Objectives
Lowering dietary intakes of free sugars is currently promoted by several authorities worldwide. However, the free sugars' content of food is today not readily available on food packaging or food composition tables. The aim of this work was to develop and test the reproducibility of a new methodology to evaluate the free sugars' content of packaged foods sold in the European market.

Methods
The new methodology is an 8-step algorithm, consisting of a series of sequential questions based on the information available on packaging. This includes nutrition declaration and list of ingredients, both of which are mandatory on any pre-packaged food sold in the European Union. This method has been tested by eight trained nutritionists on a selection of 37 packaged food products, twice with a 6-week interval. Inter-and intra-individual variability in the estimated free sugar values were studied by linear regression, analysis of variance and principal component analysis.

Results
Correlation coefficients between users and sessions for estimated free sugar contents of the 37 selected products were highly significant and above 0.965. When available, the free sugar values provided by the manufacturer, considered to be the true values, were always lower than the estimates generated with the algorithm, in line with the prerequisite of maximizing the free sugars' content in case of uncertainties. In terms of amounts of free sugars, the algorithm performed better than the World Health Organization's method (i.e., provided a value closer to the true value) in 50% of cases; performance was equal in 20% and worse in 30% of cases. Variation coefficients were not dependent on the mean value of estimated free sugars or on the session, but were higher for mixed dishes and composite products (0.942 and 0.193 on average for pooled sessions, respectively) than for other food categories (below 0.09 on average). Finally, there was a user effect, which may come from selecting different steps in the algorithm, a situation that may be limited by improving instructions or training to users.

Conclusions
With optimization, this new method shows potential to inform about free sugars' content of individual food products, even those closely related, and could be used for monitoring at the product level.

Funding Sources
No funding has been received from external sources for this study.


This paper proposes a multi-paradigm modeling framework (MPMF) for modeling and simulating problem situations (problems whose specification is not agreed upon). The MPMF allows for a different set of questions to be addressed from a problem situation than is possible through the use of a single modeling paradigm. The framework identifies different levels of granularity (macro, meso, and micro) from what is known and assumed about the problem situation. These levels of granularity are independently mapped to different modeling paradigms. These modeling paradigms are then combined to provide a comprehensive model and corresponding simulation of the problem situation. Finally, the MPMF is implemented to model and simulate the problem situation of representing the spread of obesity.


Up
to now, the search for an efficient artificial diet to rear the predator Eriopis connexa, native to the Colombian
highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyaca has been without success. Therefore, it
is necessary to determine which of the available preys supply the best food for
its development, survival and fertility. With this purpose, under
controlled conditions, three aphid species, accessible within the natural
habitat of the predator, were evaluated. The cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) does not provide
an adequate nutrition for the predator, and apparently, the glucosinolate
content of this aphid is transferred and affecting the predator. Based on the demographic
parameters such as net reproductive rate, finite reproduction rate, generational
time and intrinsic growth rate, for three consecutive generations, it was determined
that none of the other two aphid species can be considered either as optimum
prey. Macrosiphum euphorbiae, as
prey stands out over the alder aphid, Pterocallis sp., supplied as food. The influence that these three prey species had on
the growth potential of the larval stages of the predator, under particular
ambient conditions, is reported.


The paper presents a toolkit for regional modernization processes evaluation. A regression model derived allows for identification of the key factors that determine interrelation between regional development parameters. The model application to the case of Tyumen region indicated a high extent of stability of spatial interaction patterns and a high degree of conservatism in the economy's structure due to the key role played by labor among other factors of output. The model showed that the region's industrial component is highly dependent on the demographic factor, which means low innovation potential. Policy implication of the model provides a measure for necessary public interventions in innovation segment to compensate for the increasing innovation gap. The interventions include incentives and stimuli to speed-up regional innovation dynamics, as well as the development strategy revision to introduce spatial economics concept, to prioritize modernization and to change traditional patterns of social and economic development.


This presentation will identify the main lessons learned from the extensive analysis and discussion of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air and describe potential areas for future research. The IARC classification of "outdoor air pollution" and "particulate matter air pollution" as carcinogenic to humans are based on a broad research foundation, but nonetheless there are important gaps to be addressed. For example, research is needed to understand more specifically the components of the air pollution mixture that drive cancer risk, in part to develop useful indicators for control and tracking. Further information is needed on potential determinants of susceptibility to lung cancer caused by air pollution and on the combined effect of smoking and air pollution. Most importantly, this presentation will also cover the implications of the IARC evaluation for public health, including regulatory, societal, and personal actions that, collectively, could improve global public health. Outdoor air pollution now constitutes a cause of cancer to which most people are exposed, and understanding of underlying mechanisms implies that there is no threshold below which there is no risk. Risk assessment will likely play a critical role in considering air quality standards to protect the public from the cancer risk posed by outdoor air pollution. Citation Format: Jonathan M. Samet. Air pollution and cancer: Implications of IARC9s causal classification. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr CN08-01.


The law affords many protections to securities investors. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission (S.E.C.), a stockbroker must comply with both the suitability' and the best-execution2 rules when he or she sells or buys a security on behalf of an investor. By contrast, a subprime mortgage broker need not obey either of these rules. Scholars have questioned the unequal treatment of investors and borrowers and have focused on the counterintuitive elements of this unequal treatment. Many of these scholars have wondered why the law provides more protections to investors of securities than to borrowers of subprime mortgages even though the former are more likely to be more sophisticated consumers. 4 Professors Kathleen C. Engel and


When a planet is only observed to transit once, direct measurement of its period is impossible. It is possible, however, to constrain the periods of single transiters, and this is desirable as they are likely to represent the cold and far extremes of the planet population observed by any particular survey. Improving the accuracy with which the period of single transiters can be constrained is therefore critical to enhance the long-period planet yield of surveys. Here, we combine Gaia parallaxes with stellar models and broad-band photometry to estimate the stellar densities of K2 planet host stars, then use that stellar density information to model individual planet transits and infer the posterior period distribution. We show that the densities we infer are reliable by comparing with densities derived through asteroseismology, and apply our method to 27 validation planets of known (directly measured) period, treating each transit as if it were the only one, as well as to 12 true single transiters. When we treat eccentricity as a free parameter, we achieve a fractional period uncertainty over the true single transits of $94^{+87}_{-58}{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and when we fix e = 0, we achieve fractional period uncertainty $15^{+30}_{-6}{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, a roughly threefold improvement over typical period uncertainties of previous studies.


This research entitled "Opium: The Evolution of Policies, the Tolerance of the Vice, and the Proliferation of Contraband Trade in the Philippines, 1843-1908" presents a discussion of the opium trade in Asia, the commercial networks it created, the political ties it strengthened, and the social relations it fostered. It also aims to reconstruct an aspect of Philippine social history in the nineteenth century through the use of archival materials that bear witness to the distribution and exploitation of a substance which some people still classify as taboo. The poppy was not endemic to the Philippines but opium, its derivative substance, was known to numb pain and could induce a "natural high" that left one with feelings of ease and contentment. A more complete introduction to the drug necessitates a discussion of the way it was extracted and processed. It is a cash crop that does not require complex devices and is, therefore, within the reach of farmers and common folk. From the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries opium became very popular among the Chinese who discovered that their markets were being flooded with it by the British so that the latter could pay for the tea that they craved. The Spanish Bourbons, in an effort to boost Philippine economy, allowed the trading of this substance. Initially this was supervised by the officials of the Alcaiceria de San Fernando but in 1843 the meticulous examination of the country's finances merited the creation of an opium revenue farm through municipal franchising. Opium could only be used by the Chinese who were migrating in big groups. This paper presents the details of the monopoly contract, identifies some of the wealthier contratistas of the period, and discusses the consequences of such a commercial venture. Smuggling or contraband trade proliferated and by way of illustration the events namely, the Scandal of 1843 and the Gunga Incident, have been narrated. The creation of an over-all apprehending unit called Resguardo and the para-military comisionados for the Chinese community assured the Royal Treasury of a constant supply of cash. The pragmatism of the government was the basis for its tolerant attitude. Even at the time of the Revolution, leaders like Aguinaldo used the opium trade for the acquisition of funds. The American colonial officials made the "supreme" sacrifice of giving up profits from its importation and trade only in 1908 with the passage of the Opium Law.


