In light of the inherent shortcomings of single-perspective approaches in IT diffusion research, in this paper, we develop a multi-perspective framework for studying the diffusion of IT management techniques. The framework is then applied to explain the diffusion of capability maturity model (CMM). This research contributes to information systems theory by (a) illustrating how several different theoretical perspectives (i.e., forced-selection, efficient choice, fashion, and fad) can be used to explain an IT management innovation diffusion; (b) identifying the specific limitations of each perspective; and (c) demonstrating how these perspectives can be reconciled and yield a holistic understanding of the diffusion trajectory. Building on 20+ years of CMM research, the propositions of this paper shed more light on the underlying dynamics driving the adoption decision among software vendors, and will inform IS scholars and practitioners about the types of actions that can foster the dissemination of emerging IT management techniques.


It is well known that fouling deposits on the wall of power generation units where solid fuels, like pulverized coal, is burnt cause significant reduction of the overall efficiency of the furnace and the boiler. In order to take fouling into account in the overall balance of the boiler it is necessary to measure two main parameters — thickness of the deposits and their reflectivity (emissivity) in the wavelength of visible and IR region.In the present paper an electro-optical system is described which enables to perform direct on-line measurement of these two parameters of heat transfer in the course of normal operation of the power unit. The system is capable to carry out measuring procedure inside the furnace chamber at temperatures up to 1800 C. Dynamic measurement of thickness of the fouling deposits created on the wall tubes is measured with accuracy of 0.1mm. Spectral reflectivity of the wall is also continuously measured and compared with the reflectivity of the stainless steel specimen located inside the system. Experimental results are reported obtained during three months operation of the system on the power unit of Israel Electric Company (power station in Hadera).Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Abstract—Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa is pivotal in homotypic platelet aggregation and may also be involved in the heterotypic adhesion of leukocytes and tumor cells to platelets. This study was primarily undertaken to compare the antiplatelet efficacy of a novel, nonpeptide GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, XV454, to that of abciximab in 2 flow models of platelet thrombus formation: (1) direct shear-induced platelet aggregation imposed by a cone-and-plate rheometer and (2) platelet adhesion onto von Willebrand factor (vWF)/collagen I followed by aggregation in a perfusion system. XV454 inhibited platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner in both experimental models. Maximal inhibition of aggregation was achieved by XV454 at ≈70% receptor occupancy, which is lower than the ≥85% previously reported for abciximab. At similar levels of receptor blockade (≈45%), XV454 appeared to be relatively more effective than abciximab in suppressing platelet aggregation. Neither XV454 nor abciximab inhibited platelet adhesion to collagen. Pretreatment of surface-adherent platelets with either XV454 or abciximab inhibited the attachment of monocytic THP-1 cells under flow. In contrast, the rapidly reversible GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor orbofiban failed to suppress these heterotypic interactions. These findings demonstrate that XV454 is a potent GPIIb/IIIa antagonist with a long receptor-bound lifetime like abciximab and may be beneficial for the treatment/prevention of thrombotic complications.


A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Pure and Applied Sciences of
Kenyatta University, S 597.L4K5


The emergence of new animal models that mimic human disorders enables new fundamental and therapeutical approaches of these diseases. The increasing number of studies on animal models implies the development of new imaging tools adapted to the particular constraints of small animal studies. To that aim, the past few years have seen the development of numerous high resolution PET systems having a sensitivity and a spatial resolution well suited to the small animal imaging. Nevertheless, although these systems have already and extensively demonstrated their interest in the biomedical imaging field, they suffer from a few drawbacks (low temporal resolution, animal immobilization, high cost) that have stimulated the development of complementary approaches. In that particular context, our objective is to develop a beta radiosensitive probe surgically implantable in an animal brain that can measure autonomously the variation of injected radioactivity in a small tissue volume (typically a few mm3) on awake and freely moving animals. To reach that aim, the detector and its acquisition system must be entirely worn by the animal without wires except on the animal itself. This means to design a beta sensitive detector of very small size based on a technology that allows to produce a numerical signal compatible with the use of a telemetric system. This also means to develop a detector compact enough to be fixed on the rodent head without altering the animal movements. Moreover, the whole system must be allow the implantation of at least two probes in order to be able to measure on same animal, specific and non-specific binding rates of a radiotracer. Theoretical and experimental investigations carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of such a detector will be presented. On this basis, first architecture of the detector based on pixellated Si sensor technology will be proposed and detailed.


OF DISSERTATION EXPRESSIONS OF CONCERN AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE CARE FOR YOUNG WOMEN ON AN ONLINE MESSAGE BOARD The experience of a pelvic exam or Pap smear is something that, while necessary to maintain reproductive health, can be fraught with difficulty for women. Ouj, Igberase, Exe, and Ejikeme (2011) note that "[m]ost women feel a level of discomfort or pain and for some it is embarrassing, dehumanizing, degrading and associated with fear, anxiety and apprehension" (p. 637). However, little recent research has focused on the specific communication surrounding reproductive care for young women. The Internet is a common place for young people to seek health information, understand their own health risks, and seek social support from others. The current study utilizes information gleaned from the archives of an internet message board and sexual education website to examine the way that young women communicate about reproductive health care, risk, and social support with experts and peers in the online community. Results indicate that young women request, seek, and receive several different types of social support in the online community. Further, themes illuminate the complex nature of women's concerns about potential risk and reproductive care.


PurposeThe inception of REITs in Ireland in 2013 presented an additional property investment opportunity to Ireland's commercial property investment landscape. Importantly, the Irish REIT market is an institutional apparatus with an objective to rejuvenate Ireland's commercial property market. The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical validation of the performance of Irish REITs over the period March 2015 to February 2019 across several investment measures such as risk-adjusted returns and diversification benefits.Design/methodology/approachUsing monthly total returns in local currency, the risk-adjusted performance and portfolio diversification attributes of Irish REITs are assessed. The mean-variance framework is utilised to assess the potential added-value benefits of Irish REITs in a mixed-asset portfolio.FindingsIrish REITs delivered the strongest average annual return performance, lower relative volatility vs the stock market and competitive overall risk-adjusted performance. The results affirm the characteristic of Irish REITs as a total return-focussed income-driven property investment asset class. The optimal asset allocation analysis shows that Irish REITs are an important ingredient in a mixed-asset investment framework, as their allocation could be scaled effectively across the portfolio risk-return spectrum.Practical implicationsIrish REITs are an emerging investment opportunity for investors seeking exposure in the strongly performing property market in Ireland in the post-Global Financial Crisis period. They are also regarded as an effective alternative conduit to private investment routes (i.e. direct property and non-listed property funds), with the added advantage of being more liquid and versatile than their private property investment counterparts. Importantly, Irish REITs fulfilled the purpose for which they were originally designed. The promising initial performance observed in this paper gives a useful context to what the future might hold for Irish REITs, given the strong interest for commercial property assets in Ireland from both local and cross-border property investors.Originality/valueThis paper is the first empirical research aimed at providing an initial empirical performance validation of Irish REITs as an effective route to commercial property exposure in Ireland. This research enables empirically validated, more informed and practical property investment decision making regarding the strategic role of Irish REITs in a portfolio.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative movement disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons located within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain. Current treatments involving drug therapy only temporarily alleviate the symptoms and does not treat the etiology of the disease. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold vast promise in cell therapy due to their multipotency and immunomodulatory properties. We hypothesize that MSCs can be induced to differentiate into DA neuron progenitors which can be transplanted into the SNpc to treat PD. In this project, we propose to develop a method to differentiate MSCs into DA neuron progenitors, as well as investigate their safety and efficacy when injected into a neonatal animal model of PD developed in our lab. The results of this study will aid in devising strategies to replace degenerated neurons, and to reverse and/or halt the progression of PD.


Molecular physiologist Kimon Angelides last week ended a long, costly battle against his former employer, Baylor College of Medicine, which had found him guilty of fabricating data, stripped him of tenure, and evicted him from his lab. On 10 February, Angelides settled a civil suit against Baylor and 13 individuals at the university, just hours after a federal appeals board had released a report backing Baylor9s findings that he had "committed scientific misconduct." The settlement also may bring a measure of relief to officials at other universities, who have worried that they could be sued simply for following the federal government9s requirements to investigate misconduct allegations.


Abstract. This paper examines the domes and basins, regional arcs and synclines, and brittle structures of the Parana Basin flood volcanism to characterize the deformational phases in its Jurassic to Cretaceous history. First-stage fieldwork revealed brittle structures, extensional joints, and strike-slip faults, and second-stage fieldwork investigated the connections of the brittle structures to both open folds and dome-and-basin features. Fault-slip data inversion was performed using two different techniques to distinguish local and remote stress/strain. Geometric and kinematic analyses completed the investigations of the deformation, which characterized two deformational phases for the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods in the Parana Basin. Both developed under regional bi-directional constrictional (σ1 ≥ σ2 g σ3) stress regimes that produced a number of non-cylindrical folds. A D1 deformational phase produced the N–S and E–W orthogonally oriented domes and basins. The D2 arcs and synclines are oriented towards the NW and NE and indicate a clockwise rotation (35–40°) of both horizontal principal stress tensors. The extensional joints and strike-slip faults characterize the local stress field in the outer rim of the orthogonally buckled single volcanic flow, whereas the inner rim of the buckled single flow supported constriction and thus, developed the local arcuate folds.


