We present a large‐scale modeling study characterizing fluid flow and tracer transport in the unsaturated zone (UZ) of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the proposed underground repository site for storing high‐level radioactive waste. The modeling study is conducted using a three‐dimensional numerical model, which incorporates a wide variety of field data and takes into account the coupled processes of flow and transport in Yucca Mountain's highly heterogeneous, unsaturated, fractured porous rock. The modeling approach is based on a dual‐continuum formulation. Using different conceptual models of unsaturated flow, various scenarios of current and future climate conditions and their effects on the UZ are evaluated to aid in the assessment of the repository's system performance. These models are calibrated against field‐measured data. Model‐predicted flow and transport processes under current and future climates are discussed.


A high percentage of circuit boards manufactured in the electronics industry are of an irregular shape and are produced on a standard panel outline to facilitate assembly handling. The unused pieces of circuit board pass through the same processes as the useful parts and are normally discarded. This excess material could, among other things, be used to evaluate the quality of a bare board or an assembly. This paper will highlight the usefulness of designing test patterns on this excess material, namely test coupons, in terms of how these can be used to monitor all of the manufacturing and assembly process steps. It will also show how these coupons can be used to make the board easier to assemble and how they may actually lead to an improvement in the quality of the assembly and an increase in production yields. Suggestions will be made as to the types of test pattern that can be used, as well as how these patterns can be utilised as process control checkers. Since the test coupons are incorporated in the board design, a quality check of 100% of the boards that are being processed is possible. This would highlight any board‐to‐board variation if it were present. It would also allow for destructive testing to be carried out, without damaging any of the working product. The applications of these patterns are wide ranging. They can be used to check bare board quality—etch definition, layer registration, plating quality, solder mask definition etc. They can also be used to monitor the assembly processes for SMT and conventional PTH assembly types—cut and clinch quality, paste printing quality, onsertion accuracy, reflow/flow soldering quality and assembly cleanliness, among others. Many of these applications are examined in this paper.


Teaching and learning are profoundly personal experiences, yet systems of education often prioritize ubiquitous agendas that alienate rather than engage. Creating space for individuals and their lived experiences has the capacity to transform the classroom from a place of containment to one of expansiveness. Resisting the tendency of education to think dichotomously about teaching/learning, theory/practice, and self/other, we engage here as two learners who happen to have shared a graduate program, one as teacher and one as student. Influenced by post-qualitative inquiry (St. Pierre, 2017a; St. Pierre, 2017b) and post academic writing (Badley, 2019), we engage reflexively to consider the experience of this shared learning journey.


We consider random graphs such that each edge is determined by an independent random variable, where the probability of each edge is not assumed to be equal. We use a Chernoff inequality for matrices to show that the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix and the normalized Laplacian of such a random graph can be approximated by those of the weighted expectation graph, with error bounds dependent upon the minimum and maximum expected degrees. In particular, we use these results to bound the spectra of random graphs with given expected degree sequences, including random power law graphs. Moreover, we prove a similar result giving concentration of the spectrum of a matrix martingale on its expectation.


Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni, is commonly used in popular medicine in Brazil. Many parts of the noni tree are utilized in such practices, including the roots, leaves and seeds. Through a search of online databases, the present article reviews 92 research studies on the biological actions of M. citrifolia. The paper will discuss the therapeutic effects of noni and its compounds in a variety of forms of presentation, focusing on studies that support its traditional use. A large and diverse number of properties were identified, which were divided into immunostimulatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, anti‐obesity, antibacterial and anti‐septic, antifungal, antiviral, leishmanicidal, antiinflammatory, antinociceptive and analgesic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, wound healing, antiallergic, antiangiogenic, antiemetic and anti‐nausea, anti‐gastric ulcer and oesophagitis, anthelmintic, antimutagenic, antipsychotic, anxiolytic, photoprotective, anti‐wrinkle and periodontal tissue regeneration activities. While it was concluded that although M. citrifolia is widely and successfully used for the treatment or prevention of various diseases, it should be consumed carefully, and only after exhaustive studies into its chemical constituents and mechanisms of action, both in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as clinical trials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We examine the effect of clamping variables for approximate inference in undirected graphical models with pairwise relationships and discrete variables. For any number of variable labels, we demonstrate that clamping and summing approximate sub-partition functions can lead only to a decrease in the partition function estimate for TRW, and an increase for the naive mean field method, in each case guaranteeing an improvement in the approximation and bound. We next focus on binary variables, add the Bethe approximation to consideration and examine ways to choose good variables to clamp, introducing new methods. We show the importance of identifying highly frustrated cycles, and of checking the singleton entropy of a variable. We explore the value of our methods by empirical analysis and draw lessons to guide practitioners.


The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible protective effect of (toxicom) 5g\kg of ration against the toxic effects of mixed mycotoxins in growing broiler chickens .Total of 75 chicks ,one week old, are divided into 5 treated groups, 15 birds for each. The first group (G1) fed a contaminated ration with mycotoxin and supplemented with toxicom 5g/kg of ration and vaccinated with Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccine at 15 and 22 days of age. The second group (G2) is fed a ration contaminated with mycotoxin and vaccinated with IBD vaccine at 15 and 22 days of age and not supplemented with toxicom. The third group (G3)is fed a commercial broiler ration and vaccinated with IBD vaccine at 15 and 22 days of age . The fourth group (G4 ) is only fed a contaminated ration with mycotoxins. The fifth group (G5) is fed a commercial broiler ration as a control group. The mycotoxins in diet is analyzed by ELISA and the level is as follows : Aflatoxin B1 0.001 mg/kg ,Dezoxivalenol 1.24 mg/kg ,Zearalenon 0.068 mg/kg ,Ochratoxin 0.005 mg/kg ,T2 toxin 0.09 mg/kg ,Fuminisen B1 0.2 mg/kg. Results showed that toxicom significantly (P<0.05) protect chicken body weight, severity of clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rate. It is concluded which produced in Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine is protect chicken that this preparation is protect chicken bioavailability parameters in comparison with the other groups and is recommended to use it as antitoxic material Republic of Belarus.


This paper presents the results of our research in silent speech recognition (SSR) using Surface Electromyography (sEMG); which is the technology of recording the electric activation potentials of the human articulatory muscles by surface electrodes in order to recognize speech. Though SSR is still in the experimental stage, a number of potential applications seem evident. Persons who have undergone a laryngectomy, or older people for whom speaking requires a substantial effort, would be able to mouth (vocalize) words rather than actually pronouncing them. Our system has been trained with 30 utterances from each of the three subjects we had on a testing vocabulary of 4 phrases, and then tested for 15 new utterances that were not part of the training list. The system achieved an average of 91.11% word accuracy when using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier while the base language is English, and an average of 89.44% word accuracy using the Standard Arabic language.


This study seeks to empirically test the narrative of a frictionless global market for digital labor. The empirical strategy is based on the examination of internal data from Nubelo, one of the largest Spanish-language online labor platforms. The results suggest that information-related frictions long observed in traditional labor markets are exacerbated in online platforms, resulting in discrimination based on country of origin. We show that, after controlling for observable workers' characteristics and their job bids, foreign job-seekers are 42 percent less likely to win contracts from Spanish employers, which represent about two-thirds of all employers in the platform. We attribute this result to the activation of social stereotypes that orient employers' hiring decisions, in the absence of verifiable information about the quality of individual workers. We draw implications for platform design and the governance of online labor contracts.


Developing distributed and parallel programs on today's multiprocessor architectures is still a challenging task. Particular distressing is the lack of effective performance tools that support the programmer in evaluating changes in code, problem and machine sizes, and target architectures. In this paper we introduce $P^3T+$ which is a performance estimator for mostly regular HPF (High Performance Fortran) programs but partially covers also message passing programs (MPI). $P^3T+$ is unique by modeling programs, compiler code transformations, and parallel and distributed architectures. It computes at compile-time a variety of performance parameters including work distribution, number of transfers, amount of data transferred, transfer times, computation times, and number of cache misses. Several novel technologies are employed to compute these parameters: loop iteration spaces, array access patterns, and data distributions are modeled by employing highly effective symbolic analysis. Communication is estimated by simulating the behavior of a communication library used by the underlying compiler. Computation times are predicted through pre-measured kernels on every target architecture of interest. We carefully model most critical architecture specific factors such as cache lines sizes, number of cache lines available, startup times, message transfer time per byte, etc. $P^3T+$ has been implemented and is closely integrated with the Vienna High Performance Compiler (VFC) to support programmers develop parallel and distributed applications. Experimental results for realistic kernel codes taken from real-world applications are presented to demonstrate both accuracy and usefulness of $P^3T+$.


We have collected a set of 347 proteins that are found in eukaryotic cells but have no significant homology to proteins in Archaea and Bacteria. We call these proteins eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs). The dominant hypothesis for the formation of the eukaryotic cell is that it is a fusion of an archaeon with a bacterium. If this hypothesis is accepted then the three cellular domains, Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria, would collapse into two cellular domains. We have used the existence of this set of ESPs to test this hypothesis. The evidence of the ESPs implicates a third cell (chronocyte) in the formation of the eukaryotic cell. The chronocyte had a cytoskeleton that enabled it to engulf prokaryotic cells and a complex internal membrane system where lipids and proteins were synthesized. It also had a complex internal signaling system involving calcium ions, calmodulin, inositol phosphates, ubiquitin, cyclin, and GTP-binding proteins. The nucleus was formed when a number of archaea and bacteria were engulfed by a chronocyte. This formation of the nucleus would restore the three cellular domains as the Chronocyte was not a cell that belonged to the Archaea or to the Bacteria.


