In Disappearing Acts , Diana Taylor looks at how national identity is shaped, gendered, and contested through spectacle and spectatorship. The specific identity in question is that of Argentina, and Taylor's focus is directed toward the years 1976 to 1983 in which the Argentine armed forces were pitted against the Argentine people in that nation's "Dirty War." Combining feminism, cultural studies, and performance theory, Taylor analyzes the political spectacles that comprised the war—concentration camps, torture, "disappearances"—as well as the rise of theatrical productions, demonstrations, and other performative practices that attempted to resist and subvert the Argentine military.

Taylor uses performance theory to explore how public spectacle both builds and dismantles a sense of national and gender identity. Here, nation is understood as a product of communal "imaginings" that are rehearsed, written, and staged—and spectacle is the desiring machine at work in those imaginings. Taylor argues that the founding scenario of Argentineness stages the struggle for national identity as a battle between men—fought on, over, and through the feminine body of the Motherland. She shows how the military's representations of itself as the model of national authenticity established the parameters of the conflict in the 70s and 80s, feminized the enemy, and positioned the public—limiting its ability to respond. Those who challenged the dictatorship, from the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo to progressive theater practitioners, found themselves in what Taylor describes as "bad scripts." Describing the images, myths, performances, and explanatory narratives that have informed Argentina's national drama, Disappearing Acts offers a telling analysis of the aesthetics of violence and the disappearance of civil society during Argentina's spectacle of terror.


The Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) provides multispectral images of the sunlit disk of Earth since 2015 from the L1 orbit, approximately 1.5 million km from Earth toward the Sun. The NASA's Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm has been adapted for DSCOVR/EPIC data providing operational processing since 2018. Here, we describe the latest version 2 (v2) MAIAC EPIC algorithm over land that features improved aerosol retrieval with updated regional aerosol models and new atmospheric correction scheme based on the ancillary bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model of the Earth from MAIAC MODIS. The global validation of MAIAC EPIC aerosol optical depth (AOD) with AERONET measurements shows a significant improvement over v1 and the mean bias error MBE = 0.046, RMSE = 0.159, and R = 0.77. Over 66.7% of EPIC AOD retrievals agree with the AERONET AOD to within ± (0.1 + 0.1AOD). We also analyze the role of surface anisotropy, particularly important for the backscattering view geometry of EPIC, on the result of atmospheric correction. The retrieved BRDF-based bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF) are found higher than the Lambertian reflectance by 8–15% at 443 nm and 1–2% at 780 nm for EPIC observations near the local noon. Due to higher uncertainties, the atmospheric correction at UV wavelengths of 340, 388 nm is currently performed using a Lambertian approximation.


Introduction: In INDIA almost 20000 people die (40% of world death) each year from rabies. Most of these deaths could be prevented by post exposure prophylaxis with wound washing, rabies immunoglobulin & vaccination. Local wound management alone can reduce viral load by up to 80%. Objective: To study selfwound management practices in animal exposure patients before attending a tertiary level ARV clinic. Methodology: Data regarding wound management was collected by individual interview of patients attending the ARV clinic during OCT 2011 to MAR 2012. The data collected in the form of a questionnaire. Analysis of data was done in the Department Of Community Medicine, V.S.S. Medical College, Burla. Results: Total 493 cases of animal exposure were attended during the study period. Most common biting animal was dog (94.5%). 31% of cases were under the age of 10 years & 23% belongs to the age of 10-19 years. Male to female ratio was 3:1. Most of the cases (91%) were of category III exposure. Immediate management of wound was practiced by 63-77% of cases before visiting ARV clinic; only 2% wash the wound with running water & soap for 15 minutes. 39% of cases applied Dettol/savlon at the wound side & other 38% applied turmeric, red chilli, kerosene, Band-Aid & ghee locally. Most cases (61%) reported to ARV clinic within 24hours.


Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is an important cause of stroke, cognitive decline and vascular dementia (VaD). It is associated with diffuse white matter abnormalities and small deep cerebral ischemic infarcts. The molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of SVD are unclear. As hypertension is a major risk factor for developing SVD, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) are considered an appropriate experimental model for SVD. Prior work suggested an imbalance between the number of blood microvessels and astrocytes at the level of the neurovascular unit in 2-month-old SHR, leading to neuronal hypoxia in the brain of 9-month-old animals. To identify genes and pathways involved in the development of SVD, we compared the gene expression profile in the cortex of 2 and 9-month-old of SHR with age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using microarray-based technology. The results revealed significant differences in expression of genes involved in energy and lipid metabolisms, mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress and ischemic responses between both groups. These results strongly suggest that SHR suffer from chronic hypoxia, and therefore are unable to tolerate ischemia-like conditions, and are more vulnerable to high-energy needs than WKY. This molecular analysis gives new insights about pathways accounting for the development of SVD.


Introduction. Mono(ADP-ribosyl)Transferases and Related Enzymes: Emerging Gene Families F. Koch-Nolte, F. Haag. Mono-ADP-ribosylation in Prokaryotes. Crystal Structure of Diphtheria Toxin Bound to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide C.E. Bell, D. Eisenberg. Molecular Approaches to Eukaryotic Mono(ADP-ribosyl)Transferases. Sequence and Structural Links Between Distant ADp-ribosyltransferase Families F. Bazan, F. Koch-Nolte. Moni(ADP-ribosyl)Transferases in the Immune System. Regulation of Cytotoxic T Cell Functions by a GPI-anchored Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase J. Wang, et al. Mono-ADP-ribosylation in Other Animal Tissues. An ADP-Ribosyltransferase from Bovine Erythrocytes Apparently Specific for Cysteine Residues S. van Heyningen, B. Saxty. Physiology of GPI-Anchored Proteins. Cell Surface Dynamics of GPI-anchored Proteins F.R. Maxfield, S. Mayor. Relationship of ADP-Ribosyltransferases to NAD+ Glycohydrolases and ADP-ribosyl Cyclases. ADp-Ribose in Glycation and Glycoxidation Reactions E.L. Jacobson, et al. Special Lecture Commemorating the Retirement of Professor Heinz-Gunter Thiele. Appendix. 28 Additional Lectures. 24 Poster Reports. Index.


