Abstract. Simulation of land surface processes is problematic in heterogeneous terrain due to the the high resolution required of model grids to capture strong lateral variability caused by, for example, topography, and the lack of accurate meteorological forcing data at the site or scale it is required. Gridded data products produced by atmospheric models can fill this gap, however, often not at an appropriate spatial resolution to drive land-surface simulations. In this study we describe a method that uses the well-resolved description of the atmospheric column provided by climate models, together with high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), to downscale coarse-grid climate variables to a fine-scale subgrid. The main aim of this approach is to provide high-resolution driving data for a land-surface model (LSM). The method makes use of an interpolation of pressure-level data according to topographic height of the subgrid. An elevation and topography correction is used to downscale short-wave radiation. Long-wave radiation is downscaled by deriving a cloud-component of all-sky emissivity at grid level and using downscaled temperature and relative humidity fields to describe variability with elevation. Precipitation is downscaled with a simple non-linear lapse and optionally disaggregated using a climatology approach. We test the method in comparison with unscaled grid-level data and a set of reference methods, against a large evaluation dataset (up to 210 stations per variable) in the Swiss Alps. We demonstrate that the method can be used to derive meteorological inputs in complex terrain, with most significant improvements (with respect to reference methods) seen in variables derived from pressure levels: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and incoming long-wave radiation. This method may be of use in improving inputs to numerical simulations in heterogeneous and/or remote terrain, especially when statistical methods are not possible, due to lack of observations (i.e. remote areas or future periods).


Background: Regulation of automatic approach and avoidance behavior requires affective and cognitive control, which are both influenced by a genetic variation in the gene encoding Monoamine Oxidase A (termed MAOA-uVNTR). Methods: The current study investigated MAOA genotype as a moderator of prefrontal cortical activation measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in 37 healthy young adults during performance of the approach-avoidance task with positive and negative pictures. Results: Carriers of the low- compared to the high-expressing genetic variant (MAOA-L vs. MAOA-H) showed increasing regulatory activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during incompatible conditions (approach negative, avoid positive). This might have been a compensatory mechanism for stronger emotional reactions as shown in previous studies and might have prevented any influence of incompatibility on behavior. In contrast, fewer errors but also lower activity in the right DLPFC during processing of negative compared to positive stimuli indicated MAOA-H carriers to have used other regulatory areas. This resulted in slower reaction times in incompatible conditions, but - in line with the known better cognitive regulation efficiency - allowed them to perform incompatible reactions without activating the DLPFC as the highest control instance. Carriers of one low- and one high-expressing allele lay as an intermediate group between the reactions of the low- and high-expressing groups. Conclusions: The relatively small sample size and restriction to fNIRS for assessment of cortical activity limit our findings. Nevertheless, these first results suggest monoam-inergic mechanisms to contribute to interindividual differences in the two basic behavioral principles of approach and avoidance and their neuronal correlates.


While the application of products liability to insecure software is a frequently-discussed concept in academic literature, many commentators have been skeptical of the viability of such claims for several reasons. First, the economic loss doctrine bars recovery for productivity loss, business disruption, and other common damages caused by software defects. Second, the application of design defects principles to software is difficult given the complexity of the devices and recent tort reform trends that have limited liability. Third, the intervening cause of damage from insecure software is typically a criminal or tortious act by a third party, so principles of causation might limit liability for manufacturers.


We present an approach to connect the Real-Time Calculus (RTC) method to the synchronous data-flow language Lustre, and its associated tool-chain, allowing the use of techniques like SMT-solving and abstract interpretation which were not previously available for use with RTC. The approach is supported by a tool called ac2lus. It allows to model the system to be analyzed as general Lustre programs with inputs specified by arrival curves, the tool can compute output arrival curves or evaluate upper and lower bounds on any variable of the components, like buffer sizes. Compared to existing approaches to connect RTC to other formalisms, we believe that the use of Lustre, a real programming language, and the synchronous hypothesis make the task easier to write models, and we show that it allows a great flexibility of the tool itself, with many variants to fine-tune the performances.


This article, written for a symposium marking the 75th anniversary of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, offers a close reading of Justice Jackson's opinion for the Court. In doing so, it offers an implicit and explicit tribute to Vincent Blasi, whose teaching and writing have emphasized the value of deep, careful engagement with the language and arguments of a single text, such as a judicial opinion, and who has been an inspiration to me and many other contemporary First Amendment scholars.

This close reading explores a gallery of passages from Barnette that have received relatively little scholarly attention, largely because Jackson's arresting "fixed star" passage has monopolized much of the discussion. But other passages in the opinion help reveal additional important points about the case with important broader implications. They suggest something about why Jackson treated this as a speech rather than a religion case and as an individual liberty case rather than an equal treatment case. They have implications for arguments about third-party harms, "government nonendorsement," student speech, and heckler's veto doctrine. And they underscore the importance of Jackson's description of an autonomous "sphere of intellect and spirit" and of the limits of state power in this area. Perhaps much more than has been recognized, Barnette is a paean to the sovereignty of the mind, and in doing so it treats this realm as much or more as a matter of state non-interference than as a subject for measured judicial balancing.

Although I focus closely on the text of the opinion itself, I offer some larger assessments of Barnette's condition today. I make two general observations. First, on the one hand, Barnette had an excellent 75th anniversary year, with citations and discussions in major Supreme Court decisions suggesting its stock is high. On the other, I suggest that it is in much poorer health in academic circles. A striking number of scholarly discussions of current issues, such as the wedding vendor cases, omit Barnette altogether. I suggest that these omissions are evidence of a deeper discomfort with Barnette. And for good reason: As this close reading reveals, the words and deeper music of Barnette are in genuine tension with current popular positions on these issues, and suggest that at some point these scholars need to engage directly and seriously with Barnette. Second, I argue that in interesting ways Barnette is a kind of "pre-capitulation" of much that happened in First Amendment law in the 75 years that followed it. This is true not just in the sense that Barnette positively inspired a great deal of First Amendment doctrine, but also in the sense that much of the jurisprudence that followed consisted of efforts to cabin Barnette and its implications and to build safety valves around it.


Discussions of economic reform focus on two strategies for tempering corporate excess and mobilizing corporations for growth and prosperity: restructuring markets via competition policies and various forms of countervailing power. Populists, Progressives, and New Dealers looked to anti-trust, regulatory states, and unions as counterweights to corporations. Contemporary efforts look to not-for-profit watchdogs, NGO certification and standard setting, privatization, and corporate governance reform to upgrade markets and deflect corporations from low road paths. This essay recovers a third strategy for regulating and reforming corporate capitalism: promoting organizational diversity via the formation of parallel systems of cooperative, mutual and local, state-owned enterprises. During the "era of corporate consolidation," producer and consumer groups in the US formed tens of thousands of such enterprises in just in agriculture, but also in banking, insurance, and technologically advanced industries like electricity and telephones. These efforts produced enduring systems of cooperatives and kindred enterprise in the American economy, creating alternatives to corporations and organizational legacies for present day problem solving. They provided regulators and policy makers with new options and capacities for state intervention. And they demonstrated possibilities for using mixed or-


It is sometimes said that the optimal sanction is the external harm caused by the offense multiplied by one over the probability of punishment. Prior analyses have identified several factors that could raise or lower this optimal multiplier. This article identifies an additional adjustment when victims are customers of the offender and the sanction is paid to victims in the form of damages. In these market relationships, higher sanctions translate into higher prices for customers. If customers are risk-neutral, this will not matter; but if customers are risk-averse, higher sanctions increase the variance of their returns (even if third-party insurance is available). If customers are risk-averse, the optimal number of violations and the optimal quantity of purchases could also change. The net effect could either raise or lower the optimal multiplier, but simulations suggest reductions on the order of 4-40 percent.


The presentation discusses the East Asian Miracle Experience regarding industrial policy and export growth. It commences reviewing the strategic policies for global competition that were implemented in the region; then it continues with the analysis of a series of models and finally it highlights the lessons learned from the Miracle. This presentation was prepared to be presented at the LAEBA Second Annual Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 28-29 November, 2005.


Study of the 30 kyr record of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in a sediment core retrieved from the base of the oxygen-minimum zone off Goa (eastern Arabian Sea), led to the discovery of a new species, Bulimina arabiensis . It dominates the benthic foraminiferal assemblage in the fine size fraction (63–125 μm), with a maximum abundance of >60% during the last glacial period between 17.5–23 kyr BP. The morphological characteristics of this species suggest its preference for infaunal microhabitat and low-oxygen concentrations of bottom water. The down-core abundance pattern of B. arabiensis shows millennial-scale variation almost paralleling the organic-carbon-concentration (%C org ) sediment record. The abundance of B. arabiensis appears to be controlled by both paleoproductivity and bottom-oxygen conditions.


