OBJECTIVE
Severe hypoglycemia may impair medial temporal-mediated cognitive skills, such as the ability to recall past events explicitly (delayed declarative memory). The objective of this study was to determine whether delayed declarative memory deficits are present in a group of diabetic children with an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nondiabetic children (n = 16) and children with type 1 diabetes who had been randomly assigned to either intensive (IT) (n = 13) or conventional (CT) (n = 12) diabetes therapy at the time of diagnosis participated in the study. All episodes of severe hypoglycemia were prospectively ascertained. All children were tested on memory tasks that have been closely linked to medial temporal functioning and on reaction time measures.

RESULTS
Our results demonstrated that the IT group had a threefold higher rate of severe hypoglycemia, performed less accurately on a spatial declarative memory task, and performed more slowly, but not less accurately, on a pattern recognition task than did the CT group or control subjects. In addition, both groups of type 1 diabetic children were significantly impaired on a motor speed task compared with their nondiabetic peers.

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate a selective relative memory impairment associated with IT that is consistent with the effects of severe hypoglycemia and medial temporal damage or dysfunction. If larger prospective studies determine that severe hypoglycemia is the mediating factor for this memory impairment, extreme caution in imposing overly strict standards for glucose control in young patients with type 1 diabetes would be indicated because of the increased risk of hypoglycemia associated with IT regimens.


COM+ and Enterprise JavaBeans are two component-based technologies that can be used to build enterprise systems. These are two competing technologies in the software industry today and choosing which technology a company should use to build their enterprise system is not an easy task. There are many factors to consider and in this project we evaluate these two technologies with focus on scalability and the dependability aspects security, availability and reliability. Independently, these technologies are theoretically evaluated with the criteria in mind. We use a 4-tier architecture for the evaluation and the center of attention is a persistence layer, which typically resides in an application server, and how it can be realized using the technologies. This evaluation results in a recommendation about which technology is a better approach to build a scalable and dependable distributed system. The results are that COM+ is considered a better approach to build this kind of multi-tier distributed systems.


Positronium is an ideal system for the research of the bound state QED. The hyperfine splitting of positronium (Ps-HFS: about 203 GHz) is sensitive to new physics beyond the Standard Model via a vacuum oscillation between an ortho-Ps and a virtual photon. Previous experimental results of the Ps-HFS show 3.9 σ (15 ppm) discrepancy from the QED calculation. All previous experiments used an indirect method with static magnetic field to cause Zeeman splitting (a few GHz) between triplet states of ortho-Ps, from which the HFS value was derived. One possible systematic error source of the indirect method is the static magnetic field. We are developing a new direct measurement system of the Ps-HFS without static magnetic field. In this measurement we use a gyrotron, a novel sub-THz light source, with a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity to obtain enough radiation power at 203 GHz. The present status of the optimization studies and current design of the experiment are described.


This work was carried out within the interdisciplinary scientific program named "Sustainable Development, Metropolisation and Pollution of Natural Resources in Ho Chi Minh-City, Vietnam". This program, launched in 1994, is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Priority Program Environment, Module 7 "Environment and development"). The main goal of this thesis is to grasp the social, economic and spatial dimensions at stake of involuntary resettlement of precarious settlements. in the context of developing countries' metropolisation. One of the approach selected fits within a thorough study of southern metropolis evolution dynamics, more precisely that of disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Moreover, we decided to develop a specific approach of involuntary resettlement, which is constructed using mainly two dialectical and interdependent concepts: exclusion and integration. In this way, this work differs from the most frequently used theoretical models, which are based on impoverishment or stress dimensions. In third world metropolis, government forces have an increasing tendency to turn to involuntary resettlement in order to implement or promote urban planning. Every year, approximately 6 million people are forced to move into an urban environment. This concerns mainly the most underprivileged sections of the population corning from precarious settlements. In recent times, this phenomenon has grown to such a point that some international institutions have even talked about the century of involuntary resettlement. The theoretical framework of this thesis refers to three different fields of knowledge, which nevertheless are linked to one another. The first field concerns developing countries metropolisation. Closely associated with the globalisation and polarisation of international trade, this process leads not only to the rise of exclusion but also to the dualisation of economic, social and political spheres and the fragmentation of urban spaces. The second theoretical field of study is based on questions raised by precarious settlements in southern metropolis. We analyse the way vulnerable populations living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods develop urban integration tactics in order to counter metropolitan exclusion forces and to alleviate precariousness. Finally, the third field is part of involuntary resettlement problematic. While it shares a close link to public policy evaluation, this problematic analyses the institutional values, norms, and practices underlying relocation policies of the people living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Our goal is also to develop a better understanding of the consequences associated to this kind of urban program and the way they might contribute to strengthening living conditions as well as residential situation precariousness for those who have been forced to move, leading them to develop defence mechanisms in order to guaranty their integration in the metropolis. In this analysis, we will focus on Ho Chi Minh-City and on the relocation program concerning the populations living in Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe canal's precarious settlements. In the empirical part of this work, we will analyse and measure the consequences of this policy on their living conditions as well as on their behaviour. We will try to analyse to what extent those consequences tend to increase exclusion of underprivileged populations, limit their integration capacity, and enhances their residential mobility towards new precarious settlements that fit more to the aspirations, and above all, to the means of the underprivileged. Given the complexity of the topic covered in this work, we opted for an interdisciplinary approach. It appeals to different fields of social sciences: sociology, economics, geography, political sciences, but also architecture and urban planning. Moreover, we chose a quantitative as well as a qualitative method. Based on a multidimensional analysis of Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe canal's population living in precarious settlements, we will be able to grasp the discriminating dimension of involuntary resettlement policy set up by metropolitan authorities as well as its severe impact on the population at a residential, social and economical level. Restrictive economic criteria or in some cases insufficient compensations offered by public authorities are such that a number of persons are excluded from the program. But on top of that, part of the families relocated in modern and salubrious apartments suffer from exclusion. As regards housing, the new apartments are characterised by their limited residential functions. This is mainly due to constraints linked to high rise housing, which acts as an economic and social barrier. In terms of social organisation, involuntary resettlement leads to a family nuclearisation process, and traditional sociability tends to turn to a more individualistic way of life, a phenomenon which results in a partial deconstruction of solidarity and protection networks. Finally, at the domestic economy level, resettled populations have to deal with an increase in service charges as well as working conditions deterioration which involve decreasing incomes. Although this modern way of life appeals to resettled families, most of them are brought to develop new integration tactics in order to limit involuntary resettlement exclusion effects. These tactics are to a large extent conservative inasmuch as they tend to reproduce ways of life and space habits characteristic of the former residential areas. To a large extent, they are characterised by palliative measures of space utilisation, professional insertion, income improvement and domestic means reallocation. Despite their willingness, families have a hard time fighting against resettlement exclusion forces. Residential mobility as well as subsidised apartments resale then become the way for some families to minimise precarious living conditions. Nevertheless, the benefits they gain from these illegal practices are often insufficient for them to buy or build an accommodation close to the center of the metropolis. The only possibility left to the reseller is then to rent a dwelling unit in a disadvantaged neighbourhoods or to move on the outskirts. While residential mobility leads to the creation of new precarious settlements in Ho Chi Minh-City, some families living conditions as well as residential situation keep on deteriorating, a decline which might bring some of them to experience a kind of urban nomadism. While the results of our study confirm the hypothesis stated at the beginning of this work, they also point out how hard it is to fulfill the housing aspirations of the most underprivileged considering the precariousness of their living conditions. The inadequacy of precarious settlements relocation policy is even worse when based on a modernist and standardised approach of the housing problem which favours typological and technical dimensions of residential space to the detriment of social, economic and ecological dimensions. What is at stake in involuntary resettlement concerns mainly the multidimensional mechanisms of exclusion and integration of which depends the subsistence of the most underprivileged in Ho Chi Minh-City. Urban authorities need to make political adjustments if they want resettlement impacts to fit the goals of sustainable development. In order to achieve this objective, popular participation and exchange between involved actors is the first condition they need to fulfill for the implementation of any policy in order to fight against exclusion and promote the integration of the most underprivileged as well as for any policy which aims to take into account the capacity of urban ecosystems.


The article depicts a mixed methodology case which uses a qualitative-quantitative-qualitative approach. The research described used qualitative work with expert interviews for data collection, a quantitative analysis of the interviews and then a qualitative method of final scenario development for analysing and presenting the results. The case is offered to demonstrate that the introduction of the quantitative step of a cross-impact-analysis, which gives a mixed methodology, was beneficial for the overall research leading to surprising results that could not have been achieved with only a qualitative approach. Having a quantitative analysis step in-between, which demonstrated the most frequent and consistent results out of a wide range of overall possibilities, helped reduce researcher bias, thereby increasing the credibility of the findings. The paper concludes that judiciously used mixed methodology in general, and this approach in particular, will give researchers using qualitative data collection a much stronger foundation in terms of the analysis and display of data.


