Major depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder, affecting about 350 million people, and around 30% of the patients are resistant to currently available antidepressant medications. Recent evidence from a randomized placebo-controlled trial supports the rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of ayahuasca on plasma cortisol and awakening salivary cortisol response, in the same group of treatment-resistant patients and in healthy volunteers. Subjects received a single dose of ayahuasca or placebo, and both plasma and awakening salivary cortisol response were measured at baseline (before dosing) and 48h after the dosing session. Baseline assessment (D0) showed blunted awakening salivary cortisol response and hypocortisolemia in patients (DM), both with respect to healthy controls group (C). Salivary cortisol also was measured during dosing session and we observed a large increased for both C and DM that ingested ayahuasca, than placebo groups. After 48h of the dosing session (D2) with ayahuasca, awakening salivary cortisol response (for both sexes) of treated patients became similar to levels detected in controls. This was not observed in patients that ingested placebo. No changes in plasma cortisol were observed after 48 hours of ayahuasca or placebo ingestion for both groups and sexes. Therefore, these findings point to new evidence of modulation of ayahuasca on salivary cortisol levels, as cortisol acts in regulation of distinct physiological pathways, emotional and cognitive processes related to etiology of depression, this modulation could be an important part of the antidepressant effects observed with ayahuasca. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of psychedelics in the treatment of human mental disorders.


For signal transduction to occur with rapid temporal resolution (on the order of milliseconds), there must be mechanisms for rapid signal termination (see news and views by Montell). Cook et al. studied phototransduction in Drosophila as one example where the response to the input signal (light intensity and light duration) must be tightly controlled to allow proper temporal and intensity resolution. Phototransduction in Drosophila occurs via activation of a G protein-coupled receptor that activates Gq; that, in turn, stimulates phospholipase C (PLC). The rate-limiting step in signal termination is the rate of GTPase activity of the activated Gq. The authors found that the rate of signal termination and the ability to resolve light of varying intensities were dependent on the concentration of PLC and not on the interaction of PLC with a scaffold protein. PLC acted not only to propagate the light-generated signal, but also to terminate the signal by stimulating the GTPase activity of Gq. These data provide in vivo confirmation of results found in vitro with mammalian PLC: PLC is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Montell, C. (2000) PLC fills a GAP in G-protein-coupled signalling. Nature Cell Biol. 2: E82-E83. [Online Journal] Cook, B., Bar-Yaacov, M., Ben-Ami, H.C., Goldstein, R.E., Paroush, Z., Selinger, Z., and Minke, B. Phospholipase C and termination of G-protein-mediated signalling in vivo. Nature Cell Biol. 2: 296-301. [Online Journal]


Abstract This study is devoted to the collection and robust analysis of 2008-2009 field data pertaining to airborne tritium transfer in potato and tomato plants subject to continuous releases. The study is a part of implementation and validation of tritium transfer model ported to Canadian LAnd Surface Scheme (CLASS), which has been recently extended towards plant phenomenology in Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM+CLASS v.2.7). The initial validation has been performed for ratios of organic to free-water tritium in plant tissues (OBT/HTO ratios) retrieved from the simple off-line tritium uptake and re-emission routine assessed against historical OBT/HTO ratio datasets. The observed underestimate of high OBT/HTO ratios in this simple model warrants deployment of CTEM+CLASS and makes it necessary to focus the next experimental validation effort at tritium re-emission phase. The concentration of HTO in the upper soil layer, in the different parts of vegetation and in the air has been assessed. The sampling was performed on weekly and hourly scales, in the latter case with emphasis on a night-time period. The process of uptake from atmosphere has been clarified using plants grown on the clean tarp-covered soil at Acid Rain Site of Chalk River Laboratories (CRL), which dumped the root uptake pathway. The processes of root uptake and re-emission from plant were clarified at the irrigated Perch Lake site of CRL. Auxiliary environmental drivers and site-specific data were collected according to format of inputs and parameterization of CTEM+CLASS.


ABSTRACT. Study of fish diet at Grande river downstream from Itutinga hydroelectric power plant, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The aquatic biota of the Parana river basin has been impacted by several dams. This study aimed characterize and compare seasonally the fish feeding of Grande river fish fauna, downstream from Itutinga Power Plant. In this river stretch it is expected the reduction of seasonal effects due to flow regulation. Data collection was conducted in January and July 2010 with gill nets and trawls. The fishes were fixed in formalin and preserved in alcohol for stomach contents analysis. The diet was characterized by Feeding Index (IA) and the guilds each species belongs was determined by the χ² test. The feeding of each species and the occurrence of food items were compared in periods of drought and rain using nMDS and SIMPER analysis. We analyzed 809 stomachs from 32 fish species categorized in piscivorous, herbivorous, ilyophagous/detritivorous, ilyophagous, algivorous, frugivorous, invertivorous and generalists guilds; the generalists had the highest species richness. The nMDS indicated lower diet diversification in July, when it was observed an increase of plant, invertebrate and sediment occurrences. However, differences in diet were lower than expected. This study expanded knowledge about fish feeding habits and local dam effects on species diet as a result of flow regulation.


Perhaps the most significant trend in international relations theory in the last two decades has been the emergence of approaches emphasizing social, cultural, and ideational factors into the foreground ofthe field. What various authors have termed the sociological, cultural, or constructivist "turn" in IR theory was a direct result ofthe discipline's need to address the causes and consequences ofthe end ofthe Cold War and collapse ofthe Soviet Union, events that had been largely unforeseen by IR theorists operating within the structural-materialist paradigm of neorealism that had dominated the discipline in earlier decades.' The emergence of constructivism as a body of theory offered an alternative to this previous orientation, one that promised to account for the significance of cultural and sociocognitive factors as they affected state foreign policies and the nature of the international system.While these were regarded as radically new perspectives on international politics in the post-Cold War era, however, this article will contend that these constructivist authors owe much to Robert E. Osgood, whose arguments about the history of US foreign policy decades earlier suggested many of the same conclusions.REALISM AND THE HI STORY OF US FOREIGN POLICY: ROBERT OSGOOD'S CRITIQUEMore than 50 years after its publication, Osgood's 1953 work Ideals and Selfinterest in America's Foreign Relations continues to be a seminal analysis of the evolution of US foreign policy in the first half of the 20th century. It was an attempt to chronicle what had clearly been a major evolution in American foreign relations since the late 1800s, to illustrate the sources of America's conduct in that period, and to prescribe a course for future policy based on the application of power in the pursuit of both moral and pragmatic ends.2Osgood suggested a pattern by which change had occurred in the first half of the 20th century in US foreign policy. He argued that paradigmatic understandings of the nation's proper role in the world come to hold sway for long periods, based on their ability to describe a coherent and believable view of the world more adequately than competing conceptions. As a result, American foreign policy had been marked by long periods of consensus, punctuated by periods of redefinition, which occur when established beliefs no longer seem effective in explaining and dealing with the international environment. Osgood argued that the 1920s and 1930s, for instance, were characterized by varying degrees of general reluctance on the part of Americans to play an active part in international security affairs. This was a result of the fact that a consensus was reached, among American leaders and the nation as a whole, that non-interventionism was the most appropriate role for the United States in the world, based on traditional ideals and revisionist arguments that the nation had been duped into fighting an old world power-political conflict in World War I. Osgood claimed that while US interests remained consistent throughout this process, they were properly perceived or ignored to greater or lesser degrees by the dominant consensus of each era.Osgood described American foreign policy in the early 20th century as dominated by the excessive idealism ofthe American people and most US leaders alike. Woodrow Wilson was his archetypal example. While Wilson's moralism allowed the nation to bring to bear its inchoate power in the First World War, it also created unrealizable expectations in the minds of Americans, and the inevitable result was disillusionment and ultimately a withdrawal to neo-isolationism in the war's aftermath. Osgood claimed that it was only through the "discipline of adversity" forced on the United States by World War II that a more mature understanding ofthe need for longterm, patient, and moderate involvement in an international system dominated by the exercise of national power took root firmly in the American psyche. …


As a demand from developing nanotechnology and quantum information technology based on mesoscopic material, quantum sensors with better spatial resolution and sensitivity are required. However, few material meets the requirements of nanoscale sensors including stability and small size. Single spin of Nitrogen-Vacancy(NV) centers in diamond crystal is one kind of the ideal quantum sensors for magnetometry that has been investigated in recent years. It provides a potential way to study the dynamics in a mesoscopic system with high sensitivity at room temperature. This thesis proposes a theoretical method to realize spin interaction detection based on NV centers on an atomic force-microscopy(AFM) tip. To realize this method, a robust control on NV centers and target electron spins at zero magnetic field is necessary. A pulse control technique for NV centers is proposed to realize transitions between two degenerate states at zero magnetic field, which is an important part of the sensing method. The key to realizing this transition is a circularly polarized microwave pulse generated by two parallel wires. Combined with optimal control techniques, this pulse can achieve a gate fidelity over 99.95% theoretically.