NeuroBioClusters is a computer program devoted to the simulation of interacting biological neual networks and the analysis of their behavior. I allows the simulation of several interacting networks made of biologically plausible mode-Uzed neurons. Networks can be built using either explicit (irregular or regular) or implicit connectivity. They can be constituted of similar or diferent neurons. A clusters, the basic entity of NeuroBioClusters, is a collection of similar neurons and can be either geographically localized or not. Two levels of units description are available (membrane potential temporal evolution or conductance modeling). Axon length and inter neural delays can be modelized, and several types of external tonic or phasic input are available. I allows the possibility to modify, during the simulation (au vol) the input, the membrane potential, the firing threshold, and even some anatomical characteristics. This allows to mimic modifications of the environmental conditions or pathological situations. I is menu driven with an user friendly interface. The outputs are given as function of time, and represent the whole neural net activity, those of each cluster, and the membrane potential of each neuron. A complete set of frequency and time domain analysis are available for the network behavior analysis.


For over a century, anti-trust law has been used to maintain an open and fair market economy by preventing monopolies. However, anti-trust law has never precisely defined the term "monopoly", which makes evaluating the interactions between the prohibition of monopoly and encouraging competition increasingly challenging. In 2006, the Hong Kong Government appointed Arculli & Associates Solicitor Firm to study issues relating to competition in the auto-fuel retail market in Hong Kong. A test based on contribution margins was recommended, leading to the conclusion that price fixing is not a crime in the industry. This article examines the problems related to Arculli & Associates Solicitor Firm's conclusion. First, price fixing is a per se violation (in or by itself) of the anti-trust law in the United States. Second, it is difficult for the courts to evaluate price fixing because the evidence of such activities between corporations is not easily available. Third, the test has applied non-standardized accounting principles, which clash with the accounting industry on numerous grounds. To combat these problems, this paper proposes a revised and objective "Contribution Margin" test to measure monopolies. Based on general accounting principles, this paper presents a comparative study of contribution margins between listed companies in the United States and Hong Kong.


In this paper, I argue that, as far as Gettier cases are concerned, appearances are deceiving. That is, Gettier cases merely appear to be cases of epistemic failure (i.e., failing to know that p) but are in fact cases of semantic failure (i.e., failing to refer to x). Gettier cases are cases of reference failure because the candidates for knowledge in these cases contain ambiguous designators. If this is correct, then we may simply be mistaking semantic facts for epistemic facts when we consider Gettier cases. This, in turn, is a good reason not to assign much, if any, evidential weight to Gettier intuitions (i.e., that S doesn't know that p in a Gettier case).


Aim In this study an attempt has been made to derive a linear regression equation for estimation of stature from the length of head. Background Estimation of stature from head length is considered as an important parameter in medico-legal and forensic examinations. When highly decomposed and mutilated dead bodies with fragmentary remains are brought for postmortem examination, it becomes difficult to identify the deceased. Material Methods The present study is conducted on 506 medical students 255 male and 251 female of age group between 18 - 25 years, was conducted at Index medical college hospital and research center Indore. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments.. Results The observed data was subjected to statistical analysis like't' test for correlation coefficient. The value of 't' was found to be statistically significant. Simple linear regression equation derived has been used for estimation of height.. Conclusion  It is concluded that the head length provides good reliability in estimation of stature in forensic examinations & in medicolegal cases and the correlation between present parameters can be helpful in medico-legal cases for identification of individuals. Key Words Anthropometry, Head length, Stature


A pool of relatively warm (>1.0°C) Weddell Deep Water (WDW) immediately west of Maud Rise appears to be a quasi-stationary feature. The "warm pool" is derived from the flow of warm WDW around the flanks of Maud Rise. An austral spring 1989 expedition of the R/V Akademik Fedorov obtained detailed measurements of the warm pool. It displays the general regional relationship of temperature maximum (t-max) warmth to shallowness of the pycnocline, as well as mixed layer oxygen concentration well below full saturation. Depression of oxygen values is a product of injection of WDW into the mixed layer during the ice-covered winter period. Associated with this transfer are high vertical fluxes of heat and salt which limit the thickness of the sea ice cover. In the winter the atmosphere is sufficiently cold to remove the WDW heat without massive sea ice melting, though the regional ice thickness is restricted. In the spring the atmospheric conditions cannot remove the ocean heat, and ice melting ensues before the atmospheric heat budget alone can account for the ice melt. This is clearly seen in the warm pool as very low mixed layer oxygen, which is a reflection of high WDW entrainment and vertical heat flux and is normally associated with high mixed layer salinity. Here it is coupled instead with reduced salinity, a result of approximately 0.5 m of ice melt. The Fedorov data confirm the role of oceanic heat flux in early removal of Southern Ocean sea ice at the end of winter, in that the region of highest WDW entertainment is associated with greater amounts of melt water.


By implementing more transparent research practices, authors have the opportunity to stand out and showcase work that is more reproducible, easier to build upon, and more credible. Scientists gain by making work easier to share and maintain within their own laboratories, and the scientific community gains by making underlying data or research materials more available for confirmation or making new discoveries. The following protocol gives authors step‐by‐step instructions for using the free and open source Open Science Framework (OSF) to create a data management plan, preregister their study, use version control, share data and other research materials, or post a preprint for quick and easy dissemination. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The origins, identity and political behaviors of the Karians remain the subject of intense discussion among specialists. The political organization of Western Asia Minor during the 4th century BC offers an opportunity to explore such questions; it was during this period that local dynasts, the Hekatomnids, reached a position of authority in the region that allowed them to fully express their political ambitions and to promote their own material culture. Analyses of various aspects of this material culture have led scholars to describe the Hekatomnids in very different ways. They have been portrayed both as Persian dynasts and Proto-Hellenistic Kings, although they were neither Greek nor Persian. This ambiguity is the result of attempts to approach the cultural identity of 4th century Karia in the light of the cultural power of its neighbors, rather than as the result of an intricate process of cultural interaction that included both local traditions and foreign borrowings. Hekatomnid Karia is representative of the complex phenomenon of hybrid cultures that would later flourish in the Hellenistic World. Gathering specialists on Karian research, each offering a different approach, this book aims to cover a wide number of sources, from archaeological to geographical and historical. The collection of essays provides an interdisciplinary perspective, intended to revitalize discussions of the cultural dynamics relevant to 4th century Karia.


We study the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrogen energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from the heliosheath observed with the IBEX-Lo sensor of the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) from solar wind energies down to the lowest available energy (15 eV). All available IBEX-Lo data from 2009 January until 2013 June were included. The sky regions imaged when the spacecraft was outside of Earth's magnetosphere and when the Earth was moving toward the direction of observation offer a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio even at very low energies. We find that the ENA ribbon—a 20° wide region of high ENA intensities—is most prominent at solar wind energies whereas it fades at lower energies. The maximum emission in the ribbon is located near the poles for 2 keV and closer to the ecliptic plane for energies below 1 keV. This shift is an evidence that the ENA ribbon originates from the solar wind. Below 0.1 keV, the ribbon can no longer be identified against the globally distributed ENA signal. The ENA measurements in the downwind direction are affected by magnetospheric contamination below 0.5 keV, but a region of very low ENA intensities can be identified from 0.1 keV to 2 keV. The energy spectra of heliospheric ENAs follow a uniform power law down to 0.1 keV. Below this energy, they seem to become flatter, which is consistent with predictions. Due to the subtraction of local background, the ENA intensities measured with IBEX agree with the upper limit derived from Lyα observations.


Microbial dynamics have rarely been investigated in Lake Geneva, known as the largest lake in western Europe. From a 5-month survey, we report dynamic patterns of free-living virus, bacteria and small phytoplankton abundances in response to a variety of environmental parameters. For the first time, we fractionated the primary production to separate the contribution of different size-related biological compartments and measured both bacterial and viral production in addition to experiments conducted to quantify the virus-induced bacterial mortality. We observed marked seasonal and vertical variations in picocyanobacteria, bacteria and virus abundances and production. The contribution of picoplankton and nanoplankton production to the total primary production was high (reaching up to 76% of total primary production) in November and the spring–summer transition period, respectively. The impact of viral lysis on both bacteria and picocyanobacteria was significantly higher than grazing activities. Virus-induced picocyanobacterial mortality reached up to 66% of cell removal compared to virus induced (heterotrophic) bacterial mortality, which reached a maximum of 34% in July. Statistical analyzes revealed that temperature and top-down control by viruses are among important factors regulating the picocyanobacterial dynamics in this lake. More generally speaking, our results add to the growing evidence and accepted view nowadays that viruses are an important actor of freshwater microbial dynamics and more globally of the functioning of the microbial food webs.


This study examines the patterns and causes of shortages in generic non-injectable drugs (e.g., tablets and topicals) in the United States. While shortages for injectable drugs have garnered more attention, shortages of other forms of prescription drugs have also been on the increase. In fact, they follow a strikingly similar trend with a number of important tablet drugs having recently been affected by shortage. This poses important questions about the root causes of these trends since most explanations found in the literature are specific to generic injectable drugs. Using a simple heuristic framework, three contributing factors are explored: regulatory oversight, potential market failures in pricing/reimbursement, and competition. This paper features an empirical examination of the contribution of changes in regulatory oversight to drug shortages. A pooled dynamic regression model using FDA data on inspections and citations reveals a statistically significant relationship between FDA regulatory activity (inspections and citations) and drug shortage rates. This result cuts across both injectable and non-injectable drugs, and could reveal a transition in equilibrium quality that should be transitory in nature, but it should also be interpreted with care given the other factors likely affecting shortage rates.


