We study criminal incentives exploiting the devastating shock of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Evidence shows that the earthquake decreased burglaries but left other crime types unaffected. The effect stays significant even after controlling for unemployment, policing and income. We corroborate this by instrumenting damages with the distance from the earthquake epicentre. These findings survive various robustness checks under different specifications. The evidence is consistent with a simple theory of crime, value and specialization. We conclude that burglars respond to damages that devaluate their prospective takings. Yet, they cannot shift their specialization and substitute burglaries with other crime types.


Introduction There are few data on neurological disorder prevalence from developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and none specific to the elderly despite a need highlighted by the World Health Organisation. Aims and Methods We determined the prevalence of neurological disorders in those aged 70 years and over in a rural African community, described their sub-groups including those of a palliative nature, level of diagnosis and treatment and associated disability. We carried out an epidemiological survey in the Hai district demographic surveillance site (DSS) in northern Tanzania (n=161,119). 2232 participants (1/4 of the DSS 70+ population) were screened with a validated screening questionnaire with high sensitivity (87.8%) and specificity (94.9%). Positive responders underwent full neurological assessment to confirm or refute the presence of a neurological diagnosis. Results In 2232 participants, there were 384 neurological diagnoses amongst 349 people. The age adjusted prevalence (cases/1000 population) of neurological diagnoses (95% confidence intervals (CI)) was 168.9/1000 (153.4 to 184.5). Palliative neurological disorders included Parkinson's disease, progressive supra-nuclear palsy and motor neuron disease. 14.6% had been correctly diagnosed and 10.6% were on appropriate treatment. Neurological disorders were associated with disability. Conclusion This is the first community-based neurological disorder prevalence study specifically in the elderly in SSA. It reveals a high prevalence of neurological morbidity, low diagnosis and treatment levels and high associated disability and demonstrates the contribution neurological morbidity makes to the non-communicable disease epidemic.


This letter presents the RF power performance of N-polar AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MISHEMTs) grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on semi-insulating SiC substrates at 10 and 4 GHz. Additionally, an Al2 O3-based etch-stop technology was demonstrated for improving the manufacturability of N-polar GaN HEMTs with SixNy passivation. The reported output power densities of 16.7 W/mm at 10 GHz and 20.7 W/mm at 4 GHz represent the highest reported values so far for an N-polar device, at both of these frequencies. The improvements achieved in the RF output power density when compared with previously reported N-polar MISHEMTs can be attributed to high breakdown voltage of N-polar devices grown by MOCVD and high thermal conductivity of the SiC substrate.


The sedimentation and evolutionary history of the Gyeongsang Basin, and their implications for plate tectonics are reviewed based mainly on sedimentological work on the Gyeongsang strata, and the regional geology of the Japanese Islands. During the Cretaceous, E Asia was characterized by an Andean-type continental margin formed by subduction of the Kula plate and Kula–Pacific ridge. The marginal zone was subjected to precursory extensional tectonism of the magmatic arc so that fault-bounded continental depressions developed, including the proto-Gyeongsang Basin. The Gyeongsang strata (about 9,000 m thick) consist in ascending order of the Sindong, the Hayang with volcanic' stics, and volcanic Yuchon Groups. During the Sindong period extensional tectonism prevailed a the proto-Gyeongsang Basin was a graben occupied by alluvial fan, fluvial plain and lake environments from the margins to the centre of the basin. Streams flowed from the upthrown lip areas to the centre. Alluvial fans expanded periodically with rejuvenation of fault activity, while the fluvial plaid/lake boundary shifted in response to climatic changes. During the Hayang period the faults were no longer active and consequently the basin extended beyond them (probably by back faulting). The water level of the lake(s) at the basin centre fluctuated with changes of the evaporation/precipitation ratio. During parts of the period, the marginal fluvial plain was drained by ephemeral streams which disappeared before reaching the lake(s), depositing fluvial sequences lacking channel sandstones. Localized volcanism formed volcanic terrains and supplied pyroclastics: this volcanism was climactic during the Yuchon period and terminated the sedimentation. Granitic plutons intruded all the Gyeongsang strata at about the end of the cretaceous.


Background Links between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) are well-recognised. However, the evidence used to quantify this relationship and inform physical activity guidelines is largely based on self-reported activity data. This usually captures specific types of moderate to vigorous activity, less commonly undertaken at older ages, and is subject to reporting bias. In addition, the changing energy requirements of activities with changes in both age and BMI are often overlooked. The possibility that BMI may influence ability to remain active as well as the reverse, especially in later life, is also not always considered. Improving our understanding of the relationship between BMI and physical activity across the full range of activity intensity at older ages is thus important. We aimed to examine the associations of contemporaneous BMI and duration of exposure to obesity across adulthood with daily patterns of monitored physical activity in a nationally representative cohort at age 60–64 years. Methods Up to 1634 men and women from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, a British cohort followed-up prospectively since birth in 1946, who had worn a physical activity monitor (Actiheart) for up to five days and had a valid measure of BMI at age 60–64 years were included in analyses. Linear regression analyses were used to estimate the associations of contemporaneous BMI and obesity history (categorised as: not obese in adulthood; obese by age: 36; 43; 53; 60–64) with cumulative daily log counts of activity. Adjustments were made for gender, socioeconomic position, long-term limiting illness and anxiety and depression. Results Higher BMI at age 60–64 years was associated with lower cumulative daily activity counts; in fully-adjusted analyses a 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a mean difference in cumulative daily log activity counts of -31.10 (95% CI: –40.23, –21.98). Greater duration of exposure to obesity was also associated with lower cumulative daily activity counts with those participants who were obese by age 36 recording the lowest number of daily activity counts; in fully-adjusted analyses the mean difference in cumulative daily log activity counts was –423.11 (95% CI: –641.05, –205.18) when comparing those participants who were obese by age 36 with those who were never obese. Conclusion These findings highlight the strength of associations of BMI and obesity history with physical activity in early old age. They have important implications for two major public health challenges currently faced; population ageing and obesity.


Introduction by the Editors Section1: Mora and Syllable 1. The Prosody of Moroccan Amazigh and Moroccan Arabic: Commonalities in the Phonology of Schwa Karim Bensoukas, Mohammed V-Agdal University, and Abdelaziz Boudlal, Chouaib Doukkali University 2. Serial Harmonic Grammar and Berber Syllabification Joe Pater, University of Massachusetts at Amherst 3. The Formal Definition of the ONSET Constraint and Implications for Korean Syllable Structure Jennifer Smith, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Section 2: Foot and Prosodic Word 4. The End of the Word in Makassar Languages Hasan Basri, Tadulako University, Ellen Broselow, Stony Brook University, and Daniel Finer, Stony Brook University 5. Final Devoicing: Production and Perception Studies Scott Myers, University of Texas at Austin 6. The Role of Prosody in Russian Voicing Jaye Padgett, University of California, Santa Cruz 7. Phonetic Evidence for Prosodic Word Prominence in American English Mariko Sugahara, Doshisha University Section 3. Phrases and Above 8. Variable Cues to Phrasing: Finding Edges in Egyptian Arabic Sam Hellmuth, University of York 9. Recursive Prosodic Phrasing in Japanese Ito Junko and Armin Mester, both at the University of California, Santa Cruz 10. The Intonation of Nominal Parentheticals in Japanese Shigeto Kawahara, Rutgers University 11. Pausal Phonology and Morpheme Realization John McCarthy, University of Massachusetts at Amherst 12. Reconsidering the Edge Parameter Hisao Tokizaki, Sapporo University Section 4: Prosodic Hierarchy and Semantic Interpretation (Focus) 13. Intonational Phrase Boundaries: A Puzzle Katy Carlson, Moorehead University, Lyn Frazier, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and Charles CliftonJr., University of Massachusetts at Amherst 14. Prosody and Information Structure of the German Particles Selbst, Wieder and Auch Caroline Fery, Potsdam University 15. Prosodic Phrasing of Wh-questions in Tokyo Japanese Masako Hirotani, Carleton University 16. Effects of Indefinite Pronouns and Traces on Verb Stress in German Hubert Truckenbrodt, Tuebingen University


In this handsome book, esteemed architectural historian Neil Levine investigates for the first time the complex history of representation - the use and meaning of architectural signifiers - from the 18th to the 20th century. Using the lens of a continuous theoretical argument, Levine provides a detailed survey and critical analysis of major works by a host of modern architects, including Etienne-Louis Boullee, Nicholas Hawksmoor, Louis Kahn, Henri Labrouste, Augustus Welby Pugin, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, John Soane, Louis Sullivan, Mies van der Rohe, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Levine posits that all modern architects, much like visual artists, have had to grapple with issues of representation in their work. Interweaving influential examples from outside the scope of modern architecture, Levine traces the history of representation in architecture, and in writings on architecture, both within each architect's oeuvre and throughout the centuries discussed. The book features previously unpublished images, many created for this publication, and it addresses a variety of specific cases while offering an original and panoramic view of the history of architecture. Beautifully written and quite accessible, Modern Architecture is destined to become a classic.


