Abstract. The SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on Envisat (2002–2012) performed nadir, limb, solar/lunar occultation and various monitoring measurements. The pointing information of the instrument is determined by the attitude information of the Envisat platform with its star trackers together with the encoder readouts of both the azimuth and the elevation scanner of SCIAMACHY. In this work, we present additional sources of attitude information from the SCIAMACHY measurements itself. The basic principle is the same as used by the star tracker: we measure the viewing direction towards celestial objects, i.e. sun and moon, to detect possible mispointings. In sun over limb port observations, we utilise the vertical scans over the solar disk. In horizontal direction, SCIAMACHY's sun follower device (SFD) is used to adjust the viewing direction. Moon over limb port measurements use for both the vertical and the horizontal direction the adjustment by the SFD. The viewing direction is steered towards the intensity centroid of the illuminated part of the lunar disk. We use reference images from the USGS Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) to take into account the inhomogeneous surface and the variations by lunar libration and phase to parameterise the location of the intensity centroid from the observation geometry. Solar observations through SCIAMACHY's so-called sub-solar port (with a viewing direction closely to zenith) also use the SFD in the vertical direction. In the horizontal direction the geometry of the port defines the viewing direction. Using these three type of measurements, we fit improved mispointing parameters by minimising the pointing offsets in elevation and azimuth. The geolocation of all retrieved products will benefit from this; the tangent heights are especially improved. The altitudes assigned to SCIAMACHY's solar occultation measurements are changed in the range of −130 to −330 m, the lunar occultation measurements are changed in the range of 0 to +130 m and the limb measurements are changed in the range of −50 to +60 m (depending on season, altitude and azimuth angle). The horizontal location of the tangent point is changed by about 5 km for all measurements. These updates are implemented in version 9 of the SCIAMACHY Level 1b products and Level 2 version 7 (based on L1b version 9).


Abstract. Fjords are recognised as hotspots for the burial and long-term storage of carbon (C) and potentially provide a significant climate regulation service over multiple timescales. Understanding the magnitude of marine sedimentary C stores and the processes which govern their development is fundamental to understanding the role of the coastal ocean in the global C cycle. In this study, we use the mid-latitude fjords of Scotland as a natural laboratory to further develop methods to quantify these marine sedimentary C stores on both the individual fjord and national scale. Targeted geophysical and geochemical analysis has allowed the quantification of sedimentary C stocks for a number of mid-latitude fjords and, coupled with upscaling techniques based on fjord classification, has generated the first full national sedimentary C inventory for a fjordic system. The sediments within these mid-latitude fjords hold 640.7 ± 46 Mt of C split between 295.6 ± 52 and 345.1 ± 39 Mt of organic and inorganic C, respectively. When compared, these marine mid-latitude sedimentary C stores are of similar magnitude to their terrestrial equivalents, with the exception of the Scottish peatlands, which hold significantly more C. However, when area-normalised comparisons are made, these mid-latitude fjords are significantly more effective as C stores than their terrestrial counterparts, including Scottish peatlands. The C held within Scotland's coastal marine sediments has been largely overlooked as a significant component of the nation's natural capital; such coastal C stores are likely to be key to understanding and constraining improved global C budgets.


Abstract Manufacturing capability has often been viewed to be a major obstacle in achieving higher levels of customization. Companies follow various strategies ranging from equipment selection to order management to cope with the challenges of customization. We examine how the customization process affects product performance and conformance in the context of a design-to-order manufacturer of industrial components. Our competing risk hazard function model incorporates two thresholds, which we refer to as mismatch and manufacturing threshold s. Product performance was adversely affected when the degree of customization exceeded the mismatch threshold. Likewise, product conformance eroded when the degree of customization exceeded the manufacturing threshold. Relative sizes of the two thresholds have implications for the investments by firms to improve their customization capabilities. Our research presents a rigorous framework to address two key questions relevant to the implementation of product customization: (1) what degrees of customization to offer, (2) how to customize the design process. (CUSTOMIZATION; DESIGN-TO-ORDER; PRODUCT PERFORMANCE; PRODUCT CONFORMANCE; COMPETING RISK HAZARD FUNCTION MODEL)


ABSTRACT Research on the intersection between migration management and child protection is limited and, yet, contradictions between these two domains and ambivalence in the area of child migrants' rights across the developed world have already been highlighted. Based on fieldwork with policymakers and service providers in Albania, a middle-to-high income country with a significant history of emigration, this paper aims to shed light on the interaction of these institutional and policy domains and the impact they have on professional practice. The State's impact on migrant children's rights at the domestic level is affected by the resourcefulness of its system of social and child protection. This key factor appears to affect the work of professionals on the ground and ultimately mean a variety of categories of child migrants have limited access to child protection services. Professional practice in this context highlights the need to include material dimensions—the resources needed to realise child protection on the ground—in its definition, and to consider the impact of multi-scalar influences on service providers' work. The two domains of migration management and child protection appear to converge in the case of unaccompanied minors (UAMs). In turn, stateless, returned migrant children and those from very disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds are overlooked, giving rise to unequal access to state support. Nonetheless, an overall disjuncture appears in the context of transnational child protection, due to the rigid focus on nationality as a precondition for state support.


History recorded in asteroid's water Astronomers know that interstellar water is abundantly available to young planetary systems—our blue planet collected (or accreted) plenty of it. Still, the details of water's movement in the inner solar system are elusive. Sarafian et al. measured water isotopes in meteorite samples from the asteroid Vesta for clues to the timing of water accretion. Their samples have the same isotopic fingerprint of volatiles as both Earth and carbonaceous chondrites, some of the most primitive meteorites. The findings suggest that Earth received most of its water relatively early from chondrite-like bodies. Science, this issue p. 623 Similar volatile isotopes of Earth and ancient meteorites point to an early accumulation of water for terrestrial bodies. Determining the origin of water and the timing of its accretion within the inner solar system is important for understanding the dynamics of planet formation. The timing of water accretion to the inner solar system also has implications for how and when life emerged on Earth. We report in situ measurements of the hydrogen isotopic composition of the mineral apatite in eucrite meteorites, whose parent body is the main-belt asteroid 4 Vesta. These measurements sample one of the oldest hydrogen reservoirs in the solar system and show that Vesta contains the same hydrogen isotopic composition as that of carbonaceous chondrites. Taking into account the old ages of eucrite meteorites and their similarity to Earth's isotopic ratios of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, we demonstrate that these volatiles could have been added early to Earth, rather than gained during a late accretion event.


Manfredo Tafuri's critiques in the 1960's challenged perceptions of Modernism as fixed and absolutist. Advocating operative criticism as a tool to differentiate myth from history, Tafuri proposed redefinitions which enabled hybridization and continuity. In today's culture of congestion, how may Tafuri's redefinitions offer insights into the fate of a Late Modernist ruin? Such questions are under scrutiny at Gillespie, Kidd & Coia's St Peter's Seminary at Cardross, Scotland. Emerging from a collision of visionary forces, shifting ideologies and unprecedented permissiveness, this building constitutes neither an archaeological ruin, nor is it yet an architectural icon. It is, however, attaining an increasingly mythical status. Seemingly uninhabitable, yet passionately defended; variously proposed as archaic ruin, preserved icon, or re-branded hybrid complex, architects, developers, owners, and preservationists engage in furious debates over what should 'appropriately' be preserved: frame, or function? Should this Modernist ruin be mythologised as an icon, or should the latent frame be consolidated to re-interpret its function and image? Tafuri's critiques of myth and history offer frameworks to explore such alternatives: this paper reviews the consequences of creating an architectural myth at Cardross.
The mythology of Cardross begins with its spectacularly short life as a seminary. Commissioned in 1953 during a post-war building boom, the seminary responded to optimistic projections of growth for Roman Catholic congregations in redeveloping city centres and New Towns. An expansive church building program suggested the need for a facility to train 102 priests at St Peters College in the grounds of Kilmahew House at Cardross, 33 kilometers from the center of Glasgow. To undertake this ambitious proposal, the Archdiocese continued a long-established relationship with Glasgow based architects Gillespie, Kidd and Coia, who had completed numerous acclaimed Modernist churches over the previous twenty years. Their experience, combined with a robust economy and the autonomy of the architect's role in mid 1950's Britain, encouraged – demanded- a visionary response from the lead designers, Isi Metzstein and Andy Macmillan . Completed in 1966, Cardross was immediately and overwhelmingly declared an architectural success, winning a RIBA Bronze Regional Award in 1967. Functional success was less conclusive; the complex was never fully occupied, and, after only fourteen years operating as a seminary, was abandoned and de-consecrated. Since 1980, the Archdiocese has adopted a condition of laissez-faire, relinquishing the building as a heavily weather-damaged and vandalized ruin in an overgrown forest.
Two decades of continued dereliction have only intensified the allure. Active coalitions of architects and artists have vigorously lobbied for recognition of the project, achieving an 'A' category historical listing, inclusion in the World Monument Fund's 2007 review of endangered buildings, and top ranking in a 2008 Prospect Magazine list of the best 100 modern buildings in Scotland. A significant amount of literature has reviewed various alternatives for the fate of Cardross: Acceptance as heroic ruin, reconstruction as iconic museum, reconfiguration as housing.


