Intraperitoneal injection is one of the accepted methods of parenteral administration of fluid. In conditions such as diarrhea, in which dehydration is extreme, repeated administration of fluid is often necessary—under the skin, into the veins and into the peritoneal cavity. The question of the absorption of fluid by the peritoneum is, therefore, a matter of very practical import. Postmortem examination of infants that received fluid intraperitoneally a short time before death, has already thrown some light on the problem of absorption. Blackfan and Maxcy1conclude that absorption is rapid. They record the recovery of 20 c.c. of fluid in an infant weighing 20 pounds, that received 250 c.c. eighteen hours, and 200 c.c. six hours before death. The fluid was clear yellow; the peritoneum was glistening and no mention was made of deposition of fibrin, cellular exudate or other evidence of inflammatory reaction. Our own necropsy findings indicate varying


Planned experiments are the gold standard in reliably comparing the causal effect of switching from a baseline policy to a new policy. One critical shortcoming of classical experimental methods, however, is that they typically do not take into account the dynamic nature of response to policy changes. For instance, in an experiment where we seek to understand the effects of a new ad pricing policy on auction revenue, agents may adapt their bidding in response to the experimental pricing changes. Thus, causal effects of the new pricing policy after such adaptation period, the {\em long-term causal effects}, are not captured by the classical methodology even though they clearly are more indicative of the value of the new policy. Here, we formalize a framework to define and estimate long-term causal effects of policy changes in multiagent economies. Central to our approach is behavioral game theory, which we leverage to formulate the ignorability assumptions that are necessary for causal inference. Under such assumptions we estimate long-term causal effects through a latent space approach, where a behavioral model of how agents act conditional on their latent behaviors is combined with a temporal model of how behaviors evolve over time.


A computer system that evaluates the students learning the process is so-called Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). The important issues in constructing the ITS is the student cognitive level and the emotional status of them. There are many approaches were presented for ITS, but considering emotional intelligence of students still not existed on it. Today, the important factor for increasing the student's performance is Emotional intelligence. This paper will introduce a new approach for modeling the dialog in tutoring system. The proposed approach depends on the hierarchical Planning technique. During this dialog, the system recognizes the student's appraisal to construct a particular interpretation for the extrinsic events that are related to the student goal and at the same time overcoming their emotional reasoning. Accordingly, the dialog will try to maintain the emotional, motivational and cognitive student states, as well as enhancing the student's emotional intelligence. In this approach, the type of personality of students is considered to select the suitable dialog, and according to the student emotional and motivational, the suitable regulation strategy is determined.


A series of kinetically stable chiral lanthanide complexes has been developed, with a view to developing responsive probes for use in analysis and in seeking chiral complexes exhibiting selectivity in their interaction with nucleic acids. Firstly a pH sensitive complex has been modified with the aim of tuning the pH range to which it responds to the physiologically useful regime. The synthesis was undertaken of relatively lipophilic 6-butylphenanthridinyl complexes. Their photophysical behaviour was investigated by absorbance and luminescence spectroscopy and the modulation of their emission examined in the pH range 4.5 to 7.5.In addition to their luminescent properties, enantiomerically pure chiral lanthanide complexes permit chiroptical techniques to be used, allowing their interactions with other chiral species to be addressed (e.g. nucleic acids, oligonucleotides).The first series of enantiopure lanthanide complexes has been devised that show several interesting features in binding to oligonucleotides and nucleic acids. These macrocyclic tris-and tetra-amide lanthanide (Eu, Tb or Yb) complexes contain an N-alkyl phenanthridinium unit that allows intercalation between the base pairs of the DNA. Their binding to [(AT)(_6)](_2), [(CG)(_6)](_2) and CT-DNA was monitored by changes in the ligand and metal based luminescence, and in the characteristic CD bands of the oligonucleotides. Binding affinities were assessed using intrinsic methods and the McGhee-von Hippel analysis. Marked differences have been observed in the binding of Eu and Yb complexes as a function of the A and Δ helicity of the complexes, which is itself determined by the configuration of the remote amide substituents. Binding of the A-Eu complex was over 50 times stronger to [(CG)(_6)](_2) compared to [(AT)(_6)](_2), while the left handed Δ-Yb complex showed a different pattern of selectivity. In the europium complex of a related heptadentate tris-amide ligand, the coordination of a DNA phosphate group to the lanthanide centre was suggested by emission and lifetime changes. Another series of chiral tetraamide complexes linked to the 6 position of the phenanthridine moiety was synthesised and studied. An additional stereogenic centre at carbon, alpha to the phenanthridine group was introduced with the aim of tuning the selectivity of binding. A set of four diastereoisomeric ligands was separated and their lanthanide complexes characterised. The binding of their Eu and Yb complexes was evaluated and differences between Eu and Yb complexes persisted. The additional chiral centre did not appear to modify the binding affinity of this series of complexes. Finally, a series of 6-phenanthridinyl complexes was investigated in which the phenanthridine N atom was directly bound to the lanthanide centre. Their affinity for DNA was found to be relatively low, which may be related to their rigid structure.


Public libraries are always called 'People's University' as it provides education to all and to improve Information literacy, empowerment, and cultural heritage. Public libraries facilitate variety of services to the user community. This study has made an attempt to investigate the current trends of user perception in terms of library services and availability of resources in public libraries in western Tamilnadu particularly in District Central Public Library at Salem. This study tired to focus to evaluate regarding the gender and age wise distribution, Marital status and Educational qualifications, Occupation wise distribution, and Membership status, Residence wise distribution, Availability of library resources, Frequency of Library visit, and Time spent in Library, Purpose of visiting the Library, Information search pattern, Level of satisfaction about Journals / Magazines, and Level of satisfaction regarding Internet services, and Opinion about overall library services etc. For data analysis, a total number of 200 well designed questionnaires were selected and distributed to the user community who are coming to Salem district public library. Out of 200 samples, we received only 186 dully filled questionnaires were returned. Further, the data has been worked out with relevant statistical tools such as simple percentage and average and so on.


Teeth with calcification provide an endodontic treatment challenge; traumatized teeth usually develop partial or total pulpal obliteration which is characterized by apparent loss of the pulp space radiographically and a yellow discoloration of the clinical crown. Since only 7-27% of such teeth develop pulp necrosis with radiographic signs of apical periodontitis, it is difficult to decide whether to treat these teeth immediately upon detection of the pulpal obliteration or to wait until signs and symptoms of pulp and/or apical periodontitis occur. This article reviews the etiology, prevalence, classification, mechanism, diagnosis as well as treatment options for teeth with pulp obliteration and the various management approaches and treatment strategies for overcoming potential complications. A search of articles from "PubMed" and "Medline" from 1965 to present was done with the keywords dental trauma, discoloration, pathfinding instruments, pulp canal obliteration, and root canal treatment was conducted. A total of 94 abstracts were collected, of which 70 relevant articles were read and 31 most relevant articles were included in this article.


Alberto Giacometti, one of the most important artists of the twentieth century, was also one of the most enigmatic. In this major new interpretation of Giacometti and his work, art historian and psychoanalyst Laurie Wilson demonstrates how the artist's secret beliefs and emotional scars are reflected in his evocative sculpture, drawings, and paintings. Wilson's Giacometti was an extremely imaginative child who entwined fantasy and real-life experiences. As he matured, the artist combined fact and fancy into evolving myths, part conscious and part unconscious. Drawing on biographical data uncovered during a decade of research, Wilson reconstructs traumatic events and issues in Giacometti's life-including family births and deaths in early childhood, world wars and their aftermath, and his intense and ambivalent relationship with his parents-and examines their profound effects on his artistic evolution. These startling new interpretations will forever change the way we understand both the man and his work.


A novel approach is proposed to enable vehicles to estimate their instantaneous position with lane-level accuracy, which is not achievable using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). This system can be used to enhance position-based applications such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), including navigation and lane-level traffic guidance and warning. The system uses the carrier frequency offset (CFO) of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) signal, broadcast by two infrastructure beacons. The main advantages of the proposed method over other potential technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) and buried loops are its simpler required infrastructure and functionality using vehicular communication platforms. Analysis of the proposed technique indicates acceptable reliability and performance. Empirical test results confirm the viability of the method.


OBJECTIVE To determine whether delaying the introduction of gluten in infants with a genetic risk of islet autoimmunity is feasible, safe, and may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes–associated islet autoimmunity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 150 infants with a first-degree family history of type 1 diabetes and a risk HLA genotype were randomly assigned to a first gluten exposure at age 6 months (control group) or 12 months (late-exposure group) and were followed 3 monthly until the age of 3 years and yearly thereafter for safety (for growth and autoantibodies to transglutaminase C [TGCAs]), islet autoantibodies to insulin, GAD, insulinoma-associated protein 2, and type 1 diabetes. RESULTS Adherence to the dietary-intervention protocol was reported from 70% of families. During the first 3 years, weight and height were similar in children in the control and late-exposure groups, as was the probability of developing TGCAs (14 vs. 4%; P = 0.1). Eleven children in the control group and 13 children in the late-exposure group developed islet autoantibodies (3-year risk: 12 vs. 13%; P = 0.6). Seven children developed diabetes, including four in the late-exposure group. No significant differences were observed when children were analyzed as per protocol on the basis of the reported first gluten exposure of the children. CONCLUSIONS Delaying gluten exposure until the age of 12 months is safe but does not substantially reduce the risk for islet autoimmunity in genetically at-risk children.