The Gull Lake Community Schools have been engaged in consolidating services and curriculum into eight buildings from five former school districts. Title I of the Elementary Secondary Education Act has given incentive and funds for the teachers to work cooperatively to develop worthwhile programs to benefit students. A steering committee helped to appraise the needs as identified by the staff. Working within the framework of this act, the staff members unanimously agreed that individual or small group instruction in the language arts and mathematics would be beneficial for those children with correctable academic deficiencies. It has been recommended that academic, cultural, and social experiences for certain children be provided. As a result of this report, a summer program in certain fundamental skills has been planned with reinforcement by counseling and library services. Experienced teachers have received in-service training in teaching techniques, diagnosing learning difficulties, selecting appropriate materials, and in evaluating learning experiences and methods. Adequate skills centers have been established for an on-going program in reading and language arts in needed locations throughout the system for the next academic year. Since this has been a joint effort of the school staff, the administration hopes to have established the groundwork for better programs of readiness and developmental reading within the whole school system. ECHOES FROM THE FIELD


A postmodernism of resistance.... seeks to question rather than exploit cultural codes, to explore rather than conceal social and political affiliations. Hal Foster "You must never be a misrepresented people." Stevie Wonder Although Spike Lee's film Bamboozled, released in 2000, (1) surprised and shocked many viewers while thrilling others, it may well be considered, eventually, one of his most significant contributions to film and to the study of race in the late twentieth century. Its controversy stems from acknowledgment that Lee's films tend to be political criticisms of racism, yet with confusion over whether or not Bamboozled articulates a clear political position. Understanding the film is aided by placing it in the context of postmodernism, an approach not yet applied to Bamboozled nor to the bulk of Lee's work. (2) A question that plagued postmodernism early on, which has since been addressed, asked whether or not postmodernism can be political. Theorists such as Hal Foster and Linda Hutcheon registered a resounding "yes," and the cultural theorists Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and bell hooks have demonstrated its political relevance to the issues of race and gender, work that has continued in a new generation of theorists such as that of Russell Potter. It is in the context of the political importance of postmodernism that I offer this analysis of Bamboozled, claiming that it is best understood in the context of a postmodern analysis, and that, though postmodern, it strikes with political impact, as do Spike Lee's earlier films. Clockers and Enlightenment Modernist Thinking In appreciating Bamboozled as a political postmodern film, it helps to first contrast it to another film of Lee's, Clockers, (3) which relies instead on the political assumptions of modernism and emancipatory enlightenment thinking. Enlightenment thinking, and its culmination in modernist thinking, values the individual as the source of reason and will, and therefore of ethical and political activity. Clockers is centered on one individual, Ronnie, caught by the limiting and degrading material conditions of the projects in which he lived. Various dialectics are set up, also common to this framework, between whites and blacks, cops and teenage males, and hardened, violent older men against captured, compliant, younger men. Ronnie's character expresses the tension of these binaries by stepping at once into the requirements the condition makes on him (selling drugs) although being ill-at-ease with this activity, represented by his constant stomach aches: his head/mind/will is at war with what his guts tell him. With this tension we witness the individual caught in a struggle of will. As per enlightenment modernist thinking, the individual, Ronnie, holds something of himself in reserve: universal human qualities that are necessarily in excess of those influenced, or determined, by the limiting material conditions. This reserve is represented in the film by Ronnie's love of trains, a representation that expresses two important elements of his character. First, he is fascinated by trains. He keeps an elaborate model train set up in the center of his living space, he studies the history of trains, collects videos on trains, and wears a T-shirt emblazened with trains. Friends make slight kidding comments about his love, but primarily Ronnie's love of trains exists in a private sphere, and his friends respect that privacy. In befriending a young boy, Ronnie lets him into this private world, sharing with him the train set and the knowledge he holds on the subject. Ronnie's love of trains represents something not determined by the conditions of the projects. As in enlightenment modernist thinking, an individual is not determined by his environment, but exhibits qualities universal to all humans: autonomy and personal will. (4) Near the end of the film's narrative, Ronnie offers the boy his train set, wishing to pass on this individual reserve (love). …


Hydrogen and fuel cells combination is the most viable answer to the antithetic problems of growing energy demand and environmental pollution reduction. Due to the well note difficulties in H2 transport and storage, distributed H2 production results the most promising solution, so very compact and small size production plants are required. To this goal, hydrocarbons ATR reaction assures a self-sustaining process and high reactor compactness, resulting as the best method for distributed H2 production to couple to a fuel cell system. In spite of the increasing interest in renewable sources, due to the low costs and the widespread existing delivery pipelines, fossil fuels reforming still remain the best choice in a transition period towards hydrogen based economy. In this work a compact catalytic reactor was analyzed for the ATR of CH4 as natural gas surrogate. Structured catalysts (commercial honeycomb and foam monoliths) performances in CH4 processing were studied. In reactor design, great attention has been paid to the thermal integration, in order to obtain a total self-sustainability of the process avoiding additional external heat sources, and improve the plant compactness. Through an heat exchange system integrated in the reactor, water and air stream are preheated by exploiting the heat from exhaust stream, allowing to feed reactants at room temperature as well as cooling product stream at a temperature suitable for further purification stages (WGS, PROX). In order to have a very comprehensive process analysis, temperatures and composition were monitored in 6 point along the catalytic bed. The influence of catalytic system geometry as well as thermal conductivity in the process performances was also analysed. Preliminary tests showed high thermal system efficiency, with a good hydrocarbon conversion at different operating conditions for both catalyst typologies.


Abstract:Rebuilding political orders after conflict faces two conundrums. The first is that externally-provided governance can undermine the long-term ability of societies to develop their own self-sustaining indigenous political institutions. This was a problem faced by both the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq and the High Representative in Bosnia. The second conundrum is the often contradictory dictates of state-building and democracy promotion: the first seeks to build power, the second to limit it. There is ultimately no optimal way of solving either problem, though recent experience suggests that small-footprint approaches emphasizing local ownership and early transition to local control will work best.


This paper examines a differential gridding method for generating computational meshes appropriate for solving partial differential equations. Differential methods pose mesh generation as an elliptical boundary value problem within a framework of differential geometry. Generalized Laplacian operators are used to propagate the known coordinate values on the boundary points into the interior in a smooth manner. The methodology allows for the specification of monitor functions that provide mesh regularization and prevent grid clustering. Examples are provided for two seismic imaging applications: wave-equation Green's function generation and wave-equation migration from topography. In both cases, the resulting regularized meshes have minimal convexity and are conformal to the the prescribed boundaries.


The term ovarian suspensory ligament appears ambiguous when human adult anatomy textbooks are compared with human embryology or with general mammalian anatomy textbooks. The term ovarian suspensory ligament in laboratory rodents and domestic animals indicates homologous structures during foetal (the cranial mesonephric and gonadal ligaments) and later life (the cranial mesonephric ligament derivatives). In human foetal anatomy textbooks ovarian suspensory ligament is generally applied to this same ligament. However, in human adult anatomy textbooks ovarian suspensory ligament is widely applied to the part of the (uterine) broad ligament which contains the uterine and ovarian blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. This inconsistency in human anatomy books raises confusion on the nature of the foetal and adult ovarian suspensory ligaments and inconsistencies in the description of the normal anatomical relationships of the ovaries between humans and other mammals. For the proper understanding of normal gonadal growth and development within the abdomen, it is important to maintain a consistent nomenclature of the cranial ovarian structures. The current practice in veterinary and other mammalian textbooks offers a solid point of departure. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract The WordSmith toolkit is an integrated set of tools written in Java that allows the user to extract words and phrases from full-text documents. It is used at OCLC to support research that should lead to improved indexes for full-text documents and better methods for developing and maintaining authority files and classification systems.


Whereas most writing on the Communist Revolution in China has concentrated on the influence of intellectual leaders, this book examines the role of peasants in the upheaval, viewing them not as a malleable mass but as a dynamic social force interacting with the radical intelligentsia. Focusing on the Xinjiang region, Kamal Sheel traces the historical roots of the early twentieth-century agrarian crisis that led to a large-scale revolution in the late 1920s, one of the most successful peasant movements organized by the Chinese Communists. A fresh analysis emerges of the remarkable Marxist intellectual Fang Zhimin, who used his deeply entrenched rural connections to organize the movement through a creative synthesis of traditional folk concepts with modern Marxist thought. This history begins with the impact of the Taiping Rebellion and proceeds to document the rapid disintegration of the small peasant economy under the pressures of world economics, a "state in crisis," and a qualitatively different landed upper class. It discusses exploitation, protest, and rural uprisings in the context of the "crisis of paternalism," marked by a progressive deterioration in the social relationships in rural areas. Integrating this investigation of rural upheaval with recent social science theories on peasant movements, the study ultimately explores the growth of the Xinjiang revolutionary movement.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Female mating frequency varies among animal taxa. A benefit to females of remating has usually been found, but almost all tests have been with polyandrous species. A species being monandrous does not guarantee that mating only once benefits the female, instead the monandry may result from sexual conflict, where her failure to remate benefits her mate, but not her. The parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is highly monandrous. Females do not benefit from either immediate or delayed remating when their first mate is virgin. However, some females are likely to mate with already mated males because sex ratios are female-biased. Here the effect of experimentally-induced polyandry on female fitness was examined for females whose first mate had already mated four times, i.e., for fifth females. Fifth female S. endius produce significantly fewer daughters than first females. Production of daughters, but not sons, requires sperm in hymenopterans. Fifth females were experimentally induced to mate with a second male, by preventing such females' first mate from providing postcopulatory courtship. The proportion of female offspring produced by these polyandrous fifth females was greater than by monandrous fifth females and not significantly different than by monandrous first females. Total number of offspring did not differ among the three treatments. These results show that there are conditions under which females benefit from polyandry in this highly monandrous species and that the benefit is through effects on offspring sex ratio, not fecundity.