The thesis examines how elite perspectives on foreign aid affect the subsequent path of aid dependence. The focus is on aid-seeking foreign policy change. Two foreign policy change cases are examined for the study, which took place in Korea under Park Chung-hee and in Ghana under Rawlings through a lens of comparative historical analysis. The thesis aims to make two original contributions to knowledge. First, it explains recipient foreign policy using two different forms of mercantilism, and second, it reveals the dependent path created by the mercantilist oriented elite. Mercantilism in the thesis is used as dual-frameworked concept. First, it is a lens to see state behaviour. Despite the fact that mercantilism has been mainly used to explain a donor's behaviour, it can elucidate that of an aid-recipient state when the aid-seeking country is in dire need of the foreign aid for the survival of the state. The thesis applies mercantilism to explain aid-receiving countries' behaviour. Second, more importantly, mercantilism also explains elite perspectives. The elite in aid receiving countries search for foreign aid not only for the wealth and power of their state, but also for the prosperity and survival of themselves. Mercantilism is used as an ostensible principle in practicing the private search for advantages of the elite. The thesis uses the dual-mercantilism idea to examine aid-seeking foreign policy in Korea and Ghana. In Korea, the elite saw the key to their survival in industrialising the nation, and their search for foreign aid took place based on that raison d'être. In Ghana, on the other hand, the elite found the way to their survival and prosperity in acquiring more foreign aid and the aid per se became the ultimate goal. The thesis finds industrial mercantilism a useful framework to understand the elite perspective in Korea. In


International Journal of Exercise Science 9(3): 336-346, 2016. Intramuscular glycogen stores are an important energy source during extended bouts of strenuous exercise. A substantial reduction in glycogen could influence neural muscular drive and result in a decreasing quality of exercise performance and potentially increased injury rates. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of glycogen reduction on motor drive as determined by the surface electromyogram (EMG) amplitude and median frequency during a cycling graded exercise test. Eight trained cyclists performed a discontinuous cycling graded exercise test to exhaustion under both normal and glycogen reduced conditions. EMG was collected from the vastus lateralis. Repeated measures regression models indicated that EMG amplitudes were elevated at cycling workloads higher than 196 Watts and metabolic workloads higher than 40.8 ml/kg/min, corresponding to 77% VO2max. There was no effect of increases in workload or glycogen reduction on EMG median frequency. Changes in mechanical and metabolic workload had a substantial effect on EMG amplitude (Cohen's f2 = 0.227 and 0.247, respectively), but not median frequency (Cohen's f2 = 0.026 and 0.033, respectively). Thus, EMG amplitude is a more effective and reliable measure to examine changes in motor drive during variable workload conditions and metabolic perturbations. The results suggest that healthy glycogen reduced humans require higher levels of muscle activity in order to attain a given mechanical and metabolic workload. This may affect the long term performance of professional and military athletes who need to be able to perform at a high level for extended periods of activity.


The cardiovascular disease atherosclerosis is directly linked to the functions of endothelial cells (ECs), which are affected by fluid shear stress (FSS). High, unidirectional FSS causes EC elongation with aligned cytoskeletal components and nonimmunogenic EC functions that protect against atherosclerosis. In contrast, low, oscillatory FSS is associated with cobblestone-shaped ECs with randomly oriented cytoskeletons and proinflammatory EC functions that promote atherosclerosis. Whether EC shape plays a role in EC immunogenic functions, independent of FSS, has not been previously determined. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of EC elongation and cytoskeletal alignment on the expression of inflammatory genes and functions. With the use of micropatterned lanes, EC elongation and cytoskeletal alignment were achieved in the absence of FSS. EC gene expression of key inflammation markers determined that the elongation and cytoskeletal alignment of micropattern-elongated ECs (MPECs) alone significantly downregulated VCAM-1 while having no effect on E-selectin and ICAM-1. The positive control of FSS-elongated ECs promoted E-selectin and VCAM-1 downregulation and upregulation of ICAM-1. Functionally, monocytic U937 cells formed weaker interactions on the surface of MPECs compared with cobblestone ECs. Interestingly, MPEC expression of the known FSS-dependent transcription factor krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), which promotes a nonimmunogenic EC phenotype, was significantly upregulated in MPECs compared with cobblestone ECs. Cytoskeletal regulation of KLF2 expression was shown to be dependent on microtubules. Therefore, the cellular elongation and cytoskeletal alignment of MPECs regulated immunogenic gene expression and functions and may act synergistically with FSS to create an EC surface with reduced inflammatory capability.


Service design is an emerging design practice with an interdisciplinary heritage. Most previous research has been based on what service designers do; with the increased academic interest in service design over the past decade, the time has come to conceptualize the underlying discourses. The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute knowledge to the emerging service design discourse through conceptual comparisons of key concepts in the design and service management literatures. This theoretical licentiate thesis consists of a main body text, a Kappa, situating two previously published papers in the research context. The conceptual framework encompasses areas of design research, including design thinking, service design and design management. These areas are related to management research, with a specific focus on service marketing/management, including Service-Dominant logic and service innovation. The thesis includes an interdisciplinary literature review with a specific focus on how user involvement is conceptualized in service design and service management respectively, and develops a conceptual framework of service design based in descriptions of service design practice in the literature. The framework presents service design through five characteristics, as an 1) interdisciplinary practice, using 2) visualization & prototyping, and 3) participation as means for developing the design object, seen as 4) transformation, and 5) value creation. This framework leads to an understanding of service design practice as a continuously repositioning activity. The thesis argues that the relation between service marketing/management and service design is complementary, particularly in tools and methods for user involvement and co-creation, and therefore the relation is mutually productive. It further argues that design practice can help realize Service Dominant logic, and a service perspective can help open up new positions for design practice. In sum, this thesis contributes knowledge that enriches the understanding and relevance of service marketing/management for the design discourse and vice versa.


BACKGROUND: Organ transplantation is one of the best modalities for treating fatal organ failure. Despite the success of this procedure, an increasing incidence of cancer in this population has drawn the attention of public health officials in recent years.
OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study is to conduct a detailed examination of adverse health outcomes among Canadian organ transplant recipients, with an emphasis on cancer incidence and mortality.
METHODS: This project employed a retrospective cohort follow-up study design, whereby Canadian Organ Replacement Registry records were linked to the Canadian Mortality Database and the Canadian Cancer Registry Database. The study population consisted of more than 16,000 solid organ transplant recipients registered between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 1998. This study was designed to assess the risks of developing cancer, overall and site-specific, in transplant recipients in comparison to the general Canadian population using Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR), Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR), and Proportionate Mortality Ratios (PMR). In addition, Cox and logistic models were used to assess the effects of various risk factors on cancer incidence and mortality in transplant sub-populations, while cumulative incidence was used to study the patient survival pattern. Lastly, Population Attributable Risk (PAR) was used to quantify the impact of organ transplantation on cancer incidence and mortality.
RESULTS: Among major causes of death, the highest PMRs are due to genitourinary diseases, followed by endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and infectious diseases. SIRs indicate that cancer incidence and mortality were relatively lower than that observed for other major causes of death, and slightly higher than that observed in the general Canadian population. Lastly, logistic regression results indicate that age, year of surgery, and smoking status were significant risk factors in mortality due to all causes, while the Cox regression model shows that age, sex and year of surgery were significant risk factors for cancer incidence. Overall, the PAR in this cohort was very minimal, indicating that the risk in mortality and cancer incidence due to organ transplantation is negligible.
CONCLUSION: Life threatening diseases such as those of the genitourinary system, as well as endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and infectious diseases are leading causes of death. Future research should be directed at ways of reducing incidence and subsequent mortality due to these causes.


BACKGROUND
The search for gene candidates in multifactorial diseases such as sarcoidosis can be based on the integration of linkage association data, gene expression data, and protein profile data from genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies, respectively.

MATERIAL/METHODS
In this study we performed a literature-based search for studies reporting such data, followed by integration of collected information. Different databases were examined--Medline, HugGE Navigator, ArrayExpress and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Candidate genes were defined as genes which were reported in at least 2 different types of omics studies. Genes previously investigated in sarcoidosis were excluded from further analyses.

RESULTS
We identified 177 genes associated with sarcoidosis as potential new candidate genes. Subsequently, 9 gene candidates identified to overlap in 2 different types of studies (genomic, transcriptomic and/or proteomic) were consistently reported in at least 3 studies: SERPINB1, FABP4, S100A8, HBEGF, IL7R, LRIG1, PTPN23, DPM2 and NUP214. These genes are involved in regulation of immune response, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, inhibition of protease activity, lipid metabolism. Exact biological functions of HBEGF, LRIG1, PTPN23, DPM2 and NUP214 remain to be completely elucidated.

CONCLUSIONS
We propose 9 candidate genes: SERPINB1, FABP4, S100A8, HBEGF, IL7R, LRIG1, PTPN23, DPM2 and NUP214, as genes with high potential for association with sarcoidosis.