Statistical node clustering in discrete time dynamic networks is an emerging field that raises many challenges. Here, we explore statistical properties and frequentist inference in a model that combines a stochastic block model for its static part with independent Markov chains for the evolution of the nodes groups through time. We model binary data as well as weighted dynamic random graphs (with discrete or continuous edges values). Our approach, motivated by the importance of controlling for label switching issues across the different time steps, focuses on detecting groups characterized by a stable within‐group connectivity behaviour. We study identifiability of the model parameters and propose an inference procedure based on a variational expectation–maximization algorithm as well as a model selection criterion to select the number of groups. We carefully discuss our initialization strategy which plays an important role in the method and we compare our procedure with existing procedures on synthetic data sets. We also illustrate our approach on dynamic contact networks: one of encounters between high school students and two others on animal interactions. An implementation of the method is available as an R package called dynsbm.


During taxonomic studies on the Trichobranchidae housed at the Australian Museum, Sydney morphological characters of specimens were found to serve taxonomists on four taxonomic levels – family, genus, species and specimen level. The number of neuropodial uncini per torus and abdominal segments, long considered holding information for species determination, proved to be highly variable within species. Characters found to be consistent within species were e.g., the position of nephridial papillae, shape of branchiae and chaetae, and the development of anterior segments and lateral lappets. Also, staining in methyl green resulted in a clear pattern without intraspecific variability in most cases and is since considered a helpful tool for identification of Trichobranchidae. In this study an overview of morphological characters of Trichobranchidae and their information for taxonomy is given based on the trichobranchid collection of the Australian Museum. Additionally, description of a new species Terebellides jitu sp. nov., formerly treated as a variation of Terebellides narribri, is given. The description of T. narribri is revised.


The aim of the present study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of methanolic extract of root, callus and fruit of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume. Antimicrobial activity was tested using agar well diffusion with four bacterial strains viz: Escherechia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus of which E. coli alone was gram negative. The fungal strain employed was Candida albicans. Root extracts shown to be effective only against B. subtilis. Fruit extracts showed the maximum antimicrobial activity against all the microbial species considered for the current study except against S. aureus. Highlight of the present study was the antimicrobial activity of callus extracts.


ABSTRACT Inflation has long been a problem for countries in Latin America. While some countries have made progress in addressing the problem, other countries have not been able to achieve sustained economic growth. Keynesian thought posits the notion that inflation and growth can be positively related, while other theories suggest that inflation is detrimental to long-run growth. Various empirical studies yield conflicting results. This study applies two Granger causality tests to seventeen Latin American countries in order to determine possible long-run relations. For most of the countries, no causality is found, while unidirectional causality and bi-directional causality is found in a limited number of countries. INTRODUCTION Historically, many Latin American countries have been plagued by inflation problems though the problem has not been universally severe. During the past few decades, some of the countries have made considerable progress toward controlling inflation while others still struggle in the battle against inflation. Some countries in the region have also encountered difficulties in maintaining respectable economic growth rates. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations that appear to exist between inflation and economic growth in selected Latin American countries and to note some of the econometric problems that exist in analyses of this nature. There is far from universal agreement regarding the relation between inflation and economic growth, and this relation has long held a central position in macroeconomics. The traditional Keynesian view would hold that inflation can act as a stimulus to economic growth. This view is typically expressed through a short run Phillips curve tradeoff (Paul, Kearney, and Chowdhury, 1997) that arises due to sticky prices and wages. Thus, in the short run, faster real growth may be associated with inflation (Motley, 1998). However, the Phillips curve tradeoff tends to disappear as economic agents are able to anticipate price changes. These views were especially prominent in the 1960's and continued into the 1980's (Bruno and Easterly, 1996). There are strong arguments that inflation is detrimental to economic growth, especially in the long run. Inflation makes it difficult for economic agents to make correct decisions since changes in relative prices become obscured (Harberger, 1998). Inflation imposes variable costs, especially menu costs. If inflation is high, the variability of inflation may also be high and this complicates the task of forecasting inflation. If inflation cannot be correctly anticipated, both savers and investors may be lead to make decisions that are detrimental to economic growth. This view is traditional and, in spite of the Keynesian views promulgated in the 1960's and thereafter, this view is incorporated into models of the new-growth literature (Bruno and Easterly, 1996). The empirical evidence regarding the inflation-growth relation is mixed. Fischer (1993) found that real GDP growth is negatively related to inflation in cross sectional regressions and that low inflation is not necessary for growth. Using extreme bounds analysis, Levine and Zervos (1993) found that there is not a significant negative correlation between growth and inflation. They suggest that if inflation persists over a long time period, economic agents find mechanisms to adjust so that growth is not affected. However, cross-country regressions involving socio-economic variables often produce fragile results (Levine and Renelt, 1992). Grier and Tullock (1989) found that the average level of inflation had a neutral effect on growth in the OECD countries but for the remainder of the world, inflation had a significant negative effect on growth. For Latin America, they found no statistical relation between inflation and growth. Barro (1997), in a world wide cross sectional analysis, found a negative relation between inflation and growth, though the effect could not be isolated for inflation rates below 20 percent. …


This report belongs to series of three related reports. This report investigates what legal compliance means for protecting forests and ecosystems in the main Latin American countries of origin for European soy: Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. It is meant provide valuable input to companies, financial institutions, government representatives and NGOs who seek to step up their efforts in Europe and elsewhere.


This article implements some combinatorial properties of the Fibonacci word and generalizations that can be generated from the iteration of a morphism between languages. Some graphic properties of the fractal curve are associated with these words; the curves can be generated from drawing rules similar to those used in L-systems. Simple changes to the programs generate other interesting curves.


Two adhesives, Super Bond and Panavia, were evaluated for shear bond strength to dentin. Twenty human teeth were used for each adhesive. Bonding sites were prepared in dentin (600 grit) and the adhesives applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. Bond strengths were determined with an Instron testing machine at 24 hours. Super Bond developed the strongest bond of 21.59 +/- 3.91 MPa. Panavia produced a lower bond strength of 2.68 +/- 1.45 MPa. Statistically, Super Bond was found to have a stronger bond than Panavia. The same two adhesives were applied to Ni-Cr-Be specimens and compared to Comspan. Twenty Rexillium III specimens were used for each adhesive at 24 hours and 20 for thermocycling. The metal specimens were ground flat (600 grit) and then air abraded with 50-micron aluminous oxide. The adhesives were applied to the metal surface in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. One group was tested at 24 hours while the second group was tested after thermocycling (2,500 cycles at 6 degrees C to 60 degrees C). At 24 hours, Super Bond had a significantly stronger bond than the other materials. Comparison of the 24-hour to thermocycled bond strengths found Comspan had a significant increase in bond strength, Panavia had no significant change and Super Bond had a significant decrease in bond strength. After 2,500 thermocycles, Comspan, Panavia, and Super Bond were not significantly different in bond strength.


Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to an increase in attacks targeting widespread smart devices. A vulnerable device can join multiple botnets simultaneously or sequentially. When different attack patterns are mixed with attack records, the security analyst produces an inaccurate report. There are numerous studies on botnet detection, but there is no publicly available solution to classify attack patterns based on the control periods. To fill this gap, we propose a novel data-driven method based on an intuitive hypothesis: bots tend to show time-related attack patterns within the same botnet control period. We deploy 462 honeypots in 22 countries to capture real-world attack activities and propose an algorithm to identify control periods. Experiments have demonstrated our method's efficacy. Besides, we present eight interesting findings that will help the security community better understand and fight botnet attacks now and in the future.


Aims. To determine: (i) the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients after renal transplantation (NODM); and (ii) the association between NODM and (a) various immunosuppressive regimens, and (b) ethnicity; and (iii) to assess outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality associated with NODM, i.e. infections, cardiovascular disease, graft function and survival, and overall patient survival. Study design. A retrospective analysis of 398 patient files from Johannesburg Hospital for the transplant period 1 July 1994 to 30 June 2004 was conducted. Information regarding patient age, race, date of onset of diabetes, immunosuppressive regimen, infections, and cardiovascular and overall morbidity and mortality was recorded. results. Of the patients 15.6% became diabetic (62/398) with a mean time to onset of 22.9 months; 20.2% of black patients (p=0.100), 12.5% of coloured (mixed race) patients, 12.0% of Indian patients and 9.4% of white patients developed NODM. Treatment with cyclosporin A was associated with a 14.4% incidence of diabetes, tacrolimus with an incidence of 20.3% (p=0.228), sirolimus with an incidence of 11.4% and mycophenolate mofetil with an incidence of 12.0%. The patients with diabetes had an infection rate of 96.8% (p<0.0001), cardiovascular mortality of 11.3% (p=0.824) and overall mortality of 26.3%. conclusions. The incidence of NODM after transplantation is significant, and the condition confers an increased risk of infections and overall mortality. While black patients are most commonly affected, with the greatest risk among those treated with tacrolimus, this did not reach significance, probably owing to the small numbers.