Motivated by the problem of building a basic reasoner for general game playing with imperfect information, we address the problem of filtering with logic programs, whereby an agent updates its incomplete knowledge of a program by observations. We develop a filtering method by adapting an existing backward-chaining and abduction method for so-called open logic programs. Experimental results show that this provides a basic effective and efficient "legal" player for general imperfect-information games.


Background and aims: Midgut carcinoid tumours are uncommon tumours with an unpredictable clinical behaviour and few useful prognostic markers. Somatostatin analogues are widely used in treatment but a survival advantage has not been proven. We analysed features associated with poor prognosis and assessed the clinical implications of the biochemical response to therapy. Methods: Clinical and biochemical data were collected for patients with midgut carcinoid tumours attending a tertiary referral neuroendocrine clinic from 1978 to 2000. Using death as the end point, univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to identify prognostic indicators. The significance of altering biomarkers with therapy was also studied by including repeated measurements of the most prognostic biochemical parameter in a time dependent covariate survival analysis. Results: We identified 139 patients with sufficient data for our analyses. Factors associated with a poor outcome on univariate analysis included: plasma neurokinin A (NKA), urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid output, age, and ⩾5 liver metastases. Plasma NKA was the strongest and only independent predictor of outcome on multivariate analysis. Patients in whom NKA continued to rise despite somatostatin analogues had a significantly worse survival than those in whom NKA stabilised or fell (one year survival rate 40% v 87%). Time dependent covariate analysis concluded that survival was better predicted by the most recent plasma NKA value rather than by the initial value. Conclusions: Plasma NKA is an accurate marker of prognosis for midgut carcinoid tumours. This is the first paper to support a survival advantage in patients in whom plasma NKA is altered by somatostatin analogues.


The financial crisis which erupted in 2007-8 has illustrated the disruptive effects of procyclicality. The phenomenon of procyclicality refers to the mutually reinforcing interactions between the financial system and the real economy that tend to amplify business cycle fluctuations. These fluctuations can cause or exacerbate turbulences in the financial system and this explains why supervisory and regulatory authorities are so much concerned in mitigating the degree of procyclicality. In this study, we focus on the ratings system of the U.S. banking institutions and test how these are linked to the phenomenon of procyclicality. More concretely, we empirically investigate the sensitivity of CAMEL ratings system, which is used by the U.S. authorities to monitor the conditions in the banking market, to the fluctuations of economic cycle. Our results reveal that the overall state of the U.S. economy and CAMEL ratings are positively correlated. We find that CAMEL ratings largely depend on the course of the business cycle as they are lower during economic upturns and higher during economic downturns. This is to say that the performance and risk-taking behaviour of banks is rated higher when the conditions in the economy are favourable and lower when the economic environment is weak. This very important and rather unknown source of procyclicality should be taken into serious consideration by authorities.


Double Act. Ruby and Garnet are ten-year-old twins. They're identical, and they do EVERYTHING together, especially since their mother died three years earlier - but they couldn't be more different. Bossy, bouncy, funny Ruby loves to take charge, and is desperate to be a famous actress, while quiet, sensitive, academic Garnet loves nothing more than to curl up with one of her favourite books. And when everything around the twins is changing so much, can being a double act work for ever? Bad Girls. Shy, mild Mandy has been bullied at school for as long as she can remember. That's why she is delighted when cheeky, daring, full-of-fun Tanya picks her as a friend. Mum isn't happy - she thinks Tanya's a BAD GIRL and a bad influence on her daughter. But Mandy loves spending time with her brilliant new friend, and is sure Tanya can only get her out of trouble, not into it ...or could she?


NIOSH's Pittsburgh Research Laboratory is currently involved in research to identify silica dust generation in underground metal/nonmetal mines. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop control technologies to reduce worker exposure to respirable silica dust. Commodities and job classifications with the highest silica dust exposure have been identified through analysis of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) compliance dust sampling database. Dust surveys were conducted in an underground limestone and gold mine to investigate silica dust sources, generation levels, and controls being used. A summary of the mining operations, sampling procedures, resulting data, and suggested methods to improve the dust control will be provided.


We describe a computational model of humans' ability to provide a detailed interpretation of a scene's components. Humans can identify in an image meaningful components almost everywhere, and identifying these components is an essential part of the visual process, and of understanding the surrounding scene and its potential meaning to the viewer. Detailed interpretation is beyond the scope of current models of visual recognition. Our model suggests that this is a fundamental limitation, related to the fact that existing models rely on feed-forward but limited top-down processing. In our model, a first recognition stage leads to the initial activation of class candidates, which is incomplete and with limited accuracy. This stage then triggers the application of class-specific interpretation and validation processes, which recover richer and more accurate interpretation of the visible scene. We discuss implications of the model for visual interpretation by humans and by computer vision models.


The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand) is causing widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). Stem injection of insecticide is widely used as a control measure, but its effectiveness depends on individual tree hydraulic characteristics. Recent work has shown that eastern hemlock daily water use is exponentially related to tree diameter, with smaller-diameter trees using significantly less water than largerdiameter trees. In this study we modeled daily water use for 20 eastern hemlock trees across a range of diameters. Based on expected daily water use and, thus, potential xylem transport of insecticide, we applied a dosage estimated to achieve a lethal and uniform xylem sap concentration of imidacloprid to half the trees (xylem transport treatment), and treated the remaining half based on the manufacturerrecommended dosage (MFR treatment), which is a linear function of tree diameter. At 4 and 56 weeks after treatment, we assessed all trees for the presence or absence of new shoot growth and live HWA population density. We found that both treatment dosages significantly reduced live HWA populations; however, 4 weeks after treatment, live HWA population density was 32 percent lower (LSMEANS) on xylem transport treatment trees compared with MFR treatment trees (treatment by time interaction, P = 0.006). Both treatment dosages also significantly increased the proportion of new shoot growth; however, over time xylem transport treatment trees had a significantly greater increase in new shoot production compared with MFR treatment trees. We conclude that dosages based on a xylem transport model not only significantly improved tree health more than the trees receiving the current recommended dosage, but also caused greater reductions in the live HWA population. Improving treatment dosages would reduce treatment cost, nontargeted effects, and would allow land managers to treat a greater number of trees.


The peculiarities of the Brora coal-field had excited considerable interest among geologists, a few specimens of its more remarkable fossils having been occasionally sent to England. My attention was particularly called to this tract, by the Rev. Dr. Buckland and Mr. C. Lyell, who having visited Brora in the year 1824, expressed an opinion that the strata there were wholly unconnected with the coal-formation below the new red sandstone, and were in fact the equivalent of part of the oolitic series*. I was thus led to devote last summer to an examination of the district: and for the purpose of comparing its structure with that of certain parts of England and Scotland, which appeared to have the same physical characters, I previously surveyed the coast of Yorkshire, from Filey Bay to Whitby, comprising the coal-tract of the Eastern Moorlands; and afterwards some of the islands of the Hebrides. I now submit to the Society the result of this comparison, with some of the illustrative fossils of each tract, accompanied by a map and sections. I shall commence with a description of that district which was the prime object of my research, and which is of the greatest importance in its mineral contents. The Brora coal-field forms a part of those secondary deposits which range along the S. E. coast of Sutherlandshire, occupying a narrow tract of about 20 miles in length, and 3 in its greatest breadth. The strata connected with it begin to rise from the sandy shore between


Recreating the 3D environment of the CNS using hydrogel matrices allows neurons and glial cells in vitro to behave similarly to their counterparts in vivo, providing a relevant tool for neurobiological studies. The overall aim is to develop engineered neural tissue models to resemble functional CNS tissue, with anisotropic tracts of neurons and glia arranged within a hydrogel, at a scale suitable for drug screening. Stability of cellular hydrogels is important for the generation of engineered tissue models and our approach employs RAFT™ technology (TAP Biosystems) that removes some interstitial fluid, increasing matrix density to stabilise the architecture of the hydrogels. In order to develop a robust CNS tissue model using this method, it was necessary to assess the sensitivity of neural cells to the stabilisation process. Initial experiments used C6 glioma cells seeded within collagen gels which were then subjected to RAFT for 15 min. Cell viability was assessed by propidium iodide staining in control constructs with no treatment and in RAFT-treated constructs at time points of 24 and 72 hours. Results demonstrated that the RAFT process did not reduce cell viability when compared to controls. After 24 hours, 0.58 ± 0.14 % cell death was seen in the treated constructs and 1.38 ± 0.26 % was viewed in controls. After 72 hours, a similar pattern was observed with cell death of 0.33 ± 0.06 % in treated and 1.80 ± 0.27 % in controls. Following initial tests with C6 glioma cells, subsequent experiments used the same approach to assess the viability of a range of primary rat CNS neural cells and other relevant cell lines including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and neurons. CNS co-culture systems will incorporate various combinations of cells that can be tailored to suit specific neuroscience research requirements and assessing the viability of cells is a critical step in the development of culture models. Stabilisation of the cellular hydrogels through increasing the cell and matrix density in this way will be used to establish versatile engineered neural tissues. A consistent model system will provide experimental platforms to monitor neural cell morphology, proliferation, differentiation and sensitivity, as well as neuron-glial interactions to generate rapid, reliable and reproducible results.