It is my great honor to announce our first commemorable English edition of the "Journal of Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery," which we have been considering for publication since 1985 when the first Japanese edition of JJSPCCS was published. This English edition will be issued twice a year. I hereby fully celebrate the launch of this first English edition and express my sincere gratitude to all the authors and editors who contributed to this publication. For more than 30 years, 170 issues of the Japanese edition of JJSPCCS have been published, and they have established many important clinical and basic findings in the field of pediatric cardiology, which have contributed to the remarkable development and education in both clinical practice and basic sciences. The journal serves as a treasure box that contains wisdom and priceless knowledge contributed by many of our pioneers and seniors about dealing with difficult medical questions and issues concerning pediatric cardiology. To date, only Japanese members and some foreign members who understood Japanese could make optimum use of this journal because the content was written in Japanese. However, from now onward, the English edition of this journal will enable everybody in the world to easily use this resource and access our wisdom. It will also enable us to transmit information to the world and establish faster global communication. In this regard, the first issue of this English edition contains best reviews which were kindly provided by the international guest speakers with the most updated information, which they presented at the 52nd Annual Scientific Meeting of JSPCCS in Tokyo. We would like to use this opportunity to strengthen our mutual understanding and communication by conducting exchange lectures and joint sessions among international societies of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery at this scientific meeting. Our vision is to make this English edition of JJSPCCS a first-line journal for pediatric cardiology worldwide by increasing the number of original scientific articles received from all of you.


Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, a somatic cell genetic technique, was developed as a general approach for constructing long-range maps of mammalian chromosomes. This statistical method depends on x-ray breakage of chromosomes to determine the distances between DNA markers, as well as their order on the chromosome. In addition, the method allows the relative likelihoods of alternative marker orders to be determined. The RH procedure was used to map 14 DNA probes from a region of human chromosome 21 spanning 20 megabase pairs. The map was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of RH mapping for constructing high-resolution, contiguous maps of mammalian chromosomes.


Secondary
atomization is very important in applications like IC engine and aircraft
engine performance, agricultural sprays, and inkjet printing to name a few. In
case of IC engines and aircraft engines, a good understanding of the modes of
secondary atomization and the resultant drop size can contribute to improving
the fuel injection and hence the efficiency of the engine. Similarly, with the
help of appropriate secondary atomization desired agro-spray quality, ink usage
and print quality can be achieved which would optimize the usage of chemicals
and ink respectively and avoid any harmful effects on the environment.

One of
the reasons for secondary atomization that occurs very often in most of the
spray applications is the drop impact on a solid or liquid surface. Especially
it is cardinal to understand the impact of a drop on a liquid film since even
in case of impact of liquid drops on a solid surface ultimately the drops that
are injected at a later time are going have a target surface as a thin liquid
film on the solid base due to the accumulation of the previously injected
drops. Analysis of drop impact on a liquid film with non-dimensional thickness
ranging from 0.1 to 1 has been done thoroughly before (Cossali et al., 2004, Vander Waal et al.,
2006, Moreira et al., 2010), however,
analysis of drop impact on a liquid film with non-dimensional thickness greater
than 1 is still in a rudimentary stage. This work focuses on determining the
probability density functions for the secondary drop sizes for drops produced
in case of drop impact on a liquid film while varying the h/d ratio beyond 1. The
experimental set-up used to study drop impact includes a droplet generator and
DIH system as mentioned in, Yao et al.
(2017). The DIH set-up includes a CW laser, spatial filter, beam expander and a
collimator as adapted from Guildenbecher et
al. (2016). The height of drop impact is varied to vary the impact We,
by adjusting the syringe height. Three fluids- DI-Water, ethanol and glycerol
are tested for examining the effect of viscosity on the resultant drop sizes. Results
are plotted with respect to viscosity, impact We and the non-dimensional
film thickness, as the fragmentation of drops is directly associated to these
parameters. Results indicate that majority of the secondary droplets lie in the
size range of 25 µm to 50 µm. It is also observed that the tendency of
secondary atomization from crown splashing increases with the increase in We
and decreases with increase in Oh.


Ocean acidification (OA), the anthropogenic carbon dioxide-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, is likely to have a significant impact on calcifying plankton. Most planktonic studies on OA are based on "one-off" cruises focused on offshore areas while observations from inshore waters are scarce. This study presents the first analysis on the shell integrity of pelagic gastropods (holoplanktonic pteropods and planktonic larvae of otherwise benthic species) at the Scottish Coastal Observatory monitoring site at Stonehaven on the east coast of Scotland. The shell integrity of archived pelagic gastropods specimens from 2011 to 2013 was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy and the relationship with OA (pH and aragonite saturation, Ωarg) and other environmental parameters was investigated. Evidence of shell dissolution was detected in all analysed taxa even though the seawater was supersaturated with respect to aragonite. The shell condition matched the temporal pattern observed in Ωarg, with higher proportion of dissolution associated with decreasing Ωarg, suggesting that the seasonality component of carbonate chemistry might affect the shell integrity of pelagic gastropods. The proportion of shell dissolution differed significantly between larvae and adult stages of pteropods, supporting the hypothesis that early-life stages would be more vulnerable to OA-induced changes. Our data also suggest that sensitivity to OA may differ even between closely related taxonomic groups. The strong interannual variability revealed by the year-to-year shell dissolution and Ωarg illustrates the difficulty in assessing the plankton response to OA in the field and the value of time series studies.


Acetaldehyde interacts covalently with DNA to form major stable acetaldehyde-DNA adduct N2- ethyl-2'- de-oxyguanosine, which may be critical initiating event in the multistage process of chemical carcinogenesis primarily observed in gastroesophageal cancers. In the present study, RT-PCR experiment results showed increased expression of ADH and decreased expression of ALDH2 in GE cancerous conditions when compared with the normal GE tissue indicating the variation in the catabolism of acetaldehyde to acetate in the cancerous tissue. These results were further corroborated by enzyme assay where increased ADH enzyme activity was observed (0.445±0.02μM/ml/minute) in cancerous tissue compared to normal tissue (0.335±0.01 μM/ml/minute) whereas; ALDH2 enzyme activity (0.15±0.01 μM/ml/minute) decreased appreciably in cancerous tissue and compared to normal tissue (0.356±0.04 μM/ml/minute). Further, SDS-PAGE results too indicated differential expression of 40KD and 55KD proteins in normal and in GE cancerous tissue. Therefore, detection of ADH and ALDH2 expression levels in alcoholics will assist in the early diagnosis of gastro esophageal cancers.


In the restoration of anterior teeth, clinicians have to select the most appropriate material for the case at hand on the basis of specific criteria. Recently developed restorative materials have opened up a myriad of exciting possibilities. In situations in which teeth show signs of erosion, abrasion, abfraction or a combination of these phenomena, practitioners will tend towards using ceramics or composite resins, depending on how much intact tooth structure remains.


The rise in popularity and ubiquity of Twitter has made sentiment analysis of tweets an important and well-covered area of research. However, the 140 character limit imposed on tweets makes it hard to use standard linguistic methods for sentiment classification. On the other hand, what tweets lack in structure they make up with sheer volume and rich metadata. This metadata includes geolocation, temporal and author information. We hypothesize that sentiment is dependent on all these contextual factors. Different locations, times and authors have different emotional valences. In this paper, we explored this hypothesis by utilizing distant supervision to collect millions of labelled tweets from different locations, times and authors. We used this data to analyse the variation of tweet sentiments across different authors, times and locations. Once we explored and understood the relationship between these variables and sentiment, we used a Bayesian approach to combine these variables with more standard linguistic features such as n-grams to create a Twitter sentiment classifier. This combined classifier outperforms the purely linguistic classifier, showing that integrating the rich contextual information available on Twitter into sentiment classification is a promising direction of research.


The objective was to investigate the incidence, type and distribution of stress fractures in professional male football players. Fifty‐four football teams, comprising 2379 players, were followed prospectively for 189 team seasons during the years 2001–2009. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time‐loss injuries. The first team squads of 24 clubs selected by UEFA as belonging to the 50 best European teams, 15 teams of the Swedish Super League and 15 teams playing their home matches on artificial turf pitches were included. In total, 51 stress fractures occurred during 1 180 000 h of exposure, giving an injury incidence of 0.04 injuries/1000 h. A team of 25 players can therefore expect one stress fracture every third season. All fractures affected the lower extremities and 78% the fifth metatarsal bone. Stress fractures to the fifth metatarsal bone, tibia or pelvis caused absences of 3–5 months. Twenty‐nine percent of the stress fractures were re‐injuries. Players that sustained stress fractures were significantly younger than those that did not. Stress fractures are rare in men's professional football but cause long absences. Younger age and intensive pre‐season training appear to be risk factors.


The purpose of this study was to examine pedagogical knowledge espoused in teaching methods courses in agricultural education. The population was a census of 64 agricultural teacher educators nationwide who taught a teaching methods course during the 2002-03 academic year. The researchers utilized a content document analysis method (Hodder, 2000) of teaching methods course syllabi to identify the required course readings, assignments, and teaching methods taught by teacher educators. The most frequently required reading resource was Newcomb, McCracken, and Warmbrod's (1986, 1993), Methods of Teaching Agriculture. Onefourth of the teaching methods teacher educators required this text. Nearly one in seven educators required a teaching methods text outside of agricultural education. Teacher educators had a wide range of the types of assignments and amount of work required in their teaching methods courses. Teacher educators spent an average of 21% of the course time teaching methods. The problem-solving approach to teaching was the most widely espoused teaching method in agricultural education course syllabi. The predominant number of teaching methods taught appeared to be directly from Newcomb et al.'s book. Regardless of the teaching method listed in the syllabi, teacher educators spent a low percentage of course time on teaching methods.


