but may overlap conceptually and practically. Previous research has found connections between full-range leadership styles and leaders' influencing behaviors. However, this research has been conceptually and methodologically limited, neither examining all full-range leadership styles nor all common influence tactics, and measuring only employees' perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to address these limitations.

Design/methodology/approach

Follower-rated leadership styles and influence tactics, and leader-rated leadership styles were surveyed for 160 pairs of leaders and followers (n=320).

Findings

Core influence tactics and apprising were correlated with, and predicted, follower-rated transformational and transactional leadership, but confirmatory factor analysis provided a more nuanced view of these relationships. Rational persuasion (negatively) predicted passive-avoidant leadership. There were few significant correlations between leader-self-rated leadership styles and followers' ratings of leaders' influence tactics.

Originality/value

This study extends upon previous studies by more comprehensively connecting full-range leadership styles and influence tactics, and doing so with both leader-rated and follower-rated leadership styles. The results help to provide a clearer picture of the overlap between full-range and power-and-influence theories of leadership. The mismatches between results from leader-rated and follower-rated leadership styles raise conceptual, practical, and methodological questions for future research.


This study aims to reveal the relationship between capital structure decisions and financial distress of the firms. In the study, the financial distressed are represented by the variables, Altman Z-Score and Springate S-Score while the capital structure decisions are represented by maturity structure of external debt and the equity capital ratio. The variables, namely firm size and the ratio of fixed assets are incorporated as control variables in the analysis. The results indicate a negative and significant relationship between financial distress and debt and equity ratios, namely total debt, short-term debt and equity ratios. The negative relationship between the external equity ratio (new equity issuance) and the financial failure score supports the Myers (1984) Pecking Order Theory. Moreover, a positive and statistically significant relationship is found between the control variables and financial success scores. The results of the study are consistent with the evidence of other studies and trade off theory that shows the debt ratio increases the probability of financial distress of the firms.


In Antiquity the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, sustained that the purpose of the State is to be, within the possibilities, a society of equal human beings. Our days the democracy answers the need of different components of the society to express themselves in the means of respect towards equality. Democratic practices cannot be conceived outside the nation. The problem is if there exists the possibility for it to function on the supranational level. The reflections with respect to the multiculturalism and the new conceptions which is elaborated starting from the European construction, make actual the connection between nation and democracy.


Scripture Reading — Zechariah 1:1-6 "Return to me ... and I will return to you." Zechariah 1:3 — The clock counted down to midnight, and the partygoers cheered the beginning of a new year. While everyone was enjoying themselves, one woman engaged in a moment of selfreflection. "Everyone needs a second chance," she said. She was right. We've all spoken words we want to take back. We've made decisions that we wish we could change. Maybe we look back over our life and are filled with regrets. God promises a second chance! Zechariah ministered to God's people as they restarted life in the promised land. He warned the people that if they wanted to thrive in the land, they had to be careful not to repeat the mistakes of their ancestors. So Zechariah called God's people to a life of repentance. He urged them to renew their commitment to God and his Word. When Israel turned back to God, they would enjoy a renewed relationship with him! God extends his promise to us as well. We have all failed in the past, but God assures us that repentance brings renewal. When we turn from our sin and look to Christ, God forgives us and gives us a new beginning. We begin to enjoy the presence of God in our life, and we begin to live the way God desires. Have you discovered the joy that comes from beginning again with God? Prayer God, forgive us when we insist on doing things our own way. Lead us out of our sin and into lives that are pleasing to you. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen.


Design is done in many fields. Although the design practices in different fields appear to be distinct from each other, all fields use a common thought process and design principles. Consequently, the true differences between these fields are minor, often consisting of the definitions of words, the specific data, and knowledge. In comparison, larger differences can exist within a given field between simple systems and large systems due to the size and the time dependent nature of functional requirements. The axiomatic approach to design provides a general theoretical framework for all these design fields, including mechanical design. The key concepts of axiomatic design are : the existence of domains, the characteristic vectors within the domains that can be decomposed into hierarchies through zigzagging between the domains, and the design axioms (i.e., the Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom). Based on the two design axioms, corollaries and theorems can be stated or derived for simple systems, large systems, and organizations. These theorems and corollaries can be used as design rules or guidelines for designers. The basic concepts are illustrated using simple mechanical design examples. When design is viewed axiomatically, not only product design but all other designs, including design of process, systems, software, organizations, and materials, are amenable to systematic treatment.


Neurons target and concentrate voltage-dependent sodium channels in microdomains of the axonal membrane. These sodium channels are clustered at the axonal initial segment, where action potentials are generated, and in the nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons. How are these components selectively sorted to these domains? Garrido et al. show that a 27-amino acid motif contained in one of the intracellular linkers of the pore-forming subunit can target and concentrate the sodium channel within the initial segment of the axon. This peptide motif was sufficient to direct and to concentrate different proteins to the initial segment. In addition, the overexpression of a cytosolic chimeric protein containing the motif disorganized endogenous sodium channels. J. J. Garrido, P. Giraud, E. Carlier, F. Fernandes, A. Moussif, M.-P. Fache, D. Debanne, B. Dargent, A targeting motif involved in sodium channel clustering at the axonal initial segment. Science 300, 2091-2094 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This working paper synthesizes the theoretical and empirical literature on the use of cash transfers in response to food crisis situations, with particular attention to their use in situations that are exacerbated by volatile, often inflationary, commodity prices. The paper is designed for policymakers who are wondering if cash transfers might be an appropriate instrument in the context of 2008's unstable commodity prices for both food and energy, but are unfamiliar with the literature and discussions surrounding the cash vs. food debate. After defining some key terms and presenting a brief review of the theory behind cash transfer use, the paper synthesizes evidence from studies that have evaluated past cash transfer programs. While the focus is on examples from Sub-Saharan Africa (primarily Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Kenya), there are also valuable lessons incorporated from other regions of the world.


The in-containment refueling water storage tank (IRWST) is an advanced design concept that has been adopted for the APR-1400 (a reactor type recently developed by Korea). It condenses high-temperature high-pressure fluid discharged from the reactor cooling system through pressurizer relief valves during transients. The condensation of high enthalpy fluid increases the temperature of the coolant in the IRWST. If the temperature of the water storage tank exceeds the temperature limit of 93.3°C (bubble escape temperature), oscillatory vibration occurs, and part of the steam does not condense and instead rises until it is discharged to the air inside the water storage tank. This phenomenon burdens a mechanical load upon the water storage tank structure and thereby compromises structural integrity of the IRWST. In particular, as the IRWST spargers are installed asymmetrically, they cause an uneven temperature distribution and then raise the topical temperature to the bubble escape temperature so prematurely that the cooling efficiency of the IRWST water storage tank may deteriorate. To improve the previous experiment [KSME Int. J., 18, 820 (2004)] and simulate these conditions, a cylindrical water storage tank was fabricated with a height and volume ratio identical to the actual IRWST, that is, 1:1 and 1:400, respectively; then, the steam condensation pattern and temperature distribution inside the water storage tank were observed and measured. The result of the experiment revealed that the horizontal temperature distribution was quite uniform and that the temperature was the highest on the surface of the water except near the sparger; in particular, the temperature of the surface of the water between the two spargers was the highest. And, a relatively uniform vertical temperature rise was observed. However, in the lower part of the tank (lower than 40 cm from the end of the bottom hole), the distribution revealed many interesting things related to the natural convection flow patterns. Also, when bubbles escaped at the temperature limit, a severe vibration and an attendant noise were observed.


This prospective study investigated the relationship between chaplain visits and patient satisfaction, as measured by Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) and Press Ganey surveys from 8,978 patients who had been discharged from a tertiary care hospital. Controlling for patients' age, gender, race, ethnicity, language, education, faith, general health status, and medical conditions, chaplain visits increased the willingness of patients to recommend the hospital, as measured by both the HCAHPS survey (regression coefficient = 0.07, p < .05) and the Press Ganey survey (0.11, p < .01). On the Press Ganey survey, patients visited by chaplains were also more likely to endorse that staff met their spiritual needs (0.27, p < .001) and their emotional needs (0.10, p < .05). In terms of overall patient satisfaction, patients visited by a chaplain were more satisfied on both the Press Ganey survey (0.11, p < .01) and on the HCAHPS survey (0.17, p < .05). Chaplains' integration into the healthcare team improves patients' satisfaction with their hospital stay.


Most surfaces of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are reactive toward biomolecules. Therefore, whenever NPs become immersed in biological fluids, proteins and other biomolecules bind to the NP surface, forming an adsorption layer (biomolecular corona) that modifies the NPs' physicochemical properties and subsequent interactions with living systems. Its exploration is a formidable endeavor owing to the enormous diversity of engineered NPs in terms of their physicochemical properties and the vast number of biomolecules available in biofluids that may bind to NPs with widely different strengths. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the biomolecular corona, but even very basic issues are still controversially debated. In fact, there are divergent views of its microscopic structure and dynamics, even on physical properties, such as its thickness. As an example, there is no agreement on whether proteins form monolayers or multilayers upon adsorption. In our quantitative studies of NP-protein interactions by in situ fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) with highly defined model NPs and important serum proteins, we have universally observed protein monolayer formation around NPs under saturation or even oversaturation conditions. Here, we critically discuss biomolecular corona characterization using FCS and dynamic light scattering and identify challenges and future opportunities. Further careful, quantitative experiments are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of biomolecular corona formation and to characterize its structure. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.