In the field of assembly sequence planning, the increase of part count in a product results in huge number of assembly sequences. The Liaison matrix/Liaison graph generated based on the connections between the assembly components eliminates non possible assembly sequences at the initial phase. There exists methods namely cut-set method to eliminate the non-possible assembly sequences. In this paper, a computer aided program to obtain liaison matrix and generation of assembly cut-sets from liaison matrix is briefly explained with flow charts and algorithms


This essay aims to understand and interrogate the use of Colour Separation Overlay (CSO) as a mode of experimental production and aesthetic innovation in television drama in the 1970s. It sets out to do this by describing, accounting for and evaluating CSO as a production technique, considering the role of key production personnel, and analysing four specific BBC productions. Deploying methodologies of archival research, practitioner interview, and close textual analysis, the essay also delivers a significant reassessment of the role of the producer and designer in the conceptualisation and realisation of small-screen dramatic fiction.


As part of the Accretion Discs in Hα with OmegaCAM (ADHOC) survey, we imaged in r, i and Hα a region of 12 × 8 square degrees around the Orion Nebula Cluster. Thanks to the high-quality photometry obtained, we discovered three well-separated premain sequences in the color-magnitude diagram. The populations are all concentrated towards the cluster's center. Although several explanations can be invoked to explain these sequences we are left with two competitive, but intriguing, scenarios: a population of unresolved binaries with an exotic mass ratio distribution or three populations with different ages. Independent high-resolution spectroscopy supports the presence of discrete episodes of star formation, each separated by about a million years. The stars from the two putative youngest populations rotate faster than the older ones, in agreement with the evolution of stellar rotation observed in pre-main sequence stars younger than 4 Myr in several star forming regions. Whatever the final explanation, our results prompt for a revised look at the formation mode and early evolution of stars in clusters.


Background Although we have learned a good deal from lottery-based and quasi-experimental studies of charter schools, much of what goes on inside of charter schools remains a "black box" to be unpacked. Grounding our work in neoclassical market theory and institutional theory, we examine differences in the social organization of schools and classrooms to enrich our understanding of school choice, school organizational and instructional conditions, and student learning. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Our study examines differences in students' mathematics achievement gains between charter and traditional public schools, focusing on the distribution and organization of students into ability groups. In short, we ask: (1) How does the distribution of ability grouping differ between charter and traditional public schools? And (2) What are the relationships between ability group placement and students' mathematics achievement gains in charter and traditional public schools? Research Design With a matched sample of charter and traditional public schools in six states (Colorado, Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio), we use regression analyses to estimate the relationship between student achievement gains and school sector. We analyze how ability grouping mediates this main effect, controlling for various student, classroom, and school characteristics. Findings We find significant differences in the distribution of students across ability groups, with a more even distribution in charter compared to traditional public schools, which appear to have more selective placements for high groups. Consistent with prior research on tracking, we also find low-grouped students to be at a significant disadvantage when compared with high- and mixed-group peers in both sectors. Conclusions Although we find some significant differences between ability group placement and student achievement gains in mathematics, these relationships do not differ as much by sector as market theory (with its emphasis on innovation and autonomy) would predict. Consistent with institutional theory, both sectors still group students by ability and have similar relationships between gains and grouping.


We develop an intuitive approach for studying propagation of optical pulses through nonlinear dispersive media. Our new approach is based on the impulse response of linear systems, but we extend the impulse response function using a self-consistent time-transformation approach so that it can be applied to nonlinear media as well. Numerical calculations based on our new approach show excellent agreement with the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation in the specific case of the Kerr nonlinearity in both the normal and anomalous dispersion regimes. An important feature of our approach is that it works directly with the electric field associated with an optical pulse and can be applied to pulses of arbitrary width. Numerical calculations performed using single-cycle optical pulses show that our results agree with those obtained with the finite-difference time-domain technique using considerably more computing resources.


The present thesis A Study of Subjectivity and Selfhood in the Context of Subjects with Physical Disabilities: A Theoretical Approach focuses on the self and subjectivity in people with disabilities in a relational context in Indian society. Moving beyond the mainstream logico-positivist psychological approaches, the study involves an exploration of selfhood and its various aspects like self-concept, self-esteem, self-efficacy, authenticity and identity grounded in the context of individual lives. The focus is on the subjective and psychological experiences of disability where people with disabilities are forced to contend with unfair, oppressive and exclusive physical and psychological environments. Using concepts like ableism/disablism, the study brings out the impact of these ideologies on the self and identity of people with disabilities. The study also brings out strong, positive selves and the resilient process of selfhood as individuals move through trying and difficult life situations. A key aspect and contribution of this study is the conceptualization of "adapting self" in disability as people adapt and evolve with their bodies, physical and psychological environments.

 The study uses the narrative as a primary mode in exploring selfhood and subjectivity drawing out connections between narrative, memory and emotion in narrative recalls of experiences. The act of personal narration and sharing stories with the researcher as audience is a social act. The study can be said to be co-constructed both by the researcher and the researched. The researcher acknowledges her own subjectivity in interpretation and analysis.

The study is interdisciplinary and grounded within psychology and disability studies as it remaps psychology to disability studies by drawing on psychological theories and concepts in the study of disability. The study is mainly qualitative in its research approaches as it draws on critical psychological methods like social constructionism, narrative analysis and phenomenological psychology. However, the study significantly includes an empirical component in data collection through a public response survey to arrive at an understanding of implicit biases, prejudices and stereotypical attitudes towards disability. The empirical component correlates to the lived experiences of people with disabilities as individuals constantly deal with overt and covert prejudicial attitudes and stereotypes in their daily lives.