Since the autumn of 2008, the global LNG supply/demand balance has eased substantially. Demand-side factors including the impact of the financial crisis on global natural gas consumption, and supply-side factors such as launchings of new projects and progress in unconventional natural gas development in North America are behind the LNG supply/demand balance change. For the immediate future, the LNG supply/demand balance is likely to remain easy. While the LNG situation is changing dramatically, key points to which we should pay attention over a short term with regard to a future LNG supply/demand outlook include LNG demand trends in the United States and China and destinations for exports from new LNG facilities launching operations by 2011. Factors that are expected to have great influences on future LNG supply and demand over a edium to long term may include the impact of the financial market credit crunch on investment in new medium to long-term gas development projects, gas shortages in the Middle East, and industrial nations ongoing efforts toward a low-carbon society.


A. M. Ermolaev and V. D. Dibner. Arctic Scientist, Gulag Survivor: The Biography of Mikhail Mikhailovich Ermolaev, 1905-1991. William Barr, trans, and ed. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2009. xiv, 591 pp. Glossaries. Illustrations. Maps. Appendices. Bibliography. Index. $44.95, paper.This biography of Mikhail Mikhailovich Ermolaev is an affectionate tribute to a man who lived a fascinating and eventful life. Written jointly by his son, A. M. Ermolaev, and a close friend, V. D. Dibner, it tells the story of an "arctic scientist" who made a major contribution to various important fields (geology, physics, and oceanography) and helped Soviet exploitation of the country's northern territories (particularly the Novosibirskie O strova, No vaia Zemlia, and the Onega region). The book also recounts his personal fate: awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour at a ceremony presided over by Stalin in January 1934, Ermolaev was arrested in 1938 and spent the war years inside Stalin's Gulag.Born in 1905 into a family of eminent military engineers, Ermolaev was influenced in his chosen career path by his sister's husband, R. L. Samoilovich, himself the leader of the Northern Scientific/Commercial Expedition in Leningrad (later the Institute for the Study of the North), who hired the young Ermolaev as a lab assistant and took him on his first polar voyage in 1925. Soon Ermolaev was establishing his own reputation and went on several more trips over the coming years, including the ill-fated 1937 trip in which the vessel Sadko, under the leadership of Samoilovich, ran out of coal and fresh water and, along with two other ice-breakers, was grounded over the winter. It was this fiasco which led to the immediate arrest of both Ermolaev and his mentor.During the Second World War, this veteran of arctic expeditions found himself once more in northern wilderness, this time as a prisoner. His value to Soviet science was such that after a year of forced labour, Ermolaev joined one of the "sharashki" working on plans to extend the Vorkuta railway line. His post-war life was particularly curious: released as early as 1944, although not rehabilitated until 1954, Ermolaev was nonetheless able to reestablish an academic career, working for almost a decade at the Northern Geological Administration in Arkhangelsk. His fate shows some of the absurdities of the Stalin era: in Arkhangelsk, the family had a three-room apartment and Ermolaev held the position of "chief geologist," but each time he travelled to Moscow or Leningrad, even if it was for a meeting with a Minister, he did so illegally as restrictions on his place of residence were still in place (pp. …


Abstract Big Data (BD) is currently one of the most talked about management ideas in the business community. Many call it the "buzzword of the day." In books and media articles, BD has been referred to as a "revolution" and "new era." There is lots of optimistic and upbeat rhetoric surrounding BD. This has led some to question whether BD is a hyped-up management fashion. In this paper, the BD phenomenon is viewed through the lens of management fashion theory. Management fashion provides an analytical lens which can be used to analyze the supply and demand side forces shaping the emergence and evolution of BD. The analysis shows that BD emerged in the late 1990s, gained momentum during the mid-2000s and legitimacy in the late 2000s, and enjoyed an almost meteoric rise in popularity in 2011 and 2012. Moreover, the analysis shows that BD currently is a very popular and highly contagious management idea exhibiting several hallmarks of a management fashion. At the same time, evidence suggests that it may be of a longer duration and not just another transient management fashion or fad. The findings have several implications for the study of the BD phenomenon and more generally, management and IT fashions.


The evolution of volatility and correlation patterns of the Malaysian ringgit and the Singapore dollar are analyzed in this paper. Our approach can simultaneously capture the empirical regularities of persistent and asymmetric effects in volatility and timevarying correlations of financial time series. Consistent with the results of Tse and Tsui (1997), there is only some weak support for asymmetric volatility in the case of the Malaysian ringgit when the two currencies are measured against the US dollar. However, there is strong evidence that depreciation shocks have a greater impact on future volatility levels compared with appreciation shocks of the same magnitude when both currencies measured against the yen. Moreover, evidence of time-varying correlation is highly significant when both currencies are measured against the yen. Regardless of the choice of the numeraire currency and the volatility models, shocks to exchange rate volatility are found to be significantly persistent.


There is still considerable debate surrounding the proposed reduction of current drinking water guidelines for arsenic to 10 L and how low is low enough. One of the main issues is the estimation of potential health impacts of low doses of arsenic and the ability to assess exposure at these lower arsenic levels in drinking water. There has been little investigation of whether reducing the concentration of arsenic in drinking water at low arsenic concentrations in drinking water (greater than the current WHO drinking water guideline of 10 g/L, but less than 50 g/L), to levels below the guidelines, is associated with a significant reduction in urinary arsenic concentrations. We investigated the effect of removing a contaminated drinking water source and replacing it with uncontaminated bottled water on the urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations of 23 exposed individuals. The average drinking water arsenic concentration was 17.5 g/L (range 2.7-27.0 g/L). The results of this study showed that changing from usual drinking water to bottled water decreased urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations, but not significantly. The trial had low power and a larger sample size would be required in addition to more information on other routes of exposure. The results of this small study suggest that factors other than drinking water arsenic concentrations may play an important role in short term exposure to drinking water with below 20 g/L inorganic arsenic.


The objective of this study was to quantify the accuracy of imputing the genotype of parents using information on the genotype of their progeny and a family-based and population-based imputation algorithm. Two separate data sets were used, one containing both dairy and beef animals (n=3122) with high-density genotypes (735 151 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and the other containing just dairy animals (n=5489) with medium-density genotypes (51 602 SNPs). Imputation accuracy of three different genotype density panels were evaluated representing low (i.e. 6501 SNPs), medium and high density. The full genotypes of sires with genotyped half-sib progeny were masked and subsequently imputed. Genotyped half-sib progeny group sizes were altered from 4 up to 12 and the impact on imputation accuracy was quantified. Up to 157 and 258 sires were used to test the accuracy of imputation in the dairy plus beef data set and the dairy-only data set, respectively. The efficiency and accuracy of imputation was quantified as the proportion of genotypes that could not be imputed, and as both the genotype concordance rate and allele concordance rate. The median proportion of genotypes per animal that could not be imputed in the imputation process decreased as the number of genotyped half-sib progeny increased; values for the medium-density panel ranged from a median of 0.015 with a half-sib progeny group size of 4 to a median of 0.0014 to 0.0015 with a half-sib progeny group size of 8. The accuracy of imputation across different paternal half-sib progeny group sizes was similar in both data sets. Concordance rates increased considerably as the number of genotyped half-sib progeny increased from four (mean animal allele concordance rate of 0.94 in both data sets for the medium-density genotype panel) to five (mean animal allele concordance rate of 0.96 in both data sets for the medium-density genotype panel) after which it was relatively stable up to a half-sib progeny group size of eight. In the data set with dairy-only animals, sufficient sires with paternal half-sib progeny groups up to 12 were available and the within-animal mean genotype concordance rates continued to increase up to this group size. The accuracy of imputation was worst for the low-density genotypes, especially with smaller half-sib progeny group sizes but the difference in imputation accuracy between density panels diminished as progeny group size increased; the difference between high and medium-density genotype panels was relatively small across all half-sib progeny group sizes. Where biological material or genotypes are not available on individual animals, at least five progeny can be genotyped (on either a medium or high-density genotyping platform) and the parental alleles imputed with, on average, ⩾96% accuracy.


Abstract The present paper intended to present a proposal for division of phenomenological psychology in two separate areas but interconnected with each other, based respectively on a static and genetic phenomenology. The former is more appropriate for a research field of human psychology, based on the concept of intentionality is presented as an eidetic psychology that can be applied to different subjects of study of psychological research and have as a research field on major issues of psychology, as perception, memory, language, imagination. Phenomenological Psychology II, based on a genetic phenomenology is applied on the psychotherapeutic space because its object of inquiry is a self that has a story based on sedimentations generated in part by passive syntheses that operate at a pre-reflexive level. The genetic analysis is a phenomenological investigation of inter-subjective facticity in a therapeutic context.