Programmable Communicating Thermostats are thermostats that can be programmed by the user to respond to signals indicating a grid-level system emergency or pricing event. The California Energy Commission is considering standards that would include a requirement for Programmable Communicating Thermostats in residential and small commercial applications. The current specification for Programmable Communicating Thermostats requires Radio Data System communications to Programmable Communicating Thermostats. This study tested the signal strength and reliability of Radio Data System signals at 40 customer sites within the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, which is serviced by 17 radio stations that already transmit Radio Data System signals. The study also tested the functionality of a commercially available Programmable Communicating Thermostat for compliance with California Energy Commission design standards. Test results demonstrated that Radio Data System is capable of reliably sending price and emergency signals. This study also provides evidence that existing Programmable Communicating Thermostats, on receiving a Radio Data System pricing or event signal, are capable of automatically increasing set points to a customer-determined or utility-determined level, thus providing air-conditioning demand response within seconds or just a few (less than 5) minutes.


BACKGROUND
In a rat model, ghrelin has been shown to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in cardiovascular disease and arthritis. It also inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The wide tissue distribution of ghrelin expression and the presence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in the lung suggest that ghrelin may be a potential signal modulator in the lung. However, whether ghrelin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of ghrelin in LPS-induced acute lung injury and its underlying mechanism.

MATERIAL/METHODS
We induced acute lung injury in rats via intratracheal instillation of LPS. We injected ghrelin and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) through the tail vein. Lung injury was assessed by histologic examination 6 hours after injury. Lung macrophages were isolated and incubated with LPS, L-NAME, and ghrelin. Concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nitric oxide (NO) in BAL fluid and culture supernatant and NO synthase (NOS) in cultured macrophage were detected by a spectrophotometry.

RESULTS
Ghrelin attenuated pulmonary inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury, decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased NO concentrations in BAL fluid. Ghrelin also suppressed LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased NOS activity in cultured macrophages and NO concentrations in culture supernatants. The anti-inflammatory effect of ghrelin was inhibited by L-NAME.

CONCLUSIONS
Ghrelin attenuates LPS-induced acute lung inflammation and suppresses LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in lung macrophages, which is partially mediated by increased NO production.


Some initial results on the disturbance properties of high order iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms are presented. Of particular interest is to investigate how high order ILC algorithms cope with measurement and load disturbances of different character. Some results are obtained by assuming statistical properties of the involved disturbances and deriving equations for the covariance matrix of the control error vector. The results are illustrated by analytic derivation of the covariance matrix for a second order ILC algorithm with a particular choice of design variables.


This paper deals with superposition modulation for a three-node system (two sources, one destination) in a cooperative ad hoc configuration. An information-theoretic achievable capacity region is given for both amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) superposition schemes, and it is shown that it is dependent on the frame length. To simplify the analysis of the superposition modulation, an approximation of the achievable capacity region is proposed. This approximation uses only two well-defined time slots with appropriate capacity constraints and efficiently approaches the true capacity region for large frame lengths. Another issue that is discussed in this paper is the definition of the optimal superposition weight factor. In contrast with previously reported studies, which were based on simulation results, a theoretical framework that provides the optimal weight factor is also investigated. The proposed algorithm uses simplified outage probabilities of the system model, and the result only depends on the required spectral efficiency. Analytical results and simulation studies show the gains of the proposed schemes.


Future impacts of ocean acidification on reproduction of exposed marine organisms with consequences at the population level still have to be properly analyzed and understood.
For fertilization, eggs of echinoderms are directly released into seawater where the acrosome reaction takes place. Therefore, gametes are directly exposed unprotected to the detrimental conditions of an acidified environment. There is evidence that internal pH levels of cells change within 15-30 min conditioned by the external pH to which the eggs are exposed. Internal pH of the eggs plays an important role in the metabolic functionality of the signaling pathways and enzymatic activations induced by the contact with the sperm. These processes prohibit polyspermy and initiate normal embryonic development.
We selected a species of sea urchin from the Arctic (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) to study the effect of sea water acidification on fertilization success. First results on fertilization experiments under various pH conditions (180 µatm, 380 µatm, 980 µatm, 1400 µatm and 3000 µatm) at natural temperatures and with two different approaches (with or without pre-incubation of the eggs) will be presented. Dramatic effects on fertilization success and embryonic development were identified under prognostic future pH conditions. We will discuss the vulnerability of the process of fertilization under past, present and future conditions.


The transcription regulators YAP and TAZ function as effectors of the HIPPO signaling cascade, critical for organismal development, cell growth, and cellular reprogramming, and YAP/TAZ is commonly misregulated in human cancers. The precise mechanism by which aberrant YAP/TAZ promotes tumor growth remains unclear. The HIPPO tumor suppressor pathway phosphorylates YAP and TAZ, resulting in cytosolic sequestration with subsequent degradation. Here, we report that the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is critically involved in the pathophysiology of endometrial cancer, interacts with the HIPPO pathway at multiple levels. Strikingly, coordinate knockdown of YAP and TAZ, mimicking activation of the HIPPO pathway, markedly decreased both constitutive and growth factor-induced PI3K pathway activation by decreasing levels of the GAB2 linker molecule in endometrial cancer lines. Furthermore, targeting YAP/TAZ decreased endometrial cancer tumor growth in vivo In addition, YAP and TAZ total and phosphoprotein levels correlated with clinical characteristics and outcomes in endometrial cancer. Thus, YAP and TAZ, which are inhibited by the HIPPO tumor suppressor pathway, modify PI3K/AKT pathway signaling in endometrial cancer. The cross-talk between these key pathways identifies potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1637-48. ©2017 AACR.


This Article offers the first comprehensive account of the marginalization of the African American Christian tradition in the movement of race and law scholarship known as critical race theory. While committed to grounding itself in the perspectives of communities of color, critical race theory has virtually ignored the significance of the fact that the civil rights movement came out of the Black church and that today more than eighty percent of African Americans self-identify as Christian. In practical terms, critical race theory's neglect of the Christian tradition has meant that arguments developed in race and law scholarship are sometimes incompatible with the deeply religious normative frameworks that many Black Americans bring to bear on issues of law and justice. As a result, there is a significant disconnect between race and law scholarship and the comprehensive normative commitments of the community whose concerns that scholarship seeks to address. By offering the first comprehensive account of this disconnect, this Article supplies an important foundation for scholars who wish to close the gap between race and law scholarship and the larger African American community.


The advantages of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) over dispersive infrared spectroscopy are outlined. The use of data processing with specific reference to difference spectroscopy is discussed in light of these advantages. Applications of FTIR to identification, quality control, and quantitative infrared analysis arc indicated. The use of difference spectroscopy to improve the quality of the spectra of the desired components is illustrated for a variety of chemical systems. The role of FTIR is thus illustrated in the analytical chemical laboratory.


Introduction: Lip prints are normal wrinkles and grooves running between the inner labial mucosa and the outer skin of lips. The probability of an offspring inheriting certain traits from parents could be easily appreciated and predicted if the inheritance pattern is established. Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the inheritance pattern lip prints among Nigerians. Methods: A total of 450 subjects comprising of 150 families (father, mother and a child) were conveniently sampled from across Rivers State. Oghenemavwe and Osaat digital fingerprint capture technique were adopted for this study. The lips (upper and lower) were then divided lip into four quadrants (URQ, ULQ, LRQ, LLQ) to independently access and observe the predominant lip print patterns in each quadrant using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification (Types; I, I', II, III, IV, and V). Using XLSTAT Statistical package (Addinsoft Version 2015.4.01.21575) Chi-square analysis was used to determine the association. P<0.05 (at 95% confidence level) was taken to be significant. Lip prints of the parents (as a single group) were tabulated and their possible combination outcome (by crosses) in their offspring was established using Excel sheet. Results: The total distribution of lip prints between parents and offspring showed [Type I (Parents 315, 26.3%; Offspring 133, 22.2%), Type I' (Parents 210, 17.5%; Offspring 105, 17.5%), Type II (Parents 290, 24.2%; Offspring 131, 21.8%), Type III (Parents 191, 15.9%; Offspring 131, 21.8%), Type IV (Parents 186, 15.5%; Offspring 87, 14.5%), Type V (Parents 8, 0.7%; Offspring 13, 2.2%) ] which had significant association (P = 0.002). Observation of the inheritance pattern of lip prints revealed almost impracticable predictability. Conclusion This study suggests that the inheritance pattern of lip prints were inconsistent with Mendelian fashion (dominant-recessive) rather, lip prints exhibit polygenic inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance (reduced penetrance).


The paper discusses some fundamental problems in monetary economics associated with the determination and role of the numeraire. The issues are introduced by formalising a proposal, attributed to Eisler, to remove the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates by unbundling the numeraire and medium of exchange/means of payment functions of money. The monetary authorities manage the exchange rate between the numeraire ('sterling') and the means of payment ('drachma'). The short nominal interest rate on sterling bonds can then be used to target stability for the sterling price level. The paper puts question marks behind two key bits of conventional wisdom in contemporary monetary economics. The first is the assumption that the monetary authorities define and determine the numeraire used in private transactions. The second is the proposition that price stability in terms of that numeraire is the appropriate objective of monetary policy. The paper also discusses the merits of the next step following the decoupling of the numeraire from the currency: doing away with currency altogether - the cashless economy. Because the unit of account plays such a central role in New-Keynesian models with nominal rigidities, monetary economics needs to devote more attention to numerairology - the study of the individual and collective choice processes that govern the adoption of a unit of account and its role in economic behaviour.


