Following the COAR-SPARC conference in Porto, the COAR Controlled Vocabularies Interest Group met on the 16th of April 2015 and had a detailed discussion about the new set of COAR controlled vocabularies, while proposing detailed actions to solve the remaining issues (mainly in the Resource Type vocabulary). Echoing aspects discussed about sustainability and organization (long-term technical support), as well as dissemination and implementation of COAR controlled vocabularies, the immediate projection of these issues has seemed to be quite feasible on PHAIDRA International long-term ecosystem. Nowadays this OAI-PMH environment consists of fourteen Open Access repositories disseminating their contents to EUROPEANA, OpenAIRE, OAPENLibrary, e-infrastructures Austria, and national CRIS etc. PHAIDRA International is taking all necessary steps to be constantly aligned with Trusted Digital Repositories criteria and harmonized (technically and semantically) in line with COAR Roadmap: Future Directions for Repository Interoperability. The COAR Roadmap stresses that still many challenges remain with improving interoperability. These involve standardization of controlled vocabularies in use, as well as metadata and indicators, in connection with state-of-the-art interoperability approaches supporting Linked Open Data. There is an urgent need for PHAIDRA International to harmonize the encoding description (metadata properties) according to LOD-enabling strategies, and to adhere to multilingual COAR controlled vocabularies" shared registry (Knowledge Base) services. COAR Controlled Vocabularies can be easily implemented in PHAIDRA in fixed formats and mapped to related persistent RDF/SKOS versions.


Sensible heat flux is a component of the earth's surface energy balance. It describes turbulent heat exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere and is of interest and importance for agriculture, urban heat budgets, and for understanding consequences of climate change. The sensible heat flux is typically computed using costly eddy covariance measurements, limiting the spatial coverage to a very coarse observational grid. We implement the flux variance method based on convective scaling as an alternative approach. While flux variance has a few limitations and constraints it is an interesting and competitive method for low-cost and power limited wireless sensor networks. These have the potential of providing sensible heat flux over the domain of a much denser network both resolving spatial variability and improving overall representativeness. We propose this method and sensor for implementation as part of a Citizen Observatory, for instance in monitoring networks operated by authorities or amateur scientists. The applicability of the flux variance method for use in wireless sensor networks has been explored in a case study field experiment where the low-cost sensors were tested and compared against reference instruments to evaluate the performance and limitations of these sensors as well as the method with respect to the standard calculations. Comparison experiments were carried out at several sites of different surface types (gravel, grass, water) to gauge the low-cost sensor systems.


The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) was designed to examine the hypothesis that inter-individual and regional variability in symptomatic dysfunctions, alterations in body composition and health outcomes in ageing men can be explained by different rates of decline in anabolic hormones, the most important of which being testosterone. Between 2003 and 2005, 3369 community-dwelling men, aged between 40 and 79 years, were recruited from population-based registers in eight European centres to participate in the baseline survey, with follow-up investigations performed a median of 4.3 years later. Largely, identical questionnaire instruments and clinical investigations were used in both phases to capture contemporaneous data on general health (including cardiovascular diseases and chronic conditions), physical and cognitive functioning, mental health, sexual function, quality of life, bone health, chronic pain, disease biomarkers, hormones (sex hormones and metabolic hormones) and genetic polymorphisms. EMAS actively encourages new collaborations, data sharing for validation studies and participation in genetic study consortia. Potential collaborators should contact the principal investigator (F.C.W.W.) in the first instance.


I studied the ecology and distribution of the Florida bog frog (Rana okaloosae) and flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) on Eglin Air Force Base in northwest Florida. I report data on the breeding ecology, population dynamics, home ranges, microhabitat, and distribution of the endemic bog frog and make comparisons to its closest relative, the bronze frog (Rana clamitans clamitans). Bog and bronze frogs occur in the same habitats and are suspected to hybridize. I investigated the potential for auditory and visual mate recognition errors between R. okaloosae and R. clamitans. I also described the vocal repertoire of the bog frog and observed the response of resident males to the playback of unfamiliar conspecific and heterospecific (R. clamitans) calls. The advertisement calls of bog frogs vary among individuals, and individual voice recognition is possible. I exposed tadpoles of bog frogs, bronze frogs, and leopard frogs (R. sphenocephala) to chemical cues from 2 predators, the banded water snake (Colubridae: Nerodia fasciata) and the red fin pickerel (Esocidae: Esox americanus) to evaluate whether swimming behavior or habitat selection differed among tadpole species. The time spent swimming differed among tadpole species and predator treatments, differences which potentially could affect growth rates, survivorship rates, and distribution patterns. Lastly, I discuss the relationship between fire and the federally–threatened flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum). I compared 13 breeding wetlands with different fire histories in addition to burned and unburned halves of a partially–burned wetland. In general, areas that burned more recently had more open canopies, higher dissolved oxygen concentrations, higher water temperatures, more understory vegetation, and were shallower than unburned areas. Rangewide surveys indicate that prescribed fires typically are applied in winter and early spring in areas inhabited by flatwoods salamanders. Based on what is known about the natural history of the species, the historical burning regime of the longleaf ecosystem, and the effects of fires on ephemeral wetlands, I suggest that land mangers diversify their fire–management strategy to increase the likelihood of burning the breeding wetlands of flatwoods salamanders.


This model makes use of the interface between the fault detection and fault isolation, which is theoretically employed by fault characteristic matrix. The matrix records the information of correlation between the detection signal and the fault as well as corresponding time. The state characteristics of the system can be reasoned from the relation between the fault signal and the fault. We can make full used of fault signals. The occurring time of the fault can be got by conducting the discrete time method on the observed fault signal. The application of the proposed detection method to the network of mine water level sensor proved that this method is more reasonable than the standard binary fault detection method.


Soul! was where Stevie Wonder and Earth, Wind & Fire got funky, where Toni Morrison read from her debut novel, where James Baldwin and Nikki Giovanni discussed gender and power, and where Amiri Baraka and Stokely Carmichael enjoyed a sympathetic forum for their radical politics. Broadcast on public television between 1968 and 1973, Soul!, helmed by pioneering producer and frequent host Ellis Haizlip, connected an array of black performers and public figures with a black viewing audience. In It's Been Beautiful , Gayle Wald tells the story of Soul! , casting this influential but overlooked program as a bold and innovative use of television to represent and critically explore black identity, culture, and feeling during a transitional period in the black freedom struggle.


Recently, the issue of police law as separate law science is essential in many countries and forms different views and ideas among the scientists. Disputes arise on the police law regulation field and police law legal regulation object, i.e. what public relations are to be assigned to be regulated by police law. The question arises if the rules of law regulating the activity of one institution can be referred to as separate law science or such rules of law do regulate the activities of many other institutions, not only of the police as an institution. Solutions to the above–formulated problematic provisions are analyzed in this article. Each state regularly performs the set of public administration functions, such as lawmaking, law implementation organizing, and concern for public welfare. Regular state functioning cannot be imagined without state functions with the help of which people are protected from endless number of dangers that may occur because of nature disasters or illegal actions of other people. Such functions are defined as state police functions in the legal literature. The issue of police functions definition is developed in the article as well as the conditions for systemizing of institutions performing state police functions in Poland are analyzed. The authors reach the conclusion that it is possible to analyze police law content through the system of functional viewpoint towards public relations originating from the field of ensuring the safety of person, public or state. The characteristics and main tasks of the main institutions performing the state police functions are also briefly discussed in the article.


The pneumatic conveying of bulk solid materials by the generation of a partial vacuum or negative pressure is the oldest form of conveying such materials through pipelines. It was developed approximately one hundred years ago to assist the rapid unloading of wheat grain from ships, barges and lighters in the London docks. However, the basic design of the device for entraining the bulk solid into the conveying pipeline has changed very little since those times.

This thesis examines the effect of entrainment mechanisms in co-axial tube type suction nozzles on the performance of such conveying systems. The normal design of such nozzles is one where the inner conveying tube is retracted inside the outer tube. The work has demonstrated that with this configuration, high air velocities are necessary to effect entrainment of material beneath the nozzle into the conveying pipeline. By rearranging the nozzle so that the inner tube protrudes from the outer tube, a configuration can be obtained where, for free flowing products, the material flows readily under the action of gravity into the entraining airstream flowing down the annular chamber formed by the two tubes. The work has demonstrated that, for a given air flow rate, the product feed rate, and hence system throughput will be maximised by arranging these tubes such that the angle formed by them in the entrainment region is greater than the angle at which the product flows under the action of gravity into this region. Since a lower air flow rate and hence power consumption is required to achieve a given system throughput, this configuration has been identified as a more efficient entrainment mechanism than that associated with the usual configuration of suction nozzles.

The effect of throttling the air flowing down the annular chamber on product entrainment into such nozzles is also identified and presented.