Settling a legal dispute out of court is typically a good result for both parties. However, many disputes do not settle: the presence of cognitive biases, such as those observed through framing manipulations, is thought to be one of the many reasons for settlement failure. The present study used quantitative and qualitative data to compare the impact of a gain- or loss-framed hypothetical civil litigation scenario on settlement decisions made by lawyers and other nonlawyer professionals. A significant effect of framing was found for both groups. As predicted, both nonlawyers and lawyers were much more likely to settle their claim in the gain scenario than in the loss scenario. This finding was supported by the qualitative data: risk-averse comments were more frequent in the gain frame whereas risk-seeking statements were more common in the loss frame. There was also evidence that lawyers may be less affected by framing than nonlawyers, although a smaller difference was observed than in previous studies. In addition, lawyers were more likely than nonlawyers to consider the expected financial value of the litigation in making their decision. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest avenues for future research.


This paper seeks to analyse the effects on Economics of Research Assessment Systems, such as the Research Assessment Exercise (or RAE) which was carried out in the UK between 1986 and 2008. The paper begins by pointing out that, in the 2008 RAE, economics turned out to be the research area which was accorded the highest valuation of any subject in the UK, even though economists were then under attack for failing to predict the global financial crash which had occurred a few months earlier. One aim of the paper is to explain this economics anomaly in research assessment. The paper goes on to point out a key difference between economics and the natural sciences. Most areas of the natural sciences are dominated for most of the time by a single, generally accepted, paradigm, whereas there are always in economics different schools of thought which have different and highly conflicting paradigms. Given this situation, it is argued that the effect of research assessment systems in economics is to strengthen the majority school in the subject (whatever that is), and weaken the minority schools. This conclusion is supported by empirical data collected by Frederic Lee for the UK. It is then shown that the greater the dominance of the majority school, the higher the overall valuation of the subject is likely to be, and this is used to explain the anomaly noted earlier. It is argued that research in economics flourishes better in a situation in which there are a number of different schools treated equally, than in one in which a single school dominates. The conclusion is that research assessment systems have a negative effect on research in economics and give misleading results. Instead of such systems, an attempt should be made to encourage pluralism in the subject.


This study investigated the question of whether or not the distributed model method (DMM) could be perceived by the New Zealand building industry's architects and engineers as overcoming barriers which prevent them from implementing building performance sketching within their design processes.  Current literature on the barriers to building performance simulation (BPS) have suggested a number of recommendations for tool developers to address, with little documented success to their impact on overcoming these perceived barriers. The recommendations suggested mainly improving tool interoperability for effective design team collaboration, and means to demonstrate model quality assurance. The DMM presented itself within literature as a new means to overcome the difficulties of interoperability faced by the central modelling method, commonly used in building information modelling (BIM), to meet requirements for design team collaboration. With the ability to provide high interoperability and parametric capabilities with detailed simulation programs, the DMM was hypothesised to address all recommendations from literature to overcome the barriers to implementing BPS within the design process. Furthermore, the study proposed the use of building performance sketching as an approach to assess the architectural sketch as a means to ensure quality assurance.  The study concluded that DMM cannot currently address all wants and wishes of users established in literature, but has potential. Future research efforts are required to focus upon: creating industry specific templates for building types; developing these templates to be adaptable for the different modelling operators of the proposed workflow demonstrated to the participants within this study; and developing quality assurance standards for modelling and guidelines for model validation. Finally, the study concluded with future work required beyond tool development: improving education of architects; and introducing legislation.


The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and total antioxidant capacity in seminal fluid indicates oxidative stress and is correlated with male infertility. One of the rational strategies to counteract the oxidative stress is to increase the scavenging capacity of seminal plasma. In such cases a combination of antioxidants may e more useful treatment of male infertility. We therefore undertook this study the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation on seminal oxidative stress and its relation with sperm function test. In present study total Sixty one oligozoospermia patients and forty four fertility proved healthy donors with normal sperm analysis were included in the study. Seminal lipid peroxide, nitric oxide and total antioxidant power and various parameters were compared including sperm function test among the fertile control and before & after treatment of oligozoospermic patients. Of the 61 untreated oligoozoospermia patients the mean lipid peroxide and nitric oxide levels were found to be increased along with decreased total antioxidant power and sperm function ability as compared to fertile control subjects. However significant reduction in lipid peroxide and nitric oxide and improvement in seminal total antioxidant power, sperm function ability were observed after supplementary treatment of combined antioxidant.


This study tested whether early and developmentally atypical substance use mediates risk for adult substance use among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and whether that risk is substance-specific. Participants were children with ADHD previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and a demographically similar non-ADHD group, assessed at 2 through 16 years after the original RCT baseline. Self-reports of heavy drinking, marijuana use, daily smoking, and other illicit drug use were collected at follow-ups to establish atypically early and frequent use. Models estimated statistically mediated effects of childhood ADHD on adult substance use via early substance involvement, with planned comparisons to evaluate substance specificity. Results supported the mediation hypothesis, showing that childhood ADHD was associated with more frequent adult substance use via early substance involvement for marijuana, cigarettes, illicit drugs, and to a lesser extent, alcohol. Mediation was not escalated by comorbid childhood conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder except for early use of nonmarijuana illicit drugs. Substance-specificity in the mediational pathway was largely absent except for cigarette use, where ADHD-related early smoking most strongly predicted adult daily smoking. Findings from this study provide new evidence that atypically early substance use associated with childhood ADHD signals important cross-drug vulnerability by early adulthood, but cigarette use at a young age is especially associated with increased risk for habitual (daily) smoking specifically. Efforts to prevent, delay, or reduce substance experimentation should occur early and focus on factors relevant to multiple drugs of abuse in this at-risk population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Walter Morgan's long and distinguished career followed modest beginnings in Islington, where he was born the second child of Walter Morgan and Anne Edith Morgan (née James). To his children he recalled the street gas lamp lighters and the 'knockers–up' who tapped on workers' bedroom windows with a long pole before alarm clocks were generally used. In some autobiographical notes he recalled his paternal grandfather who was a 'Tipstaff' for the Royal Courts of Justice and whose job was to take into custody nobility and persons 'illustrious by rank' when ordered to do so by a Judge of the High Court. On his maternal side an uncle became a chemist specializing in oils and fats who eventually spent most of his life in Borneo, where he discovered a vegetable poison that resulted in the development of the insecticide pyrethrum.


The present study, using data from the English and Welsh Civil and Social Justice Survey, compares the characteristics of spouses and cohabitants, and aims to examine how relationship type influences the experience of civil law problems generally and problems associated with relationship breakdown in particular. Socio-economic differences between married and cohabiting respondents were found to be largely a function of age. Little difference in stability of relationships was evident from these data once age, in particular, was accounted for. The presence of children tended to increase the stability of relationships regardless of form. Cohabitants, particularly those with children, were more likely to report family-related problems, though there was evidence that many of these problems concerned earlier relationships. Problems associated with relationship breakdown routinely resulted in adverse consequences such as ill-health, loss of income, loss of a home or domestic violence. Adverse consequences were especially common for those without resident children, particularly stress-related ill-health; but lone parents experienced more adverse consequences than parents with care who had repartnered. These findings prompt discussion about various issues, including the relationship between marriage and family success.


Changing patterns of work challenge the notion of employees having a designated workplace predicated on physical presence. These changes have been enabled by developments in technology, where an increasing number of employees can work from remote locations, relying on communication technologies to facilitate their interaction with colleagues, managers and customers. This chapter explores the implications of these developments for career sustainability. Drawing on a large study of remote workers in Canada, we demonstrate how, in addition to meeting formal performance targets, there was a perceived need to maintain and enhance visibility in order to ensure career progression and continued employment. Since remote working may impede visibility, the chapter explores how participants managed relationships with colleagues and clients in order to maintain and/or enhance their visibility and related career opportunities. It also reports how they tacitly accepted, rather than challenged, the impact of visibility on their careers and in so doing demonstrates the continuing importance of face-to-face interaction and physical presence for maintaining professional networks. The implications of these findings are discussed, including the need for organizations to review existing HR policies, particularly those relating to careers, when different forms of working are utilized.


Ad hoc and sensor networks have received tremendous attention in the recent literature due to its unpredictable nature and its many applications. Imposing any kind of reliability in such networks represents a real challenge. In this paper, we propose a new resource management scheme which virtually reserves and releases resources at the network layer when necessary. Results show that our scheme distributes resources efficiently between Best Effort and Quality of Service traffics even when congestion arises.