Dietary nitrate supplementation (DN) enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise and may therefore improve the adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT). Given that exercise training can augment basal production of nitric oxide, decrease mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and increase flow-mediated dilation (FMD), combining these interventions may result in a synergistic improvement in these measures.PURPOSE: To investigate whether DN ingested prior to SIT can increase basal plasma nitrite, reduce MAP and increase FMD beyond SIT alone.METHODS: 19 healthy males (29 ± 7 yrs) completed an initial baseline assessment of plasma nitrite, and resting MAP and FMD (n=15). Participants were subsequently randomly assigned to a SIT + placebo (PLA) group (n=10) or a SIT + DN (NIT) group (n=9). Participants then underwent 3-weeks of SIT consisting of 4-6 repeated 15 s all out sprints on a cycle ergometer, interspersed with 4 min active recovery. Participants consumed either a DN or PLA dose 2.5 h prior to each training session. The dose consisted of 2 x 60 ml nitrate gels (~8.1 mmol nitrate) or nitrate-depleted PLA. After 48-72 hrs following completion of the SIT protocol all participants returned for re-assessment of baseline measures. Differences between groups, time points and their interaction were established by 2 x 2 repeated measures ANOVA.RESULTS: There were no differences in plasma nitrite (PLA: 188 ± 78; NIT: 174 ± 51 nM, P=0.662), MAP (PLA: 92 ± 4; NIT: 92 ± 9 mmHg, P=0.871) or FMD (PLA: 8.6 ± 4.2; NIT: 7.8 ± 3.0 %, P=0.657) between groups, prior to training. Following training, plasma nitrite was not different from pre-training in either group (PLA: 213 ± 63; NIT: 168 ± 50 nM, P=0.545). MAP decreased pre - post training (P=0.004). Post-hoc analysis revealed MAP reduced by a similar extent in both PLA (87 ± 6 mmHg, d=0.98, P=0.015) and NIT (87 ± 12 mmHg, d=0.47, P=0.016) groups. FMD increased pre - post training (P=0.004). Post-hoc analysis revealed FMD increased in the NIT group (11.2 ± 1.8 %, d=1.37, P=0.008) but not the PLA group (10.3 ± 4.5 %, d=0.39, P=0.111).CONCLUSIONS: Results from the current study suggest NIT may enhance some of the cardiovascular adaptations to 3-weeks SIT. This finding is not supported by changes in basal plasma nitrite and the mechanism(s) underpinning this response is currently unknown.


College students (20 women, 14 men) seeking career counseling services at a university career center participated in this exploratory investigation. A 2 (DISCOVER treatment) × 2 (counseling treatment) research design was used to evaluate the individual and combined effects of DISCOVER (ACT, 1998) and counseling on participants' career decision-making self-efficacy and career decision-making attributional style. Findings revealed a significant effect of the use of DISCOVER on participants' career decision-making self-efficacy and their sense of control over the career decision-making process. Results are discussed regarding the implications for career counseling and ideas for further research in this domain. Social cognitive components of career decision making, such as career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) and career decision-making attributional style, have received considerable attention in recent years by career counselors and vocational psychologists who continue to provide support for the relevance of these concepts to career counseling (Betz & Luzzo, 1996; Lent & Hackett, 1987; Luzzo & Tompkins-Bjorkman, 1999). However, only a few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of career counseling interventions for helping clients become more self-efficacious regarding their career decision making or more optimistic in their attributional explanations for career-related events (e.g., Foltz & Luzzo, 1998; Foss & Slaney, 1986; Fukuyama, Probert, Neimeyer, Nevill, & Metzler, 1988; Luzzo & Day, 1999; Luzzo, Funk, & Strang, 1996; Luzzo & Taylor, 1994). Furthermore, only one of these prior investigations has evaluated the effectiveness of computer-based career planning systems (CBCPSs), in particular, as a method for enhancing clients' CDMSE (Fukuyama et al., 1988), and no studies to date have evaluated the effectiveness of CBCPSs in enhancing clients' career decision-making attributional style. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of DISCOVER (ACT, 1998), one of the most popular CBCPSs available, on the CDMSE and career decision-making attributional style of college student career counseling clients. Self-Efficacy and Career Decision Making Bandura (1977) defined self-efficacy as a person's beliefs regarding her or his ability to successfully perform a particular task. By understanding a person's self-efficacy expectations, a career counselor or vocational psychologist can more effectively understand and predict an individual's career-related behavior. Interventions that are designed to increase self-efficacy expectations are useful because they can increase a client's likelihood of adopting an approach rather than an avoidant disposition toward a given behavior, such as choosing a career or college major. Other consequences of increased self-efficacy expectations may include greater persistence despite obstacles and performance enhancement resulting from a decrease in debilitating anxiety (Bandura, 1977). CDMSE refers to a person's belief that she or he can successfully perform the tasks involved in choosing a career. The tasks may include researching careers in a career library or on the World Wide Web, formulating short- and long-term occupational goals, and arranging personal values into a hierarchy. As expected, CDMSE is positively related to career decidedness. Persons with high levels of CDMSE are more likely to be decided about and committed to a particular career direction (Gillespie & Hillman, 1993; Mathieu, Sowa, & Niles, 1993; Taylor & Betz, 1983). Bandura (1977) outlined four sources of information from which individuals' self-efficacy expectations can be learned and ways that these expectations can be modified.They are (a) performance accomplishments, wherein the person actually experiences the successful performance of a given behavior; (b) vicarious learning, the process of watching another person successfully perform that behavior; (c) verbal persuasion, including support from others encouraging the person's successful performance; and (d) changes in emotional states (e. …


Background: There is no comprehensive definition of successful breastfeeding that consequently leads to failure in identification of ineffective breastfeeding and clinical problems that, in turn, result in infants' early hospitalization. The present study aimed to describe the concept of successful breastfeeding using Walker and Avant approach. Data sources: CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Medline and Google Scholar databases were searched for literature published between 1995 and 2015 using the term successful breast-feeding. Materials and Methods: To analyse the concept of successful breastfeeding in this study, Walker and Avant approach was used. Primary research was conducted by searching for "successful breastfeeding" and "infant". Finally, 84 resources were selected as the sample. Then, the data were classified as characteristics, influencing factors, incidences, consequences, and empirical referents related to successful breastfeeding. Results: Four basic characteristics of successful breastfeeding, as an interactive process, included how to hold the infant while breastfeeding, how to put the breast in the infant's mouth, sucking, and transmission of milk from mother to infant. Moreover, some events related to successful breastfeeding contain "infant's posture during breastfeeding", "physiology and anatomy of the breast", and "physiology and anatomy of infant's mouth". The consequences were also "infant's behaviour when s/he is full", "leaving the breast", "not responding to sucking reflex", "seemingly calm infant", and "lack of pain and discomfort in the breast". Discussion and Conclusion: The study results revealed that determining the characteristics, events, and consequences of successful breastfeeding is very essential and important for both clinical application and nursing discipline purposes. In fact, precise definition of the concept of successful breastfeeding leads to identification of the related problems and provision of strategies to solve them.


The Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 is one of the most successful alien species in Europe today. This article is a review of the current distribution of the species in Ukraine using published data, own field studies (2005–2016) and collections from museums and colleagues. The Chinese sleeper has been confirmed in the Vistula, Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug and Dnipro river basins, with earlier occurrence (1970s–90s) in the Vistula, Danube and Dniester river basins. As a result, the species is distributed more evenly in these river basins. The Chinese sleeper was first recorded in the Dnipro and Southern Bug river basins in the 21st century; hence, its occurrence is still irregular. Present data suggest that, in some regions, the species could inhabit not only floodplains and bays but also fluvial river sections.


Current chemical models of translucent clouds imply that sulfur is depleted with respect to its average abundance in diffuse clouds as determined by Morton (1975 ApJ,197, 85) by factors exceeding 10. Existing gigahertz emission observations yield sizable uncertainties in the column densities to background stars, and attempts to measure column densities of CS in the lines-of-sight to various stars through the absorption in the A-X (0,0) electronic transition near 257.6 nm have been unsuccessful. CS dissociates primarily through discrete absorptions into predissociating states. In analogy with CO the strongest of these is the C-X band found near 140.0 nm. We report the tentative identification of the C-X band of CS in the interstellar spectra of HD 24398 (zeta Per), HD 148184 (chi Oph), and HD 154368. The estimated column densities will be compared to the predictions of prevailing chemical models.


Three models for surface stress loading e¤ect on a micromechanical cantilever are proposed as concentrated moment acting at the free end (Model I), concentrated moment plus axial force acting at the free end (Model II), and uniformly distributed surface force acting along the microcantilever (Model III). Solution to Model I loading is based on the Stoney formula, assuming that the microcantilever is subjected to pure bending and deformed with a constant curvature. Model II takes into account the clamping e¤ect in such a way that an additional axial force is introduced. The de‡ections resulting from Models I and II surface stress loading e¤ect are solved by Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In Model III, the e¤ect of surface stress is modeled as uniformly distributed surface force that causes both uniformly distributed bending moment and axial force acting along the axis of the microcantilever. The energy method is then used to obtain the governing equation and boundary conditions for Model III displacement. Comparison of the results obtained by the three models with those by the …nite element method and experiment indicates that Model III is the most realistic model for surface stress loading e¤ect to obtain the de‡ection of a microcantilever. Model III for surface stress loading e¤ect is then used to demonstrate the applications of a microcantilever in sensor technology through the measurement of tip de‡ection under an atomic adsorption as the source of surface stress. Dual attractive or repulsive characteristics of interactions between a pair of mercury atoms are described in terms of Lennard-Jones potential. The force per unit atomic spacing induced by the adjacent free surface atoms of a monolayer is then computed using the potential. The sensitivities of atomic spacing and monolayer thickness to the tip-de‡ection of a microcantilever are studied in this research.