In this paper, the physical limitations of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based switching nodes for optical burst switching (OBS) are investigated. The investigation covers two broadcast-and-select (BAS)-based architectures. Their maximum size and throughput are analyzed for nodes at different bit rates. As main impairments for signal degradation amplifier noise, crosstalk, SOA gain saturation and dynamics, and SOA chirp are evaluated by simulations. In conclusion, general rules for design burst switching nodes are established.


The presentation focuses, first, on Richard Rorty's debate with the Italian philosopher Gianni Vattimo in The Future of Religion (2005): that is to say on a debate which – taking into account pragmatism's attitude towards "the religious" as well as to the postmodern critique of those radicalized (post-Kantian) modes of Enlightenment that without much hesitation affirm "atheism" – critically revisits the standard verdict of modernity regarding the unstoppable demise of religion. The paper discusses, secondly, Hilary Putnam's post-analytical conception of faith that he developed in his books Renewing Philosophy (1992) and Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life. Rosenzweig, Buber, Levinas, Wittgenstein (2008). Putnam's elaborate interest in "the religious" is, as will be shown, inspired by William James as well as by late Wittgenstein and by (elements of) John Dewey's social philosophy. Part three of the paper is dedicated to Charles Taylor's (both sympathetic and critical) analysis of William James's – individual-focused – survey of "religious experience" which was published in his 2002 Vienna Lecture, Varieties of Religion Today: William James Revisited. This segment of the talk primarily focuses on Taylor's renewed emphasis on the communal aspects of faith. The coda deals briefly with Hans Joas's pragmatist concept of the "optional" character of religious belief "in a secular age" (Faith as an Option, 2014). In the context of his (Taylor-inspired) analysis of modernity, Joas emphasizes (with reference to Robert N. Bellah, with whom he co-edited The Axial Age and Its Consequences, 2012), that in a globalized world no religion should insist, dogmatically, on the absolute validity of "its own take on the divine," since such an insis tence can easily trigger a fanatic rejection of "the other." While avoiding abstract relativism, religions should rather mutually focus on their best sides, trying to learn from each other: from their different – and at all times fragile and unfinished – attempts to explore (as James put it) "the relation of man to the divine." The core thesis of the paper is thus twofold. Firstly, neo-pragmatic attempts to explore "the religious" have the potential to critically distance the (strict as well as dogmatic) verdict of older secularization theories that (in view of today's scientific progress) religion is (or will soon be) "a matter of the past." Secondly, pragmatist as well as neo-pragmatist re-readings of religion – while focusing on the individual and taking a critical stance vis-à-vis religious institutions – do not (ultimately) shy away from a careful re-investigation of the social embeddedness of all religious experience, thought, and practice.


New populations of the two species of calanoid copepods known to inhabit freshwater lakes in East Antarctica, Boeckella poppei (Mrázek, 1901) and Gladioferens antarcticus Bayly, 1994, have recently been discovered. The morphology of the populations of B. poppei showed significant differences, notably a reduction in the armature of the male fifth leg, when compared with typical specimens from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. Gladioferens antarcticus had previously been recorded from a single lake in the Bunger Hills, but has now been recorded from three further lakes in this region. A recent review of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic zooplankton suggested that neither of these species can be considered an East Antarctic endemic, with B. poppei being listed as a recent anthropogenic introduction and G. antarcticus a 'marine interloper'. We conclude differently: B. poppei has been present in isolated populations in East Antarctica for significant lengths of time, possibly predating the current interglacial, while G. antarcticus is a true Antarctic endemic species whose ancestors have been present in the region since before Australia separated from Antarctica.


Chickens are the most popular poultry worldwide and are now used for both meat and egg production. There is only a sporadic information in the literature on chicken taxonomy; and there is a lack of a single concise document that deals with different issues related to this important topic. The present document contains detailed information on the tree taxonomy of chickens. In addition, process of domestication and its effect on chicken genetic diversity, physiology and behaviour are also discussed. The major conclusions are as follows: 1) Chickens are classified as: order: Galliformes, family: Phasianidae, genus: Gallus (junglefowl). Four species of junglefowl are recognized. These are: a) Gallus gallus (red junglefowl), b) Gallus varius (green junglefowl), c) Gallus sonneratii (grey junglefowl) and d) Gallus lafayetii (Ceylon junglefowl). The current chickens that are used for both meat and egg production commercially are domesticated fowl and are the descendants of the red junglefowl species. 2) Domestication process is a complicated one and involves intensive breeding and selection programmes. During this process, genetic diversity is still maintained, yet reduced, so careful attention is needed in the future to maintain the diversity of specialized chicken species. 3) Domestication resulted in basic changes in the behaviour, physiology and production of the bird, but still there are some similarities between the ancestor and the current chickens.


David Hockney (b. 1937) has always been closely associated with Pop Art and California, where he has lived for much of his life. This major study of his work, published to accompany the exhibition showing at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, redefines him as an important painter of the English countryside, presenting his recent landscapes for the first time. In an attempt to renew contemporary art, Hockney has returned to painting in the open air, observing with honesty and intensity the scenery of his childhood in East Yorkshire. Marco Livingstone explores this bold departure in the context of Hockney's sixty-year career, while other contributors address the artists place in the landscape tradition, his recent video works and their relationship to English landscape film-making, and his ongoing use of new technologies. Illustrated with paintings, iPad drawings and video stills, many of which have never been seen before, this landmark publication confirms David Hockney as one of the greatest artists of his generation.


In this thesis I set out to test the hypothesis that the separation of the pure from the impure is a theme which links all the various aspects of religious activity in village Hinduism, integrating them in spite of their apparent cultural diversity. In the first Chapter I describe some of the recent theoretical approaches to the analysis of Hinduism in anthropological literature, for instance the contributions of Srinivas, Marriott and Mathur. Most of these emphasize the diversity of Hindu religious activities. But Dumont, and more recently Harper, have pointed to the unifying role of the purity-pollution principle which underlies all ritual activity. In Chapter 2 I give a brief description of the village where I carried out field research, giving especial attention to the operation of rules concerning purity and pollution in social life. In Chapter 3 I describe the private religious activities of the villagers. These consist of individual acts of worship addressed to members of a pantheon which includes deities of a local nature along with scriptural deities known all over India, I describe the villagers' conception of their relationships with these gods and the techniques of the ritual they use in order to influence them. In many ways these relationships reflect the relationships between members of different castes in human society. The concern for the separation of the pure from the impure which governs contact between castes also governs contacts between men and deities. Also the relationship between a household or personal deity and his devotee is analogous to that between a powerful jajman and his low caste client. Chapter 4 consists of a description of life cycle rites and other public rituals performed with the aid of a Brahman priest. Many of the public ritual acts conducted on such occasions are directed to the preservation of the pure deities from the threat of pollution arising from contact with their less pure devotees, or from other sources of pollution. In Chapter 5 the festival cycle observed in the village is described. In calendrical rites the concern for purity is shown through activities such as purificatory fasting and bathing, which are recurrent elements in the round of festivals. The last chapter consists of a general discussion of the purity-pollution principle. Not only does this principle give unity to the diverse aspects of religious activity but it also provides continuity between Hindu religion and Hindu social life in general: the hierarchical relations between, men and deities are only an extension of the hierarchical relationships between men themselves, and between men and the other things and creatures in the universe.


Two component electromagnetic flowmeters are being used as the basis of an apparatus to measure nearshore velocities on natural beaches. The flowmeters are mounted on free standing tripods, 1 m. base side and 0.3 m. high, to measure the two components of horizontal flow, and have been used in depths of up to 4 m. and up to 150 m. from the shoreline. The apparatus has proved both flexible and reliable on beaches ranging from steep shingle (slope ^ 0.13) to very shallow sand (slope'*' 0.01) and under a wide variety of wave conditions, including full storm waves on a beach of intermediate slope ( ^ 0.04). Results show that a single flowmeter can be used on a tidal beach to measure the variation of the flow field along a line perpendicular to the shoreline. In this way edge waves and steady nearshore circulation patterns have been detected. If several flowmeters are placed on a line perpendicular to the shoreline, the progress of individual waves can be followed as they pass over each flowmeter in turn, and hence propagation speeds, changes of wave form and the development of lower frequency wave motion close to the shoreline can be studied.


A new version of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model (MOM 3) is used to simulate interannual and interdecadal variability over the entire Pacific basin from January 1948 to April 2000, forced by NCEP reanalysis atmosphere‐ocean fluxes. The MOM 3 with high resolution and sophisticated physics realistically reproduces the subduction of temperature and salinity anomalies associated with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific. Two major decadal subduction events (one warm and salty in the 1970s, and another cold and fresh in the 1980s) are demonstrated in this paper. In the 1970s temperature anomaly signal propagates along the subduction pathway into the western boundary at 18° N. The time needed to propagate from the midlatitude outcrop sites into the western boundary is about 5 years, shorter than that suggested by previous advection‐based analyses. It is further shown that the simulated temperature and salinity variations coincide in such a way that cold (warm) anomalies tend to be accompanied by fresh (salty) anomalies along the subduction pathway, indicating that they are largely compensating in terms of density on the decadal time scales. The implication of such compensated thermal anomalies subducted from the midlatitudes are discussed with respect to the tropical variability and ocean data assimilation issues.