This dissertation examines the changing time allocation of men and women at the turn of the 21st century in Sweden, an interesting case given its strong position concerning female labor force participation, maternal employment, and gender equality. The aim is to examine to what extent gender and parenthood affect various types of time allocation, both in the labor market and household, and provide new insights into changes occurring over time between 1990 and 2010. Throughout the 20th century, women became increasing engaged in the labor market, yet parenthood has continued to impact how women spend their time to a much greater extent than men. The persistent, gendered impact of parenthood has begun to change however, which has implications not yet fully understood or documented. Results place Swedish developments in an international perspective, while contributing to our understanding of the changing behavior of men and women in the labor market and household. (Less)


With any project, it's best to start small. I know this, but I have never lived my life that way, and that includes how I teach. I've always been the Judy Garland character who says, "Sure we can put on a Broadway-quality show in the barn in the backyard. Let's get the home economics, art, drama, and dance teachers to help us out." What follows is an example of a technology-enhanced social studies project that may have started small but grew to take on the world. It was only later--when I realized that I was taking thousands of children on a virtual field trip to Russia--that I paused and panicked, but that hasn't stopped me yet. But before embarking on the project, I needed both a familiarity with technology and an understanding of the curriculum integration approach to teaching and learning. Technology Teachers today have any number of students who lack self-direction and motivation. On top of this, some students cannot read and have been promoted to a grade level where catch-up is all but impossible. Throw in the realization that now students have to pass end-of-grade or standardized tests to move up to the next grade, and things can appear pretty hopeless. We've upped the ante and cut down the safety nets. So what's the answer? That's my job, to help preservice teachers prepare for their classrooms. How do we build expectations, high interest, differentiated instruction, and alternative assessment opportunities into our classrooms? Technology is part of the answer. I'm not one of those educators who says "just use the web," as if it solves all problems. Technology-challenged teachers may find, at first, that technology creates more problems than it solves. But just because we don't know how to do something shouldn't stop us from learning. Technology's only the tool--first we have to have the vision. I believe strongly in self-disclosure: Technology scares the socks off of me, or at least it did. I can't say that now I'm so techno-savvy that I can do everything, but I understand the possibilities and can see how teaching in a technology-enabled environment can make my curriculum soar. Technology is a tool that enables me to teach things in ways that I never dreamed possible. If technology is the tool, then it's important to know when and how to use it. This means more than taking workshops in Dreamweaver and PowerPoint. To really make a difference with technology, teachers have to start with the basics. They have to know not only how students learn, but also how they learn best. This means reexamining development theories. It means knowing students for their quirks, foibles, and outside interests. It means figuring out how to get students excited about a topic and deciding whether a particular approach will fly. Professional judgment is what I am talking about, and teachers don't need to be veterans to have it. Novice teachers sometimes have the advantage. They can see the "Broadway barn" in their mind's eye and are fearless risk-takers in their approach to teaching because they know that anything's possible. It may be a little more difficult for me, a veteran teacher of three decades, to get back to my adolescent years, but I can always remember the feeling of being at-risk, so I design no-fail curriculums for my students. And technology is at the heart. Curriculum Integration I'm also a firm believer in the James Beane curriculum integration approach to teaching and learning. Curriculum integration encourages students to ask big questions and take on important issues. How better to ensure that students are motivated to learn and research than to examine the issues in which they have interest? Some readers are probably asking, "What if their interest doesn't match the standard course of study?" Remember, students aren't the only ones who can ask big questions and bring up important issues. …


Recently, XML Schema Definition (XSD) has become ever more important when it comes to define programming language independent content models and type systems. However, writing software that operates on XML instance documents still suffers from a lack of compile time support for XSD. Especially, obeying facet based constraints imposed on XSD simple data types is still error prone and laborious. This paper introduces the concept of XSD aware compilation. Zhi# provides static- and dynamic type checking for XML simple data types, which can be used along with off-the-shelf implementations of the W3C XML DOM.


Previous research has suggested that drama has positive effects on learners' oral communication and anxiety; however, it is unclear which dimensions, or to what extent, they are affected by drama. This research narrows the investigation by examining how a drama-based EFL program impacts three dimensions of oral communication: fluency, comprehensibility, and accentedness, and one anxiety factor foreign language speaking anxiety (FLSA) -, over time. Speech samples were collected from EFL learners in a treatment and a control group, and subsequently assessed by untrained Canadian-born raters. FLSA levels were measured through questionnaires and interviews. Preand post-test analysis indicate that learners in the treatment group made significant gains in oral fluency while oral fluency among learners in the control group remained unchanged. There was a significant reduction in FLSA levels among learners in both groups. Finally, qualitative analyses suggest that drama activities, among others, enhance learners' comfort levels in speaking English.


Input Constraints Handling in an MPC/Feedback Linearization Scheme The combination of model predictive control based on linear models (MPC) with feedback linearization (FL) has attracted interest for a number of years, giving rise to MPC+FL control schemes. An important advantage of such schemes is that feedback linearizable plants can be controlled with a linear predictive controller with a fixed model. Handling input constraints within such schemes is difficult since simple bound contraints on the input become state dependent because of the nonlinear transformation introduced by feedback linearization. This paper introduces a technique for handling input constraints within a real time MPC/FL scheme, where the plant model employed is a class of dynamic neural networks. The technique is based on a simple affine transformation of the feasible area. A simulated case study is presented to illustrate the use and benefits of the technique.


Kinetic energy is established by a mathematical equation involving the mass of an object and the speed at which the object travels, and is a relevant measure in regards to athletic performance due to frequent transfer of energy during sport (i.e. athlete to athlete (tackling), athlete to object (throwing), object to object (tennis/baseball hitting)). Previous research has utilized the 60-yd run-shuttle to examine kinetic energy factors (k-factor) of difference sports, recognizing significant differences in energy capability between gender, sport teams, and individual sport positions. The utilization of k-factor, pertaining to baseball, has distinguished significant positional (i.e. infielder, outfielder, catcher, pitcher) differences. However, the predictive influence of k-factors on in-game baseball performance necessitates further examination. PURPOSE: Analyzing the impact of k-factor on the pitching performance of NCAA baseball pitchers was the purpose of the current investigation. METHODS: NCAA pitchers (n=10, age 20.2 ± 1.9 yrs., weight 83.8 ± 10.3 kg, height 1.85 ± 0.48 m) completed a laser timed 60-yd run-shuttle, which yielded average kfactor scores for four contiguous agility segments (K1, K2, K3, and K4 of 10, 10, 20, and 20 yds., respectively), as well as Total Average K-Factor (Kavg). In-game performance was recorded upon the completion of the regular season, and included: Earned Runs Average (ERA), Win (W), Loss (L), Appearances (APP), Games Started (GS), Innings Pitched (IP), Runs (R), Hits (H), Earned Runs (ER), Baseon-Balls (BB), Strikeouts (SO), and Opponent Batting Average (B/AVE), measures normalized for innings pitched were R, H, ER, BB, and SO. To assess the impact of k-factor on pitching performance, backwards stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were employed. RESULTS: Results from the multiple linear regressions indicate that k-factor will yield significant prediction models (P<0.05) for each of the following dependent variables: W, GS, and SO/I. Average k-factor accounted for 50% of the variance in GS (R2 = 0.50; SEE = 3.1 games), and 41% of the variance in W (R2 = 0.41; SEE = 1.5 wins), while K1, K2, and Kavg yielded a model that accounted for 78% of the variance (R2 = 0.78; SEE = 0.1) in SO/I. K-Factor did not produce a significant prediction model for ERA, L, APP, IP, H/I, R/I, ER/I, BB/I, or B/AVE. CONCLUSION: These results suggest elevated k-factor scores, or a pitchers capability to proficiently transfer energy during agility drills, contribute to improvements of in-game baseball pitching performance.


During the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913), the United States maintained an open border, absorbing 30 million European immigrants. Prior cross-sectional work finds that immigrants initially held lower-paid occupations than natives but converged over time. In newly assembled panel data, we show that, in fact, the average immigrant did not face a substantial occupation-based earnings penalty upon first arrival and experienced occupational advancement at the same rate as natives. Cross-sectional patterns are driven by biases from declining arrival cohort skill level and departures of negatively selected return migrants. We show that assimilation patterns vary substantially across sending countries and persist in the second generation.


As multiple countries share a river, the likelihood of a water resource conflict from climate change could be higher between countries. In this paper, we demonstrate how countries can cooperate in transboundary water sharing in a sustainable way, given the impacts of climate change. We illustrate the case of water sharing of the Volta River between the upstream and downstream country, Burkina Faso and Ghana respectively, where the latter country faces a tradeoff of water use between agriculture in the north and production of hydro energy in the south. In the framework of a stochastic Stackelberg differential game, we have shown how the issue of water sharing could be linked to hydropower export that can make water sharing between the countries sustaining in the event of climate change. Our results indicate that during cooperation, Ghana will have an opportunity to increase its water abstraction for agriculture, which has remained largely restricted. We also find that the equilibrium strategies in the long run steady state distribution are stable even with increasing variances of water flow.


A defect in Klotho gene expression in mice accelerates the degeneration of multiple age-sensitive traits. Here, we show that overexpression of Klotho in mice extends life span. Klotho protein functions as a circulating hormone that binds to a cell-surface receptor and represses intracellular signals of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for extending life span. Alleviation of aging-like phenotypes in Klotho-deficient mice was observed by perturbing insulin and IGF1 signaling, suggesting that Klotho-mediated inhibition of insulin and IGF1 signaling contributes to its anti-aging properties. Klotho protein may function as an anti-aging hormone in mammals.


A similarity parameter for quasi-steady fluid flows advancing into horizontal capillary channels is presented. This parameter can be interpreted as the ratio of the average fluid velocity in the capillary channel to a characteristic velocity of quasi-steady capillary flows. It allows collapsing a large data set of previously published and recent measurements spanning five orders of magnitude in the fluid velocity, 14 different fluids, and four different geometries onto a single curve and indicates the existence of a universal prescription for such flows. On timescales longer than the characteristic time it takes for the flow to become quasi-steady, the one-dimensional momentum equation leads to a non-dimensional relationship between the similarity parameter and the penetration depth that agrees well with most measurements. Departures from that prescription can be attributed to effects that are not accounted for in the one-dimensional theory.