Modulation of miRNAs in Aneurysms of the Ascending Aorta: Local versus Circulating Expression Levels
Objective: The identification and treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms (AAA) is still challenging, as the detailed mechanisms leading to AAA formation, progression and rupture, are insufficiently understood. Different miRNAs are known to play important roles in vascular degeneration and the formation of aneurysms in Marfan patients. Thus we investigated the expression profile of miRNAs in patients with AcsAA.
Methods: Ascending aortic tissue samples of patients with aneurysms undergoing aortic surgery were compared with ascending aortic tissue samples of patients without dilatation. We analyzed the expression of different miRNAs by RT-PCR in tissue and serum samples of the same patients´ collective.
Results: We observed a significant down-regulation in tissue expression of miRNA-21, miRNA-151, miRNA-152, miRNA-155 and miRNA-182 in the AAA group compared to controls. MiRNA-152 was also significantly reduced in the serum of patients with aneurysm of the ascending aorta.
Conclusions: The significant down-regulation of miRNA-21, -151, -152 and -155 in the AAA group compared to the control offers new therapeutic starting points to limit aneurysm progression by preventing its expansion and reducing the atherosclerotic damage, respectively. By analyzing and comparing tissue expression with the serum-levels we might find biomarkers with prognostic value in high-risk patients.


With the prevalence of GPUs as throughput engines for data parallel workloads, the landscape of GPU computing is changing significantly. Non-graphics workloads with high memory intensity and irregular access patterns are frequently targeted for acceleration on GPUs. While GPUs provide large numbers of compute resources, the resources needed for memory intensive workloads are more scarce. Therefore, managing access to these limited memory resources is a challenge for GPUs. We propose a novel Memory Aware Scheduling and Cache Access Re-execution (Mascar) system on GPUs tailored for better performance for memory intensive workloads. This scheme detects memory saturation and prioritizes memory requests among warps to enable better overlapping of compute and memory accesses. Furthermore, it enables limited re-execution of memory instructions to eliminate structural hazards in the memory subsystem and take advantage of cache locality in cases where requests cannot be sent to the memory due to memory saturation. Our results show that Mascar provides a 34% speedup over the baseline round-robin scheduler and 10% speedup over the state of the art warp schedulers for memory intensive workloads. Mascar also achieves an average of 12% savings in energy for such workloads.


The purpose of the research was to provide an examination of the impacts of the intellectual capital on the firms' financial performance that is focusing on profitability, productivity, and market value. It was conducted on manufacturing companies in Indonesia which were listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The samples of this research were 93 listed manufacturing companies with the total number of 465 firm-year observations in five years. VAIC method by Pulic was used in measuring the intellectual capital in this research. Based on VAIC approach, intellectual capital consisted of human capital (HCE), structural capital (SCE), and capital employed (CEE). There were ten regression models used to assess all the relationships of independent and dependent variables. The result showed that VAIC had significant relationship towards financial performance but not towards the market value of the companies. While in regards to each component, HCE was found to have no correlation towards both market value and financial performance. The SCE was found to have a negative significant relationship only towards the market value. Meanwhile, CEE was proved to have a significant relationship towards both market value and financial performance. Keywords: intellectual capital, financial performance, market value, VAIC, manufacturing industry


Amiodarone, the major representative of class III antiarrhythmic agents, is widely used in the treatment of ventricular and hyperventricular arrhythmias, being specifically useful in the therapy of patients suffering from life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The combination of antianginal and antiarrthythmic actions of amiodarone is an extremely significant advantage regarding the treatment of patients with chronic atherosclerotic cardiopathy, as heart rate disorders are frequently fatal in coronary heart disease and, reversely, a high percentage of cardiac arrhythmias are caused by coronary heart disease. Since 1980s, several experimental in vitro and in vivo data, as well as clinical studies, regarding both systematic and coronary circulation, support the vasodilative effects of amiodarone. We have previously showed that amiodarone in vitro exerts a vasodilator effect in isolated vessel tissue, mainly via the activation of intracellular calcium binding mechanisms, a fact that differentiates this agent from other coronary vasodilative drugs, such as calcium channel blockers, that affect extracellular calcium ions entrance. Thus, the vasodilative, antianginal and antiarrhythmic actions of amiodarone may be further enhanced by the simultaneous supplementation of calcium channel blockers via synergistic mechanisms, supporting the clinical use of such drug combinations. Finally, as amiodarone and noradrenaline have been reported to exert antagonistic actions, the application of amiodarone is particularly indicated in pathologic conditions characterized by the stimulation of sympathetic nervous system (sympathicotonia).


Few international water-sharing agreements have shown the flexibility to adjust to extended drought; fewer still provide safeguards for adaptation to modern climate variability. Yet, current conflicts over the development and use of transboundary rivers continue to motivate the search for negotiated water-sharing arrangements that can provide flexibility in the face of change. To avoid future conflicts, an agreement must include measures that allow for adaptation to changes in water supplies, population, climate, technology, infrastructure, and economic activity while also guiding water use patterns. The benefits of a flexible agreement can be a more predictable water supply for all riparians, greater incentives to develop needed water infrastructure and more open, transparent and accountable water institutions. Other benefits include increased food production, water security, environmental protection, reduced flood damage, better adaptation to the costs of extreme weather and variable climate, and a reduced need for complex legal, administrative and enforcement activities. This paper investigates ways to achieve sustainable transboundary water-sharing agreements. It investigates barriers to forging water-sharing agreements, describes errors that could undermine settlements and presents takeaway lessons from two North American agreements and one in south Asia. Finally, the paper proposes an approach by which information on headwater flows and historical use patterns could be used to allocate supplies between riparians that adapt to changes in water supply and demand. Outcomes from the implementation of structured, but flexible agreements could help guide future negotiated settlements for the worlds international rivers.


Statement of the Problem: Vaping is a rising epidemic among children in the United States (US) and other countries. Vapes are electronic-cigarettes (E-cigarettes) through which chemicals such as nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinols (THC) are inhaled. Appealing flavors, high nicotine content, low costs, wide availability, and discreet design has dramatically halted the progress made in five decades against tobacco use. National Youth Surveys in the US have revealed an upward trend in e-cigarette use among youth over the past decade. The number of middle and high school students in the US using e-cigarettes rose from 2.1 million in 2017 to 3.6 million in 2018—a difference of about 1.5 million. Furthermore, tobacco-usage surveys may not capture the full scope of e-cigarette use because the survey questions have not contained the terms that youth recognize as e-cigarettes. Methodology: No observational data examining long term health effects of e-cigarettes exists. Findings: In 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported over 1300 cases of severe acute lung damage, respiratory illnesses and addiction to vaping linked to the use of e-cigarette devices. Potential adverse effects of e-cigarettes are related to exposure to nicotine as well as other vapor components produced by the devices and risks of the actual device. Conclusion & Significance: Until further investigation into the cause of vaping-induced respiratory injury is complete, no conclusions can be drawn as to which compounds are the cause of injury. By identifying youth at risk, clinicians can provide counsel and highlight risks and harms associated with vaping and suggest opportunities for action. These may include the enforcement of age, sales and marketing


OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to assess the validity of the DSM-IV scheme for classifying recurrent binge eating.

METHOD
A general population sample of 250 young women with recurrent binge eating was recruited using a two-stage design. Information on their eating habits and associated psychopathology was obtained by personal interviews. Subjects were reassessed 1 year later.

RESULTS
The diagnosis of bulimia nervosa had good descriptive and predictive validity. On present state features it was not possible to distinguish binge-eating disorder from the nonpurging subtype of bulimia nervosa. However, these groups differed in their outcome at 1 year. Within eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), there was a subgroup of subjects with milder symptoms which were relatively unstable over time.

DISCUSSION
The findings suggest that bulimic eating disorders exist on a continuum of clinical severity, from bulimia nervosa purging type (most severe), through bulimia nervosa nonpurging type (intermediate severity), to binge-eating disorder (least severe). The data on outcome support retaining a distinction between nonpurging bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.


Password authentication has been adopted as one of the most commonly used solutions in network environments to protect resources from unauthorized access. Recently, Khan et al. proposed an efficient fingerprint-based remote user authentication scheme with smart cards, in which a password/verification table is not required on the remote server, and users are allowed to choose and update their passwords freely. In this paper, we show that their scheme is vulnerable to the parallel session attack. Furthermore, their scheme is susceptible to the impersonation attack provided that the information stored in the smart card is disclosed by an adversary. We also propose an improved scheme which is immune to the presented attacks.


Dematerialized music and MP3 players offer to the user the possibility of carrying his musical content everywhere. However, at home, the music collection is generally not centralized, split between different rooms and audio supports (CDs, MP3s, etc). In this paper, we propose a multi-room sound system based on several sound satellites distributed among the rooms of the house, and on a remote control which is able to localize itself with the help of available Wi-Fi networks. The user only has to choose his favorite music on the remote control, and then the music will automatically start on the nearest satellites. Our goal is to offer an ambient intelligence audio system, inspired by the latest multi-room sound systems, which takes advantage of an indoor localization system based on Wi-Fi in order to propose a new experience to the user.


We introduce a simple oligopolistic trade model with international transportation costs, and analyze the profitability and the social desirability of national vs. international mergers in relation to three different issues, (i) the level of trade freeness, (ii) the possibility of rent appropriation on world markets, and (iii) direct "synergy" effects of mergers. Cross-border M&A is privately and socially more attractive than domestic mergers. National competition policy may be too permissive towards M&A, because it does not take into account the negative impact of decreasing competition on world consumer surplus. We also discuss the normative implications of "national champions". The promotion of national mergers can be in the interest of individual countries if rent extraction possibilities are strong enough, but global welfare is adversely affected.


