The vertical profile of new particle formation (NPF) events was studied by comparing the aerosol size number distributions measured aloft and at surface level in a suburban environment in Madrid, Spain using airborne instruments. The horizontal distribution and regional impact of the NPF events was investigated with data from three urban, urban background 25 and suburban stations in the Madrid metropolitan area. Intensive regional NPF episodes followed by particle growth were simultaneously recorded at three stations in and around Madrid during a field campaign in July 2016. The urban stations presented larger formation rates compared to the suburban station. Condensation and coagulation sinks followed a similar evolution at all stations, with higher values at urban stations. However, the total number concentration of particles larger than 2.5 nm was lower at the urban station and peaked around noon, when black carbon (BC) levels are at a minimum. The 30 vertical soundings demonstrated that ultrafine particles (UFP) are formed exclusively inside the mixed layer. As convection becomes more effective and the mixed layer grows, UFP are detected at higher levels. The morning soundings revealed the presence of a residual layer in the upper levels in which aged particles (nucleated and grown on previous days) prevail. The particles in this layer also grow in size, with growth rates significantly smaller than those inside the mixed layer. Under conditions with strong enough convection, the soundings revealed homogeneous number size distributions and growth rates 35 at all altitudes, which follow the same evolution at the other stations considered in this study. This indicates that UFP are detected quasi-homogenously in an area spanning at least 17 km horizontally. The NPF events extend over the full vertical extension of the mixed layer, which can reach as high as 3000 m in the area, according to previous studies. On some days a marked decline in particle size (shrinkage) was observed in the afternoon, associated with a change in air masses. Additionally, a few nocturnal nucleation mode bursts were observed at the urban stations, for which further research is 40 needed to elucidate their origin.


INTRODUCTION
Understanding the patterns of menthol cigarette use can be useful in developing and justifying policies designed to prevent and reduce cigarette use and exposure to tobacco smoke. This report provides an update and summary of the demographic distribution and trends of menthol cigarette use in the United States.

METHODS
Data from the 2004-2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed to estimate menthol cigarette use among current smokers by race/ethnicity, sex, and age (12 years and older). A t-test was used to compare estimates for menthol and nonmenthol use by demographic group. Trend analyses were conducted to examine differences in menthol cigarette use by race/ethnicity and age from 2004 to 2008.

RESULTS
Over half of menthol cigarette smokers were female (52.2%), and approximately 29.4% of all menthol smokers were Black, which was almost 10 times the percentage of nonmenthol smokers who were Black (3.0%, p < .01). Prevalence of past month menthol cigarette use was highest among current smokers aged 12-17 years (44.7%) and decreased as age group increased. From 2004 to 2008, menthol cigarette use increased significantly among White smokers aged 12-17 years (from 40.3% in 2004 to 46.0% in 2008, p < .01). Menthol cigarette use among young adult smokers aged 18-25 years increased for Hispanics (from 33.9% in 2004 to 42.4% in 2008, p < .01) and Whites (from 26.7% to 32.5%, p < .01).

CONCLUSIONS
Demographic disparities in menthol cigarette use persist in the United States. Continued monitoring and improvement of existing surveillance systems to identify patterns and trends in menthol cigarette use are needed.


This paper presents an overview of the main results of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey in Latvia, which was conducted in 2014 and collected responses from 2 814 individuals (1 202 households). Unique data on household wealth, including their assets and liabilities, as well as income and consumption were gathered. The data this survey collects are representative of the population, and the survey is to be carried out regularly to study aggregate and distributional changes in household budgets, wealth components and inequality over time. The survey results show that households in Latvia, in comparison with those in the euro area, have much higher ownership rates of the most important household asset – the main residence (76% vs. 61% respectively). However, the median value of this asset and of total assets is markedly lower than in the euro area. On the liabilities side, only one third of Latvian households have outstanding debt – one of the lowest readings among euro area countries. Taking all components of a household balance sheet together, the median net wealth of households in Latvia is 14 200 euro, which is more than seven times smaller than that of euro area households. While the largest net wealth holdings in the euro area are owned by the households where the reference person is at a pre-retirement age, it is the young households (especially the group aged 35–44) in Latvia that own the largest amounts of net wealth and earn the highest median income.


This unprecedented commentary applies an exegetical method informed by both sociological insight and rhetorical analysis to the study of 1 and 2 Corinthians. In addition to using traditional exegetical and historical methods, this unique study also analyzes the two letters of Paul in terms of Greco-Roman rhetoric and ancient social conditions and customs to shed fresh light on the context and content of Paul's message. Includes 21 black-and-white photos and illustrations.


The Kalman filter (KF) is one of the most widely used tools for data assimilation and sequential estimation. In this work, we show that the state estimates from the KF in a standard linear dynamical system setting are equivalent to those given by the KF in a transformed system, with infinite process noise (i.e., a "flat prior") and an augmented measurement space. This reformulation---which we refer to as augmented measurement sensor fusion (SF)---is conceptually interesting, because the transformed system here is seemingly static (as there is effectively no process model), but we can still capture the state dynamics inherent to the KF by folding the process model into the measurement space. Further, this reformulation of the KF turns out to be useful in settings in which past states are observed eventually (at some lag). Here, when the measurement noise covariance is estimated by the empirical covariance, we show that the state predictions from SF are equivalent to those from a regression of past states on past measurements, subject to particular linear constraints (reflecting the relationships encoded in the measurement map). This allows us to port standard ideas (say, regularization methods) in regression over to dynamical systems. For example, we can posit multiple candidate process models, fold all of them into the measurement model, transform to the regression perspective, and apply $\ell_1$ penalization to perform process model selection. We give various empirical demonstrations, and focus on an application to nowcasting the weekly incidence of influenza in the US.


This paper takes as its motivation debates surrounding the multiplicity of functions of accounting information. We are in particular interested in the existential function of accounting numbers and argue that numerical signs having discursive possibilities may acquire new meanings through reframing. Drawing on Goffman's (1974) frame analysis and Vollmer's (2007) work on three-dimensional character of numerical signs, we explore the ways in which numbers can go through instantaneous transformations and tell a new kind of story. In our analysis, we look at the main historical developments and current controversies surrounding accounting practice with a specific focus on scandals involving numerical signs as moments where our understandings and the discursive function of previously inoffensive signs shifts through a collective involvement. We map the purpose and usefulness of Vollmer's three-dimensional framework in the analysis of selected financial accounting practices and scandals as examples of instances where numbers are reframed to suddenly perform a different existential function in context of their calculative and symptomatic dimensions.


In 534, after the conquest of the Vandal kingdom, Procopius tells us that the emperor Justinian deported all remaining Vandals to serve on the Persian frontier. But a hundred years of Vandal rule bred cultural ambiguities in Africa, and the changes in identity that occurred during the Vandal century persisted long after the Vandals had been shipped off to the East: Byzantine and Arabic writers alike shared the conviction that the Africans had, by the sixth and seventh centuries, become something other than Roman. This thesis surveys the available evidence for cultural transformation and merger of identities between the two principal peoples of Vandal Africa, the Vandals and the Romano-Africans, to determine the origins of those changes in identity, and how the people of Africa came to be different enough from Romans for ancient writers to pass such comment. It examines the visible conversation around ethnicity in late-antique Africa to determine what the defining social signifiers of Vandal and Romano-African identity were during the Vandal century, and how they changed over time. Likewise, it explores the evidence for deliberate attempts by the Vandal state to foster national unity and identity among their subjects, and in particular the role that religion and the African Arian Church played in furthering these strategies for national unity. Finally, it traces into the Byzantine period the after-effects of changes that occurred in Africa during the Vandal period, discussing how shifts in what it meant to be Roman or Vandal in Africa under Vandal rule shaped the province's history and character after its incorporation into the Eastern Empire.


This spirited analysis and defence of American liberalism demonstrates the complex and rich traditions of political, economic, and social discourse that have informed American democratic culture from the seventeenth century to the present. The Virtues of Liberalism provides a convincing response to critics both right and left. Against conservatives outside the academy who oppose liberalism because they equate it with license, James T. Kloppenberg uncovers ample evidence of American republicans' and liberal democrats' commitments to ethical and religious ideals and their awareness of the difficult choices involved in promoting virtue in a culturally diverse nation. Against radical academic critics who reject liberalism because they equate it with Enlightenment reason and individual property holding, Kloppenberg shows the historical roots of American liberals' dual commitments to diversity, manifested in institutions designed to facilitate deliberative democracy, and to government regulations of property and market exchange in accordance with the public good. In contrast to prevailing tendencies to simplify and distort American liberalism, Kloppenberg shows how the multifaceted virtues of liberalism have inspired theorists and reformers from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison through Jane Addams and John Dewey to Martin Luther King, Jr., and then explains how these virtues persist in the work of some liberal democrats today. Endorsing the efforts of such neo-progressive and communitarian theorists and journalists as Michael Walzer, Jane Mansbridge, Michael Sandel, and E. J. Dionne, Kloppenberg also offers a more acute analysis of the historical development of American liberalism and of the complex reasons why it has been transformed and made more vulnerable in recent decades. An intelligent, coherent, and persuasive canvas that stretches from the Enlightenment to the American Revolution, from Tocqueville's observations to the New Deal's social programs, and from the right to worship freely to the idea of ethical responsibility, this book is a valuable contribution to historical scholarship and to contemporary political and cultural debates.