This paper aims to examine women leaders from diverse career backgrounds and ethnicities to discover their perspectives of their leadership roles and empowerment to determine similarities and differences among them, focusing on the perspectives of African American women.,The review process began with a comprehensive review of African American women in history in the context of leadership and empowerment. Next, a Q-sort methodology was used as a semi-qualitative approach for women leaders to rank words of empowerment and facilitate discussions among these women. The Q methodology is known for exploring issues that are correlated with individuals who are influenced with personal feelings and opinions.,The paper concludes that perceptions of leadership roles differ among the African American women leaders when compared to other ethnicities. The results support the idea that women from diverse ethnic backgrounds have different experiences in the workplace, and these experiences influence how they identify factors they perceive as beneficial to them in terms of their perspectives on leadership and empowerment. Several themes emerged for African American women leaders including being overlooked, marginalized, undervalued and unappreciated in their professions as leaders due to their dual minority status. As it is now as it was in the past, such barriers can deter or stop progression for African American women leaders.,The history of African American women in leadership roles is scantily recognized or not recognized at all. This paper highlights leadership roles and barriers for African American women currently in leadership roles in contrast to other women. The issues they face are still similar to those faced by African American women in earlier decades in spite of increased career mobility. A relatively understudied topic in leadership and management history in general, this paper provides a unique lens from which to build awareness about the leadership roles and empowerment of African American women and to effect needed change.


We present in this paper a thorough analysis of current wave propagation with arbitrary speed along an extending transmission line. We derive rigorous analytical equations in the time and frequency domains expressing the reflections of the current wave occurring at the extending end of the line. The derived equations reveal that it is not possible to represent current reflections occurring at the extending end of a transmission line using a constant, frequency-independent reflection coefficient, as previously done in the literature. The reflected wave from the extending end of the line is shown to be affected by the Doppler frequency shift. In other words, the reflected wave from an extending transmission line suffers distortion, the amount of which depends on the incident wave form, its frequency content, and the speed of the extending end of the line. The derived expression is in agreement with the relativistic Doppler effect and is consistent with the Lorentz transformation. Finally, engineering models for return strokes are generalized and closed-form analytical expressions are derived for the spatial-temporal distribution of the current along the channel accounting for reflections at ground and at the return stroke wave front taking into account the Doppler effect.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of suicidal ideation among Métis men and women (20-59 years) and identify its associated risk and protective factors using data from the nationally representative Aboriginal Peoples Survey (2006).

STUDY DESIGN
Secondary analysis of previously collected data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey.

RESULTS
Across Canada, lifetime suicidal ideation was reported by an estimated 13.3% (or an estimated 34,517 individuals) of the total population of 20-to-59-year-old Métis. Of those who ideated, 46.2% reported a lifetime suicide attempt and 6.0% indicated that they had attempted suicide in the previous 12 months. Prevalence of suicidal ideation was higher among Métis men than in men who did not report Aboriginal identity in examined jurisdictions. Métis women were more likely to report suicidal ideation compared with Métis men (14.9% vs. 11.5%, respectively). Métis women and men had some common associated risk and protective factors such as major depressive episode, history of self-injury, perceived Aboriginal-specific community issues, divorced status, high mobility, self-rated thriving health, high self-esteem and positive coping ability. However, in Métis women alone, heavy frequent drinking, history of foster care experience and lower levels of social support were significant associated risk factors of suicidal ideation. Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed between social support and major depressive episode. Among Métis men, history of ever smoking was the sole unique associated risk factor.

CONCLUSION
The higher prevalence of suicidal ideation among Métis women compared with Métis men and the observed gender differences in associations with some associated risk and protective factors suggest the need for gender-responsive programming to address suicidal ideation.


Collaborative work is characterized by frequently changing situations and corresponding demands for tool support and interaction behavior provided by the collaboration environment. Current approaches to address these changing demands include manual tailoring by end-users and automatic adaptation of single user tools or for individual users. Few systems use context as a basis for adapting collaborative work environments, mostly focusing on document recommendation and awareness provision. In this paper, we present, firstly, a generic four layer framework for modeling and exploiting context. Secondly, a generic adaptation process translating user activity into state, deriving context for a given focus, and executing adaptation rules on this context. Thirdly, a collaboration domain model for describing collaboration environments and collaborative situations. Fourthly, examples of exploiting our approach to support context-based adaptation in four typical collaboration situations: co-location, co-access, co-recommendation, and co-dependency.


The search for energy efficient technologies for comminution processes is constant in mineral processing studies, since those processes represent a major percentage of operational costs. In this context the use of stirred mills is increasing, especially for ultrafine grinding. Although many authors claim that these new equipment are more efficient than the conventional ball mills, there were very little chances to prove that in a practical way, since there are few industrial circuits where those technologies perform the same duty. Therefore, the regrinding circuit of Germano second concentrator offers an interesting opportunity: a vertical mill operating in parallel with two ball mills. During almost two years of operation, several sampling campaigns were conducted to evaluate the vertical mill performance and to compare the operational data of the three mills. The industrial data was also compared to jar mill tests results, which are monthly conducted in Samarco labs in order to predict the specific energy consumption required by the ore fed to these circuits. The vertical mill demonstrated the same ability to achieve the product specifications of the ball mills while proved to be able to reduce the medium specific energy consumption in about 40%.


"We belong to the moon," says Mary Oliver, and "the most/thoughtful among us dreams/of hurrying down...into the body of another" (49-50). We dream, we long, and some of us believe that we can step outside of ourselves and enter the body of another. But Western culture discourages these yearnings and demands individualism and the formation of strong ego boundaries and stable identities. Unlike the traveller of Leslie Marmon Silko's "Story from Bear Country," we do not hear the bear's call; we do not see our "footprints/in the sand" become bear prints, nor do we see fur cover our bodies, "dark shaggy and thick" (204-05). Yet we are conscious, too, of our potential not just to cross the boundaries between ourselves and others, but to be divided within ourselves. We encounter a variety of theories--feminist, psychoanalytic, cultural--that tell us identity is multiple and the boundaries of the self are unstable. "Pull yourself together," my mother used to say, and I would groupe wildly, hoping to catch even one of the selves that spun around me. But I have never been able to pull myself together, and works of art that tempt me to drop the fiction of singularity and invite me to enter the body of another fascinate me. Mary Oliver's American Primitive is one such work. The poems in this collection offer many bodies for us to inhabit; we can become, by turns, bear, fish, whale, swamp, and Pan. We can run with the fox, fly with the owl, dig with the mole, and finally, losing all outward form, dissolve into the totality of nature. Oliver's celebration of dissolution into the natural world troubles some critics: her poems flirt dangerously with romantic assumptions about the close association of women with nature that many theorists claim put the woman writer at risk.(1) But for Oliver, immersion in nature is not death: language is not destroyed and the writer is not silenced. To merge with the nonhuman is to acknowledge the self's mutability and multiplicity, not to lose subjectivity. But few feminists have wholeheartedly appreciated Oliver's work, and though some critics have read her poems as revolutionary reconstructions of the female subject, others remain skeptical "that identification with nature can empower women" (Bonds 1).(2) Despite this implicitly proscriptive criticism, the desire to immerse oneself in and become part of the natural world persists in women's poetry and novels. Twenty years of feminist, deconstructive, and linguistic theory have not weaned writers like Oliver, Marilynne Robinson, and Susan Griffin (to name just a few) from what skeptics might label a naive belief in the possibility of intimate contact with the non-linguistic world of nature and a confidence in the potential of language to represent that experience. The persistence of this belief suggests to me that we might try reading these works differently. Rather than viewing them as dangerously regressive or as subtextually emancipatory, we might read them as descriptions and enactments of what Walter Benjamin calls the "mimetic faculty." According to Benjamin, the mimetic faculty is one of our most precious gifts. Important as sight or hearing, our capacity to mime, Benjamin explains, surpasses nature's, and is directly linked to our cultural activities: Nature creates similarities. One need only think of mimicry. The highest capacity for producing similarities, however, is man's. His gift of seeing resemblances is nothing other than a rudiment of the powerful compulsion in former times to become and behave like something else. Perhaps there is none of his higher functions in which his mimetic faculty does not play a decisive role. (333) The speakers in Oliver's poems not only exhibit a "powerful compulsion...to become and behave like something else"; they also act out the process of becoming something else, inviting readers to join them. In "The Mimetic Faculty," Benjamin asserts that the human capacity to mime has eroded in recent times, but in "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" he suggests that modern technology, particularly the moving picture camera, can help us recover that capacity, bringing us into a new kind of perceptual contact with the world through mechanical reproduction. …


Practice-led research has been under debate for nearly three decades. One of the major issues of this form of research concerns how the researchers who are also the artists/designers can reflect on and document their creative processes in relation to their research topic. In this article, we review and discuss reflection and documentation in practice-led design research through four doctoral research projects completed at the Aalto University School of Art and Design. The cases come from craft related fields, i.e. from ceramics, glass, jewellery and textiles. This article poses twofold questions: firstly, it examines the role of creative processes and their outputs in practice-led research context and secondly, the role of documentation and reflection of the creative processes and products in the studies. In conclusion, documentation in practice-led research context can function as conscious reflection on and in action. Any means of documentation, whether it is diary writing, photographing or sketching, can serve as a mode of reflection.