Abstract. Planktic foraminifera were collected with 150 µm BONGO nets from the upper 200 m water depth at 20 stations across the Mediterranean Sea between 2 May and 2 June 2013. The main aim is to characterize the species distribution and test the covariance between foraminiferal area density (ρA) and seawater carbonate chemistry in a biogeochemical gradient including ultraoligotrophic conditions. Average foraminifera abundances are 1.42 ± 1.43 ind. 10 m−3 (ranging from 0.11 to 5.20 ind. 10 m−3), including 12 morphospecies. Large differences in species assemblages and total abundances are observed between the different Mediterranean sub-basins, with an overall dominance of spinose, symbiont-bearing species indicating oligotrophic conditions. The highest values in absolute abundance are found in the Strait of Gibraltar and the Alboran Sea. The western basin is dominated by Globorotalia inflata and Globigerina bulloides at slightly lower standing stocks than in the eastern basin. In contrast, the planktic foraminiferal assemblage in the warmer, saltier, and more nutrient-limited eastern basin is dominated by Globigerinoides ruber (white). These new results, when combined with previous findings, suggest that temperature-induced surface water stratification and food availability are the main factors controlling foraminiferal distribution. In the oligotrophic and highly alkaline and supersaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite Mediterranean surface water, standing stocks and ρA of G. ruber (white) and G. bulloides are affected by both food availability and seawater carbonate chemistry. Rapid warming increased surface ocean stratification impacting food availability and changes in trophic conditions could be the causes of reduced foraminiferal abundance, diversity, and species-specific changes in planktic foraminiferal calcification.


Artists are an important although often misunderstood part of the workforce. This study sought to shed light on the work habits of this population by conducting a discriminant function analysis to differentiate between a sample of white-collar professionals and a sample of artistic workers on workaholism and two of its correlates: work/nonwork interference and enhancement and obsessive compulsive behavior. Contrary to hypotheses 1 and 2 no difference was found between these two groups on either measure of workaholism on hours worked or in work interference with personal life. In line with hypotheses 3 and 4 results indicated a significant difference between the two groups on work enhancement of personal life such that self-employed artists scored higher and no significant difference between these groups on obsessive-compulsive behavior. Additional results revealed a significant difference between white-collar professionals and artists on work enjoyment such that artists scored higher and the control measure of the WART such that white-collar professionals scored higher. A breakdown of these groups by self-employment status revealed that being self-employed was a significant factor in determining work enhancement of personal life. These results reinforce the study of artists' work behaviors as important for future research involving work/nonwork balance.


BACKGROUND
Animal and human studies have suggested that muscarinic antagonists and bifocal spectacles may decrease the progression of myopia in children. The purpose of this study is to report the largest known series of patients treated simultaneously with bifocals and topical atropine.

DESIGN
Retrospective, interventional, non-comparative case series.

METHODS
706 myopic children (296 boys and 410 girls, ages 6 to 16 years) were prescribed full cycloplegic spectacle corrections, with photochromic lenses and +2.25 diopter (D) reading adds in each eye. Both eyes were treated with atropine 1% drops once daily.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Annual change in cycloplegic refractions of right eyes. Compliance with therapy was monitored by patient and parental report.

RESULTS
496 (70%) of the 706 patients reported full compliance with the treatment regimen, whereas the remaining 210 (30%) patients were partially compliant. The median interval of treatment was 3.62 years (range, 21 days-10.1 years). The mean rate of myopic progression was significantly less (P<0.001) in patients who were fully compliant with atropine therapy and bifocals (0.08 D/year) than in patients who were partially compliant with the treatment regimen (0.23 D/per year). No serious adverse effects were associated with atropine therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Full compliance with topical atropine therapy and bifocal spectacles was associated with decreased progression of myopia compared to partial compliance with treatment. For each of the treated groups, the mean rate of myopic progression was significantly less (P<0.05) than the mean annual rates of myopic progression published for the pediatric population.


The February 19th, 2010 release of a memorandum by the Justice Department clearing former Bush Administration lawyers John Yoo and Jay Bybee of any professional misconduct for their roles in authoring the so-called torture memos may have closed the chapter on the case against Bush Administration lawyers for formal sanctions from the United States government. But the debate about the propriety of the lawyers' actions and the proper repercussions for them is far from over. The DOJ memorandum has renewed debate in the press and the academy about the now-hypothetical just deserts for the two men, even while Spanish authorities continue to pursue formal international criminal investigations against them.In Should Bush Administration Lawyers Be Prosecuted for Authorizing Torture?, Professors Claire Finkelstein and Michael Lewis debate whether the authors of the memoranda concerning enhanced interrogation techniques should be subject to criminal prosecution. Professor Finkelstein opens the debate by making the case that the lawyers could have – and should have – been charged as accomplices to torture. Eschewing debates over the applicability of the Geneva Conventions, Finkelstein argues that domestic law provides federal prosecutors all the tools needed to convict the men and the rule of law demands those prosecutions be pursued. Professor Lewis counters that while a case could be made for prosecution for erroneous legal advice in some circumstances, it cannot be made here because the techniques outlined in the memoranda do not clearly constitute torture. Lewis highlights the lack of legal authority defining torture, the careful circumscription of what was authorized in fact, and the safeguards employed by U.S. interrogators. Accordingly, he concludes that Yoo and Bybee cannot be held liable as accomplices to torture even if their conclusions were later rejected.


The density and composition of single generation fluids in quartz veins from two similar host lithologies located either side of the Irish Variscan front were investigated using fluid inclusion microthermometry and crush leach analysis. The front marks the northern boundary of a distinctive cleavage developed under sub-greenschist facies conditions and coincides with the margin of a fault-controlled inverted half graben, the Late Devonian Munster Basin. Trapped fluids in Variscan veins north of this basin have medium salinities (4–14 wt% NaCl eq.) and densities generally compatible with the expected P—T conditions of deformation in the area. Fluids in veins south of the half graben margin can be grouped into those in (a) syn-compressional veins with moderate salinities (8–16 wt%) and (b) late stage veins associated with post-orogenic extension which have trapped high salinity fluids (22–27 wt%). Fluid densities for both vein types are broadly compatible with estimated P–T conditions of both trapping events. Crush-leach analyses reveal that all the fluids analysed have Br/Cl ratios close to SMOW. Variations in I/Cl ratios and cation chemistry indicate significant water/rock interaction for medium salinity fluids on either side of the front. The marked internal consistency in Br/Cl ratios from northern and southern fluids coupled with the broad ranges of cation to chloride ratios suggests that an early homogenous marine brine was subsequently modified by differing migration histories during the Late Palaeozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the area. It is contended that on a megascopic scale, gravity driven fluid flow controlled by megascopic fold geometries was the dominant mechanism of fluid migration associated with the buckling phase of the orogen, while expulsion of supra-hydrostatically pressurised fluids is associated with late stage orogenic extension.


This Note argues that the EEC and Mexico should modify their current agreement. Part I examines the terms of the EEC-Mexican Agreement. Part II discusses the changing economic factors in the EEC and Mexico that dictate the need for a new agreement. Part III suggests modification of the EEC-Mexican Agreement to enhance the economic relationship between the EEC and Mexico. The Note concludes that the EEC, the second largest trading bloc in the world, should offer Mexico greater cooperation to enable Mexico to expand its non-petroleum exports and thereby modernize its industrial capacity. A new agreement with specific provisions designed to attain these goals would further the economic objectives not only of Mexico, but of the EEC as well. THE EEC-MEXICAN AGREEMENT: TIME


Background: Lutein, a carotenoid compound, has previously been studied for its antioxidant and medicinal properties as well as the moderate protection it confers against gamma radiation. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of lutein against radiation-induced hematological and biochemical changes in mice. Methods: The optimized dose of the compound was orally administered for 15 days, and the mice were irradiated (6 Gy) on day 15 after the administration of the compound. The groups were divided (6 mice in each group) into normal control, radiation control, gallic acid control, 10% DMSO control, lutein control, and irradiated groups pretreated with gallic acid, 10% DMSO, and lutein. Gallic acid was used to maintain a standard since it is a proven radioprotector. Within 24 hours post irradiation, the animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. The hematological, biochemical, and antioxidant changes were determined using suitable methods. Data were analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier curve (log-rank test) and ANOVA (the Tukey test). The independent t test was used to compare the independent groups. SPSS (ver. 16) was employed. Results: Maximum survival was observed with a dose of 250 mg/kg b.wt lutein. The total leukocyte count and the percentage lymphocyte count exhibited a significant decline in the irradiated groups pretreated with gallic acid and lutein in comparison to their controls, whereas the percentage granulocyte count showed a significant rise. Antioxidant activity had markedly declined in the irradiated groups, indicating oxidative stress. Lutein pretreatment reduced the damage and maintained the antioxidant system. Conclusion: The present study suggests a protective role for lutein in palliating radiation-induced oxidative changes and maintaining the antioxidant system in vivo.