The Chinese born spiritual teacher "Dr. Zhi Gang Sha" makes up part of a growing global healers market and provides various techniques of purported ancient Chinese origin in his centres in Canada and in Europe. Most of his teachings belong to the vast and heterogeneous array of practices, methods, and beliefs which developed within the modern qigong scene that emerged in China in the second half of the twentieth century and spread into the West in close connection with the so-called "Traditional Chinese Medicine". This article takes a look at a rather recent religious offspring with a particular focus on his innovative take on the internet. This approach has its roots in a specific history of the internet in the Chinese context which is commonly referred to as "cyber-sectarianism". The movement founded and led by Zhi Gang Sha may be interpreted as a continuation of major techniques and strategies applied by cyber-sectarian movements which emerged during the 1990s and the 2000s.


The financial crisis over the last couple of years has exacted a heavy toll. Large corporations have gone to the wall, banks have needed to be bailed out, and whole national economies have collapsed. Amidst this mayhem, schemes of corporate governance have come under close scrutiny. Punishing inquiries have been made about their role and performance in contributing to or failing to avert the crisis. As allegations of greed, incompetence and irresponsibility by corporate bigwigs have abounded, many have asked whether the structures and process of corporate governance have been equal to their supposed task of shaping and controlling corporate activities. Indeed, the debate about the validity of the whole approach to corporate governance has become an organizational bell-weather in efforts to diagnose and remedy the ills of the financial crisis. In this essay, I want to make a distinctive contribution to that debate. On the basis that no crisis should be wasted, I propose that substantial and substantive changes are required in prevailing ways of thinking about and implementing corporate governance. Contrary to the views of many commentators, I maintain that it is the whole nature of what counts as 'good corporate governance' that must be re-thought and re-constructed from the conceptual ground up. In order to inform and accomplish this goal, I will move beyond the traditional evaluative focus of economic success and instead look to a more inclusive and democratic standard of social well-being. Drawing upon an expansive understanding of the role of corporations in modern society and its recent crises, it will suggest ways in which the performance of corporations can be appreciated and assessed in terms of both economic and social improvement. The essay is based upon and devoted to offering a re-visioning of Berle and Means' The Modern Corporation and Private Property.


A fully physical electro-thermal model is described. I combines he fast, quasi-2-dimensional Leeds Physical Model of MESFETs and HEMTs, with the compact Leeds thermal impedance ma rix model of time-dependent heat flow in complex 3-dimensional systems.The coupled electro-thermal model is applied o the design optimisation of multigate power FETs. In particular,he possibility of reducing emperature variation between gate fingers by non uniform spacing is examined. The implications for improved efficiency, and for possible reduction of thermal intermodulation distortion and improvement of reliability are discussed. The model is validated experimentally by comparison of simulated results agains infrared thermal images of power FETs.


Much of recent academic writing in corporate and financial policy has been removed from the realities of either the business world or the marketplace and as a result often proposes self-defeating or harmful "solutions." Scholarly work in this area should always begin analysis with recognition of the principal aspects of a completely free and unregulated corporate system, the model for which seems to be less and less familiar to modern writers. Only by starting analysis with this picture can one properly appraise or evaluate changes that have occurred over the years as well as well as propose useful modifications. The free-market model comprehends an unregulated system for buying and selling all securities and a completely unfettered market for private information. In addition there would be no regulation of the qualifications for or composition of a board of directors, though we should anticipate the use of a board as the most efficient device for dealing with management succession problems. However, a genuinely free market for corporate control, when "contractually" allowed, is of the essence of this model, including extreme-form hostile tender offers as the ultimate solution to the managerial agency-cost problem. Equally fundamental in this model, a free market for private information will generate accurate stock pricing, either through market-dictated public disclosure or through insider trading. This in turn guarantees more efficient functioning of the market for corporate control. Insider trading may also be selected as a profit-maximizing device to avoid many of the problems with direct public disclosure as well as to assure, by constantly integrating new information into stock prices, a better flow of relevant information to top managers.


70 to 90% of the electric energy used by dishwashers and washing machines heats the water, the crockery, the laundry and the machine and could just as well be replaced by heating energy from solar collectors, district heating or a boiler. A dishwasher and a washing machine equipped with a heat exchanger and heated by a hot water circulation circuit instead of electricity (heat-fed machines) have been simulated together with solar heating systems for single-family houses in two different climates (Stockholm, Sweden and Miami, USA). The increased heat load will increase the solar gain and this will compensate for the increased energy demand by heat-fed machines due to increased pipe losses and increased electricity used by pumps. Using ordinary machines connected to the hot water pipe (hot water-fed machines) and using only cold water for the rinses in the washing machine gives almost the same solar contribution; however considerably lower electrical energy savings are achieved since extra electricity is needed to heat up the machines to the required washing temperature.


Altmetrics are new metrics proposed as alternatives to impact factor for journals as well as individual citation indexes (h-index). Altmetrics uses online activities to measure the impact, buzz and word of mouth for scientific information. It includes new methods to measure the usage at citation level.


During development, pseudostratified epithelia undergo large scale morphogenetic events associated with increased mechanical stress. The molecular mechanisms that maintain tissue integrity in this context are poorly understood. Using a variety of genetic and imaging approaches, we uncover that the ASPP2/PP1 complex ensures proper epiblast and proamniotic cavity architecture via a mechanism that specifically prevents the most apical daughter cells from delaminating apically following cell division events. The ASPP2/PP1 complex achieves this by maintaining the integrity and organisation of the F-actin cytoskeleton at the apical surface of dividing cells. ASPP2/PP1 is also essential during gastrulation in the primitive streak, in somites and in the head fold region, suggesting that this complex is required across a wide range of pseudostratified epithelia during morphogenetic events that are accompanied by intense tissue remodelling and high cell proliferation. Finally, our study also suggests that the interaction between ASPP2 and PP1 is essential to the tumour suppressor function of ASPP2 which may be particularly relevant in the context of tissues that are subject to increased mechanical stress.


c Korean Medical Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Focused Issue of This Month·건강 불평등 J Korean Med Assoc 2013 March; 56(3): 184-194 http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2013.56.3.184 pISSN: 1975-8456 eISSN: 2093-5951 http://jkma.org


Purpose: The authors directly formulated the 'research hypothesis' as the interdependence between economic growth and the volume of rail freight. It is a very valid question of primary importance not only to economic historians, but also to development economists. Approach/Methodology/Design: Econometric modelling was used to set out the factors of Germany's economic growth between 1872 and 1913, with a particular focus on the importance of railways. While analysing many determinants of German economic growth, the authors also took into account the t time variable, which made possible the practical application of the theorem by Frisch-Waugh with the generalization of Stone. Findings: Considering these results, it can be confirmed that the railways, being a symbol of the era, and also a leading sector of the German economy, however, played an important role in shaping the modern economy and multiplying Germany's social well-being. It can be considered as one of the causes of economic growth. On the other hand, the high economic growth rate of the German Reich was an important factor determining the development of transport. The obtained results are the basis for the construction of vector-autoregressive models (VAR) including the error correction model (ECM) and long-term relationship research. Practical Implications: A systematic, quantitative inquiry on the impact of railway expansion on economic growth would most likely contribute not only to better understanding of economic history but could also shed light on the foundations of the recent monetary theory. Originality/Value: Considering the importance of transport for the economy, it is particularly important to examine whether the development of transport had an impact on the level of economic growth, and whether economic growth led to the development of the transport industry, and perhaps was bidirectional relationships.