The impact of amino acid addition on aroma compound formation in papaya wine fermented with yeast Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC2251 was studied. Time-course papaya juice fermentations were carried out using W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC2251, with and without the addition of selected amino acids (L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine and L-phenylalanine). Yeast growth and changes in sugars, °Brix, organic acids and pH were similar, regardless of amino acid addition. L-Leucine addition increased the production of isoamyl alcohol and some esters such as isoamyl acetate, isoamyl butyrate and isoamyl propionate, while L-isoleucine addition increased the production of active amyl alcohol and active amyl acetate. L-valine addition slightly increased the production of isobutyl alcohol and isobutyl acetate. L-phenylalanine addition increased the formation of 2-phenylethanol, 2-phenylethyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl butyrate, while decreasing the production of most other esters. This study suggests that papaya juice fermentation with W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC2251 in conjunction with the addition of selected amino acid(s) can be an effective way to modulate the aroma of papaya wine.


With every update, Mac OS X grows more powerful, more dependable, and easier to use--and Mac OS X Tiger is no exception. But along with the new features come fresh issues--new areas to troubleshoot, new functionality to unravel, and new glitches waiting to confound even the savviest Mac users. Not to worry. Best-selling author and Mac guru Ted Landau turns his diagnostician's eye on Mac OS X Tiger, arming readers with fix-it knowledge This popular fix-it classic offers more troubleshooting information, tips, and hacks than any other single volume. Chock-full of detailed, understandable advice for maintaining and troubleshooting Mac OS X Tiger, this comprehensive reference is where users will turn before they head to the repair shop. Readers will find solutions for every Mac OS X problem under the sun plus the technical grounding they need to turn a diagnostic eye on their own operating systems. Filled with tips, tools, and preventive measures, the guide includes in-depth coverage of Library directories and folders, file and font maintenance, crash prevention and recovery, and more.


ABSTRACT Bioacumulation of Cadmium on Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Using Radiotracer. A laboratory experiment on the accumulation of Cadmium (Cd) by green mussel (Perna viridis) has been conducted. Radiotracer 109Cd was applied in the study. The research aimed at evaluating the effect of salinity, temperature and size on uptake of radiotracer 109Cd by green mussel (Perna viridis) from dissolved phase. It was found that both salinity and temperature had significant effect ( P< 0.001) on accumulation rate of 109Cd. The highest concentration factor of Cd (31,23- 54,09) was appeared in water salinity of 29% and of water temperature 30oC. At the steady state condition green mussel accumulated 72,21-107,80 Bq/gr Cd. It revealed that the small Perna viridis (5.2 cm in length) accumulated 109Cd about 107,80 Bq/gr, whereas the bigger size of Perna viridis (6.6 cm in length) had an uptake of about 72,21 Bq/gr. Key words : Bioaccumulation, radiotracer Cd, Perna viridis Kata kunci : Bioakumulasi, Perunut radioaktif, Cd, Perna viridis


A tower crane can be reduced the sway oscillation easily by controlling the rotation acceleration. With the proposed open-loop fast control method which is operated by controlling acceleration, the sway angle of suspended load can be maintained during the movement as well as reduced oscillation during and at the end of movement. In this paper, we design and produce a scaled tower crane with a servo control mechanism which can be used to control crane rotation precisely. Also, we do experiments with our scaled tower crane to validate the proposed fast control method. Experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of maintaining fixed angle during the movement and reducing oscillation.


The arts are becoming an increasingly important feature of care and their value in promoting increased levels of wellbeing is continually being experienced but not yet well understood. Similarly, the arts, and especially music appear to be able to bring increased levels of wellbeing to clients, family members and nursing staff, when used as an integral part of hospice, or end of life care. This article adopts an expanded definition of the word 'asylum' in order to assess the extent to which a series of musical concerts can contribute to the well being of all those involved in end of life care contexts.

The research involved carrying out observations and interviews with clients, care workers and family members who experienced a musical event. Interviews were carried out with individual participants before and after a one hour concert carried out within an open social space either within a hospice or a care facility. All concerts were given by one or two musicians with significant levels of experience of performing in such concerts. Observations of responses were also carried out during each of the concerts and notes were recorded accordingly. Ethical permission for the work was provided by the lead university. Results suggest that the concert experience provided significant levels of emotional support, was an ideal medium for promoting new and positive memories, and provided brief periods of respite for all those involved.


ABSTRACT We sought to examine how cat owners' moods correlated with subsequent interactions with their cats. Such a relationship has not been previously documented. Data from 47 women and 49 men living alone with their cats were collected. Participants were visited at their homes for one two-hour session each. Approximately five minutes before and after the observation period, the owners filled out a standard questionnaire (EWL, list of adjectives) to indicate their current mood. The EWL allowed the authors to later assign owner moods to one or more of 14 sub-scales. In this study, results on correlates of moods at the beginning and during the subsequent first half hour of interactions are presented. Multiple regression analyses showed that related mood sub-scales, e.g. anxiety and depressiveness, can influence human behavior in different directions, and that bipolar mood sub-scales, e.g. introvertedness and extrovertedness, do not necessarily work in opposite directions. Four human behaviors were related to mood: intents to interact, starts of interactions, and approaches and vocalizations while interacting. While the start of an interaction was influenced by eight different mood sub-scales, the others mentioned were only related to four sub-scales at most. The only recorded behavior of the cat that was significantly correlated with the owner's mood was approaches to the owner within an ongoing interaction.


Opiates have been used historically for the treatment of depression. Renewed interest in the use of opiates as antidepressants has focused on the development of kappa opioid receptor (κ-receptor) antagonists. In this thesis I have tested the hypothesis that buprenorphine/naltrexone combination has antidepressant efficacy. Buprenorphine acts as a partial mu opioid receptor (μ-receptor) agonist and a κ-receptor antagonist. By combining buprenorphine with the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, the idea was that the activation of μ-receptors would be reduced and the κ-antagonist properties enhanced. First, the appropriate dose of the combination that would act as a short acting κ-receptor antagonist was investigated in the mouse-tail withdrawal test. A dose of BU10119, a novel compound derived from buprenorphine, with pharmacology resembling buprenorphine/naltrexone combination was also investigated. It was established that a combination dose of buprenorphine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) with naltrexone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) functioned as a short acting κ-antagonist in the mouse-tail withdrawal test and BU10119 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) is a к-antagonist with a rapid onset and a duration of action not more than 24 hours. Furthermore, these doses of the buprenorphine/naltrexone and BU10119 were neither rewarding nor aversive in the conditioned place preference paradigm, and were without significant locomotor effects. Systemic co-administration of buprenorphine/ naltrexone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and BU10119 in adult CD-1 male mice produced an antidepressant-like response in both the forced swim test and novelty induced hypophagia task. Behaviours in the elevated plus maze and light dark box were not significantly altered by either treatment. Moreover, pretreatment with buprenorphine/naltrexone and BU10119 blocked stress- induced analgesia in adult male CD1 mice. However, they were not capable of blocking restraint stress-induced elevation of corticosterone levels. Gene expression of k-receptor, prodynorphin and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 were not significantly altered by restraint stress or к-receptor antagonist treatment in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and amygdala. I propose that the combination of buprenorphine with naltrexone and BU10119, both represent a novel approaches to the treatment of depression.


The design of high-efficiency low-complexity detection schemes for ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) systems is highly challenging. This paper proposes a reduced-rank adaptive multiuser detection (MUD) scheme that is operated in least bit-error-rate (LBER) principles for hybrid direct-sequence time-hopping UWB (DS-TH UWB) systems. The principal component analysis (PCA)-assisted rank-reduction technique is employed to obtain a detection subspace, where the reduced-rank adaptive LBER-MUD is carried out. The reduced-rank adaptive LBER-MUD is free from channel estimation and does not require knowledge about the number of resolvable multipaths and the multipaths' strength. In this paper, the BER performance of the hybrid DS-TH UWB systems using the proposed detection scheme is investigated, assuming communications over UWB channels modeled by the Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. Our studies and performance results show that, given a reasonable rank of the detection subspace, the reduced-rank adaptive LBER-MUD can efficiently mitigate both multiuser and intersymbol interference (ISI) and achieve the diversity gain promised by the UWB systems.


Modern large, complex, engineering structures normally encompass a number of substructures which are assembled together by several types of joints. Despite, the highly sophisticated finite element method that is widely used to predict dynamic behaviour of assembled complete structures, the predicted results achieved, of assembled structures are often far from the experimental observation in comparison with those of substructures. The inaccuracy of prediction is believed to be largely due to invalid assumptions about the input data on the initial finite element models, particularly those on joints, boundary conditions and also loads. Therefore, model updating methods are usually used to improve the initial finite element models by using the experimentally observed results.

This thesis is concerned with the application of model updating methods to a welded structure that consists of several substructures made from thin steel sheets that are assembled together by a number of spot welds. However, the welded structure with a large surface area is susceptible to initial curvature due to its low flexible stiffness or manufacturing or assembling errors and to initial stress due to fabrication, assembly and welding process of substructures. Nevertheless, such initial stress is very difficult to estimate by theoretical analysis or to measure. This thesis puts forward the idea of including initial curvature and/or initial stress (which have a large effect on natural frequencies) as an updating parameter for improving the performance of the finite element model of a structure made from thin steel sheets.