Self and subjectivity as psychological concepts allowed a significant opening for the researcher to enter the psychological worlds of people with disabilities and gain a rich understanding of the travails and tribulations of selves undergoing traumatic experiences both at the level of the physical body, psychological and sociocultural environments. The insights from this study are significant in understand the self as a process continually in the making as individuals cue off from their social settings. The self in the context of disability goes through significant changes as individuals deal with self-acceptance, self-affirmation and ultimately learn to cope and exercise a certain degree of agency, autonomy and choice within the given constraints. The study indicates that the self is


Hepcidin production is homeostatically regulated by iron stores, anemia and hypoxia. We evaluated the effect of iron overload and of ineffective erythropoeisis on hepcidin expression in patients with thalassemia major. Liver hepcidin mRNA levels correlated with hemoglobin concentration and inversely correlated with serum transferrin receptor, erythropoietin and non-transferrin-bound iron. They did not correlate with indices of iron load. Urinary hepcidin levels were disproportionably suppressed in regards to iron burden. We conclude that hepcidin expression is regulated mainly by increased erythropoietic activity rather than by iron load and that hepcidin plays a central regulatory role in iron circulation and iron toxicity in patients with thalassemia.


The Deepwater Horizon oil spill of April 20, 2010, initiated an environmental disaster that presented attorneys on both sides of the legal action with monumental challenges. Using the satirical format of a memo written by the corporate defense counsel to BP America four days after the spill began, this article investigates BP's potential liability and strategic defense positions available in criminal and civil proceedings. Major federal environmental laws, including the Oil Pollution Act, the Clean Water Act and major wildlife protection statutes, are implicated by the Spill. The memo provides a clear picture of the existing opportunities for a responsible party to minimize liability in the face of incriminating evidence. This article argues that the successful use of legal precedents, tactical defenses and the enhanced role of the responsible party in response and restoration, will minimize BP America's liability and civil and criminal penalties resulting from the Spill, to the detriment of the prevention of future environmental crimes.


Traditional relation extraction methods require pre-specified relations and relation-specific human-tagged examples. Bootstrapping systems significantly reduce the number of training examples, but they usually apply heuristic-based methods to combine a set of strict hard rules, which limit the ability to generalize and thus generate a low recall. Furthermore, existing bootstrapping methods do not perform open information extraction (Open IE), which can identify various types of relations without requiring pre-specifications. In this paper, we propose a statistical extraction framework called Statistical Snowball (StatSnowball), which is a bootstrapping system and can perform both traditional relation extraction and Open IE.
 StatSnowball uses the discriminative Markov logic networks (MLNs) and softens hard rules by learning their weights in a maximum likelihood estimate sense. MLN is a general model, and can be configured to perform different levels of relation extraction. In StatSnwoball, pattern selection is performed by solving an l1-norm penalized maximum likelihood estimation, which enjoys well-founded theories and efficient solvers. We extensively evaluate the performance of StatSnowball in different configurations on both a small but fully labeled data set and large-scale Web data. Empirical results show that StatSnowball can achieve a significantly higher recall without sacrificing the high precision during iterations with a small number of seeds, and the joint inference of MLN can improve the performance. Finally, StatSnowball is efficient and we have developed a working entity relation search engine called Renlifang based on it.


Protection of ground water is one of basic purposes of suitable development strategy. The technical infrastructure is one of examples of this strategy realization. However, in rural regions, that are characterized by housing dispersion, it is difficult to construct conventional sewage system. This problem has to do with violent changes of wastewater discharge and effluent concentration as well as economic resources. Constructed wetlands could be a good solution for rural regions. They enable waste treatment and protecting receiving water. Constructed wetlands work like a marsh and they act as biofilters removing environmental effluents from wastewater. They can be a solution for rural regions and allow rational and inexpensive method of wastewater treatment. The main purpose of this research was to determine efficiency of decontamination of organic pollution, expressed as BOD 5 and COD. The data was collected from constructed wetlands in Kletno and Brzezno in order to extract design criteria for BOD 5 and COD removal. The research was executed on two object assigned to popular touristic places. Constructed wetlands keep high pollutant removal efficiency on the same level all year round. The research was conducted in 2008. Constructed wetlands do not ensure high efficiency of treatment. Unsuitable exploitation is the primary reason for decreasing efficiency. Proper exploitation of settler (septic tanks) in constructed wetlands is responsible for high wastewater treatment efficiency.


Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have been established as promising materials for light‐emitting devices (LEDs) due to their interesting optoelectrical properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and high color purity with narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM). However, blue perovskite LEDs, with an emission wavelength below 470 nm, require further investigation to improve their performance. Here, it is demonstrated that mixed‐halide CsPb(Cl/Br)3 NCs prepared by ligand exchange with the rigid bidentate structure of adamantane‐1,3‐diamine (ADDA) can be used for blue LEDs. The ligand exchange of CsPb(Cl/Br)3 NCs with ADDA improves PLQY without changing the peak wavelength and FWHM. The LEDs based on ligand exchange NCs with ADDA show an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.49%. Moreover, a quaternary ammonium salt, oleylammonium chloride (OAM‐Cl), is also investigated as an interfacial layer to reduce current density. The LED fabricated with OAM‐Cl reaches an EQE of 1.1% and luminance of 43.2 cd m−2 at the electroluminescence wavelength of 456 nm, representing significantly higher performance compared to that of LEDs without OAM‐Cl layers. Therefore, the ligand exchange of NCs with ADDA and the use of a passivation layer comprising OAM‐Cl facilitate an improvement in the LED performance.


Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus) can colonise the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and is known to cause similar infections in both humans and animals. Data about the spread or prevalence in farm animals are missing. In this study, Trypton Soya Agar was modified to a selective medium enabling the isolation and quantification of S. gallolyticus from faecal samples. The bacterium was observed in 82 out of 91 faecal samples obtained from 18 different organic turkey flocks. The prevalence of shedding birds was estimated by the number of positive fresh droppings and reached up to 100% on most farms. Furthermore, for the first time S. gallolyticus was quantified in faeces from poultry flocks. The median of colony forming units (CFU) per gramme faeces was 3.6 x 105CFU/g. Typing of one isolate from each positive faecal sample by multilocus sequence typing delivered 24 sequence types (STs). Most of the isolates belonged to the clonal complex CC58. The same STs of this complex were detected in up to six different flocks. Partly, these flocks were located in various regions and stocked with varying breeding lines. Regarding the biochemical profiles of the same STs from different farms, the results did not contradict a spread of specific STs in the organic turkey production. Moreover, checking the pubMLST database revealed that STs found in this study were also found in other animal species and in humans. The high detection rate and the number of S. gallolyticus in turkey faeces indicate that this bacterium probably belongs to the common microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of turkeys from organic flocks. Furthermore, the findings of this study support the suggestion of a possible interspecies transmission.