SUMMARY The chorion is an egg envelope that allows the early development of teleostean fishes. After reaching the alevin stage, hatching enzymes are secreted in order to digest the chorion and release the alevin. Massive mortality events have occurred in a number of salmon farms as a consequence of hatching problems, with alevins being unable to degrade the chorion. A previous study on the chorion structure of Salmo salar has shown that protein fibers forming the inner layer of non-degraded chorion are thicker than those observed in normal chorion, suggesting that polypeptides forming the choriogenin could exhibit an altered structure. It would be interesting to make a biochemical comparison between polypeptides forming protein fibers of the inner layer of normal and hard chorion in order to establish differences in the electrophoretic pattern of Salmo salar ova. According to our results, fibers forming the inner layer of normal chorion are thinner than those building the hard chorion. The electrophoretic pattern for normal chorion is described as four bands of molecular weight 107 kDa, 92 kDa, 38 kDa, and 31kDa in contrast to the 179 Kda, 157 Kda, 55 Kda and 54 Kda for non-hatched chorion. Consequently, protein fibers with higher molecular weight turned into thicker fibers with a different three dimensional structure, but also with different glycosylic radicals compared to normal fibers. These features make the inner layer of hard chorion different to normal chorion since it is very difficult for the hatching enzyme to dissolve it, leading the alevin to fail in the hatching process.


A conducting half-space, permeated by an initial magnetic field governed by the generalized equations of thermoelasticity is considered. The bounding plane is acted upon by a combination of thermal and mechanical shock. The formulation is applied to both gen- eralizations, Lord-Shulman theory and the Green-Lindsay theory, as well as to the coupled theory. Laplace transform techniques together with the method of potentials are used. The inversion of the Laplace is carried out using a numerical approach. Numerical results for the temperature, the stress and the induced magnetic and electric field distributions are obtained and illustrated graphically for a particular case. Comparisons are made with the results obtained in the case of the absence of the magnetic field.


There is growing evidence that the use of simulation in teaching is a key means of improving learning, skills, and outcomes, particularly for practical skills. In the health sciences, the use of high-fidelity task trainers has been shown to be ideal for reducing cognitive load and leading to enhanced learning outcomes. However, how do we make these task trainers available to students studying at a distance? To answer this question, this paper presents results from the implementation and sustained testing of a mobile mixed reality intervention in an Australian distance paramedic science classroom. The context of this mobile mixed reality simulation study, provided through a user-supplied mobile phone incorporating 3D printing, virtual reality, and augmented reality, is skills acquisition in airways management, focusing on direct laryngoscopy with foreign body removal. The intervention aims to assist distance education learners in practising skills prior to attending mandatory residential schools, building a baseline equality between those students who study face to face and those at a distance. Outcomes from the study showed statistically significant improvements in the use of the simulation across several key performance indicators in the distance learners, but also demonstrated problems to overcome in the pedagogical method.


It is better to stop identity theft from happening in the first place than have to fix or repair the situation afterwards. Steve Weisman reveals the threats of new identity theft attacks based on use of Facebook, iPad, iPhone, Android, cloud apps, iPod, and other new technologies -- and shows you how to protect yourself, or how to fix the damage if you've already been attacked! Discover why ID theft is more dangerous than ever, and discover today's most dangerous new threats -- including attacks targeting medical records, personal finance and online banking sites, the elderly, and military service members. Meet the hackers and organized crime groups who want to steal your identity and money -- and learn how to protect your data and your life! Step by step, Weisman shows how to avoid risks, minimize risks you can't completely avoid, and immediately take the right steps if you're ever victimized. He objectively reviews new products and services that promise to fight identity theft, and previews emerging dangers, such as RFID credit cards. If you use a computer, the Internet, a smartphone, cell phone, tablet, or any other communications device, 50 Ways to Protect Your Identity in a Digital Age isn't just an indispensable wake-up call: it's the world's best resource for protecting yourself!


In industrial drives, electric motors are extensively utilized to impart motion control and induction motors are the most familiar drive at present due to its extensive performance characteristic similar with that of DC drives. Precise control of drives is the main attribute in industries to optimize the performance and to increase its production rate. In motion control, the major considerations are the torque and speed ripples. Design of controllers has become increasingly complex to such systems for better management of energy and raw materials to attain optimal performance. Meager parameter appraisal results are unsuitable, leading to unstable operation. The rapid intensification of digital computer revolutionizes to practice precise control and allows implementation of advanced control strategy to extremely multifaceted systems. To solve complex control problems, model predictive control is an authoritative scheme, which exploits an explicit model of the process to be controlled. This paper presents a predictive control strategy by a neural network predictive controller based single phase induction motor drive to minimize the speed and torque ripples. The proposed method exhibits better performance than the conventional controller and validity of the proposed method is verified by the simulation results using MATLAB software.


Study of Islamic family law in Indonesia and many Moslem countries is very interesting and urgent because Islamic family law denotes a field of Islamic law has an important position. This is because of its contribution to build society regularly and happily. Thus, many Moslem countries including Indonesia have pay attention more to Islamic law legislation as positive law for instance the Act o. 1 year 1974 regarding the marriage law, the Act No. 41 year 2004 concerning the waqf, the Act No. 7 year 1979 that has been changed by The Act No. 3 year 2006 about Religious Court. The impact of the positivization of Islamic family law is there is the certainty of Islamic law in Indonesia. Keywords: undang-undang, hukum keluarga, kepastian hukum, dan legislasi.


While there is a paucity of information in the research examining the training and professional experience of bilingual, Latina/o clinicians who provide mental health services in Spanish, a growing body of research has highlighted a series of challenges unique to this group of providers, including their concerns about burnout due to such challenges. This exploratory study is the first (to the best of our knowledge) to measure the levels of burnout among these clinicians and to examine the interrelationship between burnout and sociodemographic and individual characteristics. The extent to which these clinicians experience the challenges identified in previous studies was also investigated. Participants included 66 bilingual, English–Spanish, Latina/o clinicians. The results suggest that bilingual, Latina/o clinicians endorse lower degrees of burnout relative to their monolingual, English counterparts and that specific sociodemographic and individual characteristics influence burnout. Furthermore, the results support previous research findings highlighting the unique set of challenges encountered by these clinicians. Understanding the characteristics and dynamics that contribute to and protect against burnout has major implications for the training, support, and retention of bilingual, English–Spanish, Latina/o psychologists.


Britain suffers from persistent spatial disparities in employment rates. This paper develops an integrated framework for analyzing two forces expected to equalize economic opportunity across areas: commuting and migration. Our framework is applicable to any level of spatial aggregation, and we use it to assess their contribution to labor market adjustment across British wards (or neighborhoods). Commuting offers only limited insurance against local shocks, because commutes are typically short and shocks are heavily correlated spatially. Analogously, migration fails to fully equalize opportunity because of strong temporal correlation in local demand shocks.


ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to describe race characteristics of the top three finishers for different wind speed categories within Olympic windsurfing competition. Global position system data was analysed from 94 races (47 Men's races & 47 Women's races) across five regattas during the 2017–2018 windsurfing season. Medium wind speeds (8.1 to 15.9 knots) represented the greatest proportion of races for Men (43%) and Women (34%). Large variations in race time (825–2105 s), distance (2167–11,786 m) and board speeds (3.32–16.78 kts) were experienced across the wind categories. Although race time for Women was non-significant (P = 0.101) between wind categories. Low first windward mark position was reported in both Men (first = 2.2 ± 2.1, second = 3.7 ± 2.6, third = 5.0 ± 3.3) and Women (first = 2.2 ± 1.9, second = 3.5 ± 2.2, third = 4.0 ± 2.8) who finished on the podium. The findings may provide useful information to coaches and sports scientists in the planning and implementation of specific training interventions. Furthermore, the detail of first upwind characteristics (time, distance, board speed and manoeuvres) could be used to enhance the ecological validity of laboratory-based testing.


This working paper provides an overview of various estimates and claims on direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide, and places them in a broader context of global climate policy. Unlike other techniques of climate engineering, DAC has received significant attention from startups since its main issue is deemed to be the direct implementation cost (not side effects or social concerns), which could be significantly reduced with successful innovation. Publicly available sources demonstrate that there is a huge range of cost estimates with three orders-of-magnitude differences, with the upper end on the order of 1000 USD/t-CO2. Cost values reported by private companies tend to be lower than academic estimates, though there is no a prior reason to believe that either is inherently biased. In light of this huge uncertainty, the only way to resolve it may be to build an actual plant at scale, as a leading scholar put it. It is nevertheless important to monitor technological progress since climate policy analysis would increasingly require such cost parameters and because technology understanding would guide policy of research and development of this nascent technology. A periodic review of this nature would provide a basis to ascertain the progress of DAC technology development.


This paper investigates the impact of China's monetary policy changes on A-share market by intra-day data, which makes a special contribution to the existing literature by designing the "event windows" with tick data. This method solves the endogeneity problem between the financial market and the monetary policy, and also allows us to separate monetary policy effect from other possible macroeconomic releases. It thus provides us an effective technical back up for unbiased estimation of monetary policy effect on the stock market. We have found a significant and persistent monetary policy effect on the A-share market, and that the most significant responses of market returns to monetary policy adjustments occur in the "event window" that contains the policy announcement. Our empirical results also indicate that monetary policy is not well anticipated by market participants until the policy releases.


The Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2: The Unofficial Quintessential Guide provides a wealth of information and professional insights for owners of this powerful HD camera. With its electronic viewfinder and interchangeable lenses, the G2 is capable of not only recording professional-quality still images, but has the added ability to record HD video as well. The mirrorless design enhances the camera's versatility beyond that of most digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. With the appropriate adapters, it can use virtually any manufacturer's manual focus, legacy lens. It is smaller than a typical DSLR in both size and weight, and retains automatic focusing while recording videos - a capability missing in many DSLR cameras. Authors Brian Matsumoto and Carol Roullard explore and explain the features and capabilities of the G2 camera in detail, as they cover everything from the basic features of the camera to numerous advanced photographic applications. This informative text is illustrated with example images throughout. Use this guide to learn how to:Control the most basic camera functions - focus and exposure Navigate the camera's menu system Achieve a range of artistic effects using various camera settings Use the camera's automated controls, and how to override those controls to obtain better exposure Use the G2 in its video mode to obtain HD videos Post-process images and videos on a computer Expand the camera's use by mounting it on a telescope or microscope And much more...


Within the next few months, the Greek government, is supposed to persuade private creditors holding about EUR 200bn in its bonds to voluntarily exchange their existing bonds for new bonds that pay roughly 50 percent less. This may work with large creditors whose failure to participate in a debt exchange could trigger a Greek default, but may not persuade smaller creditors, who will be told that their claims will continue to be fully serviced if they do not participate in the exchange. This paper proposes an approach to dealing with this free rider problem that exploits the fact that with some probability, the proposed exchange might be followed by an involuntary restructuring some time in the future. The idea is to design the new bonds that creditors are offered in the exchange in a way that make them much harder to restructure than the current Greek government bonds. This is easy to do because the vast majority of outstanding Greek government bonds lack standard creditor protections. Hence, creditors would be offered a bond that performs much worse than their current bond if things go according to plan, but much better if things do not. They will accept this instrument if (1) the risk of a new Greek debt restructuring in the medium term is sufficiently high; (2) there is an expectation that the next restructuring probably will not be voluntary.


This volume is a major new scholarly edition of some of the most important sources in the history of the Anglican Church. It includes all the canons produced by the Church of England, from the opening of the Reformation parliament in 1529 to 1947. Most of the material comes from the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, among which the canons of 1529, 1603 and 1640, and Cardinal Pole's legatine constitutions of 1556, are of particular importance. But the volume also includes the first scholarly editions of the deposited canons of 1874 and 1879 and the proposed canons of 1947. In addition, it includes both the Irish canons of 1634 and the Scottish canons of 1636. The canons are accompanied by a substantial number of supplementary texts and appendixes, illustrating their sources and development; Latin texts are accompanied by parallel English translations, and the editor provides a full scholarly apparatus, which is particularly valuable for its identification of the sources of the various canons. The texts are preceded by an extended introduction, which provides not only an up-to-date analysis of the framing and significance of each set of canons, but also critical discussions of the origins and development of canon law and the system of ecclesiastical courts. It is an essential work of reference for anyone interested in the history of the Church of England since the Reformation, or in Anglican canon law. GERALD BRAYis Anglican Professor of Divinity at Beeson Divinity School, Samford University.


bsidian artifacts is frequently used materials in prehistory and found widely in archaeological sites. Provenance studies of obsidian has been an issue of intense research and debate between archaeologists and geologists. Since different provenance studies has been carried out from 1960s up to 2015 in Anatolia and Caucasus but obsidian studies in Iran is in very early stage and consider as terra incognita. Recent research on obsidian mines in Iran accompanying by prehistoric obsidian provenance studies give this opportunity to establish of a database, as well as outlining a horizon and perspective for obsidian studies in Iran. This paper will try to discuss about old and new researches on obsidian studies in Iran. After a brief introduction of obsidian studies in Anatolia and Caucasus by Renfrew, Cann and Dixon, the paper addresses some recent researches that took place concerning obsidian provenance studies in Iran. Additionally this study also look for have a review and survey on obsidian sources in Iran as well as obsidian artifacts from sites like Kul Tepe Hadishah, Dava Goz Khoy, East Chia Sabz, Choga Gholan, Tepe Boinou, surveyed sites of East of the Lake Urmia, Typical sites like Yanik, Hasanlu, Pisdeli, and relationship and comparison of ancient obsidian artifacts with known sources in order to studying obsidian sources and provenance of obsidian artifacts in Iran. This research proved that most of the analyzed obsidian artifacts of Iranian archaeological sites originated and imported from Caucasus and Anatolia in line with long-term inter-regional trade, although a handful of obsidian mines and sources have been brought to light in NW Iran that could be considered as second part of the raw material to supply the demands of local and indigenous communities of the prehistory of Iran. The implications of the findings will discuss along with limitations and future research directions.


Arsenene-based device applications such as transistors and photodetectors benefit from precise control over the carrier type and concentration as well as a combination of both high-quality p-doped and n-doped components to form p–n junctions. Here, it is demonstrated using first-principles calculations that selective organic molecular adsorption allows us to effectively control the carrier type in arsenene. Moreover, upon applying an in-plane tensile strain, the carrier concentration effectively increases. Furthermore, the BN substrate can increase the structural stability without any impact on the doping character of the arsenene sheet. This opens the possibility of creating arsenene p–n junctions.


Considering Rao et al. (2004) and Di Crescenzo and Longobardi (2009) studies, Misagh et al. (2011) proposed a weighted information which is based on the cumulative entropy called Weighted Cumulative Entropy (WCE). The above-mentioned model is a Shiftdependent Uncertainty Measure. In this paper, we examine some of the properties of WCE and obtain some bounds for that. In order to estimate this information measure, we put forward empirical WCE. Furthermore, in some theorems, we have some characterization results. We explore that, if the WCE of the first (last) order statistic are equal for two distributions, then this two distributions will be equal.


Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS) is a rare disorder related to cohesinopathies and Fanconi anemia, caused by bi-allelic mutations in DDX11 . Here, we report multiple compound heterozygous WABS cases, each displaying destabilized DDX11 protein and residual DDX11 function at the cellular level. Patient-derived cell lines exhibit sensitivity to topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors, defective sister chromatid cohesion and reduced DNA replication fork speed. Deleting DDX11 in RPE1-TERT cells inhibits proliferation and survival in a TP53-dependent manner and causes chromosome breaks and cohesion defects, independent of the expressed pseudogene DDX12p . Importantly, G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizing compounds induce chromosome breaks and cohesion defects which are strongly aggravated by inactivation of DDX11 but not FANCJ. The DNA helicase domain of DDX11 is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and resistance to G4 stabilizers. We propose that DDX11 is a DNA helicase protecting against G4 induced double-stranded breaks and concomitant loss of cohesion, possibly at DNA replication forks.


1. Money and Growth Theory, 1.1 Money in Economic Growth Theory, 1.2 The One-Sector Growth (OSG) Model, 1.3 The OSG Model with the Cobb-Douglas Functions, 1.4 Theoretical Foundations of the Utility Function, 1.5 The Keynesian Consumption Function and the OSG Approach, 1.6 The Solow Growth Model and the OSG Approach, 1.7 The Ramsey Growth Model and the OSG Approach, 1.8 The Structure of the Book, 2 Money as a Store of Value, 2.1 The Tobin Monetary Growth Model, 2.2 Growth with Inflationary Finance, 2.3 A Portfolio Balance Growth Mode, 2.4 Monetary Growth with Two Types of Households, 2.5 A Two-Sector Monetary Growth Model, 2.6 Money as a Store of Value, 3 Money in Utility and Production Functions, 3.1 The Levhari and Patinkin Approach, 3.2 The Sidrauski Model and Its Variations, 3.3 The One-Sector MIUF-OSG Model, 3.4 A Growth Economy with Two Types of Households, 3.5 A Portfolio Balance MIUF-OSG Growth Model, 3.6 Growth with Capital Accumulation and Education, 3.7 The MIPF Approach, 3.8 Further Issues, 4 Money-in-Advance Growth Models, 4.1 A CIA-OSG Growth Model, 4.2 A CIA Two-Sector Model, 4.3 Monetary Policy in a CIA Economy, 4.4 Home Production in the CIA-OSG Model, 4.5 Growth with Learning by Doing and Research, 4.6 Money, Public Goods and Returns to Scale, 4.7 A Shopping Cost Model in the Ramsey Approach, 4.8 Concluding Remarks, 5 Unemployment and Inflation, 5.1 A Traditional Model of Inflation and Unemployment, 5.2 The IS-LM Model for a National Economy, 5.3 A Monetary Growth Welfare Economy with MIUF Approach, 5.4 Money, the Efficiency Wage Theory and the MIUF Approach, 5.5 Other Causes of Unemployment, 6 Preference Change and Habit Formation, 6.1 Uzawa's Preference Change in the Ramsey Approach, 6.2 The CIA-OSG Model with Preference Change, 6.3 The MIUF-OSG Model with Preference Change, 6.4 A Two-Sector Two-Group Monetary Growth Model with Consumer Durables, 6.5 Habit Formation in the Ramsey Approach, 7 Monetary Growth with Urban Structure, 7.1 The Monetary Urban Growth Model, 7.2 The Dynamics of the Non-monetary Economy, 7.3 The Dynamics of the Monetary Economy, 7.4 Concluding Remarks, 8 Money in Multi-Regional Growth Economies, 8.1 The Two-region Monetary Growth Model, 8.2 The Dynamics of the Non-monetary Economy, 8.3 The Dynamics of the Monetary Economy, 8.4 Conclusions, 9 Money, Growth and International Trade, 9.1 A Classical Monetary Trade Model, 9.2 Dornbush's Exchange Rate Model for a Small Economy, 9.3 A Small Open-Country Economy with the CIA Approach, 9.4 A Small Open-Country Economy with the MIUF Approach, 9.5 A Multi-Country Economic Model, 9.6 Money, Capital, Knowledge, Trade, and Growth, 10 Money and Economic Complexity