The importance of connectivity is growing across the world as the need for access to information and communication technologies is becoming more important for economic development. This paper presents the concept of the connectivity frontier as the expected achievable level of commercially sustainable connectivity for information and communication technologies for each country given the average country's structural and institutional endowments. The connectivity frontier is computed, identifying the key structural and institutional variables that affect connectivity investment in a country. The study uses the connectivity frontier as a benchmark to compare connectivity levels across countries and identify connectivity gaps, illustrating the connectivity gap analysis with an application to Latin American and Caribbean countries. Finally, the paper includes an analysis of the determinants of the connectivity gap using panel data for OECD countries, showing the importance of entry regulation and public ownership to explain the observed connectivity gap.


Given the recent radical overhaul of secondary school qualifications in New Zealand, similar in style to those in the UK, there has been a distinct change in the tertiary entrant profile. In order to gain insight into this new situation that university institutions are faced with, we investigate some of the ways in which these recent changes have impacted upon tertiary level mathematics in New Zealand. To this end, we analyse the relationship between the final secondary school qualifications in Mathematics with calculus of incoming students and their results in the core first-year mathematics papers at Canterbury since 2005, when students entered the University of Canterbury with these new reformed school qualifications for the first time. These findings are used to investigate the suitability of this new qualification as a preparation for tertiary mathematics and to revise and update entrance recommendations for students wishing to succeed in their first-year mathematics study.


Across the world, numerous sites of cultural heritage value are at risk from a variety of human-induced and natural hazards such as war and earthquakes. Here we present and test a novel indicator-based method for assessing the vulnerability of archaeological sites to earthquakes. Vulnerability is approached as a dynamic element assessed through a combination of spatial and temporal parameters. The spatial parameters examine the susceptibility of the sites to the secondary Earthquake Environmental Effects of ground liquefaction, landslides and tsunami and are expressed through the Spatial Susceptibility Index (SSi). Parameters of physical vulnerability, economic importance and visitors density examine the temporal vulnerability of the sites expressed through the Temporal Vulnerability Index (TVi). The equally weighted sum of the spatial and temporal indexes represents the total Archaeological Site Vulnerability Index (A.S.V.I.). The A.S.V.I method is applied at 16 archaeological sites across Greece, allowing an assessment of their vulnerability. This then allows the establishment of a regional and national priority list for considering future risk mitigation . Results indicate that i) the majority of the sites have low to moderate vulnerability to earthquake hazard, ii) Neratzia Fortress on Kos and Heraion on Samos are characterised as highly vulnerable and should be prioritised for further studies and mitigation measures, and iii) the majority of the sites are susceptible to at least one Earthquake Environmental Effect and present relatively high physical vulnerability attributed to the existing limited conservation works . This approach highlight s the necessity for an effective vulnerability assessment methodology within the existing framework of disaster risk management for cultural heritage.


Legal principles play an important role in any system of law. Following the European Court of Justice, the treaties of the European Union have embraced the concept of "principles of law", mainly as a means to guarantee individual and human rights in public and constitutional law. More recently, however, the ECJ has come to recognize as "general principles" private law and contract law norms and values. Furthermore, the notion of "principles" has played a key role in impressive unification projects which aimed to promote harmonization of national contract laws in Europe, such as the PECL ("Principles of European Contract Law") and the DCFR (Draft Common Frame of Reference). The proposed Common European Sales Law (SECL) also opens with a separate chapter dedicated to "General Principles" of contract law. The article invites the reader to think more carefully and critically about the role played by alleged "principles" in the law generally, and in the evolving European law of contract in particular. Part II points out the instability and vagueness of the concept of a legal "principle". Part III presents an original theoretical model which aims to reduce the inherent vagueness surrounding the concept and the distinction between legal rules and legal principles. The model suggests that while principles do often differ from rules in other respects as well (e.g., in their substantive content or analytical structure), these common distinctions fail to capture the most essential difference between principles and rules, which lies in their sharply distinct political function. Part IV applies this general thesis to the multi-level constitutional architecture of European law, coming to the conclusion that the principles of European private law are those common core norms which are shared by the laws of most Member States (ius commune Europaeum). Part V applies and illustrates this claim on the various instruments by which the Union has attempted to promoted the unification of contract law around Europe. Part VI concludes by claiming that the European principles, including that of subsidiarity, are best understood as a balancing device by which the Union adjusts the level of regulation between legislature and courts on the one hand, and between the supranational and national powers on the other.


Background: In recent decades, the role of women in the organizations of developed and less developed countries has increased, but little is known about gender gap in salaries of Iranian physicians. Aims: To analyze the gender gap in the salary of physicians working in public health sector of Iran and its predicting factors in 2016. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methods: Thirty thousand eight hundred and twenty four records about characteristics of study population were extracted from national human resources for health database. Nearest neighborhood matching technique was used to find adjusted differences of salary between male and female physicians. In addition, by using Oaxaca decomposition method, the reasons for the differences were found. Results: The results showed that there was a difference of 117 dollars in monthly salaries of male and female physicians in favor of men. Differences in male and female salaries could be predicted by place of work and residency, type of specialty, type of employment and marital status. Conclusion: Gender gap in physicians' salaries exists in public health sector of Iran. The payment methods of salaries for men and women should be revised in order to remove the inequalities.


Guinea pigs immunized with polypeptides derived from plantar and hand wart viruses developed both humoral and cell mediated immunity. The specificity of the antiserum was determined by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests and cellular immunity by intradermal tests. While whole plantar and hand wart virus particles (PV and HV) appeared to be immunologically analogous, they had different polypeptide patterns as shown by analysis on acrylamide slab gels. In particular, the P2 polypeptide (major virus protein) with different mol. wt. for PV (56750) and HV (54500) induced the production of high antibody titres in the animals and the immune sera specifically labelled wart substrates as shown in thie IF test, demonstrating that no cross humoral reaction occurs between these two polypeptides. Furthermore, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction was observed in P2 polypeptide-inoculated guinea pigs when whole particles were introduced in skin tests, but a total cross reactivity between PV and HV was noticed at the cellular level. However, the study of the virus isolated from the lesions of a patient (Ri) bearing extensive common hand warts has shown that the virus particles possessed all the biochemical and immunological characteristics of PV, in particular with regard to the P2 polypeptide. Such a case may represent plantar-like warts located on the hands.


Discusses the tactical decisions firms make in the process of establishing management systems in overseas subsidiaries and their strategic effects on the function of the management system as it relates to organizational learning. Introduces a typology of organizational learning models by analyzing 114 Japanese subsidiaries. Uses the typology to discuss the differences across Japanese multinational corporations in terms of how they learn and the levels at which they learn. Argues that what was learned, how much was learned and who learned was determined by the particulars of the learning process itself. Suggests four learning types among the Japanese multinational corporations studied based on analysis of decision patterns. Describes the implications for how Japanese multinational corporations should approach learning in their foreign operations and addresses the import the findings might have for non-Japanese corporations.


In recent years, innovative underground construction techniques have been extensively utilized for many purposes in Iran. Using construction methods such as CAPS (concrete arc pre-supporting system) in the case of nearby special structures is regarded as a valuable technique. CAPS technique applied in this work is a supporting system implemented in urban areas, where the excavation-induced distribution of the soil settlement is considerably lower compared to other sequential excavation (SEM) methods. Our case study is Q7 station, which is an intersection station in Tehran metro line 7 located near Tohid Twin Tunnel and Gardoon Tower. Based on investigations carried out and presented in this paper, CAPS demonstrates an excellent performance and serviceability for structures located within congested urban areas. Q7 station was modeled using FLAC3D code. To ensure the accuracy of our model, monitoring data were compared with the numerical results. By performing sensitivity analysis on the shear parameters of the rehabilitated soil (c, φ) and the distance between beam elements (λ factor), we observed that increasing the shear parameters of the soil mass decreases the vertical displacement of the ground. The optimum value for the λ factor was estimated in this work based on the Rankin criteria for Gardoon Tower (a 20-story building) and Tohid Twin Tunnel.


The single transferable vote (STV) is a family of vote-counting procedures that use voters' rankings of candidates as input and achieve proportional representation. This paper compares STV with other types of voting procedures and discusses the history of STV, issues concerning the rules of STV, limitations of various versions of STV, and a new version of STV based on paired comparisons of sets of candidates. Each refinement of STV overcomes a limitation of previous versions but at some cost in either the difficulty of understanding the procedure, the cost of computing the outcome, or both.


Approximately 127,000 children were adopted in the United States in 2000 and the same number in 2001. When adoptions go well, the events that follow are mostly private family matters. On other occasions, families discover that they have adopted a child who is suffering from mental and/or physical ailments. In cases where the adoptive parents are not aware of the child's medical history, adoptions can have unfortunate endings, including adoption disruption, litigation, interfamily violence, and even death. This article focuses on the issues involved when a family discovers post-adoption that the child has Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The article will first discuss the evolution of adoption and disclosure in the United States, then provide background on the nature of FASD and the difficulties of recognizing cases. The article will then focus on (a) the psychological impact on parents who have adopted a child who is found to have FASD and (b) the impact of disclosure upon state, national, and international law. The article concludes with recommendations for improving disclosure standards and reducing the risk of FASD going undetected and undisclosed in adoptive children.