The present study investigates the space-time impact of climate change on the rice crop calendar in tropical Gujranwala, Pakistan. The climate change impact was quantified through the climatic variables, whereas the existing calendar of the rice crop was compared with the phonological stages of the crop, depicted through the time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat data for the decade 2005-2015. Local maxima were applied on the time series of NDVI to compute the rice phonological stages. Panel models with fixed and cross-section fixed effects were used to establish the relation between the climatic parameters and the time-series of NDVI across villages and across rice growing periods. Results show that the climatic parameters have significant impact on the rice crop calendar. Moreover, the fixed effect model is a significant improvement over cross-sectional fixed effect models (R-squared equal to 0.673 vs. 0.0338). We conclude that high inter-annual variability of climatic variables cause high variability of NDVI, and thus, a shift in the rice crop calendar. Moreover, inter-annual (temporal) variability of the rice crop calendar is high compared to the inter-village (spatial) variability. We suggest the local rice farmers to adapt this change in the rice crop calendar. Keywords—Landsat NDVI, panel models, temperature, rainfall


We report the discovery of 87 new T dwarfs uncovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and 3 brown dwarfs with extremely red near-infrared colors that exhibit characteristics of both L and T dwarfs. Two of the new T dwarfs are likely binaries with L7 ± 1 primaries and mid-type T secondaries. In addition, our follow-up program has confirmed 10 previously identified T dwarfs and 4 photometrically selected L and T dwarf candidates in the literature. This sample, along with the previous WISE discoveries, triples the number of known brown dwarfs with spectral types later than T5. Using the WISE All-Sky Source Catalog we present updated color–color and color-type diagrams for all the WISE-discovered T and Y dwarfs. Near-infrared spectra of the new discoveries are presented along with spectral classifications. To accommodate later T dwarfs we have modified the integrated flux method of determining spectral indices to instead use the median flux. Furthermore, a newly defined J-narrow index differentiates the early-type Y dwarfs from late-type T dwarfs based on the J-band continuum slope. The K/J indices for this expanded sample show that 32% of late-type T dwarfs have suppressed K-band flux and are blue relative to the spectral standards, while only 11% are redder than the standards. Comparison of the Y/J and K/J index to models suggests diverse atmospheric conditions and supports the possible re-emergence of clouds after the L/T transition. We also discuss peculiar brown dwarfs and candidates that were found not to be substellar, including two young stellar objects and two active galactic nuclei. The substantial increase in the number of known late-type T dwarfs provides a population that will be used to test models of cold atmospheres and star formation. The coolest WISE-discovered brown dwarfs are the closest of their type and will remain the only sample of their kind for many years to come.


The increasing size of neural network models has been critical for improvements in their accuracy, but device memory is not growing at the same rate. This creates fundamental challenges for training neural networks within limited memory environments. In this work, we propose ActNN, a memory-efficient training framework that stores randomly quantized activations for back propagation. We prove the convergence of ActNN for general network architectures, and we characterize the impact of quantization on the convergence via an exact expression for the gradient variance. Using our theory, we propose novel mixed-precision quantization strategies that exploit the activation's heterogeneity across feature dimensions, samples, and layers. These techniques can be readily applied to existing dynamic graph frameworks, such as PyTorch, simply by substituting the layers. We evaluate ActNN on mainstream computer vision models for classification, detection, and segmentation tasks. On all these tasks, ActNN compresses the activation to 2 bits on average, with negligible accuracy loss. ActNN reduces the memory footprint of the activation by 12x, and it enables training with a 6.6x to 14x larger batch size.


In contrast to the situation in France, information about technical draughtsmen in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century is elusive below the level of elite individuals. This does not mean that there was no interest in technical education, however. Constant anxiety about trade rivalry with French manufacturers gave rise to a complex cultural debate in which questions of worker education, improvements in machine production, industrial design, and the development of good taste, were all intermingled and enunciated under the single topic of draughtsmanship. These debates were carried on both by elite reformers and by artisans themselves, in journals and magazines, in places of education such as the Mechanics' Institutes, and gained a particular focus in the Government Select Committee on Arts and Manufactures of 1835-6. Indeed, witnesses from the Select Committee often gave unwitting testimony of draughtsmanship for the factory even whilst they were lamenting the lack of it. The idea that was set in motion at that time of the 'apathy' of British workers and their ignorance of mechanical theory and technical draughtsmanship still has some purchase today (Booker 1979: 130). This perception however is clearly contradicted by the material residue of activity, the visual testimony of technical drawings in archives and publications. With this material record of objects, why have the human actors become invisible? I will argue this is largely due to changes in the workplace after 1820 that led to the development of the specialist occupation of 'draughtsman'.

Technical drawing is a technique of industrial production and innovation, often described as the place where the theory and practice of material shaping intersect. This conceptualisation is in accord with the way in which pupil engineers worked as draughtsmen as part of their training, one aspect of 'mechanical science on the factory floor' (Jacob 2007: 197-202) in the early nineteenth century. This notion of three-dimensional materiality is fairly straightforward, and is clearly situated in an industrial environment. By contrast, I will argue that as specialist draughtsmen became confined to the drawing office towards the middle of the century they entered the two-dimensional Flatland of the paper world. In this environment they were also subject to wider debates about the unique cultural value of drawing as the bearer of good taste.

In this paper, I will discuss the kinds of knowledge that were acquired and displayed by draughtsmen in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century, whilst arguing that the perception of backwardness in relation to France is misleading. Furthermore, the very invisibility of draughtsmen is the result of discomfort caused by the difficulty of judging the cultural and social status of these workers and their drawings.


We present an efficient numerical strategy for the Bayesian solution of inverse problems. Stochastic collocation methods, based on generalized polynomial chaos (gPC), are used to construct a polynomial approximation of the forward solution over the support of the prior distribution. This approximation then defines a surrogate posterior probability density that can be evaluated repeatedly at minimal computational cost. The ability to simulate a large number of samples from the posterior distribution results in very accurate estimates of the inverse solution and its associated uncertainty. Combined with high accuracy of the gPC-based forward solver, the new algorithm can provide great efficiency in practical applications. A rigorous error analysis of the algorithm is conducted, where we establish convergence of the approximate posterior to the true posterior and obtain an estimate of the convergence rate. It is proved that fast (exponential) convergence of the gPC forward solution yields similarly fast (exponential) convergence of the posterior. The numerical strategy and the predicted convergence rates are then demonstrated on nonlinear inverse problems of varying smoothness and dimension. AMS subject classifications: 41A10, 60H35, 65C30, 65C50


Phanerozoic large igneous provinces (LIPs) have a significant influence on global climate changes and mass extinction events (MEEs). Most of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points in the Phanerozoic international chronostratigraphic scale are coeval with LIPs and are marked in the sedimentary record by global-scale MEEs and/or by ocean anoxic events represented by black shales. However, due to limited knowledge on atmospheric oxygen concentrations, ocean redox conditions, and early fossils during the Meso-Neoproterozoic Eras prior to the Ediacaran period, little is known on the climate and environmental effects of LIPs during this period of a billion years, the so-called "Boring Billion" (1.8–0.8 Ga). Here we provide geochronological and geological evidence for a temporal and genetic link between the intense ca. 1380 Ma LIP activity (found on many crustal blocks) and coeval black shales in the Nuna (Columbia) supercontinent. We further propose that the ca. 1380 Ma LIPs and black shales widely distributed in the Nuna supercontinent represent a global-scale geological event and provide a robust natural marker for the CalymmianEctasian boundary at 1383 Ma. Further investigation of the temporal and genetic link between the LIPs and black shales at other times can contribute to understanding the variations in atmospheric oxygen concentrations and ocean redox conditions during the Boring Billion, during which virtually nothing of Earth's climate and MEEs is known.


Left unrepaired, the myriad types of damage that can occur in genomic DNA pose a serious threat to the faithful transmission of the correct complement of genetic material. Defects in DNA damage signaling and repair result in genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, and often cause lethality, underlining the importance of these processes in the cell and whole organism. The past decade has seen huge advances in our understanding of how the signal transduction pathways triggered by DNA damage radically alter cell behavior. In contrast, it is still unclear how primary DNA damage is detected and how this interfaces with signal transduction and DNA repair proteins.


Development communication was introduced as an integral part of rural development in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s to promote and facilitate the participation of the rural poor in the sharing of the benefits of development as well as the responsibility for development decision making. The development communication system models derived essentially from dominant economic development theories of the west which emphasised information and persuasion, increases in production and consumption, technological innovation, high level of capital investment and the trickle down of benefits. The extensionist dependent, pro-urban, pro-liferate, pro-mass media, one way flow of influence oriented messages from development workers at the top to the rural peasantry at the bottom (otherwise known as top-down) encouraged source oriented, authoritarian, manipulative and persuasive communication that created dependent rather than collaborative relationships between the source and the receivers of development messages. This paper reviews the impact of development communication in Africa rural development and observes that most programmes did not achieve the desired goals. The paper therefore, calls for a bottom-up, horizontal and participatory communication approaches that actively involve the rural people in the conceptualisation of the problems, setting of objectives and designing of strategies and messages that are capable of reaching all and producing uniform comprehension and acceptance of development messages.