The application of conventional iterative model updating methods which use a full finite element model has been widely practised. However when updating large, complex structures with a very large number of degrees of freedom, this application becomes impractical and computationally expensive due to the repeated solution of the eigensolution problem and repeated calculation of the sensitivity matrix. It is therefore preferable to use a substructuring scheme based model updating which is highly computationally efficient for the reconciliation of the finite element model with the test structure. However, in certain practical cases, where the confidential and proprietary issues of modelling work are of concern between the collaborating companies, in which the finite element models of the substructures could not be revealed and only the condensed matrices of the substructures are used instead, the areas of the substructures having fewer number of interface nodes would always be the first choice as the interface nodes. For welded structures, the nodes in the vicinity of spot weld element models are few and hence are usually taken as the interface nodes for connecting substructures. However, the present MSC. NASTRAN superelement model reduction procedures are known not to allow the nodes of CWELD elements to be the interface nodes of substructure.

Prior to the present study, no work appears to have been done to use the nodes of CWELD elements as the interface nodes of substructures in the investigation of dynamic behaviour of welded structures. In this work, the application of branch elements as the interface elements of substructure are proposed and tested. Prior to the present study, it also appears that there has been no work done concerning the adjustment of the finite element model of the welded structure by including the effects of initial curvatures, initial stress and boundary conditions that are contributing to the modelling errors, via the combination between the Craig-Bampton CMS and model updating.

This thesis presents two approaches for model updating of the welded structure: the conventional methods which use full finite element model and the substructuring scheme based model updating which uses the Craig-Bampton CMS technique. The accuracy and efficiency of both approaches are thoroughly discussed and presented and are validated with the experimentally observed results.


Abstract : This paper provides an overview of the components of cyber insurance, discusses the role of the government, and examines specific implications to the Department of Defense. Data breaches involving significant personal information losses and financial impacts are becoming increasingly common. Increasingly, companies are being held liable for these losses, which have financial implications for customers and business partners or result in the loss of private information. Claims of hundreds of millions of dollars are being amassed depending on the type and size of the breach. As a result, the insurance industry is experiencing a sharp increase in demand for cyber insurance offerings to businesses.


Limited fossil fuel resources and the environmental impacts of climate change are motivating the development of sustainable processes for the production of fuels and chemicals from renewable resources. The development of alternative energy sources, such as biofuels, will strengthen energy security and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. n-butanol is a biofuel and platform chemical. n-butanol is an advanced fuel with high energy content, compatible with existing infrastructure. Here the ability of microorganisms to use renewable resources for biofuel synthesis is exploited. In this work use of the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius is explored for the production of n-butanol. Geobacillus is considered a promising industrial process organism due to its high optimum growth temperature and ability to assimilate various substrates including both hexose and pentose sugars. As a relatively novel process organism, first the development of molecular tools was required to enable subsequent engineering of the host metabolism. Here four reporter assays were developed, three of which can be used simultaneously, providing for extensive analysis of qualitative and quantitative gene expression within the cell. A range of promoters and RBS' were screened. Extension of the Geobacillus vector series, pMTL60000, with new component parts for each module enabled co-transformation of two plasmids into G. thermoglucosidasius. The molecular tools developed were then applied in Geobacillus metabolic engineering work, with the aim of producing the target molecule n-butanol. Initially a CoA dependent n-butanol pathway, based on naturally occurring production by ABE fermentation, was considered. Following introduction of the pathway further metabolic engineering was employed to improve pathway flux, creating a driving force through the pathway and increasing the substrate pool. Production of 0.137 mM (10.166 mg/l) n-butanol demonstrated proof of concept. Next, the use of genes native to Geobacillus were investigated for improved enzyme compatibility. This approach did not generate n-butanol here. Finally a CoA independent pathway utilising the host's native fatty acid biosynthesis pathway was considered. Using this approach, butyric acid was produced. Butyric acid can subsequently be further converted to n-butanol however this was not demonstrated here. In addition to metabolite pathway introduction, host strain engineering was carried out with the aim of adaptation towards industrially desired properties. Directed evolution resulted in selection of a strain with an increased n-butanol tolerance of 2.5% (v/v). Such modifications resulted in an improved process organism for biotechnological application.

This work provides the first reported production of n-butanol in thermophilic and aerobic conditions. Multiple approaches to n-butanol production are evaluated here. Use of heterologous and native genes are considered. Both CoA and ACP dependent pathways were introduced. Each approach presented advantages and drawbacks. A system compatible for use in Geobacillus has demonstrated proof of concept n-butanol production. Further development is required to increase production to industrially feasible quantities.


President Barack Obama has extended the hand of engagement to the Muslim and Arab world, while warning Israel against new settlements in occupied Palestine and hedging his bets with remote drone strikes against Al-Qaida and the Taliban in Pakistan. The new CIA director, a military historian and the Somali-born feminist Ayaan Hirsi Ali assess his strategy.


One of the problems when developing software is the difficulty of knowing how much that is done in a project. This is a basic condition to be able to estimate the remaining efforts with increased accuracy over time. To get accurate progress information it is important that the progress tracking is done in an objective way and also in an as simple way as possible. Our focus in this work has been software projects in general but a case study has also been performed at Ericsson Software Technology AB in Ronneby. We have studied the organization and performed interviews with project managers to find out if this really is a problem and if the process can be improved in some way to ease the task of progress tracking. This case study together with our literature study has resulted in a proposition for a solution. Our approach has been to use automated testing as a way to make progress tracking more objective. The result presented in this thesis is a base for a system that could ease the tracking of progress. In short, the system extracts information from an automated testing process and compares it with estimated figures to be able to automatically generate progress information.


Accessible summary • People with learning disabilities have fewer friends than others;
• Social care interventions are needed to help people to be more socially active in their community;
• This review looks at what research has already been done in this area;
• This is important to people with learning disabilities as it highlights the importance of having friends in, and outside of, services.

Summary
People with learning disabilities are among the most socially excluded in society. There is a significant gap in research evidence showing how health and social care workers can intervene to improve the social participation of adults with learning
disabilities. A systematic review and modified narrative synthesis was used to appraise the quality and outcomes of published studies in this area. Six of eleven included studies showed a positive effect on social participation. Interventions
included person-centred planning, alteration of activity patterns, a befriending scheme and skill-based group sessions. The majority of studies were found to have a moderate risk of bias. Further evidence about the effectiveness of interventions is required to inform policy and practice.


Introduction: Hypertension affects approximately one billion people worldwide. Three hundred and forty million of these in economically developed and 340 million in economically-developing countries. The World Heart Federation reports that in the developed world, about 330 million people have hypertension, and about 640 million in the developing world. Estimates indicate that up to three quarters of the world's hypertensive population will be in economically developing countries by the year 2025. Non-adherence to antihypertensive drugs is one of the most important causes of uncontrolled blood pressure. Materials and Methods: Between August 2013 and June 2014, we enrolled 424 hypertensive patients in a cross-sectional study using systematic sampling technique. The Morisky Green test for non-adherence was used to assess non-adherence to drugs. Information was collected regarding socio-demographic, drug related and healthcare service delivery factors to patient non-adherence using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted using Epi info software. Results: The level of non-adherence was 69.1%. Factors that were independently associated with non-adherence were; being a Junior Civil Servant (OR 2.9: 95%CI 1.1–7.7), exhaustion of drugs before the next clinic appointment (OR 5.9: 95%CI 2.8–12.5), buying drugs in private pharmacies and open market (OR 1.9: 95%CI 1.03–3.3) and total time spent counselling of less than five minutes (OR 1.8: 95%CI 1.02–3.2). Conclusion: The level of non-adherence in this study was found to be high. Creating special support groups for Junior Civil Servants, ensuring patients come back to the hospital to refill their drugs, improving counselling techniques and making prescribed antihypertensive drugs constantly available in the hospital, could improve the level of non-adherence to antihypertensive drugs among patients attending Federal Staff Hospitals and Clinics.


A search for heavy resonances decaying into a pair of Z bosons leading to + − ′+ ′− and + −νν̄ final states, where stands for either an electron or a muon, is presented. The search uses proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected from 2015 to 2018 that corresponds to the integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 recorded by the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Different mass ranges spanning 200 GeV to 2000 GeV for the hypothetical resonances are considered, depending on the final state and model. In the absence of a significant observed excess, the results are interpreted as upper limits on the production cross section of a spin-0 or spin-2 resonance. The upper limits for the spin-0 resonance are translated to exclusion contours in the context of Type-I and Type-II two-Higgs-doublet models, and the limits for the spin-2 resonance are used to constrain the Randall–Sundrum model with an extra dimension giving rise to spin-2 graviton excitations.


Application of Molodensky's Method for Precise Determination of Geoid in Iran Determination of the geoid with a high accuracy is a challenging task among geodesists. Its precise determination is usually carried out by combining a global geopotential model with terrestrial gravity anomalies measured in the region of interest along with some topographic information. In this paper, Molodensky's approach is used for precise determination of height anomaly. To do this, optimum combination of global geopotential models with the validated terrestrial surface gravity anomalies and some deterministic modification schemes are investigated. Special attention is paid on the strict modelling of the geoidal height and height anomaly difference. The accuracy of the determined geoid is tested on the 513 points of Iranian height network the geoidal height of which are determined by the GPS observations.