Previous research (Oberauer & Wilhelm, 2000) has shown an inherent directionality between the two terms linked in premises of typical deductive reasoning tasks. With three experiments we investigated the effect of inherent directionality on the time to integrate two premises and for the derivation of a conclusion. We varied figure (i.e., order of terms in the premises) and direction of inference (i.e., order of terms in the conclusion) in deduction tasks from various domains (propositional reasoning, syllogisms, spatial, temporal, and linear order reasoning). Effects of figure on premise reading times varied with the directionality of the relations. Effects of direction of inference reflected the same directionality for a subset of relations. We propose that two factors are jointly responsible for a large part of observed directionality effects in premise integration: the inherent directionality of relational statements and a general advantage for a given–new order of terms in the second premise. Difficulty of deriving a conclusion is affected by the directionality or relations if and only if the relation is semantically asymmetric, so that the directionality must be preserved in the integrated mental model.


It has been shown using simulated data that phase estimation of cross-track multibaseline synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometric data was most efficiently achieved through a maximum likelihood (ML) method. In this paper, we apply and assess the ML approach on real data, acquired with an experimental Ka-band multibaseline system. Compared to simulated data, dealing with real data implies that several calibration steps be carried out to ensure that the data fit the model. A processing chain was, therefore, designed, including steps responsible for compensating for imperfections observed in the data, such as beam elevation angle dependent phase errors or phase errors caused by imperfect motion compensation. The performance of the ML phase estimation was evaluated by comparing it to results based on a coarse-to-fine (C2F) algorithm, where information from the shorter baselines was used only to unwrap the phase from the longest available baseline. For this purpose, flat areas with high coherence and homogeneous texture were selected in the acquired data. The results show that with only four looks, the noise level was marginally better with the C2F approach and contained fewer outliers. However, with more looks, the ML method consistently delivered better results: noise variance with the C2F approach was slightly but steadily larger than the variance obtained with ML method.


Theory of mind, defined as attributing intentions, feelings, and thoughts to others, is a key capacity in building mental models of narratives. Shot scale, referring to the relative size of the figure on the screen, effectively regulates theory of mind relevant visual cues carried by faces. However, research into the effect of shot scale on theory of mind responses in a narrative is almost nonexistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which shot scale influences theory of mind responding in film viewers. Four short animated movies were annotated for average shot scale and presented in a within-subject design. Employing mixed-method data collection, participants were asked to retell the story of the films and fill in questionnaires on narrative experience. Skin conductance was also measured during exposure. Story descriptions were content analyzed for theory of mind responses. In a Poisson regression model, average shot scale predicted theory of mind response indicating that increasing spatial proximity to the character triggered higher occurrence of mental state references in participants' story descriptions. The findings elucidate how formal properties of character presentation affect an audience's mental models of a story.


We developed a bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) trees as an aesthetically pleasing, more cost-effective, and safer alternative to other snake excluder devices. We used a drawknife to carefully shave the bark around the circumference of 4 treatment trees in a l-m-wide band to eliminate any furrows or rough surfaces, without cutting into the cambium. Four control trees were not altered. We tested our method from April 1997 to August 1997 and found that shaved trees were nearly 100% effective in preventing rat snakes from climbing (n=40 climbing attempts), whereas control trees were successfully climbed (n=20 climbing attempts) on each attempt. One shaved barrier was crossed by one snake 14 weeks after the barrier was initially created. The bark had roughened from tree growth. After we reshaved the barrier, the snake was unable to cross the barrier again. Despite loss of effectiveness over time, the shaved barriers can provide red-cockaded woodpeckers a head-start in developing their own defenses against rat snake predation in a manner that is more natural in appearance than other snake-excluder devices.


The academic discourse on hedonism as a feature of travel motivation has largely focussed upon deviance and hedonistic egoism (Wickens, 2002; Currie, 1997 and Bellis and Hale, 2000) where hedonism is equated with overindulgence and moral decay (Veenhoven, 2003). Attention is given to the marketing implications for the supply of tourism and the societal impacts when problematic relations with the host community arise (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2007). The notion of ethical hedonism, however, which is less widely supported, takes a less critical view and views hedonism as natural and healthy (Veenhoven, 2003) whereby people have the right to pursue pleasure as a way of life without harming themselves or others (Onfray, 2007). Advocates of hedonism offer that pleasurable experiences lead to stress reduction and health preservation (Warburton, 1996). It is regarded that hedonic travel motives most occur within the youth market (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2007; Tutenges, 2012), however Goulding's research on lived nightlife experiences (2004) notes a rise in 'cognitively young thirty-something's' as an under-researched, hidden sector, where attitudes to leisure are changing, disposable incomes are high and the quest to maximise net pleasure is strong. Whilst the impact of cognitive age and travel experiences receives some attention in respect of seniors (Iyer et al, 2008; Sellick and Cleaver, 2004; Le Serre et al, 2013; Gonzalez et al, 2009), sparse attention is paid to the impact of cognitive age in the 30 – 40 years of age travel market.


Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have been popular among Chinese readers since they were introduced to China
 through translation a century ago. This paper studies the translation of Andersen's fairy tales in China by focusing on prominent
 Chinese translators of Andersen and their landmark translations. Regarding translation as a social activity, the author attempts
 to interpret the behaviour of the translator in terms of the historical context in which it occurred, as well as the corresponding
 ideology of literature. It is argued that the language styles and translating strategies adopted by the translators of different
 ages have varied according to the translator's understanding of the original works, his purpose of translating, the publishers'
 interests and the readers' expectations in the target culture, as well as the image of Andersen constructed in the socio-cultural
 context from which the translation emerged. Therefore, the translation practice, which has contributed to the canonization of
 Andersen in China, is a process of the translators' negotiations with the fluid Chinese poetics and ideology of the 20th
 century.


Significance The elderly in the United States report less pain than those in midlife—suggesting, perhaps, that once people move into old age, their morbidity will fall. Unfortunately, assessing pain by age at one point in time masks the fact that each successive birth cohort reports more pain at any given age than the cohorts that came before it. We cannot use the experience of the elderly today to project pain prevalence of the elderly tomorrow. Today's elderly have experienced less pain throughout their lives than those in midlife today, who will be tomorrow's elderly. If these patterns continue, pain prevalence will continue to increase for all adults; tomorrow's elderly will be sicker than today's elderly, with serious implications for healthcare. There is an expectation that, on average, pain will increase with age, through accumulated injury, physical wear and tear, and an increasing burden of disease. Consistent with that expectation, pain rises with age into old age in other wealthy countries. However, in America today, the elderly report less pain than those in midlife. This is the mystery of American pain. Using multiple datasets and definitions of pain, we show today's midlife Americans have had more pain throughout adulthood than did today's elderly. Disaggregating the cross-section of ages by year of birth and completion of a bachelor's degree, we find, for those with less education, that each successive birth cohort has a higher prevalence of pain at each age—a result not found for those with a bachelor's degree. Thus, the gap in pain between the more and less educated has widened in each successive birth cohort. The increase seen across birth cohorts cannot be explained by changes in occupation or levels of obesity for the less educated, but fits a more general pattern seen in the ongoing erosion of working-class life for those born after 1950. If these patterns continue, pain prevalence will continue to increase for all adults; importantly, tomorrow's elderly will be sicker than today's elderly, with potentially serious implications for healthcare.


Structural plans have been drawn up in the Netherlands for the various sectors of government administration. These long-term plans, by their very nature and extent, are only of a provisional character. Within this framework a master plan on how to meet future drinking and industrial water demands has been prepared by the National Institute for Water Supply.

Until recent years, various types of trend extrapolation were used for all forecasts of water demand. At this moment a Component Method of Forecasting is in practice. Recent research programs have resulted in detailed data on industrial, commercial, public and household water uses. Several factors which determine water use are discussed in this paper.


We report on an aggregative response of Dark-bellied Brent geese to increased productivity of the vegetation during the growing season on agricultural fields on the island of Schiermonnikoog, the Netherlands. Plant standing crop was found to be maintained at low levels in the fields where geese activity focussed, whereas the remainder of the fields escaped herbivore control and developed a high standing crop. This pattern can be explained by a decreased efficiency of grazing in vegetation with a high standing crop. In other words, the functional response of the geese is not monotonically increasing but dome-shaped. As a consequence, continuously grazed swards are more suitable for feeding than temporarily ungrazed swards. We present a model showing that, for a dome-shaped functional response, optimal foraging under increasing primary productivity leads to spatial heterogeneity in standing crop. Beyond a certain threshold value, a further increase in productivity leads to a progressive release of vegetation from herbivore control and to the development of a high standing crop. Interestingly, our model suggests that only in a stable and predictable environment the aggregative behaviour of herbivores is able to maintain the intake rate close to its potential maximum. Misjudgement of patch quality by the herbivore or any other process disrupting the match between local primary production and consumption leads to a less than optimal intake, as suitable vegetation becomes depleted. This has important implications for ecological inferences, such as the prediction of carrying capacities in herbivore-dominated ecosystems.