Background: The World Health Organization recommends intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) during antenatal visits in moderate to high transmission areas. In some areas of Africa, recent efforts to control and eliminate malaria have yielded historic reductions in transmission intensity that have occurred alongside concomitant increases in parasite resistance to SP, compromising the efficacy of IPTp. Nevertheless, IPTp-SP continues to have beneficial effect on birth outcomes, and there is a suspicion that SP may protect against adverse birth outcomes attributable to curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections (STIs/RTIs). This doctoral thesis explores five research questions related to IPTp with methods noted in parentheses.
Research questions and methods:
1. In the context of declining malaria transmission, is there a threshold of malaria transmission intensity below which IPTp-SP may no longer protect against the incidence of low birth weight? (Methods: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis)
2. In the context of declining parasite sensitivity to SP, is there a threshold of the Plasmodium falciparum resistance to SP defined by the prevalence of dhps mutation at codon A581G above which IPTp-SP may no longer protect against the incidence of low birth weight?
(Methods: systematic review and meta-analysis)
3. In the context of declining malaria transmission and parasite sensitivity to SP, might protection conferred by IPTp-SP be explained partially by an effect against malaria infection as well as STIs/RTIs? (Methods: descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression)
4. In the context of pregnant women attending antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa, what is the prevalence of malaria infection and curable STIs/RTIs? (Methods: systematic review and meta-analysis)
5. In the context of a high dual burden of malaria infection and curable STIs/RTIs amongst pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa, would azithromycin be an efficacious drug to be included as part of IPTp? (Methods: systematic review and selected meta-analysis)
Results:
Evidence suggests that IPTp-SP protects against low birth weight in all gravidae regardless of transmission intensity. This protection persists among primi- and secundigravidae irrespective of the prevalence of the A581G mutation. Protection appears to wane, however, as there is no evidence of protective effect against low birth weight
amongst multigravidae where the prevalence of A581G is >10.1%. Despite this finding, data from Zambia suggests that the protective effect of IPTp-SP may safeguard pregnancies against more than just the effects of malaria infection; women who received more doses of IPTp-SP during pregnancy were protected against adverse birth outcomes attributable to co-infection with malaria and several curable STIs/RTIs. Meta-analysis of data from pregnant women attending antenatal care facilities in sub-Saharan Africa suggests that malaria infection and curable STIs/RTIs amongst pregnant women attending antenatal care facilities in sub-Saharan Africa is very high and, when considered collectively, curable STIs/RTIs may be more prevalent than malaria infection during pregnancy. A potential response to this dual burden of disease in pregnancy is to explore combination therapies that address malaria and curable STIs/RTIs jointly and more effectively than IPTp-SP. Research presented in this thesis suggests that curable
STIs/RTIs are sensitive to azithromycin and that policymakers need additional evidence to consider adding azithromycin to IPTp regimens.
Conclusions:
Despite evidence of parasite resistance, IPTp-SP remains protective against the effects of malaria infection in most pregnant women, even where transmission intensities are very low, and may also reduce the burden of curable STIs/RTIs. However, this protection is likely sub-optimal and, given the high prevalence of malaria and curable STIs/RTIs among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa, alternative therapies that include azithromycin merit investigation in clinical trials with robust microbiological components.


The ophthalmologic examination of the child consists of an assessment of the physiological function, anatomic eye, and visual system status. A comprehensive eye examination of the child should include history of presenting problem, patient's and family's medical histories, estimation of fixation and measurement of visual acuity, assessment of binocular vision, Bruckner test, assessment of ocular motility, Hirschberg's test, cover/uncover test, and assessment of anterior and posterior segments. The order of examination may vary depending on the child's cooperation. The record of the child's level of cooperation during the examination is of great benefit in the interpretation of the results.


The performance of deuterium-carbon correlation (DECOR) spectroscopy for the assignment and measurement of deuterium quadrupolar couplings in fully deuterated liquid crystalline phases is analyzed. The experiment relies on a broadband polarization transfer step from deuterium to carbons. The efficiency of this step is demonstrated experimentally together with a brief study of cross-polarization dynamics. We show that resolution can be improved by removing the substantial contributions from heteronuclear dipolar couplings in a refocused version of the experiment. Quantification of the quadrupolar couplings is illustrated by the application to the thermotropic liquid crystal 5CB. A complete assignment is obtained by using both short-range and long-range correlations, allowing the individual measurement of all the aromatic couplings that are overlapping in the one-dimensional deuterium spectrum. The heteronuclear C-D couplings are shown to be measurable by direct inspection of the 2D spectra. By way of demonstration, we show that the experiment allows the measurement of quadrupolar couplings as a function of temperature.


Purpose: Text messaging (Short Messaging Service, SMS) is ubiquitous in Australia. It may prove a cheap and convenient method allowing bidirectional communication between participant and psychological researcher. A strength of applying SMS as a research tool is its inclusiveness, as it may be used to communicate with both hearing and deaf participants. This paper explores how the Australian deaf community engages with SMS, and how this engagement may be applied to using SMS to communicate with deaf participants in a psychological research setting. Methods: Sixty six hearing impaired participants aged 20-89 years, ranging from moderately to profoundly deaf took part by way of questionnaire (paper, online text, or online Auslan translation). At the end, they had the option to provide their mobile number and be sent a questionnaire via SMS. Results: Most participants owned mobile phones, and used SMS daily. 60% believed that using SMS for research is a good idea. However, this did not translate into volunteering to participate in research using SMS – of the half who provided their mobile telephone numbers for subsequent participation, there was only a 17% response rate. Pearson's Chi-squared tests, Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression did not reveal any significant differences between those who did and did not offer their mobile telephone number in terms of mobile ownership, daily SMS usage, degree of deafness, or confidence with written English. Conclusions: Though many indicated willingness to participate in research via SMS by providing their mobile numbers, a very low response rates to SMS questionnaires indicates that SMS may not be the most engaging method for research with this sample.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether greater pain intensity at initiation of treatment predicted better response to ibuprofen than to acetaminophen in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS
Data from 182 patients with knee OA who had taken part in a 4 week randomized, double blind, parallel comparison of 4,000 mg/day acetaminophen vs either 1,200 or 2,400 mg/day ibuprofen were reanalyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients for baseline pain severity, treatment assignment, and treatment response. Pain measures were visual analog scales for overall pain, resting pain, and walking pain. Baseline pain severity was divided into low, medium, and high tertiles, and treatment related differences in pain response were sought with pairwise t tests. Two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to seek interactions between baseline pain severity and treatment group, which would indicate differential drug treatment responsiveness.

RESULTS
Greater baseline pain predicted greater pain relief with all 3 treatments. Patients with a high level of baseline rest pain appeared to respond better to ibuprofen 2,400 mg/day than to the other treatments, but this difference was not evident after correction for multiple statistical tests. ANOVA did not reveal significant differences in response to the 3 treatments or a significant interaction.

CONCLUSION
Our data suggest that acetaminophen and ibuprofen are comparably effective in treating knee OA pain, even when the pain is severe.


Research done in the last 20 years has shown that vitamin E plays an important role in the development and modulation of the immune system. At least three mechanisms have been described of how the vitamin E modulates the birds immune system. The first mechanism is related with the antioxidant function of vitamin E on the cells of the immune system, maintaining the integrity of these cells and assuring an optimum immune response. The second mechanism is associated with the synthesis of eicosanoids, which modulate the production of prostaglandin and leukotrienes. The last one is associated with the synthesis of interferon and its antiviral response. Experimental evidences have shown that the immune response modulation through the supplementation of vitamin E improves diseases resistance in poultry. It is possible that the levels required to achieve this goal are higher than the level normally used by the industry to optimize productive parameters. Laboratory and field trials have shown that supplementation levels between 150 y 250 mg/kg of vitamin E improves the inmunocompetence of poultry and this can be translated into better productive and economic performance.


Abstract Incretin mimetics are set to become a mainstay of type 2 diabetes treatment. By acting on the pancreas and brain, they potentiate insulin secretion and induce weight loss to preserve normoglycemia. Despite this, incretin therapy has been associated with off‐target effects, including nausea and gastrointestinal disturbance. A novel photoswitchable incretin mimetic based upon the specific glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonist liraglutide was designed, synthesized, and tested. This peptidic compound, termed LirAzo, possesses an azobenzene photoresponsive element, affording isomer‐biased GLP‐1R signaling as a result of differential activation of second messenger pathways in response to light. While the trans isomer primarily engages calcium influx, the cis isomer favors cAMP generation. LirAzo thus allows optical control of insulin secretion and cell survival.


Although digitalization across sectors drives an increasing demand for IT specialists, women still make up a small part of computing communities, IT education and work – in the US and across Europe. Our project aims to build knowledge about how this situation can be improved in the context of Nordic gender equality regimes. The "gender equality paradox" is a label for women's underrepresentation in STEM disciplines, particularly in IT, that seems to be more extreme in highly gender egalitarian cultures. It has been suggested that the paradox is a result of women's choices in wealthy countries with a high degree of individual freedom. Our project highlights another side to this paradox, as we explore attitudes towards women's underrepresentation among IT employers and organizations. The analysis reveals mixed signals from the organizations: while they recognize the low proportion of women in IT, they simultaneously negotiate the meaning of women's underrepresentation in IT in ways that do not make gender equality in IT a goal, thus it leaves little space for gender equality actions. While this can have major consequences for women's careers in computing and IT work, it also illustrates a central mechanism of the "gender equality paradox" characterized by a widely accepted norm of gender equality existing alongside employers' skepticism to the goal of gender balance in computing. Here we analyze the organizations' approaches towards gender equality ideals through the notion of "discursive resources", which points to how individuals translate these ideals in light of their own organizational context. Furthermore, this highlights the importance of taking the organizations' "discursive resources" into account when suggesting solutions to increased awareness of and engagement for gender equality in the IT sector.