In this study, novel nickel oxide (NiO) flowers like nanostructures were fabricated onto gold coated glass substrate by hydrothermal method using high alkaline pH medium. The structural study of nickel oxide nanostructures was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray differaction (XRD) techniques. Nickel oxide nanostructures are highly dense, uniform and possess good crystalline quality. The so prepared structures were investigated for their electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric techniques. The nickel oxide flower like morphology has shown good electrochemical performances for the oxidation of glucose. The presented sensing material was able to detected glucose in a wide range of concentration of 0.001 mM to 8 mM with a high sensitivity (123 μmA/mM) and regression coefficient of 0.99. Moreover, the NiO nanostructures based sensor is highly reproducible, stable, exhibiting a fast response time and selective in the response. All the obtained results indicate the potential use of this material in the development of enzyme free sensors for the detection of glucose.


Providing quality services to any traveller requires constant efforts to ensure that tourist destinations, products, and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their health condition, physical limitations, gender, origin, age. This entails a collaborative process among all the interested parties: administrators, tourist agencies, tour operators, and end users, who expressing their points of view can objectively contribute to reach shared and effective solutions. A single visit destination can involve many factors, including access to information: the project A Region for All, promoted by Promoturismo FVG in collaboration with CRAD FVG and the University of Trieste, focused on this issue. Promoturismo FVG is a semi-public destination management organization. Its mission is to develop the regional tourism system collaborating with all the active subjects to improve the promotion and to optimize the resources by concentrating the efforts. The organization pursues its objectives by planning and organizing the offer through specific tourism products. In 2016 a mapping process has been started to investigate the usability of the relevant services to tourists / visitors with special needs along the itinerary of eight tourist centers of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region. To date, more than 200 facilities (bars, restaurants, pharmacies, cash machines…) have been detected. The paper will present the development of the work conducted by TrIAL - Trieste Inclusion & Accessibility Lab at Department of Engineering and Architecture within the University of Trieste for the management of the mapping process. On the strength of the mapping experience developed during the previous project LabAc (Laboratory of Accessibility) for the Province of Trieste and the project Trieste for All for the Municipality of Trieste (from 2013 to 2016), the research group has adopted and set a series of digital tools, has identified specific indicators and has focused on an efficient return of data to Promoturismo FVG. The overall project is still ongoing: collected data have not yet been published by the organization. Overall monitoring and evaluation activities are still lacking and will be part of a future phase of research.


Background Medical boards and fitness-to-practice committees aim to ensure that medical students and physicians have "good moral character" and are not impaired in their practice of medicine. Method Presented here is an ethical analysis of stalking behavior by physicians and medical students, with focus on the case of Teleka Patrick, MD (a psychiatry resident practicing medicine while under a restraining order due to her alleged stalking behavior). Conclusions While a restraining order is not generally considered a criminal conviction, stalking behavior is clearly unprofessional and a marker of inappropriate character and fitness, yet the reporting obligations for such matters are complex. Medical schools and training programs that fail to assess, record, and report matters of moral conduct such as this potentially allow impaired students to graduate and enter the work force (unless a robust licensing process identifies them). Patrick's case should be a wake-up call for medical schools and medical boards to better integrate the professionalism domain into their operations. Further, the professionalism of students and doctors need to be integrated into the legal domain, so that those who are unfit to practice are, in fact, prevented from doing so. Guidance for integration is provided.


Changes in consensus arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) gene nomenclature determined at the 2007 International NAT Workshop include: (1) Alleles in all species except mouse and rat are all uppercase. For mouse and rat, the first letter is upper case followed by lower case. (2) The nomenclature system is now species-specific. Thus, NAT2(*)1 (chicken), NAT2(*)2 and NAT2(*)3 (rabbit), Nat2(*)8 Nat2(*)9, Nat2(*)22 and Nat2(*)23 (mouse), NAT2(*)15, NAT2(*)16A and NAT2(*)16B (Syrian hamster), and NAT2(*)20, NAT2(*)21A and NAT2(*)21B (rat) are retired and renumbered within a species. A species modifier incorporated into the allele designation is written in upper case Roman font, e.g., (MOUSE)Nat1(*)1 is now the reference Nat1 allele in mouse; and (3) The NAT website also can now be accessed at a webalias address: http://N-acetyltransferasenomenclature.louisville.edu. New NAT alleles should continue to be submitted to the NAT Nomenclature Committee for inclusion on the website to ensure proper categorization and to continue consistency in nomenclature.


Research on teaching high school mathematics shows that the topic of percentages often causes learning difficulties. This article describes a method of teaching percentages that the authors used in university bridging courses. In this method, the information from a word problem about percentages is presented in a two-way table. Such a table gives a logical structure to the problem and provides an algorithm for finding a simple equation for the unknown value of interest. The use of this procedure is illustrated by several examples of different levels of difficulty. The method can be applied to many types of percentage problems, so it is quite universal.


The use of digital health products has gained considerable interest as a new way to improve therapeutic research and development. Although these products are being adopted by various industries and stakeholders, their incorporation in clinical trials has been slow due to a disconnect between the promises of digital products and potential risks in using these new technologies in the absence of regulatory support. The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Biomarkers Consortium hosted a public workshop to address challenges and opportunities in this field. Important characteristics of tool development were addressed in a series of presentations, case studies, and open panel sessions. The workshop participants endorsed the usefulness of an evidentiary criteria framework, highlighted the importance of early patient engagement, and emphasized the potential impact of digital monitoring tools and precompetitive collaborations. Concerns were expressed about the lack of real‐life validation examples and the limitations of legacy standards used as a benchmark for novel tool development and validation. Participants recognized the need for novel analytical and statistical approaches to accommodate analyses of these novel data types. Future directions are to harmonize definitions to build common methodologies and foster multidisciplinary collaborations; to develop approaches toward integrating digital monitoring data with the totality of the data in clinical trials, and to continue an open dialog in the community. There was a consensus that all these efforts combined may create a paradigm shift of how clinical trials are planned, conducted, and results brought to regulatory reviews.


Implementations of incremental variational data assimilation require the iterative minimization of a series of linear least-squares cost functions. The accuracy and speed with which these linear minimization problems can be solved is determined by the condition number of the Hessian of the problem. In this study, we examine how different components of the assimilation system influence this condition number. Theoretical bounds on the condition number for a single parameter system are presented and used to predict how the condition number is affected by the observation distribution and accuracy and by the specified lengthscales in the background error covariance matrix. The theoretical results are verified in the Met Office variational data assimilation system, using both pseudo-observations and real data.


1 Executive summary Education reform is top of the agenda of almost every country in the world. Yet despite massive increases in spending (last year, the world's governments spent $2 trillion on education) and ambitious attempts at reform, the performance of many school systems has barely improved in decades. This is all the more surprising because there are wide variations in the quality of education. For instance, in international assessments, less than one percent of African and Middle Eastern children perform at or above the Singaporean average. Nor is this solely the result of the level of investment. Singapore, one of the world's top performers, spends lesson primary education than do 27 of the 30 countries in the OECD. 1 Changing what happens in the hearts and minds of millions of children – the main charge of any school system – is no simple task. That some do so successfully while others do not is indisputable. So why is it that some school systems consistently perform better and improve faster than others? There are many different ways to improve a school system, and the complexity of this task and the uncertainty about outcomes is rightly reflected in the international debate about how this should best be done. To find out why some schools succeed where others do not, we studied twenty-five of the world's school systems, including ten of the top performers. We examined what these high-performing school systems have in common and what tools they use to improve student outcomes. The experiences of these top school systems suggests that three things matter most: 1) getting the right people to become teachers, 2) developing them into effective instructors and, 3) ensuring that the system is able to deliver the best possible instruction for every child. These systems demonstrate that the best practices for achieving these three things work irrespective of the culture in which they are applied. They demonstrate that substantial improvement in outcomes is possible in a short period of time and that applying these best practices universally could have enormous impact in improving failing school systems, wherever they might be located. 2 Contents Foreword Preface Introduction: Inside the black box 1. " The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers " 2. " The only way to improve outcomes is to improve instruction " 3. " High performance requires every child to succeed …


Anatase TiO2 nanoribbons/nanotubes (TiO2-NRTs) have been synthesised successfully via a reflux method followed by drying in a vacuum oven, and then, silvercoated TiO2 NRTs (Ag/TiO2-NRTs) were prepared by coating silver particles onto the TiO2-NRTs surface by the traditional silver mirror reaction. The physical properties of the synthesised products were examined in detail using X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results indicated that the Ag nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the surface of the TiO2 nanoribbons/nanotubes. The electrochemical properties were investigated by a variety of techniques. The rate capability and cycle durability for the Ag/TiO2-NRTs were improved compared with TiO2-NRTs. It is speculated that the Ag-coated TiO2 nanoribbons/nanotubes are an effective anode candidate for lithium ion batteries.