Early Triassic-Cretaceous rifting and magmatism occurred along the western edge of the Arabian Peninsula from Egypt in the south to Syria in the north, associated with the development of the Neotethyan passive continental margin which is preserved in the present-day Eastern Mediterranean. A change in the direction and rate of extension during the Early Cretaceous had a profound effect upon the developing continental margin and controlled the pattern of rifting, magmatism and sedimentation. Extensive Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanism occurred throughout the region and is clearly rift-related. Major and trace element (including rare earth element) and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions suggest derivation of the most primitive mafic magmas from an enriched mantle source with minimal evidence of crustal contamination. The magmas appear to have ascended rapidly to the surface through large-scale faults. Isopach maps have been constructed for a series of time intervals during the Mesozoic, using well data from Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. These reveal the distribution and orientation of the main depocentres. The main tectonic feature from the Late Triassic until the Late Jurassic was a basin which extended northeastwards from northern Israel to the Palmyrides in central Syria. By the Early Cretaceous, however, deposition switched to a N–S oriented basin in central and northern Israel and Lebanon. The distribution of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatism coincides with this new basin and indicates the location of the major extensional fault zones.


The G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK6 undergoes posttranslational modification by palmitoylation. Palmitoylated GRK6 is associated with the membrane, while nonpalmitoylated GRK6 remains cytosolic. We have separated palmitoylated from nonpalmitoylated GRK6 to assess their relative kinase activity. Palmitoylated GRK6 is 10-fold more active at phosphorylating beta2-adrenergic receptor than nonpalmitoylated wild-type GRK6 or a nonpalmitoylatable mutant GRK6. A nonpalmitoylatable mutant GRK6 which has been further mutated to undergo posttranslational geranylgeranylation is also more active, recovering most of the activity of the palmitoylated enzyme. This activity increase by lipid modification is expected, as the lipid helps GRK6 localize to cellular membranes where its receptor substrates are found. However, when assayed using a soluble protein (casein) as a substrate, both palmitoylated and prenylated GRK6 display significantly higher activity than nonpalmitoylated wild-type or nonpalmitoylatable mutant GRK6 kinases. This increased activity is not altered by addition of exogenous palmitate or phosphatidycholine vesicles, arguing that it is not due to direct activation of GRK6 by binding palmitate, nor to nonspecific association of the GRK6 with casein. Further, chemical depalmitoylation reduces the casein phosphorylation activity of the palmitoylated, but not prenylated, GRK6 kinase. Thus, palmitoylation of GRK6 appears to play a dual role in increasing the activity of GRK6: it increases the hydrophobicity and membrane association of the GRK6 protein, which helps bring the GRK6 to its membrane-bound substrates, and it increases the kinase catalytic activity of GRK6.


Using x-ray scattering we have measured the response of the incommensurate charge-density wave (CDW) modulation in the quasi-low-dimensional material 2H-NbSe2 to applied magnetic fields at low temperatures. The application of a magnetic field, either perpendicular or parallel to the layers of a single crystal of 2H-NbSe2, caused no significant change to either the correlation length or the intensity of the CDW satellites for magnetic fields up to 10 T. These results suggest that the enhancement of the resistance observed in low-dimensional CDW materials exposed to the applied magnetic field does not result from an appreciable conversion of carriers from the normal state to the CDW state. In addition 2H-NbSe2 is a superconductor at low temperatures (Tc = 7.2 K), whilst still within the incommensurate CDW state. This material therefore affords an opportunity to study any interaction between the CDW and superconducting condensates. High magnetic fields can suppress the superconducting state yet no change in the incommensurate CDW satellite correlation length or intensity was observed at high applied magnetic fields. These results conflict with spectroscopic measurements, which suggest a coupling between the superconducting gap excitations and the CDW.


Green and living walls are an old idea made anew through the use of conventional construction materials used in new and creative ways. There is now a broad market for mass-produced prefabricated living wall systems that are made from PVC, metal, and or geotextiles. There exist hydroponic living walls made from geotextiles and fabric materials, rigid modular living walls made from PVC, and green façade structures made from cable and steel mesh to support ground-based vines. Most conventional materials for green walls in the market are derived from raw material or recycled PVC. This study investigates alternative materials already in the solid waste stream that were ready for creative reuse. The purpose of this project was to explore if existing sheet metal by-products could be repurposed as green wall systems and provide beneficial ecosystem services. A secondary purpose was to educate the campus community about sustainability through improving the value of industrial by-products thereby reducing waste streams in the production of new materials, energy conservation and reduced water use for green walls through the use of drought tolerant vegetation. Initial readings for the living wall system surface was 2.68 to 3.92 and up to 4.6 degrees Celsius cooler than the adjacent concrete wall. Students and faculty at Texas A&M university worked through a dozen different green wall modular designs. One design was refined and was trialed for cutting using a water-jet machine and assembled with manual folding. Three hundred prism shaped modules were attached to a vertical steel frame. Drip irrigation lines deliver water to each module. Drought tolerant plants were used to minimize irrigation water. It is estimated that compared to conventional living walls, the proposed system uses about half of the volume of water needed for irrigation. More detailed analysis is currently under investigation.


Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence have provided valuable insights into the scope and limitations of human thought and behavior. As technology becomes more of a fixture in our daily routines, advances in artificial intelligence increasingly impact how we think and interact with others. This track is motivated by these two fronts of research: the basic theoretical integration of cognition and artificial intelligence; and its application to real-world domains. As such, the track will cover a wide range of issues.