Analytical and numerical models are employed to assess the stabilizing impact of acoustic absorbers on liquid propellant rocket engine intrinsic stability. The tuning and stability behavior of cavities in which two-dimensional flow and temperature variations exist are predicted through the application of an iterative-integral, Green's function method of analysis. Results of stability calculations performed for a variety of cavity geometries and temperature gradients indicate that adding a large open area absorber to a combustion chamber significantly alters the spatial shape of the oscillation. This alteration consequently affects the driving and damping mechanisms in the chamber. Because of this interaction, the maximal stabilizing effect of a cavity with a given open area does not in general occur for a design tuned in the acoustic sense to the frequency of the oscillation, but rather for a design that is not tuned but which tends to maximize the influence of the damping mechanisms in the chamber relative to the driving mechanisms. Additionally, absorbers with large backing cavities are shown to perform better over a wider range of operating conditions than absorbers with small backing cavities. Calculations also reveal that large temperature gradients in an absorber tend to reduce its broadband effectiveness.


India has recorded high levels of unemployment and low labor force participation rates in recent years even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown. How does an episode of unemployment or loss of income affect household consumption expenditure is an important question for designing effective safety nets. We use data on household-specific episodes of job loss and decline in income, from an earlier year (March-April 2019) to estimate the household response to employment shocks. We apply diff-in-diff and quantile regressions to a high-frequency panel data from a nationally representative survey of 1,75,000 households to estimate the impact of a job loss (and change in income) on household consumption expenditure-for urban and rural households, and households across different expenditure levels. We find that loss of employment of an earning member leads to a significant immediate decline in household consumption expenditure. The decline is much larger for urban households and households in the lowest and the highest deciles of monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Durable expenses go down the most. Expenditure on health and education also goes down significantly and there is evidence of adjustments in discretionary expenses too, especially for urban households. For households with only one earning member, borrowing does not increase after the job loss, suggesting credit constraints. Government cash transfers help rural households, as the beneficiaries show a smaller reduction in consumption expenditure after the shock. Our findings highlight the high vulnerability of urban households to economic shocks and can inform the design and targeting of income support and other safety-net programs in India and other developing countries.


The complement receptor of the macrophage membrane recognizes particle- bound C3b but does not recognize particle-bound C3d. C3-b-coated sheep erythrocytes were bound to macrophages via their C3b receptors, and the preparations were then incubated with either latex particles or opsonized pneumococci (test particles). Macrophages ingested the test particles, but erythrocytes were not ingested; they remained bound to C3b receptors of the macrophage plasma membrane. Thus, a signal initiating ingestion via one type of receptor is not transmitted to all receptors which have the potential to mediate phagocytosis.


Multi-reference configuration interaction is used to produce potential energy
 curves (PECs) for the excited B1Π state of KH molecule. To investigate the
 correlation effect of core-valence electrons, five schemes are employed which
 include the different correlated electrons and different active spaces. The PECs are
 fitted into analytical potential energy functions (APEFs). The spectroscopic
 parameters, ro-vibrational levels, and transition frequencies are determined based
 on the APEFs and compared with available experimental and theoretical data. The
 molecular properties for B1Π obtained in this letter, which are better than those
 available in literature, can be reproduced with calculations using the suitable
 correlated electrons and active space of orbitals.


The aim of the article is to familiarize the reader with a colorful memoir of Jan Stanislaw Los, a professor of ancient history who takes the reader behind the scenes of both world wars and fragile peace. The peace that requires many diplomatic efforts, constant strengthening and stabilization. In the interwar period, the author was known as an active politician of the conservative party and a publicist who commented a lot on the political scene of that time. Political commitment, noble descent and appropriate education gave him an excellent ability to witness important decisions that were made as well as events which affected the fate of Poland and Europe over the period indicated above. He knew personally many local and foreign politicians whose characters are recalled on the pages of memories. As an expert in ancient history, he was able to appraise the mechanisms of power, its successes and failures in the context of historical process. Memories arose in the 1970s, i.e. at the end of the author's life. By writing down the memories he decided to leave the posterity of a long-gone era, the era about which there were many negative myths and stereotypes in the post-war period. Trying to correctly reflect the atmosphere prevailing behind the scenes of war and peace, the author also disproves positive stereotypes and myths, can critically evaluate the discussed reality. The reading in question fulfills the form of a personal document, also called the ego-document, and forms the part of the centuries-old tradition of Polish memoiristics.


Objective: The use of biological agents (BAs) has increased dramatically for inflammatory diseases and this increase has led to a rise in hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs). The symptoms and diagnostic tools for HSRs are not standardized. We aimed to analyze the prevalence of HSRs to anti-rheumatic BAs and to evaluate the usefulness of skin tests (STs) as a diagnostic tool. Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted at the Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Izmir, Turkey. Four hundred sixty patients who received BAs between Jan 1st, 2015, and Jan 1st, 2016, were reviewed in this retrospective cross-sectional study. The prevalence of HSRs was retrospectively evaluated. Ten patients with HSRs were evaluated with STs containing commercially available culprit drugs. The data was collected from hospital records. The age, sex, atopic diseases, primary rheumatic diseases, and anti-rheumatic therapies of the patients were recorded. Results: Two hundred fifty patients were treated with rituximab (RTX), 45 with infliximab, 40 with tocilizumab (TOC), 36 with golimumab, 35 with etanercept, 34 with abatacept, 15 with certolizumab, and 5 with adalimumab. Fifty reactions with RTX and two reactions with TOC were infusion-related (IRRs). Ten HSRs were observed. Eight patients had immediate (7 immediate systemic reactions and 1 local injection site reactions), and 2 had late-onset cutaneous reactions. We detected the ratio of IRRs as 11.3%, immediate HSRs as 1.73%, IgE-mediated reactions as 1.08%, and anaphylaxis as 0.86%. STs were positive in 5 of 8 patients with immediate HSRs. Four of them had anaphylaxis, and remarkably, 3 of these had positive STs. None of the ten patients had high levels of specific IgE and only four had atopic diseases. Total IgE levels were not high and specific IgE levels were not positive in the presence of HSR to BAs (p=0.039). Conclusion: Five of the 8 (62.5%) patients with immediate reactions had positive STs, which suggested IgE-mediated reactions. The prevalence of HSRs to BAs was less than the ones mentioned in the literature.


Explanations for the increase in youth homicide in the mid-1980s and early 1990s focus predominantly on crack cocaine markets and related firearms effects. This study examines whether weakened social controls contributed to the escalation of youth homicide, independent of drug market effects. Specifically, the authors consider how city-level changes in social and economic disadvantage contributed to increases in race-specific youth homicide victimization. They find that structural factors played an important role in race- and age-specific youth homicide rates, independent of others factors, including drug arrests. City-level increases in social and economic disadvantage were positively associated with increases in Black teenage and young adult homicide rates and White teenage homicide rates. The implications of these findings for theories of homicide are discussed.


Everyone is obsessed today with constitutional norms. They have powerfully penetrated our vocabulary and are mentioned with dizzying frequency. We now know that any account of our valuable constitutional practices cannot end with just politics or law and must also include norms. What is further unique about the current moment in our political era is that an important subset of these norms appears to be exceedingly fragile and is under persistent attack. Some even suggest that the erosion of constitutional norms is at the heart of a global trend of democratic recession. But how precisely do constitutional norms change and ultimately collapse? And is there something actors can do to influence these processes?

This Article's goal is to explore these questions, both in general and in the context of the alleged trend of democratic recession in particular. It argues that although norms can be understood, following H.L.A Hart, as a "primitive" component in our political systems (given the way they differ from formal law), constitutional norms can in fact attain some of the credentials Hart believed could be attributed exclusively to law. More specifically, the Article claims that we can fashion something akin to "rules of change" and "rules of adjudication" in relation to constitutional norms and accordingly gain a firmer grasp of how they develop, change, and ultimately break down and of how conflicts about constitutional norms are "adjudicated" within our politics. As for "rules of change" for norms, the Article argues that constitutional norms tend to change in predictable ways and as a result of the working of several distinctive mechanisms. As for "rules of adjudication" for norms, the Article identifies a set of concrete strategies that constitutional norm entrepreneurs (who wish to change present norms including bringing forth their demise) and constitutional norm anti-preneurs (who wish to safeguard present norms) can use to try to manipulate constitutional norms to achieve their desired, and oppositional, ends.

The Article concludes by implementing that framework to our present moment of democratic recession. It asks, in other words, what constitutional norm anti-preneurs can do to halt further encroachment upon valuable constitutional norms that appear crucial to the resilience of democratic systems, both in general and in the United States.