Despite their importance, there has been little analysis and even less agreement about the effects of international remittances on the economies of labor-exporting countries. Do households with migrant workers "squander" the money earned abroad on newly desired consumer goods? Are remittances largely earned by the sons of already well-to-do households? Do remittances increase the degree of income inequality between richer and poorer rural households? In this report, the author examines these issues from the standpoint of a small area of rural Egypt. Adams uses income data from households with and without migrants to determine the effects of remittances on poverty, income distribution, and rural development. The study is based on a survey of 1,000 households conducted in 1 986/87 in three villages in Minya Governorate, a province about 250 kilometers south of Cairo. In a second round of the survey, 150 selected households were interviewed about their spending behavior. Although the research is based on rural Egypt, its findings are relevant for policymakers in other labor-exporting countries.


A recent judgment by a lower court in Germany brought the problem of ritual male circumcision to the consciousness of the wider public and legal academia. This essay weighs in on this emerging discussion and argues that ritual male circumcision is not covered by parental authority because it violates the human rights of the boy on whom it is imposed. It first considers and dismisses the best interest test of parental authority which, by focusing on the well-being of the child as opposed to his (future) autonomy, fails to take the boy's human rights sufficiently into account. Instead, the essay proposes what it terms the autonomy conception of parental authority, according to which parental authority must be exercised such as to ensure that the child will become an autonomous adult. While parents may raise their child in line with their ethical, including religious, convictions, respect for his autonomy requires that this be done in a way that allows the child to later distance himself from these values; this implies, among other things, that irreversible physical changes are impermissible. This conclusion holds even if it could be assumed that the child would later come to endorse his circumcision: a proper understanding of autonomy implies that the religious sacrifice of a body part can only be authorised by the person whose body it is. Thus, ritual male circumcision is outside the scope of parental authority because it usurps the child's right and responsibility to become the author of his own life.


Maize is an important crop for food, feed, forage, and fuel across tropical and temperate areas of the world. Diversity studies at genetic, molecular, and functional levels have revealed that, tropical maize germplasm, landraces, and wild relatives harbor a significantly wider range of genetic variation. Among all types of markers, SNP markers are increasingly the marker-of-choice for all genomics applications in maize breeding. Genetic mapping has been developed through conventional linkage mapping and more recently through linkage disequilibrium-based association analyses. Maize genome sequencing, initially focused on gene-rich regions, now aims for the availability of complete genome sequence. Conventional insertion mutation-based cloning has been complemented recently by EST- and map-based cloning. Transgenics and nutritional genomics are rapidly advancing fields targeting important agronomic traits including pest resistance and grain quality. Substantial advances have been made in methodologies for genomics-assisted breeding, enhancing progress in yield as well as abiotic and biotic stress resistances. Various genomic databases and informatics tools have been developed, among which MaizeGDB is the most developed and widely used by the maize research community. In the future, more emphasis should be given to the development of tools and strategic germplasm resources for more effective molecular breeding of tropical maize products.


Democratic politics involves a constant negotiation about the belonging and sovereignty of its polity. In Australia, this is particularly apparent in debates about asylum seekers arriving by boat. After a drastic shift in refugee policies in the 2001 Tampa affaire, refugee advocates challenged with various protests the status quo of refugee policies and inadvertently, dominant perceptions of political belonging and sovereignty. Crucially, I argue, certain forms of memory were employed in such protests to construct alternative models of democracy, with particular modes of belonging and sovereignty that were deemed more inclusive of refugees. I examine three distinct cases of political memories being used for refugee advocacy: the 'boat-people.org' campaign, the Tampa rallies in Melbourne and the SIEV X memorial in Canberra. I show how in each case certain forms of memory were evoked with particular implications for the idea of democratic belonging and sovereignty and with specific criteria under which refugees were to be accepted.


This short talk will introduce four challenges posed by neuroscience for our understanding of moral personhood and action. I begin with a well-known challenge: that of free will and voluntary action. I propose to frame the challenge not in terms of whether or not we have free will, but the kind of freedom we have. In philosophy, this often centers on debates between libertarian free will and compatibilist free will. There are already a significant number of neuroscientific studies providing evidence on this question. But there are two further questions that can be asked. First, what would it take to conclusively show that humans do (or do not) have free will? Second, if it turns out that we don't have free will, can neuroscience provide means to help us have free will? A second challenge, deeply tied to that of freedom, concerns moral responsibility. Increasingly, brain scans are being used in courts of law aiming to show whether or not a defendant can be held responsible for the crimes committed. Such usages are requiring scholars to consider how and when this new form of scientific evidence can be used, and what the evidence shows. The traditional view is that moral responsibility is connected to our ability to act freely. To what extent can brain scans show that I am incapable of acting freely? To what extent can brain scans show that I lack the ability to act responsibly? A third challenge: A long standing tradition in philosophical ethics places equal if not more emphasis on the role of character in decision-making. What matters is not simply that I make the right decision, but that the decision also flows out of a pattern of life, one lived according to virtue. According to Aristotle, virtues are developed through habitual action and by example. If this is so, then there is good reason to think that there is a real sense that virtues are encoded in the brain. Thus, we can ask, to what extent can there be a science of virtue? Can neuroscience tell us the difference between the courageous person and the coward? If so, what role can and should neuroscience play in helping us turn the coward into the courageous, the selfish into the generous? This leads to the final challenge: Should we socially implement neurotechnologies and, if so, how should we implement them? One form of implementation, that of neuroceuticals, exists already. Many American college students take Ritalin in an effort to improve performance on exams. Neuroscientific interventions can be used for individual level therapy and enhancement. But they can also be used for broader social purposes. If a soldier's PTSD can be reduced with a pill, or if individuals who are socially deviant can be treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation, to what extent is this a good thing, and what are the lines that we ought not to cross?


Abstract. The research is an analysis of the recording, reconstruction and visualisation of the 3D data of a XVIII century watermill, identified in an emergency archaeological excavation during the construction of the mini-hydroelectric plant on the bank of the Adda river in the municipality of Pizzighettone (Cremona, Lombardy, Italy). The work examines the use and the potentials of modern digital 3D modelling techniques applied to archaeological heritage aimed to increase the research, maintenance and presentation with interactive products. The use of three-dimensional models managed through AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality) technologies with mobile devices gives several opportunities in the field of study and communication. It also improves on-site exploration of the landscape, enhancing the "minor" archaeological sites, daily subjected to numerous emergency works and facilitating the understanding of heritage sites.


【Stroke is a leading cause of chronic physical disability. The recent randomized controlled trials have that motor function of chronic stroke survivors could be improved through physical or pharmacologic intervention in the stroke rehabilitation setting. In addition, several functional neuroimaging techniques have recently developed, it is available to study the functional topography of sensorimotor area of the brain. However, the mechanisms involved in motor recovery after stroke, are still poorly understood. Four motor recovery mechanisms have been suggested, such as reorganization into areas adjacent to the injured primary motor cortex (M1), unmasking of the motor pathway from the unaffected motor cortex to the affected hand, attribution of secondary motor areas, and recovery of the damaged contralateral corticospinal tract. Understanding the motor recovery mechanisms would provide neurorehabilitation specialists with more information to allow for precise prognosis and therapeutic strategies based on the scientific evidence; this may help promote recovery of motor function. This review introduces several methodologies for neuroimaging techniques and discusses theoretical issues that impact interpretation of functional imaging studies of motor recovery after stroke. Perspectives, for future research are presented.】