Microemulsions have been used increasingly for last year's because of ideal properties like favorable drug delivery, ease of preparation and physical stability. They have been improved the solubility and efficacy of the drug and reduce the side effects. Use of radiolabeled microemulsions plays an alternative role in drug delivery systems by investigating the formation, stability and application of microemulsions in radiopharmacy. Gama scintigraphic method is well recognized for developing and detecting the biodistribution of newly developed drugs or formulation. This review will focus on how radionuclides are able to play role with characterization studies of microemulsion drug delivery systems.


This case study shows the effectiveness of physiotherapy for 4 years old boy with diplegic cerebral palsy. The aim was to find out the effectiveness of physiotherapy for 4 years old boy with diplegic cerebral palsy to improve gross motor function. Before starting physiotherapy treatment, he had lots of impartments on gross motor function and the GMFCS was III, MACS-II, CFCSI, EDACS-I. This child is still continuing physiotherapy session and GMFCS-I, MACS-I. After receiving intensive physiotherapy improved gross motor function specially standing, walking, stair climbing and jumping as well as improving balance and posture. The Modified ash worth scale, goniometer, GMFM, 10 m walk test and TUG were used as outcome measures. There was markedly improved on gross motor function by physiotherapy for this diplegic cerebral palsy.


Transformer models have recently achieved impressive performance on NLP tasks, owing to new algorithms for self-supervised pre-training on very large text corpora. In contrast, recent literature suggests that simple average word models outperform more complicated language models, e.g., RNNs and Transformers, on cross-modal image/text search tasks on standard benchmarks, like MS COCO. In this paper, we show that dataset scale and training strategy are critical and demonstrate that transformer-based cross-modal embeddings outperform word average and RNN-based embeddings by a large margin, when trained on a large dataset of e-commerce product image-title pairs.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are frequently utilized in the treatment of symptomatic vertebral body fractures. While prior studies have demonstrated disparities in the treatment of back pain and care for osteoporotic patients, disparities in spine augmentation have not been investigated. We investigated racial and health insurance status differences in the use of spine augmentation for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2010, we selected all discharges with a primary diagnosis of vertebral fracture (International Classification of Diseases-9 code 733.13). Patients who received spine augmentation were identified by using International Classification of Diseases-9 procedure code 81.65 for vertebroplasty and 81.66 for kyphoplasty. Patients with a diagnosis of cancer were excluded. We compared usage rates of spine augmentation by race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander) and insurance status (Medicare, Medicaid, self-pay, and private). Comparisons among groups were made by using χ2 tests. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was fit to determine variables associated with spine augmentation use. RESULTS: A total of 228,329 patients were included in this analysis, of whom 129,206 (56.6%) received spine augmentation. Among patients with spine augmentation, 97,022 (75%) received kyphoplasty and 32,184 (25%) received vertebroplasty; 57.5% (92,779/161,281) of white patients received spine augmentation compared with 38.7% (1405/3631) of black patients (P < .001). Hispanic patients had significantly lower spine augmentation rates compared with white patients (52.3%, 3777/7222, P < .001) as did Asian/Pacific Islander patients (53.1%, 1784/3361, P < .001). The spine augmentation usage rate was 57.2% (114,768/200,662) among patients with Medicare, significantly higher than that of those with Medicaid (43.9%, 1907/4341, P < .001) and those who self-pay (40.2%, 488/1214, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate substantial racial and health insurance–based disparities in the inpatient use of spinal augmentation for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fracture.


The U.S. Forest Service established research centers throughout the country in the early 20th century. Six of these were located within the native range of longleaf pine, including one at Brewton, AL. The Escambia was established near the Brewton unit of the East Gulf Coast Research Center, Southern Forest Experiment Station, on April 1, 1947, when the T.R. Miller Mill Company of Brewton, AL, represented by Tom Neal Sr., Ed Leigh McMillan, John Miller Sr., and John Richard Miller, provided land, at no cost, to the U.S. Forest Service through a 99-year lease. This 3,000-acre tract in southwest Alabama, with trees then averaging 35-45 years of age, was selected because it typified the low density, second-growth longleaf pine forests that then covered about 6.2 million acres in southern Alabama and northwestern Florida. The Escambia is centrally located in the longleaf pine belt and well situated for the study of the species.


Introduction: People whose faces look untrustworthy tend to receive harsher social evaluations, including more severe criminal sentences. Yet little is known about how much facial trustworthiness reflects individuals' behavioral histories. We examined whether adolescent histories of delinquency and substance use predict strangers' perceptions of young men's facial trustworthiness. Methods: Boys (n = 206) recruited from schools with higher juvenile crime rates were assessed repeatedly from ages 10–24 years, including arrest records and self-reported delinquency and substance use. Coders blind to the study's purpose rated participants' facial trustworthiness from photographs taken at ages 14 and 24; parent-reported childhood family income and coder ratings of attractiveness and positive affect at age 24 were considered as controls. Results: Facial trustworthiness at age 24 (but not age 14) negatively correlated with all measures of problem behavior. Yet, self-reported tobacco use occasions from ages 12–23 had the strongest association with facial trustworthiness at age 24, a relation that persisted when controlling for arrests and delinquency from ages 12–23, other substance use, family income, ratings of age-24 positive facial affect, attractiveness, and age-14 facial trustworthiness (β = −.29, 95% CI [−.42, −.15], p < .001). Discussion: Although boys' early facial trustworthiness did not relate to their later problem behavior, men with histories of more delinquency and tobacco use appeared less facially trustworthy as adults. Appearance-related biases may have forensic and healthcare implications for young men. Additionally, prevention efforts could leverage information about the early impacts of tobacco use on appearance.


The purpose of the paper is to introduce a new numerical method for predicting the flow and resistance components of ships and marine structures. The theory is based on an approach where the flow is divided into three zones: the potential flow with a free surface, the boundary layer and the Navier-Stokes flow. A separate method is used for each zone, thus enabling a high resolution without excessive computer efforts. The necessary pre and post processors are also included. A brief account of the theory is given in the paper and the operation of the system of computer programs is explained. The usefulness and accuracy of the system is demonstrated through a number of computed examples, for which comparison is made with measurements. Predicted quantities include resistance components, wakes and other local flow quantities, also in the presence of a working propeller. The method should be a useful tool in ship design, particularly at an early design stage and may be considered a complement to the traditional model testing.


Yersinia enterocolitica isolates harboring a particular species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid showed a high degree of lethality for gerbils and caused the detachment of HEp-2 tissue cell monolayers. Strains cured of their plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid showed loss of these properties. However, invasiveness of HEp-2 cells was shown not to be a plasmid-mediated property. The expression of plasmid-associated properties, including at least three major outer membrane polypeptides, occurred during growth at 37 but not at 25 degrees C and was related to the concentration of calcium in the growth medium. The plasmid species associated with these properties ranged in molecular mass from 40 x 10(6) to 48 x 10(6) daltons and comprised a family of related plasmids.


Epigenetic biomarkers are powerful tools for early disease detection and are particularly useful for elusive conditions like preeclampsia. Predicting preeclampsia at an early stage is one of the most important goals of maternal-fetal medicine. To this end, recent studies have identified microRNAs-such as microRNA-17-as early biomarkers for preeclampsia. Yet clinical applications are lagging, owing in part to the sensing challenges presented by the biomarkers' small size and complex environment. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an emergent optical technique that is recognized for its potential to overcome these challenges. In this study, DNA functionalized nanoparticles were designed as probes to capture and quantify miRNA-17 in solution. SERS was used to determine the presence and concentration of miRNA-17 based on the formation of plasmonic nanoparticle aggregates. The miRNA-17 assay was tested at concentrations of 1 pM to 1 nM in both PBS and a representative complex biological sample. In both situations the assay was unaffected by non-complementary microRNA samples. These results demonstrate SERS's specificity and sensitivity for a new biomarker (miRNA-17) that may ultimately be used in a detection platform for early diagnosis of preeclampsia.


After nearly six centuries of emergence and world dominance, the sovereign state now has a globally widespread competitor that frequently manages to surpass its capabilities in the areas of wealth, security, and self-determination. This book will show that in region after region throughout the world partially independent territories (including Hong Kong, Cayman Islands, Kurdistan, New Caledonia, and others) tend to be wealthier and more secure than their sovereign state counterparts. Often ignored because of their small size, lack of militaries, and divided powers, the partially independent territories that produce these advantages are responsible for nearly one-fifth of global capital flows, serve as solutions for some of the world's most intractable nationalistic disputes, and furnish important capabilities for sovereign states. The existence and capabilities of these polities contradict widely held assumptions of sovereign state pre-eminence and give rise to a range of puzzling issues that will be addressed by this book. Why do local nationalistically distinct populations accept partially independent unions? What guarantees do these polities have that their powers will not be usurped by internal and external adversaries? What makes core states (which divide and share powers with partially independent territories) willing to part with some of their sovereignty amidst fears that their countries will fully fragment? What are the prospects for the independence of Scotland, Catalonia, Puerto Rico, and the nearly 50 partially independent territories around the globe? This book explains how these polities emerge, maintain themselves, and sometimes come to an end.