Locating East Asia in Western Art Music. Edited by Yayoi Uno Everett and Frederick Lau. (Music / Culture.) Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2004. [xx, 321 p. ISBN 0-81956661-6. $70 (hbk.); ISBN 0-8195-6662-4. $27.95.] Music examples, illustrations, glossary, bibliography, index. The prominence of Asian composers in recent decades is evidenced by the awards and prizes that they have received, along with regular performances of their works at music festivals worldwide, commissions from renowned orchestras, ensembles, and soloists, as well as rising sales of recordings featuring their music. East Asia has nurtured some of the most well-known contemporary composers in the world: Toru Takemitsu, Isang Yun, Chinese-American composer and Varese scholar Chou Wenchung, and a newer generation including Tan Dun and Bright Sheng, among others. Their works have often been labeled "Eastmeets-West" or "East-West Confection" (introduction, p. xv). The most direct explanation for these descriptive terms combines aspects of the composers' Asian ethnicity, their adaptation of Asian philosophies and aesthetics with musical elements, and their use of the Western musical language as their predominant medium of expression. There is yet another dimension to "Easlmeets-West" in music. Some Western composers have been influenced by Asian philosophies and aesthetics, and others have tried to assimilate musical materials from Asian cultures in their compositions to create an exotic sound. Giacomo Puccini, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Henry Cowell, Olivier Messiaen, John Cage, and Lou Harrison are some examples. As suggested by the title, this volume attempts to locate East Asia in Western art music. The objective is achieved by investigating the music of both Asian-influenced Western composers and Western-influenced Asian composers. As an overview of the East-West mingling in music, chapter 1 not only offers an account of the early days of such cultural mixing in China, Korea, and Japan but also highlights the significance of cross-cultural readings in the study of "Eastmeets-West" music. Yayoi Uno Everett, editor of this volume and also author of chapter 1, observes that syncretism, synthesis, and transference are the basic criteria behind at least seven different strategies used by composers in integrating Asian and Western musical resources. The eleven essays that follow cover a wide range of topics. Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 6 address historical, social, and political contexts that underlie the compositional process and examine how such contexts can influence the interpretation of a composition. Chapters 8 and 9 are music analyses that unveil the / Ching (The Book of Changes) as the governing principle behind the music of Chou Wen-chung, along with his cultural identity and quasi-diasporic experiences as attributes of his musical syncretism. Chapters 5 and 7 concentrate primarily on Western composers (incidentally, both American): postmodernist John Zorn's distorted and sadomasochistic representation of Asian women, and Henry Cowell's theory of sliding tone as an expression of Chinese cultural heritage. The remaining chapters 10, 11, and 12 are essays written by Cage, Takemitsu, and Chou. The editors point out that the inclusion of "[t]he final three essays provide three composers' own reflections on cross-cultural musical exchanges because we feel that this volume would be incomplete without addressing the composers' voices" (Introduction, xix). One of the merits of this book is that it includes the study of more than a dozen composers in one volume, a number of whom are still alive and active. The chapters on living composers fail to follow closely their most recent works, however. The study on Zorn is based on his works from the late 1980s and 1990s-the compact discs Spillane (Elektra/Nonesuch 9 79172-2 (CD), 1987), Torture Garden and Guts of a Virgin (Tzadik TZ 7312-2 and Earache Records MOSH 45CD, both 1991), and Leng Tch'ema Elegy (Tzadik TZ 7312-2 and EWA 33004 (CD), both 1992); seven years have lapsed since the world premiere of Tan's Symphony 1997: Heaven, Earth, Man. …


This thesis studies two characteristics of the Mexican labour markets; informality and migration to the United States. Chapter 1 studies the impact of NAFTA on informality and wages, the former measured in a reduced form through the fraction of workers without any social or health coverage (unregistered workers). Using data on Mexican and U.S. import tariffs with the Mexican National Survey of Urban Labour (ENEU), I find that reductions in tariffs are related to reductions in unregistered labour. Unregistered labour decreases less in high import-penetration industries and more in export oriented ones. The Mexican tariffs are also negatively related to real wages, while the U.S. tariffs are negatively related to the registered-unregistered wage differentials. Chapter 2 is a joint work with Arturo Ramirez. It uses two Mexican tax reforms to test whether the unregistered sector is sensitive to changes in the tax burden. The first is the 1989 implementation of an asset tax, and the second is the 1999 elimination of accelerated depreciation allowances. The data comes from the ENEU, from which estimates of unregistration are derived; and the Annual Industrial Survey (EIA), from which the differential effects of the 1999 reform on each region and industry are implied. It is found that the response of unregistered labour to changes in taxes is heterogeneous, depending both on the economic sector and the nature of the tax policy. Lastly, chapter 3 studies the effect of temporary migration to the U.S. on labour market outcomes of Mexican workers. It uses panel data from the 1994-2002 ENEU, which is ideal for minimizing self-selection biases common to other sources. Fixed-effects estimation indicates that temporary migrants obtain higher earnings in the U.S. labour market during the period of migration. They also work longer hours and face a higher likelihood of non employment. Finally, the gains from migration are lower for more skilled workers and for those migrating from the most distant regions, relative to the U.S.


This paper presents two torque estimation methods for vehicle engines: unknown input observer (UIO) and adaptive parameter estimation. We first propose a novel yet simple unknown input observer based on the crankshaft rotation dynamics only. For this purpose, an invariant manifold is derived by defining auxiliary variables in terms of first-order low-pass filters, where only one constant (filter coefficient) needs to be tuned. These filtered variables are used to calculate the estimated torque. Robustness of this UIO against sensor noise is studied and compared to two other estimators. On the other hand, since the engine torque dynamics can be formulated as a parameterized form with unknown time-varying parameters, we further present several adaptive laws for time-varying parameter estimation. The parameter estimation errors are derived to drive these adaptive laws and time-varying adaptive gains are introduced. The two proposed estimators only use the measured air mass flow rate and engine speed, and thus allow for improved computational efficiency. Both estimators are verified via a dynamic engine simulator built in a commercial software GT-Power, and also practically tested via experimental data collected in a dynamometer test-rig. Both simulations and practical tests show very encouraging results with small estimation errors even in the presence of sensor noise.


The Mixture Item Response Theory (MixIRT) can be used to identify latent classes of examinees in data as well as to estimate item parameters such as difficulty and discrimination for each of the groups. Parameter estimation via maximum likelihood (MLE) and Bayesian estimation based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are compared for classification accuracy and parameter estimation bias for difficulty and discrimination. Standard error magnitude and coverage rates were compared across number of items, number of latent groups, group size ratio, total sample size and underlying item response model. Results show that MCMC provides more accurate group membership recovery across conditions and more accurate parameter estimates for smaller samples and fewer items. MLE produces narrower confidence intervals than MCMC and more accurate parameter estimates for larger samples and more items. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.


In this thesis we develop an analytical performance model for parallel computer systems. This model is built on three abstract performance elements; loading intensity, contention, and delay. These elements correspond to performance measures that are the outcome of features of both software and hardware components of a computing system. The profile of these components can in turn be derived from an analysis of the performance-related behaviour of the individual processes that constitute a complete system. We show how such models of particular systems can be used for performance prediction. They can be used to predict the performance of a specified number of processors, derive the maximum expectation in terms of performance, as the number of processors increases, and predict the amount of latency hiding required to achieve a particular performance profile. We illustrate the use of the model with a particular concrete application. The interaction between the three performance elements is examined, with particular attention being paid to the relationship between loading intensity and delay in certain classes of parallel system. We examine the consequences that this relationship has on the ability to measure certain types of performance data. In examining the relationship between delay and performance elements we also look at the effect of allocating many processes to each processor. As a consequence of using this modelling technique on a particular parallel system, individual behaviour characteristics of the real system may need to be approximated. We examine the effects of this approximation, looking at the particular circumstances under which our model may not give appropriate quantitative results for the individual system.


Using data from the National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study, this study provides a framework for characterizing the delivery of early intervention services based on the combinations of service providers who work with infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families. Five groups of providers were identified. Results showed that the service provider groups worked with different types of children and families based on several demographic characteristics. Groups also differed on the basis of service delivery variables. Expected differences between the groups were found on the basis of age at entry, eligibility category, and intensity of services. Variation based on other characteristics, such as ethnicity, income, and maternal education, suggest that services may not always be provided on the basis of child or family need. Limitations and future research are discussed.