Author(s): Britten, Gregory | Advisor(s): Primeau, Francois W | Abstract: The production of organic matter at the ocean's surface, its transport, and subsequent remineralization in the ocean interior maintains a vertical carbon and nutrient gradient that sequesters atmospheric CO2, controls the distribution of dissolved oxygen, and modulates the flux of nutrients to the euphotic zone that fuels marine ecosystems. Collectively we refer to the set of processes maintaining these gradients as the biological pump and they are the central focus of this thesis. To advance our understanding of the biological pump, this thesis uses models to analyze and quantify individual processes within the larger biological pump system. Chapter 1 introduces the key processes at question and outlines the specific goals of each research chapter. Chapter 2 uses empirical models and a global database of in-situ observations to examine the environmental drivers of carbon export efficiency, defined as the fraction of organic matter production that is transported from the surface to the interior. We find significant regional variability in the relationship between export efficiency and environmental parameters that are shown to have important consequences for the prediction of global export. Chapter 3 further develops empirical models of carbon export efficiency with a focus on regional export variability in the Southern Ocean. We find new evidence that silica controls Southern Ocean export efficiency via interactions with ocean temperature. Chapter 4 uses a global ocean circulation and biogeochemistry model to examine the sensitivity of the global oxygen distribution to changes in the depth at which sinking organic matter is remineralized. Model experiments demonstrate that raising the remineralization depth of organic matter leads to net oxygen uptake and simultaneous expansion of oxygen minimum zones. Chapter 5 examines the consequences of long term climate-driven changes in the biological pump for the productivity of marine ecosystems and fisheries. The thesis concludes in Chapter 6 with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in understanding the biological pump in a changing climate, along with my recommendations for follow up research.


While managerial performance always plays a critical role in determining firm performance, a manager's importance assumes a heightened role in bankruptcy. A manager in bankruptcy both runs the firm and helps form a plan of reorganization. In light of this critical role, one would expect that bankruptcy scholarship would place considerable emphasis on the role of CEO compensation in incentivizing managerial performance in bankruptcy. The opposite is true, however. Bankruptcy scholars and practitioners tend to emphasize other levers of corporate governance, such as the role of Debtor-in-Possession financiers, rather than the importance of CEO compensation. This Article seeks to revive CEO compensation as an important governance lever in bankruptcy. First, the Article examines current ideas and practices of managerial compensation in bankruptcy and finds them wanting. The Article next proposes a novel bankruptcy compensation plan - debt compensation - that provides better incentives for managers to perform efficiently. By granting managers a fixed proportion of unsecured debt in the bankrupt firm, debt compensation creates value-enhancing incentives similar to the incentives created by the stock grants and stock options that are heavily employed by solvent firms to compensate managers.


The potential use of information systems technology (IST) as a competitive weapon has been of enormous interest to many academic scholars and practitioners. However, the importance of identifying factors that organizations must deal with in the process of achieving IST competitive advantages has received inadequate research attention. This article attempts to identify these important factors for the strategic use of IST by examining the multifaceted role of IST in the healthcare context. Three propositions are developed from (1) re-examining a variety of successful IST applications both within and outside healthcare organizations, (2) re-applying the integration concept from the literature, and (3) examining field experiences in the healthcare industry. These propositions should serve as a basis for future empirical investigations into IST strategic applications.


This paper empirically examines the effectiveness of a safeguard tariff in the Japanese market for imported pork parts. The goals are, first, to consider a refinement to the traditional market-based method for evasion detection, and, second, to apply the method in a setting where evasion is suspected to be widespread. Utilising a within-pig variation in tariff burdens and the timing of safeguard invocations, I examine a panel of monthly wholesale prices on narrowly-defined pork products from 2001 through 2008. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that a widespread evasion nullified the safeguard tariff on pork, and are robust to a range of alternative explanations including the adjustment of profit margins by traders. Safeguard tariffs appear to be a simple mechanism, but behavioural responses can undo the policy intent.


Summary
Seven patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis were treated with Nilodin for a period of 6 days, receiving a total dose of 75 mg. per kg. body weight. Four other patients were studied as untreated controls. All were followed before and after therapy by egg counts made on 24-hour sputum specimens using a sodium hydroxide digestion technique. Based on these counts, as well as on the clinical response, Nilodin had no effect on any of the patients to whom the drug was administered. A case of Paragonimus infection involving not only the lungs but the urinary tract as well was studied. The patient passed eggs in the urine continuously, with pus cells generally adherent to the egg shells. An average of 5,966 eggs was passed in the urine per day. Treatment with a combination of emetine, sulfadiazine and Nilodin caused the disappearance of eggs from the urine and sputum based on examinations conducted during the 8-week period which followed the initiation of therapy. It is believed the Nilodin did not influence the disappearance of eggs in this case, but that this was probably due to the combined action of emetine and sulfadiazine.


PURPOSE
We evaluated the efficacy of bevacizumab, alone and in combination with irinotecan, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma in a phase II, multicenter, open-label, noncomparative trial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
One hundred sixty-seven patients were randomly assigned to receive bevacizumab 10 mg/kg alone or in combination with irinotecan 340 mg/m(2) or 125 mg/m(2) (with or without concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs, respectively) once every 2 weeks. Primary end points were 6-month progression-free survival and objective response rate, as determined by independent radiology review. Secondary end points included safety and overall survival.

RESULTS
In the bevacizumab-alone and the bevacizumab-plus-irinotecan groups, estimated 6-month progression-free survival rates were 42.6% and 50.3%, respectively; objective response rates were 28.2% and 37.8%, respectively; and median overall survival times were 9.2 months and 8.7 months, respectively. There was a trend for patients who were taking corticosteroids at baseline to take stable or decreasing doses over time. Of the patients treated with bevacizumab alone or bevacizumab plus irinotecan, 46.4% and 65.8%, respectively, experienced grade > or = 3 adverse events, the most common of which were hypertension (8.3%) and convulsion (6.0%) in the bevacizumab-alone group and convulsion (13.9%), neutropenia (8.9%), and fatigue (8.9%) in the bevacizumab-plus-irinotecan group. Intracranial hemorrhage was noted in two patients (2.4%) in the bevacizumab-alone group (grade 1) and in three patients (3.8%) patients in the bevacizumab-plus-irinotecan group (grades 1, 2, and 4, respectively).

CONCLUSION
Bevacizumab, alone or in combination with irinotecan, was well tolerated and active in recurrent glioblastoma.


Even notable free market scholars in the 20th Century lamented the inescapable decline in intimate social relations that would emerge from the wide-scale adoption of an extended market order. This paper challenges this view that markets erode social relations by challenging the concept that the usage of money or barter are the logical distinction between the intimate and extended order, and then by offering the framework of exit, voice, and loyalty as an improved distinction between the intimate and extended order. With this new framework, it is possible to see that the extended market order can not only preserve the intimate order, by reducing material strain on the intimate order, but also extend the intimate order, by creating the shared social space for the formation of harmonious relations between diverse people. Rather than undermining intimate social relations, market exchange preserves and extends the intimate order.


With the advent of Positive Train Control (PTC), railroads have significantly expanded their communications, signaling, networking and information technology systems. This has required training for existing staff as well as new staff with experience in these areas from industries other than railroading. At the same time, railroads must ensure that maintenance and operations are supported by properly trained employees who execute their responsibilities consistent with regulatory and railroad requirements. Certainly, this is the case for the vast majority of railroad employees; however, in those rare instances when employees deviate from their training, the results can be catastrophic. This has played out recently at Metro North Railroad, which has suffered five accidents over a ten month period, resulting in six fatalities, one hundred and twenty-eight injuries and twenty-eight million dollars in property damage.The lessons from these tragedies, from the perspective of human behavior, and more specifically, training is discussed. Indeed, these accidents, in part, occurred because the railroad's training program did not achieve its desired outcome, to mold human behavior; especially while performing safety-critical work. This is consistent with the findings of a recent Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) safety review of Metro North Railroad, which found ineffective training was at least in part to blame for the aforementioned rash of accidents.The rigorous training requirements, that are part of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA), are detailed. These requirements are intended to ensure that employees are properly prepared to maintain and operate these complex systems and have the added benefit of helping to prepare new employees to take the place of departing, highly experienced individuals. Recognizing the criticality of this training, this paper details training best practices and how they can most effectively be leveraged by railroads. Properly applied, they can reduce accidents, stem the loss of institutional knowledge and properly prepare railroad staff to maintain and operate their new PTC systems.This paper discusses how comprehensive training programs should be built on a foundation of organizational understanding, created by conducting training needs analysis. This analysis seeks to identify the current state of knowledge of key personnel, and compares it to that needed to properly support new organizational goals, such as to maintain and operate PTC. These organizational goals, coupled with the training needs analysis findings, then drive the enhancement of existing training programs, and, in some cases, the creation of new programs. In order to maximize effectiveness of these programs, it was found that training must be conducted using real-life case studies and in a manner that is engaging and interactive.© 2015 ASME


OBJECTIVE
This prospective case-control study was conducted to examine whether spherical deconvolution (SD) can unveil microstructural abnormalities in the corticospinal tract (CST) caused by IDH-mutant gliomas. To determine the significance of abnormal microstructure, the authors investigated the correlation between diffusion parameters and neurophysiological data collected with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS).