This study aims to examine the textual organization and language features found in research articles (RA) Introduction section of empirical studies in Applied
Linguistics (AL) written by NNES publishing in Malaysian journals. The objectives are to identify the extent to which NNES research article"s introduction
sections employ a similar structure to the Swales" (2004) revised Create-A-Research-Space (CARS) model and the extent to which the language features (e.g. tenses, lexical signals) contained within key moves/obligatory steps of the Introduction section are similar to the language features proposed by Swales and Feak (2004). A total of 50 introductory sections of empirical AL RAs written by NNES in 7 Malaysian Online Journals were selected according to pre-determined
criteria. Results of analysis showed that most of the NNES writers were aware and complied with the CARS model in terms of having all 3 obligatory moves in their
introductory sections (35 out of 50). However, there was a marked divergence from the ordering of the moves where most did not follow M1-
M2-M3 (CARS model) in a single path. Here, 34% applied the M1-M3-[other moves] flow while 52% showed skeletal signs of M1-M2-M3 interspersed with the reoccurrence of the moves. It was also noted that M1S3 (reviewing items of previous literature) exhibit the highest average occurrence per section and in terms of M2 (Establishing niche), M2S2 (Providing positive justification) was a more popular
step than indicating gaps. For language features results, there was higher
compliance to the checklist where the writers employed language items proposed. Furthermore, there was a prominent usage of modal auxiliaries especially in M1S3 to indicate tentativeness or make suggestions/proposals which was not described in the checklist. As a whole, the writers were seen to be able to convey the function of moves/steps effectively using language features proposed but the
glitch lies in structuring the information in the introductory section.


The late-Victorian era has been extensively researched as a period of Gothic literature, and this study seeks to build upon this body of work by connecting the content of such studies to the early decades of the twentieth century. Beginning with the quintessentially urban Gothic space of fin de siècle London, as represented in classic texts such as Dracula and Arthur Machen's The Great God Pan, the study proceeds to ask how the themes and energies which emerge in this moment evolve throughout the early twentieth century. In the ghost stories of authors like M.R. James, the Edwardian era witnesses an uncanny return to the rural English landscape, in which modernity encounters the re-emergence of suppressed fears and forces. After World War One, London again experiences a renewal of Gothic themes, with figures such as D.H. Lawrence and T.S. Eliot representing the city as a stricken and desolate space, haunted by the trauma and ghosts of the recent conflict. That legacy of violence and loss is also evident in rural representations of place in the 1920s and 1930s, along with a renewed interest in supernaturalism and paganism found in authors like Sylvia Townsend Warner and Mary Butts. Ultimately, this study argues, this period of dramatic social and cultural change is shadowed by a corresponding evolution in Gothic literary representation, whether that is expressed through modernist experimentation or more conventional narrative forms.


Abstract Title: Sonic hedgehog in nasal mucus is a biomarker for smell loss in patients with hyposmia Background: Many chemical moieties have been identified in nasal and olfactory mucus related to cellular activity, cell signaling and olfaction. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been identified as a growth factor in taste buds but not in olfactory receptor tissues. We wished to determine if Shh were present in nasal mucus and, if present, does it relate to smell function and smell loss (hyposmia). Methods and findings: Shh was evaluated in nasal mucus in 14 normal volunteers and 44 patients with smell dysfunction of several etiologies. Nasal mucus was collected over a 1-4 day period in a 50 ml plastic container, transferred to a 12 ml plastic tube, centrifuged at 18,000 rpm for 45-55 minutes, the supernatant transferred to PCR tubes and frozen at 20°C until analyzed. All samples were analyzed by use of a sensitive spectrophotometric ELISA. Shh was found in nasal mucus in all normal subjects and in hyposmia patients. Levels in hyposmia patients of several etiologies were significantly lower than in normal. Levels decreased as subjects aged. Conclusions: This is the first systematic demonstration of Shh in nasal mucus in normal subjects and in hyposmia patients. Its presence is consistent with its role as a cell signaling moiety and growth or transcription factor related to olfactory receptor function. Its measurement in lower than normal concentrations in hyposmic patients may indicate that it can serve as a biomarker for smell loss in these patients. Its measurement can help to identify patients with hyposmic on an objective basis and help to define the biochemical parameters of their smell loss. Further studies can assist in determination of the specific role for this moiety in olfaction


The purpose of this study was to examine factors impacting college student leadership development within a college of agriculture at the University of Missouri. This study employed descriptive relational survey methods to examine the impact of involvement factors (participation in organizations, community service and leadership education) on college student leadership development. The target population was all junior and senior students in the College of Agricutlure, Food and Natural Resources at the University of Missouri (N=1,124). Out of the calculated sample size (n=287), 107 participants completed the online instrument (37.3%). In the examination of the leadership outcomes, the greatest mean was reported for the outcome of commitment and the lowest mean was reported for the outcome of change. Most students were involved with two to five different organizations during their college career. A majority (92.5%) of the students reported that they have engaged in community service during their college career, although 44.9% of respondents did not participate in community service on a regular basis. Students responded as being involved in one to two short-term leadership education programs, but no long-term leadership education programs. Eight separate linear regression models were analyzed to determine the impact of involvement factors on the development of socially responsible leadership.


Abstract The Red-footed Falcon is a facultatively colonial species that exploits rookeries, artificial nest-box colonies and solitary corvid nests for breeding. Moreover, the remain gregarious in the post breeding period using communal roost sites prior to migration. We developed and implemented a survey protocol to allow to precisely estimate the number of breeding pairs in all three breeding types and to assess large scale spatio-temporal changes in roost site usage. Our results show that the lowest number of breeding pairs (558) was in 2006. However, in 2014 the number of pairs showed a two fold increase, mainly due to a large scale nest-box programme implemented in the past decade. We identified a total of 105 roost sites throughout the country. The number of birds peaked in the second week of September in the past 10 years. We formulate a recommendation to maintain population monitoring efficiency by reducing the frequency of full surveys to 5 years and using designated study areas to control for temporal trends in between.


ABSTRACT This paper examines middle leadership of the heads of English, maths and science departments in four international secondary schools in Malaysia. It focuses on their roles, responsibilities, role relationships, instructional engagement and leadership involvement within the theoretical framework of instructional, distributed and teacher leadership. The study is a qualitative multi-method case study, involving observation, documentary analysis, and semi-structured interviews with 12 heads of department, 36 teachers, and four principals. With respect to the middle leaders' roles and responsibilities, the findings illustrate cross-school and in-school differential developments, with contextual factors contributing to uneasy role relationships. The results also show that, while broad-based leadership opportunities are limited for the middle leaders and teachers, the most powerful and common feature of all these international schools is the centrality of teaching and learning.


This Foreword provides an overview of the symposium, "Criminal Behavior and the Brain: When Law and Neuroscience Collide," and discusses the articles of the nearly thirty judges, academics, and practitioners who participated. The symposium's articles have an overarching theme in common: each pertains in some way to the criminal justice system's effort to punish or rehabilitate more fairly and effectively. Section I looks at the history and framework of neuroscience and law. Francis Shen's article examines overlooked moments in history, including the use of electroencephalography evidence, psychosurgery, and the developing application of neuroscience in personal injury cases in the 1980–1990s. The historical overview continues with Elizabeth Bennett's article, which discusses more recent developments regarding how neuroscience is currently employed in the courtrooms to mitigate sentencing. In Section II on neuroscience and sentencing policy, Nancy Gertner reviews the history of sentencing in her articles, provides a critique of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, and explains how neuroscience can improve sentencing and rehabilitation techniques. Bernice B. Donald and Erica Bakies then look at how neuroscience has been incorporated during the sentencing process as well as the ways in which neuroscience can help judges overcome their implicit biases. Sheri Lynn Johnson, Amelia Courtney Hritz, Caisa Elizabeth Royer, and John H. Blume, continue the discussion on courtroom bias and argue that neuroscience can be used within the sentencing context by revealing how empathy helps explain how jurors' identity affects decision-making. The article by Ruben Gur, Oren Gur, Alon Gur, and Arona Gur, and the article by Joel Zivot, both approach neuroscience and sentencing from a medical perspective by discussing expert testimony, neuroimaging, and applying the death penalty to defendants with preexisting medical conditions. Deborah Denno's article concludes the section by providing a detailed description of how and when prosecutors and defense attorneys present neuroscience evidence and for what purpose. The final section begins with Jane Campbell Moriarty's article, which argues that advances in neuroscience can assist in a greater understanding of criminal mens rea and moral blameworthiness, which also would bolster the determination of lesser mens rea arguments. Like Moriarty, Elizabeth S. Scott, Richard J. Bonnie, and Laurence Steinberg discuss how neuroscience evidence, specifically juvenile culpability and developmental brain research, can prompt policy change. Their article concludes that there should be a transitional category for young adults that is distinct from juveniles and adults. Lyn M. Gaudet, Jason P. Kermans, Nathanial E. Anderson, and Kent A. Kiehl contend that neuroscience can also be used to help decipher and predict violence and that this prediction may reduce recidivism rates by providing a remedy for high–risk behavior through appropriate treatment. Similarly, Arielle R. Baskin-Sommers and Karelle Fonteneau believe that neuroscience can improve the justice system's approach to treatment. However, in their article, they argue that neuroscience should be used to reform the correctional environment and inmate treatments, rather than in the courtroom. Lastly, Erin Murphy's article explores the future admissibility of novel neuroscience and predicts that neuroscience may one day be employed in new settings, such as bail hearings, competency determinations, noncapital sentencing, and civil proceedings.