The immunosuppressive agents used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs include cyclosporine (CsA), everolimus (EVE), mycophenolic acid (MPA), prednisolone (PLN), sirolimus (SIR) and tacrolimus (TAC). Because of the narrow therapeutic index and high interand intra-subject variability of these agents, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an integral part of immunosuppressive therapy following organ transplantation. The immunosuppressants incidence and severity of side effects correlate with the degree of exposure while under-dosed patients can be at a greater risk for allograft rejection. Currently, whole blood or plasma samples that are obtained via venipuncture are used for routine immunosuppressive monitoring. The limitations of venipuncture blood samples include (i) invasive nature associated with the sample collection and (ii) weak correlation with the drug concentration at the site of action. This thesis is consisted of the following sections written in a manuscript format. Manuscript I provides a comprehensive review of literature published on alternative techniques that are proposed to overcome the limitation of venipuncture sampling. These methods include the use of non-conventional techniques, namely, drug monitoring in oral fluids or blood samples obtained from fingertip as well as drug concentration measurement in lymphocytes or transplanted tissue. Drug concentration measurement in lymphocytes or transplanted tissue is primarily aimed at obtaining information on drug level at the site of action thus to facilitate prediction of clinical outcomes. However, these approaches are impractical in clinical setting because of the invasive nature of sampling as well as complicated sample preparation procedures. The objective of finger prick sampling is to mitigate the discomfort and difficulties associated with venipuncture, especially in pediatrics and frail patients. In this approach, the fingertip blood samples are either applied onto a filter paper (dried blood spots) or are processed as a liquid. It has been reported that fingertip sampling was preferred to venipuncture by both patients and healthcare providers. Nevertheless, the main disadvantages of venipuncture whole blood sampling, which is the poor correlation with concentration at the site of action, still exist. Finally, oral fluid sampling is a promising non-invasive method of therapeutic monitoring of immunosuppressive agents. Advances in analytical techniques have enabled measuring drug concentration in minute amount of sample. Drug concentration in oral fluids represents the free fraction which should theoretically represent drug concentration at the site of action. Few comprehensive studies investigated the use of oral fluids as a medium for therapeutic drug monitoring. Therefore, this dissertation is focused on the development of sensitive and robust liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantification of the most commonly used immunosuppressant agents, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid. The methods are then used to quantify these agents in oral fluids samples collected from kidney transplant recipients. Manuscript II describes, in details, the development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantification of tacrolimus in oral fluids. This method was validated in accordance with the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline. The Lower Limit of Quantification of this method is 30 pg/mL that is adequate for measuring tacrolimus concentration in oral fluid samples from transplant recipients. Full separation between tacrolimus and plasma phospholipids components was achieved in very short run time of 2.2 min. Very simple sample predations procedure was followed by extraction 50 μL of oral fluids with 100μL of acetonitrile. Manuscript III in this manuscript, the method presented in manuscript II to quantify tacrolimus in oral fluids. It focused on investigating factors that may affect tacrolimus measurement in oral fluid, namely, sampling condition (resting, after mouth rinsing, and after give a saliva stimulant), sampling time, and blood contamination expressed as salivary transferrin level. The correlation between tacrolimus concentration in blood and oral fluids was investigated under these conditions. Correlation analysis revealed that samples collected after mouth rinse and at fasting provided better correlation in tacrolimus concentrations in blood and oral fluid. Manuscript IV: Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods was developed and validated according to current FDA Guidelines to quantify mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in oral fluids, total concentration in plasma, and unbound fraction in plasma. Full separation of mycophenolic acid, metabolites, and plasma phospholipids was achieved within the total run time of 2.8 min. Manuscript V: The assay described in manuscript IV was used to quantify mycophenolic acid and glucuronide metabolites in oral fluids. The aim was to investigate factors that may affect mycophenolic acid and glucuronide metabolites concentration in oral fluid, namely, sampling condition (resting, after mouth rinsing, and after saliva stimulation), sampling time, and blood contamination expressed as salivary transferrin level. The result of this study indicated that the blood contamination had an insignificant effect on the concentration of mycophenolic acid and metabolites in oral fluids. In addition, a good correlation was observed between AUC0-12 of MPA in OF samples and unbound and total MPA. In contrast, a weak association was observed between MPAG concentrations in oral fluids with total and unbound plasma concentration. Manuscript VI: PF-5190457 is a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist that is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of alcoholism. In this manuscript, the development and validation of a simple and sensitive assay for quantitative analysis of PF-5190457 in human or rat plasma and rat brain was described using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Full separation was achieved between the analyte and phospholipids of the three matrices within the total chromatographic run time of 2.2 minutes. The manuscript also identified and described the abundance of phospholipids contents of the three matrices. The developed method successfully used to quantify the analytes in the three matrices as part of pre-clinical and ongoing clinical studies.


When a new firm enters a market and starts selling a spatially-differentiated product, the prices of existing products may rise due to a better match between consumers and products. Entry may have three unusual effects. First, the new price is above the monopoly price if the two firms collude and may be above the monopoly price even if the firms play Bertrand. Second, the Bertrand and collusive price may be identical. Third, prices, combined profits, and consumer surplus may all rise with entry. Consistent with our theory, the real prices of some anti-ulcer drugs rose as new products entered the market.


Register-based humour consists of texts in which most of the language is in a particular style or tone, except for one or two words which are radically different in tone (or register) from the rest. It is not initially clear how to define register formally in terms of constructs, such as literariness, archaism, formality, etc. We have adopted a perspective in which words are located in a multi-dimensional space, and incongruity between words should correspond to a relatively large distance between those words, within this space. In order to construct this space in a way which shows up differences relevant to the question of register, we have based each dimension on a word's frequency of occurrence in a particular corpus of texts. We have put together a number of corpora between which there are likely to be differences of tone/register, and for each word in a text we compute its frequency within every corpus. These numbers are then used to plot the word's position in our abstract space. The most successful technique, both for building the space and for computing outliers, was tested on the task of distinguishing humorous texts from plain newspaper sentences, where it performed quite well.


Critical rainfall thresholds can be the key to ensuring effective debris-flow forecasting. They are significant for the study of the trigger mechanisms of debris flows, for the forecast of the characteristics of future events, and for the development of engineering guidance for mitigation. Using a hydrological approach, we first calculated the flood peak discharge at different frequencies and then the corresponding rainfall thresholds for the initiation of different scales of debris flows in Zhouqu County, China. This was followed by the establishment of a functional relation between the intensity and duration of rainfall events that trigger debris flows of different warning levels in two initial soil conditions (dry and moist). This, in turn, yielded four warning levels and two preliminary warning levels. For the two early soil conditions (dry and moist) in the Sanyanyu Gully of Zhouqu County, the Level I (red) warning values for rainfall triggering debris flow are 56 and 51 mm h−1, respectively; the Level II (orange) warning values are 41 and 38 mm h−1, respectively; the Level III (yellow) warning values are 32 and 30 mm h−1, respectively; and the Level IV (blue) warning values are 24 and 22 mm h−1, respectively. The Level V preliminary warning values are 17 and 16 mm h−1, respectively; and the Level VI preliminary warning values are 10 and 9.5 mm h−1, respectively. The rainfall intensity and duration were found to exhibit a power function relation, I = αDβ, where the values of α and β vary with the warning levels. Rainfall events capable of triggering debris flows in the new thresholds and intensity–duration relations presented here can be used for forecasting purposes and in operational geohazard warning systems. These research results also provide a scientific basis for regional hazard mitigation and reduction in Zhouqu County.


This paper is a step toward establishing direct, but non -automatic links between lightweight (semi -formal) analysis methods for business professionals and heavyweight analysis methods for IT professionals. After noting the impo rtance of user involvement in obtaining accurate and meaningful user requirements, the paper summarizes the Unified Process, a software development methodology that employs U nified Modeling Language (UML) . Another section in the paper summarizes previous e xtensions of the work system method that produced a lightweight analysis tool called Service Responsibility Tables (SRTs). This paper uses a straightforward example to demonstrate a set of heuristics for translating between service responsibility tables pr oduced by business professionals and UML diagrams that IT professionals can use as a partial basis for programming. This type of guideline -based link between lightweight and heavyweight methods could lead to more effective user involvement in requirements determination and reduce failure rate in IT projects .


Tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers have been synthesized under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions on quasi-free-standing hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and gold deposited on Ni(111). We find that the synthesis temperature control can be used to tune the WS2 structure. As documented by in situ core level and valence band photoemission and by ex situ Raman spectroscopy, the partially disordered WS2 layer obtained at room temperature transforms to the 2H-WS2 phase at about 400 °C. Low energy electron diffraction confirms the existence of van der Waals epitaxy between WS2 and h-BN and gold substrates. The measured band structure indicates that the WS2 electronic structure is not affected by the interaction with the h-BN and gold substrates.


In this paper criteria and related features are described pertaining to the seismic design of pipelines and pipeline systems. The presentation begins by describing the past performance of pipelines in earthquakes, and identifying the key ground motion parameters, geotechnical parameters, and structural factors of concern in design of pipeline systems. The seismic effects addressed include vibratory effects, relative ground motion, surface faulting, soil liquefaction, landslides, tectonic uplift and subsidence, and traveling seismic waves, all of which can lead to overstraining. Techniques for estimating these effects and for handling them in design, including connections and penetrations, soft soil bedding, and transition from soft to hard zones, are described, with reference to where more detailed analysis and design treatment can be located.


Agribusiness is the foundation of Indian economy. Plant health and food safety goes hand in hand. The health of green plants is of vital importance to everyone.Plant diseases being an impairment to the normal state of a plant, it interrupts or modifies plants vital functions. The proposed system helps in identification of plant disease and provides remedies that can be used as a defense mechanism against the disease. The database obtained from the Internet is properly segregated and the different plant species are identified and are renamed to form a proper database then obtain test-database which consists of various plant diseases that are used for checking the accuracy and confidence level of the project .Then using training data we will train our classifier and then output will be predicted with optimum accuracy. We use Convolution Neural Network (CNN) which comprises of different layers are used for prediction.CNNs provide unparalleled performance in tasks related to the classification and detection of crop diseases. They are able to manage complex issues in difficult imaging conditions A prototype drone model is also designed which can be used for live coverage of large agricultural fields to which a high resolution camera is attached and will capture images of the plants which will act as input for the software, based of which the software will tell us whether the plant is healthy or not. With our code and training model we have achieved an accuracy level of 78%. Our software gives us the name of the plant species with its confidence level and also the remedy that can be taken as a cure.