Acoustic levitation has been used as a method for measuring the frequency and dissipative properties of shape oscillation modes of drops and bubbles [P. L. Marston and R. E. Apfel, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 27–37 (1980); T. J. Asaki et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 706–713 (1993)]. One of the problems in the interpretation of such measurements is the effect of the levitating field. Some of the relevant issues for slightly deformed drops or bubbles, where the equilibrium shape is spheroidal and R is the radius of the sphere of the same volume, are examined. The interaction of shape oscillations with the external acoustic flow is approximated for a spheroid at the velocity antinode of a standing wave in the long‐wavelength limit (kR→0) with the result that the effective restoring force for the quadrupole mode is increased. The curvature of the effective potential well is increased. The analysis makes use of the known solution for the potential flow past an incompressible spheroid in the kR→0 limit. [Work suppo...


Design of concrete girder bridges has significantly evolved during the last decades. This has been particularly relevant with respect to shear design, motivated by changes in actions and design models. As a consequence, assessing the shear strength of existing bridges leads in many cases to unsatisfactory safety levels. Furthermore, many existing bridges do not comply with current code regulations with respect to minimum amounts of shear reinforcement. This situation can lead to expensive retrofitting and strengthening of a significant number of existing bridges. The assessment of the shear strength of these bridges has thus become a significant task for structural engineers. Design codes are not always appropriate for assessing the strength of existing bridges. They propose safe models providing sufficient accuracy for design of a wide number of structures. However, these models do not account for some particularities of prestresses bridges and neglect a number of shear-transfer actions that can be relevant for their strength. This is typically the case of shear carried by the inclination of the compression chord, the increase of the stress in the tendons or the effective strength of concrete in the web of cracked prestressed girders. Accounting for more realistic approaches for these parameters may significantly increase the estimated strength of a structure with respect to code provisions, avoiding in many cases unnecessary retrofitting or strengthening. In this paper, the results of a tests campaign carried out at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne on 10 prestressed concrete girders (10 meters long, 0.78 m high) are outlined. The specimens were provided with very low amounts of shear reinforcement and some of them present defective stirrup anchorage to simulate realistic conditions of existing structures. The experimental results are discussed with reference to the stress field method where the role of the different shear-transfer actions is investigated and compared to current code provisions.


A case of an extruded cervical intervertebral disc at C7-D1 level with intradiscal hematoma in a 68-year-old male patient is presented. MR imaging showed a posterolateral extradural hemorrhagic lesion at C7-D1 level. It was suggestive of an epidural hematoma or a bleed within a neoplasm. A posterior approach was adopted and an extruded intervertebral disc with intradiscal hematoma was found and completely excised. Extruded cervical disc with intradiscal hematoma in a 68-year-old male has never been hitherto reported in the literature. The uniqueness of the case is the extruded cervical disc with hematoma within it presenting at an advanced age and unusual radiological features on MR imaging. The clinical presentation, radiological features and surgical management of this rare condition are discussed and the relevant literature is briefly reviewed.


Proper implementation of radio frequency identification (RFID) has the potential to revolutionize supply chain management. This technology provides simultaneous indirect scanning of multiple packages and palletized loads equipped with a RFID tag, transmitting substantially more information than a bar code. Also, stored informa tion on the tag can be updated according to inventory status, thus, eliminating key limitations of barcode technology. This study was de signed to address some of the currently known shortcomings of the RFID technology. One of the commonly occurring drawbacks is trans mitted signal from RFID antennae is reflected from metal objects or absorbed by water contained in a product. These limitation of effective reads can be easily shown using EPe Hotspot, which is capable of creating a profile map for product cases based on the correct reads of RFID tags. This study included three types of packaged products that were palletized. These were filled beverage in metal cans, filled water in plastic bottles and plastic wrapped paper towels. The objective of the study was to assess overall tag readability of three newly devel oped Gen 2 RFID tags as a function of tag location and orientation, product composition, case location on a pallet load and speed of ma terial handling equipment. The results indicated that overall readabil ity was highest for 'paper towels' followed by 'water filled bottles' and 'soda filled cans' across all RFID tags. Also, it was established that normal forklift speeds barely affect overall tag readability with the ex ception of very poor tag "visibility" for filled beverage in metal cans. In summary a better understanding of tag placement on products at the case level was achieved at the completion of this study along with ef fective speeds of material handling equipment that allow for high read rates.


Epidemiologic results tend to suggest that adults with Down syndrome have a reduced incidence of cancer, but some studies have reached the opposite conclusion. In this study, we offer direct biological evidence in support of the notion that Down syndrome reduces incidence of multiple types of cancer. Previous studies showed that introduction of the Apc mutation into the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome by interbreeding caused formation of intestinal adenomas at a significantly reduced incidence compared with control (euploid) animals that did not have trisomy. To a large degree, this reduction was determined to reflect an increased dosage of the Ets2 tumor repressor gene due to trisomy. Studies of tumor grafts using Ts65Dn suggested angiogenesis as a mechanism that mediated reduced tumor growth, metastasis, and mortality in individuals with Down syndrome. To confirm and extend these findings, we employed the complex cancer mouse model NPcis, which is heterozygous for the Trp53 and Nf1 genes and through LOH develops lymphomas, sarcomas, or carcinomas with 100% penetrance. In this aggressive model, trisomy did not prevent cancer, but it nevertheless extended host survival relative to euploid littermates. However, protection in this case was not attributable to either Ets2 dosage or to reduced angiogenesis. Together, our findings indicate that the genetic complexity underlying Down syndrome supports multiple mechanisms that contribute to reduced mortality from cancer. Cancer Res; 71(10); 3573–81. 2011 AACR.


This week's issues of Science and Science's STKE focus on approaches to analyzing proteins and investigating their function in the proteomic era. Reviews in Science discuss the application of mass spectrometry to protein analysis and proteomics, probing protein dynamics with NMR, and the use of fluorescent probes to study proteins in living cells. A Protocol in STKE uses a photoreactive antagonist to inactivate cell surface receptors with electrophysiological recording to monitor trafficking of a specific type of glutamate receptor. An STKE Review discusses how to avoid problems in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiment interpretation through the use of FRET standards and by considering how changes in the stoichiometry and abundance of FRET donors and acceptors affect FRET analysis.


This paper is designed to provide a framework, the Faith Integration Cycle (FIC), for developing,implementing, assessing, and evaluating faith integration in business courses. The paper also demonstrates how faculty—working together—created a multi-disciplinary faith integration effort by providing the theological link between the Bible passage Ephesians 6:10-18 and business disciplines. To assist faculty with faith integration, specific examples of utilizing the FIC are demonstrated with class activities or assignments, including sample syllabus descriptions and grading rubrics. In addition, a general pre- and post-assessment has been provided to assist with the evaluation of the effectiveness of an activity/assignment to achieve faith integration in the classroom. Utilizing the FIC has the potential to be expanded to an entire business program-level faith integration project as suggested by Holder (2006).


Social Circles of Children with Language Impairment Erin Whitworth Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Children with language impairment (LI) often demonstrate difficulties in social communication. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the quantity and quality of the social interactions of children with LI and their typical peers through an analysis of the social networks or circles of each child. Eight children with LI as well as eight children with typically developing language and their parents were interviewed. Children's social networks were organized by social circles to effectively paint a picture of each child's social communication (Blackstone & Hunt Berg, 2003). Children with LI were found to have overall fewer contacts in their social circles than children with typical language; they also interacted with fewer peers than did children with typical language. The children with LI interacted with more adults who were paid or obligated to interact with them than did their typical peers. Information about the nature of social interactions of children with LI as well as those of children with typical language was obtained from parent interviews. Qualitative observations from the parent interviews demonstrated that the Internet was not used as a significant mode of communication for children in this age group, although the children who used it to communicate were all from the Typical group. Most parents reported that children spent the most time and talked the most with immediate family members. A greater number of parents of children with LI than parents of children with typical language skills reported their children to have people they would like to talk to but did not. Parents of children with LI also reported their children to use fewer topics in conversation than were reported by parents of their typical peers. With few exceptions, parents of children in both groups reported that their children talked mostly about concrete rather than abstract topics. More parents of children with LI than those with typical language indicated that their children had topics they would like to talk about but did not or lacked the ability to do so.


We designed a cross-disciplinary interdepartmental volunteer program, which involved student participation in "community care teams for the elderly living alone." Our aim was to enhance communication between students and the elderly. Students were expected to meet and learn to get along with the elderly, to develop listening and communication skills, and learn to cooperate with student participants in other services. Students were required to devote at least 14 hours per semester to this two-semester program. Between September 2008 and June 2009, 19 students (1 st semester), 34 students (2 nd semester), 7 students (both 1 st and 2 nd semesters), respectively, and 15 elderly participants became involved in the program. Students were divided into 15 groups (each with 2–4 students), and each group visited the assigned elderly person at least 6 times per semester. According to student accounts, these visits improved their interpersonal and communication skills and their ability to express concerns with self-confidence. Our analysis of students' reflections found that early exposure to such community experiences increases their capacity for self-reflection and teaches them how to show respect. The opportunity to develop empathic communication skills with the elderly and learn to cooperate with faculty and colleagues can be beneficial to students in their future medical practice and strengthen the quality of community care.