Summary We developed hdnom, an R package for survival modeling with high-dimensional data. The package is the first free and open-source software package that streamlines the workflow of penalized Cox model building, validation, calibration, comparison, and nomogram visualization, with nine types of penalized Cox regression methods fully supported. A web application and an online prediction tool maker are offered to enhance interac-tivity and flexibility in high-dimensional survival analysis. Availability The hdnom R package is available from CRAN: https://cran.r-project.org/package=hdnom under GPL. The hdnom web application can be accessed at http://hdnom.io. The web application maker is available from http://hdnom.org/appmaker. The hdnom project website: http://hdnom.org. Contact firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com


Introduction There is strong evidence that biopsychosocial approaches are efficacious in the management of chronic pain. However, implementation of these approaches in clinical practice is known not to account for the beliefs and values of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) patients. This limitation in translation of research contributes to the disparities in outcomes for CALD patients with chronic pain adding to the socioeconomic burden of this prevalent condition. Cultural adaptation of chronic pain assessment and management is urgently required. Thus, the aim of this pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to determine the feasibility, participant acceptance with and clinical effectiveness of a culturally adapted physiotherapy assessment and treatment approach when contrasted with 'usual evidence based physiotherapy care' for three CALD communities. Methods and analysis Using a participant-blinded and assessor-blinded randomised controlled pilot design, patients with chronic pain who self-identify as Assyrian, Mandaean or Vietnamese will be randomised to either 'culturally adapted physiotherapy assessment and treatment' or 'evidence informed usual physiotherapy care'. We will recruit 16 participants from each ethnocultural community that will give a total of 24 participants in each treatment arm. Both groups will receive physiotherapy treatment for up to 10 sessions over 3 months. Outcomes including feasibility data, acceptance with the culturally adapted intervention, functional and pain-related measures will be collected at baseline and 3 months by a blinded assessor. Analysis will be descriptive for feasibility outcomes, while measures for clinical effectiveness will be explored using independent samples t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance. This analysis will inform sample size estimates while also allowing for identification of revisions in the protocol or intervention prior to a larger scale RCT. Ethics and dissemination This trial has full ethical approval (HREC/16/LPOOL/194). The results from this pilot RCT will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number ACTRN12616000857404


BACKGROUND
Data from recent meta-analyses question an association between dietary intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, the prognostic effect of dietary SFA in patients with established CVD treated with modern conventional medication has not been extensively studied.

OBJECTIVE
We investigated the associations between self-reported dietary SFA intake and risk of subsequent coronary events and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

METHODS
This study included patients who participated in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial and completed a 169-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire after coronary angiography. Quartiles of estimated daily intakes of SFA were related to risk of a primary composite endpoint of coronary events (unstable angina pectoris, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, and coronary death) and separate secondary endpoints (total acute myocardial infarction, fatal coronary events, and all-cause death) with use of Cox-regression analyses.

RESULTS
This study included 2412 patients (81% men, mean age: 61.7 y). After a median follow-up of 4.8 y, a total of 292 (12%) patients experienced at least one major coronary event during follow-up. High intake of SFAs was associated with a number of risk factors at baseline. However, there were no significant associations between SFA intake and risk of coronary events [age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) was 0.85 (0.61, 1.18) for the upper vs. lower SFA quartile] or any secondary endpoint. Estimates were not appreciably changed after multivariate adjustments.

CONCLUSIONS
There was no association between dietary intake of SFAs and incident coronary events or mortality in patients with established CAD.


Widespread flooding of the Australian continent during the Early Cretaceous, referred to as the Eromanga Sea, deposited extensive shallow marine sediments throughout the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). This event had been considered 'out of sync' with eustatic sea level and was instead solely attributed to dynamic subsidence associated with Australia's passage over eastern Gondwanan subducted material. However, mantle convection models previously used to explain this event have since been shown to overestimate dynamic topography amplitude by a factor of two compared with residual topography estimates. Previous models were also based on a Cretaceous eustatic sea level peak at ca. 90 Ma in conventional eustatic sea level curves; however, more recent estimates of global sea level from ocean basin volume (OBV) suggest this peak may have occurred earlier at ca. 120 Ma. Our work links time‐dependent erosion and deposition with dynamic topography and eustasy to test their contribution to basin development using the landscape evolution code pyBadlands. Our results show that the lower amplitude estimates of dynamic topography derived from pseudo‐compressible mantle flow models better reflect the Cretaceous vertical motions of the Australian continent (ca. 100 m) compared with their incompressible counterparts (ca. 200–400 m). Additionally, our models include the Neogene north‐eastward tilting of Australia, elusive in most previously published geodynamic models. In conjunction with an OBV‐derived sea level curve, our preferred landscape evolution model broadly matches the Cretaceous inundation patterns and first‐order sedimentary sequences in the GAB. The results highlight that the Early Cretaceous inundation of the Australian continent is likely a combination of high global sea levels and the regional effects of dynamic subsidence. Our work provides a framework for a new generation of evolving paleogeographic models at continental scales, while also providing key insights into the viability of existing sea level curves and dynamic topography estimates for reproducing topographic and basin evolution.


Discovery of a binding site in the extracellular domain of a dopamine receptor offers hope for more selective therapeutics. Dopamine modulates many cognitive and emotional functions of the human brain by activating G protein–coupled receptors. Antipsychotic drugs that block two of the receptor subtypes are used to treat schizophrenia but have multiple side effects. Chien et al. (see the Research Article by Wu et al.) resolved the crystal structure of one receptor in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor at 3.15 angstrom resolution. Homology modeling with other receptor subtypes might be a promising route to reveal potential structural differences that can be exploited in the design of selective therapeutic inhibitors having fewer side effects. E. Y. T. Chien, W. Liu, Q. Zhao, V. Katritch, G. W. Han, M. A. Hanson, L. Shi, A. H. Newman, J. A. Javitch, V. Cherezov, R. C. Stevens, Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with a D2/D3 selective antagonist. Science 330, 1091–1095 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text] B. Wu, E. Y. T. Chien, C. D. Mol, G. Fenalti, W. Liu, V. Katritch, R. Abagyan, A. Brooun, P. Wells, F. C. Bi, D. J. Hamel, P. Kuhn, T. M. Handel, V. Cherezov, R. C. Stevens, Structures of the CXCR4 chemokine GPCR with small-molecule and cyclic peptide antagonists. Science 330, 1066–1071 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This is the first study to derive the economic value of enteric methane produced by a ruminant animal. There is considerable interest globally in selecting for low methane-emitting ruminant livestock, as methane is a potent greenhouse gas. However, before enteric methane can be included in a genetic selection index for breeding, the economic value for enteric methane needs to be derived. An animal model including a partial budget was used to derive economic values for a range of production and fitness (health and fertility) traits typically used in genetic selection of dairy cows with the addition of enteric methane. This study found that enteric methane (kilograms/lactation) has an economic value of -£1.68 per kg increase in methane per lactation. The economic value for enteric methane was of similar magnitude to the traits of milk fat yield (£1.14 per unit change in milk fat) and mastitis (-£1.55 per % incidence). Based on the variation seen in the dairy cow population in the UK, genetic selection on enteric methane has potential to increase herd profit per cow and reduce emissions. Even if the economic and abatement gains associated with selecting low methane producing livestock are relatively small, reductions in enteric methane emissions appear possible if a reliable and repeatable measure becomes available for use on commercial farms.


An outdoor site adjoining Durham Observatory was instrumented to measure the atmospheric potential gradient and precipitation current at the ground during periods of steady, quiet precipitation. A system was constructed to automatically record these quantities and to present the data in a form suitable for input to a computer. Examination of most periods of quiet precipitation between January and June 1972 shows that rain is usually positively charged, with the potential gradient being negative, while during snow these signs are reversed. There is nearly always significant correlation between the two electrical quantities, with during rain variations in potential gradient most often leading those in precipitation current by several minutes; during snow the precipitation current leads by a similar amount. These two effects correspond to the so-called "inverse relation" and "mirror-image- effect" often quoted in previous work. These results are shown to be consistent with the precipitation charge being due to two charging processes, one acting on solid precipitation within the cloud, and the second occurring during the melting of snow to rain. Examination of aerological data shows that the time lags between corresponding variations of the electrical quantities can be explained during rain by the effects of the wind shear between the cloud and the ground on the falling precipitation. The different electrical behaviour of a few periods of precipitation can be explained by ,the effects of a slow-moving cloud where electrical development is taking place, rather than by a passing cloud with constant electrical activity. Comparison of periods of quiet precipitation with "disturbed" periods, when the electrical activity is much greater, suggests that the transition to disturbed precipitation occurs when the rate of electrical sign reversals exceeds 2 per hour and the precipitation rate exceeds 1-0 mm hr ,^ The connection between the degrees of electrical and meteorological activity agrees with the suggestion that the electrical activity reflects the degree of atmospheric stability within the cloud.


This article examines proportionality as a constitutional limitation on the power to punish. In the criminal context, proportionality is often mischaracterized as a specifically penological theory - an ideal linked to specific accounts of the purpose of punishment. In fact, a constitutional proportionality requirement is better understood as an external limitation on the state's penal power that is independent of the goals of punishment. Proportionality limitations on the penal power arise not from the purposes of punishment, but from the fact that punishing is not the only purpose that the state must pursue. Other considerations, especially the protection of individual interests in liberty and equality, restrict the pursuit of penological goals. Principles of proportionality put the limits into any theory of limited government, and proportionality in the sentencing context is just one instance of these limitations on state power. This understanding of proportionality gives reason to doubt the assertion that determinations of proportionality are necessarily best left to legislatures. In doctrinal contexts other than criminal sentencing, proportionality is frequently used as a mechanism of judicial review to prevent legislative encroachments on individual rights and other exercises of excessive power. In the criminal sentencing context, we should recognize a constitutional proportionality requirement as a limit on penal power.