Previous works in the field of reinforcement learning applied to traffic signal control (RL-TSC) have focused on optimizing state and reward definitions, leaving the impact of the agent's action space definition largely unexplored. In this paper, we compare different types of TSC controllers – phase-based and step-based – in a simulated network featuring different traffic demand patterns in order to provide guidelines for optimally defining RL-TSC actions. Our results show that an agent's performance and convergence speed both increase with its interaction frequency with the environment. However, certain methods with lower observation frequencies – that can be achieved with realistic sensing technologies – have reasonably similar performance compared to higher frequency ones in all scenarios, and even outperform them under specific traffic conditions.


OBJECTIVE
The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a key target for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression. It is now possible to image 5-HTT directly in the human brain, but results from studies of acutely depressed patients have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormalities in 5-HTT might be present in recovered depressed patients.

METHOD
The authors measured the binding potential of 5-HTT using [11C]DASB in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) in 24 medication-free, recovered depressed male patients and 20 healthy male comparison subjects. The regional estimates of binding potential were obtained using a metabolite-corrected plasma input function method followed by Logan analysis, with the cerebellum as a reference region.

RESULTS
The authors found no significant difference in the binding potential of [11C]DASB between the recovered depressed patients and healthy comparison subjects in any of the brain regions (amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, hippocampus, insula, thalamus, and dorsal raphe) studied.

CONCLUSIONS
Men who recover from depression have normal availability of 5-HTT in brain regions thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The findings therefore do not support the proposal that recurrent depression is associated with long-standing deficits in 5-HTT.


Cannabinoids, produced only in Cannabis sativa, are meroterpenoid secondary metabolites composed of monoterpene and polyketide moieties. Numerous cannabinoids have been isolated, and their pharmacological studies and clinical trials have been extensively conducted. Consequently, in recent years, certain formulations containing ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive principle of marijuana, and its isomer cannabidiol have been approved as prescribed medicines for various refractory diseases in about 30 countries. In addition, recent pioneering studies using a set of biosynthetic genes have enabled synthetic biology and synthetic biochemistry approaches to access plant-derived cannabinoids and new-to-nature analogues without the need for plant breeding. This review introduces the history of cannabinoid biosynthetic studies, and focuses on the biotechnological applications of biosynthetic enzymes.


AFGHANISTAN How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, by Roy Gutman. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008. xvii + 353 pages. Epilogue to p. 262. Dramatis personae to p. 270. Notes to p. 298. Index to p. 321. $26. Reviewed by Thomas Barfield For American policymakers, events in Afghanistan (and al-Qa'ida threats of violence emanating from there) ranked only slightly above asteroids hitting the earth as a momentous concern before the fall of 2001. Although suicide bombers had struck two American embassies in East Africa, almost sunk an American warship in Yemen, and the Taliban regime was growing ever more belligerent, the Clinton Administration's responses were weak and uncoordinated. It had more pressing problems in the Balkans and a sex scandal at home that gave rise to impeachment proceedings. The succeeding Bush Administration also ignored these problems since they had occurred on Clinton's watch. Neither administration was under public pressure to do more because the press devoted little attention to stories on Afghanistan and al-Qa'ida. Few journalists had the professional incentive to trek into Kandahar or Kabul for a back page story that might be spiked for its comic book lead: "Dateline Afghanistan: Bearded fanatic in Afghan cave declares holy war on West?" In retrospect, both journalists and government officials wished they had been more proactive. Given the avalanche of books and policy papers that appeared after 9/11 focusing on terrorism, the Taliban, and international Islamic political movements, the print media's earlier silence about the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan and the incubation of a powerful al-Qa'ida network there is all the more striking. Roy Gutman, a journalist, focuses his book on why this occurred, with a particular emphasis on the press and political decision-makers. It is a powerfully well-researched work that will have lasting value. It is unique in providing as detailed an analysis of the politics and personalities in Afghanistan (and Pakistan) as it does for those in Washington, DC and merging the two into a single stream. Specialists on either of these two foreign cultures will find much to learn from his interviews and new documentation. More general readers will be attracted by his clear exposition of a very complex situation, one that is populated by larger than life personalities. Gutman argues that, with the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States lost all interest in a region it assumed had no further strategic value. …


The chemical constituents in water determine its potability, usability for agriculture and recreation, and interactions with biological systems. Anthropogenic processes have significantly influenced the geochemistry of water in many regions. Physical, chemical, and biological processes control the chemistry and chemical evolution of water in natural and contaminated systems. Advances in our ability to quantify these processes will improve our ability to manage our water resources, help us identify potential sources of contamination, and illuminate potential solutions to water-quality problems. Particularly impressive are the applications of chemical and isotopic tracers, which can track water movement and quantify water fluxes on the surface and in the subsurface. To better address societal needs, future advances will require a holistic approach to interpreting geochemical data.


The judgement recently delivered by the Supreme Court of Appeal in the case Mark Shuttleworth v the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), the Minister of Finance and the President of the Republic of South Africa has attracted substantial attention in the media. After all, it is very newsworthy when the central bank is ordered to repay R250 million to a South African self-made millionaire. It became even more interesting when Shuttleworth pledged to use the refund to "selectively fund cases on behalf of those unable to do so themselves, where the counterparty is the state."


Automatically discovering cross-lingual links (CLs) between wikis can largely enrich the cross-lingual knowledge and facilitate knowledge sharing across different languages. In most existing approaches for cross-lingual knowledge linking, the seed CLs and the inner link structures are two important factors for finding new CLs. When there are insufficient seed CLs and inner links, discovering new CLs becomes a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an approach that boosts cross-lingual knowledge linking by concept annotation. Given a small number of seed CLs and inner links, our approach first enriches the inner links in wikis by using concept annotation method, and then predicts new CLs with a regression-based learning model. These two steps mutually reinforce each other, and are executed iteratively to find as many CLs as possible. Experimental results on the English and Chinese Wikipedia data show that the concept annotation can effectively improve the quantity and quality of predicted CLs. With 50,000 seed CLs and 30% of the original inner links in Wikipedia, our approach discovered 171,393 more CLs in four runs when using concept annotation.


Honokiol, isolated from the Chinese traditional herb magnolia, is a poorly water-soluble component and has been found to have anti-tumor properties. In the current study, honokiol submicron lipid emulsions (HK-SLEs) were prepared by high pressure homogenization technology. After HK-SLEs were physically characterized, their pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and antitumor activity after intravenous (i.v.) administration to tumor-burdened mice were examined, using honokiol solution (HK-SOL) as the control. The results showed that the mean particle size, zeta potential, pH value, osmolality, drug loading (DL)% and entrapment efficiency (EE)% of HK-SLEs were 186.6 +/- 1.7 nm, -35.65 +/- 0.67 mV, 7.22 +/- 0.26, 298 +/- 2.3 mOsm/L, 7.1 +/- 0.2% and 95.5 +/- 0.2%, respectively. HK-SLEs were stable for at least 12 months when stored at 4 +/- 2 degrees C. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the drug concentration-time curves of HK-SLEs and HK-SOL could both be described by an open two-compartment model. The half-life of HK-SLEs (t1/2(alpha) = 8.014 min, t1/2(beta) = 35.784 min) was remarkably prolonged compared to that of HK-SOL (t1/2(alpha) = 4.318 min, t1/2(beta) = 15.522 min). HK-SLEs exhibited a greater AUC and reduced plasma clearance. The tissue distribution results indicated that HK-SLEs have better targeting properties to lung and tumor tissues compared with those of HK-SOL. Both HK-SLEs and HK-SOL tended to accumulate in brain tissue. In vivo study showed that HK-SLEs treatment caused significant inhibition of mouse sarcoma S180 tumor growth compared to HK-SOL. These results suggest that HK-SLEs might be an effective parenteral carrier for honokiol delivery in cancer treatment.


This paper defines and discusses corporate governance, boards of directors and value creation in the setting of small businesses. Corporate governance is defined as the relationship between internal stakeholders, the external stakeholders and the board of directors in determining the direction and performance of an enterprise. The board of directors, placed between the internal and external stakeholders of the organization, is identified as having a potential key role in value creation and contributing to the performance of small businesses. To identify value-creating board tasks four main theories in the field of corporate governance are reviewed. Sprung from diverse disciplines and academic traditions, the theories prescribe different ways in which boards create value - but the prescriptions are shown to be complementary rather than contradictory. The paper then integrates these theories, and links different board tasks to value creating activities in small businesses, such as the creation and identification of opportunities and the mobilizing of resources to pursuit these opportunities. The paper ends with a summary and conclusion, and presents some implications for research and practice. (Less)


A study initiated in 2004/2005 in District 4 of Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) compared the use of 100 1/4-mi long segments against seven 3-mi segments on sampling precision for the estimation of weed infestations in highway rights-of-way for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.)(Scop.), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The comparison showed that the 3-mi and 1/4-mi plans yielded equivalent estimates of mean weed population density, although the results indicated that at the district level precision was greater with the 1/4-mi plan. Further investigations suggested that additional improvements in precision and efficiency would likely occur if segment lengths were shortened to 125' or less. The project implementation phase reported here aimed to investigate efficiencies of two sampling plans, one with weed density measured over 100, 225-ft segments, and one with presence/absence of weeds measured over 150, 14-ft segments. Results showed that the presence-absence surveys almost consistently underestimated the area infestation derived from the 225-ft surveys. The 14-ft survey required substantially less time to conduct, but at this time they appear to be less precise than the 225-ft surveys with regard to quantifying infestation density. It is recommended that an additional season of survey data be analyzed to better quantify the precision of the 14-ft survey results.