We consider the sequential decision problem known as regret minimization, or more precisely its generalization to the vectorial or multi-criteria setup called Blackwell approachability. We assume that Nature, the decision maker, or both, might have some quitting (or terminating) actions so that the stream of payoffs is constant whenever they are chosen. We call those environments "quitting games". We characterize convex target sets C that are Blackwell approachable, in the sense that the decision maker has a policy ensuring that the expected average vector payoff converges to C at some given horizon known in advance. Moreover, we also compare these results to the cases where the horizon is not known and show that, unlike in standard online learning literature, the necessary or sufficient conditions for the anytime version of this problem are drastically different than those for the fixed horizon.


Several applications of nanotechnology are based on the surface nanopatterning of materials and the new functionalities it brings about. Not surprisingly, the novel material properties are tightly linked to nanostructure morphology and very sensitive to its geometrical characteristics. Therefore, the measurement and characterization of nanostructure morphology is very critical in order to get control of the added value of nanopatterning on material properties and functionalities. In other words, there is an emergent need for accurate and concise metrology of all kinds of nanostructures.Up to now, the main tools for imaging and measuring the nanostructures are the well-known and widely used probe microscopes (AFM, SEM, TEM). However, due to the minute size of the measured structures, the measurement results are strongly dependent on the effects of measuring device and process. In order to get as more accurate measurement as possible, it is necessary to deconvolute the true structure from the effects of measurement. This can be made through the development and implementation of mathematical modeling methods able to get control of the measurement effects on the result and aid the acquisition of the true morphology. Furthermore, novel mathematical and computational methods are required in the characterization of complex surface nanostructures created by deposition, etching, ion bombardment or laser treatment of surfaces. The mathematical and computational methods needed to aid the accurate and complete metrology of surface nanostructures are collectively defined by the term computational nanometrology.In this paper, first we shortly introduce the field of computational nanometrology and define its content. Then we focus on two specific applications to demonstrate the benefits of computational nanometrology. In the first, a new mathematical transform is proposed to enable the simultaneous characterization of both periodicity and feature width in almost periodic arrangements of nanodots on a surface. In the second, the multifractal spectrum of complex nanomorphologies is calculated to quantify their multiscale hierarchical structuring. Both methodologies are motivated and applied to the characterization of polymer surfaces after their treatment in plasma reactors.


The merits of phase-coherent communications are widely recognized for both discrete and continuous modulation systems [1]-[3]. The relative performances of phase-coherent and noncoherent transmission of binary data in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise have been analyzed and compared [1] and [2]. This paper considers the result of encoding independent equiprobable binary words or sequences of independent binary digits into sets of binary code words. These are transmitted over a channel perturbed by additive white Gaussian noise and detected by correlating them with their stored or locally generated replicas at the receiver. The word error probabilities and bit error probabilities for low cross-correlation codes are determined as a function of the ratio (received signal energy)/bit/(noise power)/(unit bandwidth) The received information rate and the potential channel capacity are also computed. It is shown that in the limit as the code word length and the bandwidth approach infinity, the received information rate approaches the channel capacity for only one value of the above ratio.


This paper introduces the basics of fractal measurements. The fracture surface roughness and the toughness of a series of steel samples were analyzed using two kinds of fractal dimensions. Fracture surface profiles were obtained by means of the cross vertical sections through the fracture surface of steel samples coated with copper in order to protect the surface. Wllll image processing, the fractal dimension of numerous profiles was measured by Euclidean erosion and dilation through the distance map. This 1D fractal dimension measure described the roughness of fracture surfaces and was correlated with the fracture toughness of the materials. We also applied mathematical morphology fractals to analyze the grey level images of fracture surfaces of steel samples examined by SEM , which were treated as three dimensional suifaces. The grey level morphological method was based on a series of dilations on this surface and plotting area of the resulting set of surfaces versus the structuring element size. It was demonstrated that the 2D fractal dimension measure was strongly correlated with both rouglmess and fracture toughness.


This paper presents an optimal kinematic controller design based on ant colony optimization (ACO) computing method for omnidirectional mobile robots with three independent driving wheels equally spaced at 120 degrees from one another. The optimal control parameters are obtained by minimizing the performance index using the proposed ACO computing method. These optimal parameters are used in the ACO-based kinematic controller to obtain better performance for omnidirectional mobile robots to achieve both trajectory tracking and stabilization. Simulation results are conducted to show the effectiveness and merit of the proposed ACO-based kinematic controller for omnidirectional mobile robots.


As the expectations for modern machinery's tribological and thermal performances continue to rise, the retention of lubricant on the contact surfaces of their sliding components becomes an increasingly important issue. Friction and wear cause heat-related failures which lead to catastrophic damage to machinery. Evaporation of a lubricant's volatile constituents as well as lubricant migration leads not only to a reduction in lubricant quantity but also in its quality, thus facilitating component failures. In order to enhance component reliability, the surface should incorporate features that actively retain lubricants. The unique properties of nano-porous topographies such as their high surface area-to-volume ratio indicate they hold great potential to address these lubrication issues. Thermodynamics-based numerical models of smooth and nano-porous Si-Cu composite topographies were developed to predict the trends of lubricant retention. Photolithographic processes as well as physical etching and thin film deposition tools were utilized to fabricate smooth and patterned Si-Cu composite sample types. The nano-porous topographies incorporated various nano-pore geometries for determination of the optimum conditions for lubricant retention. Amorphous Si film was deposited on the samples using chemical vapor deposition which served as a surface chemistry modification to examine the film's potential to enhance lubricant retention. Lubricant retention tests were performed using a custom-fabricated apparatus for evaporating lubricant from the sample types. Finally, the model's predictions of lubricant retention trends were compared to actual testing results to examine the validity of those predictions. The predictions of the models were supported by the evaporation testing data obtained from the samples. It was found that surface nano-pores having the proper geometry, in combination with the dehydrogenated amorphous Si surface chemistry, could significantly enhance retention above the one micrometer fluid film thickness typically formed between interacting surfaces of machine components undergoing relative motion. The surface features show potential to prevent many types of mechanical failures, reduce maintenance costs, and achieve higher energy efficiency.


Normal faults play a dominant role in the morphology and internal structure of crust formed at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. The surface expression of these faults has been studied well, but few direct controls are available on their shape at depth. Multichannel seismic reflection profiles of old oceanic lithosphere potentially contain a wealth of structural information, but the origin of many of the features observed in these profiles remains controversial. Sedimented rifts provide a rare opportunity to study present-day tectonics of mid-ocean ridges with conventional seismic reflection profiles. We have used two such profiles and a recently developed inverse method to infer, from the deformation of sediments in the hanging wall, the geometry of a normal fault bounding the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge at Middle Valley. The fault is listric in cross section and can be traced about 5 km below the sea bed. Its shape is similar to whole-crust reflectors imaged in old oceanic lithosphere.


Thanks to the Big Data revolution and increasing computing capacities, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made an impressive revival over the past few years and is now omnipresent in both research and industry. The creative sectors have always been early adopters of AI technologies and this continues to be the case. As a matter of fact, recent technological developments keep pushing the boundaries of intelligent systems in creative applications: the critically acclaimed movie "Sunspring", released in 2016, was entirely written by AI technology, and the first-ever Music Album, called "Hello World", produced using AI has been released this year. Simultaneously, the exploratory nature of the creative process is raising important technical challenges for AI such as the ability for AI-powered techniques to be accurate under limited data resources, as opposed to the conventional "Big Data" approach, or the ability to process, analyse and match data from multiple modalities (text, sound, images, etc.) at the same time. The purpose of this white paper is to understand future technological advances in AI and their growing impact on creative industries. This paper addresses the following questions: Where does AI operate in creative Industries? What is its operative role? How will AI transform creative industries in the next ten years? This white paper aims to provide a realistic perspective of the scope of AI actions in creative industries, proposes a vision of how this technology could contribute to research and development works in such context, and identifies research and development challenges.


Thirty-four lymphoblastoid cell lines that had been previously typed for HLA-DP antigens by primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) were tested by Southern blotting and by ELISA. Using two DP beta probes and a DP alpha probe with a series of enzymes, it is possible to identify restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns characteristic of DPw1, -2, -3, -4, and possibly -5. ELISA typing results, based on two polymorphic DP antibodies DP11.1 and ILR1, were compared with PLT-defined and RFLP-defined types. Thus, using a range of probes and enzymes it is possible to identify DP polymorphism. The value of monoclonal antibodies for such studies is demonstrated, and the molecular data can, in some cases, pinpoint the amino acids responsible for the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies.