Studies on rational imitation have provided evidence for the fact that infants as young as 12 months of age engage in rational imitation. However, the developmental onset of this ability is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether 9- and 12-month-olds detect voluntary and implicit as well as nonvoluntary and explicit constraints in the head touch task. Three groups of infants watched video sequences, which displayed a person illuminating a lamp using the head. The hands of the model were either free, occupied by voluntarily holding a blanket, or nonvoluntarily restrained by being tied to the table. An additional control group of infants watched the model turning on the lamp by using the hand. Given that the majority of infants imitated the head touch when the model's hands were free, there was evidence for rational imitation in comparison to the condition in which the model's hands were tied to the table, but not in comparison to the condition in which the hands were occupied by holding a blanket. Nine-month-olds showed no differences in their behavior according to the condition. These findings clarify the onset of rational imitation by showing that 12-month-olds (but not 9-month-olds) take into account a situational constraint only when the constraint is nonvoluntary and explicit.


An inspiring new approach to acting from a respected drama teacher - concise, succinct and full of practical exercises.

Acting and Reacting establshes a new, intensely practical actor-training system incorporating the best of Stanislavsky, David Mamet and Sanford Meisner. Starting wtih the technique of Transactional Improvisation, it covers topics such as:
* The World of the Play
* Inhabiting the Space
* Learning to Trust Your Body
* Approaches to Text

The result is a punchy and empowering book intended to shake up ideas about acting. Each theory is tested and reinforced with games and exercises that stretch and challenge the student actor at each stage. Acting and Reacting is a must for drama teachers and drama students alike.


Impulse control disorders (ICDs) occur in a subset of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients on dopaminergic medications however there are currently no reliable markers to identify patients at risk. Sleep disturbances are more common in patients with an ICD. Serum ferritin levels have been associated with PD disease stage and progression, but have not previously been associated with impulsivity levels. The objective of this study was to determine if serum ferritin levels and sleep disturbance are associated with high traits of impulsivity and ICD in a cohort of PD patients attending a movement disorders clinic. This study assessed impulsiveness in 87 PD patients using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Severity of sleep disturbance was determined using the sleep-related items of the MDS-UPDRS. Serum ferritin, iron and transferrin levels were measured in patients, as well as 36 age-matched healthy controls. Serum ferritin levels were significantly elevated in male PD patients in the high impulsivity group compared to patients in the low ( p =.022) and normal range groups ( p =.024) and showed a linear increase across the three groups. Sleep disturbance also demonstrated a linear trend, which was most severe in the high impulsivity group ( p =.030). A subgroup of 11 male PD patients who fulfilled the DSM-5 criteria for an ICD had significantly higher ferritin levels and more severe sleep disturbance when compared with the remaining male PD cohort. Serum ferritin levels and sleep disturbance severity are highlighted as potential markers for abnormal impulsivity and ICD in PD patients.


In E. coli and other prokaryotes such as Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, biotin protein ligase (BirA) is an emerging drug target as it is the sole enzyme capable of biotin transfer onto the BCCP subunit of ACC. There is currently a gap in simple yet efficient assays for rapidly identifying and characterising inhibitors targeting BirA. We present for the first time the development and validation of a simple and reliable DSF-GTP assay for the high-throughput screening of BirA:ligand interactions using a new GFP-tagged BirA of E. coli. In addition, we developed a new GFP-based biotinylation activity assay taking advantage of a GFP tethered with an AviTag. The data obtained with these assays revealed new insights into how the binding of individual or combinations of ligands affect the overall thermal stability and affinity of BirA. The DSF-GTP assay has a Z′ value of 0.785 that makes it an excellent tool for future high-throughput screening of inhibitory compounds.


This editorial reports the results of a qualitative analysis of a selection of recent journal articles addressing authentic learning in different contexts, identifying overarching themes to guide teachers and potential authors of future articles for this journal. The four recognized themes are; real-world problems that engage learners in the work of professionals; inquiry activities that practice thinking skills and metacognition; discourse among a community of learners; and student empowerment through choice. Examples of authentic learning in articles from this issue are also discussed.


Modern cellular networks need to serve user terminals with large disparities in mobility, which incurs different accuracy of the channel state information for each user. The impact of such heterogeneous mobility on the multi-cell downlink is analyzed in this paper. The base stations serve a multitude of users by coordinated beamforming. We derive deterministic equivalents for the user performance in a large scale system where the number of transmit antennas and user terminals grow large at a fixed ratio. We show that low and high mobility users can coexist and be served simultaneously, since the CSI imperfections of a user only harms the performance of this particular user. Simulations are used to verify the applicability of our large scale approximations for systems of practical dimensions. Furthermore, we show that the performance of high mobility users can be improved by explicitly managing the user priorities in the network.


Cesium atoms in a vapor cell have been trapped and cooled by using light from laser diodes. The 6S F = 4, m = 0 → 6S F = 3, m = 0 hyperfine clock transition was excited as these atoms then fell 2.5 cm in darkness. We observed a linewidth of 8 Hz with good signal-to-noise ratio. This gave a short-term fractional frequency resolution of 6.5×10-12sec, and there is potential for substantial improvement. The apparatus is extremely simple and compact, consisting of a small cesium vapor cell and two diode lasers.


Abstract:Even in India, the South Asia's oldest and largest democracy and a place where that form of govenment has become "the only game in town," its deepening and broadening face important challenges. Indeed, while the country's party system may look robust, it is in crisis. Hardly a single party is known for its commitment to internal democracy. With the exception of the two communist parties, almost no party harbors any real ideological commitments. Most party leaders care for little other than winning office and its vast benefits. The two dominant parties, the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), though seemingly representing differing political agendas, have much more in common than first meets the eye. Given this context, the chances that political and economic reforms can be enacted after the next election prospects are limited.


In this paper we consider modelling of composite material with inclusions where the elastic material properties of both matrix and inclusions are uncertain and vary within prescribed bounds. Such mechanical systems, involving interval uncertainties and modelled by finite element method, can be described by parameter dependent systems of linear interval equations and process variables depending on the system solution. A newly developed hybrid interval approach for solving parametric interval linear systems is applied to the considered model and the results are compared to other interval methods. The hybrid approach provides very sharp bounds for the process variables - element strains and stresses. The sources for overestimation when dealing with interval computations are demonstrated. Based on the element strains and stresses, we introduce a definition for the values of nodal strains and stresses by using a set-theoretic approach.


This paper presents a computational analysis on forced vibration and fluid-structure interaction in compressible flow regimes. A so-called staggered approach is pursued where the fluid and structure are integrated in time by distinct solvers. Their interaction is then taken into account by a coupling algorithm. The unsteady fluid motion is simulated by means of an explicit time-accurate solver. For the fluid-structure interaction problems which are considered here the effects due to the viscosity can be neglected. The fluid is hence modeled by the Euler equations for compressible inviscid flow. Unstructured grids are used to discretise the fluid domain. These grids are particularly suited to simulate unsteady flows over complex geometries by their capacity of being dynamically refined and derefined. Dynamic mesh adaptation is used to enhance the computational precision with minimal CPU and memory constraints. Fluid-structure interaction involves moving boundaries. Therefore the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler method (ALE-method) is adopted to solve the Euler equations on a moving domain. The deformation of the mesh is controlled by means of a spring analogy in conjunction with a boundary correction to circumvent the principle of Saint Venant. To take advantage of the differences between fluid and structure time scales, the fluid calculation is subcycled within the structural time step. Numerical results are presented for large rotation, pitching oscillation and aeroelastic motion of the NACA0012 airfoil. The boundary deformation is validated by comparing the numerical solution for a flat plate under supersonic flow with the analytical solution.


The aim of this paper is to provide input to a discussion on the potential for reduced commuting with retained accessibility to work, when the development of information technology sets new conditions, and provides new opportunities, for the location of workplaces. The potential impacts on commuting of a node-structured Stockholm region is calculated. The result of the calculation is presented as a comparison between the node-structured city and a reference scenario for the year 2010. The reference scenario has been designed by the planning authorities in the region. The calculation started with the selection of a number of nodes. The exact number of nodes was not defined in advance. Rather it was a result of requirements for reasonable public transport and on reasonable population densities. This resulted in approximately 100 nodes. These were then treated as attractors of workplaces in the calculation. Some of the commuting trips in the reference scenario were rerouted according to specified assumptions. One assumption was that the desire to cut a trip would increase with distance. Another was that the desire to start working in a node would increase with decreasing distance to the node. A third assumption was that the propensity to work from home would increase with the distance to the workplace in the reference scenario. The calculation resulted in a scenario with considerably shorter commuting trips, with a consequent reduction in commuting volumes, and a subsequent increase in walking and cycling, compared with the reference scenario.


A review of Peter Hallward (ed.), Think Again: Alain Badiou and the Future of Philosophy Continuum, London, 2004. ISBN: HB: 0-8264-5906-4, PB: 0-8264-5907-2. The review surveys the contents of Peter Hallward, ed., Think Again: Alain Badiou and the Future of Philosophy and seeks to categorize the various kinds of contributions. It finds that, while some of the essays offer valuable critiques of Badiou's work or else clarify key concepts in productive ways, others challenge aspects of his thought for reasons that are demonstrably spurious. The overall assessment, though, is that the book provides a useful and timely appraisal of Badiou#39;s impact on contemporary philosophy.