Currently, 21 species of the genus Plectrocnemia are known from China. Examination of material collected from 13 provinces of China from 1990–2005 has revealed 9 new species and 3 new records of this genus, bringing the number of Chinese Plectrocnemia species to 33. Newly described species include: P. monacanthus sp. nov., P. huangi sp. nov., P. maoerensis sp. nov., P. pectinata sp. nov., P. fanjingensis sp. nov., P. platilobus sp. nov., P. paragryphalis sp. nov., P. bifoliolata sp. nov., and P. wuyiensis sp. nov. Two species, Plectrocnemia sinualis Wang & Yang and P. uncata Wang & Yang are synonymized with P. tsukuiensis (Kobayashi) and P. tortosa Banks, respectively. Plectrocnemia jonam (Malicky), P. ondakeana Tsuda and P. salah Malicky are newly recorded for the Chinese fauna. All species are organized by monophyletic species groups; the diagnostic characters for the species groups are discussed.


We all know that physical activity is good for the heart and lungs, but is it also good for the brain? Research has shown that regular physical activity can boost brain performance in various different kinds of people, from children and young adults to older adults at-risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. These improvements in brain performance can be measured by tests of memory, thinking, and attention. It is thought that physical activity improves brain performance by changing both the way the brain functions and its size, a process known as neuroplasticity. In particular, physical activity may increase the size of a part of the brain called the hippocampus—the brain's memory center. Importantly, the benefits of physical activity on the brain are seen at all ages, which means it is never too late to start exercising to help the brain. This research shows that being physically active may be an enjoyable way to help you improve your grades at school now and to keep your brain healthy throughout your life.


In the 1960s and early 1970s, various chromatographic methods were used to separate low molecular weight inorganic anions and cations; however, the separations were only moderately efficient, and detecting those analytes that did not absorb UV radiation was rather difficult. It was more common for researchers to determine these analytes by wet-chemical methods (especially titrations) or electroanalysis (usually with an ion-selective electrode). The real impetus for the development of ion chromatography (IC) came in a paper by Small, Stevens, and Bauman in 1975 (1). This paper presented two very significant developments that laid the foundation for the emergence of IC as a powerful analytical technique—a new method for preparing highly efficient stationary phases to separate inorganic ions and a new approach to sensitive conductivity detection. It is rare for two such profound developments to appear within a single publication, but these developments together created a form of IC that still dominates the field today. IC should not be regarded as a single, specific analytical technique but rather as a collection of LC techniques used to separate inorganic anions and cations and low molecular weight water-soluble organic acids and bases. These techniques include ion-exchange, ion-exclusion, and ion-interaction (ion-pair) chromatographies. We cannot cover all of these techniques, so we will deal only with ion-exchange systems. These are the most common and comprise about 75% of published IC applications. Furthermore, we will emphasize determining inorganic anions because this is the most common IC application. Readers interested in comprehensive coverage of the development of IC should check elsewhere (2–6). About the same time as the publication of the 1975 paper, Dow Chemical (where Small, Stevens, and Bauman worked) patented and subsequently licensed the technology, which became known as "suppressed IC", to Durrum Instruments, which later became Dionex, for commercial development. This form of IC proved to be commercially successful and became widely used. The development of IC by Dionex was swift, sustained, and scientifically elegant. The patents protecting the technology had the rather unexpected effect of stimulating several alternative approaches to ion analysis, many of which are still used today.


The paper presents a quasi-steady approach for modeling a household refrigerator. The model applies a novel methodology to perform the dynamic simulation. It uses a map of unit which contains high accuracy performance data of the refrigeration loop. This map is used by the model of the freezer and fresh-food air cabinets to determine the transient evolution of the air inside. This methodology allows obtaining high accuracy results, with high robustness and low computational cost. The validation of the model with experimental data is shown, by comparison of cabinet temperature and global power input. In order to understand some transient phenomena of the actual system operation, the model has been used to perform comparison studies between the operation of a real system and the equivalent quasi-steady system. Efficiency of both systems has been compared in order to detect energy losses sources. The energy losses analyzed are those related to controlling actions such as: compressor start-up and closing of the damper that supplies air flow to fresh-food cabinet. A discussion about their impact on performance and phenomena involved is presented.


Abstrak The Education Unit Level Curriculum states that problem solving, reasoning is the goal of learning mathematics elementary, junior high school and vocational school in addition to goals related to understanding the concept, this is contrary to the conditions of teachers who assume that the final answer to these problems is the main goal in learning , the procedure less students in solving the problems noted by teachers as too oriented to the truth of the final answer. Such conditions require the learning of mathematics with emphasis on problem-solving process. This study is an experimental study to analyze the effectiveness of contextual learning with open-ended approach in reasoning and problem-solving aspect of the triangle of material in class VII. Issues that were examined: 1) Do students who get contextual learning with open-ended approach can achieve exhaustiveness learn?, 2) Does problem-solving skills of students who get contextual learning with open-ended approach is better than in students with learning expository method?, 3) Is the reasoning that students can reach the criterion was after getting contextual learning with open-ended approach?. The study population was all students in grade VII Kesatrian SMP 2 Semarang. The sample study was graders VIIa as an experimental class and grade students VIIE as a control class. The variables studied are the reasoning and problem-solving. Data obtained from the documentation, testing and observation. The data obtained were analyzed using average test, correlation, analysis dwifaktor, and t-test. Results showed that students can achieve exhaustiveness study with an average of 73.31, t value = 3.137 with p value = 0.003 65. Reasoning students showed 33.33% of students have demonstrated high reasoning, 38.88% students have a reasoning being, and 27% of students have low reasoning sig later than table value 0.000 <0.05 with a mean value of r = 0.745 reasoning and problem solving has ties are very strong at 74.5%. Problem-solving abilities of students with contextual learning and open ended approach is different from expository teaching classes, based on the t test with a test value 0.030 p value <0.05. Average problem solving abilities of students reached 73.3 while the control class 65, 83 meaning that the average problem solving abilities of students in a class of contextual learning with open-ended approach is better. Then seen from the test value v dwifaktor test value 0.178 means not different problem-solving skills of students seen from the top, the middle and bottom groups. Concluded that the contextual learning with open-ended approach in reasoning and problem-solving aspect of the triangle of material in class VII learn effectively and achieve completeness. Keywords: Effectiveness, contextual learning, open ended, reasoning, problem-solving.


Previous research indicates that cheap-talk promises promote cooperation. We extend the empirical study of promises to a three person environment. Doing this enabled us to study two features of promises in the naturally occurring world that have not been studied in the previous literature. For one, we are able to determine the impact of "contingent" promises, which refers to promises that need to be kept (or broken) only in the event that another event first occurs. Second, we were able to study "promise chains", by which we mean a set of sequentially-made promises. In both cases, we are able to apply existing theories to these novel environments to predict promise keeping behavior. Consistent with theory predictions, we find that promises are not necessary, and do not change behavior, when incentives are aligned. When there is conflict of interest, and when a promise is definite (that is, not contingent), we find that people are indeed willing to forgo monetary payoff to keep their promises. However, when the promise is contingent, promises no longer promote cooperation: people are equally like to choose a selfish action regardless whether they made a promise. Finally, we find that promise chains do not promote trustworthiness, with people at the end of the chain no more likely to honor their promises than people at earlier positions, despite the additional indirect harm that people later in the chain cause by defecting. Our findings offer insights relevant for the behavioral economic theory of guilt aversion.


The context where the robot will be used leads to understanding the interaction requirement among the robots and between the human and robot. This includes the number of humans and robots to be used, the task to be solved, and in several cases, the human is expected to assist the robot in overcoming the limitation in robot performance. Numerous factors are nominated for the robot to be successful, such as the repetition to reach regular quality, the speed and the force of manufacturing robots, reduction of the task hazards, decrease of the force required and flexibility in programming. The estimated number of multi-task robots around the world is about 1,664,000 as reported by the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) statistical analysis. The industrial robots continue to develop in both safety and productivity; moreover, while they have evolved in their functionality, safety is a hugely significant concern. Since the risk of injury is the most crucial factor for the human-robot interaction, the soft robotics technologies provide significant alternatives for rigid robots. The soft actuators that made as a human-like muscle such as the pneumatic muscle actuators (PMA) are used to design such type of robots. The main advantages of the PMA are the high force in comparison of its weight, multiple degrees of freedom (DoF) without joints, small workspace required and it is safe for human-robot collaboration.