The present study reports a case of a periapical lesion in an implant placed in an alveolar ridge which presented a residual root fragment of a deciduous tooth. Patient attended a dental clinic because she wanted to replace the missing tooth with an implant. She reported having lost the temporary tooth for one year. The initial Cone-beam Computerised Tomography image showed an edentulous area in the #13 zone, and the presence of a fragment of the deciduous tooth. The small root fragment was removed and an implant 4.0 × 13 mm amplified was installed. Patient presented acute pain and inflammation at the implant site 20 d after the surgery when the implant was originally installed; the first periapical surgery was carried out. Four months after the first periapical surgery, in periapical x-ray a radiolucent lesion was observed surrounding the apical region of the implant with a dry sound under percussion. The second periapical surgery was carried out. Five months after the second periapical surgery, the presence of a fistula was observed clinically, while in X-ray a radiolucent lesion was observed in the apex of the implant. Implant-plasty was carried out, removing approximately 5 mm of the apical portion of the implant. This treatment was successful after 27 months' monitoring.


Adhesives used for bonded-in steel or composite pultruded rods and plate to make connections in timber structures are commonly room temperature cure adhesives. The room temperature cure, applied without pressure, thixotropic, and shear thinning characteristics of the adhesives, is for ease of application when repairs and reinforcement are being made in situ in the field. The room temperature cure adhesive may not fully cross-link and this may cause brittleness. Therefore to improve the toughness properties of such adhesives, nanoparticles can be added. This paper reports the experimental investigation carried out on the fracture toughness of three thixotropic and room temperature cured epoxy-based adhesives formulated specifically for in situ timber bonding, namely, CB10TSS (standard adhesive), Albipox is CB10TSS with the addition of nanodispersed carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN), and Timberset is an adhesive formulation containing ceramic microparticles. The fracture toughness behavior of the adhesives was investigated using the Charpy impact test on unnotched and notched specimens conditioned at 20 degrees C/65% RH to evaluate notch sensitivity, and a single-edge notched beam (SENB) test was performed to evaluate the stress intensity factor K(IC). The fracture surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Under high impact rate, toughness was in the order of CB10TSS, Albipox, and Timberset. CB10TSS and Albipox were found to be ductile in the unnotched state and brittle when notched. Timberset was brittle in both unnotched and notched states. Under low strain rate (SENB) conditions the addition of CTBN significantly improved the fracture toughness of Albipox compared with CB10TSS and Timberset. Examination of the topography of the fractured surface revealed marked changes in crack propagation due to the addition of nano- or microfillers accounting for the variation in toughness properties.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the dosimetric impact from collimator angles during the VMAT planning and delivery.

METHODS
An early stage lung cancer treatment with Pinnacle SmartArc™ planning system was evaluated, for both planning and delivery with dosimetric differences on an Elekta Synergy™ platform. Conventional planning process was utilizing 450 collimator angle to maximize the necessary PTV margins. A single 3590 arc with 10 MV photons were adopted. We compared three various collimator angles (00, 450 and 900) with generated planning and delivery variations; SunNuclear 3DVH™ module was also implemented to review the dose delivery discrepancy associated with the VMAT techniques corresponding to various collimator angle settings.

RESULTS
VMAT delivery with various collimator setting introduces dosimetric differences. PTV D95% dose coverage for all angles is comparable (00, 450, 900 = 93.3%, 92.9%, 92.7%) while 450 collimator introduces more leakage doses through the superior/inferior directions. OARs of 00 and 900 collimators have different distributions such as 1% of cord volume doses of 47.9 cGy and 40.7 cGy per fraction, but all within clinical tolerances. Total lung doses are within limits with V20 values of 17.2%, 17.8%, 16.7% for 00, 450, 900 collimator, respectively. Treatment MUs for all collimators are within 2% variation due to the similar control point distributions.

CONCLUSION
450 collimator may not the best choice for VMAT delivery with tumor size less than the MLC limitation. The convention was defined to suit the LINAC limitation with compromise at initial implementation. To avoid extra MLC leakage, 00 or 900 collimator may be a proper choice. Conformity with target shape or avoidance with the OAR locations with BEV optimization in initial planning stage is also important to validate the collimator angles. Currently there is no optimum collimator choice built in the planning system, user experience is also an influential factor.


Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that has eluded a characterization in terms of local abnormalities of brain activity, and is hypothesized to affect the collective, "emergent" working of the brain. We propose a novel data-driven approach to capture emergent features using functional brain networks [4] extracted from fMRI data, and demonstrate its advantage over traditional region-of-interest (ROI) and local, task-specific linear activation analyzes. Our results suggest that schizophrenia is indeed associated with disruption of global brain properties related to its functioning as a network, which cannot be explained by alteration of local activation patterns. Moreover, further exploitation of interactions by sparse Markov Random Field classifiers shows clear gain over linear methods, such as Gaussian Naive Bayes and SVM, allowing to reach 86% accuracy (over 50% baseline - random guess), which is quite remarkable given that it is based on a single fMRI experiment using a simple auditory task.


The paper shows that, as owners accumulate larger stakes and hence become less risk-tolerant, their incentives to monitor management are attenuated because monitoring shifts some of the firm?s risk from management to owners. This counterbalances the positive effect which more concentrated ownership has on monitoring via reduced free rider problems. Moreover, the paper shows how the opportunity cost of concentrated ownership, which is the loss of risk-sharing benefits, creates scope to use leverage as an additional complementary governance instrument. The paper offers new explanations for several empirical regularities found in the literature.