A typology of four ideal types has been developed to classify the different forms of engineer-to-order (ETO) company. This framework is used to examine the impact of market changes on the configuration of production processes. Markets that were once stable are now dynamic and uncertain. The research found that ETO companies have responded to the environmental changes by adopting new configurations. Internal and external supply chains have been reorganised to gain competitive advantage. There has been a shift from vertical integration to the outsourcing of physical processes, as companies seek to reduce costs and lead-times whilst increasing external flexibility. The typology can be used first to map process configurations to environmental conditions, and second to identify the main drivers of configuration change.


From the Publisher:
Looks at software development through the eyes of a capital theorist, an economist fascinated by the constant evolution of new and better tools and processes. It asks, what is really happening in software development at the concept level? Why has programming practice evolved as it has? Why are certain tools and methodologies superior to others? What will it take to bring dramatic improvement to the industry? Answers lie in capital theory and the evolution of capital goods. The concept that designing capital goods is a social learning process leads to interesting conclusions about software process models and methodologies. The book examines the main failing of the software industry when compared to other industries: the absence of an extensive division of labor for software components. It sets out the reasons for the problem, an outline for the solution, and the benefits that will result from its solution.


One of the neural structures more often implicated in the processing of emotional signals in the absence of visual awareness is the amygdala. In this chapter, we review current evidence from human neuroscience in healthy and brain-damaged patients on the role of amygdala during non-conscious (visual) perception of emotional stimuli. Nevertheless, there is as of yet no consensus on the limits and conditions that affect the extent of amygdala's response without focused attention or awareness. We propose to distin guish between attentional unawareness, a condition wherein the stimulus is potentially accessible to enter visual awareness but fails to do so because attention is diverted, and sensory unawareness, in which the stimulus fails to enter awareness because its normal processing in the visual cortex is suppressed. Within this conceptual framework, some of the apparently contradictory findings seem to gain new coherence and converge on the role of the amygdala in supporting different types of non-conscious emotion process ing. Amygdala responses in the absence of awareness are linked to different functional mechanisms and are driven by more complex neural networks than commonly assumed. Acknowledging this complexity can be helpful to foster new studies on amygdala func - tions without awareness and their impact on human behaviour.


Kawaii culture and aesthetics are a peculiarity of contemporary Japan and move across mass media, impulse goods, creative industries, and juvenile tendencies. The concept, graphic styles, and commodities related to a kawaii culture are composite. This article, in its first part, outlines the theories and general features of this cultural trend in Japan and as it is framed in most western countries. In the second part, it also focuses on whether and how the concept and the related styles and commodities have found a place in Europe, with particular reference to Italy and France. These two countries, in fact, have been since the late 1970s the key markets in the Euro-American region for Japanese contemporary culture for youths, namely Japanese comics (generally called manga) and commercial animation (or anime). Anime and manga are, in effect, an integral part of the theoretical discourse on kawaii in the two markets considered, as it is discussed accordingly in the second part of the article. In its last section, the article addresses the impact of kawaii styles on youth cultures in Europe, which is, although limited, multidimensional: it has involved spontaneous drawings among children, a certain amateur and professional comics production, amateur and commercial animation, toys and a diverse merchandising, street art, and fashion design.


The UK National Health Service (NHS) overall annual carbon emissions is estimated to be around 21 million tonnes; producing 250,000 tonnes of waste a year with 80% of this waste going to landfill. Examples of good practice in addressing sustainability and climate change are found within healthcare. However these require changes in mindset, including values, attitudes, norms and behaviours which are required along with clear definitions of the problems faced in terms of economics, society and culture in order to respond positively to change. Initial investigations of the literature indicate that behaviour change theory may provide a feasible means of achieving constructive changes in clinical waste management; such approaches require further investigation. Aim: This paper describes a feasibility study designed to examine issues that might affect the introduction of a behaviour change strategy improve waste management in a healthcare setting. Methods: Guided by the evidence gained from our systematic review, 25 interviews were carried out with senior managers, clinicians and support staff involved in the management of healthcare waste from a broad range of agencies in South West England. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. Thematic content analysis was conducted in order to identify key issues and actions. Data extraction, coding and analysis was cross checked independently by the four members of the research team. Findings: Initial findings suggest tensions, between Government and local policies, between organisations and individuals, and between the operational requirements of health and safety and maintaining appropriate and ethical patient care.


Authoring of learning content for courseware systems is a complex activity requiring the combination of a range of design and validation techniques. We introduce the CAVIAr courseware models allowing for learning content description and validation. Model-based representation and analysis of different concerns such as the subject domain, learning context, resources and instructional design used are key contributors to this integrated solution. Personalised learning is particularly difficult to design as dynamic configurations cannot easily be predicted and tested. A tool-supported technique based on CAVIAr can alleviate this complexity through the validation of a set of pedagogical and non-pedagogical requirements. Courseware validation checks intra- and inter-content relationships and the compliance with requirements and educational theories.


The book analyses the concept and application of justice in every domain of life. Justice has a universal character, relevant to every part of the world. Deviation from its norms brings injustice entailing denigration of human nature in all its expressions. The book is worth reading by everyone interested in justice.


Provincetown, MA, located at the tip of Cape Cod, has transitioned over the twentieth century from a predominantly Portuguese fishing village to a magnet for gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, transsexuals and queers, both as tourists and year-rounders. Newcomers have fostered change – economically, socially, and culturally – to which the town's predominantly straight old-timers have responded with a libertarian, generally accepting stance. Accommodation to newcomers – both 'good gays' and 'sexual rebels' – with its attendant social and cultural challenges, has not been without conflict. Today, economic gentrification and an influx of workers of color test the community's resolve to maintain and promote a culture of diversity and acceptance, as members cope with ever-more challenging economic issues, including escalating housing, and living costs. Provincetowners also confront other troubling demographic changes, especially declining school enrolments caused by the so-called 'straight flight' and an ever-increasing number of households without children, reflecting the transition to a GLBTQ majority. Today Provincetowners retain an edgy, risqué lifestyle, where community decisions are negotiated through small-town democratic institutions, and where citizens intersect across social, economic, and cultural divides. This paper examines Provincetown as a laboratory to interrogate how citizens accommodate others, as they grapple with uncertainties inherent in a predominantly seasonal – and diverse – tourist economy.


Random feature map is popularly used to scale up kernel methods. However, employing a large number of mapped features to ensure an accurate approximation will still make the training time consuming. In this paper, we aim to improve the training efficiency of shift-invariant kernels by using fewer informative features without sacrificing precision. We propose a novel feature map method by extending Random Kitchen Sinks through fast data-dependent subspace embedding to generate the desired features. More specifically, we describe two algorithms with different tradeoffs on the running speed and accuracy, and prove that O(l) features induced by them are able to perform as accurately as O(l2) features by other feature map methods. In addition, several experiments are conducted on the real-world datasets demonstrating the superiority of our proposed algorithms.


Male sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), larvae at egg hatch were equal in weight to females, but on artificial diet, pupated in less time and achieved a smaller larval maximum and 1 day old pupal weight. The peak period for egg hatch and ecdysis was within a few hours after lights-on, and pupation occurred at random. Males completed larval development in 5 and 6 stadia and females in 6 stadia. Net larval growth was greater for males and females completing development in 6 stadia than in 5 stadia. Ecdysis to the last stadium occurred during the 12th to 14th day after egg hatch. By choosing last stadium 0 day old borers > 70 mg and 1 day old borers > 140 mg, a synchronous population of female sugar cane borers was obtained which completed the last stadium in 5 days. The prepupal stage occurred during the 5th day. Synchronous female borers were used in a physiological study of growth during the last stadium. The results were consistent with the literature and were reproducible even when tested as much as 1 year apart. A peak in the plasma juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) activity occurred near the time when female last stadium borers reached their maximum weight, and a second peak of plasma JHE activity and a peak in the plasma Qf-naphthy1 acetate esterase (GY-NAE) activity occurred at the prepupal stage. The peak JHE activity was 1.73 nmoles/min/ml and the peak Qf-NAE activity was 123.6 nmoles/min/ml. The last stadium JHE and a -NAE activity pattern, the inhibition profile, enzyme stability, isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, and HPLC analysis indicated that JH I and JH III was metabolized by the same JH specific esterase(s) distinct from the Of-NAE's. Juvenile hormone I was metabolized at twice the rate of JH III. Two JHE forms were resolved by isoelectric focusing and by HPLC analysis. The sugarcane borer JHE activity was not inhibited by paraoxon as it was in other Lepidoptera studied. The apparent Kju for the JHE metabolism of JH I was 2.80 uM.


This book examines 'total fighting', which is
becoming increasingly popular in Japan, from several
different angles with particular reference to the
issue of violence, and, at the end, to evaluate the
appropriateness of the theory of the civilising
process, first suggested by Norbert Elias, for
understanding a relatively contemporary spectator-
oriented violent sport, such as total fighting.
This book has two dimensions: first, the development
of combative sports, such as bujutsu, budo and
professional wrestling (all of which have a close
relationship to total fighting) as well as total
fighting, was examined in order to understand the
emergence and growing popularity of total fighting
in the 1990s in the context of the historical
development of combative sports in Japan; second,
the case study of total fighting itself was
contextualised in the broader context of
culture and the issue of violence in contemporary
Japan. These interrelated analyses were informed by
a period of exploratory fieldwork in Japan, and this
context was reviewed in the light of a broader
theoretical discussion concerning the theory of the
civilising process.