This paper will consider some recent sociological writing on emotion and mental health and examine the significance of this for social work practice in the field of mental health.
What does an emotionally contented life look like? In the medicalised world of much mental health practice there are numerous therapeutic and pharmaceutical interventions to balance out our emotions and make us happy. In contrast, when practice focuses on those perceived to have more severe forms of mental illness, talk of emotions is often absent and interventions are often considered to have potential to unsettle stable states and 'talk up' even more problems. The conceptualisation of emotion as fundamental to the constitution and operation of reason and the role emotions play in our well-being (Williams, 2005) provides opportunities to think about how emotion is considered (or not) by social workers as well as other mental health practitioners.
Current service configuration in the UK functions to support a dichotomy in mental illness with a split between primary, the sector supposedly dealing with more common mental health problems, and secondary services, targeted at those with less common and more severe forms of mental illness. This dichotomy is often unhelpful and does not reflect our experience of mental health difficulties. The experience of crisis for example, when emotions become non-containable, can occur to any of us irrespective of a diagnosis (Morton, 2006). This polarised view of mental health is also apparent in discourses about emotion which operate in practice in these services. There is general acceptance that 'emotions' or disturbance of emotional stability are linked to a vast array of mental health difficulties such as depression and anxiety and talking about emotions in many therapeutic interventions is considered part of the 'cure'. When it comes to the more severe illnesses such as schizophrenia or bi-polar disorder, consideration of an emotional life appears to be missing and often avoided. However, even here, emotions are subject to scrutiny - the recording of 'euthymic' in medical out-patient notes when the patient with bi-polar disorder is seen and judged stable, the attention paid to high expressed emotion (EE) in families living with someone who has schizophrenia.
I want to explore how both preoccupation and avoidance positions are unhelpful, how underlying assumptions about emotional wellness are ever present whether explicitly or implicitly whenever practice intervenes to help people with 'mental health problems', and to question the presumption that a steady emotional state would be desirable for any of us let alone achievable.


The association of obesity with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance has been recognized for decades. However, the mechanism that links obesity and insulin resistance has not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have suggested that the macrophages in the adipose tissue are involved in the association between insulin resistance and obesity. In the present study we co-cultured adipocytes with macrophages and investigated the effect of macrophages on basal and insulin-dependent glucose uptake and serine phosphorylation. An in-vitro coculture system was developed using differentiated 3T3-L adipocytes and macrophages. Confluent preadipocytes were stimulated with 1μM dexamethazone, 0.5Mm isobutylmethylxanthine and 10μg of insulin. The differentiated adipocytes were identified by lipid accumulation in the form of droplets in the cells . The success of the co-culture was determined by the morphology of the macrophages, which became elongated. Our results demonstrated an increase in the basal uptake of glucose and a decrease in the insulindependent uptake of glucose in the co-cultured adipocytes. We also showed a significant increase in serine-307 phosphorylation which prevents the interaction of IRS-1 and IR, resulting in insulin resistance. In order to validate our results, we determined the differential gene expression of the insulin signaling pathway in differentiated adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages, as compared to the differentiated adipocytes cultured alone. The IRS-1 and GLUT-4 genes were down regulated, while GLUT-1 gene was up regulated. : Macrophages that accumulate in the adipose tissue of obese subjects may be one of the risk factors for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.


Despite sport rebranding becoming an emerging topic for both academia and industry, there has been a limited number of investigations on how sport rebranding influences sport fans. The aim of this study is to investigate how sport rebranding in the form of logo redesign influences fan loyalty. Through an experimental approach, the results indicate that attitude toward rebranding plays a significant role in fan response when sport rebranding occurs. Additional findings suggest that logo evaluation partially mediates the relationship between logo change and brand loyalty. This study makes significant contributions to the body of knowledge on sport rebranding by revealing how fans' attitudes toward rebranding affects brand loyalty. The proposed model suggests directions for future sport rebranding research, and the paper provides implications for how sport marketers can use various rebranding strategies to improve rebranding outcomes and diminish negative responses from sport fans.


Beyond other social actors, such as policymakers and scholars, common citizens are also expected to actively engage with climate change, by adopting sustainable actions and supporting environmental policies. However, and despite the actual growing of environment-related social movements, a kind of inertia still prevails in the social climate of our society. The media should play a key role in promoting, among common individuals, the adoption of new and more sustainable practices. However, it is argued that the media seems to be failing to effectively address the climate crisis. As such, this study aims to identify the main weaknesses of climate change media communication to further discuss possible opportunities of communication improvements. For that, 1609 news articles published between 2017 and 2018 in five European countries were analyzed in-depth, through quantitative content analysis. The news' general characteristics, specifically reported themes, and the specificities of actors' discourses were taken into account for the analysis. It was verified that the European media tends to report climate change by using distant (e.g., future-focused) and outcome (e.g., threatening messages) framings, based on non-resilient, scientific, and political narratives, whilst overlooking the role of civil society on adapting to climate change. These results demonstrate that instead of promoting society's climate action, the media may be contributing to a widespread social apathy about the climate and the disengagement of individuals regarding environment-related matters. Evidence-based forms of improving the media's communication on climate change will be further discussed.


Introduction Breastfeeding effects on cognition are attributed to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), but controversy persists. Genetic variation in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) and elongase (ELOVL) enzymes has been overlooked when studying the effects of LC-PUFAs supply on cognition. We aimed to: 1) to determine whether maternal genetic variants in the FADS cluster and ELOVL genes contribute to differences in LC-PUFA levels in colostrum; 2) to analyze whether these maternal variants are related to child cognition; and 3) to assess whether children's variants modify breastfeeding effects on cognition. Methods Data come from two population-based birth cohorts (n = 400 mother-child pairs from INMA-Sabadell; and n = 340 children from INMA-Menorca). LC-PUFAs were measured in 270 colostrum samples from INMA-Sabadell. Tag SNPs were genotyped both in mothers and children (13 in the FADS cluster, 6 in ELOVL2, and 7 in ELOVL5). Child cognition was assessed at 14 mo and 4 y using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, respectively. Results Children of mothers carrying genetic variants associated with lower FADS1 activity (regulating AA and EPA synthesis), higher FADS2 activity (regulating DHA synthesis), and with higher EPA/AA and DHA/AA ratios in colostrum showed a significant advantage in cognition at 14 mo (3.5 to 5.3 points). Not being breastfed conferred an 8- to 9-point disadvantage in cognition among children GG homozygote for rs174468 (low FADS1 activity) but not among those with the A allele. Moreover, not being breastfed resulted in a disadvantage in cognition (5 to 8 points) among children CC homozygote for rs2397142 (low ELOVL5 activity), but not among those carrying the G allele. Conclusion Genetically determined maternal supplies of LC-PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation appear to be crucial for child cognition. Breastfeeding effects on cognition are modified by child genetic variation in fatty acid desaturase and elongase enzymes.


OBJECTIVE
A study was undertaken to assess the stability of leg alignment reaction to a pressure challenge and its responsiveness to an adjustive intervention.

DESIGN
Prospective, double-blind clinical trial of a diagnostic test.

SETTING
Laboratory: Center for Technique Research.

PARTICIPANTS
Forty-two chiropractic college students, faculty and staff.

INTERVENTIONS
A high-velocity, low-amplitude, short lever adjustment of a single vertebra from among C1 and T3-T7; or a sham adjustment similar to a manual diagnostic pressure test at C1, T3-T7 or T9-T10.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Leg alignment reactivity: An increase in leg alignment discrepancy (yes or no) following a metered pressure challenge to a vertebra.

RESULTS
On average, stability was poor at T3-T7 (Kappa = 0.04), moderate at C1 (K = 0.47), and fair for sham pressure tests (K = 0.30). Responsiveness: The proportion of positive baseline leg alignment reactions that responded (became negative) to sham adjustment was 95% at T3-T7 and 55% at C1. Further analysis was untenable since too few vertebrae were implicated for an adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS
For the population investigated, the majority of the responsiveness of the leg alignment diagnostic test to a rotatory adjustment appears to be a diagnostic illusion (i.e., background noise unrelated to a treatment intervention). Further research with different subject populations, regions of investigation, leg alignment measurement techniques and vertebral challenge techniques are indicated.


'Bowl' is a simple token-based media player designed as a self-contained interface for children between 2--4. The project focuses on the use of tangible interfaces for handling media in relevant physical and social contexts - in this case the home environment.
 An initial investigation of containers leads to the consideration of bowls as interfaces for viewing, sharing and presenting media. Subsequent investigation of everyday objects leads to the use of toys and a range of familiar items as tokens with relationships to media. The resulting prototype and extensive user-testing shows strong relationships between playful activities and media consumption.
 The project extends a rich history of previous work in token-based interfaces by implementing a long-term, iterative design and testing process in contextually relevant situations.