Behavioural research studies often include a data acquisition process, during which subjects are observed, and the displayed behaviours recorded, and a subsequent analysis process, during which the observed behaviours are analysed. In addition the data acquisition process could occur in real-time, or at a later stage, by referring to a recording of the original session. This dissertation addresses the latter approach through the use of computer based digital video technology. A windows based video analysis system, called VAS, that was developed to assist with the acquisition of observed behaviours from the video, and the analysis thereof is discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the implementation of VAS. Finally the directions for further research are identified, and discussed.


One of the most successful and internationally celebrated artists of the eighteenth century, Angelica Kauffman (1741-1807) established her reputation with sensitive portraits as well as ambitious history paintings. This major new study explores the artist's work and career by considering how Kauffman reconciled the public and presumed masculine pursuit of painting with her role as woman artist and arbiter of private taste. Author Angela Rosenthal analyses Kauffman's pictorial strategies and her significant contribution to portraiture as a field of representation, including detailed discussion of the artist's extraordinary series of self-portraits. Featuring a wealth of new information, this beautifully illustrated book demonstrates Kauffman's role in shaping European visual culture, shedding new light on the history of women artists and on art history as a critical discipline.


Although general literature and several frameworks suggest practices for IT Governance, there is still no consensus about which should be considered "best" or "essential". It seems reasonable to assume that recommendations of specific practices depend on factors such as the target industry, company profile, culture, and IT organization preferences. The literature on the subject for the electric utility industry seems particularly scanty. We have taken a first step in filling this gap by performing a literature review and then discussing our preliminary findings with top level IT executives from an electric utility in Europe and another in South America. We came up with a list of 83 practices that can be used to address distinct dimensions of IT Governance (leadership, structure, process, social, and relational mechanisms) and with a shorter list of 14 key practices classified into Essential, Important, and Good that are deemed the most relevant for electrical utilities.


Matt Warshaw knows more about surfing that any other person on the planet. After five years of research and writing, Warshaw has completed a totally unprecedented history of the sport and the culture it has spawned. With a voice that is definitive, funny, and wholly original, The History of Surfing delivers the ultimate book for surfers everywhere.


Titans or Behemoths: The Multilateral Development Banks, volume 5, by Roy Culpeper (Ottawa: North-South Institute, 1997, xx, 191pp).Risking Free Trade: The Politics of Trade in Britain, Canada, Mexico, and the United States by Michael Lusztig (Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996, x, 180pp).Who Elected the Bankers? Surveillance and Control in the World Economy by Louis W. Pauly (London and Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1997, XIV, 184pp, US$25.00).The New World Order in International Finance, edited by Geoffrey R.D. Underhill (New York: St Martin's, 1997, XVII, 331pp, US$49.95).The accelerated integration of the world economy and its impact on citizens, on the ability to govern, and on the present structure of international organizations have led to a plethora of studies in most social science disciplines. Historians point out that capital and trade reached similar levels of integration in the decades leading up to the first world war. However, the speed at which change is taking place today is unprecedented. Several issues have been explored in depth, including the impact of liberalized trade on wages and unemployment of blue collar workers in industrial countries; of freer trade and capital flows on the environment; of capital flows on the ability of states to conduct their own monetary, fiscal, and social policies. There are also analyses of or prescriptions for the national and international regulatory regimes, if any, that are necessary in the new global environment. Regrettably, and as always, there is little communication among scholars of various disciplines.The books under review here make important contributions to the growing literature and can be read with interest regardless of the disciplinary background of the reader. With some exceptions, annoying jargon is kept to a minimum. Three of the books deal with international lending and finance, but I will begin with the fourth.Lusztig's exploration of the question of why countries liberalize trade is not particularly interesting to a traditionally trained economist because the answer is obvious. Countries act in that manner because it is in their interest to do so. Most introductory economics textbooks devote a chapter to the benefits of free trade by explaining comparative advantage: if each country produces and exports those products which it produces relatively efficiently, the world and each country will be better off in the sense that the value of output and, therefore, total income (gross domestic product) will increase. However, most of them by-pass the problem of trade liberalization: the way it creates gainers and losers in each country and the unhappiness of workers in those industries which are losing their protection at the prospect of becoming unemployed or of being paid less. The main beneficiaries are consumers and resources employed in the export industries. While in theory the gainers compensate the losers, in reality this does not often happen. The losers are more likely to distrust and therefore attempt to block any move towards free trade. Democratic governments, which have to be re-elected, are sensitive to such pressures. Economists have begun to look seriously at these problems, most promisingly through a transaction cost approach focussing on impediments to the development of efficient markets.(f.1)Lusztig takes a political science approach, arguing that free trade may be achieved as a by-product of a pursuit of other objectives or a means to their realization. In a sense free trade may be one of the bargaining chips thrown in to achieve something else. He argues that existing theories ignore this possibility.In Lusztig's model, trade liberalization refers only to policies which remove direct import barriers affecting at least one-third of total trade volume - an arbitrary figure which he does not defend - and which constitute clear departures from past policies and are politically controversial. …


OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the perceptions of clinical preparedness among graduates of categorical pediatric and internal medicine residency programs versus medicine-pediatric training programs and whether these varied for recent or older graduates. METHODS. A mail survey study was conducted in the fall of 2004 of a random sample of 245 and 246 internal medicine physicians who applied for or took a general certifying examination between 1980 and 1997 (older graduates) and between 1998 and 2003 (recent graduates), respectively, and a random sample of 248 and 247 pediatricians who applied for or took a general certifying examination between 1980 and 1997 (older graduates) and between 1998 and 2003 (recent graduates). Analyses compared results from a recent, similar survey of medicine-pediatric physicians. RESULTS. Response rate for pediatricians was 78% and for internal medicine physicians was 64%. Categorically trained pediatricians were more likely than medicine-pediatrics–trained physicians to report that they were very well prepared to care for infants (65% vs 50%) but less likely well trained to care for adolescents (17% vs 45%). Categorically trained internal medicine residents were less likely to feel very well prepared to care for both adults and elders than their medicine-pediatrics–trained counterparts. CONCLUSIONS. Categorically trained pediatricians and internal medicine physicians believed that they were no better prepared to care for their patients than medicine-pediatrics–trained physicians. Regardless of their beliefs of their preparedness, medicine-pediatrics physicians in practice spend a significant majority of their time in the care of adults rather than children. Our findings indicate that this is not because of their perception of a lack of training or preparation in the care of children relative to categorically trained pediatricians. Other factors, including but not limited to patient demographic changes, reimbursement for care, and the job market, potentially play a significant role.


Abstract. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism for large-scale northward heat transport and thus plays an important role for global climate. Relatively warm water is transported northward in the upper layers of the North Atlantic Ocean and, after cooling at subpolar latitudes, sinks down and is transported back south in the deeper limb of the AMOC. The utility of in situ ocean bottom pressure (OBP) observations to infer AMOC changes at single latitudes has been characterized in the recent literature using output from ocean models. We extend the analysis and examine the utility of space-based observations of time-variable gravity and the inversion for ocean bottom pressure to monitor AMOC changes and variability between 20 and 60° N. Consistent with previous results, we find a strong correlation between the AMOC signal and OBP variations, mainly along the western slope of the Atlantic Basin. We then use synthetic OBP data – smoothed and filtered to resemble the resolution of the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity mission, but without errors – and reconstruct geostrophic AMOC transport. Due to the coarse resolution of GRACE-like OBP fields, we find that leakage of signal across the step slopes of the ocean basin is a significant challenge at certain latitudes. Transport signal rms is of a similar order of magnitude as error rms for the reconstructed time series. However, the interannual AMOC anomaly time series can be recovered from 20 years of monthly GRACE-like OBP fields with errors less than 1 sverdrup in many locations.


Understanding how painted works of art were constructed, layer-by-layer, requires a range of macroscopic and microscopic X-ray and infrared-based analytical methods. Deconstructing complex assemblies of paints horizontally across a picture and vertically through it provides insight into the detailed production process of the art work and on the painting techniques and styles of its maker. The unwanted chemical transformations that some paint pigments undergo are also detectable; these changes can alter the paint's optical properties. Understanding the chemistry behind such paint degradation gives conservators vital clues to counter these effects and is an invaluable asset in protecting these cultural artefacts for future generations.


This article gives an overview of the health behaviour survey of the adult population of the city of Pärnu, which was conducted in 2016. The results of the survey were used for compiling of the city health profile. The funder was the Pärnu city government. The authors focused on the links between the body mass index, diet and physical activity. The survey was carried out among the residents of the city of Pärnu aged 16–64 years. The questionnaire was filled by 506 respondents. Such a large survey had not been carried out in the city of Pärnu previously. In 2011 and 2014 two studies involving whole Estonia were conducted, in which the percentage of the respondents from Pärnu was too small to make further conclusions.
The study results revealed that 65% of respondents ranked their health good or very good, and that was an improvement compared to the previous survey made five years ago. Breakfast was important for respondents, and 86% of them had it every morning or on most days. 49% of respondents were of normal weight by body mass index and 47% were overweight or obese, and these numbers showed a 20% change for better health compared to the previous study. From April to September, 45% of respondents rode a bicycle to work. In their free time, 60% did it for at least 15 minutes per day. Women walked to the workplace more often than men. Men were more overweight and ate more white bread than women. Underweight respondents ate an average of one slice of white bread per day, while others consumed it twice less on average. There was a significant but small correlation between age and BMI (r=0.31), respondents with vocational education had the highest average BMI. Obese persons and respondents with poor physical fitness were less active than normal-weight persons.