There is widespread recognition of the importance of support to community-based water service providers for sustainability of rural water supplies. However, there is little quantitative evidence to back this claim and a very limited understanding about the characteristics of support agents that are most significant in providing effective support. This paper presents the results of a study on support to service providers in Colombia, including a quantitative analysis of the impact of different support agents on service levels, performance of service providers and functionality of infrastructure assets. The methodology included: 1) characterisation of seven different support agents and their performance, 2) analysis of service levels, performance of service providers and functionality of infrastructure for 29 service providers that received structured support, and 3) analysis of the same factors for 11 service providers that did not receive structured support. Nearly all service providers in this study were found to receive some type of support, but sometimes this was unstructured and irregular. The providers receiving support in a structured and frequent manner performed better against a list of expected functions than the ones receiving ad hoc support. However, there was no clear effect found between support and the level of service that users received or the asset status. The paper also concludes that there is scope to improve the effectiveness of support agents, with key factors identified which explain that effectiveness; these key factors are the frequency of support, the institutional capacity of the support agent and the targeting of support to different types of communities.


We explore, within the warped extra dimensional framework, the possibility of finding antimatter signals in cosmic rays (CRs) from dark matter (DM) annihilation. We find that exchange of order 100 GeV radion, an integral part of this class of models, generically results in a sizable Sommerfeld enhancement of the annihilation rate for DM mass at the TeV scale. No ad hoc dark sector is required to obtain boosted annihilation cross sections and hence signals. Such a mild hierarchy between the radion and DM masses can be natural due to the pseudo-Goldstone boson nature of the radion. We study the implications of a Sommerfeld enhancement specifically in warped grand unified theory (GUT) models, where proton stability implies a DM candidate. We show, via a partially unified Pati-Salam group, how to incorporate a custodial symmetry for Z{yields}bb into the GUT framework such that a few TeV Kaluza-Klein (KK) mass scale is allowed by electroweak precision tests. Among such models, the one with the smallest SO(10) (fully unified) representation, with SU(5) hypercharge normalization, allows us to decouple the DM from the electroweak gauge bosons. Thus, a correct DM relic density can be obtained and direct detection bounds are satisfied. Looking at robust CRmore » observables, we find a possible future signal in the p/p flux ratio consistent with current constraints. Using a different choice of representations, we show how to embed in this GUT model a similar custodial symmetry for the right-handed tau, allowing it to be strongly coupled to KK particles. Such a scenario might lead to an observed signal in CR positrons; however, the DM candidate in this case cannot constitute all of the DM in the Universe. As an aside and independent of the GUT or DM model, the strong coupling between KK particles and tau's can lead to striking LHC signals.« less


The increased rates of sexually transmitted disease among adolescents have been the subject of much public concern over the past several decades. Lawmakers and legal scholars have responded to this public health crisis by suggesting or, in some cases, actually implementing laws that impose harsh sanctions on the risky sexual behavior associated with sexually transmitted diseases. This Article argues that these efforts to limit the spread of sexually transmitted diseases among teens are doomed to fail because they are neither predicated on nor informed by adolescent psychosocial science. Because adolescents enter puberty before their brains and corresponding reasoning and emotional systems are fully mature, they are unlikely to take these laws into account when making decisions about sexual behavior. Furthermore, because punishment does not deter risky behaviors in teens unless it is highly certain to occur, the sanctions built into these proposals are unlikely to be effective. Finally, it is doubtful that adolescents will be aware of these laws, making it even less probable that they will consider potential legal penalties in making decisions about sexual behaviors.Although such laws are unlikely to be successful in slowing the spread of disease, however, they may have a negative impact on another audience. The expressive effect of these laws may alter adult attitudes about adolescent sexuality, leading to decreased intergenerational communication about sex. Because most teens rely on parents to help them access health care services and because teens who have positive communication experiences with their parents are less likely to engage in risky sex, the net effect of these laws may in fact be negative rather than positive. In the end, the legal system's most productive role in addressing this public health crisis may be a legislative and executive one: to create and fund programs designed to increase teen self-efficacy, sexual responsibility, and connectedness with parents and schools.


The first hydrostatic core, the first quasi-hydrostatic object formed during the star formation process, is still the observational missing link between the prestellar and protostellar phases, mainly due to its short lifetime. Although we have not established a clear method to identify this rare object, recent theoretical studies predict that the first core has millimeter continuum emission and low-velocity outflow with a wide opening angle. An extensive continuum/outflow survey toward a large number of "starless" cores in nearby star-forming regions works as a pathfinder. We observed 32 prestellar cores in Taurus with an average density of ≳105 cm−3 in 1.3 mm continuum and molecular lines using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array–Atacama Compact Array (ALMA–ACA) stand-alone mode. Among the targets, MC35-mm centered at one of the densest "starless" cores in Taurus has blueshifted/redshifted wings in the 12CO (2–1) line, indicating that there is a deeply embedded object driving molecular outflow. The observed velocities and sizes of the possible outflow lobes are 2–4 km s−1 and ∼2 × 103 au, respectively, and the dynamical time is calculated to be ∼103 yr. In addition to this, the core is one of the strongest N2D+ (3–2) emitters in our sample. All of the observed signatures do not conflict with any of the theoretical predictions about the first hydrostatic core so far, and thus MC35-mm is unique as the only first-core candidate in the Taurus molecular cloud.


CaNb2O6 particles with crystallite sizes from 24 to 64 nm have been produced by solgel synthesis. The flatband potential was by impedance measurements determined to be around -0.4 V vs. NHE for a bulk sample, which is in fair agreement with theoretical predictions. For a film electrode both anodic and cathodic photocurrents were observed, and the transition between the two implies a flatband potential at 670 mV. The difference between pellet and the film was interpreted as being due to unpinning of the energy bands in the large surface area film electrode. Measured photocurrents show a maximum response at 280 nm (4.4 eV).The Poisson-Boltzmann equation has been solved for spherical geometry by use of Green's functions, resulting in an analytical (closed form) integral expression that could be solved iteratively using a solution to the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation as the first order approximation for the potential. Practically identical results were produced when solving the governing equation by finite differences. Concentration and potential profiles for both extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductor particles were calculated. They can be used to determine at which combination of carrier concentration and radius a particle is too small to sustain a significant space charge layer. Also, the surface capacitance-potential behaviour has been obtained. For the intrinsic case the behaviour had a minimum value at the flatband potential. Extrinsic particles approached Mott-Schottky behaviour at high dopant levels or large radii. For smaller radii curved Mott-Schottky plots resulted. Although more complicated than the Mott-Schottky plots for the large particles these may still be useful as a basis for estimates of the flatband potential from measurements.The effect of the secondary current distribution on the impedance of a disk electrode has been solved analytically for four different local admittances: a capacitance, a capacitance in parallel with a resistance, a capacitance in a porous electrode and a porous intercalation electrode with mixed conductivity. A general formula has been derived for the impedance of a disk electrode as a function of the local admittance (Y, which is again a function of the angular frequency, ω) the electrolyte conductivity (κ) and the disk radius (a) which serves as a practical first approximation to the more complete result. The effect of a secondary current distribution on the impedance of a (square) plate has been obtained by finite differences with the four local admittances as input. At high frequencies the current distribution causes apparent constant phase element behaviour for the disk electrode while the effect on a plate electrode is to give an inductive loop. From the analytical expression for the first approximation it was found that the current distribution starts to influence the total measured impedance at the disk when aY (ω) / K >>1. The same relation was found to hold for a square plate electrode with a being the length of the plate.


This paper, based on complexity theory principles, suggests relationships between environmental turbulence, managers' perceptions of the external environment, attitudes to change, management actions and business success. Data was collected via a case study method, using in-depth interviews, document analysis and observation from two companies each in the computer and packaging industries. Findings reflected a relationship between environmental perceptions and attitudes to change. The more successful firms expected and almost welcomed change, while the less successful companies were victims of change. Overall external environment perceptions, attitudes to change and the resulting management approaches differed between the more successful and less successful companies.


Particular examples of one-loop string effects are explored in the context of brane-based realizations of the Standard Model. We firstly examine the consequences of a phenomenon known as Kinetic Mixing, which couples hidden U(1) gauge factors to visible U(l)'s. The effect is shown to occur in nonsupersymmetric string set-ups between D-branes and D-branes, where it acts either to give millicharges (of e.g. hyper charge) to would-be hidden sector fermions, or to generate an enhanced communication of supersymmetry breaking that dominates over the usual gravitational suppression. In either case, the conclusion is that the string scale in these nonsupersymmetric brane configurations has a generic upper bound of M(_s)≤ 10(^8) GeV. Turning to models based on intersecting branes, Yukawa interactions at one-loop on intersecting D6 branes are calculated. The non-renormalization theorem is demonstrated in supersymmetric configurations, and it is shown how Yukawa s-functions may be extracted. In addition to the usual logarithmic running, power-law dependence on the infra-red cut-off (associated with Kaluza-Klein modes) is found. The results presented may be used to evaluate coupling renormalization in nonsupersymmetric cases. Much of the discussion is applicable to one-loop calculations on intersecting branes in general.