BLAST OFF TO THE FINAL FRONTIER WITH 101 OUT-OF-THIS-WORLD PROJECTS YOU CAN EASILY BUILD YOURSELF!

The sky is not the limit! If you yearn to touch the stars, 101 Outer Space Projects for the Evil Genius has everything you need to explore the universe from the comfort of your own home. Whether you're a beginner stargazer or a more experienced astronomer, you'll find an outstanding project to satisfy you, from model rockets and celestial maps to space robots, GPS systems, and much, much more.
Full of easy-to-follow plans and clear schematics for each project, as well as lists of materials and tools so you know exactly what's involved before you begin, 101 Outer Space Projects for the Evil Genius 400 dazzling illustrations that let you build each of the 101 amazing how-to projects visually First-hand experiences and case studies to help you make the most out of each project Frustration-factor removal-needed parts are listed, along with sources

101 Outer Space Projects for the Evil Genius provides you with all the plans, instructions, parts lists, and sources you need to:
Use GPS systems Experiment with model rockets Navigate your way through the universe using your computer Build your own telescope, radio telescope, and planetarium Read celestial maps of heavenly bodies Create a Mars rover to explore your home Design your own International Space Station

Table of contents

Introduction: Space is the Place
Ch 1. Let's Go Where No Evil Genius Has Gone Before
Ch 2. 3-2-1, Blast Off
Ch 3. Take a Left at Alpha Centauri
Ch 4. Make Contact
Ch 5. On Your Mark, Get SET
Ch 6. You Can't Tell the Stars Without a Map
Ch 7. One Eye on the Sky
Ch 8. Your First Job Is on Mars
Ch 9. Build Your Own ISS in Your Backyard
Ch 10. You Mean the Big Dipper Isn't an Ice Cream Cone?
Ch 11. OK, Go Make Your Own Heavenly Bodies
Appendix A: Resources
Appendix B: A Celestial Almanac
Index


Recent work has suggested that in highly correlated systems, such as sandpiles, turbulent fluids, ignited trees in forest fires and magnetization in a ferromagnet close to a critical point, the probability distribution of a global quantity (i.e. total energy dissipation, magnetization and so forth) that has been normalized to the first two moments follows a specific non-Gaussian curve. This curve follows a form suggested by extremum statistics, which is specified by a single parameter a (a = 1 corresponds to the Fisher-Tippett Type I ("Gumbel") distribution). Here we present a framework for testing for extremal statistics in a global observable. In any given system, we wish to obtain a, in order to distinguish between the different Fisher-Tippett asymptotes, and to compare with the above work. The normalizations of the extremal curves are obtained as a function of a. We find that for realistic ranges of data, the various extremal distributions, when normalized to the first two moments, are difficult to distinguish. In addition, the convergence to the limiting extremal distributions for finite data sets is both slow and varies with the asymptote. However, when the third moment is expressed as a function of a, this is found to be a more sensitive method.


Tourism research has highlighted the negative consequences brought on by tourism development. As a way to address such impacts a proliferation of alternative approaches have emerged in the discourse projecting alternative ways to conduct and participate in tourism which provide greater benefits. A by-product of ecotourism and the Pro-Poor Tourism approach has applied fair trade principles to tourism. The aim of this paper is to explore the development and application of fair trade principles to the tourism industry by reviewing secondary data. The key research questions that this paper addresses are: What has been the impetus to identify and apply fair trade principles in the context of the tourism industry? What countries have gotten involved in Fair Trade Tourism? What are some of the implications, issues and concerns regarding the implementation of Fair Trade Tourism? The critical review of the Fair Trade Tourism concept identifies that tourism practitioners, academics and tourists must pause to reflect on this approach as a way to strive for better treatment of people and a way to eradicate poverty. As such, the author raises a number of key concerns regarding the rhetoric of fair trade and its various meanings, the implementation of fair trade as a poverty eradication mechanism, its context and effect.


Eight and a half years after the global financial crisis, business is booming.

"Hypergrowth" is the "new normal," corporations from Exxon Mobil to IBM are

spreading their assets worldwide to maximise their profits, and the United States

continues to lead the world in its relentless drive for economic growth and

competition. But most people are still suffering the consequences of the financial

crisis; human life and ecosystems are being destroyed by environmental catastrophes

associated with climate change; and individuals face the requirement to perform as

market actors in all spheres of life. These conditions are not natural, but the result of

more than three decades of neoliberal thinking and policy: a belief that the market

should be free to do as it likes. Many American writers have sought to capture the

realities of this unfettered capitalism. Dave Eggers, in his 2013 novel The Circle,

delivers a dark satire of contemporary technoculture in the workplace to convey how

easily individuals become governed by neoliberal rationality, and he critiques the ease

with which we relinquish our freedom, and our lives, to corporate control.


Background: Cellulitis, especially of the lower limbs is found to be more common now-a-days in both the sexes. Ascending cellulitis was found to pose both short and long term morbidities. Objective and Methodology: The following study carried out is at the general medicine ward of a government hospital where about 90 patients were taken for study with their cellulitis condition. Demographic details and their predisposing causes towards the condition were noted and risk factors were identified. Results: Diabetes, infections due to streptococci, infections from tinea pedis etc, were the main etiological conditions among others contributing to increased cellulitis cases. Risk factors in both ipsilateral and contralateral limbs were recorded and studied upon. Long term morbidity of most of the patients was identified for which a proper follow-up along with serological examination for critical diagnosis could be carried out. Culturing of the wound for identifying the causative organism is a prior issue which would reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Prophylaxis with Penicillins and its derviatives, both natural and synthetic could be suggested for long term conditions and avoiding recurrent episodes. Common therapy was with Cephalosporin (23), Ciprofloxacin (29) etc. both natural and synthetic penicillins were also found to be given in a good number. Key words: Cellulitis, Limbs, Penicillins, Streptococci, Morbidity.


Digital currencies such as Bitcoin rely on cryptographic primitives to operate. However, past experience shows that cryptographic primitives do not last forever: increased computational power and advanced cryptanalysis cause primitives to break and motivate the development of new ones. It is therefore crucial for maintaining trust in a cryptocurrency to anticipate such breakage. We present the first systematic analysis of the effect of broken primitives on Bitcoin. We analyze the ways in which Bitcoin's core cryptographic building blocks can break and the subsequent effect on the main Bitcoin security guarantees. Our analysis reveals a wide range of possible effects depending on the primitive and type of breakage, ranging from minor privacy violations to a complete breakdown of the currency. Our results lead to several suggestions for the Bitcoin migration plans and insights for other cryptocurrencies in case of broken or weakened cryptographic primitives.


The kinetics of copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) catalyzed oxidation of L-lysine by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium were studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction is first order with respect to (oxidant), (substrate) and (alkali) respectively. The results suggests the formation of a complex between the amino acid and lysine and the hydroxylated species of copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II). The reaction constants involved in the mechanism and the activation parameters have been calculated. The reactivity order of the catalyst is Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Zn(II).


This thesis presents the findings of a study of writing center tutorial practices in a Middle Eastern university where the language of instruction is English. Data from stimulated recall activities, written observations, and interviews were analyzed to answer the following research questions: 1. How do tutees perceive the effectiveness of writing center tutorials? 2. How do tutors perceive the effectiveness of writing center tutorials? 3. Which type of tutoring approach do tutees find more effective? 4. Which type of tutoring approach do tutors find more effective? The data revealed that tutees noticed an improvement in their assignments, believed that their concerns had been addressed, and that they had acquired transferable skills. Most tutees assessed their tutors positively, valuing tutors who inspired confidence and were able to explain concepts clearly. Although tutees appreciated knowledgeable tutors, they valued egalitarian peer-tutoring relationships. Tutors reported that tutorial sessions improved their tutees" assignments and that tutees had acquired transferable skills. Nevertheless, tutors were critical of their own performance. Some tutors admitted to lacking the knowledge necessary to explain certain writing concepts, including grammatical concepts; some felt they dominated the tutorials; and others felt their approach was too directive. The data revealed that both tutors and tutees preferred the directive approach for lower order concerns and a non-directive approach for higher order concerns. This study shows that diverse tutoring models that accommodate the background and experiences of Middle Eastern students, and their particular strengths and weaknesses, should be considered. It recommends tutorial training that emphasizes flexibility and recognizes the distinctive nature of each tutorial situation and the opportunity it presents to address the needs and expectations of individual students. These findings could signal a direction for the development of writing center pedagogy that focuses on the linguistically and culturally diverse students in the Middle East.


Recent advances in electrophilic trifluoromethylation reactions of carbonyl compounds and their usual surrogates are highlighted with particular focus on copper-catalysed (or mediated) C-CF3 bond forming reactions. Ketones and aldehydes (notably via their enol ether and enamine derivatives) enable electrophilic trifluoromethylation at the α-carbon of the carbonyl compounds, whereas aldehyde N,N-disubstituted hydrazones undergo electrophilic attack of the cationic or radical CF3 species at the azomethine carbon, thus providing an umpolung alternative to nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds. A reversal in reactivity is also observed for conjugated systems. While α,β-unsaturated ketones regioselectively incorporate the CF3 moiety at the α-position of the enones, trifluoromethylation occurs preferentially at the olefinic β-carbon of the corresponding hydrazones.