This article provides a critical portrait of the current state of public health policies and laws governing pandemic influenza prevention and control in Europe. It examines the role of and relationship between national public health policy and national communicable disease legislation as tools for the prevention and control of pandemic influenza, the role of Europe in pandemic disease preparedness, and the concept of harmonization across European states, including an overview of supranational initiatives and powers created to enhance harmonization of national pandemic disease policy. Short case studies epitomize important concerns around harmonization in Europe. The article considers opportunities and impediments to further harmonization. Particular attention is paid to the essential role of law as a tool to underpin and implement preparedness policies and to protect individual rights against unjustified state intervention.


Economic and social activities of migrants transcend internal and international as well as rural and urban divides. Migration circuits are not bipolar but rather develop towards amulti-local network of family members putting into question "return" as an often assumed conclusion to a successful migration.
This briefing explores the multi-local migration patterns of Kyrgyzstan's mobile population placing return in a wider context and providing recommendations how to facilitate circular migration and ties to places of origin and new places of work and living.


We study the Chvatal rank of polytopes as a complexity measure of unsatisfiable sets of clauses. Our first result establishes a connection between the Chvatal rank and the minimum refutation length in the cutting planes proof system. The result implies that length lower bounds for cutting planes, or even for tree-like cutting planes, imply rank lower bounds. We also show that the converse implication is false. Rank lower bounds don't imply size lower bounds. In fact we give an example of a class of formulas that have high rank and small size. A corollary of the previous results is that cutting planes proofs cannot be balanced. We also introduce a general technique for deriving Chvatal rank lower bounds directly from the syntactical form of the inequalities. We apply this technique to show that the polytope of the Pigeonhole Principle requires logarithmic Chvatal rank. The bound is tight since we also prove a logarithmic upper bound.


Walls, L., & Pei, J. (2013). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder service delivery: Exploring current systems of care from the caregivers' perspective. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2 (3), 87-92. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.75 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.75 ) Aims: The goals of this study were to: (1) gain improved understanding of the needs of caregivers caring for individuals with FASD; (2) gain improved understanding of the experiences of these caregivers as they attempt to access and implement supports in daily functioning; and (3) gain improved understanding of caregivers' perceptions of strengths and challenges in systems of care for individuals with FASD. Design: Information for this study was gathered using a phenomenological in-depth interviewing method, allowing the researchers to explore existing services, policies, and local knowledge from the perspective of the caregivers who were accessing services.  Participants: A total of eight participants ( N = 8) met the criteria for participation.  Six of the participants in the study were adoptive parents and two were foster parents.  Of the eight participants, seven were female and one was male.  Three of the study participants resided in rural locations and five in urban centers.  Findings: Results indicated that caregivers pass through four stages of caregiving, with each stage having a distinct primary need and requiring supports and services that best address that need.  Three additional themes related to service delivery also emerged: caregiver considerations, program factors, and building on strengths.  Conclusions: Study results emphasize the need for further research exploring the concept that caregivers experience specific caregiving stages, and that programming factors should align with caregivers' needs in each of these stages.  Participants' narratives also suggest that the results of this study may be relevant beyond its regional specificity and limited sample size, and may in fact reflect the experiences of caregivers across jurisdictions.


Multiple antenna synthetic aperture radar SAR interferometry is a single pass interferom etry technique for topographic mapping A Bayesian model based approach to topographic reconstruction with multiple antenna SAR interferometry proposed by Dr A J Wilkinson is implemented and analysed in this dissertation The phase ambiguity reduction and data noise improvement achieved with multiple antenna interferometry are explained from the basic principles of radar interferometry The surface topography is modelled by a rectangular grid of discrete points on the ground corresponding to the individual pixels in a SAR image The position of each point is parameterised in terms of the angle of arrival of the received signal represented by a pixel in the SAR image Topographic reconstruction stated as an angle of arrival parameter estimation problem in a Bayesian inference framework To generate the neccesarry multiple antenna data an interferometric SAR simulator based on a forward model for the SAR imaging process is implemented Two Bayesian estimation methods are implemented for estimating the angle of arrival parameter from the simulated multiple antenna data One estimation method uses a single pixel data vector to estimate the angle of arrival for a point in a image The other estimation method employs a multiple pixel data vector with data from neighbouring pixels to estimate the angle of arrival for a point in the image The likelihood and posterior distributions of angle of arrival obtained with the Bayesian estimation methods are analysed in detail for a three antenna airborne SAR system The ambiguities measured in the likelihood distribution of the angle of arrival obtained using the three antenna simulated dataset are veri ed from theoretical calculations A measure of the accuracy of the angle of arrival estimate is formulated in terms of the standard deviation of posterior distribution obtained from the Bayesian analysis of the data Finally the Bayesian estimation methods are applied to a simulated three antenna datset to demonstrate the topographic reconstruction process


A key component of democratic accountability is that citizens understand 'who is to blame'. Nonetheless, little is known about how citizens attribute responsibility in the European Union or how those perceptions of responsibility matter. This book presents the first comprehensive account of how citizens assign blame to the EU, how politicians and the media attempt to shift blame and finally, how it matters for electoral democracy. Based on rich and unique data sources, Blaming Europe? sheds light on all three aspects of responsibility in the EU. First, it shows that while institutional differences between countries shape citizen judgements of EU responsibility, those judgements are also highly determined by pre-existing attitudes towards the EU. Second, it demonstrates that neither politicians nor the media assign much blame to the EU. Third, it establishes that regardless of whether voters are capable of accurately assigning responsibility, they are not able to hold their EU representatives to account via the ballot box in European elections due to the lack of an identifiable 'European government' to reward or punish. As a consequence, when citizens hold the EU responsible for poor performance, but are unable to sanction an EU incumbent, they lose trust in the EU as a whole instead. In conclusion, it argues that this 'accountability deficit' has significant implications for the future of the European Union.


The study sought to establish the contribution of beekeeping in rural livelihoods sustainability. Chitanga village had experienced low agricultural productivity due to poor and infertile soils and this has led to food insecurity which had driven them into beekeeping. This opportunity has been driven by the existence of tall trees and wild plants that develop flowers in the village which attracted bees. However, the utility of beekeeping enterprise as a livelihood activity has not been fully realised. This study was carried out in the context of a sustainable rural livelihoods framework. This framework states that at any given time, every community or society falls under a vulnerability context as a result of both natural and human made disasters. In light of the vulnerability, a community mobilises the various forms of its assets at its disposal to earn a living. Applying this framework, the study analysed the strategies the community employed to enhance its livelihoods through the sharing of benefits. The research used questionnaires, structured interviews and observations as sources of gathering data. The study established the benefits which accrued from beekeeping that included honey as food, income in the form of cash, medicines, scenery creation for tourism and income generating projects through making of hives, growing of flowers and citrus fruits which attract bees. A backward and forward linkage of enterprises emerged. Employment creation and increasing in the number of livelihood activities in the area has been witnessed due to beekeeping. This culminated in diversification of livelihood options leading to rural transformation through utilization of local available resources. The study recommends that the sustainability of beekeeping enterprise should be reinforced by backward and forward linkages. The government partnered by NGOs should take the lead and compliment the efforts of beekeepers by providing clear policy and planning.


In what appears to be the first case of Adult T-cell Leukemia|Lymphoma (ATLL) reported in Qatar and Middle Eastern Arab countries, a 39-year-old lady presented first with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and hypercalcaemia and later showed the full picture of ATLL, splenomegaly leukocytosis, skin rash, and bone marrow infiltrations. She responded well to chemotherapy, with complete remission after four cycles of combination chemotherapy but the prognosis of patients with ATLL is poor. Although patients may respond initially to treatment with combination chemotherapy regimens devised for advanced, aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), relapses are common with a median survival of eight months and a four-year survival of 12 percent.


AIM
Microarray studies identified a subgroup of molecular apocrine tumors (estrogen receptor [ER] negative/androgen receptor [AR] positive) that express luminal genes including FOXA1. FOXA1 may direct AR to sites normally occupied by ER in luminal tumors, inducing an estrogen-like gene program that stimulated proliferation.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Expression of AR and FOXA1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 592 patients with nonmetastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

RESULTS
Coexpression of AR and FOXA1 was found in 15.2% of patients. These tumors were more frequently lobular, found in older patients and exhibited a lower nuclear grade and a greater degree of node involvement. They less often exhibited lymphocytic infiltrate, pushing margins, syncytial architecture, central fibrosis or necrosis.

CONCLUSION
TNBC with coexpression of AR and FOXA1 seems to behave like luminal tumors with a morphological profile distinct from other TNBC. These biomarkers could be useful to identify a subgroup of TNBC and could have future therapeutic implications.