This thesis examines community and identity within the context of immigration. The sixteenth century saw a great deal of movement within the Venetian Empire as people left their homes in search of work and other opportunities. In most cases, their destination was Venice, the imperial capital and a city which was very much in need of skilled tradesmen and mariners. At the same time, the western advance of Ottoman power meant the conquest of lands previously under Venetian control and the dispossession of a large number of people who became refugees. As a result, Venice experienced a high rate of immigration of refugees as well as those voluntary migrants from her remaining Greek colonies who came looking for work. Invariably, when people leave their homelands to go elsewhere, they have to make adjustments, to create new networks and, eventually, to become a part of the host society. This work traces changes in identity through the experience of immigration. Its focus is on the Greek community of early modern Venice. It analyses the ways which Greeks from a variety of homelands with a variety of customs, history and traditions, were able to create a community which included all Greek speakers, and forged a new identity which reflected the characteristics of their homelands while at the same time incorporating the customs and attitudes of their new home. Through an analysis of public and private sources, this thesis examines the various meanings of identity and community. It establishes how Greeks settled and integrated into their new environment and the contributions they made to it.


The tourism sector is one of the sectors that has suffered the most losses due to the Covid-19 pandemic, namely the impact on travel supply and demand. Travel restrictions and flight cancellations and reduced flight frequencies have significantly reduced the supply of both domestic and international tour packages and trips amidst the continuing decline in demand. This poses additional downside risks in the context of a weaker world economy, geopolitical, social and trade unrest, and unequal performance among the travel markets. In an effort to reach and increase the target of foreign-tourist visits to Indonesia and compete with other countries, the government is more aggressively promoting the "Wonderful Indonesia" nation branding in order to be able to compete with other countries, and provide a better perception for foreign tourists; a good perception affects the number of tourist visits. However, during the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Government issued a new nation brand, namely "Thoughtful Indonesia" which will become a nation branding for Indonesian tourism during the COVID-19 period. This study aims to analyze the effect of nation branding "Thoughtful Indonesia" on the decision to visit Indonesia during the new normal period or after COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive and verification types of research. The sampling technique used in this research was probability sampling. Based on the research and analysis and hypothesis testing, it is concluded that nation branding has a positive effect on visiting decisions.


Abstract Taking EU communications as a case study this article deals with the relationship between communication activities of public authorities and the public sphere. Traditional theories of the public sphere regard government communications as an unwelcome intervention that distorts free and open debates. This article argues that public relations activities of governments should be analysed as being part of the implementation of an information policy that also comprises citizen's rights of access to documents and information. Whether information policy distorts or supports free deliberation is an empirical question that is answered by looking at the information policy of the European Commission since the year 2000. In response to the challenge of communicating Europe to largely disinterested audiences, the European Commission has reformed its communications in order to foster a European public sphere through enhancing the transparency of European governance and starting a dialogue with the citizens. The study shows that the EU fails on its promise of dialogue and that transparency could still be improved. The information policy of the Commission aims at normatively acceptable goals while using ineffective means. Information policy does not turn out to be propagandistic but ineffective. Focussing on media relations could make PR more effective in reaching out to the wider public. If journalism functions as its necessary corrective and citizens are empowered through strong rights of access to information, than information policy could contribute to a vivid transnational public sphere.


L15 Drama 107 Ampersand: A Performative Perspective on Chinese Culture and Identity This course examines the diversified and rich history of Chinese visual and performance cultures from the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and throughout the Chinese diaspora. A collaboration between the East Asian Languages and Cultures and Performing Arts departments, this course explores Chinese cultural narratives in relation to how they have been performed — on stage in traditional forms of dance-drama, on screen in film, and as lived in the practice of everyday life — from the late Imperial period to the present. It includes a practice component that introduces the students to movement disciplines such as Tai' Chi and opera, and it allows students to pursue creative assignments such as interview, stage plays, and filmmaking that demonstrate their developing knowledge of historical and contemporary Chinese culture. Building bridges of understanding between the United States and the Republic of China in Taiwan, the course will culminate in a spring break trip to Taiwan. This course is only for first-year, non-transfer students in the Ampersand: Encountering China program. Same as L61 FYP 107 Credit 3 units. A&S: AMP A&S IQ: LCD, SC BU: HUM, IS EN: H


This paper presents the progress of the research on making Geopolymer concrete using the Thermal Power Plant fly ash, (Ukai) Gujarat, India. The project aims at making and studying the different properties of Geopolymer concrete using this fly ash and the other ingredients locally available in Gujarat. Potassium Hydroxide and sodium Hydroxide solution were used as alkali activators in different mix proportions. The actual compressive strength of the concrete depends on various parameters such as the ratio of the activator solution to fly ash, morality of the alkaline solution, ratio of the activator chemicals, curing temperature etc. In recent years, Concrete usage around the world is second only to water. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is conventionally used as the primary binder to produce concrete. The amount of the carbon dioxide released during the manufacture of OPC due to the calcinations of limestone and combustion of fossil fuel is in the order of one ton for every ton of OPC produced. In addition, the extent of energy required to produce OPC is only next to steel and aluminum. Attempts to reduce the use of Portland cement in concrete are receiving much attention due to environment-related. Fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete is a 'new' material that does not need the presence of Portland cement as a binder. The role of Portland cement is replaced by low calcium fly ash. Geopolymer is an inorganic alumino-Hydroxide polymer synthesized from predominantly silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) materials of geological origin or byproduct materials such as fly ash. The term Geopolymer was introduced to represent the mineral polymers resulting from geochemistry. The process involves a chemical reaction under highly alkaline conditions on Si-Al minerals, yielding polymeric Si-O-Al-O bonds in amorphous form.


Though the fashion for amethyst in Egypt and the Near East had, by the mid-eighteenth century bc, dried up along with the Wadi el-Hudi mine, the stone's popularity persisted in the Aegean well into the twelfth century. Though amethyst-colored glass was sometimes substituted, an abundance of genuine, high-quality amethyst nevertheless made its way to the Aegean during a period when even pharaohs settled for subpar specimens. Some of these examples (scarabs in particular) were certainly completed pieces by the time they left Egypt, even if later recut in Aegean workshops. Other examples seem to have been crafted entirely in the Aegean From Egyptian raw materials of dimensions unattested in Egypt itself, even before the Wadi el-Hudi source was mined out. The exceptional quantity and quality of amethyst jewelry in the Aegean suggests avenues of legitimate trade with Egypt must have existed at some point; later tomb-robbing alone is unlikely to account for so much high-grade material dispersing so far afield. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v01i2_phillips


The dynamics of small-amplitude perturbations, as well as the regime of fully developed nonlinear propagating waves, is investigated for pulsatile channel flows. The time-periodic base flows are known analytically and completely determined by the Reynolds number $Re$ (based on the mean flow rate), the Womersley number $Wo$ (a dimensionless expression of the frequency) and the flow-rate waveform. This paper considers pulsatile flows with a single oscillating component and hence only three non-dimensional control parameters are present. Linear stability characteristics are obtained both by Floquet analyses and by linearized direct numerical simulations. In particular, the long-term growth or decay rates and the intracyclic modulation amplitudes are systematically computed. At large frequencies (mainly $Wo\geqslant 14$ ), increasing the amplitude of the oscillating component is found to have a stabilizing effect, while it is destabilizing at lower frequencies; strongest destabilization is found for $Wo\simeq 7$ . Whether stable or unstable, perturbations may undergo large-amplitude intracyclic modulations; these intracyclic modulation amplitudes reach huge values at low pulsation frequencies. For linearly unstable configurations, the resulting saturated fully developed finite-amplitude solutions are computed by direct numerical simulations of the complete Navier–Stokes equations. Essentially two types of nonlinear dynamics have been identified: 'cruising' regimes for which nonlinearities are sustained throughout the entire pulsation cycle and which may be interpreted as modulated Tollmien–Schlichting waves, and 'ballistic' regimes that are propelled into a nonlinear phase before subsiding again to small amplitudes within every pulsation cycle. Cruising regimes are found to prevail for weak base-flow pulsation amplitudes, while ballistic regimes are selected at larger pulsation amplitudes; at larger pulsation frequencies, however, the ballistic regime may be bypassed due to the stabilizing effect of the base-flow pulsating component. By investigating extended regions of a multi-dimensional parameter space and considering both two-dimensional and three-dimensional perturbations, the linear and nonlinear dynamics are systematically explored and characterized.


Second Harmonic Generation has traditionally been restricted to crystals; however, due to the development of highly sophisticated fabrication technology, poling and phase matching techniques, it has now become feasible in glass fibres and waveguides which are widely used in nonlinear optics. For instance, silica glass based Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCF) exhibit long coherence lengths and controllable optical properties such as chromatic dispersion despite low second order nonlinearity. Given such benefits, the numerical modelling and analysis of optical waveguides accurately and efficiently has become vital for the advancement of nonlinear optics. Hence, this thesis focuses on enhancing the Second Harmonic Generation in optical waveguides through the use of different structures and different materials, and demonstrating the same by numerical simulations.