The objective of this study was to estimate requirements of energy, protein and macrominerals of young Nellore/Holstein crossbreds bulls supplemented on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Thirty-five young bulls, at 8.53±0.18 months of age and with initial body weight of 230.6±6.1 kg were used. Ten animals were slaughtered as reference, in different weight range, and the other animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period. For estimate of net energy requirements for weight, a regression equation between log of retained energy (RE) and log of empty body weight gain (EBWG) was constructed. Net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were determined by the equation Y' = a.b.Xb-1, in which a and b represent the intercept and the coefficient of equation of prediction of macrominerals in body content, respectively. Requirements of metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained from retained energy in function of metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The requirements of MEm of Nellore/Holstein crossbreds young bulls on pasture was 125 kcal/EBW0.75/day. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k) of grazing Nellore/Holstein crossbred young mbulls was 0.58 and 0.24 for gain. The total metabolizable protein requirements for an animal with 400 kg and with average daily gain of 1.0 kg, were 638.36 g/day. The dietetic requirements of Ca and P for an animal with 400 kg BW were 0.49 and 0.21% of DM, respectively. Daily metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance of grazing Nellore/Holstein crossbred young bulls was 11.6% greater than the values found for cattle in feedlot in Brazil (112 kcal/kg EBW0.75).


In this paper, we study inter-session network coding for sending two unicast sessions over an unreliable wireless channel. Each unicast session transmits a stored video file, whose packets have hard sequential deadline constraints. We first characterize the capacity region (with inter-session network coding) for the transmission rates of the two unicast sessions under heterogeneous channel conditions and heterogeneous deadline constraints. We then develop immediately-decodable network coding (IDNC) schemes for controlling packet transmissions for the unicast sessions subject to hard deadline constraints. In contrast to our prior work that focuses on a single multicast session with homogeneous channel conditions and deadline constraints, the design and performance analysis of the IDNC scheme is much more complicated for unicast-sessions because of the asymmetry due to heterogeneous channel conditions and heterogeneous deadlines. Nonetheless, we establish the asymptotic optimality of the proposed IDNC scheme when the file sizes are sufficiently large.


Domestic patent, copyright and trademark regimes are traditionally justified on an incentive rationale. While international intellectual property agreements are nominally aimed at harnessing global markets to expand incentives, this article argues that as these agreements come into force, a subtle, but significant, reconceptualization is taking place. Free trade agreements treat intellectual property rights as commodities; bilateral investment treaties convert them into assets. Using examples involving the "working requirement" in patent law and pending disputes challenging Australia's limits on the use of trademarks on tobacco products, we show that as these moves progressively detach intellectual property from its incentives basis, domestic authority to promote local concerns such as health, education, and development is increasingly impaired. The authors end with proposals for interpreting the impact of existing agreements and for revising international lawmaking so that intellectual property mechanisms can be exploited to motivate innovation without damaging state authority to safeguard public values. While we recognize that technologically sophisticated countries (such as the United States) will continue to demand stronger intellectual property protection worldwide to compensate for losses in their manufacturing sectors, a system that fails to recognize consumer interests also impedes follow-on innovation and entry by start-ups. Balance is, in short, important for every country, no matter where its sits in the technological hierarchy. Furthermore, those now pushing the commodification and assetization agenda must consider how reconceptualization will affect them in the future, when their position in the hierarchy may well be different.


Cryptogam communities on coarse woody debris persist in forests regenerating after the
first clearfell, burn and sow harvesting rotation due to harvest residue. The habitat
disturbance dynamics in a regenerating forest is different from the natural wildfire
disturbance, as is the dynamics of coarse woody debris, which, while different, also
provides an opportunity for new bryophyte community development. How bryophyte
communities develop in response to this new system dynamic is largely unexplored.
Community development may depend on time since disturbance and/or the degree of
decomposition of the coarse woody debris. For individual species and communities as a
whole, it is not known which of these two effects dominates or what environmental
attributes affect the resulting communities. This research attempts to tease apart these
issues by examining the time dependent response of cryptogamic communities growing on
coarse woody debris to first rotation clearfell, burn and sow harvesting and the relative
significance of forest age and log decay progression on community succession.
Subsequent to clearfelling, cryptogamic communities on coarse woody debris were
compared from wet eucalypt forests of increasing age. There were significant differences
in species richness and community composition between forest age and between log decay
stage. Older forests were the most species rich. More individual species had significant
associations with logs of intermediate decay classes than with logs of an earlier decay class.
The ecology of individual species varied considerably for forest age and log decay class
associations and there were distinct early, middle and late successional species identified.
Forest climate measures of temperature and vapour pressure deficit were used as an
indication of the variation in large scale habitat conditions over time between forests of
each age and to examine the influence of habitat conditions associated with forest age on
of coarse woody debris. There were significant changes over time for temperature and
vapour pressure deficit where mesoclimatic conditions became less variable as forest age
increased. Log moisture was a direct measure of the fine scale habitat conditions
influencing cryptogam communities of coarse woody debris, especially in relation to log
decay stage. Log moisture had a significant influence on bryophyte community
composition over time and was important for determining the succession of cryptogamic
communities when combined with mesoclimatic conditions.
The effect of forest age and log decay stage on cryptogam communities of coarse woody
debris suggests that both of these time dependent processes play an important role in
community succession, and that the distinction between the two habitat variables may vary
depending on time since clearfell, burn and sow disturbance. Fine scale community
analysis revealed that at any forest age and at any decay stage there were significantly
associated species. While this study has shed some light on how succession plays out in the
first decades of the first clearfell, burn and sow rotation, it also suggests that communities
follow a predominantly similar successional pathway as would occur in a forest
regenerating after natural wildfire disturbance; however, it is likely that successive
harvesting events based on 100 year rotations will result in the loss of some cryptogam
species. Managing forests after clearfell, burn and sow for the development of mature
stands and for actively facilitating the persistence of a range of decay stages and coarse
woody debris habitat structures at the site and landscape levels may be appropriate, and the
findings of this study are discussed in this context.