Effective leadership and employee job satisfaction are two factors that have been regarded as fundamental for organizational success. A capable leader provides direction for the organization and lead followers towards achieving desired goals. In similar vein, employees with high job satisfaction are likely to exert more effort in their assigned tasks and pursue organizational interests. Since human beings could become members of an organization in other to achieve certain personal objectives, the extent to which they are active members depends on how they are convinced that their membership will enable them to achieve their predetermined objectives. Therefore, an individual will support an organization if he believes that through it his personal objectives and goals could be met; if not, the person's interest will decline. Leadership style in an organization is one of the factors that play significant role in enhancing or retarding the interest and commitment of the individuals in the organization. Leadership in educational institutions is not an exemption and hence very important in determining the performance of this institutions. The study sought to investigate the effects of leadership styles on organizational performance. The base of the study was tertiary learning institutions in Nyeri Town. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of transactional, transformational, democratic, and autocratic leadership styles on organizational performance. Various related literature in leadership were reviewed. These were in form of journals and books that were used to enrich the knowledge of the area of study. This helped the researcher demonstrate and familiarize herself with the area of study and show the gaps in the earlier studies. A conceptual frame was formulated to show the relationship between the variables. The research used the survey design methodology. This attempted to collect data from members of the population in order to determine the current status of the population with respect to the given variables. The study targeted the tertiary institutions in Nyeri town. It focused on the 305 employees of 16 colleges who were categorized into middle management, low level management and the teaching and non teaching staff (others).Simple random sampling was used where a sample of 50% of the total target population were given questionnaires, with structured and unstructured questions. Data collected was analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Data was presented using tables, charts and graphs. Qualitative data was presented using narratives. The researcher found out that leadership style was a major factor affecting organizational performance. The respondents indicated that in order for an organization to realize its objectives, there was need for the leaders to understand the employees' perceptions of their leadership styles. Factors such as Education level, skills and knowledge and experience were seen to affect the way they perceive their leader. Leaders can therefore not treat all the employees the same way hence not all styles can fit all levels of employees.


Although thyroid dysfunction will develop in more than 12% of the US population during their lifetimes, true thyroid emergencies are rare. Thyroid storm and myxedema coma are endocrine emergencies resulting from thyroid hormone dysregulation, usually coupled with an acute illness as a precipitant. Careful assessment of risk and rapid action, once danger is identified, are essential for limiting morbidity and mortality related to thyroid storm and myxedema coma. This article reviews which patients are at risk, explains thyroid storm and myxedema coma, and describes pharmacological treatment and supportive cares.


The Journal of Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium (AEL) aims to encourage a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between individuals, organizations, and institutions in economy and society. Among other matters, attention will be paid to financial, economic, and legal methods and languages that have an important albeit neglected role in this relationship. Concerns of finance, control, accountability, responsibility, valuation, regulation, and governance will be raised in their connection with accounting, economics, law, sociology, anthropology, history, finance, political science, and the management and policy sciences. The journal encourages works that seek to recombine disciplinary domains in response to practical and relevant issues, including theoretical advances and insights, and comparative historical perspectives.


This study examines the role played by purnawirawan (retired military officers) in political party development in post-authoritarian Indonesia from 1998 to 2014. The role of purnawirawan remains a critical research gap in the literature on democratisation in post-authoritarian Indonesia, particularly in studies which focus on civilian–military relations. The article finds that purnawirawan have had a significant impact on the creation of a new type of party – one which combines military-centred leadership and civilian-controlled management. This new arrangement has enabled these former military officers to protect their interests. This study contributes to the existing literature on the impact of military reform on the increasing numbers of purnawirawan turning to civilian politics in order to maintain influence via electoral political contestation in the context of democratic transition.


Abstract Background Genomic changes that occur in breast cancer during the course of disease have been informed by sequencing of primary and metastatic tumor tissue. For patients with relapsed and metastatic disease, evolution of the breast cancer genome highlights the importance of using a recent sample for genomic profiling to guide clinical decision-making. Obtaining a metastatic tissue biopsy can be challenging, and analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from blood may provide a minimally invasive alternative. Patients and methods Hybrid capture-based genomic profiling was carried out on ctDNA from 254 female patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Peripheral blood samples were submitted by clinicians in the course of routine clinical care between May 2016 and March 2017. Sequencing of 62 genes was carried out to a median unique coverage depth of 7503×. Genomic alterations (GAs) in ctDNA were evaluated and compared with matched tissue samples and genomic datasets of tissue from breast cancer. Results At least 1 GA was reported in 78% of samples. Frequently altered genes were TP53 (38%), ESR1 (31%) and PIK3CA (31%). Temporally matched ctDNA and tissue samples were available for 14 patients; 89% of mutations detected in tissue were also detected in ctDNA. Diverse ESR1 GAs including mutation, rearrangement and amplification, were observed. Multiple concurrent ESR1 GAs were observed in 40% of ESR1-altered cases, suggesting polyclonal origin; ESR1 compound mutations were also observed in two cases. ESR1-altered cases harbored co-occurring GAs in PIK3CA (35%), FGFR1 (16%), ERBB2 (8%), BRCA1/2 (5%), and AKT1 (4%). Conclusions GAs relevant to relapsed/metastatic breast cancer management were identified, including diverse ESR1 GAs. Genomic profiling of ctDNA demonstrated sensitive detection of mutations found in tissue. Detection of amplifications was associated with ctDNA fraction. Genomic profiling of ctDNA may provide a complementary and possibly alternative approach to tissue-based genomic testing for patients with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer.


Developing a sustainable pharmaceutical care pathway is becoming very important in today's healthcare system in Scotland. If the NHS is to ensure that communities are sharing the workload with the primary and secondary care services, the pharmacies are one of the key points of contact which need to undergo change. The overarching aim is to see pharmacists become an integral part of the care pathway, contributing to personalised care pathways for patients. The Scottish government state that "this will involve even closer joint working between GPs, pharmacists and other community services to build on what has already been achieved". In 2002, The Right Medicine set the agenda for modernising and strengthening the role of pharmacists to deliver improved services to their patients. The overall aim would be to see Pharmacists as having a more pronounced role in patient care rather than only the prescription of medicines.


The topic of transparency in international investment arbitration is gaining increasing attention. This in-depth commentary analyses the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-Based Investor-State Arbitration, one of the most recent and innovative developments in international law. Focusing on the application of these rules, contributors analyse the issue of transparency in investment law more broadly and provide in-depth guidance on how to apply the UNCITRAL transparency rules. Chapters encompass all treaty-based disputes between investors and state, examining the perspectives of disputing parties, third parties, non-disputing state parties and arbitral tribunals. The contributors each have a strong background in investment arbitration, in both professional practice and academia. This commentary will be of interest to all actors involved in investment arbitrations, especially practitioners, counsels, NGOs and scholars in the fields of international law, commercial arbitration and investor-state arbitration.


SUMMARY Africana librarians in the United States work to sustain a larger dialogue, one that contributes to democratic futures in Africa through the support of libraries and indigenous publishing in Africa. Yet we are also products of colonial legacies which have engendered Western domination to the detriment of Africans. Can librarians from the West contribute to sustainable democratic futures by supporting the catalytic role of librarians in Africa who strive to support African-centered scholarship and struggles against legacies of colonialism? Or will we re-inscribe colonial legacies through our partnerships and promotion of Western centered models? Based upon the author's tour of selected higher education settings and academic libraries in Kenya and South Africa in 2001, the author reflects upon libraries in the context of "development" in Africa. The author begins to discern potentially viable models and develop criteria for partnerships by comparing methods of advocacy, collaboration and projects for information and digital futures. Descriptions of efforts to "build capacity" within African librarianship include those of African librarians and their associations, The Association of African Universities (AAU), The Africana Librarians Council (ALC), The World Bank, and The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP). The author observed the marketing of technology in Africa and characterizes some of the privileged dialogue on Information Communication Technologies (ICT) as the exportation of "technolust" which the author argues, contributes to increased privatization and the sacrifice of support to public universities. Such privatization reduces the broad social role of librarians and further marginalizes reference services. The author identifies critical literacies and sharing of cross-continental experience as essential in creating "mutually beneficial partnerships" to support cooperative, sustainable, democratic, information futures. In an effort to continue this important conversation and develop "true partnerships," the author shares her experience and reflection. Calls for dialogue throughout the African diaspora and beyond to promote community-based, democratic education and a sustainable intellectual, reading culture in Africa are recommended.


Delavirdine has been recently approved by FDA for its application in the treatment of AIDS. As its efficacy has been lower than ot her approved NNRTIs, therefore, its use was not recommended as a part of initial therapy but in combination of other drugs. To circumvent this therapeutic difficulty, a search of new delavirdine analogue with enhanced activity was pursued. A survey on the other recently FDA approved NNRTs revealed that a pyrimidine derivative 'etravirine' has emerged as one of the most potent and powerful anti-HIV agent. This discovery provided optimism that a better analogue of delavirdine could perhaps be developed by substituting pyrimidine nucleus in its molecule. We report in this communication, the preliminary results of the study focused in the direction of designing an amended analogue of delavirdine, in which the pyridine part of the delavirdine was replaced by pyrimidine nucleus.


Since 1997 Georgia has been executing a program of scientific investigations in counties along the coast. The purpose of the program is quite focused; it is to generate data and information on which to base effective strategies for halting saltwater intrusion in the coastal area. Most of the investigations and associated tasks have been completed, and a set of management strategies is expected to be finalized by the end of 2005. Like the tasks associated with the program of scientific investigations, the set of management strategies will focus on halting saltwater intrusion. Since the passage of the 2004 Comprehensive Statewide Water Management Planning Act, there has been a fair amount of discussion of the need to develop a series of comprehensive regional water management strategies. The character of these latter regional comprehensive management strategies is yet to be defined the Georgia Environmental Protection Division and the Water Council. They are nevertheless sometimes confused with the kind of regional product that is expected to emanate from the current investigations along the coast. While they are separate and distinct products, it is clear that the program of scientific investigations will products results that will be transferable to the more comprehensive regional water planning for the coast.