Abstract This paper focuses on the use-case study of the annotation of the mobile app reviews from Google Play and Apple Store. These annotations of sentiment polarity were created for later use in the automatic processing based on machine learning. This should solve some of the problems encountered in the previous analyses of the Czech language where data assumptions play a greater role than annotation itself (due to the financial constraints). Our proposal shows that some of the assumptions used for English do not apply to Czech and that it is possible to annotate such data without extensive financing.


Nanobiotechnology is a new field that probes the intersection of nanomaterials with biological molecules and cells. Innovations in nanobiotechnology are driving new medical and industrial applications, including targeted drug delivery, clinical diagnostics, imaging, sensing, tissue engineering, and self-assembly of functional materials. While undergraduate students have no doubt heard of the importance of nanotechnology and nanoscience, relatively few can appreciate how the scale of matter affects the fundamental science or behavior of a system. Most learning on this topic tends to occur in upper-level electives or in senior thesis projects or REU programs. Further, our undergraduate curricula do not include enough exploration-based laboratory courses, in which students work towards solving a problem in collaborative teams, rather than following "step-by-step" lab procedures. This paper discusses the creation at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) of an inquirybased series of laboratory modules that are designed to expose students to nanobiotechnology, increase specific skills in nanomaterial synthesis and characterization, augment their interest and confidence in pursuing the subject matter, and encourage them to pursue higher level nanocourses as well as research projects with the support from the NSF CCLI program. Two lab modules, nanopatterned surfaces with relevance for tissue engineering and targeted delivery of therapeutics and creation and evaluation of mechanical properties of nanowires or other nanostructures, are being developed and planned to be offered in Spring 2011 and Spring 2012. This three-credit course will comprise two major sessions: 1. Lecture and conference for learning background, principles and experimental tools and discussing experimental design and lab results; 2. Lab activities for learning and using experimental tools, such as scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nanoparticle synthesis and characterization, to carry out the experimental design. Sophomores from across engineering and science boundaries are expected to participate in the course, working in multidisciplinary teams wherever possible. Working in teams with mentoring from the faculty, students will gain an exposure and appreciation of important nanotechnology tools. Discussion and communication of research results (oral and written) will be emphasized. Participation will improve specific skills needed to succeed in a career in nanobiotechnology. In addition, students in our class will be actively engaged in the mentoring of the next generation of engineers, by participating in Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day, which is an annual program for middle school girls, held at WPI each February. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods will be employed to help us improve and guide the course as it progresses, allow us to determine the impact of the course on students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes and help us ascertain how well we met our goals and objectives.


Mobile malware attempts to evade detection during app analysis by mimicking security-sensitive behaviors of benign apps that provide similar functionality (e.g., sending SMS messages), and suppressing their payload to reduce the chance of being observed (e.g., executing only its payload at night). Since current approaches focus their analyses on the types of security-sensitive resources being accessed (e.g., network), these evasive techniques in malware make differentiating between malicious and benign app behaviors a difficult task during app analysis. We propose that the malicious and benign behaviors within apps can be differentiated based on the contexts that trigger security-sensitive behaviors, i.e., the events and conditions that cause the security-sensitive behaviors to occur. In this work, we introduce AppContext, an approach of static program analysis that extracts the contexts of security-sensitive behaviors to assist app analysis in differentiating between malicious and benign behaviors. We implement a prototype of AppContext and evaluate AppContext on 202 malicious apps from various malware datasets, and 633 benign apps from the Google Play Store. AppContext correctly identifies 192 malicious apps with 87.7% precision and 95% recall. Our evaluation results suggest that the maliciousness of a security-sensitive behavior is more closely related to the intention of the behavior (reflected via contexts) than the type of the security-sensitive resources that the behavior accesses.


Purpose – This paper aims to examine the current strategic landscape of UK "bricks and clicks" retailers. The main focus of this work is to consider how e-commerce may provide competitive advantage via an insight into the current strategies employed by UK retailers.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses both secondary and primary data analysis to explore its research questions. The paper begins with an overview of the e-strategy literature and then goes on to examine the key areas of e-value creation for bricks and clicks companies. Next an analysis of the results of a survey of the UK's top 500 retailers tests the existing literature and provides new evidence of emerging e-strategies.

Findings – The data analysis in this research reveals significant gaps between theory and practice and leads to the development of a new model of business "e-value-added".

Research limitations/implications – It is difficult to generalise the findings from this survey, given the small number of respondents. Further in-depth qualitative research is needed to enable us to understand better the organisational issues around e-commerce development and implementation.

Practical implications – It is suggested that, in order to exploit the internet to its full potential, legacy retailers need to analyse a variety of situational antecedents in order to identify e-value creation opportunities. In addition, they must consider whether integration or separation with bricks and clicks operations will deliver the best solution in each value-adding interface.

Originality/value – This research offers a new insight into current e-tail strategies for bricks and clicks businesses, and as such is likely to be of interest to academics and practitioners alike.


Obtaining disaggregated water use at the home typically involves expensive smart metering. In this study, water use events at the outdoor tap were alternatively captured using recorded sound. Outdoor taps at 10 homes were fitted with small-sized microphones and digital sound recorders. Sound files recorded over a one-month period were used in the analysis. In the preliminary analysis, a human operator browsed through the sound recordings, picking out tap use events based on visually recognizable waveform and spectrogram features, then audibly verifying each event identified before labeling. The performance of the corresponding automatic detection algorithm was reasonable, showing that water use events can be detected at precision and recall rates of at least 80% under suitable conditions. The results also showed that the technique is less suitable where the drop in pressure during peak demand periods results in significant reduction in the tap flowrate. Indirect flow sensing approaches are attractive for investigating water use event timing, because of the relatively lower cost when compared to conventional or smart water meters. Plumbing changes are not required as the recorder can be mounted on any exposed pipe section near the fixture of interest.


We use the grand canonical Monte Carlo method to study the nature of wetting transitions on a variety of heterogeneous surfaces. The model system we explore, Ne adsorption on Mg, is one for which a prewetting transition was found in our previous simulations. We find that the first order transition present on the flat surface is absent from the rough surface. Nevertheless, the resulting isotherms are, in some cases, so close to being discontinuous that the distinction would be difficult to discern in most experiments.


A ZnO nanorod (NR) array grown on a substrate by a wet chemical method usually exhibits a single crystalline nature and smooth surface which cannot adsorb a large amount of dye molecules. Thus, surface modification is necessary for a ZnO NR array in its photocatalysis application. In this work, a mesoporous structure has been introduced into the surface of a ZnO NR array via a facile chemical bath method mediated by cadmium (Cd) ions at 80 °C and subsequent calcination. During the growth process of the ZnO NR array, Cd ions can react with NH3 molecules and OH− ions in the growth solution to form Cd complexes and prefer to adsorb on the neutral {10-10} surface of ZnO NRs rather than on the positive (0001) facets due to face-selective electrostatic interactions. This will probably cause the formation of Zn(C2H3O2)2(C2H8N2) which can be decomposed into ZnO nanoparticles after calcination, leading to the production of mesopores on the {10-10} surface of ZnO NRs. Also, the pore density and aspect ratio of the ZnO NR array with mesoporous surface are controlled by adjusting the Cd ion concentration and reaction temperature. The mesoporous ZnO NR array exhibits enhanced photocatalytic properties for the degradation of a methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution compared with the pristine ZnO NR array. Therefore, our finding indicates that this method may be employed to synthesize porous nanostructures on devices.


Mr. McClymont attempted to prove by
references to Tasman's Letter of Instructions, 1644, and to early
maps that the Land of Edel, on the west coast of Australia, was discovered
in 1617, two years earlier than the date usually assigned to
the discovery, and that l619 is only the date of a second visit. The
paper also showed that the name Carpentaria is not met with before
1663, although a river emptying into the gulf received the name of the
president of the Dutch East India Co. in Tasman's map of 1644, and
possibly at a still earlier period. In concluding his notes, Mr.
McClymont expressed his thanks to Mr. Justin Browne and Mr. J.
B. Walker for the loan of books but stated as his opinion that
"private collections can never supply the place of a public
collection of works relating to Australian discovery. That if Australians
are to become familiar with the beginnings of Australian history, the
means of studying the sources whence that history is drawn must be
placed within their reach—an end to be attained by the gradual and
persistent acquisition in each colony of the books, maps, and manuscripts
hearing on its own history, until an Australian library shall be established,
rich in all procurable rarities of colonial history and discovery."
Library.
Mr. J. B. Walker said that the books referred to were now in
Christ's College Library, and stored in one of the rooms of the Town
Hall, under the care of the Warden of the College.