METHODS
Twenty participants (10 patients and 10 healthy controls) were recruited. Diffusion-weighted images were acquired on a 3-T MRI scanner using a cardiac-gated single-shot spin echo echo-planar imaging multiband sequence (TE 80 msec, TR 4000 msec) along 90 diffusion directions with a b-value of 2500 sec/mm2 (FOV 256 × 256 mm). Diffusion tensor imaging tractography and SD tractography were performed with deterministic tracking. The anterior portion of the ipsilateral superior peduncle and the precentral gyrus were used as regions of interest to delineate the CST. Diffusion indices were extracted and analyzed for significant differences between hemispheres in patients and between patient and control groups. A navigated brain stimulation system was used to deliver TMS pulses at hotspots at which motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for the abductor pollicis brevis, first digital interosseous, and abductor digiti minimi muscles are best elicited in patients and healthy controls. Functional measurements such as resting motor threshold (rMT), amplitude of MEPs, and latency of MEPs were noted. Significant differences between hemispheres in patients and between patients and controls were statistically analyzed. The Spearman rank correlation was used to investigate correlations between diffusion indices and functional measurements.

RESULTS
The hindrance modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA), measured with SD tractography, is lower in the hemisphere ipsilateral to glioma (p = 0.028). The rMT in the hemisphere ipsilateral to a glioma is significantly greater than that in the contralateral hemisphere (p = 0.038). All measurements contralateral to the glioma, except for the mean amplitude of MEPs (p = 0.001), are similar to those of healthy controls. Mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity from SD tractography are positively correlated with rMT in the hemisphere ipsilateral to glioma (p = 0.02 and 0.006, respectively). The interhemispheric difference in HMOA and rMT is correlated in glioma patients (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS
SD tractography can demonstrate microstructural abnormality within the CST of patients with IDH1-mutant gliomas that correlates to the functional abnormality measured with nTMS.


I. INTRODUCTION Bill Clinton will not be remembered in history as a President who followed any particular philosophical star. Generally, he is considered a moderate or pragmatist. But in one major area of public policy, Clinton tenaciously and consistently pursued a hard-core left-wing agenda: civil rights. Americans will pay the costs of that agenda for years to come, in terms of racial division, weakened civil rights law enforcement, and most tragic of all, missed opportunities. No one could have predicted such a sad debacle. Nothing in Clinton's background suggested a particular passion for civil rights issues. During the campaign and following his election, he chastised left-wing elements of his party for racial divisiveness. He accorded a low priority to filling key civil rights posts. But at some point, Clinton apparently calculated that he could purchase quietude from the party's often-restive left wing cheaply and effectively by turning over to it the entire federal civil rights law enforcement arsenal and tenaciously promoting racial preferences. In a sense, the gambit worked--Jesse Jackson, Kweisi Mfume, and other establishment civil rights leaders became the Clinton Administration's faithful cheerleaders, and Clinton was never seriously challenged from the left, despite abandoning much of its goals in other areas of public policy. But the real-world costs of Clinton's deal with the left have been tremendous. By pursuing race-based civil rights policies, the federal government under Clinton continued to categorize and divide Americans along racial lines in areas touching the lives of everyone, from voting to education to employment to government contracts to housing. At the same time, the Clinton Administration failed to tap into and encourage a burgeoning consensus that racial preferences are wrong, but that true "affirmative action" is necessary to help the most disadvantaged members of our society, who are disproportionately minority. It was one of the few times that Clinton willfully rebuked, rather than adhered himself to, a strong popular consensus on a major policy issue. Moreover, by turning over the federal law enforcement apparatus to a bunch of ideologues, Clinton inflicted serious damage on its effectiveness and credibility. Clinton's Justice Department and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission often resembled a Court TV version of the Keystone Cops. Not only did the agencies lose a remarkable number of cases, but they were repeatedly rebuked and sanctioned by federal courts. The agencies also pursued illegal remedies, coercion, and intimidation, weakening the rule of law that is so critical for effective and enduring protection of civil rights. The imperative for the next Administration is simple yet urgent: to effectuate a long-overdue healing process. Not only must it bridge the racial divide among Americans, but it must also repair the damage inflicted on civil rights law enforcement during the Clinton Administration. II. ADVICE FOR THE NEW PRESIDENT Obviously, civil rights policies will be dictated to some extent by the philosophical predilections of any particular Administration. Democrats and Republicans differ in their approach to civil rights policies,(1) and any Administration is entitled, within certain boundaries, to implement its civil rights vision through policy. But the boundaries are important: every civil rights law enforcement official must take an oath to uphold the Constitution and the civil rights laws he or she will enforce.(2) That oath obligates the official to act in conformity with the rule of law,(3) not to behave like an ideological zealot possessed of a vast federal litigation arsenal. That is the central lesson of the Clinton Administration's civil rights debacle. The next Administration's compass on civil rights can largely be taken from the preceding Administration's mistakes. …


From the Publisher:
Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language written in 100% pure Java, so it runs under any compliant Java Virtual Machine. The secret to Jython's popularity lies in the combination of Java's libraries and tools, with Python's rapid development capabilities. With Jython, you can write Python programs that integrate seamlessly with any Java code. And like Python, Jython can be used interactively, so you can get immediate results as you are programming. Jython Essentials provides a solid introduction to the Python language, offering a brief but thorough tour of the Python concepts you'll need to understand to use Jython effectively. The book makes frequent comparisons between Python and Java, with special emphasis on the different object-oriented semantics of the two languages, so Java programmers can quickly get up to speed with Jython. Jython Essentials also covers the various ways in which Jython and Java can interact. For example, Jython code can create instances of preexisting Java classes and call methods in those instances. You can write Jython classes that are direct subclasses of existing Java classes and use introspection to discern the capabilities of JavaBeans components. This book provides examples of how to use Jython with existing Java libraries, including the Swing GUI toolkit, the JDBC database API, the Servlet API, and various XML tools. And finally, the book shows how Jython can be used as a scripting language within a Java program. With Jython Essentials, you have everything you need to start creating applications that mix the best of Python's interactivity and Java's robust libraries.


A fast and accurate liver segmentation method is a challenging work in medical image analysis area. Liver segmentation is an important process for computer-assisted diagnosis, pre-evaluation of liver transplantation and therapy planning of liver tumors. There are several advantages of magnetic resonance imaging such as free form ionizing radiation and good contrast visualization of soft tissue. Also, innovations in recent technology and image acquisition techniques have made magnetic resonance imaging a major tool in modern medicine. However, the use of magnetic resonance images for liver segmentation has been slow when we compare applications with the central nervous systems and musculoskeletal. The reasons are irregular shape, size and position of the liver, contrast agent effects and similarities of the gray values of neighbor organs. Therefore, in this study, we present a fully automatic liver segmentation method by using an approximation of the level set based contour evolution from T2 weighted magnetic resonance data sets. The method avoids solving partial differential equations and applies only integer operations with a two-cycle segmentation algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed approach is achieved by applying the algorithm to all slices with a constant number of iteration and performing the contour evolution without any user defined initial contour. The obtained results are evaluated with four different similarity measures and they show that the automatic segmentation approach gives successful results.


Engaging customers across channels has become one of the biggest challenges for retailers adopting an omnichannel strategy. In this study, we examine how channel integration quality influences customer engagement in the context of omnichannel retailing. Drawing on the conceptual model of customer engagement, we proposed a research model to explain the effects of breadth of channel choice, transparency of channel-service configuration, content consistency, and process consistency on customer engagement, as well as the positive outcomes associated with the engagement. The research model will be tested with a sample of 500 omnichannel customers using a structural equation modeling approach. This study is expected to contribute to the research on, and practice of, the omnichannel customer engagement by validating the antecedents and consequences of such engagement as well as providing practitioners with insights into devising a successful omnichannel retailing strategy.


We report results from TeV gamma-ray observations of the microquasar Cygnus X-3. The observations were made with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) over a time period from 2007 June 11 to 2011 November 28. VERITAS is most sensitive to gamma rays at energies between 85 GeV and 30 TeV. The effective exposure time amounts to a total of about 44 hr, with the observations covering six distinct radio/X-ray states of the object. No significant TeV gamma-ray emission was detected in any of the states, nor with all observations combined. The lack of a positive signal, especially in the states where GeV gamma rays were detected, places constraints on TeV gamma-ray production in Cygnus X-3. We discuss the implications of the results.


In this presentation of work in progress we want to report on initial findings of research conducted at General Motors UK and Poland; BMW-UK; VW Poland. We report on the development of a range of managerial practices at the workplace level in Poland and the UK (four plants in total) often described as lean production techniques. We examine these with respect to their impact on employees' perceptions of quality of work life (viz; work intensification/stress); involvement/engagement; skill, training and their relationship to participation; management control (autonomy/bullying-mobbing). While advocates of lean have argued consistently that with the right management in the right place, lean will prevail, no evidence has ever been advanced demonstrating the higher levels of employee satisfaction in lean regimes. This is not surprising for at least two reasons. In contrast to the ideology of lean, the impact of systems so defined is deleterious to worker health and the quality of the ir life at work. While there are variations with and between the plants in our study, nevertheless, the data highlights the growing disjuncture between claims and evidence. We say 'growing' because while we have known from the evidence of this and other sectors for some time, that what managers terms compromises workers' quality of life at work, the gap is not in the credibility but in the growing body of evidence. Thus, we seek to highlight both the character of the variation in lean practices across and within plants together with the ideological role of lean. Our methodology included questionnaires and interviews with employees and union officials in four companies (GM-UK & Poland; BMW-UK; WV Poland).