In general, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) did not treat its gay and lesbian citizens very favorably. Although the legal situation was more liberal than in the Federal Republic (West Germany) and other Western European countries, most homosexual East Germans lived in a state of invisibility at best, or suffered direct homophobia at worst, often at the hands of the government. In the mid-1980s, the public and government stance toward homosexuality liberalized slightly, leading to small improvements in the lives of gay East Germans. However, gay East Germans never experienced many of the same freedoms or opportunities that their West German, other Western European, or American counterparts enjoyed.
 Gay East Germans occupied a difficult position within the socialist ideology of the GDR. In theory, each East German was equal, enjoying universal rights and opportunities, and living free from discrimination. At the same time, however, the smallest building block of the society was the heterosexual, reproductive, married couple: a model into which same-sex desiring people could not fit. This doctrine of supposed equality probably contributed to the fact that homosexuality was decriminalized earlier in the GDR than in the Federal Republic, but it was also used by the SED (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands: the ruling, dictatorial party) as an excuse not to engage further with the specific needs of gay citizens until the mid-1980s.
 The GDR saw some limited gay activism in the 1970s in the form of the Homosexuelle Interessengemeinschaft Berlin (HIB); however, the group's activities never really extended outside of East Berlin and did not lead to significant political or social change. More impactful activism occurred in the 1980s under the aegis of the Protestant Church as the only organization in the GDR that operated largely outside of state control. The SED eventually yielded to some of the demands of gay activists—by sanctioning publications and meeting spaces, for example—but did so primarily to draw gay activists out of the protection of Church structures and in order to be able to monitor and control them more easily.
 There are few East German literary or artistic works that engage with homosexuality, although a number of relevant literary works were published in the 1980s. These contributed to a fledgling discourse around homosexuality, shifting the issue from a taboo topic to one more acceptable for discussion in the public sphere. However, when East German audiences viewed Heiner Carow's Coming Out in 1989—the first and only East German feature film to depict homosexual relationships—many claimed that it was their first exposure to homosexuality. And, since the GDR ceased to exist as a state fairly abruptly in 1990, one will never know how the trajectory of gay rights activism may have continued.


In examining both macroand micro-level approaches to the study of civil war, this chapter considers scholarship in each of these traditions that either regards or disregards ethnicity as an essential explanation for violence. Given the voluminous literature on the subject, a select set of theories is reviewed: opportunity-based aggregate level arguments which address the causes of violence in non-ethnic civil wars; cross-national studies that evaluate the role of ethnicity using measures of fractionalization and polarization, as well as more recent configurational approaches that explicitly account for power differentials among politically relevant ethnic groups; micro-level approaches that analyze the dynamics of rebel recruitment, retention, and support, as well as the role that information, monitoring, and control play in the selective targeting of civilians; and disaggregated theories that explore the endogenous relationship between violence, ethnicity, and individual behavior. The chapter concludes with a brief review of existing macro-level datasets, as well as more recent efforts to build micro-level datasets that hold promise for bridging the macro-micro divide.


How related are the representations learned by neural language models, translation models, and language tagging tasks? We answer this question by adapting an encoder-decoder transfer learning method from computer vision to investigate the structure among 100 different feature spaces extracted from hidden representations of various networks trained on language tasks. This method reveals a low-dimensional structure where language models and translation models smoothly interpolate between word embeddings, syntactic and semantic tasks, and future word embeddings. We call this low-dimensional structure a language representation embedding because it encodes the relationships between representations needed to process language for a variety of NLP tasks. We find that this representation embedding can predict how well each individual feature space maps to human brain responses to natural language stimuli recorded using fMRI. Additionally, we find that the principal dimension of this structure can be used to create a metric which highlights the brain's natural language processing hierarchy. This suggests that the embedding captures some part of the brain's natural language representation structure.


We present results from sea trials for an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) equipped with a collision avoidance system based on model predictive control (MPC). The sea trials were performed in the North Sea as part of an ASV Challenge posed by Deltares through a Dutch initiative involving different authorities, including the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, the Netherlands Coastguard, and the Royal Netherlands Navy. To allow an ASV to operate in a maritime environment governed by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), the ASV must be capable of complying with COLREGs. Therefore, the sea trials focused on verifying COLREGs‐compliant behavior of the ASV in different challenging scenarios using automatic identification system (AIS) data from other vessels. The scenarios cover situations where some obstacle vessels obey COLREGs and emergency situations where some obstacles make decisions that increase the risk of collision. The MPC‐based collision avoidance method evaluates a combined predicted collision and COLREGs‐compliance risk associated with each obstacle and chooses the 'best' way out of dangerous situations. The results from the verification exercise in the North Sea show that the MPC approach is capable of finding safe solutions in challenging situations, and in most cases demonstrates behaviors that are close to the expectations of an experienced mariner. According to Deltares' report, the sea trials have shown in practice that the technical maturity of autonomous vessels is already more than expected.


The focus of this investigation was the impact of predicted sea level rise on the road transportation network of the eThekwini Municipality, South Africa. The main objective was to identify the areas within the municipality which are most vulnerable to sea level rise and to develop adaptive responses and interventions in order to maintain road functionality. For the identification of the most vulnerable areas a multi-criteria analysis supported by geographical information system modelling was used. Three areas were identified, namely, the Isipingo, Bayhead and the Umgeni mouth areas. Adaptive road responses have been researched by employing a network analysis of each of the areas identified. Parameters modelled were traffic volume changes, travel time and volume to capacity ratio - for the main roads in the areas identified. The adaptive responses required for each area were found to be different, varying from the addition of a lane to changes in signal settings. Overall this study presents a model of how vulnerability and the development of adaptive strategies to sea level rise could be addressed by municipalities.


Aims. We present the analysis of photometric, spectroscopic, and morphological properties for differently selected samples of passive galaxies up to z = 1 extracted from the zCOSMOS-20k spectroscopic survey. This analysis intends to explore the dependence of galaxy properties on the selection criterion adopted, study the degree of contamination due to star-forming outliers, and provide a comparison between different commonly used selection criteria. This work is a first step to fully investigating the selection effects of passive galaxies for future massive surveys such as Euclid. Methods. We extracted from the zCOSMOS-20k catalog six different samples of passive galaxies, based on morphology (3336 "morphological" early-type galaxies), optical colors (4889 "red-sequence" galaxies and 4882 "red UVJ" galaxies), specific star-formation rate (2937 "quiescent" galaxies), a best fit to the observed spectral energy distribution (2603 "red SED" galaxies), and a criterion that combines morphological, spectroscopic, and photometric information (1530 "red & passive early-type galaxies"). For all the samples, we studied optical and infrared colors, morphological properties, specific star-formation rates (SFRs), and the equivalent widths of the residual emission lines; this analysis was performed as a function of redshift and stellar mass to inspect further possible dependencies. Results. We find that each passive galaxy sample displays a certain level of contamination due to blue/star-forming/nonpassive outliers. The morphological sample is the one that presents the higher percentage of contamination, with ∼12−65% (depending on the mass range) of galaxies not located in the red sequence, ∼25−80% of galaxies with a specific SFR up to ∼25 times higher than the adopted definition of passive, and significant emission lines found in the median stacked spectra, at least for log (M/M ) < 10.25. The red & passive ETGs sample is the purest, with a percentage of contamination in color <10% for stellar masses log (M/M ) > 10.25, very limited tails in sSFR, a median value ∼20% higher than the chosen passive cut, and equivalent widths of emission lines mostly compatible with no star-formation activity. However, it is also the less economic criterion in terms of information used. Among the other criteria, we found that the best performing are the red SED and the quiescent ones, providing a percentage of contamination only slightly higher than the red & passive ETGs criterion (on average of a factor of ∼2) but with absolute values of the properties of contaminants still compatible with a red, passively evolving population. We also find a strong dependence of the contamination on the stellar mass and conclude that, almost irrespective of the adopted selection criteria, a cut at log (M/M ) > 10.75 provides a significantly purer sample in terms of star-forming contaminants. By studying the restframe color-mass and color−color diagrams, we provided two revised definitions of passive galaxies based on these criteria that better reproduce the observed bimodality in the properties of zCOSMOS-20k galaxies. The analysis of the number densities of the various samples shows evidences of mass-assembly "downsizing", with galaxies at 10.25 < log (M/M ) < 10.75 increasing their number by a factor ∼2−4 from z = 0.6 to z = 0.2, by a factor ∼2−3 from z = 1 to z = 0.2 at 10.75 < log (M/M ) < 11, and by only ∼10−50% from z = 1 to z = 0.2 at 11 < log (M/M ) < 11.5.


Most of the studies on project scheduling problems assume that every assigned participant or every team of the same number of participants, completes tasks with an equal efficiency, but this is usually not the case for real world problems. This paper presents a more realistic and complex model with extra consideration on team efficiency which are quantitatively measured on employee-task assignment. This study demonstrates the impacts of team efficiency in a well-studied software project management problem. Moreover, this study illustrates how a heuristic optimization method, population-based incremental learning, copes with such added complexity. The experimental results show that the resulting near optimal solutions not only satisfy constraints, but also reflect the impacts of team efficiency. The findings will hopefully motivate future studies on comprehensive understandings of the quality and efficiency of team work.