The suboceanic mantle has on the basis of incompatible element and isotope ratios two chemically distinct units; the mantle source for ocean island basalts and the mantle source for ocean ridge basalts. Ocean island alkali basalts have an enriched light rare earth element (REE) source with K/Rb = 400, K/Ba = 28, Zr/Nb = 6.6. Ocean ridge tholeiites have a depleted light REE source, with K/Rb = 1060, K/Ba = no, and Zr/Nb = 37. 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb ratios are generally lower in the ocean ridge basalts than in the basalts from ocean islands. It is suggested that these differences are not a result of simple partial melting, fractional crystallization, zone refining, residual minerals or isotopic disequilibrium between minerals and melt during melting. Instead, the differences between the sources are real, and have existed for some 1500 Ma or more. Nephelinite, alkali basalt, and tholeiites from ocean islands have similar isotopic and incompatible element ratios. The nephelinites and alkali basalts are, however, progressively much more enriched in the light REE than are the tholeiites, yet the light REE in nephelinites and alkali basalts appear to be incompatible. This may be explained by the occurrence of small (average 4 cm thick), closely spaced pyroxenite veins (within tens of cm) in the mantle source for ocean island basalts. The occurrence of a network of veins which melt preferentially may lead to melts which have apparent sources with a much greater enrichment in incompatible elements than the total mantle source and may also give the appearance of a source whose ratio for slightly compatible elements changes as a function of extent of melting.


This paper draws upon the concept of recreancy to examine the mental well-being of university students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Briefly, recreancy is loss of societal trust that results when institutional actors can no longer be counted on to perform their responsibilities. Our study of mental well-being and recreancy focuses on the role of universities and government regulators within the education sector. We surveyed 600 UK students attending 161 different public higher education providers in October 2020 during a time when many UK students were isolated in their residences and engaged in online learning. We assessed student well-being using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (scored 7–35) and found the mean score to be 19.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 19.6, 20.2]. This level of well-being indicates that a significant proportion of UK students face low levels of mental well-being. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicates that high recreancy—measured as a low trust in universities and the government—is associated with low levels of mental well-being across the student sample. While these findings are suggestive, they are also important and we suggest that government and university leaders should not only work to increase food and housing security during the Covid-19 pandemic, but also consider how to combat various sector trends that might intensify recreancy.


Aims. We examine the linear stability of the Saturnian ring disk of mutually gravitating and physically colliding particles with special emphasis on its fine-scale ∼100 m density wave structure, that is, almost regularly spaced, aligned cylindric density enhancements and optically-thin zones with the width and the spacing between them of roughly several tens particle diameters. Methods. We analyze the Jeans' instabilities of gravity perturbations (e.g., those produced by a spontaneous disturbance) analytically by using the Navier-Stokes dynamical equations of a compressible fluid. The theory is not restricted by any assumptions about the thickness of the system. We consider a simple model of the system consisting of a three-dimensional ring disk that is weakly inhomogeneous and whose structure is analyzed by making a horizontally local short-wave approximation. Results. We demonstrate that the disk is probably unstable and that gravity perturbations grow effectively within a few orbital periods. We find that self-gravitation plays a key role in the formation of the fine structure. The predictions of the theory are compared with observations of Saturn's rings by the Cassinispacecraft and are found to be in good agreement. In particular, it appears very likely that some of the quasi-periodic microstructures observed in Saturn's A and B rings ‐ both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric ones ‐ are manifestations of these effects. We argue that the quasi-periodic density enhancements revealed in Cassini data are flattened structures, with a height to width ratio of about 0.3. One should analyze high-resolution of the order of 10 m data acquired for the A and B rings (and probably C ring as well) to confirm this prediction. We also show that the gravitational instability is a potential cluster-forming mechanism leading to the formation of porous 100-m-diameter moonlets of preferred mass ∼10 7 g each embedded in the outer A ring, although this has yet to be directly measured.


On 1 July 1997, following the handover to China, Hong Kong entered the era of "one country, two systems." An imaginative group in Hong Kong thought that scientists might have something relevant to say. The notion was not entirely fanciful. Scientists live with dualities—and struggle against them.

Probably one of the most revolutionary innovations in science during this century was the recognition of the duality of matter; that is, in some aspects of its behavior matter is best described as a particle, and in other aspects as a wave. This revolution in scientific thought took place almost three-quarters of a century ago. By now most scientists have come to accept it. But, happily for science, there are still some who are convinced that they can uncover a deeper level of truth in which the coexisting systems of thought will be replaced by a unified view.

Those who resist this revolution in science are not regarded as a threat. They are not branded as counterrevolutionary. There is a good reason for this. Stated simply, it is that if change marks a step forward on, say, 1 July 1997, then change can once again represent progress at some future date.

The concept of "one matter, two descriptions" introduced in the 1920s represented a major advance. But it constitutes no more than a step along the path toward greater understanding. The door remains open to further discoveries.

Politics, which addresses the complex problem of reconciling human aspirations, is also a process of discovery. Under democracy, each new orthodoxy has its opportunity to persuade the people and, later, to be modified by them.

There are, it should be recognized, many forms of democratic organization. Science constitutes one. It is a subtle structure in which, without formal elections, the dominant views establish themselves in forums organized to give a hearing to dissent. These views prevail because of their power to persuade, and not because of the power of those who hold them.

Every issue of a scientific journal, every scientific conference, and every informal meeting between scientists is devoted to testing current orthodoxy in order to see whether it can be improved. Science is a stumbling progress toward change.

But it is not enough to say that science is open to change; it is necessary to work to ensure it. In science, as in politics, those in authority have an interest in the current orthodoxy. Left to themselves, it is altogether conceivable that the scientific leadership, like the political leadership, might place obstacles in the path of change.

The democratic structure in science prevents this. As scientists we are required to defend our views in public. There are many ways of structuring a democratic system, but there is no way of sustaining one without vigilance to ensure that minority views are heard. Not only does the color of a cat not determine its ability to catch mice, as Deng Xiaoping famously remarked, neither does its politics. Views must be heard in order to be judged.

There is an area of endeavor in which agreement exists as to the need for intellectual freedom. I am thinking of commerce, in which the guiding principle is the "free market."

The market clearly embodies democracy. The individual with an idea is free to interest others in it. Those in favor vote by way of a ballot box called a cash register. The virtue of the system is that it harnesses individual imagination by permitting dissent (called competition), thus leaving the way open to change.

To the outside observer, science presents the same scene of waste as does commerce. But having wrong ideas, as we often do, is a necessary part of the process of having right ones. Science, like commerce, is an organic process in which the interaction of the parts must be permitted to produce unpredictable outcomes. If science, or commerce, or politics, is to flourish, we must build into them sufficient freedom that they can surprise us.

As scientists we share the belief that freedom of thought and expression are vital to achieving new insights. "One country, two systems" is a slogan we can embrace if it becomes an invitation to openness and tolerance.


The systematics of fluid-mobile trace elements in arc lavas from Panama, relative to their Li isotopic compositions, provide unique evidence for the fertilization and subsequent differential extraction of mobile species from the subarc mantle. Calc-alkaline lavas that crystallized between 20 and 5 Ma (Old Group) that possess δ 7 Li as high as +11.2 have low B/Be. Otherwise identical (and similarly old) calcalkaline lavas with high B/Be (to 23), have mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) like δ 7 Li (+4.7 to +5.6). Adakite lavas (<3 Ma; Young Group) possess δ 7 Li from +1.4 to +4.2 and have consistently lower B/Be than Old Group lavas, consistent with derivation from melting of a devolatilized MORB slab. If Li and B had comparable fluid mobility in the subarc mantle, then slab fluids would carry both high B concentrations and elevated δ 7 Li signatures into arc sources, and samples with the highest δ 7 Li would also have the highest B/Be. Our data suggest that although both Li and B are initially derived from the slab, older δ 7 Li signatures may be preserved in the mantle beneath arcs. As a result, regions of the lithospheric mantle will develop Li isotope signatures that are heavier than typical MORB mantle.


Previous studies show that empathy deficits are considered an important barrier for the social development of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study compares the empathic responses between a group of children with ASD and a group of typically developing (TD) children. We included 63 children, out of which 26 had a diagnosis of ASD. We used an empathy task which simulated leg pain and an observational grid to assess four dimensions of empathy: affective responding, behavior activation, verbal empathic initiations and prosocial behaviors. The results showed that children with ASD had a lower performance at the affective responding and behavior activation dimensions, as compared with TD children, but there were no differences between the two groups in verbal empathic initiations and prosocial behaviors.


INTRODUCTION
Jaundice is one of the most common causes of admission to hospital in newborns which is often associated with several complications.

AIM
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of H. vulgare in reducing jaundice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this double-blind, randomized controlled trials 70 term infants hospitalized due to jaundice in 2014 were enrolled. Control group was treated with full-time phototherapy alone using LED except when the infants were breastfed and case group with phototherapy, as per the protocol in the control group, along with and topical H. vulgare seed flour three times a day. Data were analysed using and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-test in SPSS version 16.0.

RESULTS
There was a significant difference in mean indirect bilirubin level between the two groups p<0.05, such that the mean indirect bilirubin level was higher in the control group. Furthermore, no significant difference was seen in direct bilirubin level between the two groups at discharge p>0.05.

CONCLUSION
H. vulgare flour can cause decrease in indirect bilirubin. Because the rate of decrease in indirect bilirubin can be effective in preventing severe complications due to bilirubinemia, H. vulgare can be used as a complementary therapy to treat jaundice.


Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the water balance and a major consumptive use of irrigation water and precipitation on cropland. Remote sensing based agrometeorological models are presently most suited for estimating crop water use at both field and regional scales. Numerous ET models have been developed in the last three decades to make use of visible, near-infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and most importantly, thermal data acquired by sensors on airborne and satellite platforms. In this article, a literature review is done to evaluate numerous remote sensing based algorithms for their ability to accurately estimate regional ET. The remote sensing based models generally have the potential to accurately estimate regional ET; however, there are numerous opportunities to further improve them. The spatial and temporal resolution of currently available remote sensing data from the existing set of earth-observing satellite platforms are not sufficient enough to be used in the estimation of spatially distributed ET for on-farm irrigation scheduling purposes, especially at the field scale (~10 to 200 ha). This will be constrained further if the thermal sensors on future Landsat satellites are abandoned. Research opportunities exist to improve the spatial and temporal resolution of ET by developing algorithms to increase the spatial resolution of surface temperature data derived from ASTER/MODIS thermal images using same/other-sensor high-resolution visible, NIR, and SWIR images.


Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease characterised by varying degrees of defect in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Optimal glycaemic control reduces the progression of diabetic complications. Over time, there is a steady deterioration of glycaemic control that raises the need for effective therapy targeted at the underlying defects in order to achieve treatment goals. The methods available for assessment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity have not been suitable for use in clinical practice. The introduction of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) targeting the insulin resistance component of T2D has been promising but accompanied with some adverse effects, mainly fluid retention and heart failure. In this thesis, a simple method for independent measurement of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity at the same time (combined glucagon-insulin tolerance test, GITT) has been developed (Paper I). We also evaluated the effect of a TZD (pioglitazone) and a long-acting insulin (glargine) as add-on in the treatment of patients with T2D, not achieving glycaemic goals when treated with classic anti-diabetic agents on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and markers of increased cardiovascular load (Papers II &IV). We also investigated the effect of pioglitazone on eye protrusion (Paper III). GITT showed good reproducibility and the index of insulin sensitivity derived from the GITT showed good correlation with the M-value from the euglycaemic clamp. The test also showed good discriminating capacity between individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance (Paper I). Both pioglitazone and insulin glargine were effective in reducing HbA1c levels in combination with other oral glucose lowering agents but pioglitazone caused fluid retention and increased levels of natriuretic peptides suggesting increased cardiac load (Papers II & IV). While pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity and lipids, insulin glargine resulted in improved β-cell function (Paper IV). Pioglitazone also caused an increase in eye protrusion in a subgroup of patients, probably by causing an increase in retrobulbar adipogenesis (Paper III). Taken together, these results can hopefully help clinicians in the choice of novel add-on treatment and in monitoring of untoward side effects. GITT seems to be a promising tool for assessing insulin secretion and action in clinical practice. (Less)


The reason most organizations struggle to demonstrate business gains from information-technology investments is that their IT portfolio management (ITPM) is inadequate. Research at 130 companies, including Harrah's Entertainment, Waste Management and Blue Cross Blue Shield, shows that only 17% are at the advanced, or synchronized, stage of ITPM. Scrutiny of that 17% reveals best practices for successfully aligning IT with strategic goals.
The key to bridging the business-technology divide and improving results is early communication. Not only must senior business managers understand more about how IT affects both strategy and the bottom line, CIOs need to learn to communicate the vision, strategies and goals of the IT organization in terms non-IT executives can understand. The most effective partnerships studied were those in which the CIO took initiative in discussing ITPM with business leaders and eventually transferred accountability to them.

The most successful practitioners obtained cost savings of up to 40% of pre-ITPM budgets, better alignment between IT spending and business objectives, and greater central coordination of IT investments across the organization. By following certain specific steps to establish or upgrade ITPM and by benchmarking against synchronized companies, large organizations can make IT an integral part of their competitive advantage.


Interorganizational collaboration is an essential function of public health agencies. These partnerships form social networks that involve diverse types of partners and varying levels of interaction. Such collaborations are widely accepted and encouraged, yet very little comparative research exists on how public health partnerships develop and evolve, specifically in terms of how subsequent network structures are linked to outcomes. A systems science approach, that is, one that considers the interdependencies and nested features of networks, provides the appropriate methods to examine the complex nature of these networks. Applying Mays and Scutchfields's categorization of "structural signatures" (breadth, density, and centralization), this research examines how network structure influences the outcomes of public health collaboratives. Secondary data from the Program to Analyze, Record, and Track Networks to Enhance Relationships (www.partnertool.net) data set are analyzed. This data set consists of dyadic (N = 12,355), organizational (N = 2,486), and whole network (N = 99) data from public health collaborations around the United States. Network data are used to calculate structural signatures and weighted least squares regression is used to examine how network structures can predict selected intermediary outcomes (resource contributions, overall value and trust rankings, and outcomes) in public health collaboratives. Our findings suggest that network structure may have an influence on collaborative-related outcomes. The structural signature that had the most significant relationship to outcomes was density, with higher density indicating more positive outcomes. Also significant was the finding that more breadth creates new challenges such as difficulty in reaching consensus and creating ties with other members. However, assumptions that these structural components lead to improved outcomes for public health collaboratives may be slightly premature. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.


South Africa is going through a difficult time due to HIV/AIDS pandemic (amongst other things)
which has caused countless deaths leading to major concern about municipal burial sites since
such land is limited. There is currently a shortage of burial sites enough in to accommodate the
vast numbers to deaths. It has been announced that some graveyards in KwaZulu-Natal,
Alexandra and Soweto are full. Consequently, municipalities have been seriously considering
campaigns to encourage people to opt for cremation as a way of disposing of their deceased
loved ones (Daily News, 2010:1). Cremation is an act of disposing of a deceased person by
burning their body remains. It has recently featured in the national newspapers in keeping with
efforts on the part of the Government to familiarise people within eThekwini and elsewhere in
the country with the practice of cremation. Cremation is, however a widely unpopular practice
throughout African culture, especially among the Zulu people. Some of them think of cremation
as a curse and something that contradicts their culture. In the Zulu culture there is a belief that
death is not the end: a person who dies enters into the afterlife and becomes a provider for the
family. Such a person is referred to as idlozi (an ancestor).
The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of the Zulu people on cremation as an
alternative to the traditional practice of burial. In this study the population from which a sample
was drawn were the Zulu people living in uMlazi and Zwelibomvu, a semi-urban area and a rural
area respectively. As a researcher I believed that this study was necessary and important because
it was hoping to help educate people so that they will be able to make an informed judgement
around the issue of cremation.


The mechanism for sensing tension across chromosome pairs before mitotic separation relies on the distance between enzyme and substrate. Chromosome attachments to the mitotic spindle are regulated by tension across the centromere, which ensures accurate chromosome segregation. Spindle microtubules can bind chromosomes at the kinetochore in different configurations, but only bi-oriented attachments can support accurate chromosome segregation. Tension across the centromere distinguishes correct and incorrect attachments, but how tension is sensed to regulate attachments is unclear. The mitotic kinase Aurora B is a key regulator of kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and phosphorylation of Aurora B substrates at kinetochores reduces microtubule affinity. Liu et al. tested to see whether a tension-sensitive mechanism regulates Aurora B activity. Instead, their results suggest that Aurora B kinase activity is not directly regulated by tension but that phosphorylation of an Aurora B substrate at the kinetochore depends on its distance from the kinase at the inner centromere and that it is this distance that is affected by tension. D. Liu, G. Vader, M. J. M. Vromans, M. A. Lampson, S. M. A. Lens, Sensing chromosome bi-orientation by spatial separation of Aurora B kinase from kinetochore substrates. Science 323, 1350–1353 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Water splitting promoted by particulate photocatalysts is a promising way to solve energy challenges and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Photocatalysts are less expensive than other solar energy harvesting and conversion devices, yet the efficiency is not yet commercially competitive. The ultimate goal of this work is to improve the efficiency of particulate photocatalysts so that they can provide commercially competitive energy solutions. One of the main factors limiting the efficiency of photocatalysts is the recombination of photogeneratedcharge carriers and the back reaction of intermediates. The electric field has been shown to be an effective approach for separating and transporting the photogenerated electrons and holes. As a result, the two half reactions are also spatially separated. The electric field can be from inside thephotocatalyst material, or from the photocatalyst-solution interface. In this work, we will focus on the ferroelectric polarization, a form of the internal electric field, and the pH of the solution, the effect of which is analogous to applying an external electric field. An external electric field can be applied to the particulate photocatalyst through changing thepH of the solution. In the first study, the relative photochemical reactivity of BaTiO3 was investigated as a function of the surrounding aqueous solution pH. The observations are consistent with the idea that increasing the pH increases the net negative charge adsorption on the surface, increasing the upward band bending and promoting the oxidation half reaction, which is the rate-limiting factor for the overall reaction. As a result, the rate of Ag+ reductionincreases with pH. This method can be combined with internal field engineering to further improve the photochemical reactivity. The spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric materials is a powerful tool to introduce aninternal electric field. Understanding the relationship between the magnitude of ferroelectric polarization and photochemical reactivity can provide a guide to improving the photochemical reactivity through ferroelectric domain engineering. In the second study, the influence of themagnitude of the polarization on photochemical reactivity is investigated. We found that the photochemical reactivity can only be improved by a factor of ~ 3 when the polarizationmagnitude increases by a factor of ~10. Our result has the potential to be applied to materials with internal fields arising from other mechanisms. To investigate the effect on photochemical reactivity when the internal electric field and the external electric field are tuned at the same time, we used a high-throughput method for the measurement of the hydrogen evolution rate in the third and the fourth study. In the third study, the rates of hydrogen production from six different BaTiO3/TiO2 core/shell photocatalysts weremeasured as a function of pH (from 1 to 12) using a parallelized and automated photochemical reactor. The pH dependence of the performance of the photocatalysts was similar: the rate of hydrogen production increased with pH, except for a local minimum between pH 3 and 6.Compared to the other catalysts at intermediate pH, the core/shell catalyst annealed at 600 °C had the highest reactivity. In the fourth study, the effect of internal and external fields on the photochemical hydrogen production of Al-doped SrTiO3/TiO2 core/shell heterostructuredcatalysts were investigated. The core/shell sample whose core was treated in a SrCl2 flux, doped with 2% Al2O3, and annealed at 1000°C showed the highest hydrogen generation rate. The optimal pH was 6 for the core and 9 or 12 for the core/shell. The results demonstrate that theparallelized and automated photochemical reactor is an effective way to compare the performance of hydrogen producing catalysts with different structures and in different operating conditions.