Cool Tools is a highly curated selection of the best tools available for individuals and small groups. Tools include hand tools, maps, how-to books, vehicles, software, specialized devices, gizmos, websites -- and anything useful. Tools are selected and presented in the book if they are the best of kind, the cheapest, or the only thing available that will do the job. This is an oversized book which reviews over 1,500 different tools, explaining why each one is great, and what its benefits are. Indirectly the book illuminates the possibilities contained in such tools and the whole catalog serves an education outside the classroom. The content in this book was derived from ten years of user reviews published at the Cool Tools website, cool-tools.org.


In The Cooperator's Dilemma , Mark Lichbach provides an up-to-date and complete evaluation of the collective-action approach. A special strength of the work is that it integrates in a unique way both game theoretic and micro- economics approaches to the collective-action problem. Prisoner's Dilemma and public goods issues are thus discussed with a common collective-action framework. Another distinctive feature is the author's development and application of a unique typology of solutions to the collective-action solutions he labels: market, community, contract and hierarchy. In the comprehensive review of collective-action theories, two criteria are employed to evaluate them. First, the logical completeness of every collective- action solution is considered. Lichbach argues that each type of solution presupposes the existence of at least one other type of solution. Trying to solve the problems of social order and collective- action thus leads one in a vicious circle since no solution seems to guarantee collective- action. While each type of solution might be necessary to either create, maintain or transform collective action, taken independently none is sufficient. To overcome the "incompleteness" problem, the book suggest that we investigate combinations of solutions to the collective-action problem. Second, every solution is evaluated from the point of view of logical consistency with the core assumptions of the collective- action approach. Many recent solutions to the collective-action problem have pushed back the limits of rational- choice explanations. Analysts have tried to synthesize noneconomic variables into economic models. Collective-action arguments have been extended to explain, for example, norms, trust ideology, reputation, institutions and leadership. It has to be questioned whether these recent extensions truly represent "progress." Mark Irving Lichbach is Professor of Government and Politics, University of Maryland.


This study investigates time allocation and time use in mathematics and science classes in Newfoundland and Labrador high schools. 1: examines how much time is allocated for instruction in these courses, how much of this allocated time is actually used for instruction, and if the time allocation can be associated with achievement in mathematics and science courses. -- Using self-reporting surveys administered to teachers and university students, it was found that approximately 75 percent of allocated instructional time in mathematics and science is used for instruction. The remaining time is used for non-instructional activities such as examinations and extra-curricular activities. There are also days in which no instruction occurs because of weather, teacher workshops or student absenteeism. The achievement data used in this study were compiled from the available data base supplied by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. -- The correlation coefficients completed revealed that there are some weak, positive relationships between time allocations and achievement in mathematics and science courses at both the school level and the student level. Regression analysis done on the student data indicated the time variable can be used to explain variation in student achievement for university level mathematics and science courses.


Abstract Hybrid micro-grid systems (HMGS) are gaining increasing attention worldwide. The balance between electricity load and generation based on fluctuating renewable energy sources is a main challenge in the operation and design of HMGS. Battery energy storage systems are considered essential components for integrating high shares of renewable energy into a HMGS. Currently, there are very few studies in the field of mathematical optimisation and multi-criteria decision analysis that focus on the evaluation of different battery technologies and their impact on the HMGS design. The model proposed in this paper aims at optimising three different criteria: minimising electricity costs, reducing the loss of load probability, and maximising the use of locally available renewable energy. The model is applied in a case study in southern Germany. The optimisation is carried out using the C-DEEPSO algorithm. Its results are used as input for an AHP-TOPSIS model to identify the most suitable alternative out of five different battery technologies using expert weights. Lithium batteries are considered the best solution with regard to the given group preferences and the optimisation results.


Hostile jokes (HJs) provide aggressive catharsis and a feeling of superiority. Behavioral research has found that HJs are perceived as funnier than non-hostile jokes (NJs). The purpose of the present study was to identify the neural correlates of the interaction between type and humor by comparing HJs, NJs, and their corresponding hostile sentences (HSs) and non-hostile sentences (NSs). HJs primarily showed activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and midbrain compared with the corresponding hostile baseline. Conversely, NJs primarily revealed activation in the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), amygdala, midbrain, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) compared with the corresponding non-hostile baseline. These results support the critical role of the medial PFC (mPFC) for the neural correlates of social cognition and socio-emotional processing in response to different types of jokes. Moreover, the processing of HJs showed increased activation in the dmPFC, which suggested cognitive operations of social motivation, whereas the processing of NJs displayed increased activation in the vmPFC, which suggested social-affective engagement. HJs versus NJs primarily showed increased activation in the dmPFC and midbrain, whereas NJs versus HJs primarily displayed greater activation in the amygdala and midbrain. The psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis demonstrated functional coupling of the dmPFC–dlPFC and midbrain–dmPFC for HJs and functional coupling of the vmPFC–midbrain and amygdala–midbrain–NAcc for NJs. Surprisingly, HJs were not perceived as funnier than NJs. Future studies could further investigate the neural correlates of potentially important traits of high-hostility tendencies in humor appreciation based on the psychoanalytic and superiority theories of humor.


In the work presented in this paper, a sensitivity analysis using the Morris screening method was carried out for a model of the Flooding Experiment with Blocked Arrays (FEBA) separate-effect test facility. The sensitivity analysis was conducted in the context of preliminary checkup of the model, developed for the thermal-hydraulics system code TRACE. To that aim, 26 model parameters ranging from material properties to specific physical model parameters were selected to determine their importance to the modelling of bottom reflood. The predicted time-integrated cladding temperatures, at three different axial locations of the heated test section, were chosen as the quantity of interest. An implementation of the Morris method was developed in Python programming language. Two sampling strategies resulting in different convergence of the importance ranking. This, however, comes at a rather large overhead due to the additional trajectory optimization calculations. The resulting screening procedure was able to classify the set of parameters either as important or non-important with respect to the model output. Most of the highly important parameters were related to the parameters of the dispersed flow film boiling heat-transfer- and hydrodynamic-related models implemented in TRACE. The model output were also found to be highly sensitive to the spacer grid model. Thus, proper specification to this model is required.


The threshold for multilongitudinal-mode emission in inhomogeneously broadened ring lasers is analytically investigated. In the homogeneous limit the multimode instability corresponds to the classical Risken–Nummedal–Graham–Haken instability. It is found that by increasing the inhomogeneous linewidth, the instability threshold is decreased and the growth of high-frequency side modes is favored. In the limit where the population-inversion decay rate γ‖ is much smaller than the polarization decay rate γ⊥ (class B lasers), analytical expressions for the instability threshold are found, which are then generalized to three-level lasers for a comparison with experimental results obtained with erbium-doped fiber lasers. It is shown that even in class B lasers a full Maxwell–Bloch description (in opposition to a rate-equations approach) is necessary when the free spectral range of the cavity is less than ∼(γ‖/γ⊥)1/4γ⊥.


Abstract The clay fraction of the deposits of the Otjomongwa Pan, southwestern Kalahari, is dominated by Mg-smectite. This mineral formed as an authigenic precipitate in a groundwater-fed lake, without involving the transformation of a precursor mineral. During the earliest recorded period, Mg-smectite formed together with sepiolite and dolomite in a shallow lake. This period was ended by a change in environmental conditions that led to an increase in the depth of the lake and a decrease in salinity and Mg content of the water. This resulted in a transition to a mineral association without sepiolite and including calcite, together with Mg-smectite and dolomite. The depth of the lake gradually decreased after this event, while the lake water progressively became depleted in Mg.


The legal case study patterned on ones used in business schools and other professional education suggests itself as appropriate course materials for legal education. Legal case studies fill a gap mentioned by both the MacCrate Report and the Carnegie Foundation criticism of legal education. Especially for educating law students who will practice transactional law, legal case studies offer real life perspectives on the lawyer as advisor and lawyer as problem solver. This legal case study is designed to provide students with an understanding of the decision to use a private auction to sell a large portfolio of houses owned by a national builder. While information about the business circumstances of the seller are provided and are an integral part of the decision making, the principle focus will be the legal issue involved in this decision. Auctions are becoming increasingly popular in the United States as well as around the world for selling all types of distressed and non distressed properties. However, little research exists on the legal aspects of such sales and the comparison with other methods of sale, including traditional sales and sales pursuant to foreclosure. This research study investigates the use of auctions to sell a large portfolio by United Homes, Inc. It consisted of 320 properties distributed around suburban Chicago (Illinois), Scottsdale (suburban Phoenix, Az), and suburban Grand Rapids (Michigan). By the beginning of the study, United Homes had begun to default on two mortgages and other secured and unsecured debts. In anticipation of lenders' foreclosing, United Homes filed for Federal bankruptcy protection. The bankruptcy court's subsequent approval of sales of the real estate by private auction is the basis for a study of excellent negotiating and good lawyering on the part of attorneys for the debtor, the mortgagees, the representative of the official unsecured creditors committee and the bankruptcy judge. The story of how the decision to sell the real estate using an auction was reached and the bankruptcy court's approval process provides a valuable legal case study to add to the literature in the field.