Data collected from 2,197 white ovarian cancer patients and 8,893 white controls in 12 US case-control studies conducted in the period 1956-1986 were used to evaluate the relation of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer to reproductive and menstrual characteristics, exogenous estrogen use, and prior pelvic surgeries. Clear trends of decreasing risk were evident with increasing number of pregnancies (regardless of outcome) and increasing duration of breast feeding and oral contraceptive use. Ovarian dysfunction leading to both infertility and malignancy is an unlikely explanation for these trends for several reasons: 1) The trends were evident even among the highly parous; 2) risk among nulliparous women did not vary by marital status or gravidity; and 3) risk among ever-married women showed little relation to length of longest pregnancy attempt or history of clinically diagnosed infertility. Risk was increased among women who had used fertility drugs and among women with long total duration of premenopausal sexual activity without birth control; these associations were particularly strong among the nulligravid. No consistent trends in risk were seen with age at menarche, age at menopause, or duration of estrogen replacement therapy. A history of tubal ligation or of hysterectomy with ovarian conservation was associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk. These observations suggest that pregnancy, breast feeding, and oral contraceptive use induce biological changes that protect against ovarian malignancy, that, at most, a small fraction of the excess ovarian cancer risk among nulliparous women is due to infertility, and that any increased risk associated with infertility may be due to the use of fertility drugs.


Managing customers effectively is crucial for firm's long-term profitability. By understanding differences across customers, firms can tailor their activities towards those customers for whom the intervention will pay off, therefore increasing the value of customers while maximizing the return on the marketing efforts. Targeting effectively ultimately depends in the firm's ability to precisely estimate differences across customers—a very difficult task when firms attempt to manage recently-acquired customers for whom only the first purchase has been observed. We propose a model that allows marketers to form "first impressions" of customers right after having been acquired. We define a first impression as an inference (based on the observed behaviors at the moment of acquisition) that the firm makes about customer's traits that are relevant for the firm (e.g., whether the customer will purchase again, how s/he will respond to specific marketing actions).

The main aspect of the model is that it captures latent dimensions that impact both the variety of behaviors collected at acquisition as well as future propensities to buy and to respond to marketing actions. Using probabilistic machine learning, we combine deep exponential families with the demand model, relating behaviors observed in the first purchase with consequent customer behavior. We first demonstrate that such a model is flexible enough to capture a wide range of heterogeneity structures (both linear and non-linear), thus being applicable to a variety of behaviors and contexts. We also demonstrate the model's ability to handle large amounts of data while overcoming commonly faced challenges such as data redundancy, missing data, and the presence of irrelevant information. We then apply the model to data from a retail context and illustrate how the focal firm could form customers' first impressions by merely using its transactional database. We show that the focal firm would significantly improve the return on their marketing actions if it targeted just-acquired customers based on their first impressions.


The patterns of rainfall early in the rainy season vary substantially across northern Australia, even in sites with the same annual average. This has biophysical and economic implications in terms of land and infrastructure management, resource availability and capacity, and access. Daily patterns in long-term rainfall records in Australia north of 23°S subject to regular monsoonal rainfall were compared with threshold levels for dryland and wetland seed germination, initiation of the growing season, patterns of gaps between early storms and the heaviness of the first falls, correlations between thresholds, spatial variation in correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and temporal trends in mean threshold dates. The earliest rains sufficient to cause seed germination or generate fresh fodder occur in the north-west of the Northern Territory with the average date being later to the south, east and west. Initial falls of the rainy season are heaviest, however, on Cape York Peninsula so that the time between first falls and saturation is shortest in the east. The probability of extended gaps between rainfall events increased from north to south. When the SOI is taken into account, no change in timing could be detected at the few sites with records of sufficient duration. However, because of changes in SOI frequency, rains are tending to start earlier in the drier parts of the north and north-west and later in the east. This may be because anthropogenic climate change is resulting in fewer classical El Nino Southern Oscillation events and more frequent El Nino Modoki climate anomalies.


Aim: To explore the role and identify key responsibilities of the Tissue Viability Nurse
(TVN) in the UK. Methods: Mixed methodology using questionnaires distributed via
SurveyMonkey and semi-structured interviews. Results: 261 respondents completed
the online questionnaire and seven participated in semi-structured interviews. Of
the 261 respondents to the questionnaire, 63.7% were employed as TVNs. Almost all
respondents claimed to have access to a tissue viability service and the mean TVN
team size was 4.7. Some 81.9% of respondents stated they had a team vision, with 75.9%
stating that their service had set criteria for referrals. Analysis showed a statistical
significance (χ2
(1)=16.6; p<0.001) between TVNs' and non-TVNs' knowledge of the
referral criteria, with the latter being more aware. There was a variety of other titles
used for the role, with interviewees affirming this was poorly understood by patients.
Discussion: The results of this study identified that there is no national job title for
the TVN role. Data identified that patients do not fully understand the title 'Tissue
Viability Nurse'. The TVN role is complex and not just about the management of a
wound. However, what is also clear from the analysis of the data is that there are no
clear criteria, or educational level, for the role. Data also suggest that review of current
service provision, including partnership working with the multidisciplinary team
and industry, is required to develop national competencies, guidance and quality
assurance measures.


The aim of this study was to verify the ability of different adhesive materials to prevent microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations. Standard cavities were prepared in both buccal and lingual surfaces of 35 bovine incisors. The gingival wall was located in cementum/dentin and the occlusal wall in enamel. Teeth (n=35) were divided into 5 groups, according to material employed (one glass-ionomer cement, two resin cements, one adhesive system, and Copalex varnish as a control). Following restoration, the teeth were submitted to thermal cycling. The teeth were subsequently immersed in methylene blue dye and sectioned to allow assessment of microleakage. Non-parametric statistical analysis indicated that all materials demonstrated less leakage than the control group (p<0.01). No leakage was found using the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, which was significantly different from the other adhesive materials (p<0.05). Leakage in enamel was lower than in cementum/dentin margins. It was concluded that bonded amalgam was an effective technique, since all materials prevented microleakage in enamel and cementum/dentin, when compared to the control group, except Panavia in cementum/dentin margins.


Abstract. Light scattering by size-resolved aerosols in near-surface air at Tudor Hill, Bermuda, was measured between January and June 2009. Vertical distributions of aerosol backscattering and column-averaged aerosol optical properties were characterized in parallel with a micro-pulse lidar (MPL) and an automated sun–sky radiometer. Comparisons were made between extensive aerosol parameters in the column, such as the lidar-retrieved extinction at 400 m and the aerosol optical depth (AOD), and scattering was measured with a surface nephelometer. Comparisons were also made for intensive parameters such as the Angstrom exponent and calculations using AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)-derived aerosol physical parameters (size distribution, index of refraction) and Mie theory, and the ratio of submicron scattering to total scattering for size-segregated nephelometer measurements. In these comparisons the r2 was generally around 0.50. Data were also evaluated based on back trajectories. The correlation between surface scattering and lidar extinction was highest for flows when the surface scattering was dominated by smaller particles and the flow had a longer footprint over land then over the ocean. The correlation of AOD with surface scatter was similar for all flow regimes. There was also no clear dependence of the atmospheric lapse rate, as determined from a nearby radiosonde station, on flow regime. The Angstrom exponent for most flow regimes was 0.9–1.0, but for the case of air originating from North America, but with significant time over the ocean, the Angstrom exponent was 0.57 ± 0.18. The submicron fraction of aerosol near the surface (Rsub-surf) was significantly greater for the flows from land (0.66 ± 0.11) than for the flows which spent more time over the ocean (0.40 ± 0.05). When comparing Rsub-surf and the column-integrated submicron scattering fraction, Rsub-col, the correlation was similar, r2 = 0.50, but Rsub-surf was generally less than Rsub-col, indicating more large particles contributing to light scattering at the surface, contrary to conditions over continents and for polluted continental transport over the ocean. In general, though, the marginal correlations indicate that the column optical properties are weakly correlated with the surface optical measurements. Thus, if it is desired to associate aerosol chemical/physical properties with their optical properties, it is best to use optical and chemical/physical measurements with both collected at the surface or both collected in the column.


Currently, artificial insemination (AI) techniques using cryopreserved semen have been widely used to improve the genetic potential of livestock species. Semen at the Lembang AI Center usually collected by artificial vagina (AV) then the semen should be evaluated to get the good quality of spermatozoa for the freezing process. Several efforts are being made to improve the quality of frozen semen for AI so as to get the most out of this technology. But there are certain obstacles in this path to achieve breeding goals. The trend now is to design procedures or refine methodologies so as to maximize the production of good quality semen without discarding too many poor quality ejaculates. Therefore, to minimize the poor or discarded spermatozoa used in the cryopreservation process, this study might elaborate more about the influencing factors.