This paper follows on from an earlier publication on high-blend-rate binary gasoline-alcohol mixtures and reports results for some equivalent ternary fuels from several investigation streams. In the present work, new findings are presented for high-load operation in a dedicated boosted multi-cylinder engine test facility, for operation in modified production engines, for knock performance in a single-cylinder test engine, and for exhaust particulate emissions at part load using both the prototype multi-cylinder engine and a separate single-cylinder engine. The wide variety of test engines employed have several differences, including their fuel delivery strategies. This range of engine specifications is considered beneficial with regard to the "drop-in fuel" conjecture, since the results presented here bear out the contention, already established in the literature, that when specified according to the known ternary blending rules, such fuels fundamentally perform identically to their binary equivalents in terms of engine performance, and outperform standard gasolines in terms of efficiency. However, in the present work, some differences in particulate emissions performance in direct-injection engines have been found at light load for the tested fuels, with a slight increase in particulate number observed with higher methanol contents than lower. A hypothesis is developed to explain this result but in general it was found that these fuels do not significantly affect PN emissions from such engines. As a result, this investigation supplies further evidence that renewable fuels can be introduced simply into the existing vehicle fleet, with the inherent backwards compatibility that this brings too.


The syntectonic continental conglomerates of the South‐Central Pyrenees record the late stages of thin‐skinned transport of the South‐Pyrenean Central Units and the onset of exhumation of the Pyrenean Axial Zone (AZ) in the core of the orogen. New magnetostratigraphic data of these syntectonic continental conglomerates have established their age as Late Lutetian to Late Oligocene. The data reveal that these materials were deposited during intense periods of tectonic activity of the Pyrenean chain and not during the cessation of the deformation as considered previously. The magnetostratigraphic ages have been combined with new detrital apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology from AZ‐derived granite cobbles within the syntectonic conglomerates. Distribution of the granitic cobbles with different AFT ages and track lengths combined with their depositional ages reveal information on the timing and rate of episodes of exhumation in the orogen. Some AFT ages are considerably older than the AFT ages of the outcropping AZ granitic massifs, indicating erosion from higher crustal levels within the massifs than presently exposed or from completely eroded plutons. Inverse thermal modelling reveals two well‐defined periods of rapid cooling in the hinterland at ca. 50–40 and ca. 30–25 Ma, with another poorly defined cooling episode at ca. 70–60 Ma. The lowest stratigraphic samples experienced postburial annealing caused by the deposition of younger syntectonic sediments during progressive burial of the south Pyrenean thrust and fold belt. Moreover, samples from the deeper stratigraphic levels also reveal postorogenic cooling during the Late Miocene as a response to the excavation of the Ebro River towards the Mediterranean Sea. Our data strongly support previous ideas about the burial of the South Pyrenean fold and thrust belt by Late Palaeogene syntectonic conglomerates and their subsequent re‐excavation and are consistent with other thermochronological data and thermal modelling from the interior part of the orogen.


Cameroonian researchers at the Institute of Behavioral Studies and Research (IRESCO), with support from FRONTIERS, conducted an operations research project between 2000 and 2002 to assess strategies to encourage abstinence, increase contraceptive use, and reduce sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates among sexually active youth. The intervention combined peer-education strategies with media campaigns to promote healthy behavior among youth in the Mokolo neighborhood of Yaoundé. IRESCO trained 49 peer educators aged 19–25 in reproductive health (RH) communication strategies. The team coordinated educational talks, counseling sessions, conferences, and cultural and athletic events; produced comic books and brochures; and sold French and English editions of Among Youth magazine, featuring celebrity interviews and information on RH, unwanted pregnancy, and STI transmission. IRESCO evaluated the intervention's impact through baseline and endline surveys of 2,500 youth in Mokolo and the control site, New Bell, in Douala. This brief concludes that urban youth in Cameroon are knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS and the risks of early pregnancy, but their behavior often fails to reflect their knowledge. Peer-education programs targeting youth through one-on-one counseling, theatrical performances, youth magazines, and sporting events increases abstinence and fidelity and improves consistent and correct condom use.


It has been hypothesized that poor auditory temporal resolution is related to language-learning problems in children as well as problems with speech perception in noise in the elderly. We show that the presence of occasional silent gaps between short tone pips elicits mismatch negativity (MMN) in young adults. We also measured gap-detection thresholds with MMN that agree well with behavioural thresholds. Near threshold, the MMN increases as the gap size increases millisecond by millisecond. The MMN methodology for measuring temporal resolution is not only robust, but can be applied identically across the life span as it does not require the attention of participants or a behavioural response. We are now in a position to examine temporal resolution in infancy.


Through the sale of hydroelectric and water company shares, the building of dams to impound and control freshwater supplies, and via water trading schemes, there is continual acceleration in the privatization of water resources around the world. Key opponents to the enclosure of this 'common good' are indigenous communities who, having had their land and water appropriated by colonial societies, are now seeing these subjected to further economic colonization, exploitation, and ecological degradation, often by transnational corporations with little or no local social or environmental accountability. Their protests regarding commercial appropriation are not merely attempts to assert prior rights of ownership and managerial responsibility. They are also a critique of ideologies oriented toward unlimited growth and development which, they argue, conflict with their more sustainable and reciprocal relations with place, and with the nonhuman environment. This article considers some of the efforts of indigenous people to uphold their traditional rights to own and manage water. It focuses particularly on a recent case brought by the Māori Council against the Crown in New Zealand/ Aotearoa. Taking this to the Waitangi Tribunal, to the High Court and finally to the Supreme Court, Māori tried to prevent the Government from privatizing a major hydroelectric company and thus its water allocations. As well as initiating a lively national discussion on water ownership and governance, the case articulated a bicultural dialogue which resonates with wider national and international debates about human–environmental relationships and what constitutes 'the common good'. WIREs Water 2014, 1:121–131. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1002


The purpose of this work is to present a gentle first introduction to numerical magnetohydrodynamics at the advanced undergraduate level. We first present the necessary background physics, building up the magnetohydrodynamics equations piece by piece. Then, we present numerical methods to discretize the equations. In addition to the traditional finite difference method, we present stable and nonstandard discretization methods employed in THE ARGO, a minimalist magnetohydrodynamics code written in Python by this author. A backtracking scheme is used to discretize advection and diffusion and is guaranteed to be stable. Our nonstandard discretization is an atypical use of Fast Fourier Transforms to find the fluid pressure. Last, we present test problems validating the physical accuracy of THE ARGO's unusual methods. We hope this work will provide students with some foundation before delving into the nasty traditional codes written in C and Fortran. Additionally, we hope the scientific community may benefit from our presentation of the nonstandard techniques we used to discretize the magnetohydrodynamics equations. Unlike common methods, our schemes guarantee stability, allowing larger time steps than the Courant condition permits.


This paper presents the results of a study in which we empirically investigated the suite of object-oriented (OO) design metrics introduced in (Chidamber and Kemerer, 1994). More specifically, our goal is to assess these metrics as predictors of fault-prone classes and, therefore, determine whether they can be used as early quality indicators. This study is complementary to the work described in (Li and Henry, 1993) where the same suite of metrics had been used to assess frequencies of maintenance changes to classes. To perform our validation accurately, we collected data on the development of eight medium-sized information management systems based on identical requirements. All eight projects were developed using a sequential life cycle model, a well-known OO analysis/design method and the C++ programming language. Based on empirical and quantitative analysis, the advantages and drawbacks of these OO metrics are discussed. Several of Chidamber and Kemerer's OO metrics appear to be useful to predict class fault-proneness during the early phases of the life-cycle. Also, on our data set, they are better predictors than "traditional" code metrics, which can only be collected at a later phase of the software development processes.