Over the last several decades, there has been some decline in mortality rate in association with diarrhea and this has been attributed to the use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS), better supplemental feeding, improvement in hygiene and sanitation and mother education; however, the use of ORS is greatly affected by mothers knowledge and attitude toward using it in treating their children with diarrheal disease. This study was aimed to figuring out maternal knowledge, attitude and practice with respect to ORT use in diarrheal illness and the main maternal characteristics that can predict such attitude and practice.The current study was designed to be a cross sectional study enrolling 400 mothers of children aged between 2-59 m. with history of diarrheal disease. Those mothers were asked to fill a questionnaire form regarding residency, level of education, parity, occupation,did they use ORS for their children or not during diarrheal disease. Mothers who did not use the ORS were asked about the reasons for such behavior. Mothers who used the ORS were asked about their source of knowledge about ORS,the way of preparation of ORS,the type of ORS, the frequency of administration, the method of administration and their beliefs regarding the benefit of ORS. The results of current study revealed that out of 400 mothers including in this study 232 (58%) used ORS to treat there children during diarrheal disease.There was no significant association between use of ORS and residence, level of education, parity and occupation (P > 0.05). Mothers who used ORS had good knowledge about the advantages and the way of preparation and use of ORS and their main source of knowledge was primary health care centers. Mothers who did not use ORS admitted to have no idea about its advantages because no one has told them about these advantages. a significant proportion of mothers in our community lack necessary knowledge about the advantages of ORS in treating diarrheal disease in children and that there is urgent need to adopt health campaign to raise the awareness of women in our society regarding this common health issue.


Motivation: The increasing availability of metabolomics data enables to better understand the metabolic processes involved in the immediate response of an organism to environmental changes and stress. The data usually come in the form of a list of metabolites whose concentrations significantly changed under some conditions, and are thus not easy to interpret without being able to precisely visualize how such metabolites are interconnected. Results: We present a method that enables to organize the data from any metabolomics experiment into metabolic stories. Each story corresponds to a possible scenario explaining the flow of matter between the metabolites of interest. These scenarios may then be ranked in different ways depending on which interpretation one wishes to emphasize for the causal link between two affected metabolites: enzyme activation, enzyme inhibition or domino effect on the concentration changes of substrates and products. Equally probable stories under any selected ranking scheme can be further grouped into a single anthology that summarizes, in a unique subnetwork, all equivalently plausible alternative stories. An anthology is simply a union of such stories. We detail an application of the method to the response of yeast to cadmium exposure. We use this system as a proof of concept for our method, and we show that we are able to find a story that reproduces very well the current knowledge about the yeast response to cadmium. We further show that this response is mostly based on enzyme activation. We also provide a framework for exploring the alternative pathways or side effects this local response is expected to have in the rest of the network. We discuss several interpretations for the changes we see, and we suggest hypotheses that could in principle be experimentally tested. Noticeably, our method requires simple input data and could be used in a wide variety of applications. Availability and implementation: The code for the method presented in this article is available at http://gobbolino.gforge.inria.fr. Contact: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


L. L. Zamenhof saw the creation of his proposed international language, Esperanto, as a process of construction, rather like the building of a city. This new city of words would replace the walls of language difference that had previously separated the nations. His poems imagined a new "foundation" replacing the Tower of Babel and destroying the walls of Jericho. Unlike most other projectors of international languages, Zamenhof saw the creation of a community of Esperanto speakers, who could claim ownership of the language, as crucially important. The language began as text, but soon, as a result of its growing community of users, became a spoken language. The language owed its popularity to the emergence of an urban European middle class, eager to travel and learn about the world — at a time when the modern city was also emerging, its sense of identity defined above all by shared text and a common narrative. A common narrative and a shared text were also generated among the speakers of Esperanto, who were imbued with faith in technological progress and a corresponding belief in the achievement of common values. They developed common symbols and common modes of organization reflecting those that they found around them, notably the holding of annual international congresses in European cities, and other city-based activities. Zamenhof's own beliefs were driven above all by his experience as a Central European Jew and by his exposure to early manifestations of the Zionist movement, which led him to dream of a kind of post-Zionist universalism embracing all creeds and races. Sadly, this was not to be: he could not put an end to anti-Semitism, nor bring about the kind of ecumenism of which he dreamed. That vision was lost in the rise of nationalism in World War I and beyond.


South Africa is currently at the epicentre of the AIDS epidemic with 5.6 million people living with HIV disease. The province of KwaZulu-Natal has the biggest burden with an antenatal HIV prevalence of 39.5% in 2010. It is estimated that 24.5% of South Africa"s working age population is HIV positive. Most infected people living with HIV in Africa are between ages 15 and 50 years which is the peak working age. AIDS now causes more deaths and suffering among the 18-44 year age group than any other disease. Organisations clearly present as one of the most effective and significant settings in which to respond to the epidemic. The effective management of HIV and AIDS within organisations is critical in order to reduce the negative consequences of the epidemic on the economy. HIV and AIDS Management Systems (HAMS) within organisations have been implemented for approximately twenty years but they have been largely ineffective, mainly due to poor uptake of services. Therefore, there is a need for HAMS practice to be evaluated in relation to current best practice standards to ensure quality management, continual improvement and successful uptake of services. This qualitative study evaluated one organisation"s HAMS in relation to SANS 16001 and described employees" experiences of HAMS in this setting. The theoretical framework underpinning this study is the Deming cycle which is a well known quality management system methodology. From the results of the study it was apparent that the organisation was aligned with most of SANS 16001 general requirements for HAMS. Employees experienced the intended benefits of prevention, treatment and support from the organisation"s HAMS.


In the present paper, we describe a method for constructing a remote ultrasound diagnostic system. Remote diagnosis can be realized using a communication network. We have developed a master-slave type remote medical system to diagnose shoulder diseases, such as dialysis-related amyloid arthropathy (DRAA), by ultrasonographic images. Proper positioning, orientation, and contact force between the ultrasound probe and the affected area of the patient are required in order to acquire proper diagnostic images. Safety and manipulability are also required when operating the remote medical system through a communication network. Therefore, the system has impedance control capability for positioning of the master and slave manipulators in order to convey the contact force and enhance manipulability. In addition, the system has continuous-path control capability for the orientation of the slave manipulator in order to realize smooth and accurate motion of the ultrasound probe, even if the sampling rate of the transmission of the orientation data of the master manipulator is not sufficient. The results of remote diagnostic experiments demonstrated that a healthcare professional could diagnose real patients through a communication network using the constructed system.


Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) seeks to predict the sentiment polarity of a sentence toward a specific aspect. Recently, it has been shown that dependency trees can be integrated into deep learning models to produce the state-of-the-art performance for ABSA. However, these models tend to compute the hidden/representation vectors without considering the aspect terms and fail to benefit from the overall contextual importance scores of the words that can be obtained from the dependency tree for ABSA. In this work, we propose a novel graph-based deep learning model to overcome these two issues of the prior work on ABSA. In our model, gate vectors are generated from the representation vectors of the aspect terms to customize the hidden vectors of the graph-based models toward the aspect terms. In addition, we propose a mechanism to obtain the importance scores for each word in the sentences based on the dependency trees that are then injected into the model to improve the representation vectors for ABSA. The proposed model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on three benchmark datasets.


Phased array and spaced antenna radar techniques developed and employed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory for ionospheric research are reviewed. The ionospheric scatterers studied by Jicamarca are not spatially homogeneous and not beam filling in some cases, and distinguishing the bearing of the radar backscatter is essential for correctly interpreting the radar data as well as for discovery research. Both incoherent and coherent scatter from thermal and nonthermal plasma density irregularities, respectively, are strong functions of magnetic aspect angle. Radar interferometry can be used to discriminate the arrival angle or brightness distribution of the backscatter and, in the case of coherent scatter from field-aligned irregularities, determine its aspect sensitivity. Using multiple spaced receivers, the entire brightness distribution can be estimated from the measured visibility using aperture synthesis imaging techniques. This is the most incisive remote sensing tool available for studying ionospheric plasma irregularities and the instabilities that produce them. Fi-nally, a novel technique for antenna compression introduced at Jicamarca can be used to synthesize very broad radiation patterns that nevertheless make use of the entire Jicamarca phased array for transmission.


1. In spring and summer specimens of Porcellio scaber feeding on old poplar leaves excrete from 0.46 to 1.12 ng. dissolved ammonia/mg. body weight x hr. via the faeces, and from 2.3 to 3.25 ng. in gaseous form via the body wall. Non-feeding specimens excrete an average of 11 ng. ammonia/mg. x hr. in gaseous form. In the course of a normal cycle in which periods of feeding activity alternate with periods of inactivity (temporary starvation), faecal ammonia thus constitutes only 10% of the total ammonia released by the animals.

2. If the gaseous component is taken into account, the rate of nitrogen excretion in terrestrial isopods is comparable with that of fresh water and marine species.

3. Oniscus asellus and P. scaber excrete approximately five times more ammonia in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.

4. The faeces produced by P. scaber contain an average of 220 µg. total nitrogen/10 mg. of dry faeces of which 2-4% consist of ammonia.

5. Following abrupt changes of temperature, from 5 to 20° C. and from 20 to 5° C. the rates of the release of ammonia and of the production of faeces follow similar time courses, increasing with an initial Q 10 of 3.7 if the change is from the low to the high temperature, decreasing with an initial Q 10 of 4.6 if the change is in the opposite direction.

6. It is suggested that in terrestrial isopods nitrogen output in the form of gaseous ammonia more or less balances nitrogen input from leaf litter (the animals' main source of food) and that no reduction of protein metabolism takes place in terrestrial species of isopods as compared with aquatic species.


This work addresses the phrase of Middle Eastern appearance, and the related concept of 'the Middle East' as it has played out in Sydney over the last ten years. It focuses on the key event of the notorious Cronulla Riots of 2005, and on the healing responses to that event. Forms addressed range from inter-personal jokes to anonymous 'viral' internet communications, to short films, and then to recently published, and highly influential, children's literature. Cautiously re-negotiating the language and its concepts can be shown to have occurred with sensitivity, humour and use of new media.