In this workshop, I will present an automatic procedure for extracting formulaic sequences from corpus data and guide participants through its practical implementation using example data and software tools. By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to use the N-Gram Processor (Buerki 2013) and the software SubString (Buerki 2011) to extract formulaic sequences from corpus data of their own. Participants will also be aware of some of the strengths and weaknesses of the procedure and its theoretical underpinnings. The workshop is divided into three parts.

The first part addresses the question of how (or even whether) extraction procedures relate to theoretical understandings of formulaic sequences. While the procedure presented takes as its starting point a constructionist view of formulaic sequences, which identifies them as units of form and associated meaning that are conventional in a speech community, this understanding is briefly located within a broader context of thinking on the nature of formulaic sequences. Implications for identification procedures, including of views based on psycholinguistic processing, the traditional phraseological criterion triplet of polylexicality, idiomaticity and fixedness or the frequency-only approach that produces lexical bundles will also be discussed.

In part two of the workshop, participants are invited to work through a hands-on example of how formulaic sequences are automatically extracted from corpus materials following the five-stage extraction procedure outlined in Buerki (2012):
• Data preparation (normalisations, formatting)
• N-gram extraction using the N-Gram Processor (including the use of stop-lists)
• Consolidation of different length n-grams to derive a unified list using SubString
• Filtering (application of frequency thresholds and a lexico-structural filter)
• Assessment of accuracy and recall.
This includes an introduction to the installation and use of the necessary open-source software tools. A corpus of Wikipedia texts will be provided as example data.

In the final part of the workshop, strengths and limitations of the procedure will be discussed as well as potential alternatives. Strengths include the methodological transparency of the procedure and the ability to process large amounts of corpus data (subject to sufficiently powerful hardware); the limitations consist mainly of the flipside of this, namely that it is less accurate as an automatic procedure when applied to small amounts of data (< 1 million words). In a final discussion section, participants are invited to share their views on any aspect of the workshop topic including how remaining challenges might be overcome.


A phase-retrieval system with a Gaussian filter of known width is proposed. Using this system, one can retrieve the Fourier phase of a complex-valued object function from intensity measurements of two Fourier transforms of the object modulated by the Gaussian filter and the object modulated by the laterally shifted Gaussian filter with known displacement. The shift of the Gaussian filter has the same effect as the modulation of the object with an exponential filter, which is used in the previous phase-retrieval method based on the properties of analytic functions. In addition, the same situation as for the exponential filtering with variable inclination can be easily produced by changing the displacement quantity of the Gaussian filter.


Abstract I examine how courts condition the relationship between state-level public opinion and policy. The system of federalism in the United States allows federal and state courts to establish the types of policies that states are constitutionally allowed to implement. In particular, federal courts can set "federal floors" for policy, below which no states can go. State courts, in turn, can raise the level of this floor. Thus, both federal and state courts shape whether state policy can match the preferences of the median voter in a given state. Analyzing data on public opinion, judicial decisions, and state-level policy on the issue of abortion, from 1973 to 2012, I show that changes in the set of allowable abortion restrictions, according to the combined decisions of state and federal courts, significantly affect whether states implement majority-preferred policies. I also show that ignoring the influence of courts on the policymaking environment significantly affects the estimated level of policy congruence and thus conclusions about the scope of representation. These results demonstrate the importance of placing courts in the larger study of state-level representation.


This article explores the politics of knowledge involved in understanding and responding to epidemics in an era of global health governance and biosecurity. It develops and applies an approach focused on how multiple, competing narratives about epidemics are constructed, mobilized and interact, and selectively justify pathways of intervention and response. A detailed ethnographic case study of national and local responses to H1N1 influenza, so-called swine flu, in Egypt reveals how global narratives were reworked by powerful actors in a particular political context, suppressing and delegitimizing the alternative narratives of the Zabaleen (Coptic Christian) people whose lives and livelihoods centered on raising pigs and working with them to control urban waste. The case study illustrates important ways in which geographies and politics of blame around epidemics emerge and are justified, their political contexts and consequences, and how they may feed back to shape the dynamics of disease itself.


Preferences of 800 randomly selected Australians for retributive and utilitarian sentencing purposes were examined in response to brief crime scenarios where offender age, offence type and offender history were systematically varied. Respondents selected rehabilitation as the most important purpose for first-time, young and burglary offenders. Punishment was endorsed as most important for repeat, adult and serious assault offenders. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that offence history was a stronger predictor of public preferences than offender age or offence type; the odds of choosing rehabilitation compared with punishment were significantly increased by a factor of 6.1 for cases involving first-time offenders. It appears that when given specific cases to consider, the public takes an approach akin to that taken by the sentencing courts as they weigh up the importance of the various purposes for the case at hand. Public preferences are thus broadly consistent with current law and sentencing practice.


Abstract In the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, a core catcher is provided as an in-vessel core debris retention device to collect, support, and maintain in subcritical configuration the relocated core debris generated from fuel melting as a consequence of a severe accident scenario. It acts as a barrier to prevent settling of debris onto the main vessel and helps to maintain the main vessel temperature within acceptable creep range. In the Safety Engineering Division of the Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, model experiments are carried out in water using a geometrically similar model to understand natural convective heat transfer and fluid flow in and around the core catcher below the grid plate. Influences of cylindrical and annular central openings (chimney) through the core catcher assembly are investigated to assess their relative thermal performances. Resistive heating elements are used as heat source to simulate debris decay heat on the core catcher. Series of experiments were carried out with both configurations. Temperatures were monitored at critical positions and compared with numerical evaluation. Flow fields and isotherms are analyzed with a computational model to understand the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics inside the cavity along with experimental data for specified steady-state temperatures on the heat source plate. Numerical results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from the experiments. The combined efforts of numerical and experimental work conclude that core catcher assembly with annular chimney is better in terms of natural convection heat removal capability.


This study was implemented by Boston University in collaboration with the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology with support from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the U.S. Agency for International Development under Project SEARCH Task Order No. GHH‐I‐00‐07‐00023‐00, beginning August 27, 2010. The content and views expressed here are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of USAID or the U.S. Government.


Background: Although neonatal mortality estimates continue to decline in Ethiopia over the years, it is a matter of a great concern among stake holders as the decline is not enough to reduce NM.
Objective: The study aimed to investigate significant factors and appropriate model of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia and also to assess the effect region as a cluster.
Method: The data was obtained from the EDHS, 2011.The study sample (n = 2604) was based on infants (0–1 months old) during the survey period; extracted from the women data base. Two model families, generalized estimating equation and alternating logistic regression models from marginal model family, and generalized linear mixed model from cluster specific model family were used for the analysis. AIC and QIC were used for model selection.
Result: the result showed that among eligible children the proportion of NM was 14.78%. Alternating logistic regression model was best fits the data for population-averaged effects of the given factors on neonatal mortality than generalized estimating equation model and generalized linear mixed model with two random intercepts was the best model to evaluate within and between regional heterogeneity of neonatal mortality. From all the fitted model age of respondents (mothers), multiplicity of birth, birth interval, and birth order, age at first birth, residence, and birth size were found to be significant factors of neonatal mortality; whereas wealth, mothers educational level, sex of a child and place of delivery were non-significant factors.
Conclusion: More importantly, this study contributes to the understanding of the individual and collective effect of maternal, socio-economic and child related factors influencing neonatal mortality in Ethiopia.

Keywords: Neonatal mortality; Generalized Estimating Equation; Alternating logistic regression; Generalized Linear Mixed Model


The use of tributyltin (TBT)-based antifouling paints is unregulated in Israel, and levels of contamination are high along the Mediterranean coastline there. This is indicated by concentrations of butyltins found in the tissue, and by imposex in the whelks Stramonita haemastoma and Hexaplex trunculus. Both the old (since 1974) and new (since late 1995) marinas we studied are hotspots of pollution. Imposex indices were very high at the old marina (RPSI > 100, VDSI 4 to 5); all female H. trunculus and some S. haemastoma were sterile within a distance of ca 1 km from it. The new marina offered a unique opportunity to witness the rapid and intense response of the whelks to TBT pollution in an open coastline. Despite a marked decrease in levels of contamination at distances of 1 to 2 km from both marinas, there were nevertheless detectable levels of butyltins sufficient to cause imposex in reference sites far from high shipping activity. There is evidence that TBT contamination affects abundance and relative growth rates, of male and female, of the 2 whelks around the marinas. Differences in biological response to TBT were observed between the 2 whelk species: S. haemastoma had higher levels of organotins than H. trunculus in most study sites, which may be related to different sensitivity or accumulation rates. In S. haemastoma a male-biased sex ratio was revealed around the old Tel Aviv marina, which may be derived from either female mortality or from a complete sex change in some females. Further development of marinas at coastal resorts is undesirable, certainly in the absence of regulations limiting the use of TBT-based antifoulants, and the establishment of such regulations is highly recommended.