Mutations in the ERF gene, coding for ETS2 repressor factor, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors cause a recently recognized syndromic form of craniosynostosis (CRS4) with facial dysmorphism, Chiari‐1 malformation, speech and language delay, and learning difficulties and/or behavioral problems. The overall prevalence of ERF mutations in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis is around 2%, and 0.7% in clinically nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Here, we present findings from 16 unrelated probands with ERF‐related craniosynostosis, with additional data from 20 family members sharing the mutations. Most of the probands exhibited multisutural (including pan‐) synostosis but a pattern involving the sagittal and lambdoid sutures (Mercedes‐Benz pattern) predominated. Importantly the craniosynostosis was often postnatal in onset, insidious and progressive with subtle effects on head morphology resulting in a median age at presentation of 42 months among the probands and, in some instances, permanent visual impairment due to unsuspected raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Facial dysmorphism (exhibited by all of the probands and many of the affected relatives) took the form of orbital hypertelorism, mild exorbitism and malar hypoplasia resembling Crouzon syndrome but, importantly, a Class I occlusal relationship. Speech delay, poor gross and/or fine motor control, hyperactivity and poor concentration were common. Cranial vault surgery for raised ICP and/or Chiari‐1 malformation was expected when multisutural synostosis was observed. Variable expressivity and nonpenetrance among genetically affected relatives was encountered. These observations form the most complete phenotypic and developmental profile of this recently identified craniosynostosis syndrome yet described and have important implications for surgical intervention and follow‐up.


Significant efforts are put worldwide on developing new concepts for vehicle propulsion with the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) being a prominent example. Hybrid technology is clearly a strategic future activity for automotive industries and in response to the rapid development in the area; the Swedish Hybrid Vehicle Centre (SHC) was formed in 2007 to join forces between Swedish industry and academia in the field. The centre emphasizes a holistic view to meet the environmental and societal needs with new technological solutions. The research within SHC is currently divided into three different themes where of we here describe the Energy Storage theme with emphasis on the activities carried out at the involved universities in the current main project areas: Cell Properties, Electrode Materials and Electrolyte Additives. Examples are given on how these projects attacks the problems at hand separately, but also how we create synergy effects between the projects. As an example cell modelling is performed given a specific chemistry and cycling scheme, the same parameters are used for electrochemical experiments which provide macroscopic data that are connected with molecular level actions in the electrodes, the electrolyte, and the interfaces. All this is done using our base-line chemistry and a subsequent route is to investigate the role of different additives to overcome the limitations that are observed.


Lisbon is a return to the community method: the word "Constitution" has disappeared along with the goal of drafting a self-sufficient document. A new treaty is proposed for ratification by Member States modifying on one side the Treaty on European Union ("TEU") and on the other side the Treaty establishing the European Community ("EC Treaty"); this last part of the modifying treaty is designated as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ("TFEU"). Nothing has improved as regards clarity and simplification: the amendments cover 152 pages and prove very difficult to read in the absence of consolidation, not to mention the seventy-six pages of protocols and twenty-five pages of declarations. But, on the other hand, the method of amending existing treaties is well known, as it is no different from the Single European Act ("SEA"), Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice treaties. One may also observe that the "constitutional period" has not been entirely deprived of positive effects; it has had a certain pedagogical role. Some modifications, namely institutional, have become more easily acceptable because they have been explained so many times: for instance, the extension of the co-decision procedure and the institution of a more permanent presidency of the European Council. THE LISBON COMPROMISE: A SYNTHESIS BETWEEN COMMUNITY METHOD AND UNION ACQUIS Jacqueline Dutheil de la Rochre*


Developmental scientists have long been interested in how the environment influences children's development. However, with few exceptions, they have not researched how exposure to contaminants in the physical environment affects developmental processes. Children are uniquely at risk for exposure to contaminants because they drink more, eat more, and breathe more air than adults as a proportion of their body weight. In this article, we provide an ecosystems perspective to illustrate how contexts—from the prenatal environment and neighborhood-level exposure to laws and policies—contribute to children's exposure to contaminants. We also discuss four mechanisms that account for how and when exposure to contaminants affects children, and we provide examples to spur research on these mechanisms. We conclude with recommendations to foster integrative science where developmental science interacts with environmental health and toxicology.


This study presents a semantic analysis of how emotions and emotional experiences are described in Chinese. It focuses on conventionalized expressions in Chinese, namely compounds and idioms, which contain body-part terms. The body-part terms are divided into two classes: those denoting external body parts and those denoting internal body parts or organs. It is found that, with a few exceptions, the expressions involving external body parts are originally metonymic, describing emotions in terms of their externally observable bodily events and processes. However, once conventionalized, these expressions are also used metaphorically regardless of emotional symptoms or gestures. The expressions involving internal organs evoke imaginary bodily images that are primarily metaphorical. It is found that the metaphors, though imaginary in nature, are not really all arbitrary. They seem to have a bodily or psychological basis, although they are inevitably influenced by cultural models.


This work concentrates on a novel technique for the fabrication of miniaturized cylindrical ion trap structures (CIT) to be used as replacements of commercial hyperbolic structure ion trap mass spectrometers. Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) tapes (Dupont 951), commonly known as "green tape", were used to fabricate a CIT structure of 2.75 mm in diameter. The fabrication process included a stainless steel die, which was used to obtain the impressions, for automatic alignment of stainless steel end plates. The ring electrode structure made out of green tape and the stainless steel endplates, were plated with electro-less Ni and electro-less Au to obtain a conducting surface. The green tape CIT structures were tested for background contamination and out-gassing under vacuum in a Saturn 2000 MS Mass Spectrometer. Experiments showed that no considerable outgassing or contamination is present at pressures of 10 -4 to 10 -6 Torr. Other techniques to fabricate CIT structure involving green tapes are being explored as an alternative.


Security of energy supply, promotion of the bio-economy, nutrient recycling, and innovation are prioritized policy areas in the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUBSR). The Baltic Sea Region (BSR) has a great bioenergy potential worth exploring in this context. This paper explores the state-of-art of bioenergy systems and synergies with eco-systems services in the BSR region in the context of developing the region's bio-economy. In this brief assessment, we consider 8 countries (i.e. Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Denmark, and Belarus) in the region. While the production and use of modern bioenergy can help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, promote energy security, diversify energy resources, and contribute to a successful circular economy and rural development, it is important to find a balance between the exploration of resources and the management of eco-systems services. In addition, both climate change vulnerability and bioenergy production may affect the environment and the capacity of the BSR to deliver ecosystem services (ESS). We recommend integrated strategies for optimal use of bioresources in the region. Bioeconomy can be realized by innovative approaches, establishing cross-cutting institutional and policy linkages for increased prosperity and green growth in the Baltic Sea Region. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +46-8790-7464. E-mail address: email@example.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com


Self-efficacy for avoiding alcohol use predicts alcohol use after treatment. However, selfefficacy predicts outcome differentially depending on whether ratings are made before or after treatment. In order to increase the predictive validity of self-efficacy judgments, the hypothesized sources of self-efficacy were examined in the current study utilizing a college student population. Self-efficacy ratings for avoiding heavy drinking before and after self-monitoring of drinking behavior were examined in order to understand whether careful examination of current behavior would result in more informed self-efficacy judgments. Participants (N = 135) completed questionnaires that assessed self-efficacy, drinking behaviors, alcohol expectancies, and perceived normative alcohol use. Participants were assigned to either the control or self-monitoring condition. Self-monitors recorded drinking behaviors during the four weeks after the baseline assessment. All participants returned for a follow-up assessment four weeks later. Consistent with predictions based on social cognitive theory, heavy drinking, positive alcohol expectancies, and perceived norms of use were inversely related to self-efficacy. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that self-monitoring did not lead to stronger relationships between source variables and self-efficacy. Individuals who appeared to be overconfident in their self-efficacy judgments at baseline did not make more accurate ratings as a result of self-monitoring. Results from this study highlight potential sources of information individuals use in making self-efficacy judgments. Understanding Self-Efficacy iii


Current literatures on urban parks and green spaces showed that people's preference for visiting urban parks in various group users is different. People visit parks for various motives and activities, leading to several patterns of park usabilit y. However, the patterns in urban park use in majority of Iran cities are not yet known. This study presented the preference for activity in urban parks among people in Gorgan city. A survey research was conducted to gain understanding of respondents' preferences for activity in urban parks. The Data was collected among 300 visitors of two well-known urban parks in Gorgan. Visitors rated preference for four activities: relaxation, socializing, nature involvement, and playing activities. The results revealed that the people of Gorgan chose relaxation and na ture involvement as the most preferred activities whilst socializing and playing were the least preferred activities. Furthermore, a significant difference in two variables: relaxation and nature involvement activity was found among marital status and visi tor age groups. The results also indicated the role of urban parks on psychological needs of the citizens, which creates urban nature as a valuable urban resource and key component for city sustainability. This result contributes notions towards significan tly impacting design of urban parks and their facilities that designers and decision makers should manage those facilities to satisfy the visitors' needs.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate if human-extracted MRI tumor phenotypes of breast cancer could predict receptor status and tumor molecular subtype using MRIs from The Cancer Genome Atlas project.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our retrospective interpretation study utilized the analysis of HIPAA-compliant breast MRI data from The Cancer Imaging Archive. One hundred and seven preoperative breast MRIs of biopsy proven invasive breast cancers were analyzed by 3 fellowship-trained breast-imaging radiologists. Each study was scored according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon for mass and nonmass features. The Spearman rank correlation was used for association analysis of continuous variables; the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for associating continuous outcomes with categorical variables. The Fisher-exact test was used to assess correlations between categorical image-derived features and receptor status. Prediction of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor, and molecular subtype were performed using random forest classifiers.