A Burkholderia pseudomallei mutant which was attenuated in a mouse model of melioidosis was identified by a signature tagged mutagenesis approach. The transposon was shown to be inserted into a gene within the capsular biosynthetic operon. Compared with the wild-type bacteria this mutant demonstrated a 10(5)-fold increase in the median lethal dose in a mouse model and it did not react with a monoclonal antibody against high mol. wt polysaccharide of B. pseudomallei. To determine the kinetics of infection, mice were dosed intraperitoneally (i.p.) and intravenously (i.v.) with mutant and wild-type bacteria. After i.p challenge, the number of mutant bacteria in the peritoneal cavity declined, whereas wild-type bacteria proliferated. When administered by the i.v. route, the mutant was able to cause disease but the time to death was increased compared with the wild type. Mice were dosed with the mutant and subsequently challenged with wild-type B. pseudomallei, but the mutant failed to induce a protective immune response.


The
goal of computational science is to develop models that predict phenomena
observed in nature. However, these models are often based on parameters that
are uncertain. In recent decades, main numerical methods for solving SPDEs have
been used such as, finite difference and finite element schemes [1]-[5]. Also,
some practical techniques like the method of lines for boundary value problems
have been applied to the linear stochastic partial differential equations, and
the outcomes of these approaches have been experimented numerically [7]. In
[8]-[10], the author discussed mean square convergent finite difference method
for solving some random partial differential equations. Random numerical
techniques for both ordinary and partial random differential equations are
treated in [4] [10]. As regards applications using explicit analytic solutions
or numerical methods, a few results may be found in [5] [6] [11]. This article
focuses on solving random heat equation by using Crank-Nicol- son technique
under mean square sense and it is organized as follows. In Section 2, the mean
square calculus preliminaries that will be required throughout the paper are
presented. In Section 3, the Crank-Nicolson scheme for solving the random heat
equation is presented. In Section 4, some case studies are showed. Short
conclusions are cleared in the end section.


This paper assesses the outcomes of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia, examining the costs and economic impacts of the event, the prospects for the long-term use of venues and infrastructure, and the attitudes of the global and the Russian population. Total costs were $55 billion, having increased 4.5 times from $12 billion at the time of the bid. Of this total, about $16 billion were sports-related costs. After accounting for inflation, this makes Sochi the second-most expensive Olympics ever in terms of sports-related costs and the most expensive Olympics in terms of cost per event. With a public share of 96.5 percent of funding, the Sochi Games had the highest proportion of public money for any Olympic Games on record. The benefit from this high cost, however, is limited. Extensive construction led to hotel overcapacities, investors defaulted on state-backed loans, and there is no coherent plan for the after use of venues and some of the largest infrastructure projects. As a consequence, the Sochi Olympics will continue to be a burden for the Russian state, with expenses for operation, maintenance, and foregone interest and tax revenue in the order of $1.2 billion per year. The event also did not manage to improve the image of Russia in the world. Among the domestic population, support dropped over the seven years of its implementation, most notably among the local population.


Exposure to the space environment has resulted in numerous alterations to homeostatic mechanisms within the human body. Immune suppression, musculoskeletal degradation, decreased cardiac output, and fluid redistribution have all been reported throughout short and long term space flight. The goal of this review is to discover if long term interstellar travel is biologically possible for humans. The relative influence of cosmic radiation, microgravity, and high velocity travel on homeostasis has not been previously established for interstellar space travel. Real-time space flight data and ground-based studies were compiled from other researchers. This data was analyzed with the goal of establishing the relationship between the aforementioned environmental pressures and the corresponding homeostatic consequences. Meta-analysis revealed that the predicted homeostatic consequences of interstellar space flight do not significantly inhibit the body's ability to function in the space environment. Although interstellar travel is mechanically restricted, it is biologically plausible provided proper defense mechanisms are applied. Further research must be directed towards eliminating mechanical restrictions including, but not limited to, propulsion mechanisms, circular sustainment systems, environmental protection, and interstellar communication.


This historic Russian aircraft was first delivered to the Soviet Air Force at the height of the Cold War in 1961. It remained in service until replaced by the much modified Tu-22M Backfire which was introduced in the early 1970s and still remains in service. It was the first Soviet supersonic bomber and was used for reconnaissance and bombing, in the latter role carrying either conventional or nuclear bombs. The early aircraft had a range of 1,800 miles but later models had a much increased radius of action through the introduction of in-flight refuelling. This book looks at the design and development of the aircraft up to the introduction of the type M Backfire. Details of construction, weapon systems, photo-reconnaissance and jamming equipment are included to cover the several variant models. Operational use is explained and the text includes many first-hand accounts from Russian aircrew of the period. The book will be superbly illustrated by unique official photographs and manuals.


Application of gait biomechanics are numerous and versatile. One of these applications is to study the shape and deformity of feet. Such studies aid in the establishment of standards for foot-wear manufacturers. Thus, this is a preliminary study to create a classification of Saudi population as a first step towards setting a Saudi standard for foot wear. In this study 2 groups; male and female; consisting of 50 each were used. Bare-foot plantar pressure measurements were performed 5 times for each foot using Novel Emed-m platform. Foot index and hallux angle were obtained from these measurements and used to classify the foot shape and deformity, respectively. Results show that the majority of the population tested herein has standard and normal feet; with standard average of 77% for female and 80 for male and normal average of 88% for both male and female.


Background Treatment with rituximab may cause reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Purpose To find out if HBV serology for patients with haematological diseases treated with rituximab is routinely performed in accordance with the HBV reactivation prophylaxis protocol. According to the results, to develop a strategy to ensure compliance with the protocol. Material and methods Observational, retrospective study of haematological patients who started treatment with rituximab between December 2012 and April 2014. The HBV reactivation prophylaxis protocol requires patients to be screened before starting treatment with rituximab and, depending on the serological results, the recommendations of the European Association for Study of the Liver and Asociación Española para Estudio del Hígado are to be followed. The following data were collected: date of initiation of treatment with rituximab, date and results of serology (HBsAg, anti-HBc, viral DNA). Results 96 patients were included. The protocol was not followed in 24 patients (25%). Non-compliance was due to no screening for HBV in 21 patients (22%). The remaining 3 patients (3%) were anti-HBc positive and in one of them the viral load was not determined. Furthermore, none of the 3 received the recommended prophylactic treatment required because they were anti-HBc positive. We therefore propose making the proper HBV screening and monitoring of all patients treated with rituximab an essential requisite prior to the pharmaceutical validation. This is to ensure that the serological profile of HBV is available and that preventive actions and treatments have been carried according to the serology results. Conclusion The risk of reactivation of HBV is due to: absence of HBV serology and absence of viral DNA levels and/or recommended prophylactic treatment according to the protocol. The proposed strategy to prevent HBV reactivation is to include serological profiling as a requirement for pharmaceutical validation of those patients treated with rituximab. Reference Hoofnagle JH. Reactivation of hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49:S156–65 No conflict of interest.


OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pain associated with syringomyelia in dogs is dependent upon size and involvement of the dorsal part of the spinal cord.

METHODS
Masked observers determined syrinx dimensions and precise location within the spinal cord on magnetic resonance images of 55 cavalier King Charles spaniels with syringomyelia. After removal of masking, syrinx size and location were compared between the cohorts of dogs that exhibited pain with those that did not.

RESULTS
Maximum syrinx width was the strongest predictor of pain, scratching behaviour and scoliosis in dogs with syringomyelia. Both pain and syrinx size were positively correlated with syrinxes located in the dorsal half of the spinal cord.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Large syrinxes associated with damage to the dorsal part of the spinal cord are associated with persistent pain suggesting that the pain behaviour expressed by this group of patients is likely to be "neuropathic pain," resulting from disordered neural processing in the damaged dorsal horn. As such it is likely that conventional analgesic medication may be ineffective.


Many environmental-policy problems are characterized by complexity and uncertainty. Government's choice concerning these policies commonly relies on information provided by a bureaucracy. Environmental bureaucrats often have a political motivation of their own, so they might be tempted to misreport environmental effects in order to influence policy. This transforms a problem of uncertainty into one of asymmetric information. We analyze the ensuing principal-agent relationship and derive the government's optimal contract, which conditions policy and rewards on reported environmental effects. We find that agents who are more environmentalist than the government are rewarded for admitting that the environmental impact is low (and vice versa). With higher uncertainty, the bureaucrat has a stronger influence on policy. For some values of the environmental impact, the bureau is permitted to set its own preferred policy (optimal delegation).


Branding is possibly the most powerful commercial and cultural force on the planet. Iconic names such as Coca-Cola, Nike, Manchester United, Harry Potter, and Google are known and recognized by millions of people worldwide. As the market economy spreads across the world, brands are becoming ever more prevalent. The Apple brand has been valued at $98 billion - more than the GDP of Slovakia. Every day, we're exposed to more than 3500 brand messages. And even though people are increasingly brand-aware and brand-sceptical, they are nevertheless seduced by brands. We may reject the whole brand system, but we still wouldn't be parted from our Apple Macs. Brands are impossible to escape. In this Very Short Introduction Robert Jones discusses the rising omnipresence of brands, and analyses how they work their magic. He considers the incredible potency of brands as a commercial, social, and cultural force, and looks at the many different kinds of brands that exist - from products, services, and artistic properties, to companies, charities, sports clubs, and political parties. Defining what we mean by the word 'brand', he explores both the positive and negative aspects of brands. Finally Jones considers the business of branding, and asks whether the idea of brands and branding is starting to decline, or whether it has a long future ahead.