The Internet has changed the traditional supply chain of the music industry. The shrinking of music into the Moving Picture Experts Group Audio layer 3 de-facto standard has resulted in the global sharing of digital music online. This type of sharing potentially causes the disintermediation of record companies and retailers from the traditional supply chain and allows artists and consumers to be directly connected through websites and peer-to-peer technology. As a result, stakeholders are currently uncertain of their role in the emerging music-on-demand model of purchase. This research project examines the relationship between digital music distribution services and its role in the destruction of the music industry. The aim of this research project is to assess the role of digital music distribution services in the downturn and restructuring of the music industry. Furthermore, research will explore the interplay between technical, social, legal and economic dimensions with the purpose of understanding how the traditional supply chain has changed. Due to the exploratory nature of this thesis, the multiple case study methodology will be employed, with case studies completed on MP3.com, Napster and Kazaa. Multiple sources of evidence will be used to collect data for the multiple cases, including documentation review and interviews. Interviews will be used to gather the opinions of the various stakeholders of the music industry on the issues to be covered as part of this thesis. The results of the case studies demonstrated that the creation of digital music distribution services initially resulted in the disintermediation of record companies and retailers. The record companies reacted by trying to close and takeover each of the three online music sharing services. This proved unsuccessful, and initiated the product life cycle trend, where digital music distribution services are continually evolving to avoid the threat of legal action. Eventually the record companies and retailers have established themselves online, causing reintermediation through the introduction of a pay-per-download (PPD) and subscription payment system. Of the dimensions covered it was found that technology will always outpace law and thus impact on social behaviors and attitudes. The principal conclusion of this thesis is that digital music distribution services will not lead to the demise of the music industry as evidence from the three cases suggested that the online music industry is growing and that consumers have simply shifted their spending rather than stopped purchasing altogether. Furthermore, the three cases of MP3.com, Napster and Kazaa reveal how technology can shape society and identity the underlying desire of the record companies to control the supply and demand of music by resisting change. Recommendations for future research include quantitative research into the success of online business models, the establishment of an integrated digital rights management system and an investigation of the possibility of technological advancements for the creation of a converged MP3 device. Publication Details This thesis was originally submitted as Alves, K, Digital distribution music services and the demise of the traditional music industry: three case studies on mp3.com, Napster and Kazaa, Bachelor of Information and Communication Technology (Honours), University of Wollongong, 2004, 171p. This thesis is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/thesesinfo/10


John Smith's Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1624) canonized a settler colonial narrative activity that I call kinshipwrecking—a conventional mode of storytelling that destroys and moves to supplant traditional Indigenous kinship structures and obligations. Smith's archetypal refusal of Indigenous kinship is arguably the most important element of his text, and yet it has been treated as an afterthought in most previous scholarship. His Historie depicts the process of colonization as a war between English patriarchal governance and Indigenous kinship systems—the latter of which are portrayed as power structures that must be infiltrated (through alliance or adoption) and exploited by the English and destroyed/transformed from within. The colony Smith wrote about is today remembered as the first permanent English settlement on Turtle Island, and Settlers in what some now call Canada and the USA continue to live their lives within the legacy of Smith's archetypal and systematic rejection of Indigenous kinship. Using Mattaponi oral history as a counter narrative that both challenges and contextualizes Smith's in/famous tale, this article considers the Settler mythology of Pocahontas and Wahunsenaca (Powhatan) through the lens of Indigenous customary or traditional adoption practices.


ABSTRACT The Roda Sandstone Member (Lower Eocene, Tremp-Graus Basin, Spanish Pyrenees) is interpreted as a well-exposed multiscale Gilbert-type delta. It is formed by multiple prograding lobate-shaped sandstone bodies up to 5 km (3 mi) long and 2–3 km (1–2 mi) wide, each constructed by a number of smaller scale (hunderds of meters) lobes that stack in a compensational mode responding to relative base level changes. In general, the proximal part of each lobe is dominated by trough cross stratification, the medial part by impressive clinoforms, and the distal part by more tabular cross stratification. Well-developed tidal bundles occur abundantly in delta lobe-front attached and detached tidal bars; the latter are up to 5 km (3 mi) long and 2 km (1 mi) wide. Cemented layers cover both the individual lobes as well as the lobate-shaped sandstone bodies. The three-dimensional (3-D) architecture of small-scale (decimeter to meter) heterogeneities at lithofacies scale formed by millimeter- to centimeter-thick mud layers in the tidal bars have been studied to better understand hydrocarbon flow through heterolithic tide-dominated successions. The Roda Sandstone has been used as an analog to many oil and gas fields with a particular focus on 3-D lobe geometry, compartmentalization, stacking patterns, and associated correlation concepts.


So far the dynamics of income poverty in European countries has been analysed in a comparative perspective using the ECHP dataset, the first EU-scale panel survey ran from 1994 to 2001 in the "old" 15 member states. By means of the EU-SILC longitudinal data, the main purpose of this paper is to up-to-date such kind of analysis up to 2007 and to extend it including also the "new" EU member states. Being the time span covered by EU-SILC too short for carrying out survival analysis on poverty duration and recurrence, in this paper we focus on income poverty mobility only, identifying and analysing which are the main determinants associated to households' fall into or exit from poverty. Analyses are carried out grouping EU countries in the five usual geographical clusters. The results show that events related to the labour market are the most important in all clusters both because of their frequency and their relevant impact on poverty transitions Demographic events are, on the contrary, everywhere, much less relevant.


In this paper, we examine if M&A announcements and methods of financing these deals affect stock returns. Data is used for BRICKS from the period 2005-2009 and standard event study methodology is used for this purpose. We find significant pre-event returns for 5 out of 6 sample countries. This indicates possible leakages in the information system, which may not be surprising, given the emerging nature of these markets. Three of the BRICKS countries, i.e. India, South Korea and China provide significantly negative post-event returns while strong positive returns are observed in case of South Africa. The extra normal post-event returns defy semi-strong efficiency for majority of sample markets. We further find that M&A announcements do not significantly alter the trading liquidity and pricing efficiency of the sample stocks. However, return volatility does decline on post event basis. It is also observed that while stock financed mergers are value creating, cash financed mergers seem to be value destroying in the short run. The study is extremely relevant for common shareholders, global fund managers as well as financial regulators. The present research contributes to corporate restructuring as well as market efficiency literature, especially for emerging markets.


Highlighting identities and creativity by cultural planningThe importance of a vital culture is frequently discussed in relation to the development of dynamic places and regions. Richard Florida (2002), for instance, maintains that the link between culture, creativity and growth are central to places. The development potential in regional economy is considered to be the cultural capital of the creative class.Increasingly, the physical environment in community planning and architecture is interwoven with cultural expression and a higher degree of aesthetics to attract future inhabitants and to keep people from leaving the place, on the one hand, and to increase the number of visitors and investors with a view to create economic growth, on the other. Place developers, in other words, are at work to create effective markers and stories as well as an attractive environment.This type of strategic planning can be criticised from several perspectives. Strategy is a balancing act between preserving and cultivating the history of a place, its specific features and identity-that is, place culture-and to "sell" the place to visitors, in-migrants and companies. Moreover, Florida's notion of development rests implicitly on the assumption that the people expected are those with cultural or economic capital. This means that there are including and excluding aspects in the argument that need to be considered. The described view on development and planning of places has led to an increased interest in alternative planning methods. Especially one case in the city of Karlstad, Sweden, is analysed. The project is inspired by a cultural planning method. Cultural planning involves taking the cultural perspective into account in community planning. The method is primarily a grass-root model based on the local community, its values and resources. By means of active cultural planning at the residential/district area level, the Karlstad project aims to develop forms and methods for implementing artistic designs and cultural activities to produce attractive neighbourhoods and enhance the quality of life for the residents. An expectation is an increased social sustainable development. The City of Karlstad also wants to raise its attraction level and ensure a positive development for future residents by testing cultural planning and the related community art methods. The present paper is based on an on-going evaluation and research of the Karlstad project.Key words: Cultural planning, place development, culture, identity, creativity.


In management research, there is a growing trend toward formative measurement, in which measures are treated as causes of constructs. Formative measurement can be contrasted with reflective measurement, in which constructs are specified as causes of measures. Although recent work seems to suggest that formative measurement is a viable alternative to reflective measurement, the emerging enthusiasm for formative measurement is based on conceptions of constructs, measures, and causality that are difficult to defend. This article critically compares reflective and formative measurement on the basis of dimensionality, internal consistency, identification, measurement error, construct validity, and causality. This comparison leads to the conclusion that the presumed viability of formative measurement is a fallacy, and the objectives of formative measurement can be achieved using alternative models with reflective measures.


Performance analysis tools allow application developers to identify and characterize the inefficiencies that cause performance degradation in their codes, allowing for application optimizations. Due to the increasing interest in the High Performance Computing (HPC) community towards energy-efficiency issues, it is of paramount importance to be able to correlate performance and power figures within the same profiling and analysis tools. For this reason, we present a performance and energy-efficiency study aimed at demonstrating how a single tool can be used to collect most of the relevant metrics. In particular, we show how the same analysis techniques can be applicable on different architectures, analyzing the same HPC application on a high-end and a low-power cluster. The former cluster embeds Intel Haswell CPUs and NVIDIA K80 GPUs, while the latter is made up of NVIDIA Jetson TX1 boards, each hosting an Arm Cortex-A57 CPU and an NVIDIA Tegra X1 Maxwell GPU.


Over the past decade, telecommunication network operators have more and more realized the added value of data analytics for their network deployment efficiency. Early studies targeted the global network perspective by localizing peak loads, both in terms of area and time period. Due to their higher granularity and information richness, current telecommunication datasets allow increasingly deeper insights into the network activities of the users. Existing network traffic classification studies tend to divide users into groups without considering the transitions between different groups caused by individual behavioral traits, which we expect to show observable regularities. Our approach defines a profiling model that characterizes the user behavior as well as its temporal dynamics from two perspectives: w.r.t. (i) the network load the users generate, and (ii) their mobility patterns. The model is evaluated with two unsupervised clustering algorithms of different complexity (namely, XMeans and EM) by means of a 3G trace dataset from a European operator.