Preface SECTION I: TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN FINANCIAL SERVICES The "Must-Have" Guide to Total Quality for the Financial Service Manager, Jessica Keyes Distributed Integration: An Alternative to Data Warehousing, Dan Adler Windows Distributed interNet Architecture for Financial Services, Dave Yewman Evaluation of Financial Analysis and Application Prototyping Environments, Charles Bassignani Customer Profiling for Financial Services, Monte F. Hancock and Rhonda R. Delmater Business Rule Systems, Henry Seiler Customer Data Quality: The Foundation for a One-to-One Customer Relationship, Art Petty A History of Knowledge-Based Systems in Financial Services, Jessica Keyes The Unfolding of Wireless Technology in the Financial Services Industry, Michael A. McNeal Personal Financial Appliances, Greg Crandell and David Williams Putting Inbound Fax Automation to Work in the Financial Organization, Jerry Rackley Extranets for Financial Services, Evan Kaplan Designing a High-Performance, High-Availability Network Infrastructure, Chris Marino Applications of GIS Technology in Financial Services, Donald F. Cooke Designing and Implementing a Virus Prevention Policy in Financial Services Organizations: Key Issues and Critical Needs, Pat Bitton Voice Over ATM, Gary Mangus Toward a More Perfect Union: The European Monetary Conversion and Its Impact on Information Technology, Information Technology Association of America Systems that Build Themselves: Anatomy of a Development Before the Fact Software Engineering Methodology, Margaret Hamilton Multimedia-Based Training (MBT) for Financial Services, Barbara Sealund and Tim Brock Law (or the Lack of It) on the Web: A Primer for Financial Services Technology Managers, Frederic M. Wilf Using Net-Based Interactive Technology for Online Marketing, Sales and Support of Financial Services Firms, Steven Semelsberger Internet Security Analysis Report: An Executive Overview, Mary Rose Multicast Applications and Technology for the Financial Services Industry, C. Kenneth Miller An Introduction to the Internet for Financial Services Developers, Jessica Keyes Introduction to e-Commerce, David Peterson Transactional Application Servers: Providing the Scalability for Global Electronic Business, Michael McCaffery Enterprise Application Integration in Financial Services, Ely Eshel Spreadsheets as Containers of Malicious Payloads, Ron Moritz Growth Optimal Asset Allocation Strategies with Downside Protection, Jivendra Kale Quadratic Programming for Large-Scale Portfolio Optimization, Michael J. Best and Jivendra Kale Risk Management Meets Customer Relationship Management: Closing the Data Mining Loop with DCOM and Visual Basic, Eric Apps and Ken Ono Java-Based Application Servers for the Financial Sector, Anura Guruge SECTION II: BANKING TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY Grab a Ringside Seat for the Best of Banking Technology, Mark Hill Banking Technology in Emerging Markets, Bernard Lunn Going Global: Systems Issues for Servicing a Global Business, Stephen Bloomer A Brief Case History in Internet Banking, Myers Dupuy How "Internet Bill Presentment" Changes the Deployment Strategy of Homebanking and Online Payment, Richard K. Crone The Self-Service Revolution: Harnessing the Power of Kiosks and ATMs, Aravinda Korala and Philip Basham Checking It Twice: Check Imaging System Offers Greater Flexibility and Efficiency, David Ooley Internet Banking: Leveling the Playing Field for Community Banks, Kim Humphreys Straight Talk on SET: Challenges and Opportunities from a Business Perspective, Chris Hamilton Retail Delivery: A Common Strategy Amidst an Uncommon World, Kenneth E. Russell Growing Your Virtual Branch: Strategies for Successful Internet Banking, Jackie Cuevas Selecting and Implementing a Treasury Workstation: The Amway Experience, Kimberly Bethke SECTION III: SECURITIES TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY The Future of the Securities Industry: Convergence of Trust and Brokerage, John Buckner A Portfolio Management System for the 21st Century, Tim Scatliff Logging Monitoring in the Financial Services Industry, Knox Henderson Straight Through Processing, Jim Douthitt Designing and Evaluating Investment Performance Systems, Timothy Peterson Building an Internet Strategy for Full-Service Brokers, Jeanne Chinchar Middleware Standards in Capital Markets, Gabriel Bousbib The Broker Desktop: The Future of Trading Has Arrived, John McLeod SECTION IV: INSURANCE TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY Outsourcing Business Communications in the Insurance Industry, Kim Herren New Business Model for Insurance Industry Demands New Automation Model, Don Chase The Internet and Evolving Technology: Changing How Insurance Companies Service and Operate, Richard H. DuBois Produce Management Systems - The Need for Automation and Integration, Scott L. Price Understanding and Implementing Business Intelligence Solutions in the Insurance Industry, Thomas Chesbrough SECTION V: APPENDIX Selected Product Briefs About the Editor Index


The large scale of current and next-generation massively parallel processing (MPP) systems presents significant challenges related to fault tolerance. For applications that perform periodic checkpointing, the choice of the checkpoint interval, the period between checkpoints, can have a significant impact on the execution time of the application and the number of checkpoint I/O operations performed by the application. These two metrics determine the frequency of checkpoint I/O operations performed by the application, and thereby, the contribution of the checkpoint operations to the I/O bandwidth demand made by the application. In a computing environment where there are concurrent applications competing for access to the network and storage resources, the I/O demand of each application is a crucial factor in determining the throughput of the system. Thus, in order to achieve a good overall system throughput, it is important for the application programmer to choose a checkpoint interval that balances the two opposing metrics the number of checkpoint I/O operations and the application execution time. Finding the optimal checkpoint interval that minimizes the wall clock execution time, has been a subject of research over the last decade. In this paper, we present a simple, elegant, and accurate analytical model of a complementary performance metric the aggregate number of checkpoint I/O operations. We model this and present the optimal checkpoint interval that minimizes the total number of checkpoint I/O operations. We present extensive simulation studies that validate our analytical model. Insights provided by this model, combined with existing models for wall clock execution time, facilitate application programmers in making a well informed choice of checkpoint interval leading to an appropriate trade off between execution time and number of checkpoint I/O operations. We illustrate the existence of such propitious checkpoint intervals using parameters of four MPP systems, SNL's Red Storm, ORNL's Jaguar, LLNL's Blue Gene/L (BG/L), and a theoretical Petaflop system. The University of Texas at El Paso Center for Exceptional Computing


An investigation into the name of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) reveals that it is a reformed church in the Dutch tradition with the cultural side of it's origin in the Netherlands. The acceptance of this name indicates that the DRC should never stop an internal, ongoing process of reformation. The fact that the DRC officially took the name is owned to it's General Synod to which decisions over this kind of thing, is given. The name "Dutch Reformed" was thus accepted in 1962. Both the terms "reformed" and "Dutch" in connection with the DRC, has a history to which the present DRC still adds meaning.


A novel fluorinated phosphorus doped silicon oxide based nanocrystalline material have been used to prepare heterojunction solar cells on flat p-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) Czochralski (CZ) wafers. The n-type nc-SiO:F:H material were deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Deposited films were characterized in detail by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optoelectronics properties have been studied using temperature dependent conductivity measurement, Ellipsometry, UV–vis spectrum analysis etc. It is observed that the cell fabricated with fluorinated silicon oxide emitter showing higher initial efficiency (η = 15.64%, Jsc = 32.10 mA/cm2, Voc = 0.630 V, FF = 0.77) for 1 cm2 cell area compare to conventional n-a-Si:H emitter (14.73%) on flat c-Si wafer. These results indicate that n type nc-SiO:F:H material is a promising candidate for heterojunction solar cell on p-type crystalline wafers. The high Jsc value is associated with excellent quantum efficiencies at short wavelengths (<500 nm).


Many research projects require accurate delineation of the different land cover type of the agricultural area. Especially it is critically important for the definition of specific plants like cannabis. However, the complexity of vegetation stands structure, abundant vegetation species, and the smooth transition between different seconder section stages make vegetation classification difficult when using traditional approaches such as the maximum likelihood classifier. Most of the time, classification distinguishes only between trees/annual or grain. It has been difficult to accurately determine the cannabis mixed with other plants. In this paper, a mixed distribution models approach is applied to classify pure and mix cannabis parcels using Worldview-2 imagery in the Lakes region of Turkey. Five different land use types (i.e. sunflower, maize, bare soil, and cannabis) were identified in the image. A constrained Gaussian mixture discriminant analysis (GMDA) was used to unmix the image. In the study, 255 reflectance ratios derived from spectral signatures of seven bands (Blue-Green-Yellow-Red-Rededge-NIR1-NIR2) were randomly arranged as 80% for training and 20% for test data. Gaussian mixed distribution model approach is proved to be an effective and convenient way to combine very high spatial resolution imagery for distinguishing cannabis vegetation. Based on the overall accuracies of the classification, the Gaussian mixed distribution model was found to be very successful to achieve image classification tasks. This approach is sensitive to capture the illegal cannabis planting areas in the large plain. This approach can also be used for monitoring and determination with spectral reflections in illegal cannabis planting areas. Keywords—Gaussian mixture discriminant analysis, spectral mixture model, World View-2, land parcels.


The purpose of this paper is to give to public institution Web designers a better understanding of the citizens' objectives when accessing a Web page. Understanding citizen online goals is critical because it gets to the heart of what the public institution website should or could "do." Approach: The challenge for e-marketers is that for most agencies/institutions, there are likely to be multiple goals that represent the "reason why" citizens could come to the website. For example, a national theatre website might be very effective for people who have already been there, they know effectively what place is the best, who are the actors, etc.Research limitations: The nature of a public institution activity almost dictates the different types of goals that consumers have when visiting the site. It is clear that a citizen has a different goal when accessing a theatre Web page or when he's accessing a municipality Web page. This is the biggest impediment for drawing a good conceptual model for a public institution Web page.Practical implications: There are likely to be many other goals that could lead people to visit the site, like receiving customer service or leaving a remark. Value: Since citizen online goals represent the starting point for Web design efforts (for public institutions), this article has attempted to highlight the nature and types of goals that e-marketers might consider when planning what their website should do in order to create online citizen values.Findings: The goal a site visitor has when arriving at a website tends to be very action oriented. If the visitor has never visited the site before, the goal may simply be to evaluate the website and figure out what the site is and if it will help him. On the other hand, if the visitor has reached the site as the result of a directed search or is a repeat visitor, the user goal is likely to be specific and functional. If important citizen goals are not supported by the website, the public institution is at risk of losing a significant amount time in dealing with citizens at its offices. As a result, and because the public institution feels that it should have an online presence, many websites are created to offer little more than online reproductions of its services.


The standard Beckerian analysis of marriage market equilibrium assumes that allocation within marriage implements agreements made in the marriage market. This paper investigates marriage market equilibrium when allocation within marriage is determined by bargaining in marriage and compares that model with the standard model. When bargaining in marriage determines allocation within marriage, the marriage market is the first stage of a two-stage game. The second stage, bargaining in marriage, determines allocation within each marriage. This analysis is consistent with any bargaining model with a unique equilibrium as well as with Becker's "altruist model," the model that underlies the Rotten Kid Theorem. Marriage-market participants are assumed to rank prospective spouses on the basis of the allocations they foresee emerging from bargaining in marriage. The first stage game, the marriage market, determines both who marries and, among those who marry, who marries whom (assortative marriage). When bargaining in marriage determines allocation within marriage, the appropriate framework for analyzing marriage market equilibrium is the Gale-Shapley matching model, not the Koopmans-Beckmann assignment model. These models have different implications for who marries, for who marries whom, and for the Pareto efficiency of marriage market equilibrium.