Abstract. The Torres del Paine National Park is one of the most important of the world due to its particular biotic characteristics, climate and geomorphologic conditions (Mattar et. al, 2012), which makes unique with invaluable attractions for tourists and scientists. Furthermore it is one of the main sources of income generated by tourism in Chile. It is located in the southernmost Chilean region namely Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica and comprises a total of 242242 hectares.Since 1980 several forest fires inside the national park have caused great losses to flora and fauna. Despite several initiatives carried out by the national forest cooperation (CONAF) to reduce the number of forest fires, it was not possible to install sustainable management plans. As a consequence, it is still of huge concern that most of the forest fires are caused by tourists and visitors to the national park. Such as those in 2005 and 2011, that caused damage to a total surface of about 33000 hectares. As a consequence CONAF started to implement an updated reforestation strategy in 2012. The plan prepared by the committee was designed for a period of five years (2012–2016) proposing passive and active restoration measures based on the different ecosystems involved in the national park as it is necessary to reconstruct the original ecosystems and to conserve the biodiversity of the park. For this purpose, it was considered a study carried out by Pisano (1974) and the cartography that defined the park before a 1985 forest fire.The aim of the present study is to quantify and to analyse reforestation campaigns carried out since 2012 in the Torres del Paine National Park. Therefore, we processed Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery acquired between 2011 and 2017. Our methodology is based on the calculation and comparison of the Normalized Burn Ratio.Our approach indicates that almost 19000 hectares were affected by forest fires that took place in 2005 and 2012. Of the total area affected, 17761 hectares presented some degree of severity, of which 28% presented a high degree of severity. Up to 2017, a total of 13067 hectares have been recovered, representing a 70% of the total area affected by the forest fires.After 2012, annual soil recovery can be estimated by 11%, or 1100 hectares. Nevertheless, this does not mean that leafy and tall trees can be found in areas affected by forest fires. It just indicates that soil recuperation has taken part and that vegetation seems to grow. As CONAF principally planted Lenga (Nothofagus pumilio) a slow growing tree species, almost 15 years have to pass before notable effects can be perceived.


The advent of controller integrated circuits has forced the development of new power factor correction techniques. A vast range of PFC circuits have been proposed with diverse operating modes to tackle the situation. These PFC circuits adjust the waveforms of the current in the input side so that maximum power can be tapped from the supplies. For every equipment the load should try to match a resistive one as closely as possible, only then the PF will be near to unity as there will be reduction of reactive power in the circuit. The current in this situation is free from all the lower as well as higher order harmonics thus copies the input voltage waveform or in other words it becomes in phase with it. So, this causes the current in the circuit to be at the lowest possible value to do the same work. As a result, the losses associated with circuit are reduced greatly. Hence the consumption in power is reduced greatly. This causes the price of distribution as well as generation to be lowered and hence improvement in the process. Since there are very less harmonics so the chances of interference with telecommunication devices are exponentially reduced. The strict regulatory enforcements has played a pivotal role in paving the way for these PFC circuits. Boost converter accomplishes this Active power-factor correction (ACMC) in discontinuous as well as in continuous modes. A good degree of accuracy is maintained in tracking the current program by average current. At first a simulation of single bridge converter without using any converter is performed. Then a current control circuit and a voltage control circuit were added to the boost converter which improved the input THD. Finally, the project concentrates on increasing the power factor by connecting two boost converters in parallel. In this method the current in one circuit has to keep up with the one in parallel to it.


by high rainfall variability, frequent droughts, low soil moisture and extreme events such as flash floods which normally combine with governance shortcomings and structural inequalities to exacerbate the vulnerability of communities. Such communities are generally dependent on primary production and natural resources, rely on rainfed agriculture, have limited livelihood options and employment opportunities, depend on activities that are sensitive to the impacts of climate change, face high levels of poverty, are exposed to high levels of HIV/AIDS, have limited infrastructure and services, and are affected by limited institutional capacity and weak resource governance. The climatic and socio-economic environment in semi-arid areas in Botswana makes communities vulnerable to food insecurity and unstable livelihoods as well as leading to unsustainable agroecological systems, crop failure and unproductive rangelands. Understanding vulnerability and adaptation in semi-arid areas in Botswana


This paper analyzes the factors and conditions that potentially help enhance the likelihood of survival of small firms. The purported sub-optimal output scale of small firms runs counter to their seemingly invariable preponderance across time, industries, and countries. Three key findings are obtained. First, small firms, indeed, face a hazard in surviving, albeit the magnitude is not as dramatic as contended by other studies. This implies that a cohort of small firms do survive and constitute the backbone of the observed small firm asymmetry. Second, small firms which are organized as a family-run corporation, have extensive business linkages, use government small business advisory services, and innovate realize a greater likelihood of surviving. Third, the paper finds that employees and decision makers with tertiary qualifications in the allied fields of business are not indispensable conditions for lowering the hazard of survival of small firms. These findings are based from sample data of the Australian Business Longitudinal Survey.


In general, it was assumed that the chromosome aberration induced by ionizing radiation is proportional to the chromosome size. From this viewpoint, the higher chromosome size, the more resistant to radiation. However, different opinions, in which chromosomes are particularly sensitive or resistant to radiation, are also still followed until now. Here in this research, we compared the chromosome sensitivity between chromosomes number 1, 2, and 4 using the FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique. From this research, we expect that the information obtained could show clearly whether a longer chromosome is more frequently involved in translocations and also more resistant to radiation than a shorter one. The type of chromosome aberration considered was limited only to translocation and we used one sample donor in order to avoid donor variability. The whole blood from a healthy female was irradiated with γ-rays with doses of 1, 3 and 5 Gy, respectively. Isolated lymphocytes from the whole blood were then cultured for 48 hours. After the culture process was completed, preparations of harvest and metaphase chromosomes were carried out. Chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 were stained with different fluorochromes. The translocation of each chromosome at each dose point was subsequently evaluated from 50 images obtained from an automated metaphase finder and capturing system. An additional analysis was performed to identify which chromosome arm was more frequently involved in translocation. Further analyses were also conducted with the aim of determining which chromosome band had a higher frequency of radiation-induced breakage. The experimental results showed that chromosome number 4 was more frequently involved in translocations compared to chromosomes 1 and 2 at 5 Gy. In contrast, at doses of 1 and 3 Gy translocations involving chromosomes number 1 and 2 were more numerous compared to the ones involving chromosome 4. However, if the number of translocation was accumulated for all the doses applied, the chromosome number 4 was the chromosome most frequently involved in translocations. Breakpoint analysis revealed that in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, and chromosome 4, the highest chromosome bands as break position were in band q32, p13, and q21, respectively. It can be concluded that chromosome 4 is more sensitive to radiation in all doses point, despite having less DNA content than chromosomes  1 and 2. Thus, it was showed that our research cannot support the general assumption about chromosome aberration induced by radiation being proportional to DNA content. Received:  29 September 2015 ; Revised:  29 March 2016 ; Accepted:  31 March 2016


This article deals with the assessment of traction properties of tyres on forest grounds. The research was carried out on skid trails located in pine stands. The tested grounds were different due to the cover of the soil and its mechanical properties. The study also deals with the evaluation of ways to improve traction by reducing the inflation pressure and using the tyre chain. The research was carried out using a specialized traction test stand for two tyres (9.5–24 and 400/55–22.5) different in width and tread pattern. The studies showed significant effect of ground conditions on traction. As a result of changes in the ground conditions, the values of drawbar force, rolling resistance and tractive efficiency were altered by 25%, 23% and 6%, respectively. The higher values of the drawbar force and tractive efficiency on all tested trails were obtained for 400/55–22.5 tyre. Both the use of tyre chains and the reduction of inflation pressure resulted in the increase in drawbar force and tractive efficiency. A better way to improve traction properties was the reduction of the tyre inflation pressure, which caused the increase in drawbar force and tractive efficiency. The use of tyre chains caused an increase in drawbar force over the entire slip range, while an increase in tractive efficiency has only been shown for the slip larger than 15%.


Electrochemical sensor strips were one of the first devices to become a global success in what might now be termed the printed electronics industry. Since their creation some 20 years ago, printed sensor strips are used extensively for a range of clinical and biomedical diagnostic applications and are, themselves a multi billion dollar industry. To date, they have principally exploited screen printing and lamination processing.

The range of available sensors is expanding further due to the availability with a wider range of functional, processable materials including organic, metallic and hybrid materials. The range of processing methodologies is also expanding to include other forms of printing including inkjet.

My research group are developing a number of printed chemical sensors and biosensors for a range of industrial and biomedical applications. These sensors have a significant reliance on new materials such as conducting polymers deposited using inkjet printing. Applications for these include clinical biosensors, diagnostic breath monitoring devices and, most significantly are now being integrated with other printed electronic components such as batteries, displays and organic circuits to create the first truly integrated, printed smart systems.