Drug courts started thirty years ago in the United States. The introduction of these courts brought high hopes that they would refocus our criminal legal system to therapeutic and rehabilitative methods while moving away from an otherwise largely punitive and punishment-oriented approach. Has this happened? Has the problem-solving court movement brought widespread change to how criminal cases are processed and how criminal lawyers, both prosecutors and defense lawyers, approach the practice of law? Have these courts actually been a "monumental change?" The simple answer is no. These courts have changed how some defendants are treated some of the time. But, the numbers impacted by these courts, even as the number of these courts has grown dramatically, remains small. And, the rehabilitative approach within these courts has not led to changes in how other courts work within the larger criminal legal system. Problem-solving courts have remained, for the most part, in their own silo while other courts have continued business as usual focusing on punishment, not rehabilitation.

This article will start with a discussion of mass incarceration and offer some reasons why problem-solving courts did not prevent, or lessen, mass incarceration. Next this article will discuss how problem-solving courts work, focusing on the roles of the professionals, the judges and lawyers, within these courts. This article will then consider the impact, or lack of impact that these courts have had on how the larger criminal legal system works. Finally, this article will suggest five key things that problem-solving courts do that would result in "monumental change" if more widely adopted by mainstream criminal courts.


In binocular rivalry, only one image is perceived consciously when different, incompatible images are presented to the left and right eye, respectively. The other image is suppressed. Binocular suppression is generally assumed to occur within retinotopic coordinates. However, the world is continuously shifting on our retina because of the movements of the eyes and the objects themselves. Therefore, the visual system needs a mechanism to create binocular perceptual stability despite continuous changes in the retinal images. To investigate retinotopic versus object-centered binocular suppression, we combined the Ternus-Pikler paradigm with a binocular selective suppression paradigm. We presented a Ternus-Pikler display (TPD) in which three disks shifted by one position from frame 1 to frame 2. We presented a low-contrast grating in the central disk of the TPD to one eye and a high contrast bull's eye at the same location to the other eye. The bull's eye fully suppressed the percept of the grating. In the second frame, in half of the trials, a grating was presented on the central disk. In the other half, no grating was presented. The orientation of the grating (when presented) was the same as or orthogonal to the orientation of the first grating. No bull's eye was presented in the second frame. Sensitivity to gratings with the previously suppressed orientation was reduced compared to orthogonal gratings, even though the gratings in both frames were presented at different retinotopic locations. These results are evidence for feature suppression in non-retinotopic, object-centered coordinates, giving rise to a new view on binocular rivalry where stimulus-selective, non-retinotopic inhibition is crucial in maintaining perceptual stability.


This study constitutes a revision and reappraisal of the samples used in the two classic studies of the calcareous benthic foraminifera of the Navet, San Fernando and Cipero Formations of Trinidad: Cushman & Renz's 1948 study of the Eocene, and Cushman & Stainforth's 1945 study of the Oligocene. Biostratigraphical calibration is achieved by reference to the lithological schemes of Bolli (1957) and other studies, and by directly assigning the samples to the standard planktonic foraminiferal and nannofossils zonal schemes. This direct calibration enables a more precise biostratigraphic framework for the type localities of 55 benthic foraminiferal taxa described by Cushman & Renz and Cushman & Stainforth.


This paper proposes a model of information aesthetics in the context of information visualization. It addresses the need to acknowledge a recently emerging number of visualization projects that combine information visualization techniques with principles of creative design. The proposed model contributes to a better understanding of information aesthetics as a potentially independent research field within visualization that specifically focuses on the experience of aesthetics, dataset interpretation and interaction. The proposed model is based on analysing existing visualization techniques by their interpretative intent and data mapping inspiration. It reveals information aesthetics as the conceptual link between information visualization and visualization art, and includes the fields of social and ambient visualization. This model is unique in its focus on aesthetics as the artistic influence on the technical implementation and intended purpose of a visualization technique, rather than subjective aesthetic judgments of the visualization outcome. This research provides a framework for understanding aesthetics in visualization, and allows for new design guidelines and reviewing criteria.


Emission reduction from civil aviation has been intensively addressed in the scientific community in recent years. The combined use of novel aircraft engine architectures such as open rotor engines and lightweight materials offer the potential for fuel savings, which could contribute significantly in reaching gas emissions targets, but suffer from vibration and noise issues. We investigated the potential improvement of mechanical damping of open rotor composite fan blades by comparing two integrated passive damping systems: shape memory alloy wires and piezoelectric shunt circuits. Passive damping concepts were first validated on carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite plates and then implemented in a 1:5 model of an open rotor blade manufactured by resin transfer moulding (RTM). A two-step process was proposed for the structural integration of the damping devices into a full composite fan blade. Forced vibration measurements of the plates and blade prototypes quantified the efficiency of both approaches, and their related weight penalty.


When subjected to shear, granular suspensions exhibit normal stresses perpendicular to the shear plane but the magnitude and sign of the different components of the normal stresses are still under debate. By performing both oscillatory and rotational rheology measurements on shear thickening granular suspensions and systematically varying the particle diameters and the gap sizes between two parallel-plates, we show that a transition from a positive to a negative normal stress can be observed. We find that frictional interactions which determine the shear thickening behavior of suspensions contribute to the positive normal stresses. Increasing the particle diameters or decreasing the gap sizes leads to a growing importance of hydrodynamic interactions, which results in negative normal stresses. We determine a relaxation time for the system, set by both the pore and the gap sizes, that governs the fluid flow through the inter-particle space. Finally, using a two-fluid model we determine the relative contributions from the particle phase and the liquid phase.


Traditional gender norms can restrict independent migration by women, thus preventing them from taking advantage of economic opportunities in urban non-agricultural industries. However, women may be able to circumvent such restrictions by using marriage to engage in long-distance migration - if they are wealthy enough to match with the desirable migrating grooms. Guided by a model in which women make marriage and migration decisions jointly, we hypothesize that marriage and labour markets will be inextricably linked by the possibility of marital migration. To test our hypotheses, we use the event of the construction of a major bridge in Bangladesh - which dramatically reduced travel time between the economically deprived north-western region and the industrial belt located around the capital city Dhaka - as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in migration costs. In accordance with our model's predictions, we find that the bridge construction induced marriage-related migration (not economic migration) among rural women, but only for those women coming from families above a poverty threshold.


Software Defined Networking (SDN) has become a popular paradigm for centralized control in many modern networking scenarios such as data centers and cloud. For large data centers hosting many hundreds of thousands of servers, there are few thousands of switches that need to be managed in a centralized fashion, which cannot be done using a single controller node. Previous works have proposed distributed controller architectures to address scalability issues. A key limitation of these works, however, is that the mapping between a switch and a controller is statically configured, which may result in uneven load distribution among the controllers as traffic conditions change dynamically. To address this problem, we propose ElastiCon, an elastic distributed controller architecture in which the controller pool is dynamically grown or shrunk according to traffic conditions. To address the load imbalance caused due to spatial and temporal variations in the traffic conditions, ElastiCon automatically balances the load across controllers thus ensuring good performance at all times irrespective of the traffic dynamics. We propose a novel switch migration protocol for enabling such load shifting, which conforms with the Openflow standard. We further design the algorithms for controller load balancing and elasticity. We also build a prototype of ElastiCon and evaluate it extensively to demonstrate the efficacy of our design.


1. The aim of this presentation has been to review the current status of some central neurotransmitter mechanisms in the control of arterial blood pressure and in experimental hypertension. In addition, anti-hypertensive drugs with centrally mediated actions have been considered. 2. There is ample evidence for a role of central noradrenaline mechanisms in central cardiovascular regulation. The catecholamine precursor, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, lowers blood pressure by activating sympatho-inhibitory noradrenergic mechanisms in the lower brain stem. The receptors mediating this effect conform to the α-adrenergic type in peripheral tissues. Central noradrenaline receptors also appear to influence blood pressure at suprabulbar levels in the brain. Evidence is accumulating that central adrenergic receptors of the β type are also implicated in cardiovascular control. Central dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine neurons are possibly involved in circulatory regulation but their precise role is less clear at present. 3. Considerable work has been done attempting to relate alterations in central neurotransmitter function to arterial hypertension. Central noradrenaline neurons appear to participate in the origin and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. This may also be the case for other types of experimental hypertension but the results are less conclusive. 4. Anti-hypertensive drugs may act by interfering with central neurotransmitter function. The action of l-α-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (methyldopa) is largely mediated through an activation by its metabolite, methylnoradrenaline, of noradrenaline mechanisms in the lower brain stem. The central noradrenaline agonist, clonidine, probably acts in an analogous way although some evidence indicates that this drug may influence blood pressure at several levels of central cardiovascular control.


Increasingly, universities are being called upon to reach out beyond their walls and engage with potential collaborators on a myriad of activities. These expectations arise from a range of factors, many associated with the increasing prevalence of multi-party trans-disciplinary approaches for creating and activating knowledge to address challenges faced around the globe. To succeed in this emerging milieu, universities require a more refined capacity to engage in such collaborations. Vital to this development is a deeper and more nuanced understanding of what leadership means for such activity, and how it can be encouraged and strengthened. However, to date
investigation related to universities' involvement in community engagement has been primarily descriptive, rather than theoretical in focus (Hart, et al., 2009).