The provenance of turbidites from the predominantly Arenig-aged Manx Group has been constrained using petrographical and geochemical techniques. Petrographical analysis of sandstones reveals that mono- and poly-crystalline quartz grains of cratonic origin are dominant. Major, trace and rare earth element concentrations in both sandstones and mudstones complement the petrographical data indicating that the source of the sediments consisted of quartzose basement and mature sedimentary rocks. There is little evidence of a juvenile volcanic input but a minor palaeovolcanic component of active continental margin affinity is present. There are indications of a more immature character in the oldest units but, on the whole, geochemical data from the Manx Group suggest an overall passive margin setting. These results suggest that Eastern Avalonia was attached to Gondwana during deposition of the Manx Group and that Iapetus oceanic crust did not subduct beneath the region before the end of the Arenig.


Polar lipids are a broad class of amphiphilic biomolecules that serve diverse biological roles encompassing energy storage, cell compartmentalization, and cell signaling. The first part of the chapter focuses on the structures of polar lipids and their self-assembly properties. The next section summarizes biological strategies for polar lipid recognition, and finally synthetic receptors are described. The supramolecular receptors operate by targeting the hydrophobic tail, the polar headgroup, or simultaneously both the headgroup and tail. The synthetic receptors include container molecules that accommodate the hydrophobic tail, or small molecules that use a combination of polar non-covalent, metal coordination, or reversible covalent bonds to associate with the polar headgroup. Some of the synthetic receptors have been converted into molecular imaging agents and others exhibit antimicrobial activity. The chapter concludes with a summary of the challenges in polar lipid recognition and future directions.


Abstract. Cluster magnetic field data are studied during an outbound pass through the post-noon high-latitude magnetopause region on 14 February 2001. The onset of several minute perturbations in the magnetospheric field was observed in conjunction with a southward turn of the interplanetary magnetic field observed upstream by the ACE spacecraft and lagged to the subsolar magnetopause. These perturbations culminated in the observation of four clear magnetospheric flux transfer events (FTEs) adjacent to the magnetopause, together with a highly-structured magnetopause boundary layer containing related field features. Furthermore, clear FTEs were observed later in the magnetosheath. The magnetospheric FTEs were of essentially the same form as the original "flux erosion events" observed in HEOS-2 data at a similar location and under similar interplanetary conditions by Haerendel et al. (1978). We show that the nature of the magnetic perturbations in these events is consistent with the formation of open flux tubes connected to the northern polar ionosphere via pulsed reconnection in the dusk sector magnetopause. The magnetic footprint of the Cluster spacecraft during the boundary passage is shown to map centrally within the fields-of-view of the CUTLASS SuperDARN radars, and to pass across the field-aligned beam of the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) system. It is shown that both the ionospheric flow and the backscatter power in the CUTLASS data pulse are in synchrony with the magnetospheric FTEs and boundary layer structures at the latitude of the Cluster footprint. These flow and power features are subsequently found to propagate poleward, forming classic "pulsed ionospheric flow" and "poleward-moving radar auroral form" structures at higher latitudes. The combined Cluster-CUTLASS observations thus represent a direct demonstration of the coupling of momentum and energy into the magnetosphere-ionosphere system via pulsed magnetopause reconnection. The ESR observations also reveal the nature of the structured and variable polar ionosphere produced by the structured and time-varying precipitation and flow. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere) Magentospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions)


We argue for the importance of a relatively new cultural distinction in the horizontal (valuing equality) or vertical (emphasizing hierarchy) nature of cultures and cultural orientations. A review of the existing cross-cultural literature is presented suggesting that, although the contribution of the horizontal/vertical distinction is sometimes obscured by methods that conflate it with other dimensions, its impact is distinct from that associated with individualism–collectivism. We present studies that highlight several sources of value for the horizontal/vertical distinction—as a predictor of new consumer psychology phenomena and as a basis for refining the understanding of known phenomena. Results support the utility of examining this distinction for the understanding of personal values, advertising and consumer persuasion, self-presentational patterns, and gender differences. Methodological issues in studying the horizontal/vertical distinction are also discussed.


As important to modern world views as any work of Darwin, Marx, or Freud, Lyell's "Principles of Geology" has never before been available in paperback. In this third and final volume, Charles Lyell (1797-1875) devotes much attention to the "syntax of geology," that is, to a way of reconstructing the geological past on the basis of the "grammar" of the present processes he has described in the earlier volumes. He defines four periods of the Tertiary-Newer Pliocene, Older Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene-and argues that the deposits dating from each period demonstrate the uniformity of processes and environments throughout the Tertiary, and indeed in earlier periods of earth history. Martin J. S. Rudwick has compiled a bibliography giving full references for the sources Lyell cites in all three volumes of the "Principles."


Countries often compete fiercely for the right to host the football FIFA World Cup finals, but apart from national prestige, are there any concrete economic benefits to be gained from hosting sporting events such as the Olympics or the World Cup? The evidence is mixed. Many estimates suggest that large gains in employment and a boost to economic growth result. Some economists conclude that the net economic impact arising from a boost to aggregate demand is often negligible or even negative. This paper surveys a range of studies assessing the macroeconomic impact of hosting the finals. The authors argue that it is inappropriate to rely on measures of the economic impact that are concerned only with the effect on macroeconomic variables to decide whether a bid should be made or not, since hosting events can have major effects on the structures of the football market and related industries.


External neural memory structures have recently become a popular tool for algorithmic deep learning (Graves et al. 2014, Weston et al. 2014). These models generally utilize differentiable versions of traditional discrete memory-access structures (random access, stacks, tapes) to provide the storage necessary for computational tasks. In this work, we argue that these neural memory systems lack specific structure important for relative indexing, and propose an alternative model, Lie-access memory, that is explicitly designed for the neural setting. In this paradigm, memory is accessed using a continuous head in a key-space manifold. The head is moved via Lie group actions, such as shifts or rotations, generated by a controller, and memory access is performed by linear smoothing in key space. We argue that Lie groups provide a natural generalization of discrete memory structures, such as Turing machines, as they provide inverse and identity operators while maintaining differentiability. To experiment with this approach, we implement a simplified Lie-access neural Turing machine (LANTM) with different Lie groups. We find that this approach is able to perform well on a range of algorithmic tasks. HarvardNLP landing page


Banded iron formations (BIFs) are described as banded chemical sedimentary rocks composed of major amounts of magnetite, hematite and quartz, with variable amounts of iron bearing minerals like carbonates (e.g. siderite, ankerite) and silicates (e.g. greenalite, grunerite). The BIFs are transformed to high grade iron ores by removal of quartz and transformation of almost all iron bearing minerals to hematite. On macroscopic and microscopic scale the high grade hematite ores generally reveal a more or less visible lamination caused by alternating layers of different grain sizes. In addition to the microstructure (grain size, grain shape etc.), the crystallographic preferred orientation is a powerful tool to characterize rocks and ores. The overall crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO, texture) of volumes can be determined by neutron diffraction and the local texture on small areas of polished sections by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). The CPO of volumes of all hematite ore types (including a conglomerate pebble) of the Sishen Mine is characterized by a weak, usually circular c-axis maximum aligned to the normal of the lamination of the ores, and seems to be typical for this essentially unmetamorphosed and undeformed ores. The crystallographic orientation of grains of the hematite ores determined locally by EBSD shows in general the same preferred orientation. But, it is remarkable that partially the CPO is quite different and inherited from grain orientations of preceding primary minerals (e.g. magnetite, goethite, siderite/calcite, ankerite/dolomite) of the Banded Iron Formation, without any microscopic visible indication.


Climate change assumes special importance in the Mediterranean basin, a region characterized by the presence of large desert areas whose fragile ecosystem is deeply exposed to environmental degradation. The lack of agreement on the causes of climate change affects the opportunity to adopt a common strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the European countries, these measures entail changes in the energy policy, investments for the development of alternative energy and the introduction of constraints and charges for firms. For the Arab countries, the economic system reconversion has to face great resistance since it represents an additional cost delaying the industrial development and the short-term goals of the development policy. In this context, the role of the Northern countries is particularly important in supporting Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, in order to build their adaptive capacity through scientific and technological cooperation and financial assistance.