ABSTRACT Congenital variations and anomalies of the aortic arch are important entity in vascular imaging. Most of them are asymptomatic. About 30-40% presents with tracheo-oesophageal symptoms like dyspnea and dysphagia. A 27 year-old female presented with persistent dysphagia for 6 months duration and cause of persistent dysphagia was the right sided aortic arch with aberrant left subcalvian artery from Kommerell's diverticulum. The diagnosis was made through combination of chest X-Ray, echocardiography, non-ionic contrast swallow and Computed Tomography angiography. Non-invasive modalities (CT and MR Angiography) play an important role in diagnosis and pre-operative surgical planning providing relationship with the surrounding structures especially trachea and esophagus.


Thin metal coatings on glass are widely used in modern windows to improve their thermal properties. However, while there are some available papers on the properties of microwave propagation through commercial metallized windows glass below 6 GHz there seems to be a lack of papers regarding metallized multiglazed windows at higher frequencies. Such data are of the great importance when designing modern microwave communication systems working in urban environments. In this paper, the shielding effectiveness (SE) of modern energy-saving glasses and windows were investigated at microwave frequencies from 1 to 20 GHz. Wide measurement range together with proposed fast calculation procedure based on the matrix multiplication method, allowed us to elucidate the reasons responsible for the extremes in dependencies of SE on frequency. It was also shown that by comparing measured and calculated results, the conductivity of the thin metallic layer used in modern energy-saving windows can be determined. During the study, we found that attenuation of microwave radiation passing through modern windows can be as high as 60 dB.


ABSTRACT Background: For the last 20 years, health provider organizations have made efforts to align mission, values, and everyday practices to ensure high-quality, high-value, and ethical care. However, little attention has been paid to the organizational values and practices of community-based programs that organize and facilitate access to care for uninsured populations. This study aimed to identify and describe organizational values relevant to resource allocation and policy decisions that affect the services offered to members, using the case of community access programs: county-based programs that provide access to care for the uninsured working poor. Methods: Comparative and qualitative case study methodology was used, including document review, observations, and key informant interviews, at two geographically diverse programs. Results: Nine values were identified as relevant to decision making: stewardship, quality care, access to care, service to others, community well-being, member independence, organizational excellence, decency, and fairness. The way these values were deployed in resource allocation decisions that affected services offered to the uninsured are illustrated in one example per site. Conclusions: This study addresses the previous dearth in the literature regarding an empirical description of organizational values employed in decision making of community organizations. To assess the transferability of the values identified, we compared our empirical results to prior empirical and conceptual work in the United States and internationally and found substantial alignment. Future studies can examine whether the identified organizational values are reflective of those at other health care organizations.


Although geothermal energy is globally recognized as a clean and reliable source of heat and electric power its development can inadvertently lead to adverse outcomes that disproportionately disadvantage women. Based on good practices and lessons learned, this report introduces ways that geothermal projects can mitigate risks and pursue opportunities to address gender gaps within the project cycle. It outlines the risks and opportunities associated with (i) changes in land and natural resource use, (ii) changes to employment and economic patterns, and (iii) changes to environment and health. Beyond mapping risks and opportunities, the report makes the case for focusing on the gaps between men and women from the project outset. Once gaps, key stakeholder risks, and additional development opportunities have been identified, project teams have an opportunity to address them through actions. The report provides guidance on how to include specific monitoring and evaluation indicators in the results framework for geothermal projects that measure progress toward closing gaps between men and women. In addition, the report contains an overview of guidance and toolkits developed, selected global case studies, and other resources so that project teams, governments, and geothermal developers have additional guidance on hand to prepare more equitable projects.


The Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award for 1991 went not to a single project, but to an entire decade's effort by the Portland (Ore.) District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Their response to the eruption of Mount St. Helens in May 1980 entailed planning under pressure, designing against unknowns and devising innovative solutions for approval by numerous other federal, state and local agencies, plus an anxious public. The Corps' emergency response—salvaging lives and property—evolved into long term planning for permanent solutions that were in place a decade later. Two major projects mark the effort. One is an outlet tunnel driven 8,460 ft through rock to tap Spirit Lake, which had been enlarged by an unstable debris dam. The tunnel prevents major flooding by holding the lake to a safe level. To prevent sediment from choking local rivers, the Corps dammed a stream with a three-part structure designed not to stop water but to trap sediment: an embankment dam, outlet works and abutment spillway. Ports in the outlet works will be closed off as sediment rises within it over 50 years, when the river will be diverted entirely through the spillway. Of the $1 billion spent during the decade, nearly half went for Corps work; part of the rest is reflected in the new National Volcanic Monument, for which the Corps drew up the comprehensive plan.


This study presents findings on how much borrowers pay in closing costs when they buy a house, how much these costs vary, and factors to which the variation is related. The analysis uses data from a national sample of 7,560 FHA-insured, 30-year fixed-rate home purchase loans. Data were collected on how much borrowers paid for lender or broker services, title services, and real estate agent's services, and linked to information on borrower and loan characteristics, including loan amounts, interest rates, credit history, income, borrowers' race and ethnicity, and the racial composition and educational attainment in the borrower's neighborhood. The analysis focuses in turn on fees paid to lenders and mortgage brokers, to title companies, and to real estate agents.


Coding abstract concepts in the brain Grid cells are thought to provide the neuronal code that underlies spatial knowledge in the brain. Grid cells have mostly been studied in the context of path integration. However, recent theoretical studies have suggested that they may have a broader role in the organization of general knowledge. Constantinescu et al. investigated whether the neural representation of concepts follows a structure similar to the representation of space in the entorhinal cortex. Several brain regions, including the entorhinal cortex and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, showed gridlike neural representation of conceptual space. Science, this issue p. 1464 Grid cells in the brain can also represent nonspatial knowledge. It has been hypothesized that the brain organizes concepts into a mental map, allowing conceptual relationships to be navigated in a manner similar to that of space. Grid cells use a hexagonally symmetric code to organize spatial representations and are the likely source of a precise hexagonal symmetry in the functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Humans navigating conceptual two-dimensional knowledge showed the same hexagonal signal in a set of brain regions markedly similar to those activated during spatial navigation. This gridlike signal is consistent across sessions acquired within an hour and more than a week apart. Our findings suggest that global relational codes may be used to organize nonspatial conceptual representations and that these codes may have a hexagonal gridlike pattern when conceptual knowledge is laid out in two continuous dimensions.


Abstract Background: Consequences of stroke frequently comprise reduced movement ability of the upper extremity (UE) and subsequent long-term disability. Clinical scales are used to monitor and evaluate rehabilitation but are often insufficient, while technological advances in 3D motion capture provide detailed kinematics to more objectively quantify and interpret movement deficits. Objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of research using kinematic movement analysis of the UE in individuals post-stroke with focus on objectives, methodology and findings while highlighting clinical implications and future directions. Major Findings: A literature search yielded 93 studies categorised into four groups: comparative (healthy, stroke, task condition), intervention (clinical trials), methodological and longitudinal. The majority of studies used optoelectronic systems, investigated discrete reaching and involved mainly individuals with moderate or mild stroke impairment in chronic stage. About 80% of the studies were published after year 2004. Speed-related variables were most frequently addressed followed by smoothness indicators, joint angles and trunk displacement. Movements in the hemiparetic side are generally slower, less smooth and show a compensatory movement pattern. Task specificity is crucial for kinematic outcomes. Tables summarising the main characteristics, objectives and results of all included studies are provided. Conclusions: There is still a lack of studies addressing reliability and responsiveness and involving more complex, everyday UE tasks with ecological validity. To facilitate the use of UE kinematic movement analysis in clinics, a research-based simpler data handling with pre-defined output for the results, as commonly used in gait analysis, is warranted.