A fundamental goal of unsupervised feature selection is denoising, which aims to identify and reduce noisy features that are not discriminative. Due to the lack of information about real classes, denoising is a challenging task. The noisy features can disturb the reasonable distance metric and result in unreasonable feature spaces, i.e., the feature spaces in which common clustering algorithms cannot effectively find real classes. To overcome the problem, we make a primary observation that the relevance of features is intrinsic and independent of any metric scaling on the feature space. This observation implies that feature selection should be invariant, at least to some extent, with respect to metric scaling. In this paper, we clarify the necessity of considering the metric invariance in unsupervised feature selection and propose a novel model incorporating metric invariance. Our proposed method is motivated by the following observations: if the statistic that guides the unsupervised feature selection process is invariant with respect to possible metric scaling, the solution of this model will also be invariant. Hence, if a metric-invariant model can distinguish discriminative features from noisy ones in a reasonable feature space, it will also work on the unreasonable counterpart transformed from the reasonable one by metric scaling. A theoretical justification of the metric invariance of our proposed model is given and the empirical evaluation demonstrates its promising performance.


COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenic 1, also known as RFWD2) is a p53-targeting E3 ubiquitin ligase containing RING-finger, coiled-coil, and WD40-repeat domains. Recent studies have identified that COP1 is overexpressed in several cancer types and that increased COP1 expression promotes cell proliferation, cell transformation, and tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of COP1 in primary gastric cancer. To investigate the role of the COP1 gene in primary gastric cancer pathogenesis, real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to examine COP1 expression in paired cancerous and matched adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues. The results revealed high COP1 mRNA (P=0.030) and protein (P=0.008) expression in most tumor-bearing tissues compared with the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. The correlated protein expression analysis revealed a negative correlation between COP1 and p53 in gastric cancer samples (P=0.005, r=-0.572). Immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer tissues from the same patient showed a high COP1 expression and a low p53 expression. To further investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic roles of COP1 expression, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of 401 paraffin-embedded gastric cancer tissue blocks. The data revealed that high COP1 expression was significantly correlated with T stage (P=0.030), M stage (P=0.048) and TNM stage (P=0.022). Consistent with these results, we found that high expression of COP1 was significantly correlated with poor survival in gastric cancer patients (P<0.001). Cox regression analyses showed that COP1 expression was an independent predictor of overall survival (P<0.001). Our data suggest that COP1 could play an important role in gastric cancer and might serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential target for gene therapy in the treatment of gastric cancer.


In this paper, a modified KALMAN filter is proposed to estimate speed. At first, the influence of the magnetic saturation is taken into account in the modelling. In the second part, the direct torque control (DTC) is elaborated; the control of the speed loop is ensured by an IP controller, the flux and the torque are estimated from source voltages and measured currents. The last part of this work is devoted to the operating system without mechanical sensor, using a KALMAN filter as a speed observer. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Keywords : DTC, Sensors, KALMAN filter, induction machine, saturated model, speed observer


The Tutmonda Esperanta Kuracista Asocio (Worldwide Esperanto Medical Association, TEKA) was founded in 1908 at the Fourth International Esperanto Congress in Dresden and was the international medical association of the Esperanto movement. The aim was to "facilitate practical relations between Esperanto-speaking doctors of all countries." The interest within the Esperanto movement was immense: after one year, TEKA had more than 400 members all over the world with a focus on Europe; one year later, there were more than 600 members with official representatives in about 100 cities. In Europe, a medical press in Esperanto had already been established. The approach of these journals was both simple and brilliant: the doctors presented the latest medical findings from their home countries in a peer review system and critically examined the articles in their vernacular. This made each issue a compendium of the most important and pioneering findings of national research. The numerous experts also had many other connections with, for example, the Red Cross and similar organizations. Thus, after a short period of time, TEKA brought together the expertise of countless physicians. This paper examines TEKA as a transnational network of experts before World War I. The history of the association and the role of Medicine within the Esperanto movement are briefly discussed. The focus is then on the various association journals and the circulation of knowledge. Finally, the essay offers a look at TEKA's cooperative endeavors with the Red Cross. It works from a transnational perspective and takes a close view of the actors and their personal backgrounds at appropriate points. Furthermore, lists of members and journal subscribers are provided in map form to make the global spread of the movement within medicine visible.


Book description: The Encyclopedia of Computer Science is the definitive reference in computer science and technology. First published in 1976, it is still the only single volume to cover every major aspect of the field. Now in its Fourth Edition, this influential work provides an historical timeline highlighting the key breakthroughs in computer science and technology, as well as clear and concise explanations of the latest technology and its practical applications. Its unique blend of historical perspective, current knowledge and predicted future trends has earned it its richly deserved reputation as an unrivalled reference classic.

What sets the Encyclopedia apart from other reference sources is the comprehensiveness of each of its entries. Encompassing far more than mere definitions, each article elaborates on a topic giving a remarkable breadth and depth of coverage. The visual impact of the volume is enhanced with a 16 page colour insert spotlighting advanced computer applications and computer-generated graphics technology. In addition, the text is enlivened with figures, tables, diagrams, illustrations and photographs.

With contributions from over 300 international experts, the 4th Edition contains over 100 completely new articles ranging from artificial life to computer ethics, data mining to Java, mobile computing to quantum computing and software safety to the World Wide Web. In addition, each of the more than 600 articles have been extensively revised, expanded and updated to reflect the latest developments in computer science and technology.

Intelligently and thoughtfully organised, all the articles are classified around 9 main themes

 * Hardware; * Software; * Computer Systems; * Information and Data; * Mathematics of Computing; * Theory of Computation; * Methodologies; * Applications; * Computing Milieux.

Within each of these major headings are a wealth of articles that provide the reader with concise yet thorough coverage of the topic. In addition, cross-references are included at the beginning of each article, directing the reader immediately to related material.

In addition the Encyclopedia contains useful appendices including:

 * An expanded glossary of major terms in English, German, Spanish and Russian; * A revised list of abbreviations and acronyms; * An updated list of computer science and engineering research journals; * A list of articles from previous editions not included in the 4th edition; * A Name Index listing almost 3500 individuals cited in the text; * A comprehensive General Index with 7000 entries; * A chronology of significant milestones; * Computer Society & Academic Computer Science Department Listings; * Numerical Tables, Mathematical Notation and Units of Measure .

Highly-regarded as an essential resource for computer professionals, engineers, mathematicians, students and scientists, the Encyclopedia of Computer Science is a must-have reference for every college, university, business and high-school library.


Knowledge of demand structure and consumer behaviour is essential for a wide range of development policy questions like improvement in nutritional status, food subsidy, sectoral and macroeconomic policy analysis, etc. An analysis of food consumption patterns and how they are likely to shift with changes in income and relative price is required to assess the food security-related policy issues in the agricultural sector. With high growth rates in the agricultural sector, the average per capita income in the country shows an increase, accompanied by a fall in the per capita consumption of staple food. In this background the present study diagnoses the food basket of households in rural and urban areas under different expenditure groups in the last two decades and tries to investigate the driving force for these changes by computing the demand elasticities that explain the level of demand for the commodities by an individual consumer given the structure of relative prices faced, real income and a set of individual characteristics such as age, type of household (expenditure groups) and geographical environment (rural or urban). The study projects the prospects of the food demand scenario in the country in 2020. And, finally, aims at finding answers to some of the most debatable issues relating to the countrys food security, decline in cereal consumption and implications on poverty. The study uses data from the consumer expenditure survey of the National Sample Survey (NSS) rounds number 38, 43, 50 and 55.


Absolute pitch is generally believed to be a remarkable ability, whose possessors can quite accurately identify musical pitch characteristics (pitch classes) of single tones presented in isolation. However, identifying pitch out of context is irrelevant and even meaningless to music. It is unclear how listeners with absolute pitch process musical pitch information in more meaningful musical situations. The present experiment was done to examine how listeners with absolute pitch perform in a relative pitch task. Listeners tried to identify melodic intervals of various sizes (260–540 cents) presented in three different tonal contexts established by a preceding tonal cadence. Listeners without absolute pitch showed equal accuracy and speed in doing the task in the three tonal contexts, as expected from the principle of transposability of musical pitch relations. In contrast, some absolute pitch listeners snowed a marked decline in accuracy and longer response times in the F# major and the out-of-tune E major contexts compared with the C major context. This result suggests that some absolute pitch listeners are relatively poor in identifying pitch relations in tonal contexts and sometimes tend to stick to absolute pitch even in a task that needs relative pitch, resulting in poor performance in perceiving musical pitch relations.


Research on parenting through the life course has developed around two separate approaches. Evolutionary biology provides fresh perspectives from life history theory using behavioral ecology and parental investment theory. At the same time, the social and behavioral sciences integrates research from long-term studies of individual development and from the collection of life histories. This path-breaking book advances evolutionary, life history research by integrating perspectives of these two approaches into a biosocial science of the life course. It examines parenthood as a commitment extending throughout life and focuses on the impact on parental and child behavior of changes in the timing, distribution, and intensity of parental investment. This perspective is particularly appropriate for research on parenting since the family is the universal human institution within which the bearing and rearing of children has been based and which transmits traditions, beliefs, and values to the young.