RESULTS
ER+ tumors were associated with the absence of rim enhancement (P = 0.019, odds ratio [OR] 5.5), heterogeneous internal enhancement (P = 0.02, OR 6.5), peritumoral edema (P = 0.0001, OR 10.0), and axillary adenopathy (P = 0.04, OR 4.4). ER+ tumors were smaller than ER- tumors (23.7mm vs 29.2mm, P = 0.02, OR 8.2). All of these variables except the lack of axillary adenopathy were also associated with progesterone receptor+ status. Luminal A tumors (n = 57) were smaller compared to nonLuminal A (21.8mm vs 27.5mm, P = 0.035, OR 7.3) and lacked peritumoral edema (P = 0.001, OR 6.8). Basal like tumors were associated with heterogeneous internal enhancement (P = 0.05, OR 10.1), rim enhancement (P = 0.05, OR6.9), and perituomral edema (P = 0.0001, OR 13.8).

CONCLUSIONS
Human extracted MRI tumor phenotypes may be able to differentiate those tumors with a more favorable clinical prognosis from their more aggressive counterparts.


We present a methodology for defining and optimizing a general force field for classical molecular simulations, and we describe its use to derive the Open Force Field 1.0.0 small-molecule force field, codenamed Parsley. Rather than using traditional atom typing, our approach is built on the SMIRKS-native Open Force Field (SMIRNOFF) parameter assignment formalism, which handles increases in the diversity and specificity of the force field definition without needlessly increasing the complexity of the specification. Parameters are optimized with the ForceBalance tool, based on reference quantum chemical data that include torsion potential energy profiles, optimized gas-phase structures, and vibrational frequencies. These quantum reference data are computed and are maintained with QCArchive, an open-source and freely available distributed computing and database software ecosystem. In this initial application of the method, we present essentially a full optimization of all valence parameters and report tests of the resulting force field against compounds and data types outside the training set. These tests show improvements in optimized geometries and conformational energetics and demonstrate that Parsley's accuracy for liquid properties is similar to that of other general force fields, as is accuracy on binding free energies. We find that this initial Parsley force field affords accuracy similar to that of other general force fields when used to calculate relative binding free energies spanning 199 protein-ligand systems. Additionally, the resulting infrastructure allows us to rapidly optimize an entirely new force field with minimal human intervention.


Objective: Previous studies have reported reduced cortical thickness and surface area and altered gyri fi cation in frontal and temporal regions in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). Although there is evidence that the clinical phenotype of CD differs between males and females, no studies have examined whether such sex differences extend to cortical and subcortical structure. Method: As part of a European multisite study (Fem-NAT-CD), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected from 48 female and 48 male participants with CD and from 104 sex, age, and pubertal-status (cid:1) matched controls (14 – 18 years of age). Data were analyzed using surface-based morphometry, testing for effects of sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis interactions, while controlling for age, IQ, scan site, and total gray matter volume. Results: CD was associated with cortical thinning and higher gyri fi cation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex in both sexes. Males with CD showed lower, and females with CD showed higher, supramarginal gyrus cortical thickness compared with controls. Relative to controls, males with CD showed higher gyri fi cation and surface area in superior frontal gyrus, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in females. There were no effects of diagnosis or sex-by-diagnosis interactions on subcortical volumes. Results are discussed with regard to attention-de fi cit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and substance abuse comorbidity, medication use, handedness, and CD age of onset. Conclusion: We found both similarities and differences between males and females in CD – cortical structure associations. This initial evidence that the pathophysiological basis of CD may be partly sex-speci fi c highlights the need to consider sex in future neuroimaging studies and suggests that males and females may require different treatments.


SUMMARY. Stress is a common factor in daily routine, and yet little attention is given to the possible changes and disturbances caused by stress upon homeostasis. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (BG) before and after acute stress simulation and to verify the influence of catecholamine secretion upon these parameters. Acute stress simulation was achieved by submitting fifteen volunteers to a ride on a free-fall simulator at an amusement park. The distance of the fall is approximately 69.5 m and the velocity reaches 94 kph. BG was determined before and after the stress situation and BP was checked before and after that condition. The result demonstrated that the volunteers who had previously mentioned being afraid of the ride had a significant increase in BG immediately after stress and tended to have a higher BP, indicating that psychological factors, such as fear and anxiety, are related to significant changes in the parameters under evaluation.


Data from the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are used to study the vertical structure and diurnal cycle of the summertime central Arctic cloud-capped boundary layer. Mean conditions show a shallow stratocumulus-capped boundary layer, with a nearly moist neutrally stratified cloud layer, although cloud tops often penetrated into the stable inversion. The subcloud layer was more often stably stratified. Conditions near the surface were relatively steady, with a strong control on temperature and moisture by the melting ice surface. A statistically significant diurnal cycle was found in many parameters, although weak in near-surface temperature and moisture. Near-surface wind speed and direction and friction velocity had a pronounced cycle, while turbulent kinetic energy showed no significant diurnal variability. The cloud layer had the most pronounced diurnal variability, with lowest cloud-base height midday followed by enhanced drizzle and temporarily higher cloud-top heights in the afternoon. This is opposite to the cycle found in midlatitude or subtropical marine stratocumulus. The cloud layer was warmest (coolest) and more (less) stably stratified midafternoon (midmorning), coinciding with the coolest (warmest) but least (most) stably stratified capping inversion layer. It is speculated that drizzle is important in regulating the diurnal variability in the cloud layer, facilitated by enhanced midday mixing due to a differential diurnal variability in cloud and subcloud layer stability. Changing the Arctic aerosol climate could change these clouds to a more typical "marine stratocumulus structure," which could act as a negative feedback on Arctic warming.


ABSTRACT/RESUME This paper explains the social integration experiences of a group of second-generation Canadian youths who identify primarily with the cultures of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. This group of young Canadians connected with more than one community or place, and for them, leisure was often the vehicle that allowed them to enter and exit three different functional communities with relative ease. These communities are described as the place of their traditional family and home, the place of the dominant culture, and finally, diverse or multicultural leisure places. The results of this study suggest the advantages of ensuring children and youths have opportunities in school and in leisure and recreation activities to learn about diverse cultural practices and to develop friendships with people from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Further investigation of this particular group is required if we are to understand the long-term implications of their leisure mobility and if, due to that mobility, they have been able to establish a desired level of connection in the various communities they have experienced. Cet article relate l'integration sociale d'un groupe de jeunes canadiens de deuxieme generation qui ont des liens culturels avec l'Inde, le Pakistan et le Bangladesh. On retrouve ces jeunes Canadiens dans plusieurs lieux et au sein de plusieurs communautes, leurs loisirs leur permettant de joindre et de quitter aisement ces trois communautes fonctionnelles differentes. Leurs familles traditionnelles, leurs maisons familiales, leurs cultures dominantes, et les lieux de loisirs multiculturels se trouvent dans ces communautes. Les resultats de cette etude demontrent qu'il est important de s'assurer que les jeunes ont l'occasion, a l'ecole ou pendant leurs activites parascolaires, de decouvrir differentes pratiques culturelles et de developper des amities avec des personnes issues de milieux culturels varies. Nous devrons entreprendre plus d'etudes portant sur ce groupe afin de comprendre les consequences a long terme de leur mobilite dans le contexte de leurs activites de loisirs et d'examiner si cette mobilite leur a permis d'etablir un lien avec les differentes communautes parmi lesquelles il circule. INTRODUCTION For people who have migrated from one country to another, the prospect of being accepted in their new place of residence may be extraordinarily challenging. Arrival and settlement in strange places is usually accompanied by a sense of disembeddedness, or lack of connection to neighbours and colleagues (Jamieson 2000). As part of the transition from one country or settlement to another, new immigrants often seek social support and acceptance in their new communities (Bauman 1996; Jackson 1994; Wolf 1997). However, problems associated with becoming a member of a community are particularly daunting when immigrants are relocating to a place where cultural norms and practices are vastly different from the ones they have known in their countries of origin. One of the primary reasons for immigration is to improve one's economic well being. In recent decades, migration flows have been from "East" to "West," that is, from the former Soviet Union and from Eastern bloc countries to the United States, Canada, and Israel, and from countries of the "South" to countries of the "North," as from South Asia to Canada (Chiswick and Miller 2002). The young people whose situation is discussed in this paper fall into the latter group; their families immigrated to Canada from South Asia. In these recent migrations, people arriving in a host country like Canada often look and sound different from the residents of the host country, and their distinctiveness in terms of language, clothing, religion, and other cultural practices may result in their marginalization. To learn the language skills necessary to get jobs and to achieve a sense of belonging, immigrant groups may cluster into concentrated areas of similar immigrants or enclaves where they find important sources of social support, whether that be in employment opportunities, leisure, education, or shelter. …