In order to improve the quality of healthcare services and motivate health care institutions to achieve efficiency new management methods are to be found. This article offers one of the instruments created by the author – hospital health care quality evaluation model. The model is developed during a four-stage study. 26 hospital health care qualitym assessment indicators, approved in Lithuania, were chosen as the basis of the study. In the first stage of the study, foreign hospital quality assessment models being practiced in other countries were analysed finding key dimensions which were later identified as quality and efficiency. In the second and third stages of the study, mathematical model for the assessment of indicators was developed. The second stage was simulated in three steps. It was firstly presumed that the maximum number of points assembled by a perfectly assessed Hospital could be 1,000 points, whereas, the lowest score possible being estimated to be – 333. During the second step, relative weight for each dimension (quality and efficiency) was calculated. Quality, as being more substantial dimension, has been given two-thirds, or 75 percent of the relative weight and efficiency accounted for one third, or 25 percent of the relative weight. The third step of the second stage consists of the calculation of value for each specific benchmark indicators assigned to the individual dimensions (quality – 15 indicators; efficiency – 11). All indicators have constant weight. The third step of the study was the assessment of size of each quality and efficiency indicator presented by a particular hospital. This size was measured in 3-point scale, where 1 point means less than the Lithuanian average, 2 – the average of Lithuania, 3 – more than the Lithuanian average. During the fourth stage of the study, the total value of points obtained by each of the 26 indicators was calculated for each hospital and hospitals were ranked from high to low scores by this total value.


This paper presents the evaluation of adaptive control augmentation algorithms for wind disturbance rejection in small rotorcraft UAVs. The following control algorithms are developed in an effort to mitigate wind effects: baseline nonlinear dynamic inversion (NLDI), NLDI augmented with adaptive artificial neural networks (ANN), and NLDI augmented with ℒ1 output-feedback adaptive control. A six degrees-of-freedom nonlinear simulation environment is developed to evaluate the performance under different wind disturbance conditions. Monte Carlo analysis and a set of metrics are applied to compare and assess the overall performance of the developed control algorithms within a predefined wind envelope. These metrics provide a performance evaluation for trajectory tracking, angular rates tracking, attitude angle tracking and total energy consumption. The individual metrics are combined to provide the global performance index for the quadrotor with the developed control algorithms. Outdoor flight test results are included in this paper and the capabilities of these controllers to reduce wind disturbance effects on different flight tracking parameters are analyzed. The performance of the developed control laws is evaluated under nominal, low, medium and high wind disturbance conditions.


There I was, in consulting rooms in London, trying to remember what I had done with my elective. I could manage "Stanford," "western blots for p40" and that was it. I'd only been back eight months but my brain was too addled to extract this simple information. I had had various ailments over the past two years and was having to restructure my self image. I thought that I was a fit 23 year old who had never been ill, so adjusting to months of illness with no energy for anything was a hefty task. When I finally took sick leave in my fifth year, I was overcome by a seemingly inescapable tiredness.

Eventually, my dad convinced me to see a specialist in fatigue. After half an hour of respiration questionnaires, I was told that I had a chronic disruption of my breathing pattern and I was …


Epilepsy is the most common serious disease of the brain. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a novel imaging technique that offers the opportunity for co-localising biochemical information relating to metabolites specific to the study of epilepsy with high resolution MRI. Aims: The work included in this thesis was undertaken with two fundamental aims. The first was to apply a standardised MRS methodology in order to gain reproducible semi-quantitative information about the variation of relevant neuro-metabolites such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), glutamate (as glutamate plus glutamine [GLX]), N acetyl aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (Ins) and creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr) within epilepsy syndromes or pathological groups. The second main aim was to test a series of hypotheses relating to the regulation of the concentrations of these metabolites in the region of epileptic seizures, immediately following seizures and associated with particular medical and surgical treatment interventions. Methods: Seven experiments were performed in this thesis. In all seven studies the findings in the patient groups were compared against results from an acquired control group made up of healthy volunteers. In the first experiment [3.1] twenty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, with (10), and without hippocampal sclerosis were studied using multi voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) sequences in order to examine for differences in the obtained metabolites N acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr), choline containing compounds (Cho), GLX and myo-inositol (Ins) across the pathological groups and against a control population. In experiments [3.2], [3.3], [3.4] and [3.6] an MRS protocol that incorporated a double quantum filter acquisition sequence was applied in order to allow measurement of GABA+ (a combined measure of GABA plus homocarnosine) in addition to measurement of the metabolites examined in [3.1]. Studies were performed in the occipital lobes in patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) (n =10) or occipital lobe epilepsy (n = 10) [3.2], in the frontal lobes in patients with IGE (n = 21) and within regions of the MRI visible pathology in patients with large focal malformations of cortical development (MCD, n =10) [3.4]. In the last experiment using this technique patients with hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 16) were studied in the ipsilateral and also in the contralateral temporal lobes and following temporal lobe surgery (n = 10) [3.6]. In experiment [3.5] ten patients were examined whilst taking and when not taking sodium valproate in order to further examine for an effect of this medication on the measured metabolite concentrations. In experiment [3.7] ten patients were studied immediately after an epileptic seizure and then again during a subsequent inter-ictal period in order to examine for an influence of the recent seizure on the measured concentrations of the main metabolites. Results: MRSI in the temporal lobes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy identified low NAA in the anterior hippocampus that was most severe in those patients with hippocampal sclerosis. GLX elevation was a feature in the patients without hippocampal sclerosis. Metabolic abnormality was most marked in the anterior compared to the posterior hippocampal regions. GABA+ levels were elevated in patients with MCD and in the ipsilateral temporal lobe in temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis but levels were not altered in patients with IGE or OLE. GLX was also elevated in MCD in the region of MRI visible abnormality and in IGE patients when measured in the frontal lobes. Low NAA was a feature of TLE and MCD. Patients with IGE showed normal NAA levels in the occipital lobes but reduced frontal lobe concentrations. Cr concentrations were abnormal in the immediate post ictal period but normalised within 120 minutes. NAA was not altered and no significant change in lactate concentrations was observed. Finally sodium valproate treatment was associated with a reduction in the levels of Ins and with unchanged NAA and GLX levels. Main Conclusions: MRS techniques demonstrate metabolite abnormalities in epileptic patients. NAA is the most sensitive metabolite marker of chronic pathology but levels are insensitive to recent seizure history. These findings repeat earlier observations of the usefulness of NAA measurement in the assessment of chronic epilepsy whilst illustrating ongoing uncertainty as to the correct patho-physiological interpretation of reduced NAA levels. Measurable changes in the combined Cr signal are detectable whilst elevated lactate is not reliably observed following brief epileptic seizures at 1.5T. This finding indicates a potential role for MRS in functional activation studies. Malformations of cortical development have abnormal levels of both GABA+ and GLX and MCD sub-types may well demonstrate different metabolite profiles. This finding suggests that MRS could be a useful tool in the MRI classification of MCD and in the pre-surgical assessment of patients with focal malformations. Following successful temporal lobe surgery levels of NAA remain unchanged but NAA/Cr levels appear to normalise in the contralateral temporal lobe. NAA and GLX/NAA levels were altered in the frontal lobes but not in the occipital lobes in Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy. This finding provides imaging support for frontal lobe dysfunction as a cause or consequence of IGE. Metabolite levels are affected by administered antiepileptic drugs. Sodium valproate reduces the levels of MRS visible Ins levels whilst topiramate and gabapentin appear to be associated with higher GABA+ levels. These findings may be of major importance in the assessment of treatment effect or in the investigation of patients with possible drug resistance. The effect of valproate on Ins levels may become particularly interesting in the light of a growing understanding of the role of astrocyte dysfunction in a range of neurological conditions which include migraine, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, motor neurone disease and in ischaemic lesions.