Colonial Habits. Convents and the Spiritual Economy of Cuzco, Peru. By Kathryn Burns. (Durham: University of North Carolina Press. 1999. Pp. xi> 307. $49.95 clothbound; $17.95 paperback.) After the Inca capital of Cuzco became Spanish in the early 1530's, it lost its paramount political place in the Andean world, but it remained an important urban center in which the ancient traditions mixed with the cultural, economic, and social imports from the "Old World:' In this setting, the three nunneries founded in that city stand as institutions in which the two peoples, Spaniards and indigenous, negotiated their worldly interests and their beliefs, and created a new space for women. This space was multilayered, including the redefinition of worship, the creation of a new understanding of economic transactions sustaining the spiritual world, and the dilemma of assimilating native women into institutions that reluctantly acknowledged their presence but could not embrace a philosophy of multiculturalism. Burns begins with the foundation of the convent of Santa Clara, which had a unique mission: the acceptance of the mestizo daughters of Spanish men and indigenous women. Spanish male relatives hoped that the convent would educate them in Spanish ways, making them links between the two peoples and conveyors of the European culture. This goal was achieved only in part, as the history of the convents proved that while Christianity offered a port of security for the first generation, those in charge held back complete endorsement of mestizas as the brides of Christ, relegating them to second-class citizenship as nuns. In the secular world, Indians and Spaniards continued to influence the fate of the three convents. The complex web of pious deeds, credit, and property holding that sustained the spiritual worship in the nunneries involved them in economic and social negotiations which affected the convents, their patrons, and the interests of the indigenous communities. Economic and social obligations forged networks of mutual interests carefully delineated in this work. The symbiosis between rural and urban, Spanish and indigenous, forms a central core of the history of Cuzco, here "engendered" for the new social history. Women emerge forcefully in the history of these convents, as founders and as religious. True, the main actors of this story remained encloistered or were secular widows. In neither case did their physical lack of visibility or their "unprotected" female condition lessen their ability to become a vital and dynamic part of the city. …


On YouTube anti-smoking PSAs are widely viewed and uploaded; they also receive extensive commentary by viewers. This study examined whether such evaluative comments with or without uncivil expressions influence evaluations by subsequent viewers. Results showed PSAs with positive (i.e. anti-smoking) comments were perceived by smokers as more effective than PSAs with negative (pro smoking) comments. Smokers in the no comment condition gave the highest perceived effectiveness score to PSAs. Smokers' readiness to quit smoking moderated the effect of comments on PSA evaluation. Smokers reading negative uncivil comments reported more negative attitude toward quitting and a lower level of perceived risk of smoking than those reading negative civil comments but positive civil and positive uncivil comments didn't elicit different responses.


Winter backcountry sports such as skiing and snowshoeing have experienced a tremendous increase in popularity in recent decades in the European Alps. Recreationists commonly encounter other recreationists on their route. Because enjoying solitude and being close to nature are important motivations for pursing winter backcountry activities, crowding on backcountry routes is highly likely to diminish recreational experiences, with potential consequences for nature and recreationists. This study explored perceptions of and responses to crowding among Swiss backcountry skiers and snowshoers, using an online survey that asked about their motivations for pursing their activity and gauged their perception of crowding using the "people at one time" approach. Each of the 830 participants rated 4 scenarios on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from "far too few people" to "far too many people" and answered follow-up questions about potential displacement choices in response to perceived crowding. Participants rarely perceived backcountry routes as having too few people but often perceived them as crowded. We found only minor differences in perceptions of crowding among participants pursuing different activities or those with different motivations. The most common reaction to perceived crowding was to avoid the route in the future, and the next most common was to adjust a route to avoid the crowd on the day in question. This indicates that crowding is likely to lead to short- and long-term spatial displacement of winter backcountry sport activities. This is likely to have a negative impact on wildlife—as well as on backcountry recreationists' safety, because they might inadvertently enter avalanche-prone areas.


Throughout the last twenty years, following accession to the European Union (EU), legal economic migrants (and their families) have the right to live and work in European member states. Economic migrants who are European citizens of member states now assume immigrant status and co-exist in countries with pre-existing immigrant communities that have affiliations to the former British Empire. With demographic composition changes of immigrant communities in Europe, difference and discrimination of populations from diverse cultural backgrounds has become a focal issue for European societies. A new, multi-ethnic Europe has thus emerged as one context for understanding cultural uncertainties associated with youth and migration at the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty first century. These uncertainties are often associated with the impact of new nationalisms and xenophobic anxieties which impact mobility, young people, and their families (Ahmed, 2008; Blunt, 2005).

In this dissertation I seek to examine young peoples' experiences of migration and school exclusion as they pertain to particular groups of immigrant and minority ethnic groups in England. In particular, the study explores the perceptions and experiences of two groups of diverse young people: British 'minority ethnic' and more recently migrated Eastern European 'immigrant' youth between the ages of 12-16. It provides some account of the ways in which migrant youth's experiences with both potential inclusion and exclusion within the English educational system, particularly in relation to the comparative and temporal dimensions of migration. Young people's opinions of inclusion and exclusion within the English educational system are explored in particular, drawing, in part, upon the framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and other theoretical positions on ethnicity and migration in order to paint a picture of contemporary race relations and migration in Buckinghamshire county schools.

The methodological approach is ethnographic and was carried out using qualitative ethnographic methods in two case secondary schools. The experiences and perceptions of 30 young people were examined for this research. Altogether, 11 student participants had Eastern European immigrant backgrounds and 19 had British minority ethnic backgrounds (e.g. Afro Caribbean heritage, Pakistani/South Asia heritage, and African heritage). The methods used to elicit data included focus groups, field observations, diaries, photo elicitation, and semi-structured interviews. Pseudonyms are used throughout to ensure the anonymity of participants and to consider the sensitivity of the socio-cultural context showcased in this dissertation.

Findings of the study revealed that Eastern European immigrants and British minority ethnic young people express diverse experiences of inclusion and exclusion in their schooling and local communities, as well as different patterns of racism and desires to be connected to the nation. The denial of racism and the acceptance of British norms were dominant strategies for seeking approval amongst peers in the Eastern European context. Many of the Eastern European immigrant young people offered stories of hardship, boredom and insecurity when reflecting on their memories of post-communist migration. In contrast, British minority ethnic young people identified culture shock and idealised diasporic family tales when reflecting on their memories of their families' experiences of post-colonial migration. In the schooling environment both Eastern European immigrants and British minority ethnic young people experienced exclusion through the use of racist humour. Moreover, language and accents formed the basis for racial bullying towards Eastern European immigrant young people. While Eastern European immigrant youths wanted to forget their EU past, British minority ethnic young people experienced racial bullying with respect to being a visible minority, as well as in relation to the cultural inheritance of language and accents.

The main findings of the research are that British minority ethnic young people and Eastern European immigrant young people conceptualise race and race relations in English schools in terms of their historical experiences of migration and in relation to their need to belong and to be recognised, primarily as English, which is arguably something that seems to reflect a stronghold of nationalist ideals in many EU countries as well as the United Kingdom (UK). Both of these contemporary groups of young people attempted both, paradoxically, to deny and accept what seems to them as the natural consequences of racism: that is racism as a national norm. The findings of this study ultimately point towards the conflicts between the politics of borderland mentalities emerging in the EU and the ways in which any given country addresses the idea of the legitimate citizen and the 'immigrant' as deeply inherited and often sedimented nationalist norms which remain, in many cases, as traces of earlier notions of empire (W. Brown, 2010; Maylor, 2010; A. Pilkington, 2003; H. Pilkington, Omel'chenko, & Garifzianova, 2010).


"The occurrence of pyrite crystals embedded in the exines of spores and microplankton is described from some upper Palaeozoic sediments of Britain. Solution of the pyrite produces a variety of cavities which reflect the state of aggregation of the mineral. The morphology of these cavities or pyrite relic structures is described in detail and a classification into simple, cribrate and faviform structures is proposed. The form and distribution of the pyrite crystals favor an organic origin, possibly bacterial."


Aims: To determine whether or not a Learning Disability(LD) label leads to stigmatization. Study Design: This research used a 2(sex of participant) x 2(LD label)x 2 (Sex of stimulus person) factorial design. Place and Duration of Study: Bucknell University, between October 2010 and April 2011. Methodology: Sample: We included 200 participants (137 women and 63 men, ranging in age from 18 – 75 years, M = 26.41. Participants rated the stimulus individual on 27 personality traits, 8 Life success measures, and the Big-5 personality dimensions. Also, participants completed a Social Desirability measure. Results: A MANOVA revealed a main effect for the Learning Disability description, F(6, 185) = 6.41 p< .0001, eta 2 = .17,for the Big-5 personality dimensions, Emotional Stability, F(1, 185) = 13.39, p < .001, eta 2 = .066, and Openness to Experiences F(1,185) = 7.12, p< .008, eta 2 = .036.Stimulus individuals described as having a learning disability were perceived as being less emotionally stable and more open to experiences than those described as not having a learning disability. Another MANOVA revealed a main effect for having a disability or not, F(8, 183) = 4.29, p< .0001, eta 2 = .158, for the Life Success items, Attractiveness, F(1, 198) = 16.63, p< .0001, eta 2 = .080, and Future Success,F(1, 198) = 4.57, p< .034, eta 2 = .023. Stimulus individuals described as having a learning disability were perceived as being less attractive and with less potential for success than those described as not having a learning disability. Conclusion: The results of this research provide evidence that a bias exists toward those who have learning disabilities. The mere presence of an LD label had the ability to cause a Original Research Article British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 4(2): 211-225, 2014 212 differential perception of those with LDs and those without LDs.