The concept of 'patriarchy' is one which signals a sharp divide between traditions of feminist thought. Sylvia Walby attempts to conceptualize 'patriarchy' in a way that takes account not only of the complexity of relationships of gender, but also of the subtleties of the interconnections of patriarchy and capitalism. She rejects those accounts which treat patriarchy as a unified set of relations, or which confine the site of patriarchy to any one privileged sphere such as the family. Instead, she elaborates a novel view of patriarchy as a set of 'relatively autonomous relations', the connections between which are spelled out through a variety of detailed case studies. In contrast to many other views of 'capitalist patriarchy', Sylvia Walby characterizes the relationship between capitalism and patriarchy as a relationship, not of harmony and mutual accommodation, but of tension and conflict. This thesis is substantiated through a comparative historical analysis of three contrasting areas of employment: cotton textiles, engineering and clerical work. These analyses show the shortcomings of much conventional literature in sociology, history and economics on women's employment, which pays insufficient attention to the independence of patriarchal relations. The book draws upon sociological, historical, economic and geographic materials to argue for an understanding of gender relations in terms of the specific tensions and compromises between patriarchal and capitalist relations. Exploring the impact of the state on patterns of employment and unemployment completes a book rich in theoretical and empirical analysis. "Patriarchy at Work" will be recognized as a major contribution to feminist thought and the social sciences.


1. It is widely accepted that reptiles are able to regulate behaviourally their body temperature (T(b)), but this generalization is primarily based on studies of lizards and snakes in the temperate zone. Because the precision of T(b) regulation may vary considerably between taxa and over geographical ranges, studies of semi-terrestrial turtles in climatic extremes are relevant to the understanding of reptilian thermoregulation. 2. We studied thermoregulation in 21 free-ranging wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) at the northern limit of their range in Québec, using miniature data loggers to measure their internal T(b) and external temperature (T(ext)) continuously. We simultaneously recorded the available operative environmental temperature (T(e)) using 23 physical models randomly moved within each habitat type, and we located turtles using radiotelemetry. 3. The habitat used by wood turtles was thermally constraining and the target temperature (T(set)) was only achievable by basking during a short 5-h time window on sunny days. Wood turtles did show thermoregulatory abilities, as determined by the difference between turtle T(b) distribution and the null distribution of T(e) that resulted in T(b) closer to T(set). Although most individuals regulated their T(b) between 09.00 h and 16.00 h on sunny days, regulation was imprecise, as indicated by an index of thermoregulation precision (| T(b) - T(set) |). 4. The comparison of habitat use to availability indicated selection of open habitats. The hourly mean shuttling index (| T(ext) - T(b) |) suggested that turtles used sun/shade shuttling from 09.00 to 16.00 h to elevate their T(b) above mean T(e). 5. Based on laboratory respirometry data, turtles increased their metabolic rate by 20-26% over thermoconformity, and thus likely increased their energy gain which is assumed to be constrained by processing rate at climatic extremes.


Scholars assume that lenders that protect themselves using credit derivatives like credit default swaps (CDS) have limited interest in debt governance. However, they overlook the role of financial firms that sell this credit protection and thereby assume economic risk on the underlying borrower. These protection sellers take on the risk of a borrower defaulting, but possess no legal tools with which they can discipline the borrower to stave off default. This Article shows that lenders and protection sellers have powerful incentives to allow protection sellers a means of exerting influence over how the lender exercises its debt governance powers. For lenders and protection sellers, this bargain reduces participation costs in the CDS market and preserves each side's reputational capital. The Article argues that these incentives encourage the creation of an informal market in debt governance. Protection sellers can choose to influence specific aspects of debt governance (e.g. a lender's ability to control a borrower's leverage) to tailor their intervention in the governance of the borrower. This market comes with benefits as well as costs: benefits arise where the exercise of debt governance rests with those most invested in its use; and costs where the motives of these firms are governed by conflicts and risk-preferences that a borrower may not like or be able to counteract. The Article concludes by proposing a new conception of the role of disclosure and lender liability regimes to better match the costs and benefits, and the profound impact of credit derivatives trading on debt and corporate governance.


A Static Synchronous Series Compensator incorporating energy storage device (SSSC-ES) at the DC bus enables the exchange of true power with the system in addition to line reactance compensation. This facilitates improved control of real and reactive power in a transmission system. However, the four-quadrant operation of SSSC presents additional problems for the accurate operation of conventional transmission line protection. In this paper, an in-depth analysis of the effect of emulated reactance and resistance by SSSC-ES installed at the center of a hybrid series compensated line on the performance of distance relay is carried out. An investigation is performed with all possible operating modes and control strategies of SSSC-ES, and the possibility of mal-operation of distance protection are explored. A novel adaptive setting based on constant reactance and constant resistance emulation control strategy of SSSC is proposed for quadrilateral distance relay to prevent the mal-operation. MATLAB / SIMULINK is used for the simulation study.


Background: Information on the reproductive effects of chemical exposures in dental work is sparse or inconsistent. Aim: To investigate whether dental workers exposed to acrylate compounds, mercury amalgam, solvents or disinfectants are at an increased risk of miscarriage. Methods: The study was conducted among women dental workers and a comparison group of workers occupationally unexposed to dental restorative materials. Information on pregnancies was obtained from national registers and outpatient units of hospitals. Data on occupational exposure were obtained using postal questionnaires. The final study population included 222 cases of miscarriage and 498 controls (births). An occupational hygienist assessed exposure to acrylate compounds, disinfectants and solvents. Exposure to other agents was assessed on the basis of the questionnaire data. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: The ORs adjusted for confounding factors were increased for moderate-exposure and high-exposure categories of mercury amalgam (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 4.1 and OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.6 to 2.5, respectively). The risk was slightly increased for the highest-exposure category of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.6) and polymethylmethacrylate dust (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8 to 2.4). A slightly increased risk was also detected for likely exposure to organic solvents (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8 to 2.3) and disinfectants (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.7). Conclusions: No strong association or consistent dose–response relationship was observed between exposure to chemical agents in dental work and the risk of miscarriage. A slightly increased risk was found for exposure to mercury amalgam, some acrylate compounds, solvents and disinfectants. These findings indicate that the possibility of a weak association between exposure to these agents and an increased risk of miscarriage cannot be excluded.


For a number of decades in the second half of the XXth century, agricultural land has been divided in Poland between three sectors: family, state owned and cooperative farms, with a dominating share of private, individual farmers in land use. As a result, ownership structure of agricultural land in Poland is quite unique among the former socialist Central and East European countries. Until the year 1989, when the transformation to a market economy was initiated, the landmarket in Poland was almost non-existent. The State Land Fund (SLF), an institution created in 1944 was for decades a substitute to land market. Originally, the Fund was responsible for the implementation of the land reform. After nationalization or confiscation of real estates, state farms have been established on a larger part of agricultural land under Fund's management. The rest has been divided between former farm workers and small farmers owing less than 5 hectares of land.


A series of silk fibroin/chitosan/Nano γ-alumina composite scaffolds have been prepared using the lyophilization technique for tissue engineering. These were then characterized using SEM, XRD, EDX, FTIR and TGA. In addition, the water uptake capacity, degradability, and biomineralization capability of the composite scaffolds were assessed. The inclusion of γ-alumina in the SF/CS γ-alumina scaffolds was found to result in increased compressive strength and water uptake capacity and decreased porosity. Cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was also assessed by an MTT assay and cell attachment studies using Human Gingival Fibroblast cells (HGF, NCBI: C-131). The results showed no signs of toxicity and the cells were found to attach to the pore walls within the scaffolds. These results proposed that the developed composite scaffolds meet the requirements for tissue engineering applications.


Currently Covid-19 pandemic is a leading challenge across the globe. It is mandatory to attain and maintain good nutritional status to fight against virus. Nutritional status of individual is affected by several factors such as age, sex, health status, life style and medications. Nutritional status of individuals has been used as resilience towards destabilization during this COVID-19 pandemic. Optimal nutrition and dietary nutrient intake impact the immune system, therefore the only sustainable way to survive in current context is to strengthen the immune system. There is no evidence found that supplement can cure the immune system except Vit C, which is one of the best way to improve immune system. A proper diet can ensure that the body is in proper state to defeat the virus. However along with the dietary management guidelines the food safety management and good food practices is compulsory. This article explores the importance of nutrition to boost immunity and gives some professional and authentic dietary guidelines about nutrition and food safety to withstand COVID-19.


This article provides an overview of wrongful convictions in Canada. The first part examines the number of wrongful convictions concluding that the 40-70 known wrongful convictions are likely the tip of the iceberg given that they mostly arise in homicide and/or sexual assault cases and that a number of recently revealed cases suggests that wrongful convictions may occur in guilty plea cases. The next part uses the Donald Marshall Jr and Tammy Marquardt cases as case studies of the two main forms of overturning wrongful convictions: petitions to the federal Minister of Justice to re-open cases and out of time appeals, both with fresh evidence. The article then examines the main causes of wrongful convictions and the role that police, prosecutors, providers of forensic evidence, defence counsel and judges and juries play in wrongful convictions and the remedies that have been proposed by various public inquiries and sometimes implemented in Canada to deal with those causes. The last part of this article will examine compensation for the wrongfully convicted including the steps that Canada has taken to comply with Article 14(6) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with respect to compensation.