Simulated exoplanet transmission spectra are critical for planning and interpretation of observations and to explore the sensitivity of spectral features to atmospheric thermochemical processes. We present a publicly available generic model grid of planetary transmission spectra, scalable to a wide range of H$_2$/He dominated atmospheres. The grid is computed using the 1D/2D atmosphere model ATMO for two different chemical scenarios, first considering local condensation only, secondly considering global condensation and removal of species from the atmospheric column (rainout). The entire grid consists of 56,320 model simulations across 22 equilibrium temperatures (400 - 2600 K), four planetary gravities (5 - 50 ms$^{-2}$), five atmospheric metallicities (1x - 200x), four C/O ratios (0.35 - 1.0), four scattering haze parameters, four uniform cloud parameters, and two chemical scenarios. We derive scaling equations which can be used with this grid, for a wide range of planet-star combinations. We validate this grid by comparing it with other model transmission spectra available in the literature. We highlight some of the important findings, such as the rise of SO$_2$ features at 100x solar metallicity, differences in spectral features at high C/O ratios between two condensation approaches, the importance of VO features without TiO to constrain the limb temperature and features of TiO/VO both, to constrain the condensation processes. Finally, this generic grid can be used to plan future observations using the HST, VLT, JWST and various other telescopes. The fine variation of parameters in the grid also allows it to be incorporated in a retrieval framework, with various machine learning techniques.


OBJECT
Identifying instability of the cervical spine can be difficult in traumatically injured patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether cervical abnormalities demonstrated on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are predictive of spinal instability.

METHODS
Data in all patients admitted through the Level I trauma service at the authors' institution who had undergone cervical MR imaging were retrospectively reviewed. The reasons for MR imaging screening were neurological deficit, fracture, neck pain, and indeterminate clinical examination (for example, coma). Abnormal soft-tissue (prevertebral or paraspinal) findings on MR imaging were correlated with those revealed on computerized tomography (CT) scanning and plain and dynamic radiography to determine the presence/absence of cervical instability. Of 6328 patients admitted through the trauma service, 314 underwent MR imaging of the cervical spine. Of 166 patients in whom CT scanning or radiography demonstrated normal findings, 70 had undergone MR imaging that revealed abnormal findings. Of these 70 patients, 23 underwent dynamic imaging, the findings of which were normal. In each case of cervical instability (65 patients) CT, radiographic, and MR imaging studies demonstrated abnormalities. Furthermore, there were 143 patients with abnormal CT or radiographic study findings, in 13 of whom MR imaging revealed normal findings. Six of the latter underwent dynamic testing, which demonstrated normal results.

CONCLUSIONS
Magnetic resonance imaging is sensitive to soft-tissue injuries of the cervical spine. When CT scanning and radiography detect no fractures or signs of instability, MR imaging does not help in determining cervical stability and may lead to unnecessary testing when not otherwise indicated.


SIGNIFICANCE
Arterial blood vessels functionally and structurally adapt to altering hemodynamic forces in order to accommodate changing needs and to provide stress homeostasis. This ability is achieved at the cellular level by converting mechanical stimulation into biochemical signals (i.e., mechanotransduction). Physiological mechanical stress helps maintain vascular structure and function, whereas pathologic or aberrant stress may impair cellular mechano-signaling, and initiate or augment cellular processes that drive disease.

RECENT ADVANCES
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may represent an intriguing class of mechanically regulated second messengers. Chronically enhanced ROS generation may be induced by adverse mechanical stresses, and is associated with a multitude of vascular diseases. Although a causal relationship has clearly been demonstrated in large numbers of animal studies, an effective ROS-modulating therapy still remains to be established by clinical studies.

CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
This review article focuses on the role of various mechanical forces (in the form of laminar shear stress, oscillatory shear stress, or cyclic stretch) as modulators of ROS-driven signaling, and their subsequent effects on vascular biology and homeostasis, as well as on specific diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Specifically, it highlights the significance of the various NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms as critical ROS generators in the vasculature. Directed targeting of defined components in the complex network of ROS (mechano-)signaling may represent a key for successful translation of experimental findings into clinical practice.


This paper will examine the current differences between the voting practices of Australian funds managers and those of mutual funds in the United States at company meetings, and the potential impact of voting on the corporate governance practices of investee companies. Discussion will be limited to funds managers voting their domestic equities.


The study of sediments and sedimentary basins in terms of their tectonic environment requires a multidisciplinary approach and has increasingly drawn both techniques and objectives from fields outside sedimentology. The application of different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by structural geology, geochemistry, geophysics, scale modelling, and field geology, complement sedimentological methods, with the combined aim of achieving a deeper understanding of the origins, evolution and significance of sedimentary sequences in terms of their tectonic history. Studies presented in this volume range across a wide spectrum from the analysis of sedimentary sequence architecture at basin scale down to the chemical properties of individual grains, and include studies from a range of tectonic settings. The volume will be of interest to those involved with, or contemplating, studies involving the linkages between tectonics and sedimentation, as well as a wider audience to whom the results of such studies may provide fresh insight.


This dissertation explores the experiences, knowledge and beliefs of adjunct foreign English language teachers (AFELT), and how they envisage their role and place in the Japanese university context. These experiences are important when considered against a backdrop of Japanese higher education reform and internationalisation. For example, this research asks, what are the experiences of AFELT? how do they conceptualise their expected role? and what do these suggest about internationalisation in the Japanese university context? This dissertation aims to: first, contribute to the understanding of how AFELT construe themselves as situated in the Japanese university context; second, investigate how AFELT contribute to, or not, internationalisation by illuminating phenomena that afford or constrain AFELT practices; third, examine the conceptual usefulness of applying a multi-theoretical perspective to elicit a richer, more nuanced understanding of stakeholders' social interaction and 'place' at both macro and micro levels of internationalisation. It is these phenomena, including notions of inclusion and exclusion, that situate the research in the broader context of internationalisation.

The empirical study presented in this dissertation initiated out of a desire to better understand AFELT experience, role and 'place' from an emic perspective. Previous research on Japanese higher education internationalisation is generally quantitative or limited in depth, thus has remained silent on AFELT experience, place, and value. By privileging participant voice, this study makes an original contribution to this field of research. A key feature of this dissertation is its theoretical grounding in interpretive epistemology and constructionist traditions. The epistemological assumption upon which the research is grounded assumes social interaction and socio-cultural/political phenomena such as internationalisation to be complex, multilayered, multidimensional, and dynamic. Qualitative data were therefore generated from successive focus groups and in-depth interviews conducted over a year involving 43 participants working across 66 universities (public and private) in Japan.

The findings revealed a complex, multilayered, matrix of intersecting and diverging themes and discursive discourses. At the macro level, a major finding is the significant discontinuity between internationalization and communicative English language education policy and practice in Japan, and how these are enacted at the institutional level. AFELT role and 'place' was perceived by participants to be mobilised in essentialist, utilitarian and symbolic terms, with AFELT value indexed to the realisation of internationalisation and marketing strategies rather than to educational outputs. Thus, a significant degree of incongruence concerning the nature, purpose and function of AFELT classes was exposed. According to participants, higher education, broadly speaking, constitutes a social rather than educational experience for many Japanese undergraduate domestic students. From AFELT's perspective, English language classes are considered as peripheral to the function of the universities in which they work, and not essential to the internationalisation process advocated in the broad internationalisation discourse. As such, AFELT construed their role as being commodified and instrumentalised. They asserted that AFELT were not supported in, or encouraged to facilitate, the development of interculturality in the domestic student population. Yet nevertheless, the majority of participants still felt a responsibility to implement intercultural education and encourage the development of students' ability to value diversity.

At the micro level, the research identified contextual and individual affordances and constraints that impacted upon AFELT communicative English teaching. Participants' 'subject positioning' was identified as a salient factor affording or constraining AFELT professional identity and practice. The research concluded by casting AFELT as aggressively asserting their agency through 'reflexive positioning'.

Through its in-depth examination of AFELT 'place' and 'experience', this dissertation makes a unique contribution to Japanese internationalisation discourse. The multiple theoretical perspectives appropriated from situative social/psychological person-in-context perspectives, Japanese culture and communication studies, cognitive linguistics, dramaturgy, and Positioning theory to explore AFELT 'place' and 'experience' provided powerful conceptual lenses to interrogate stakeholder positioning within the internationalisation space.

The dissertation highlights the need for further research into: the influence of AFELT as vehicles of, and facilitators for reciprocal intercultural understanding; local cultural affordances and constraints; and, processes to evaluate and support 'global citizenry' as graduate outcomes in the Japanese context. Metaphorically, the experience of the Japanese university for adjunct foreign English teachers may be likened to 'standing in the genkan', that is, they are invited into the house but are not invited up and into the home, or beyond the confines of the genkan. As such, AFELT are socially positioned between states - neither fully 'in' nor 'out', 'visible' nor 'invisible'.


Heavy hydrocarbons are irradiated with a Gaussian laser beam. The time-varying temperature distribution induced in the fluid gives rise to a surface-tension distribution. The later gives rise in turn to an accompanying liquid flow and surface-height distribution. In this paper, the time-varying shape of the induced depression is calculated as a function of the power distribution in the laser beam and of the thermal and mechanical properties of the material. The intensity distribution in the laser beam reflected from the depression is also calculated. Good agreement is found with previous experimental results.