The United Nations set out the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which nations of the World should strive to achieve by 2015. Goals four, five and six deal with health related issues. It is believed that these goals cannot be achieved without adequate use of the Primary Health Care Services. Based on the strength of literacy to positively influence peoples life; this study examines the influence it would have on mothers' patronage of government Primary Health Care Services. The population of this study comprised the entire residents of Ibadan North Local Government while the Multi-Stage Sampling Procedure was used to select the three hundred respondents used for the study. Analysis of data collected for the study revealed that there is low patronage of government Primary Health Care Services by literate Mothers. It is also discovered that the low patronage is not due to lack of knowledge, low quality services or lack of sensitivity to child health by mothers. The study therefore, recommends among others, that government and non-governmental organizations should educate the highly literate mothers on why it is better to use the government Primary Health Care Services. Keywords : Literacy, Mothers' Patronage, Government, Primary Health. International Journal of Emotional Psychology and Sport Ethics Vol. 10 2008: pp. 156-164


Long-range interactions and, in particular, two-body potentials with power-law long-distance tails are ubiquitous in nature. For two bosons or fermions in one spatial dimension, the latter case being formally equivalent to three-dimensional $s$-wave scattering, we show how generic asymptotic interaction tails can be accounted for in the long-distance limit of scattering wave functions. This is made possible by introducing a generalisation of the collisional phase shifts to include space dependence. We show that this distance dependence is universal, in that it does not depend on short-distance details of the interaction. The energy dependence is also universal, and is fully determined by the asymptotic tails of the two-body potential. As an important application of our findings, we describe how to eliminate finite-size effects with long-range potentials in the calculation of scattering phase shifts from exact diagonalisation. We show that even with moderately small system sizes it is possible to accurately extract phase shifts that would otherwise be plagued with finite-size errors. We also consider multi-channel scattering, focusing on the estimation of open channel asymptotic interaction strengths via finite-size analysis.


The article focuses towards the study and characterization of the river sand suitability for high temperature thermal energy storage. The study is carried out preferably on the specific heat capacity of the river sand. A river sand sample from the banks of cauvery having the smallest grain size has been chosen. The sample undergoes the tests namely; Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Detailed analysis is carried out to observe the sample's change in weight when subjected to heating. FTIR analyzes the chemical groups present in the sample and DSC helps to identify its specific heat capacity which could justify the effect of thermal storage. TGA analysis showcased 1.013% of change in the sample weight during the first cycle of heating. However, during further heating cycle's negligible change in weight is observed. Therefore, same sample could be used for several heating cycles without the need for replacement. The reason behind the weight loss was later examined by FTIR analysis. It is observed that the carbonate compound present in the sample was missing after heating. This test justifies the absence of carbonate compound presence after the heating process. The specific heat capacity of sand was found to be 1041 J/Kg/K by DSC analysis. The observed value of specific heat capacity of sand shows its superiority over the conventionally used high temperature thermal storage medium mainly molten salt and synthetic oils. The observation shows the heated sample with agglomeration due to the presence of other impurities and a considerable color change was observed. River sand is tested for its thermal characteristics and studied for the first time to the best of knowledge which the researchers are still at the finding stage. The specific heat capacity observed in the river sand makes its suitable for high temperature thermal energy storage in Concentrated Solar Power Plants (CSP).


Background: Expression is a key skill in music performance, and one that is difficult to address in music lessons. Computational models that learn from expert performances can help providing suggestions and feedback to students. Aim: We propose and analyze an approach to modeling variations in dynamics and note onset timing for solo violin pieces with the purpose of facilitating expressive performance learning in new pieces, for which no reference performance is available. Method: The method generates phrase–level predictions based on musical score information on the assumption that expressiveness is idiomatic, and thus influenced by similar–sounding melodies. Predictions were evaluated numerically using three different datasets and against note–level machine–learning models, and also perceptually by listeners, who were presented to synthesized versions of musical excerpts, and asked to choose the most human–sounding one. Some of the presented excerpts were synthesized to reflect the variations in dynamics and timing predicted by the model, whereas others were shaped to reflect the dynamics and timing of an actual expert performance, and a third group was presented with no expressive variations. Results: surprisingly, none of the three synthesized versions was consistently selected as human–like nor preferred with statistical significance by listeners. Possible interpretations of these results include the fact that the melodies might have been impossible to interpret outside their musical context, or that expressive features that were left out of the modeling such as note articulation and vibrato are, in fact, essential to the perception of expression in violin performance. Positive feedback by some listeners toward the modeled melodies in a blind setting indicate that the modeling approach was capable of generating appropriate renditions at least for a subset of the data. Numerically, performance in phrase–level suffers a small degradation if compared to note–level, but produces predictions easier to interpret visually, thus more useful in a pedagogical setting.


This paper examines the evolution of productivity in U.S. manufacturing plants from 1963 to 1992. We define a vintage effect as the change in productivity of recent cohorts of new plants relative to earlier cohorts of new plants, and a survival effect as the change in productivity of a particular cohort of surviving plants as it ages. Both factors contribute to industry productivity growth, but play offsetting roles in determining a cohort's relative position in the productivity distribution. Recent cohorts enter with higher productivity than earlier entrants did, whereas surviving cohorts show productivity increases as they age. These two effects roughly offset each other, however, so there is a rough convergence in productivity across cohorts in 1992 and 1987.


Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the working memory and phonological awareness profiles of children from diverse linguistic backgrounds, as well as to investigate the constructs that underlie these skills. A total of 119 children, all in their first year of learning to read in English, were administered phonological awareness, working memory and non-verbal IQ measures. The sample comprised English-as-first-language (EL1) British (UK) children (n = 40), EL1 South African (SA) children (n = 42) and English-as-second-language (ESL) South African children (n = 37). The ESL SA and EL1 UK groups were generally commensurate in terms of phonological processing and working memory skills, while the EL1 SA group showed the highest levels of performance. This could be due to the benefit of exposure to multiple languages (giving the ELI SA children an advantage over the EL1 UK group) and being tested in a language in which was both their home language and medium of school instruction (giving them an advantage over the ESL group). Further, it was found that phonological awareness and verbal memory measures appeared to be tapping the same construct, named phonological processing, in the collective sample.


In this article, I draw on my experience of doing archival research at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Centre, University of Texas at Austin and at the archives of the Rodin Museum in Paris. Reflecting on my experience of reading Dora CARRINGTON's and Gwen JOHN's letters, I address the problem of how a researcher makes specific choices while working in the archive: choosing what to see, what to note and even more what to transcribe. These are questions that relate to wider issues of how the researcher can oscillate between pathos and distance and create a transitional space that can accommodate both her involvement and her need for detachment and reflection. What has further emerged from my work in the archives is what I have theorized as heterotemporalities, space/time blocks where women's past is so forcefully contracted in my perception of the present that it becomes a vital part of my actuality as a feminist researcher. I therefore discuss how my experience of working in the archives has created conditions of possibility for transgressing the constraints of the present and has facilitated leaps into open and radical futures, constituting chronotopes of the feminist imaginary.


This article re-orientates work on the material culture of war by considering military material culture beyond conflict and demonstrating how military material culture has extended social lives and passes through value regimes, as do many forms of material culture. The article focuses on end-of-life military things, specifically the neglected field of naval vessels. It shows how the social and physical death of naval ships connects to residue military masculinities, particularly through the complexities of souvenir value. Drawing on ethnographic research with veterans' associations, the authors chart how naval ships become ghostly and how this connects with the salvage of personal mementos, often of a military domestic; they go on to describe the ambivalence of these accommodations within a civilian domestic. The article shows how collective practices of ship memorialization disclose a hierarchy of souvenir value and how souvenir salvage constitutes a distributed sociality from the fragments of destruction to own the memory of what is being destroyed. The authors argue that visioning and visualizing the destruction of naval vessels makes ex-naval personnel witnesses to an object death and highlights the fact that resource recovery regimes need to be re-thought through reincarnation; they also show how the reincarnation of 'great things' does not always become them.


Adaptations that enhance fitness in one sex may be harmful to members of the opposite sex and lead to antagonistic coevolution between the sexes. In fruit flies, for example, selection for fertilization success has rendered the male ejaculate slightly toxic to females. Here we investigated whether mating imposes a cost upon female fitness in a polyandrous pierid butterfly (Colias eurytheme) by comparing life history traits between once-mated females and virgins. Mated females laid relatively more eggs early in their adult life, but suffered a reduction in longevity relative to virgins held under identical experimental conditions. The effect of mating on female survivorship was statistically independent of lifetime and early life fecundity. Moreover, lifetime fecundity co-varied positively with longevity across all females, and across females within each treatment group, hence there was no phenotypic trade-off between survival and reproduction. These results suggest that the observed longevity difference between virgin and mated females represents a true cost of mating, possibly arising from a toxic side effect of the male ejaculate. However, irrespective of this cost, virgin and mated females laid an equivalent lifetime number of eggs. Female C. eurytheme are also known to use nutrients from the male ejaculate to supplement their reproductive output, hence it is presently unclear how the observed longevity cost may have influenced the evolution of lifetime mating schedules in this polyandrous species.