Lateral epicondylitis is the most common cause of chronic lateral elbow pain in adults (Bowen et al. 2001:642). No uniform treatment regime is available for lateral epicondylitis, although most authors do agree that treatment should begin with a conservative approach before progressing to more complex and invasive therapies (Kamien 1990:174). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of dry needling myofascial trigger points of the forearm extensor muscles as an adjunct to cross friction massage, in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis.


Reproducibility, rigor, transparency, and independent verification are cornerstones of the scientific method. Of course, just because a result is reproducible does not necessarily make it right, and just because it is not reproducible does not necessarily make it wrong. A transparent and rigorous approach, however, can almost always shine a light on issues of reproducibility. This light ensures that science moves forward, through independent verifications as well as the course corrections that come from refutations and the objective examination of the resulting data.


Set in the San Francisco Bay area during World War II, "Bright Web in the Darkness" is a novel that illuminates the role of women workers during the war and the efforts of African Americans to achieve regular standing as union members. The central characters are two young women - one black, one white - who meet in a welding class and become friends as they work to qualify for the well-paid jobs opening to women as male workers are drafted. Sensitively and presciently written, this novel addresses social issues that still demand our attention.


The Basel III leverage ratio aims to constrain the build-up of excessive leverage in the banking system and to enhance bank stability. Concern has been raised, however, that the non-risk-based nature of the leverage ratio could incentivise banks to increase their risk-taking. This special feature presents theoretical considerations and empirical evidence for EU banks that a leverage ratio requirement should only lead to limited additional risk-taking relative to the induced benefits of increasing loss-absorbing capacity, thus resulting in more stable banks. JEL Classification: G00


The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of barriers to physical activity (PA) among adolescents according to gender and practice of PA. A total of 2580 adolescents (1310 boys, 1270 girls) aged ranged between 10 and 18 years old (mean 13±2 y) participated in this study. The data was collected through a questionnaire on PA's participation and barriers to PA. Qui-square tests were performed to analyse the differences between the gender and the practice of PA on perceived barriers. Only 29% of boys and 12% of girls were considered active. The most common barriers to the engagement in PA were the same for boys and girls. Nevertheless there were significant differences between the two genders. The number one barrier was – lack of time (boys 16%, girls 26%, p<0.001), the second was interest in doing another thing (boys 9%, girls 13%, p=0.003), and the third was the perception of not having enough skills (boys 5%, girls 10%, p<0.001). Girls reported higher importance to shame (p=0.004) and to the costs (p=0.001) associated with PA. For the group of active students the main barrier was lack of time (9%) while the less active students cited more often the interest of doing something else (12%) and not having enough skills (9%). Additional relevant differences were observed between active and inactive students on the importance of the barrier, lack of time (p<0.001), not being in shape (p=0.001), the perception of not having enough skills (p<0.001), costs (p=0.002) and interest in doing another thing (p<0.001). All of these reasons were more prevalent for inactive students except physically active students cited more often the lack of time (89% vs 3%, p<0.001). Lack of time is the most cited barrier for boys and girls. In general, perceived barriers for the practice of PA were more prevalent for girls than for boys. The inactive students reported more motives than the active ones.


Abstract : There have long been threads of investigation into covert channels, and threads of investigation into anonymity, but these two closely related areas of information hiding have not been directly associated. This report represents an initial inquiry into the relationship between covert channel capacity and anonymity, and poses more questions than it answers. Even this preliminary work has proven difficult, but in this investigation lies the hope of a deeper understanding of the nature of both areas. Mixes have been used for anonymity, where the concern is shielding the identity of the sender or the receiver of a message, or both. Traffic analysis prevention (TAP) methods are used to conceal larger traffic patterns. Here, we are concerned with how much information a sender to a Mix can leak to an eavesdropping outsider, despite the concealment efforts of Mixes acting as firewalls.


Radio frequency-based communication has been the dominant way of wireless networking throughout the last two decades. Although new medium access control (MAC) technologies have been adapted to provide better per-node throughput, we have arrived to a point where the frequency spectrum saturates because of the overwhelmingly high data load caused by ever-increasing usage of multimedia content. To remedy this problem of diminishing end-to-end per-node throughput, we propose a novel "optical antenna" model that is tessellated with multiple free-space-optical (FSO) transmitter and receiver (transceiver) pairs that exploit spatial reuse of the shared medium and are capable of handling extremely high data rates using optical modulation techniques. However, because of the highly directional nature of FSO transceivers, nodes face a serious issue to communicate reliably: line-of-sight (LOS) alignment.
First, we propose four different types of FSO antennas, each with a number of optical transceivers. Then, we present an auto-alignment protocol to opportunistically probe and detect available links to neighbors in a mobile setting. Later, we present the propagation model of optical communication for a single link and required simulation extensions to realistically simulate networks of multi-transceiver FSO nodes. Next, we present a set of simulation results that demonstrate the characteristics of an optical wireless link. We evaluate the performance of different node designs under a number of system parameters such as: different environment settings (indoor and outdoor), mobility, visibility, and node density. After this base set of simulations, we identify the major problem with networks of mobile FSO nodes with highly directional multiple transceivers: intermittent connectivity. To remedy this issue, we propose two different buffering schemes: node-wide buffering and per-flow buffering. We, then, present the results of major simulation settings using the two buffering mechanisms. We conclude that such buffering mechanisms are vital for the realization of free-space-optical mobile ad-hoc networks. We also investigate other possible ways to use this directional nature of FSO transceivers and consider efficient relative localization of nodes on a 3 dimensional terrain. Later, we focus on a prototype implementation of such a multi-element FSO antenna and auto-alignment protocol and demonstrate that the proposed system is implementable using off-the-shelf components. We conclude by providing results of various mobility experiments using our prototype.


For an arbitrary finite or infinite dataset D of prices and corresponding chosen bundles, it is shown that the following three conditions are equivalent. (i) D satisfies GARP; (ii) D can be rationalized by a utility function; (iii) D can be rationalized by a strictly increasing, quasiconcave utility function. Examples of infinite datasets satisfying GARP are provided for which every utility rationalization fails to be lower semicontinuous, upper semicontinuous, or concave. Thus condition (iii) cannot be substantively improved upon.


The mammalian gut, the site of digestion and nutrients absorption, harbors diverse microbes that play an essential role in maintaining physiological homeostasis of the gastrointestinal system. These commensal microbes are important for the normal development of the host immune system and alteration of the microbiota of gastrointestinal system has been found to play an important role in the development of obesity, metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Several recent studies with mouse models and in humans have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota has important role in host metabolism by regulating energy absorption and modulating the endocrine functions. A variety of nutrients and metabolites derived from commensal bacteria have been proved to be important regulators in improving gut barrier functions and immune homeostasis. Here we review current literature on the interactions between microbes and host in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and based on these interactions we proposed a hypothesis in which the microbiota interacts with the host gastrointestine through a gut-brainendocrine- immune system. By understanding this system, we should be in better position to develop treatment for metabolic diseases and inflammation in human and animals.


Abstract. The historical anthropogenic change in the surface all-sky UV-B (solar ultraviolet: 280–315 nm) radiation through 1850–2005 is evaluated using an Earth system model. Responses of UV-B dose to anthropogenic changes in ozone and aerosols are separately evaluated using a series of historical simulations including/excluding these changes. Increases in these air pollutants cause reductions in UV-B transmittance, which occur gradually/rapidly before/after 1950 in and downwind of industrial and deforestation regions. Furthermore, changes in ozone transport in the lower stratosphere, which is induced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, increase ozone concentration in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. These transient changes work to decrease the amount of UV-B reaching the Earth's surface, counteracting the well-known effect increasing UV-B due to stratospheric ozone depletion, which developed rapidly after ca. 1980. As a consequence, the surface UV-B radiation change between 1850 and 2000 is negative in the tropics and NH extratropics and positive in the SH extratropics. Comparing the contributions of ozone and aerosol changes to the UV-B change, the transient change in ozone absorption of UV-B mainly determines the total change in the surface UV-B radiation at most locations. On the other hand, the aerosol direct and indirect effects on UV-B play an equally important role to that of ozone in the NH mid-latitudes and tropics. A typical example is East Asia (25° N–60° N and 120° E–150° E), where the effect of aerosols (ca. 70%) dominates the total UV-B change.


In order for faculty to make a successful transition to teaching in the online classroom, they must receive professional development specifically geared toward this challenge. Bay Path College offers a faculty development program that incorporates three distinct components all geared toward aiding faculty in adjusting to teaching online and providing assistance while courses are in progress with the goal of ultimately impacting the overall online learning experience for faculty and students alike. This article describes the College's three-tiered approach to faculty development and explains the role that initial training, peer mentoring, and ongoing support play in preparing faculty and shaping their confidence in their abilities as an online instructor.