We present a novel approach to client-side mining of temporal API specifications based on static analysis. Specifically, we present an interprocedural analysis over a combined domain that abstracts both aliasing and event sequences for individual objects. The analysis uses a new family of automata-based abstractions to represent unbounded event sequences, designed to disambiguate distinct usage patterns and merge similar usage patterns. Additionally, our approach includes an algorithm that summarizes abstract traces based on automata clusters, and effectively rules out spurious behaviors. We show experimental results mining specifications from a number of Java clients and APIs. The results indicate that effective static analysis for client-side mining requires fairly precise treatment of aliasing and abstract event sequences. Based on the results, we conclude that static client-side specification mining shows promise as a complement or alternative to dynamic approaches.


About a quarter of the plantation sector's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is contributed by the plantation agriculture sub-sector. However, the plantation sub-sector still faced structural problems such as the relatively low productivity of smallholder plantations compared to that of large plantations run by the government or private sector. Another problem is the quite large disparity of land and labor productivity between regions. Closing the productivity gap is key to enhancing productivity in all these three commodities. In this paper, the writer describes strategies to close the productivity gap between regions and between smallholders and large plantations.


Soil moisture is an important control on hydrologic function, as it governs vertical fluxes from and to the atmosphere, groundwater recharge and lateral fluxes through the soil. Historically, the traditional model parameters of saturation, field capacity and permanent wilting point have been determined by laboratory methods. This approach is challenged by issues of scale, boundary conditions and soil disturbance. We develop and compare four methods to determine values of field saturation, field capacity, plant extraction limit and initiation of plant water stress from long term in-situ monitoring records of TDR-measured volumetric water content (. The monitoring sites represent a range of soil textures, soil depths, effective precipitation and plant cover types in a semi-arid climate. The  records exhibit attractors (high frequency values) that correspond to field capacity and the plant extraction limit at both annual and longer time scales, but the field saturation values vary by year depending on seasonal wetness in the semi-arid setting. The analysis for five sites in two watersheds is supported by comparison to values determined by a common pedotransfer function and measured soil characteristic curves. Frozen soil is identified as a complicating factor for the analysis and users are cautioned to filter data by temperature, especially for near surface soils.


SOME intriguing questions--indeed, mysteries--seem to arise when one examines the field of health care. I intend to present some data--the best available, to my knowledge---bearing on three assumptions which most people accept as unquestionably valid: (1) that we need more health personnel, particularly doctors; (2) that the poor get less health care than the non-poor; (3) that the approaches to health to be found in England and Sweden are clearly superior to our own and should serve as a model for us. I then propose to raise a more general question about the cultural differences among groups as a neglected problem in the assessment of health care.


Applying remote sensing technology to map and monitor agriculture and its impacts can greatly contribute for the proper development of this activity, promoting efficient food, fiber and energy production. For that, not only remote sensing images are needed, but also ground truth information, which is a key factor for the development and improvement of methodologies using remote sensing data. While a variety of images are current available, inclusive cost-free images, field reference data is scarcer. For agricultural applications, especially in tropical regions such as Brazil, where the agriculture is very dynamic and diverse (recent agricultural frontiers, crop rotations, multiple cropping systems, several management practices, etc.), and cultivated over a vast territory, this task is not trivial. One way of boosting the researches in agricultural remote sensing is to stimulate people to share their data, and to foster different groups to use the same dataset, so distinct methods can be properly compared. In this context, our group created the LEM Benchmark Database (a project funded by the ISPRS Scientific Initiative project 2017) from the Luiz Eduardo Magalhães (LEM) municipality, Bahia State, Brazil. The database contains a set of pre-processed multitemporal satellite images (Landsat-8/OLI, Sentinel-2/MSI and SAR band-C Sentinel-1) and shapefiles of agricultural fields with their correspondent monthly land use classes, covering the period of one Brazilian crop year (2017-2018). In this paper we present the first results obtained with this database. * Corresponding author


Among Shakespeare's plays, "Hamlet" is considered by many his masterpiece. Among actors, the role of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is considered the jewel in the crown of a triumphant theatrical career. Now Kenneth Branagh plays the leading role and co-directs a brillant ensemble performance. Three generations of legendary leading actors, many of whom first assembled for the Oscar-winning film "Henry" V, gather here to perform the rarely heard complete version of the play. This clear, subtly nuanced, stunning dramatization, presented by The Renaissance Theatre Company in association with "Bbc" Broadcasting, features such luminaries as Sir John Gielgud, Derek Jacobi, Emma Thompson and Christopher Ravenscroft. It combines a full cast with stirring music and sound effects to bring this magnificent Shakespearen classic vividly to life. Revealing new riches with each listening, this production of "Hamlet" is an invaluable aid for students, teachers and all true lovers of Shakespeare -- a recording to be treasured for decades to come.


Organizational strategic alignment implies consistency among the organizational elements. Organizational objectives act as essential elements for leading such alignment. In addition, key performance indicators (KPIs) have demonstrated usefulness for assisting the strategic alignment allowing for a holistic control of the organization. Some approaches emphasizing objective-KPI relationships have been proposed; however, they lack of a fully appropriate method for treating organizational objectives, KPIs, and objective-KPI relationships. They exhibit some drawbacks in terms of ambiguity, stakeholder understandability, and subjectivity. In this paper, we propose a method for overcoming such drawbacks, by using preconceptual-schema-based organizational patterns as a way to operationalize organizational objectives in terms of the KPIs. So, a systematic method for deriving a set of candidate KPIs from a specific organizational objective is provided. In addition, we present a lab study in order to illustrate the main aspects of this proposal


Decision support systems for university management have had limited improvement in the incorporation of new cutting-edge techniques. Most decision-makers use traditional forecasting methods to base their decisions in order to maintain financially affordable programs and keep universities competitive for the last few decades. Strategic planning for universities has always been related to enrollment revenues, and operational expenses. Enrollment models in use today are able to represent forecasting based on historical data, considering usual variables like student headcount, student credit, etc. No consideration is given to students' preferences. Retention models, associated to enrollment, deal with average retention times leaving off preferences as well. Preferences play a major role as many students do not declare their intentions (major) immediately. Even if they do, they may change it if they find another, more attractive major, or they may even decide to leave college for external reasons. Enrollment models have been identified to deal with three main purposes: prediction of income from tuition (in-state, out-of-state), planning of future courses and curriculum, and allocation of resources to academic departments, This general perspective does not provide useful information to faculty and Departments for detailed planning and allocation of resources for the next term or year. There is a need of new metrics to help faculty and Departments to reach a detailed and useful level in order to plan effectively this allocation of resources. The dynamics in the rate-of-growth, the preference student have for certain majors at a specific point of time, or economic hardship make a difference when decisions have to be made for budgets requests, hiring of faculty, classroom assignment, parking, transportation, or even building new facilities. Existing models do not make difference between these variables. This simulation model is a hybrid model that considers the use of System Dynamics, Discrete-event and Agent-based simulation, which allows the representation of the general enrollment process at the University level (strategic decisions), and enrollment, retention and major's selection at the College (tactical decisions) and Department level (operational decisions). This approach allows lower level to predict more accurately the amounts of students retained for next term or year, while allowing upper levels to decide on new students to admit (first time in college and transfers) and results on recommendations on faculty hiring, class or labs assignment, and resource allocation, among others. This model merge both high and low levels of student enrollment models into one application, allowing not only representation of the current overall enrollment, but also prediction and retention at College and Department level, henceforth optimal classroom assignments, faculty and student allocation, among others.


Abstract Populations of wild radish were collected from two fields in the northern Western Australian wheatbelt, where typical herbicide-use patterns had been practiced for the previous 17 seasons within an intensive crop production program. The herbicide resistance status of these populations clearly established that there was multiple-herbicide resistance across many herbicides from at least four modes of action. One population exhibited multiple-herbicide resistance to the phytoene desaturase (PDS)–inhibiting herbicide diflufenican (3.0-fold), the auxin analog herbicide 2,4-D (2.2-fold), and the photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides metribuzin and atrazine. Another population was found to be multiply resistant to the acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides, the PDS-inhibiting herbicide diflufenican (2.5-fold), and the auxin analog herbicide 2,4-D amine (2.4-fold). Therefore, each population has developed multiple-herbicide resistance across several modes of action. The multiple resistance status of these wild radish populations developed from conventional herbicide usage in intensive cropping rotations, indicating a dramatic challenge for the future control of wild radish. Nomenclature: Atrazine; 2,4-D amine; diflufenican; metribuzin; wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum L.


This comment acknowledges that Oesterdiekhoff's psychogenetic theory provides a satisfactory explanation for the co-occurrence of the important elements of modernization. In essence, rising general intelligence caused the emergence of modern industrial civilization. However, the theory as presented by Oesterdiekhoff has limited heuristic value because it does not explain why this development occurred only in Europe, why it did not occur earlier, why it occurred at all, and why cognitive, cultural, technological and economic complexity continued to rise for more than two centuries after the initial breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution. Nor does it explain why earlier civilizations either fell into stagnation or declined to a state of reduced creativity. Based on current knowledge about the causes of individual and society-level variations in intelligence, this comment presents a theoretical framework in which these questions can be answered.