Local politics in Nazareth has been influenced by a variety of factors. Originally, parties were centered on family, religion and quarter, or were linked to Communist ideology, which offered the only venue for Arab nationalist claims. Arabs also voted for Zionist parties in order to survive politically in a Jewish state. Recent changes in the region and throughout the world have brought additional parties to Nazareth, including Islamic and Arab nationalist parties. Nazareth is in many ways a unique place. Its location within the state of Israel with a population comprised of Palestinian Arabs who adhere to either Islam or a variety of Christian sects means that there are, often times, competing loyalties within the political arena based on both nationalist identities and religious affiliation. Additional loyalties are based on either ties to an extended family or to specific quarters, most of which are communal or hamula (clan) based. Several areas on the periphery of Nazareth are inhabited primarily by refugees who claim allegiance to a common place of origin. While many of the political parties operating at the municipal level have family, religious and quarter ties, they also have important external links to Russia, the Israeli Communist party, the Islamic world and Islamic parties, Palestinian and other Arab nationalist parties, and to Israeli Zionist parties. So important are these external ties that few if any of Nazareth's parties have emerged as purely Nazarene, they all have ties to larger geographical areas. An analysis of the influence of location on Nazareth's municipal politics is based on current theories in the study of electoral geography which state that place matters. John Agnew, for example, writes: "All places have their own history, 'external' links and peculiar traditions. Consequently, places are the social contexts in which political expression is determined."' David Reynolds also recognizes the important ties between place and politics. He advocates an electoral geography that has more of a "place-based contextual approach" that includes a "deeper historical analysis of the exercise of power and social struggles against it in particular places during periods of significant social change."2 Agnew suggests that "political behavior is intrinsically geographical . . . [and that] social contexts provided by local territorial-cultural settings (neighborhoods, towns, cities, small rural areas) are viewed as crucial in defining distinctive political identities and subsequent political activities."3 Included within these local settings are the influences of what has been called the neighborhood effect, which suggests that voting behavior is often directed towards candidates from a voter's own neighborhood. Social context is not just limited to local characteristics. External forces are also an important influence on political activities. Agnew identifies the modern territorial state as "one of the most important `outside forces'."4 In the case of Nazareth, outside influences include the state of Israel as well as the non-state Palestinians. Influences even extend beyond the state level to include other states, nations and religions. Present day Nazareth is a crowded city of about 65,000 Arab inhabitants.5 In 1946, Nazareth's population was only 15,000-hardly more than a village.6 This number increased to over 20,000 as refugees, primarily Muslims from the 1948 war, fled to the city for protection. Since its inclusion in Israel in 1948, Nazareth has been the largest Arab community within the state. Since the return of Christians almost four centuries ago, Nazareth has been a mixed city of Muslim and Christian inhabitants (currently it is over 60 percent Muslim).7 Because of its sanctity as the site of the Annunciation, Nazareth has attracted a variety of Christians including Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Roman Catholics, Maronites, Copts and Protestants. This mixed communal composition has had a significant impact on municipal politics that can be divided into two distinct phases: an early phase in which the majority of the parties were Christian and Muslim, and a later phase in which Islam became a more forceful contender with stronger ties to the larger political movements of Islam. …


Adrift in the South Pacific Ocean, separated from the rest of the world by vast distances and blessed with some of the most varied and spectacular natural landscapes on Earth, New Zealand is rather special. Generations of geoscientists have developed an increasing understanding of what makes New Zealand geologically unique and why. Highlights of this research, including many discoveries of global significance, are presented in this book. A Continent on the Move explains what makes New Zealand tick geologically, and illustrates the ways that geoscience research can make this country a better place in which to live. This book will be a stimulating addition to any coffee table and an asset in schools and universities. It will also enable politicians, planners, and developers to make more informed decisions regarding appropriate land use, beneficial utilisation of resources, and protection against geological hazards, through a better understanding of the dynamic environment we live in.


There has been significant research effort focussed on the study of regular languages, since they play a vital role in our understanding of computation. This existing research draws a large number of connections with other areas, such as algebra and symbolic logic. Recently, research has begun into how diagrammatic logics can define regular languages, providing another mechanism through which we can understand regular languages. However, the formalised diagrammatic logics are first-order, so they cannot define non-starfree regular languages. The primary contributions of this paper are: (a) to develop and formalise a second-order diagrammatic logic, extending spider diagrams of order, and (b) to establish a class of regular languages that this logic can define. This lays the essential foundations for providing an exact classification of the regular languages that are definable using this new second-order logic.


Come hither, all sweet maidens soberly, Down-looking aye, and with a chasten'd light • Hid in the fringes of your eyelids white, And meekly let your fair hands joined be, As if so gentle that ye could not see, Untouch'd, a victim of your beauty bright, Sinking away to his young spirit's night, Sinking bewilder'd 'mid the dreary sea : 'Tis young Leander toiling to his death; Nigh swooning, he doth purse his weary lips For Hero's cheek, and smiles against her smile. O horrid dream ! see how his body dips, Dead-heavy; arms and shoulders gleam awhile : He's gone; up bubbles all his amorous breath !


Objective To determine whether remote monitoring (structured telephone support or telemonitoring) without regular clinic or home visits improves outcomes for patients with chronic heart failure. Data sources 15 electronic databases, hand searches of previous studies, and contact with authors and experts. Data extraction Two investigators independently screened the results. Review methods Published randomised controlled trials comparing remote monitoring programmes with usual care in patients with chronic heart failure managed within the community. Results 14 randomised controlled trials (4264 patients) of remote monitoring met the inclusion criteria: four evaluated telemonitoring, nine evaluated structured telephone support, and one evaluated both. Remote monitoring programmes reduced the rates of admission to hospital for chronic heart failure by 21% (95% confidence interval 11% to 31%) and all cause mortality by 20% (8% to 31%); of the six trials evaluating health related quality of life three reported significant benefits with remote monitoring, and of the four studies examining healthcare costs with structured telephone support three reported reduced cost and one no effect. Conclusion Programmes for chronic heart failure that include remote monitoring have a positive effect on clinical outcomes in community dwelling patients with chronic heart failure.


TSC-36 (TGF-beta1-stimulated clone 36) is a TGF-beta1 inducible gene whose product is an extracellular glycoprotein that contains a single follistatin module. TSC-36 is highly expressed in the lung, but its physiological function is unknown. In an attempt to elucidate it, we investigated the effect of TSC-36 on proliferation of human lung cancer cell lines. We found a correlation between expression of TSC-36 and cell growth: TSC-36 mRNA was not detected in cells derived from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells, a highly aggressive neoplasm, but was detected in some non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, a moderately aggressive neoplasm. This suggested an antiproliferative function for TSC-36. To address this question, NSCLC PC-14 cells, which express very low level of TSC-36 protein, were transfected with TSC-36 cDNA and the proliferative capacity of stable transfectants was determined by measuring the doubling time, colony forming activity in soft agar and the level of incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into DNA. Under normal culture conditions, the transfected cells showed a longer doubling time, lower plating efficiency and lower rate of DNA synthesis than the parental cells and the control neo transfectant cells. These findings suggested that expression of TSC-36 caused growth inhibition in human lung cancer cells.


Objective: This descriptive study aimed to determine the bullying and harassment experiences of nursing students' in various Nursing Schools in Turkey.  The types and frequency of bullying behaviors, the sources of bullying behaviors, and students' emotions towards these experiences were investigated. Methods: Study participants were 370 undergraduate nursing students from four different Turkish Nursing Schools.  To estimate bullying at nursing school I used a short version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire that adapted according to the earlier studies on bullying against nursing students particularly those conducted by Cooper et al. and Celik and Bayraktar. Results: A total of 222 respondents (60%) reported that they had experienced at least one of the thirteen bullying behaviors at daily and weekly frequencies during the last six months. Work related bullying was the most frequently encountered type of bullying behaviors which is followed by personal related bullying behaviors. Also, an interesting result from this study is that most students reported clinic nurses as their bully, indicating that the perpetrators were mostly females and older than them. Conclusions: This study supports previous reports of bullying against Turkish student nurses and adds to the scant body of literature showing that nursing students often experience bullying and harassment from clinical nurses (horizontal bullying), and importantly, this may influence their future employment choices.


Communities are increasingly looking to green infrastructure as a means of meeting not only stormwater management objectives, but multiple environmental, social, and economic goals. Rather than viewing water infrastructure in isolation or as an after-the-fact means of responding to a flooding or public health crisis, today's urban planners are striving to integrate urban water into their sustainable development goals. This report summarizes a review of the literature on the most pressing water issues currently facing urban communities, supported by insights gained from a meeting held in association with the December 2010 Clean Water American Alliance (CWAA) Urban Water Sustainability Council (UWSC) conference on green infrastructure approaches to utility operations. In addition, this report reviews the criteria, metrics, and protocols being used to measure such integrated systems.

This report is part of the outreach component of the Water Environment Research Foundation's (WERF) Innovation and Research for Water In the 21st Century Cooperative Agreement.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series .