This paper presents some evidences of changes which are occurring in the apparatus of public food wholesaler in Brazil addressing the evolution, characteristics and functions of the current structure of the Brazilian wholesale supply. The paper discusses some considerations regarding the historical context verified at the time of creation of the National Wholesale Market System (Sinac) in the 70s and the emergence of new models for the wholesale markets from the 80s. It is an analysis based on observation data collected with 29 public wholesalers in Brazil in 2009 with information on origin and destination of traded horticultural, such as warehouses, from a significant sample. Systemic patterns can be observed through two aspects: the performance of economic activity of main Brazilian wholesalers warehouses and remaining functions of assembly and distribution of local and regional productions. We intend to prove that the group of governmental supply is very heterogeneous and that, in general terms, the dynamics of their growth is established "from outside to inside†– many of these devices do not play important roles as implementers of governmental policies for supplies.


Objective: In 2018, over 586,000 US citizens were reported to be addicted to intravenous heroin. It was reported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that in 2017, 70,237 people ages 25 years to over 65 years died from a drug overdose in the United States; analogous to roughly the number of people residing in Portland, Maine. Needle exchange programs have been found to be effective at reducing needlestick injuries in the community, reducing associated health care costs and improving the shortterm and long-term health of people who use injection drugs (PWUID). Of all health care providers, emergency department nurses who work in the emergency department are most likely to provide care to PWUID and have the opportunity to provide resources and compassionate care for individuals struggling with injection drug use, thus they are uniquely positioned to inform PWUID of the availability and benefits of needle exchange programs. The purpose of this study is to describe the perceptions of emergency department nurses regarding the needle exchange program in Bangor, Maine and to see how to increase the utilization of NEPs. Methods: An anonymous survey to determine perceptions of needle exchange facilities was distributed to emergency department nurses (ED) in Bangor, Maine. There are 75 nurses in total who work in the ED in one hospital in Bangor, ME and out of these 75, nine surveys (12 %) were returned. One nurse did leave their contact information to set up an interview, however the interview was not able to take place due the inability to get in contact with them. Results: Of the 9 nurses surveyed, 3 (33%) were unaware of the Needle Exchange Program in Bangor. Of the 9 nurses surveyed, only 3 (33%) believed that harm reduction programs like NEPs reduced the rates of infectious diseases in PWUID and in the community. Therefore, in order to make strides to increase NEP utilization, more ED nurses should be educated on the specific needle exchange services located in the area.


This study investigates the histomorphologic and functional effects of external-beam irradiation on peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat model. All animals received a 1.5-cm interposition isogeneic nerve graft to the right posterior tibial nerve. Group 1 animals served as controls and Groups 2 and 3 received fractionated postoperative irradiation doses of 66 and 106 Gy, respectively. All animals were evaluated for functional recovery with monthly walking-track analysis. At the end of 8 months, the animals were sacrificed and segments of the grafted and distal nerve were harvested for histomorphologic analysis. A statistically significantly fewer number of axons were found in the distal segment of the irradiated specimens, compared to controls. There was no significant difference in the nerve-fiber density of the grafted or distal segments, compared to controls. Functional evaluation by walking-track analysis showed no difference between the irradiated groups and controls over the length of the study. These results suggest that acute nerve grafting of nerve defects in the face of planned postoperative irradiation is safe.


Service discovery and composition has been an active area of research in the domain of wired web-based environments as well as mobile and pervasive environments. The advent of mobile computing elements (handhelds) along with the concomitant development of wireless and ad-hoc networking technologies such as Bluetooth, 802.11, Infrared etc have recently led to the growth of infrastructure-less pervasive environments - environments that do not assume the existence of the umbilical cord: a stable network backbone. Examples of such environments range from war front activities, fire fighting, futuristic malls, and smart traffic scenarios to deep space exploration research. Services - resources, data as well as computation components are resident on heterogeneous devices and connected through heterogeneous networking technologies in such environments. These type of environments pose several interesting and challenging issues in the development of end applications that intend to utilize the resource-rich vicinity. Service discovery and composition are key technologies to enable end applications in such environments. Research in service discovery and composition has mostly focused on wired/web-based environments and infrastructure-based mobile and pervasive environments - environments where devices can connect to the stable network backbone and access services in the wired infrastructure. Understandably, architectures proposed for service discovery and composition are mostly centralized or semi-centralized and registry-based. However, such architectures are unsuitable for infrastructure-less pervasive environments. Current solutions for service discovery and composition in infrastructure-less environments are primarily broadcast-based and are inefficient in the utilization of networking and computing resources. Solutions focus on discovering services and composing them in a constrained network following a peer-to-peer model and do not address the issues of scalability and network-wide reachability. Moreover, issues of mobility and adaptability of protocols with respect to varying environments is also not addressed. This dissertation identifies key issues related to service discovery and composition in infrastructure-less pervasive environments. It proposes a conceptual architecture to enable integrated service discovery, servicecentric routing and service composition in infrastructure-less pervasive environments. We develop, implement and extensively evaluate distributed protocols at various layers of the conceptual architecture. The design of the architectures and the protocols use several cross-layer optimizations that improve the overall performance of the system. The primary contributions of this dissertation are the architecture and the novel and innovative protocols that enable distributed and integrated service discovery, service-centric routing and service composition in pervasive environments. Additionally, we also propose and evaluate a queuing theoretic formalism to model the service cache - the basic unit that affects discovery and composition protocols. We design an ontology grounded in Web Ontology Language (OWL), to describe services in pervasive environments in terms of its inputs and outputs, platform constraints and device capabilities. This information is used in various aspects of distributed discovery and composition in pervasive environments.


The burgeoning field of bioremediation relies on the natural abilities of plants and fungi to accumulate certain toxic heavy metals. In heavy metal detoxification, plant and yeast vacuoles are responsible for the sequestration of toxins away from the cytoplasm. A yet-unpublished study done by the Rea group analyzed the protein profile of the vacuolar lumen in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several NAD+dependent dehydrogenases were found within this compartment, a surprising finding in light of the yeast vacuole's predominantly lytic function. Five of these enzymes were found to increase in level in the vacuole during heavy metal stress. Moreover, when vacuolar lysates were assayed in vitro, they were found to contain dehydrogenase activity when exogenous NAD+ or NADH was provided. If these enzymes are also active in this compartment in vivo, the question is raised: from where do the cofactors required for the reactions that these enzymes catalyze come? If these enzymes had a vacuolar source of NAD+, they could also potentially be active in vivo. Thus, in the present project, we are seeking to determine the concentration of NAD+ inside the vacuole of S. cerevisiae. Toward this end, high-purity "proteomics-grade" intact vacuoles were isolated from S. cerevisiae by a combination of differential, density, and floatation centrifugation. NAD+ was then extracted by acid precipitation and solvent extraction to separate vacuolar proteins from cofactor. NAD+ was quantified using a two-step redox-coupled reaction system containing phenazine methosulfate (PMS) as mediator and thiazoyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) as terminal electron acceptor. The spectrophotometric measurement of reduced MTT at 570 nm is an indirect measure of the initial NAD+ concentration. To provide a basis for comparison, the estimated NAD+ content of isolated vacuoles was compared to that of spheroplasts lysates extracted and assayed identically. The results indicate that the intravacuolar concentration of NAD+ is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the spheroplast (5.2 vs. 202 μM), which may have implications for this redox-active cofactor's function in the vacuole. These findings may necessitate the reconsideration of the role played by vacuolar dehydrogenases in yeast cell metabolism (and possibly the metabolism of other vacuolate cells). Our findings suggest that the vacuolar pool of NAD+ may be sufficient for utilization in the vacuole.


The accumulation of ubiquitin-positive protein aggregates has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease and diabetes. Emerging evidence indicates that the autophagy lysosomal pathway plays a critical role in the clearance of ubiquitin aggregates, a process that is mediated by the ubiquitin binding protein p62. In addition to binding ubiquitin, p62 also interacts with LC3 and transports ubiquitin conjugates to autophagosomes for degradation. The exact regulatory mechanism of this process is still largely unknown. Here we report the identification of Keap1 as a binding partner for p62 and LC3. Keap1 inhibits Nrf2 by sequestering it in the cytosol and preventing its translocation to the nucleus and activation of genes involved in the oxidative stress response. In this study, we found that Keap1 interacts with p62 and LC3 in a stress-inducible manner, and that Keap1 colocalizes with LC3 and p62 in puromycin-induced ubiquitin aggregates. Moreover, p62 serves as a bridge between Keap1 and ubiquitin aggregates and autophagosomes. Finally, genetic ablation of Keap1 leads to the accumulation of ubiquitin aggregates, increased cytotoxicity of misfolded protein aggregates, and defective activation of autophagy. Therefore, this study assigns a novel positive role of Keap1 in upregulating p62-mediated autophagic clearance of ubiquitin aggregates.


Developmental Perspectives on Craniofacial Problems presents a developmental approach to psychological research on craniofacial anomalies. Craniofacial anomalies represent one of the most commonly occurring birth defects, and although recent surgical advances have been substantial, little has changed in over forty years with regard to the assumption that facial disfigurement must result in psychological problems. This book advances current understanding of the psychological impact of craniofacial anomalies by re-evaluating the prevailing view in light of the most current perspectives and findings in developmental psychology. Distinguished scholars have applied their expertise in social, emotional, and personality development to understanding the psychological development of children with craniofacial anomalies, covering a wide range of topics in developmental psychology.