Despite a decreasing incidence in the United States, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a major clinical problem, with approximately 30,000 new cases each year. The diagnosis of SCLC is usually not difficult. The Veterans Administration Lung Study Group (VALSG) staging system is less accurate than the American Joint Committee of Cancer tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system (7th edition) at predicting survival in SCLC, especially in lower stage disease. Surgery has not played a major part in the management of SCLC, but emerging data suggest that resection may have a role in earlier stage disease. While the frontline treatment of SCLC has not changed significantly in the past decade, newer agents that are currently being investigated provide hope for better treatment of relapsed/refractory disease for the future.


This article analyzes the impact on transatlantic relations of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, focusing on the discrepancy between U.S. and British views of Middle Eastern security before and during the conflict. Despite the institutional factors shaping the U.S.-British special relationship and the much greater power of the United States compared to Britain, British policy during the 1973 war was sharply at odds with U.S. policy. This article shows that British policy toward the Middle East was shaped not only by economic concerns (namely the importance of Arab oil to the UK economy) but also by the strategic requirement to undermine Soviet influence in the region and strengthen ties between the Western powers and the Arab states.


Long a hotbed of discontent over federal public land management, Utah rekindled the smoldering "sagebrush rebellion" in 2012 when it passed legislation demanding that the federal government turn millions of acres of public land over to the state. Backed by a multi-million-dollar litigation budget, Utah's efforts became a model for bills that sprang up in Congress and across the West. While unlikely to succeed in the courts, the transfer movement taps into a long history of antagonism over public land management. This discontent, when combined with the threat of litigation, could drive federal legislation devolving the public domain to the states — and that could forever reshape our nation. Alarmingly, disgruntled individuals are also seizing on Utah's legal theories to justify wresting public lands from the federal government, too often in violent ways. This article explores the land transfer movement, putting current demands into historical context, critiquing the legal and policy arguments favoring compulsory public land disposal, summarizing the unintended consequences that would flow from public land transfers, identifying the frustrations driving transfer efforts, and offering constructive alternatives to transfer that address the underlying frustrations.


Blackmail, the crime consisting in a threat to perform a legally permissible action which can potentially harm the victim unless the victim gives the blackmailer some sort of consideration, has attracted lots of attention from law professors and philosophers. Other threats to engage in legally permissible acts, such as commercial threats, do not stir as much controversy up. In fact, commercial threats are believed to merely be instances of "hard bargaining." This paper will question this classification and will attempt to show that there is at least one category of commercial threats, particularly those which can arise within a long-term lopsided commercial relationship, i.e. distressed lending, that are in no meaningful way different from the ones that have warranted support for blackmail criminalization. As a result, this paper suggests that analogical solutions should be prescribed in both cases as a way to maintain coherence within the legal system.


Community-level vegetation type differentiation is regarded as an important application of remote sensing in monitoring the health of semiarid environments and yet it has proved difficult to discriminate more than two or three community types with confidence when using coarse spatial resolution data from off-nadir scanning sensors such as the AVHRR, even when multi-temporal datasets are used. Attempts to relate vegetation phenology to community type using AVHRR data have produced mixed results and large classification errors have been attributed to subpixel scale topographic and soil background variations, lack of in-flight calibration, inaccurate reflectance retrieval and poor registration. While these are important factors, anisotropy in surface reflectance as a result of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) also causes severe perturbations in the signal and yet this is rarely accounted for adequately. Recent years have seen a wider acknowledgement of this fundamental aspect of optical remote sensing, although it is usually approached as a problem. The extent of the improvement in community type differentiation may be considerable when a BRDF model is used to separate isotropic and anisotropic components. This potential is tested using data from the AVHRR over semi-arid regions.


Pre-seismic gravity anomalies from records obtained at a 1 Hz sampling rate from superconducting gravimeters (SG) around East Asia are analyzed. A comparison of gravity anomalies to the source parameters of associated earthquakes shows that the detection of pre-seismic gravity anomalies is constrained by several mechanical conditions of the seismic fault plane. The constraints of the far-field pre-seismic gravity amplitude perturbation were examined and the critical spatial relationship between the SG station and the epicenter precursory signal for detection was determined. The results show that: (1) the pre-seismic amplitude perturbation of gravity is inversely proportional to distance; (2) the transfer path from the epicenter to the SG station that crosses a tectonic boundary has a relatively low pre-seismic gravity anomaly amplitude; (3) the pre-seismic gravity perturbation amplitude is also affected by the attitude between the location of an SG station and the strike of the ruptured fault plane. The removal of typhoon effects and the selection of SG stations within a certain intersection angle to the strike of the fault plane are essential for obtaining reliable pre-seismic gravity anomaly results.


The human organic anion transporter hOAT1 (SLC22A6) contributes to the uptake of a range of small organic anions across the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubule and drives their urinary elimination. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants of hOAT1 and to investigate potential effects on the functional properties of this transporter. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hOAT1 were identified in genomic DNA from 92 individuals of African, Asian, and Caucasian origin. Two SNPs encoded changes in amino acid sequence; arginine to histidine (residue 50) and lysine to isoleucine (residue 525). Significantly, these SNPs were only present in the samples of African origin. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, wild-type R50-hOAT1 and the variants R50H-hOAT1 and K525I-hOAT1 all mediated the probenecid-sensitive uptake of the classic organic anion para-aminohippurate (PAH). Kinetic analysis indicated that the transport affinity (Km) for PAH was unchanged in the variants, compared with wild type. Interestingly, the Km for the nucleoside phosphonate analogs adefovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir seemed to be decreased in the R50H-hOAT1 variant compared with the wild type, whereas the kinetics of K525I-hOAT1 remained unchanged. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify variation of hOAT1 in a racially diverse sample and to investigate the functional properties of the resulting variants. Since hOAT1 has been suggested as the basis of nephrotoxicity induced by nucleoside phosphonate analogs, this study raises the intriguing possibility that individuals with genetic variation in hOAT1, such as R50H, may display different handling of these drugs.


Dear Editors: You, like the editors who came before you, have staked a place in an invigorating and challenging conversation about the transformative potential of feminist approaches to social justice. (1) As you envision and edit your journal, fundamental questions about the purpose of feminist scholarship and the value of retaining an autonomous space for feminist jurisprudence loom large. Not surprisingly, The Bluebook will provide little guidance on these topics. Instead, consistent with the feminist enterprise, (2) you will need to search out sources, both within and outside of the law school library, to spark your critical thinking. Ideally these will ensure that, through the daily editorial grind, you keep in mind multiple perspectives regarding the journal's overarching mission. More specifically, you will likely find yourself asking what you are doing, why you are doing it, and what you might accomplish. With these questions in mind, this essay offers a framework for thinking about the project of a feminist law journal. (3) The framework builds on two central beliefs about our journals. First, feminist law journals have a self-consciously normative and transformative purpose. That is, feminist law journals deliberately set out, at a minimum, to advance views that will challenge sex and gender stereotyping and other barriers to women's equality. (4) Second, this overt commitment to a vision of social change distinguishes feminist law journals from many others (5) and has important effects on the journals' styles and contents. To build on the observation of Emma Coleman Jordan, feminist law journals play an insubordinate role in response to the subordinating effects of legal academia. (6) My argument is that this role, in turn, plays a part in shaping the journals themselves. Specifically, the journals' commitment to feminist visions of social justice affects who is writing for the journals, how we are writing, and what we are writing about. The essay will look at each of these in turn. First, consider how the transformative, feminist aim affects who the journals consider to be among their body of potential authors. An admittedly unscientific survey of journal mission statements suggests that although feminist journals characterize their goals in somewhat different ways, almost all dedicate themselves to creating a forum in which practicing lawyers and others whose lives or work are affected by the law can advance their perspectives alongside legal scholars, judges, and law students. (7) This overt embrace of non-academics differs substantially from the strong preference of most other journals for the scholarly work of law professors and, to a limited extent, judges and law students over the work of lawyers in practice. (8) Second, we need to consider the ways in which the feminist commitment to ending subordination based on sex (and often other characteristics, such as gender identity, race, ethnicity, class, physical ability, and sexual orientation) (9) affects how writers speak in feminist law journals both in terms of their language use and their writing styles and formats. With respect to terminology, the journals have provided a leading model for the use of non-sexist language. Although many different types of journals now have style manuals that prefer non-sexist language, the earliest volumes of feminist law journals had the opportunity to play a critical role in influencing others' language use. In remarks on the creation of the Wisconsin Women's Law Journal in 1985, Justice Shirley Abrahamson of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, now Chief Justice, reinforced the potential for this type of contribution. She observed that the journal had "a valuable opportunity to accustom its readers to language that is gender-free and to use words that reflect the realities of society today and reinforce the aspirations of tomorrow." (10) For example, she wrote, the journal could "call homemakers unsalaried, not unemployed. …