ISBN: 9781780400150 (eBook)


Abstract. The secure transmission of data plays a significant role in today's information era. Especially in the area of public-key-cryptography methods, which are based on elliptic curves (ECC), gain more and more importance. Compared to asymmetric algorithms, like RSA, ECC can be used with shorter key lengths, while achieving an equal level of security. The performance of ECC-algorithms can be increased significantly by adding application specific hardware extensions. Due to their fine grained parallelism, VLIW-processors are well suited for the execution of ECC algorithms. In this work, we extended the fourfold parallel CoreVA-VLIW-architecture by several hardware accelerators to increase the resource efficiency of the overall system. For the design-space exploration we use a dual design flow, which is based on the automatic generation of a complete C-compiler based tool chain from a central processor specification. Using the hardware accelerators the performance of the scalar multiplication on binary fields can be increased by the factor of 29. The energy consumption can be reduced by up to 90%. The extended processor hardware was mapped on a current 65 nm low-power standard-cell-technology. The chip area of the CoreVA-VLIW-architecture is 0.24 mm2 at a power consumption of 29 mW/MHz. The performance gain is analyzed in respect to the increased hardware costs, as chip area or power consumption.


Functional verification is a critical part in the hardware design process cycle, and it contributes for nearly two-thirds of the overall development time. With increasing complexity of hardware designs and shrinking time-to-market constraints, the time and resources spent on functional verification has increased considerably. To mitigate the increasing cost of functional verification, research and academia have been engaged in proposing techniques for improving the simulation of hardware designs, which is a key technique used in the functional verification process. However, the proposed techniques for accelerating the simulation of hardware designs do not leverage the performance benefits offered by multiprocessors/multi-core and heterogeneous processors available today. With the growing ubiquity of powerful heterogeneous computing systems, which integrate multi-processor/multi-core systems with heterogeneous processors such as GPUs, it is important to utilize these computing systems to address the functional verification bottleneck. In this thesis, I propose a technique for accelerating SystemC simulations across multi-core CPUs and GPUs. In particular, I focus on accelerating simulation of SystemC models that are described at both the Register-Transfer Level (RTL) and Transaction Level (TL) abstractions. The main contributions of this thesis are: 1. A methodology for accelerating the simulation of mixed abstraction SystemC models defined at the RTL and TL abstractions on multi-core CPUs and GPUs. 2. An open-source static framework for parsing, analyzing, and performing source-to-source translation of identified portions of a SystemC model for execution on multi-core CPUs and GPUs.


The article addresses the main responsibilities of audit committees within organizations, starting from the need for knowledge and understanding of the organization by all members of the audit committee, which must consider both internal factors and external factors. Among internal factors, the organization's internal control system is one of the key elements in the financial reporting process, the concern of maintaining an appropriate control environment. Audit committee members should ensure that management gives the organization a "bon ton", "leading tone", developing an organizational culture that promotes the attitude of compliance and internal control findings and conclusions which help to provide default quality of financial reporting. Good practice issues of Anglo-Saxon and internal control assessment tools for organizations are presented further. Particular attention is paid to risk management and specifically the risk of fraud by the media appetite for such issues can easily affect the organization's brand. The second part of the article discusses the influences of financial failures of recent decades on corporate governance system of organizations in the Anglo-Saxon environment. Particular attention is paid to how the audit committees, these "living consciences" of organizations have adapted their roles and behavior to capture, monitor and influence the overall management culture of organizations.


Paradoxically, perhaps, the value of life is if often illuminated by death. Death, the ultimate existential frame of human existence, has traditionally, in both literature and philosophy, been interpreted as the great leveler-master and servant, rich and poor, all equally face it, no earthly power or wealth buys escape from it. Inequality in life is thus ultimately resolved in the equality of death. Setting aside the question of possible after-lives, death, viewed from the standpoint of embodied living activity (henceforth, life-value) would seem to be equally bad in principle for everyone. Since death negates life in the same absolute way for everyone, it would seem to follow that its shared reality ought to emphasize for the living the equal value of life for everyone. Yet we inhabit a concrete political universe a standard feature of which is the active de-valuation of the lives of some relative to the lives of others. "Active de-valuation" may take a number of forms, from the immediacy of targeted killing to the mediated form of death as a consequence of social principles that fail to ensure the satisfaction of the most rudimentary physical needs of existence. Wherever political calculations or social principles might be exposed as resting upon a presupposition of unequal life-value, there will always follow rhetorical strategies designed to justify this inequality. The most extreme form of such rhetoric takes the form of de-humanizing discourses directed against those who are killed or left to die. Judged against the assumption of equal lifevalue, I will argue, these rhetorical strategies will always be exposed as morally irrational. Judged from within the logic of the current global socio-economic political order, however, they make perfect sense. Hence exposing the deep-seated moral irrationality of systems of thought that devalue the lives of some for the sake of increasing the value of the lives of others is a crucial step in exposing the underlying life-blindness of the current global order. If that which makes sense within the justifying discourses of system defenders is morally irrational, then so too must the system itself be morally irrational. The occasion for this argument is the claim, made in July 2006 by the American United Nations Ambassador John Bolton, that the deaths of Lebanese civilians killed in the Hezbollah-Israel conflict of that month are not morally equal to the deaths of Israeli civilians. He made this comment in response to the deaths of eight of my fellow Canadian citizens killed in the early days of the cross-border war. My purpose is not to criticize Bolton specifically, or to arrive at judgments of causal responsibility for the conflict, to sort out accusations of terrorism, or to propose political solutions to this and other conflicts around the world. As I said above, Bolton's comments are only an occasion for a deeper critical reflection upon the underlying life-blindness of the current global order. "Life-blindness" means that the principles that govern strategic, political, and socioeconomic decisions in the world today do not proceed from the principle that life is of equal value to all who live.' Instead, I will argue, there is a pervasive and systematic confusion between the needs of human beings as living beings and the needs of the current socio-economic and political system. Once human needs have been assimilated to system needs, such that life has value if and only if, and to the extent that its conduct serves the interest of the global system, the invidious distinction between the value of the lives of some and the value of the lives of others becomes inevitable. I will explain and justify this conclusion in three steps. In the first, starting from Bolton's words I will expose the logic of system thinking that inevitably leads to claims that the lives of some are worth more than the lives of others. Yet, in trying to justify civilian deaths Bolton's argument paradoxically leads critical moral reason beneath the life-blind logic of the defense of system needs to the shared life-interests and equal life-value of everyone. …


Although employee silence is already well-known to cause harms to both employees and organizations, less is known about the  individual and situational factors that can influence it. This study reveals the relationships among acquiescent silence, defensive silence, psychological contract breaches, job-based psychological ownership, voice efficacy, psychological safety and task cohesion. Employing scales with good reliability scores (α between 0.8 to 0.95), we conducted a survey on a sample of of 260 public employees of an Indonesia's government institution. Analysis indicates that (1) individual factors (voice efficacy and psychological contract breach) and situational factors (task cohesion and psychological safety) work hand in hand to affect silence behavior; and (2) job-based psychological ownership has no relationship with acquiescent and defensive silence. This paper discusses (1) the importance incorporating individual and situational factors in understanding silence behavior; and (2) the collectivistic nature of Indonesian people that may contribute to the importance of situational factor (i.e., task cohesion) on silence behavior well and beyond psychological ownership.


Science educators have called for using the learning progression approach to align curriculum, instruction, and assessment. In line with this trend, we conducted both assessments and teaching experiments with students from grades 4 to 12 (717 students participated in the pre-assessments and 682 students participated in the post-assessments). The goal of the study is to develop a learning progression framework that provides effective guidance for curriculum and instruction on carbon-transforming processes in socio-ecological systems. We conducted the study in three research cycles. We developed a matter-and-energy learning progression framework during the first two cycles. This learning progression framework was used to guide the teaching intervention in the third research cycle. Clinical interviews and written assessments were implemented before and after the teaching intervention. In the process of data analysis, we found that the matter-and-energy learning progression framework did not provide a fine-grained depiction of students' reasoning. Therefore, we developed the five-practice learning progression framework, and used it to re-analyze data. Results indicate that the teaching intervention has helped students to achieve significant learning gains, but it was not effective enough in helping students achieve the upper anchor of the learning progression framework—constructing sophisticated scientific explanations. The results also indicate that students tended to rely on coherent and consistent reasoning to construct explanations. Based on the findings, we provide instructional suggestions and discuss the implications for climate change education and learning progression research.


Augmentation mammaplasty is one of the most common surgeries worldwide. Variables such as implant size and location as well as incision type influence the final result. The pe riareolar approach is well known and disseminated; however, the resulting scar is a common reason for patient dissatisfaction. We present a modified periareolar technique using a zigzag incision that results in invisible scars after augmentation mammaplasty. The technique described here is an excellent alternative for augmentation mammaplasty and has an esthetic satisfactory result with imperceptible scars in the periareolar skin of the nipple–areola complex, which is naturally irregular.


In the present climate of intense debate over deposit insurance reform, the nature and limits of market discipline become especially important. The widely accepted argument for greater reliance on market discipline is that it will restrain managerial risk-taking and reduce potential losses to the deposit insurance fund. Opponents of this view favor the traditional reliance on supervision by the bank regulatory agencies as the primary method to maintain the safety and soundness of the banking system and the integrity of the deposit insurance fund. ; This article attempts to shed some empirical light on the issue by studying the effectiveness of market discipline as it is exercised by bank stockholders. Residual analysis is used to test whether the market anticipates the bank's downgrade to a problem bank status. The results show that shareholder returns fail to anticipate bank downgrades by examiners. These results cast serious doubt on the supposed advantages investors, and particularly uninsured depositors, would have over bank regulators in restraining risk-taking by banks and in monitoring their management.