The present study seeks to advance theoretical understanding in this field by examining the university leadership associated with the development and implementation of community engagement initiatives. The inquiry builds upon Heifetz' (1994) broad view ofleadership as those actions taken within an organization to achieve desired outcomes, and Huxham and Vangen's (2005) concept of "leadership media", which encompasses the structures, processes and people that enable desired outcomes to be achieved within collaborative endeavours.

The study adopts Strauss and Corbin's (1990) model of Grounded Theory as a primary methodology to develop this theoretical understanding. This approach was buttressed by multiple complementary methods for data collection and analysis to strengthen the robustness of the thesis. The principle data collection strategy was "convergent interviewing" (Dick, 2008). These findings were systematically
compared and contrasted with data derived from secondary sources, survey research and a Delphi (i.e. expert) Panel. Data analysis combined grounded coding with quantitative analysis, visual mapping, narrative development and pattern matching.

Findings revealed a multi-level model of leadership, comprised of key factors, both at an institutional (i.e. meso) and individual (micro) level, which appeared to activate and sustain members' involvement in community engagement. The model was conceptualized as the 'Capacity to Engage'. Aligning with Huxham and Vangen's leadership media and other contemporary leadership theory, this capacity provides the impetus and critical resources that facilitates members' initiation of and participation in such activities. Study implications are considered for further theory development and research, as well as policy and practice.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of tacit knowledge in construction and to underline the significant contribution of tacit knowledge towards the organisational performance. Design/methodology/approach - Includes a review of literature on principal insights of dominant views on knowledge and organisational resources to highlight the strategic nature of tacit knowledge. Further, intrinsic characteristics of the construction industry are discussed to underline the people factor and the role of the tacit knowledge. Findings - Valuable human and knowledge resources will be wasted unless organisations make better use of these prime resources. Tacit knowledge in particular is still considered to be relatively unexplored and proper understanding and management of this resource are of immense importance for better organisational performance. In this context, this paper reveals the labour and knowledge intensive nature of the construction industry and highlights the importance and the significant role of people factor and tacit knowledge in construction. Originality/value - Owing to paucity of literature and inadequate empirical research done, this paper provides the basis for more empirical research on finding importance of tacit knowledge towards organisational performance in the construction industry.


The Care Act 2014 imposes a duty on local authorities to make statutory safeguarding enquiries when they suspect that an adult with care and support needs is self-neglecting. The Act also imposes a duty on local authorities and relevant partners, such as health and housing, to work in partnership. However, safeguarding adult reviews and government ombudsman investigations have shown a consistent failure of agencies to work together on cases involving self-neglect. The aim of this research is to develop an understanding of how multi-agency working in self-neglect cases can be improved, whilst respecting the autonomy of service users who self-neglect. This research applies the methodology of professionalising action research in a new setting, that of multi-agency working in the public sector. It is the first study to include the views and input of the full range of agencies who might typically work with people who self-neglect. Following a pilot project, fifteen different professional groups from two local authorities in the North of England were identified, who work with people who are self-neglecting. More than 30 group interviews were carried out with these staff in the problem-sensing phase of the action research, to identify priorities for change. Subsequently, two multi-agency workshops were held in each local authority, involving a total of 120 staff from the various agencies, to identify how change could be implemented. The research provides important insights into how practitioners assess the effectiveness of working together in this complex and demanding area of practice. A key message from the research is the extent of the disarray in multi-agency working, and the research extends the discourse on multi-agency working in four main areas of difficulty; inter-agency conflict, inter-agency communication, professional role understanding, and achieving change in multi-agency working. New findings in the research challenge assumptions about how practitioners from a wide range of agencies operationalise the Mental Capacity Act 2005 in relation to people who self-neglect. Overall, rich insights into working practices emerge, and the author gives recommendations for changing and improving multi-agency working with people who self-neglect. Furthermore, using a professionalising action research approach allowed solutions to be identified by participants, which have begun to be translated into practice.


The use of capital punishment in America today presents a number of fundamental moral issues about our society and our system of justice. It is fitting that we address those issues here at Notre Dame Law School, which has a well-deserved reputation for raising moral issues, for a deep commitment to justice, and for responding to human needs with compassion.Our society and the legal professional are failing to meet the need for legal services of many of those most desperately in need of such services in cases involving the highest stake, life itself. There are, of course, urgent needs in other areas besides capital punishment. Those accused of crimes which do not carry the death penalty, the poor, people of color, homeless people, people with mental impairments, people who are HIV positive, people in prisons and jails and many others are without lawyers to represent them in cases which involve their freedom, their shelter, their survival.Those needs will be greater when you graduate from law school than they are today. But there could be fewer jobs and less resources for those who respond. And, as you know, you will be saddled with enormous debts. This presents a challenge, but it should not deter you from responding. Indeed, my message to you is that you have no choice except to respond – the needs and the times demand it.


During a core-collapse supernova (SN), axionlike particles (ALPs) could be produced through the Primakoff process and subsequently convert into γ rays in the magnetic field of the Milky Way. We do not find evidence for such a γ-ray burst in observations of extragalactic SNe with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). The SN explosion times are estimated from optical light curves and we find a probability of about ∼90% that the LAT observed at least one SN at the time of the core collapse. Under the assumption that at least one SN was contained within the LAT field of view, we exclude photon-ALP couplings ≳2.6×10^{-12}  GeV^{-1} for ALP masses m_{a}≲3×10^{-10}  eV, improving previous limits from SN1987A by a factor of 2.


OBJECTIVE
To explore whether neck-specific exercise, with or without a behavioural approach, has benefits after 1 and 2 years compared with prescribed physical activity regarding pain, self-rated functioning/disability, and self-efficacy in management of chronic whiplash.

DESIGN
Follow-up of a randomized, assessor blinded, clinical trial.

PATIENTS
A total of 216 volunteers with chronic whiplash-associated disorders, grades 2 or 3.

METHODS
Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 exercise interventions: neck-specific exercise with or without a behavioural approach, or physical activity prescription. Self-rated pain (visual analogue scale), disability/functioning (Neck Disability Index/Patient Specific Functional Scale) and self-efficacy (Self-Efficacy Scale) were evaluated after 1 and 2 years.

RESULTS
Both neck-specific exercise groups maintained more improvement regarding disability/functioning than the prescribed physical activity group at both time-points (p ≤ 0.02). At 1 year, 61% of subjects in the neck-specific group reported at least 50% pain reduction, compared with 26% of those in the physical activity prescription group (p < 0.001), but at 2 years the difference was not significant.

CONCLUSION
After 1-2 years, participants with chronic whiplash who were randomized to neck-specific exercise, with or without a behavioural approach, remained more improved than participants who were prescribed general physical activity.


Label inference was recently introduced as the problem of reconstructing the ground truth labels of a private dataset from just the (possibly perturbed) crossentropy loss scores evaluated at carefully crafted prediction vectors. In this paper, we generalize this result to provide necessary and sufficient conditions under which label inference is possible from a broad class of loss functions. We show that for many commonly used loss functions, including linearly decomposable losses, some Bregman divergence-based losses and when common activation functions are used, it is possible to design such attacks for arbitrary noise levels. We demonstrate that these attacks can also be carried out through a lightweight augmentation to any neural network model, enabling the adversary to make these attacks look benign. Our results call to attention these vulnerabilities which might be currently under silent exploitation. Armed with this information, individuals and organizations, which vend these seemingly innocuous aggregate metrics from their classification models, can grasp the potential scope of the resulting information leakage.


Ask any college student how he or she gets through long study sessions, all-nighters, and the always grueling finals week and he or she will most likely reference some caffeine-containing beverage as the antidote, with energy drinks becoming an ever increasing option. The effects, both physiological and psychological, of the ingredients in energy drinks (caffeine and, to a lesser degree, glucose) dictate their usefulness to consumers. A review of the available research literature from http://scholar.google.com using the following keywords: "caffeine," "energy drink," "Red Bull," "caffeinated beverage," "caffeine drink," "energy drink industry," "energy drink company," and "glucose" yielded the references that have been aggregated, synthesized, and summarized in this thesis. Caffeine's ability to improve one's subjective mood, reaction time, memory, and attention has been scientifically verified by the available research literature; in essence, then, caffeine is a legal, low-grade stimulant. The ubiquity of caffeine in everyday life has made its consumption a part of everyday life and a normal means of self-medication. This ubiquity in today's society has also been promoted by the lax regulatory structure regarding the compound – a regulatory structure that has allowed EDs manufacturers to include five times more caffeine in their products than in a can of Coca-Cola. EDs manufacturers have embraced caffeine's stimulatory effects in such an atmosphere of lax regulation and high demand produced by environmental and societal factors to produce high-caffeine, high-sugar products uniquely suited to their target demographic – twenty year olds. However, they also dictate the negative side effects that can harm consumer health over the short or long-term.


Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, T. O. Powers, and D. W. Dickson. 2010. Meloidogyne spp. infecting ornamental plants in Florida. Nematropica 40:87-103. A total of 206 root samples were collected from ornamental plants growing in ornamental nurseries and various landscapes in Florida. Isozyme phenotypes, especially esterase (EST) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were the main methods used to identify the root-knot nematode species. When needed, the morphology of female perineal patterns, morphometric characters and mitochondrial DNA were used to aid in the identification. Six Meloidogyne spp., M. arenaria , M. floridensis , M. graminis , M. incognita , M. javanica and M. mayaguensis were found infecting ornamental plants in Florida. As previously reported EST activity was of highest diagnostic value to identify Meloidogyne spp. found in this study; however, MDH was helpful to distinguish M. mayaguensis and M. graminis from the other root-knot nematode species identified. Five new EST phenotypes were detected associated with 17 unidentified root-knot nematode populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ornamental plants in the genera Dracena and Hibiscus , and Ligustrum and Washingtonia being host of M. floridensis and M. mayaguensis , respectively. New plant species host records for M. mayaguensis were Ajuga reptans , Amaranthus tricolor , Buddleja davidii , Caryopteris × clandonensis , Clerodendrum × ugandense , Hibiscus grandiflorus , Lagerstroemia indica , Penta lanceolata , Plectranthus scutellarioides , and Solandra maxima .


The HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) system is still recognised internationally as the most effective way to produce safe food throughout the supply chain, but a HACCP system cannot operate in a vacuum. It requires prerequisite programmes to be in place and it can be highly affected by, or dependent upon, other major considerations such as animal, plant, human and environmental health, food security and food defence.

This book:
* Provides a practical and up-to-date text covering the essentials of food safety management in the global supply chain, giving the reader the knowledge and skills that they need to design, implement and maintain a world-class food safety programme.
* Builds on existing texts on HACCP and food safety, taking the next step forward in the evolution of HACCP and providing a text that is relevant to all sectors and sizes of food businesses throughout the world.
* Shares practical food safety experience, allowing development of best-practice approaches. This will allow existing businesses to improve their systems and enable businesses that are new to HACCP and food safety management requirements in both developed and developing countries to build on existing knowledge for more rapid application of world-class food safety systems.
* Educates practitioners such that they will be able to use their judgement in decision-making and to influence those who make food policy and manage food operations.

This book is an essential resource for all scientists and managers in the food industry (manufacturing and foodservice); regulators and educators in the field of food safety; and students of food science and technology.


A new dromaeosaurid dinosaur, Shri devi, from the Late Cretaceous deposit of the Barun Goyot Formation at Khulsan, Mongolia, is described here. The Barun Goyot Formation (herein referred to as the Barun Goyot) is stratigraphically intermediate between the overlying Nemegt Formation and the underlying Djadokhta Formation, where much of the dromaeosaurid diversity has been reported to date. Sediments of the Barun Goyot are typically considered Upper Campanian in age. Although dromaeosaurid remains have been noted to occur in the Barun Goyot for decades, descriptive and taxonomic work has never been completed for the material. The holotype specimen (IGM 100/980) consists of a partially articulated individual preserving the right hind limb; left tibiotarsus; pelvis; and adjacent cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae. IGM 100/980 is referable to a clade with Velociraptor based on the presence of a distinct ambiens tubercle located proximally on the anterior face of the pubis, a well-developed anterior tuberosity proximally located on the ischium, and a rounded longitudinal ischial ridge. It is distinguishable from V. mongoliensis based on a weak fourth trochanter (shared with all other dromaeosaurids) and deep anterior pedicular fossae in the cervical vertebrae; epipophyses in the last four cervicals are not raised but are instead represented by rugose circular scars. A suite of axial and appendicular characters are diagnostic for the new species. New discoveries including Shri devi allow for an improved understanding of dromaeosaurid anatomy, as well as the temporal and regional variation of the dromaeosaurid fauna of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, China), during the Late Cretaceous. 1 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, and Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York. 2 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York; currently Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University, Phoenix Arizona. 3 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York. 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3965


During our academical years in the government setting (training as well as working as consultants) we see pathology, a lot, severe and far progressed. There is limited time to fully examine the patient and to make a proper diagnosis, there is very seldom time to get to know your patient and discuss fears and emotions. It is known that we need to manage disease by looking at mind-body interactions and this should include the assessment of biological, psychological and social aetiological factors - thus the biopsychosocial model.


With national Western media as a point of departure, the literature on distant suffering emphasizes the geographical, cultural, and editorial distance between Western media professionals and viewers, and between both of those groups and the stories of suffering in the rest of the world. Through examples from the Qatari satellite channel Al Jazeera English, this article argues that mediated suffering can also be understood as something close to us. The channel literally goes closer and zooms in, exposes, personalizes, and authorizes the experience of suffering in conflicts and disasters. This construction of mediated closeness is suited to engendering strong feelings of compassion in media audiences, but it also serves to raise new ethical dilemmas in political argument and institutional strategy.


Abstract Terrestrial analogue studies underpin almost all planetary missions and their use is essential in the exploration of our Solar system and in assessing the habitability of other worlds. Their value relies on the similarity of the analogue to its target, either in terms of their mineralogical or geochemical context, or current physical or chemical environmental conditions. Such analogue sites offer critical ground-truthing for astrobiological studies on the habitability of different environmental parameter sets, the biological mechanisms for survival in extreme environments and the preservation potential and detectability of biosignatures. The 33 analogue sites discussed in this review have been selected on the basis of their congruence to particular extraterrestrial locations. Terrestrial field sites that have been used most often in the literature, as well as some lesser known ones which require greater study, are incorporated to inform on the astrobiological potential of Venus, Mars, Europa, Enceladus and Titan. For example, the possibility of an aerial habitable zone on Venus has been hypothesized based on studies of life at high-altitudes in the terrestrial atmosphere. We also demonstrate why many different terrestrial analogue sites are required to satisfactorily assess the habitability of the changing environmental conditions throughout Martian history, and recommend particular sites for different epochs or potential niches. Finally, habitable zones within the aqueous environments of the icy moons of Europa and Enceladus and potentially in the hydrocarbon lakes of Titan are discussed and suitable analogue sites proposed. It is clear from this review that a number of terrestrial analogue sites can be applied to multiple planetary bodies, thereby increasing their value for astrobiological exploration. For each analogue site considered here, we summarize the pertinent physiochemical environmental features they offer and critically assess the fidelity with which they emulate their intended target locale. We also outline key issues associated with the existing documentation of analogue research and the constraints this has on the efficiency of discoveries in this field. This review thus highlights the need for a global open access database for planetary analogues.


In this paper, we present a maximum likelihood (ML) based time synchronization algorithm for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). The proposed technique takes advantage of soft information retrieved from the soft demapper for the time delay estimation. This algorithm has a low complexity and is adapted to the frame structure specified by the IEEE 802.15.6 standard for the narrowband systems. Simulation results have shown good performance which approach the theoretical mean square error limit bound represented by the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB).


We propose a method to improve the anomaly detection performance on target domains by transferring knowledge on related domains. Although anomaly labels are valuable to learn anomaly detectors, they are difficult to obtain due to their rarity. To alleviate this problem, existing methods use anomalous and normal instances in the related domains as well as target normal instances. These methods require training on each target domain. However, this requirement can be problematic in some situations due to the high computational cost of training. The proposed method can infer the anomaly detectors for target domains without re-training by introducing the concept of latent domain vectors, which are latent representations of the domains and are used for inferring the anomaly detectors. The latent domain vector for each domain is inferred from the set of normal instances in the domain. The anomaly score function for each domain is modeled on the basis of autoencoders, and its domain-specific property is controlled by the latent domain vector. The anomaly score function for each domain is trained so that the scores of normal instances become low and the scores of anomalies become higher than those of the normal instances, while considering the uncertainty of the latent domain vectors. When target normal instances can be used during training, the proposed method can also use them for training in a unified framework. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experiments using one synthetic and four real-world datasets. Especially, the proposed method without re-training outperforms existing methods with target specific training.


A 127-element adaptive optical system has been developed and integrated into a 1.8-m astronomical telescope in September 2009. In addition, the first light on a high-resolution imaging for stars has been achieved (September 23, 2009). In this letter, a 127-element adaptive optical system for 1.8-m telescope is described briefly. Moreover, star observation results in the first run are reported. Results show that the angular resolution of the system after adaptive optics correction can attain 0.1 arcsec, which approaches the diffraction limit of 1.8-m telescope at 700-900 nm band.


Fourteen natural fission reactors are known to date in three different ore deposits located in the Franceville basin. The most famous and the first discovered are those in the Oklo uranium ore deposit. Petrographic, geochemical, and oxygen isotope studies have been performed in an attempt to answer these questions: (1) what are the main characteristics of the uranium ores in which fission reactions took place? (2) what are the processes that created such exceptionally high-grade ores? and (3) what are the effects of such fission reactions on the host rocks?The ore which hosts the fission reactions at Oklo is characterized by a gangue of clay minerals, whereas the normal ore of Oklo consists of sandstones. These clay minerals are the result of hydrothermal alteration of sandstone; hydrothermal circulation was induced by the heat produced by fission reactions. The reactor ores are further characterized by very high uranium contents (20-60%) and high uranium accumulation. By means of silica depletion and by uranium enrichment of the normal ore (without uranium depletion), hydrothermal convective circulation, induced by the fission reactions, created very high grade ore next to the reactors. Hydrothermal processes are thus critical to the propagation of the fission reactions.