In this thesis, the accurate and numerically efficient Finite Element based Beam Propagation Method has been employed to investigate the evolution of Second Harmonic Generation in highly nonlinear SF57 soft glass Equiangular Spiral PCFs. Further, the H-field based Finite Element Method has been employed for the stationary analysis of Photonic Crystal Fibres. It is shown here that the second harmonic output power in highly nonlinear


:1305-1309, SUMMARY: The current study was undertaken to assess the incidence of different types of suprascapular notch, acromion dimensions and the lower and upper scapular angles. The suprascapular notch and variations of the acromion are clinically important in suprascapular nerve compression and subacromial impingement. Measurements were taken from 73 Anatolian dry scapulae of unknown age or sex. The suprascapuar notch was classified according to that of Rengachary et al. (1979). Its width and depth, the distance between supraglenoid tubercle and the deepest point of notch, as well as the upper and lower scapular angles were also determine measured. The type of acromion was assessed according to shape (type I (cobra), type II (square), type III (intermediate)) and tilt (type I (flat), type II (curve). Acrmion length and the distance between acromion and coracoid process were also measured. The frequency of different types of suprascapular notch were type I (28.8 %), type II (23.3 %), type III (13.7 %), type IV (20.5 %), type V (2.7 %), type VI (5.5 %)and absence (5.5 %). Acromion type were type I (45.5 %), type II (7.5 %) and type III (47.0 %), acromion tilt type I (15.2 %), and type II (84.8 %). An understanding of the association between the anatomical structures of the scapula and morphometric measurements is clinically important.


This paper summarizes the activity of the chosen Polish geodetic research teams in 2015–2018 in the fields of Earth: rotation, dynamics as well as magnetic field. It has been prepared for the needs of the presentation on the 27th International Union of Geodesy and Geodynamics General Assembly, Montreal, Canada. The part concerning Earth rotation is mostly focused on the use of modelling of diurnal and subdiurnal components of Earth rotation by including low frequency components of polar motion and UT1 in the analysis, study of free oscillations in Earth rotation derived from both space-geodetic observations of polar motion and the time variation of the second degree gravitational field coefficients derived from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations, new methods of monitoring of Earth rotation, as well as studies on applications of the Ring Laser Gyroscope (RLG) for direct and continuous measurements of changes in Earth rotation and investigations of the hydrological excitation of polar motion. Much attention was devoted to the GRACE-derived gravity for explaining the influence of surface mass redistributions on polar motion. Monitoring of the geodynamical phenomena is divided into study on local and regional dynamics using permanent observations, investigation on tidal phenomena, as well as research on hydrological processes and sea level variation parts. Finally, the recent research conducted by Polish scientists on the Earth's magnetic field is described.


Abstract Background Despite extensive research on determinants of health, there is much less information on factors protecting health among those exposed to economic shocks. Using longitudinal data from the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period, we examined individual-level factors that enhance resilience of health to economic shocks. Methods Logistic regression analysed factors associated with good self-assessed health (SAH) and health resilience, using pooled samples from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics (1994–2012). Results The general population consistently reported 'average' SAH, indicating almost invariant trends over the years. Male gender was the strongest predictor of good SAH and health resilience. Other factors positively associated with good SAH were age, higher education, employment, residing in rural areas, living in a larger and/or non-poor household. Among unemployed and those remaining unemployed, residing in rural areas, living in a larger and/or non-poor household remained the strongest predictors of good SAH and health resilience. These same factors were also important for males with recent job loss. Conclusions Several factors predicting good SAH in the general population also influence health resilience factors among those remaining unemployed and experiencing a job loss. Such factors help to identify those most vulnerable and aid targeting assistance during economic crises.


The aim of paper is to reveal the link between the scope of housing aid designed to support ageing in place and the housing system. The main research question is whether the structure of the housing stock according to housing tenure has an impact on diversity and innovations in the supply of public housing subsidies and the housing options available to the elderly. The research is conducted on a sample of eight European countries that substantially differ in terms of their housing and welfare system: Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Italy. These countries were represented in the international project HELPS that primarily focuses on implementation of innovative pilot actions in selected EU states that would increase the autonomy of vulnerable people. After controlling for the effects of several external factors, the results show that the tenure-based structure of housing stock may have a significant impact on the dependent variable, which is the diversity and innovativeness of housing subsidies and options for the elderly. Specifically, in countries with a lower homeownership rate and a higher share of rental housing there is also a greater probability that the supply of housing subsidies and options available to the elderly will be wider and will involve more innovative features.


Forensic psychiatry involves an adaptation to a role that is very different from the psychiatrist's previous clinical experiences. To render an unbiased forensic opinion, psychiatrists have to rise above their countertransference feelings. This takes years of practice and experience. The following is an account of a forensic trainee who faced several countertransference problems as he evaluated a patient charged with attempted murder. The case report is interspersed with a review of the relevant literature.


Mitochondria play key roles in the cellular metabolism of lipids and iron as well as in cell death signaling. Mitochondrial dysregulation produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which results in oxidative stress. Moreover, the accumulation of damaged mi‐ tochondria leads to cell death and tissue dysfunction. Mitochondrial maintenance in‐ volves mitophagy, a selective autophagy process that removes abnormal mitochondria. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by the specific loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Two genes im‐ plicated in PD, PINK1 and Parkin, regulate mitophagy in cultured cells. Reduction of the ΔΨm leads to activation of PINK1, which stimulates the recruitment of Parkin to the mitochondrial outer membrane of damaged mitochondria and activates Parkin's ubiquitin-ligase activity. Activated mitochondrial Parkin leads to the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins and subsequent mitophagy. This elaborate molecular mecha‐ nism was recently uncovered and the findings demonstrate the physiological and pathological roles of the PINK1-Parkin pathway. Here, we review these key findings on the molecular mechanism and ideas relevant to neurodegeneration caused by dys‐ regulation of the PINK1-Parkin pathway.


The smart way to learn Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2011one step at a time! Use the easy-to-follow lessons to master the fundamentals of creating and managing accounts; working directly within familiar tools such as Microsoft Outlook; tracking customer activity and communications; managing campaigns, leads, quotes, contracts, and orders; and employing basic to advanced reporting capabilities. Includes downloadable, ready-made practice files and complete Book.


We present observations of 10.6 deg2 of the Perseus molecular cloud at 24, 70, and 160 μm with Spitzer MIPS. The images show prominent, complex extended emission dominated by illuminating B stars on the east side of the cloud and by cold filaments of 160 μm emission on the west side. Of 3950 point sources identified at 24 μm, 1141 have 2MASS counterparts. A quarter of these populate regions of the Ks versus Ks - [24] diagram that are distinct from stellar photospheres and background galaxies and thus are likely to be cloud members with infrared excess. Nearly half (46%) of these 24 μm excess sources are distributed outside the IC 348 and NGC 1333 clusters. A significant number of IRAS PSC objects are not recovered by Spitzer MIPS, most often because the IRAS objects were confused by bright nebulosity. The intercluster region contains several tightly clumped (r ~ 0.1 pc) young stellar aggregates whose members exhibit a wide variety of infrared SEDs characteristic of different circumstellar environments. This could be explained by a significant age spread among the aggregate members, or if the members formed at the same time, a remarkably rapid circumstellar evolution would be required to account for the association of Class I and Class III sources at ages ≲1 Myr. We highlight important results for the HH 211 flow, where the bow shocks are detected at both 24 and 70 μm, and for the debris disk candidate BD +31 643, where the MIPS data show the linear nebulosity to be an unrelated interstellar feature. Our data, mosaics, and catalogs are available at the Spitzer Science Archive for use by interested members of the community.


Government accepts responsibility for stimulating and supporting research and development for the welfare of the entire community. Research is therefore a matter of serious concern which should be approached with the greatest degree of responsibility by those trained and qualified to engage in its pursuit. A description is given of those institutions established for overall planning of matters of common concern to all research bodies: the Scientific Advisory Council, the Science Planning Branch of the Department of Constitutional Development and Planning, and the Scientific Priorities Committee. Medical research has made significant progress since the establishment in 1969 of the Medical Research Council, which has devised a management structure to discharge its responsibilities effectively on a national basis. This structure and its underlying philosophy are discussed. There is a great need to strengthen the management structures of research at medical faculties, teaching hospitals and other medical institutions to ensure cost-effectiveness and provide an ongoing flow of research manpower. A research structure for this purpose is proposed and described.


Nutrition is viewed traditionally as the specific dietary requirements of different age groups, without exploring diet in the context of a life-long contributory factor to well-being. Nutrition Through the Life Cycle summarises what is known about the relationship between diet and health at different points in the life cycle, and the nutritional requirements of individuals of different ages. Nutrition policy and health promotion are discussed, together with how dietary interventions can provide long-term benefits to individuals and populations. Also covered are the major dietary challenges that exist in modern society, including the rise in incidence of obesity in both children and adolescents, anaemia in children and adolescents, and diet-related cancers. This book is published in association with Leatherhead Food International.


Palindromic DNA sequences, which can form secondary structures, are widely distributed in the human genome. Although the nature of the secondary structure—single-stranded "hairpin" or double-stranded "cruciform"—has been extensively investigated in vitro, the existence of such unusual non-B DNA in vivo remains controversial. Here, we review palindrome-mediated gross chromosomal rearrangements possibly induced by non-B DNA in humans. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have not yet overcome the difficulty of palindromic sequence analysis. However, a dozen palindromic AT-rich repeat (PATRR) sequences have been identified at the breakpoints of recurrent or non-recurrent chromosomal translocations in humans. The breakages always occur at the center of the palindrome. Analyses of polymorphisms within the palindromes indicate that the symmetry and length of the palindrome affect the frequency of the de novo occurrence of these palindrome-mediated translocations, suggesting the involvement of non-B DNA. Indeed, experiments using a plasmid-based model system showed that the formation of non-B DNA is likely the key to palindrome-mediated genomic rearrangements. Some evidence implies a new mechanism that cruciform DNAs may come close together first in nucleus and illegitimately joined. Analysis of PATRR-mediated translocations in humans will provide further understanding of gross chromosomal rearrangements in many organisms.