The topic of how a protein folds has been a major area of research for several decades; however, important details about this process are still undetermined. Experimental limitations in the study of protein folding are a result of no technique possessing both the necessary spatial and temporal resolution. This Thesis presents several studies conducted with the goal of expanding upon the experimentalist's toolbox, involving new methods of interrogating and/or perturbing protein systems of interest. The early chapters of this Thesis describe our efforts using established synthetic methods to extend the utility of infrared spectroscopy in the study of protein folding. Specifically, we show that, using the strategy of cysteine alkylation, we can incorporate novel vibrational probes into proteins in a site-specific manner. We also show that combined sidechain mutagenesis, probing at multiple frequencies, and isotopic labeling to obtain secondary structural resolution in infrared studies of protein folding, in the process uncovering details about the folding mechanism of the Trp-cage miniprotein. Similarly, we illustrated the use of thioamides as site-specific reporters of backbone-backbone hydrogen bonding, and applied this functionalization to the Trpzip2 beta-hairpin system to validate its proposed folding mechanism. Further work involved using Damino acids to interrogate turn regions in proteins, specifically examining Trp-cage folding. The later chapters of this Thesis are focused on the effects of extrinsic molecules on the structural ordering of proteins. Taking advantage of the lack of tertiary structure of intrinsically disordered proteins, we examined the effect that trifluoroethanol has on protein folding, and found evidence that this cosolvent acts as a nanocrowder. We also introduced the idea of using phototriggers to modify the free energy landscape of folding for a given protein, and demonstrated that a peptide that typically folds in an activated (barrier-containing) manner can be made to fold in a downhill fashion upon irradiation. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics First Advisor Feng Gai


Using an aqua-planet version of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the dependence of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) simulation on the cumulus parameterization was examined with three different cumulus schemes—simplified Arakawa-Schubert, Kuo, and moist convective adjustment. The simulated intensity and propagation characteristics of the ISO depend significantly on the choice of cumulus scheme, in which more constrained convection scheme produces stronger intraseasonal variability in tropics. Mean thermodynamic state and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) structure also vary among the simulations, demonstrating that the ISO variability and the mean states are mutually dependent. Following Tokioka et al. (1988), the simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme was modified by posing a minimum entrainment rate constraint for cumuli, and the relationship between tropical intraseasonal variability and zonal mean rainfall structure was examined. More constraining deep convections, the tropical ISO variability becomes stronger with narrower ITCZ structures. Vertical and horizontal structures of eastward propagating waves appeared in the aqua-planet experiments were further investigated. The vertical structures of propagating waves are consistent with observations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, but the vertical profile of ISO-modulated heating exhibits a middle-heavy structure and the simulated waves show relatively faster propagations compared with the observed. The horizontal composite structures show the boundary-layer moisture frictional convergence to the east, and divergence to the west of the convective region, and this suggests that a frictional Kelvin wave-CISK mechanism is important to these eastward propagating waves.


Command and control is a generic activity involving the exercise of authority over assigned resources, combined with planning, coordinating and controlling how those resources are used. The challenge for understanding this type of activity is that it is not often amenable to the conventional experimental/methodological approach. Command and control tends to be multi-faceted (so requires more than one method), is made up of interacting socio and technical elements (so requires a systemic approach) and exhibits aggregate behaviours that emerge from these interactions (so requires methods that go beyond reductionism). In these circumstances a distributed cognition approach is highly appropriate yet the existing ethnographic methods make it difficult to apply and, for non-specialist audiences, sometimes difficult to meaningfully interpret. The Event Analysis for Systemic Teamwork method is put forward as a means of working from a distributed cognition perspective but in a way that goes beyond ethnography. A worked example from Air Traffic Control is used to illustrate how the language of social science can be translated into the language of systems analysis. Statement of Relevance: Distributed cognition provides a highly appropriate conceptual response to complex work settings such as Air Traffic Control. This paper deals with how to realise those benefits in practice without recourse to problematic ethnographic techniques.


In most countries the right to publicly perform music is not administered individually by the copyright holders but rather collectively by Performing Rights Organizations (PROs). The common explanation behind the proliferation of collective administration is that some aspects of copyright administrations are natural monopolies. It is often argued that individual administration is impracticable or at least non-economical. Collective administration is therefore promoted as the most efficient method for licensing, monitoring and enforcing those rights. In addition, since the market is a natural monopoly, regulation, rather than an attempt to foster competition, is thought to be the optimal regulatory response.This is a first in a series of two articles that critically analyzes this natural monopoly argument. In this article I argue that the case for PROs is not as straightforward as it is assumed to be. I show that many of the underlying cost efficiencies that are attributed to PROs are usually simply assumed, and in many cases could be equally achieved under less restrictive arrangements. The next article will show that technological changes that can facilitate the online licensing of music undermine the natural monopoly framework even further. This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in the Journal of Competition Law and Economics following peer review.


This investigation is an attempt to assess indicators of qualityschool education using Stephenson's Q-methodology designed to deal with subjective issues like one under investigation. Methodology is alternative of R-methodology which deals with objective issues and highly relies on quantitative analysis. In procedure of Q-methodology it is inter-person correlation put to factor analysis instead of inter-item correlation as in case of R-methodology. Investigator finalized thirty nine items supposedly covering the concept under investigation; we technically call it concourse of the concept. Data was collected by using ipsative choice method of Q-sorting, which involves placing items (written on cards) in seven piles (having 1, 3, 8, 15, 8, 3, and 1items) on a continuum from least approved to most approved. These items are scored from 1 to 7 in respect of piles moving from least approved to most approved measures. Depending on inter-correlation values i.e. proximity, groups of persons were discovered. For each group responses by the members for all the items were averaged to find rank order for items. These items are then placed back in the Q-distribution to understand most approved and least approved measures of quality for a group. Study revealed that at least fifteen factors (one corresponding to each group) are running under the concept of quality school education. It is finally concluded that teachers differ significantly in their perceptions on the subject under investigation. Indicators developed include-Planning, Problem solving, Efficiency, Communication, Skills learning, Individual differences, Productivity, Teaching Methodology, Freedom of expression, Leadership, Teacher, and Relation. In terms of hypotheses testing study accepted all the hypotheses relating to existence of distinct groups, groups have different perceptions, the and methodology has been effective for dealing the subject under investigation.


This article is a study of 'Mosaic' – a piece of multilingual theatre-in-education designed to promote linguistically diverse practices in primary schools in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Focusing on the relatively uncharted territory of applied theatre as a means of promoting multilingualism, and challenging a culture of monolingual teaching and learning, the article examines how the piece enabled schools to begin to be re-imagined as places where creative, multilingual pedagogy and practice could take root. Two key theoretical concepts frame the study: (1) Postman's view of education as a 'counter-argument' to the prevailing biases of dominant cultural practices and (2) Bakhtin's concept of 'heteroglossia', which links multilingual practices to their social, political and historical power hierarchies. Based on data collected during the touring of 'Mosaic' – primarily audio recordings made of the interactions of six participating pupils – the article explores how the participatory approach adopted in 'Mosaic' sowed the seeds of 'counter-argument' not only to challenge dominant monolingual norms but also to enable children to negotiate and perform new social identities in relation to their multilingual resources. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed.


In April, 2001, the University of Illinois College of Law hosted a symposium on empirical and experimental methods in legal scholarship. This introduction explains that the organizers deemed the symposium to be timely in that there has been a significant increase in the volume and importance of empirical work related to legal topics and the first tentative steps in applying experimental methods to the study of law. The authors of this introduction elaborate on these trends and then briefly describe the articles that were presented at the symposium and subsequently published in the University of Illinois Law Review. The symposium had two principal parts. The articles in the first part lay out the general case for empirical and experimental work in law, explain some of the relevant techniques, and predict future trends in empirical legal research. The articles in the second part concentrate on empirical and experimental work in particular areas of the law, such as contract law, tort law, corporation law, legal history, criminal law and procedure, and public choice. Those articles summarize the work done thus far and the issues that that work has resolved and then lays out the questions that further empirical and experimental work must seek to answer. The symposium is dedicated to the memory of Professor Gary Schwartz, who participated and whose contribution on empirical work in tort law graces the proceedings.


Reflective programming allows one to construct programs that manipulate or examine their behaviour or structure at runtime. One of the benefits is the ability to create generic code that is able to adapt to being incorporated into different larger programs, without modifications to suit each concrete setting. Due to the runtime nature of reflection, static verification is difficult and has been largely ignored or only weakly supported. This work focusses on supporting verification for cases where generic code that uses reflection is to be used in a "closed" program where the structure of the program is known in advance.

This thesis first describes extensions to a verification system and semi-automated tool that was developed to reason about heap-manipulating programs which may store executable code on the heap. These extensions enable the tool to support a wider range of programs on account of the ability to provide stronger specifications. The system's underlying logic is an extension of separation logic that includes nested Hoare-triples which describe behaviour of stored code. Using this verification tool, with the crucial enhancements in this work, a specified reflective library has been created.

The resulting work presents an approach where metadata is stored on the heap such that the reflective library can be implemented using primitive commands and then specified and verified, rather than developing new proof rules for the reflective operations. The supported
reflective functions characterise a subset of Java's reflection library and the specifications guarantee both memory safety and a degree of functional correctness. To demonstrate the application of the developed solution two case studies are carried out, each of which focuses on different reflection features.

The contribution to knowledge is a first look at how to support semi-automated static verification of reflective programs with meaningful specifications.


While sleep states have existed for mobile devices and workstations for some time, these sleep states have largely not been incorporated into the servers in today's data centers.
 Chip designers have been unmotivated to design sleep states because data center administrators haven't expressed any desire to have them. High setup times make administrators fearful of any form of dynamic power management, whereby servers are suspended or shut down when load drops. This general reluctance has stalled research into whether there might be some feasible sleep state (with sufficiently low setup overhead and/or sufficiently low power) that would actually be beneficial in data centers.
 This paper uses both experimentation and theory to investigate the regime of sleep states that should be advantageous in data centers. Implementation experiments involve a 24-server multi-tier testbed, serving a web site of the type seen in Facebook or Amazon with key-value workload and a range of hypothetical sleep states. Analytical modeling is used to understand the effect of scaling up to larger data centers. The goal of this research is to encourage data center administrators to consider dynamic power management and to spur chip designers to develop useful sleep states for servers.