We present the design, fabrication, and measurement of a terahertz (THz) polymer‐supported filter. A periodic structure, frequency selective surfaces (FSS) is employed to provide bandpass characteristic for this filter design with polyimide (PI) film as a substrate. This PI film (13 μm thick) is very thin and thus provides a flexible support to the filter. The average extracted dielectric constant ε r is 3.35 and the average refractive index n s is 1.84. The final filter structure was fabricated using standard microfabrication process. The measured transmission response shows high percentage of transmission (~80%) with the peak at 0.58 THz and sharp roll‐off that covers the broad range of frequency from 0.1 to 1 THz (wavelength of 300 μm‐3000 μm).


Physicians performing impairment evaluations on patients with cognitive complaints and possible central nervous system disorders should perform a clinical mental status assessment. Assessing cognitive complaints efficiently, in a systematic and supportable way, can be challenging. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment specifies that objective criteria are important to consider when assessing impairment. Physicians may choose to use standardized cognitive screening tests (cognitive screeners) as a relatively quick, practical tool to initially assess patients and aid in decision making. Several cognitive screeners will be discussed in detail below. A patient's performance on such tests may indicate that more comprehensive testing is needed. Cognitive screeners have limitations and are not designed to assess symptom validity or the extent to which psychological factors may contribute to cognitive complaints. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment may be indicated in these situations and when the screeners demonstrate findings of potential concern help define MMI.


Using degenerate PCR we isolated a cDNA encoding a novel 406- and 410-amino acid protein from human and mouse embryonic cDNAs and have designated it 'hepatic fibrinogen/angiopoietin-related protein' (HFARP). The N-terminal and C-terminal portions of HFARP contain the characteristic coiled-coil domains and fibrinogen-like domains that are conserved in angiopoietins. In human and mouse tissues, HFARP mRNA is specifically expressed in the liver. HFARP mRNA and protein are mainly present in the hepatocytes. HFARP has a highly hydrophobic region at the N-terminus that is typical of a secretory signal sequence and one consensus glycosylation site. Recombinant HFARP expressed in COS-7 cells is secreted and glycosylated. HFARP protein is present not only in the hepatocytes, but also in the circulating blood. Recombinant HFARP acts as an apoptosis survival factor for vascular endothelial cells, but does not bind to Tie1 or Tie2 (endothelial-cell tyrosine kinase receptors). These results suggest that HFARP may exert a protective function on endothelial cells through an endocrine action.


The origins of life likely required the cooperation among a set of molecular species interacting in a network. If so, then the earliest modes of evolutionary change would have been governed by the manners and mechanisms by which networks change their compositions over time. For molecular events, especially those in a pre-biological setting, these mechanisms have rarely been considered. We are only recently learning to apply the results of mathematical analyses of network dynamics to prebiotic events. Here, we attempt to forge connections between such analyses and the current state of knowledge in prebiotic chemistry. Of the many possible influences that could direct primordial network, six parameters emerge as the most influential when one considers the molecular characteristics of the best candidates for the emergence of biological information: polypeptides, RNA-like polymers, and lipids. These parameters are viable cores, connectivity kinetics, information control, scalability, resource availability, and compartmentalization. These parameters, both individually and jointly, guide the aggregate evolution of collectively autocatalytic sets. We are now in a position to translate these conclusions into a laboratory setting and test empirically the dynamics of prebiotic network evolution.


Before the later nineteenth century, the principle governing nearly all earlier tonal composition was monotonality. Monotonality explains the structure of most tonal compositions, but there are numerous examples for which monotonal analysis is inadequate, especially in music of the later nineteenth century. Deformations of monotonality often arise from off-tonic openings, but some compositions may be understood in terms of two or more co-equal tonics, making monotonal models insufficient. Such compositions exhibit polyfocal tonality, also known as directional tonality. In order to adequately address polyfocal structures, I propose a new method of analysis that combines Schenkerian analysis with interpretive approaches derived from the work of Harald Krebs, Edward T. Cone, and Patrick McCreless.
Cone believes that a third level of hearing should be attained in which one synthesizes the diachronic (naive) and synchronic (retrospective) levels, appreciating each level separately and as a whole. Polyfocal analysis is my representation of Cones third level. Additionally, McCrelesss hermeneutical analysis is incorporated into polyfocal analysis because it highlights important chromatic events, showing their relationship to the overall tonal structure of a composition. Such chromatic tonicizations are common in polyfocal structures and will be referred to as tonal allusions. More specifically, proleptic allusion will refer to chromaticism that anticipates a tonic, and analeptic allusion to chromaticism that recalls a tonic.
Many composers have written polyfocal compositions, but the first to write a significant number of them is Franz Schubert. Polyfocal tonality is found primarily in Schuberts Lieder; poetry seems to be the original inspiration for his polyfocal tonality. Polyfocal analysis will be applied to a representative number of songs from this body of early polyfocal repertoire, including revisions he made to some of them. These revisions (some altering the structure from monotonal to polyfocal, or vice versa) may reflect his later reinterpretation of texts, or merely a maturing perspective on the poetry he set. By analyzing Schuberts Lieder polyfocally, new insights will be gained that contribute to the scholarship on Schuberts compositional strategies, as well as to the general understanding of polyfocal structures.


The hydrogen acceptor 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) is commonly utilized to estimate cellular viability in drug screening protocols. The present investigation was prompted, in part, by observations that reduction of MTT to its colored reaction product, MTT formazan, varied between cell lines and with culture age. A correlation was established between the D-glucose concentration of the culture medium at the time of assay and the production of MTT formazan for cell lines representing seven tumor histologies. A decrease in the concentration of D-glucose from culture medium was accompanied by a decrease in MTT specific activity (MTT formazan/microgram cell protein) for a number of cell lines. Cells which extensively metabolized D-glucose exhibited the greatest reduction in MTT specific activity. Further evidence that the D-glucose concentration of the culture medium played an important role in MTT reduction was provided by experiments which demonstrated that transfer of cells to a glucose-free medium (L-15) was accompanied by an immediate decrease in MTT reduction which was pH independent. These studies suggested that cellular transport and constant metabolism of glucose were required for maximum MTT reduction. Decreases in the cellular concentration of the reduced pyridine nucleotides NADH and NADPH were accompanied by concomitant decreases in MTT formazan production. MTT formazan varied significantly among cell lines in both the kinetics of its formation and the degree of saturability exhibited. Apparent IC50 values for Adriamycin varied, in a cell line-specific manner, with MTT exposure time. These results indicate that MTT specific activity is significantly influenced by a number of parameters and suggest that assay conditions should be established which minimize their effects.


During burrow digging by the mole cricket Scapteriscus acletus Rehn and Hubbard, the burrow is enlarged and shaped in a series of digging cycles, each lasting 1–2min, and song chirps are produced after every cycle. The song becomes up to 18 dB louder and acoustically purer during burrow building. The shape of the song pulse envelope changes so that its average power density becomes greater and its build-up and decay become more gradual. The forewings show a single resonance of the harp (Cu 1 cell) regions at 2.5-3.0 kHz: the normal song carrier frequency is 2.5-2.7kHz. Removal of the outer parts of the forewings does not affect the radiated sound power. The singing burrow has an exponential horn opening at the soil surface and an internal bulb. The calculated cut-off frequency of the horn is 1–34 kHz and that of the first resonance is 2.5-2.7 kHz. The volume of the bulb is close to that required to tune the throat: obliteration of the burrow bulb causes a substantial decrease in the radiated sound pressure levels before singing ceases. The horn mouth acts as a finite sound source, with large acoustic reactance. The acoustics of the burrow were measured with a small doublet source inserted at the position at which the cricket sings. At this position, the burrow resonates at 2.75-3 kHz, with a quality factor (Q), measured both by the - 3 dB bandwidth and by the build-up and decay of tone bursts, of 2.5-2.7. The sound pressure produced by the doublet source is up to 24 dB louder when it is in the burrow than when it is in free air. Further in or out from the insect9s singing position, the effective gain of the burrow is reduced and other resonances and anti-resonances are observed. Obliteration of the burrow bulb reduces the effective gain of the burrow by 6–10 dB and the burrow ceases to resonate at 2.75 kHz. It is proposed that the tuned burrow acts as a resistive load on the vibrating harps, so allowing good coupling between the small wings and the surrounding medium while allowing a pure carrier frequency to be radiated.


Of the thousands of novel compounds that a drug discovery project team invents and that bind to the therapeutic target, typically only a fraction of these have sufficient ADME/Tox properties to become a drug product. Understanding ADME/Tox is critical for all drug researchers, owing to its increasing importance in advancing high quality candidates to clinical studies and the processes of drug discovery. If the properties are weak, the candidate will have a high risk of failure or be less desirable as a drug product. This book is a tool and resource for scientists engaged in, or preparing for, the selection and optimization process. The authors describe how properties affect in vivo pharmacological activity and impact in vitro assays. Individual drug-like properties are discussed from a practical point of view, such as solubility, permeability and metabolic stability, with regard to fundamental understanding, applications of property data in drug discovery and examples of structural modifications that have achieved improved property performance. The authors also review various methods for the screening (high throughput), diagnosis (medium throughput) and in-depth (low throughput) analysis of drug properties. * Serves as an essential working handbook aimed at scientists and students in medicinal chemistry * Provides practical, step-by-step guidance on property fundamentals, effects, structure-property relationships, and structure modification strategies * Discusses improvements in pharmacokinetics from a practical chemist's standpoint