The sea anemone Condylactis gigantea is an ecologically important member of the benthic community in coral reefs of the tropical Atlantic, and displays two morphotypes with respect to the color in their tentacular tips: the green tip morphotype and the pink/purple tip morphotype. Although some molecular and ecological differences have been found between these morphotypes, no other morphological distinctions have been reported, and currently both are still considered a single taxonomic species. In the present study, we perform an exploration on the variability in the size of cnidae between these two morphotypes and performed statistical analyses to compare the 10 categories of cnidae from specimens hosted in the Cnidarian Collection of Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean, of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, which were previously collected in several coral reefs localities of the Yucatán Peninsula. Results reveal no significant variation in cnidae size between the two morphotypes, but significant variations were found within each morphotype. In addition, we update the composition of the cnidom of C. gigantea, and the utility of the size of cnidae to distinguish between morphotypes or closely related species is discussed.


Computer vision has long relied on ImageNet and other large datasets of images sampled from the Internet for pretraining models. However, these datasets have ethical and technical shortcomings, such as containing personal information taken without consent, unclear license usage, biases, and, in some cases, even problematic image content. On the other hand, state-of-the-art pretraining is nowadays obtained with unsupervised methods, meaning that labelled datasets such as ImageNet may not be necessary, or perhaps not even optimal, for model pretraining. We thus propose an unlabelled dataset PASS: Pictures without humAns for Self-Supervision. PASS only contains images with CC-BY license and complete attribution metadata, addressing the copyright issue. Most importantly, it contains no images of people at all, and also avoids other types of images that are problematic for data protection or ethics. We show that PASS can be used for pretraining with methods such as MoCo-v2, SwAV and DINO. In the transfer learning setting, it yields similar downstream performances to ImageNet pretraining even on tasks that involve humans, such as human pose estimation. PASS does not make existing datasets obsolete, as for instance it is insufficient for benchmarking. However, it shows that model pretraining is often possible while using safer data, and it also provides the basis for a more robust evaluation of pretraining methods.


Background Stroke prevention is the main goal of treating patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Vitamin-K antagonists (VKAs) present an effective treatment in stroke prevention, however, the risk of bleeding and the requirement for regular coagulation monitoring are limiting their use. Apixaban is a novel oral anticoagulant associated with significantly lower hazard rates for stroke, major bleedings and treatment discontinuations, compared to VKAs. Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness of apixaban compared to VKAs in non-valvular AF patients in the Netherlands. Methods Previously published lifetime Markov model using efficacy data from the ARISTOTLE and the AVERROES trial was modified to reflect the use of oral anticoagulants in the Netherlands. Dutch specific costs, baseline population stroke risk and coagulation monitoring levels were incorporated. Univariate, probabilistic sensitivity and scenario analyses on the impact of different coagulation monitoring levels were performed on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results Treatment with apixaban compared to VKAs resulted in an ICER of €10,576 per quality adjusted life year (QALY). Those findings correspond with lower number of strokes and bleedings associated with the use of apixaban compared to VKAs. Univariate sensitivity analyses revealed model sensitivity to the absolute stroke risk with apixaban and treatment discontinuations risks with apixaban and VKAs. The probability that apixaban is cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €20,000/QALY was 68%. Results of the scenario analyses on the impact of different coagulation monitoring levels were quite robust. Conclusions In patients with non-valvular AF, apixaban is likely to be a cost-effective alternative to VKAs in the Netherlands.


Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. It is the main cause of several disease conditions such as diabetes, different types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation and aging. Oxidative stress is managed by use of antioxidants which can be obtained in the diet or given as supplements. Antioxidants are substances with the ability to prevent oxidation of other molecules in the body by free radicals. Antioxidants react with free radicals making them stable and reducing their ability to react with different cell components. The treatment of oxidative stress has been confined to use of synthetic supplements, which are unaffordable to most Kenyans and are known to possess side effects. This has led to increased demand for herbal products with antioxidant properties that have little side effects, are affordable and more readily available. Different plants that are used as medicinal plants have been tested for antioxidant activity such as Strychnos henningsii and Rosemarinus officinalis. Clutia abyssinica and Maytenus obscura though traditionally used, have not been scientifically proven and documented. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant potential of Dichloromethane: Methanolic extracts of Clutia abyssinica and Maytenus obscura. Different antioxidant assays were done including free radical scavenging activity by using 1,1 –Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total ferric reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The DCM: MeOH extracts of both plants demonstrated a significant level of DPPH scavenging activity with the highest percentage of 80%, 82.57% and 91.77% for C. abyssinica, M. obscura and ascorbic acid respectively. Ascorbic acid demonstrated the lowest value of IC50 of 0.044 and 0.087, 0.065 for C. Abyssinica and M. Obscura respectively. They also demonstrated reducing power that increased with increase in concentration. Different levels of hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were also demonstrated by the extracts depending on the concentration. There were significant differences between the extracts and the standard. The DCM: MeOH extracts of C. abyssinica and M. obscura demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. The DCM: MeOH extracts of C. abyssinica and M. obscura can therefore be an alternative source of antioxidants for management of different problems that rise due to oxidative stress. The present study, therefore, scientifically validates and supports the traditional use of C. abysssinica and M. obscura in the management of oxidative stress.


Innovation in interdomain routing has remained stagnant for over a decade. Recently, Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) have emerged as economically-advantageous interconnection points for reducing path latencies and exchanging ever increasing traffic volumes among, possibly, hundreds of networks. Given their far-reaching implications on interdomain routing, IXPs are the ideal place to foster network innovation and extend the benefits of software defined networking (SDN) to the interdomain level. In this paper, we present, evaluate, and demonstrate ENDEAVOUR, an SDN platform for IXPs. ENDEAVOUR can be deployed on a multi-hop IXP fabric, supports a large number of use cases, and is highly scalable, while avoiding broadcast storms. Our evaluation with real data from one of the largest IXPs, demonstrates the benefits and scalability of our solution: ENDEAVOUR requires around 70% fewer rules than alternative SDN solutions thanks to our rule partitioning mechanism. In addition, by providing an open source solution, we invite everyone from the community to experiment (and improve) our implementation as well as adapt it to new use cases.


Inspired by the burgeoning empirical literature on the judiciary, the editors of the Florida State University Law Review have solicited some papers from leading scholars and federal courts of appeals judges, asking them to address the topic of empirical measures of judicial performance. The papers in this "Symposium on Empirical Measures of Judicial Performance" address empirical measures of judicial performance from a variety of methodological perspectives, but as this Foreword suggests, they can roughly be organized around three basic themes. First, many of the papers critique the empirical enterprise itself and especially the tournament strategy for evaluating judges, although these papers also raise important issues for future empirical study of judges. Second, many of the papers in the Symposium propose new ways of operationalizing the empirical study of judicial performance or present fresh new empirical evidence about judges and courts. Third, some of the papers focus on the behavioral and institutional implications or empirical studies of judges and courts. As the papers in the Symposium would indicate, the empirical tournament has inspired some important advances in the discourse about measurement of performance in the context of the judiciary and its relevance to the selection of judges and the judicial process. While efforts to measure judicial performance empirically simultaneously revive many old controversies and presents new issues, its debates will be certain to continue as long as we have data, judges, and courts.


Build your ASP.NET 4.5.1 skills with real-world instruction In this comprehensive guide to getting started with ASP.NET 4.5.1, best-selling author Imar Spaanjaars provides a firm foundation for coders new to ASP.NET and key insights for those not yet familiar with the important updates in the 4.5.1 release. Readers learn how to build full-featured ASP.NET websites using Visual Studio Express 2013 for Web, Microsoft's free development tool for ASP.NET web applications. Beginning ASP.NET 4.5.1 guides you through the process of creating a fully functional, database-driven website, from creation of the most basic site structure all the way down to the successful deployment of the website to a production environment.


Productivity dispersion across firms is large and persistent, and worker reallocation among firms is an important source of productivity growth. The purpose of the paper is to estimate the structure of an equilibrium model of growth through innovation. The model is a modified version of the Schumpeterian theory of firm evolution and growth developed by Klette and Kortum (2002). The data set is a panel of Danish firms than includes information on value added, employment, and wages. The model's fit is good and the structural parameter estimates have interesting implications for the aggregate growth rate and the contribution of worker reallocation to it.


In this work, we propose a novel way of efficiently localizing a soccer field from a single broadcast image of the game. Related work in this area relies on manually annotating a few key frames and extending the localization to similar images, or installing fixed specialized cameras in the stadium from which the layout of the field can be obtained. In contrast, we formulate this problem as a branch and bound inference in a Markov random field where an energy function is defined in terms of field cues such as grass, lines and circles. Moreover, our approach is fully automatic and depends only on single images from the broadcast video of the game. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by applying it to various games and obtain promising results. Finally, we posit that our approach can be applied easily to other sports such as hockey and basketball.


Because images of neurons show interweaved processes from multiple cells, it is hard to determine which pixels belong to each cell, and consequently to analyze the images automatically. To manage these difficulties, we introduce probabilistic segmentation, in which each pixel is assigned a probability of belonging to each cell instead of being categorically assigned to one cell. We propose a randomized algorithm for probabilistic segmentation. The algorithm is based on repeated, intensity-weighted random walks on the image, and leads to improved segmentation quality. Analysis and mining techniques can utilize the more nuanced and complete information that the probabilistic segmentation yields about an image. Such techniques can then compute probabilistic values, which indicate the level of confidence that can be placed in them.