Predicting P sorption by weathered soils in order to manage soil, crop, and natural resources has been an important but elusive goal of soil science for decades. This study evaluated several soil properties, including mineralogy, of weathered Hawaiian soils in terms of their utility as predictors of P sorption. Chemical and physical properties associated with P sorption were measured and correlated. In addition, a theoretical quantity, potential P-sorption sites, was estimated from the mineralogical characteristics of the clay fraction. Rietveld refinement was used to determine the quantity of soil minerals. Crystallite size was determined by curve-fitting of selected x-ray diffraction peaks. These parameters were then used to predict the soil P-sorption potential by estimating the density of A-hydroxyl sites per gram of soil. This estimate of potential P-sorption sites provided the best correlation (R 2 = 0.94) with measured P-sorption capacity in 0.001 M CaCl 2 , which varied from 79 to 3280 mg P kg -1 soil at an equilibrium solution-P concentration of 0.2 mg P L -1 . Other bulk soil properties such as the moisture content at 1.5 MPa, specific surface area (glycerol retention), and the amount of amorphous (i.e., oxalate extractable) soil material, also correlated well with P sorption but yielded lower R 2 values. Clay content and soil chemical properties alone were not good predictors of P-sorption capacity across the full range of soils. Better estimates of the quantity of sorption sites, especially those contributed by amorphous oxides, would yield further improvements in this approach.


This mixed-methodology study examined a set of award winning dissertations to determine what factors may have led to their receiving recognition by the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE). The study addressed seven specific research questions which were answered via two different research designs: 1) a survey administered to the 27 recipients of the dissertation award, and 2) through the qualitative assessment of a sample of the winning dissertations. The quantitative survey was distributed to recipients of the Association for the Study of Higher Education Dissertation of the Year award from 1979 through 2004. The survey collected specific information on the personal attributes and characteristics of the award recipients, descriptive information about the award winning dissertations, information concerning the quality of the winner's doctoral experiences, the quality of their relationship with their dissertations advisors and the progression of their careers after winning the award. The qualitative assessment involved applying a set of evaluative questions provided by Gall, Gall and Borg to describe a sample of the award winning documents. The results indicated that recipients of the ASHE award were not representative of education doctoral students as indicated by 2004 data. The results of the study also indicated that, as a group, these dissertations winners were full-time doctoral students, likely recipients of some form of financial assistance (assistantship and fellowships) and were able to complete their dissertations and degrees in substantially less time than typical education doctoral students. The findings also suggest that Gall, Gall and Borg's procedure for evaluating educational research can be used to assess doctoral dissertations.


This paper focuses on the estimation of low-complexity signals when they are observed through $M$ uniformly quantized compressive observations. Among such signals, we consider 1-D sparse vectors, low-rank matrices, or compressible signals that are well approximated by one of these two models. In this context, we prove the estimation efficiency of a variant of Basis Pursuit Denoise, called Consistent Basis Pursuit (CoBP), enforcing consistency between the observations and the re-observed estimate, while promoting its low-complexity nature. We show that the reconstruction error of CoBP decays like $M^{-1/4}$ when all parameters but $M$ are fixed. Our proof is connected to recent bounds on the proximity of vectors or matrices when (i) those belong to a set of small intrinsic "dimension", as measured by the Gaussian mean width, and (ii) they share the same quantized (dithered) random projections. By solving CoBP with a proximal algorithm, we provide some extensive numerical observations that confirm the theoretical bound as $M$ is increased, displaying even faster error decay than predicted. The same phenomenon is observed in the special, yet important case of 1-bit CS.


Markov jump processes are continuous-time stochastic processes widely used in a variety of applied disciplines. Inference typically proceeds via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), the state-of-the-art being a uniformization-based auxiliary variable Gibbs sampler. This was designed for situations where the process parameters are known, and Bayesian inference over unknown parameters is typically carried out by incorporating it into a larger Gibbs sampler. This strategy of sampling parameters given path, and path given parameters can result in poor Markov chain mixing.In this thesis, we focus on the problem of path and parameter inference for Markov jump processes.In the first part of the thesis, a simple and efficient MCMC algorithm is proposed to address the problem of path and parameter inference for Markov jump processes. Our scheme brings Metropolis-Hastings approaches for discrete-time hidden Markov models to the continuous-time setting, resulting in a complete and clean recipe for parameter and path inference in Markov jump processes. In our experiments, we demonstrate superior performance over Gibbs sampling, a more naive Metropolis-Hastings algorithm we propose, as well as another popular approach, particle Markov chain Monte Carlo. We also show our sampler inherits geometric mixing from an 'ideal' sampler that is computationally much more expensive.In the second part of the thesis, a novel collapsed variational inference algorithm is proposed. Our variational inference algorithm leverages ideas from discrete-time Markov chains, and exploits a connection between Markov jump processes and discrete-time Markov chains through uniformization. Our algorithm proceeds by marginalizing out the parameters of the Markov jump process, and then approximating the distribution over the trajectory with a factored distribution over segments of a piecewise-constant function. Unlike MCMC schemes that marginalize out transition times of a piecewise-constant process, our scheme optimizes the discretization of time, resulting in significant computational savings. We apply our ideas to synthetic data as well as a dataset of check-in recordings, where we demonstrate superior performance over state-of-the-art MCMC methods.


Maintenance and transformation of large program systems require means for comprehension of their data dependences. We consider facilities for data flow visualization implemented in the RescueWare system — a workbench for modernization of legacy systems. One of the key points in the process is the user-guided identification and extraction of business rules, which could be performed successfully only if a user can efficiently trace the data flow. A typical legacy system consists of a large number of comparatively small modules that extensively exchange data either directly or through files, screens, and databases, and hence the analysis cannot be restricted to a single module. On the other hand, it is practically impossible and useless to show the complete data flow graph of the system. We present some techniques of taming the data flow complexity.


In the past two decades, business groups and their political allies have often criticized broad civil rights remedies - particularly the availability of money damages - for encouraging abusive and extortionate litigation practices. In its decision in Buckhannon Board and Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, the Supreme Court seemed to heed those arguments when it rejected the catalyst theory for recovery of statutory attorneys' fees. As many commentators have pointed out, these limits on remedies are likely to undermine the enforcement of civil rights laws. That criticism is correct as far as it goes, but it ignores an important part of the story. Limitations on civil rights remedies - like the bar to damages recovery in the ADA's public accommodations title and the rejection of the catalyst theory in the Buckhannon decision - do not simply reduce the number of cases that get brought. They also change the character of the cases that get brought. In particular, limitations on remedies may themselves create an incentive for conduct that appears to defendants as abusive. At the end of the day, civil rights advocates may confront a vicious cycle: Concern with abusive litigation motivates the adoption of limitations on remedies; those limitations lead plaintiffs' lawyers to engage in litigation conduct that appears even more abusive; the newly energized perception of abuse motivates adoption of even more limitations; and so on. This Essay illustrates these points by examining an important ongoing issue: the controversy over serial ADA public accommodations litigation. More than fifteen years after the enactment of the ADA, violations of the statute's public accommodations title remain, by all accounts, widespread. For many federal judges, however, widespread violations of a fifteen-year-old law appear to be of less significance than the motives of the relatively few individuals who are seeking to enforce that law. A handful of individual plaintiffs and lawyers have brought dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of cases challenging inaccessible stores and restaurants. There is good reason to believe that in a large majority of the cases brought by serial ADA plaintiffs the defendants were in fact violating the statute. But in a large and growing number of cases brought by those plaintiffs, judges have dismissed suits, or refused to award attorneys' fees, based on what they believe to be the abusive litigation practices of the plaintiffs and their counsel - in particular, the practices of bringing suits against large numbers of businesses, often without providing notice to the defendants before heading for court. Judges have thus picked up on (and given further life to) a set of arguments leveled against abusive ADA litigation in the popular and political discourse. This Essay argues that the controversy over abusive ADA litigation perfectly illustrates the paradoxical effects of limiting civil rights remedies. The ADA's public accommodations title is massively underenforced, and the limitations on remedies for violations of that title are the most likely culprit. But the litigation conduct that courts, Members of Congress, and business groups have labeled abusive also grows out of the statute's remedial limitations.


One of the most important aspects in contracts involving parties from different countries is the dispute resolution clause. However, it often appears that the clause is only cursorily considered in negotiations; it is included towards the end of the contract and it is dealt with as though it were simply part of the standard ' boilerplate' terms. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate why an arbitration in London. England would be beneficial for South African parties to such international contracts and to illustrate what points should be considered by South African legal advisers in drafting an arbitration clause.


In this paper the centrifugal pump performances are tested when handling water and viscous oils as Newtonian fluids. Also, this paper shows a numerical simulation of the three-dimensional fluid flow inside a centrifugal pump. For these numerical simulations the SIMPLEC algorithm is used for solving governing equations of incompressibl e viscous/turbul ent flows through the pump. The k-e turbulence model is adopted to describe the turbulent flow process. These simulations have been made with a steady calculation using the multiple reference frames (MRF) technique to take into account the impeller- volute interaction. Numerical results are compared with the experimental characteristic curve for each viscous fluid. The data obtained allow the analysis of the main phenomena existent in this pump, such as: head, efficiency and power changes for different operating conditions. Also, the correction factors for oils are obtained from the experiment for part loading (PL), best efficiency point (BEP) and over loading (OL). These results are compared with proposed factors by American Hydraulic Institute (HIS) and Soviet Union (USSR). The comparisons between the numerical and experimental results show good agreement.