The Allanridge Formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup in the Northern Cape Province consists of andesite to basaltic andesite. The properties of these rocks are described by aid of detail from two localities near Douglas (Kalkdam and Katlani), where seven lava flows can be discerned. Greenschist metamorphism has affected all of the lava flows and sporadic sulphide mineralization has also occurred. The intensity of sulphide mineralization is controlled by porosity so that the amygdaloidal bases and tops of flows are more affected than the massive parts, hence producing a conspicuous bleaching. Thus light amygdaloidal lavas (LA) that are sporadically mineralised by sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite can be distinguished from less altered dark amygdaloidal (DA) lavas.

Sulphides are present in altered amygdales of the LA together with quartz, chlorite and calcite. These minerals were introduced by means of hydraulic fracturing and brecciation features are common. Sphalerite tends to dominate over galena in the amygdaloidal lava flows, while the opposite is true in the breccia zones. Mass transfer calculations reveal that the net mass loss for LA and DA was 7 to 20 % and 3 to 5% respectively. Enrichment/depletion diagrams illustrate that LA is relatively enriched in SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, P2O5, Rb, Ba, Cr and Zn, while the DA is relatively enriched in MnO, Fe2O3, Nb, Cr, V, Co and Zn with respect to unmineralized lava flows.

The alteration of DA may be regarded as propylitic, while changes in LA involved potassium metasomatism also. Two generations of mineralization can be discerned. The source of the saline fluids capable of transporting metals is probably in the banded iron formations of the Griquatown and Kuruman Formations. Channelways for fluid migration were provided during extensive deformation.


The species of the class Coriobacteriia are currently distinguished from other bacteria primarily on the basis of their branching in the 16S rRNA gene trees. No reliable molecular marker is known that distinguishes the bacteria of this class from other organisms. We report here the results of detailed phylogenetic and comparative analyses on 22 sequenced genomes from members of the class Coriobacteriia. Detailed comparative analyses on protein sequences from these genomes, reported here, have identified 66 conserved signature inserts or deletions (i.e. indels) (CSIs) in widely distributed proteins that are specific for a number of different clades of the class Coriobacteriia at multiple phylogenetic levels, which are also supported by phylogenetic analyses. A set of 24 CSIs in different proteins are specific for all sequenced members of the class Coriobacteriia, providing novel molecular markers distinguishing and delimiting this class. One additional CSI is uniquely present in all members of the class Coriobacteriia and the phylum Actinobacteria supporting their placement within this bacterial phylum. A set of 16 CSIs in divergent proteins are uniquely found in the genomes of all species for which sequences are available from the glucose-fermenting genera Coriobacterium, Collinsella, Atopobium and Olsenella, but they are not present in any other bacteria. The species from these genera also form a strongly supported clade (Clade I) in the phylogenetic trees based upon concatenated protein sequences and the 16S rRNA. An additional 10 CSIs in different proteins are specifically present in all members of the asaccharolytic genera Eggerthella, Cryptobacterium, Slackia and Gordonibacter for which sequence data is available. A clade consisting of these genera (Clade II) is also supported by our phylogenetic analyses. Within Clade I, two smaller clades, one consisting of the genera Coriobacterium and Collinsella and the other containing the genera Atopobium and Olsenella, are independently supported by multiple CSIs (eight and seven respectively) and our phylogenetic analyses. Based upon the results of phylogenetic studies and the identified molecular markers, which clearly distinguish and demarcate the above indicated clades of the class Coriobacteriia at different phylogenetic depths, we propose division of the class Coriobacteriia into two orders (viz. Coriobacteriales and Eggerthellales ord. nov.) and three families (viz. Coriobacteriaceae, Atopobiaceae fam. nov. and Eggerthellaceae fam. nov.). Additionally, descriptions of the class Coriobacteriia, the order Coriobacteriales and the family Coriobacteriaceea are also emended.


ABSTRACT This article calls for an expansion of the inquiry methods used to explore rhetorical education during the Americanization movement of the early twentieth century. It offers the methodology of administrative history as an approach to help scholars gain perspective on why and how local programs were developed and implemented from the perspective of administrators and participants. This approach enables a more robust understanding of not only the complexity of Americanization programs but also the diversity of approaches that were employed.


The importance of work-home interface stress can vary throughout a medical career and between genders. We studied changes in work-home interface stress over 5 yr, and their prediction of emotional exhaustion (main dimension of burn-out), controlled for other variables. A nationwide doctor cohort (NORDOC; n=293) completed questionnaires at 10 and 15 yr after graduation. Changes over the period were examined and predictors of emotional exhaustion analyzed using linear regression. Levels of work-home interface stress declined, whereas emotional exhaustion stayed on the same level. Lack of reduction in work-home interface stress was an independent predictor of emotional exhaustion in year 15 (β=−0.21, p=0.001). Additional independent predictors were reduction in support from colleagues (β=0.11, p=0.04) and emotional exhaustion at baseline (β=0.62, p<0.001). Collegial support was a more important predictor for men than for women. In separate analyses, significant adjusted predictors were lack of reduction in work-home interface stress among women, and reduction of collegial support and lack of reduction in working hours among men. Thus, change in work-home interface stress is a key independent predictor of emotional exhaustion among doctors 15 yr after graduation. Some gender differences in predictors of emotional exhaustion were found.


The advantages of combining qualitative and quantitative analysis on a single analytical technique have further extended the applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to the quantitation of various biomolecules. To achieve absolute quantitation, it is necessary to perform a calibration with standard dilutions. For the purpose of measuring DNA samples, a pure DNA oligonucleotide at different concentrations was chosen as a standard to perform the calibration of Quantitative MALDI-TOF MS. In order to overcome the variation of signal intensity from repeated measurements of each DNA standard dilution, fixed amount of an internal standard was added into each DNA standard dilution. Instead of maintaining at a constant level, the signals of fixed amount of internal standard were decreased 73% from its initial level while the signals of DNA standard continued to increase within a linear dynamic range for quantitation from 0.20 μM to 12.5 μM of DNA. Attempts to identify the cause of signal reduction were systematically carried out. This is the first report on the extent of signal reduction in quantitative MALDI-TOF MS. These results represent a limitation on using MALDI-TOF MS to monitor the changes in concentration of two different compounds within a chemical or biological system.


Work/life balance continues to be an issue for many people with only three-out-of-ten people (3.4 million) reporting an improvement in the past five years, according to this report. Introduction Former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard described work/life balance as a "BBQ-stopper" in 2001. Since then, the term "work/life balance" has been part of the Australian lexicon, but just how well are Australians achieving it? National Go Home on Time Day was launched by The Australia Institute in 2009 as a light-hearted way to start a conversation balance with Australian employees (11.6 million people) about the importance of work/life and the many significant consequences it can have on physical and mental health, relationships and communities. Now in its sixth year, Go Home on Time Day continues to promote such conversations, and this paper seeks to measure: have Australians achieved work/life balance? The finding is that work/life balance continues to be an issue for many people with only three-out-of-ten people (3.4 million) reporting an improvement in the past five years. Furthermore, Australians continue to work large amounts of unpaid overtime. Research conducted for Go Home on Time Day this year found that these 'donated' hours added up to 58.8 million hours, which based on the average income adds up to almost $110 billion. If these hours were paid and allocated to Australians looking for work the unemployment rate could be zero. In 2010 Australians were on average working 2.5 hours more a week than they would have liked. Only one-in-five workers reported they were working the hours they would like to. Unsurprisingly, the desire for fewer hours was stronger amongst people working long hours, whereas part-time workers indicated they would like to work more hours.1 The general desire for more work by some and less work by others highlights the need to balance the distribution of work hours across the labour force.


The history of heavy vehicle compliance in Australia is partly a success story, with fatalities involving heavy vehicles trending downwards since the 1970s. However, the fact remains that transport and logistics is the most dangerous sector in which an Australian can be employed and our half a million heavy vehicles are over-represented in total road deaths. The new Heavy Vehicle National Law represents a significant opportunity to improve road safety outcomes in the freight industry. To maximise the potential arising from a national approach, the NTC has spent the last two years researching the reasons why non-compliance with the law occurs. We have interviewed drives at roadside, consulted with peak industry bodies and operators and accompanied enforcement officers on road all over Australia. Werve compared our experience with our counterparts in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States and drawn on insights from the behavioural sciences, regulatory analysis and transport history. Our research has identified 6 motivations for non-compliance as follows: (1) Failure of regulatory reach (2) Lack of ability to comply (3) Lack of willingness to comply (4) Economic imperative (5) Opportunism (6) Determined recidivism. We have developed a new framework for heavy vehicle compliance that tailors the intervention strategies possible under the new law to the different categories of non-compliance. Our objective is to make genuinely risk-managed intervention and enforcement possible and to normalise compliance within the industry.


On irradiation in the presence of Fe(CO)5, the allenic amides and imides showed a similar course of complexation to that of esters and lactones, respectively, e.g. the amides of type 10 led to diiron complexes of type 11 (Scheme 3 ), whereas the imide 12 yielded a mixture of a dinuclear and two mononuclear complexes (13-15, Scheme 4). The racemic ester 6 also gave mononuclear (7a, 7b, and 9) and dinuclear complexes (8a and 8b; Scheme 2). In case of the allenic acid 4, only complexation of type 5 was observed (Scheme 1).