In recent decades psychologists have shown that the standard model of individual choice is often violated as choices are influenced by the decision context. We propose that voting behavior may be similarly influenced and we introduce a theory of context-dependent voting . Context-dependence implies that preferences over any pair of alternatives may depend not just on the two options but on the entire choice set. With an analysis of data gathered during the 1996 U.S. congressional election we confirm the presence of a significant context-dependent effect on voting behavior. In addition, we demonstrate that, when applied to a simple, standard model of electoral competition, context-dependent voting yields an equilibrium in which only two candidates compete and adopt divergent policy platforms, thereby deterring additional entry. The equilibrium is simultaneously consistent with policy divergence and the stability of two-party political systems that underlies Duverger's Law.


Claims of parental alienation syndrome (PAS) and parental alienation (PA) have come to dominate custody litigation, especially where abuse is alleged. Although much psychological and legal literature has critiqued PAS, and leading researchers as well as most professional institutions have renounced the syndrome concept, alienation as a parental behavior or child's condition continues to be extensively investigated and credited in research and forensic contexts. This article reviews the history of PAS, both as posited by its inventor, Richard Gardner, and as used and applied in courts, suggesting that it not only lacks empirical basis or objective merit, but that it derives from its author's troubling beliefs about adult and child sexual interaction. It then examines the more recent explorations of non-syndrome "alienation" as proffered by Janet Johnston and others, noting both its more balanced and grounded nature and its more modest remedial implications. However, the article concludes that PA is too closely tied to PAS to be an adequate improvement. It, too, is used crudely in courts to defeat abuse allegations, it continues to rely on speculations about mothers' purported unconscious desires and their effects on children, and, more subtly than PAS, it minimizes abuse and its effects on mothers and children. At root, although even PA researchers have found it to be a real issue in only a small minority of contested custody cases, courts' and evaluators' extensive focus on it in response to mothers' abuse allegations continues to privilege false or exaggerated alienation concerns over valid concerns about abuse.


In two studies we investigated whether people evidence an effect of moral contamination with respect to hypothetical organ transplants. This was achieved by asking participants to make judgements after presenting either positive or negative background information about the donor. In the first study, positive/negative background information had a corresponding effect on three judgements with attitudes to a heart transplant most pronounced by negative background information relative to good information and controls. This effect was replicated in the second study with both heart and liver transplantation. Negative effects were stronger than positive effects in all conditions consistent with a negativity bias, but again stronger with regards to organs than controls. These results confirm findings from surveys that reveal real patients are concerned about moral contamination following organ transplantation and show that this bias in evident even in hypothetical, non-life-threatening scenarios. In a third study we found a significantly stronger moral contagion effect in Japanese relative to English participants, suggesting that concerns about moral contagion may be moderated by culture.


This article critically analyses cultural diversity policy in Tel Aviv–Jaffa in relation to non-Jewish labour migrant communities and to Palestinian citizens of Israel residing in Jaffa. It focuses on recent incorporation of cultural diversity into city policy in its 'City Vision' and 'Global City' initiatives and in three specific areas (festivities, libraries and museum of city history). The article argues that despite the introduction and initial institutionalization of cultural diversity in Tel Aviv, there are unresolved contradictions when city policies encounter the ethnocratic boundaries set by Israel's policies.


Obesity is undoubtedly the major nutritional disorder of the western world. It has such a major impact on mortality, morbidity and the quality of life that it most certainly merits consideration as a disease in its own right and should be managed as such. Obesity and Weight Management in Primary Care covers all the evidence on the disease of obesity which impacts both quality of life and health. It reviews the links to long-term illness, especially diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and dedicates much to the current management strategies and treatment of obesity. This book aims to make the task of tackling obesity less daunting for both patients and the health care professionals who treat them.


Meet your certification guide on the journey to Oracle DBAThe Oracle DBA Certification track now consists of three levels Associate (OCA), Professional (OCP), and Master (OCM). This valuable kit helps you attain success at each level, providing clarification of the complex material along with plenty of practice that covers all exam objectives.OCP Oracle Certified Professional on Oracle 12c Certification Kit is the ideal tool for preparing for the OCA and OCP exams. With two comprehensive study guides in one package, this kit serves as a helpful companion throughout your journey to Oracle DBA certification. The OCA study guide is designed for those with some Oracle experience and a background in operational management and maintenance, covering one hundred percent of the material on exams 1Z0-061 and 1Z0-062. Once you're OCA certified, the OCP guide prepares you for exam 1Z0-063 by drawing on your experience with backup, recovery, and cloud computing to master database architecture, RMAN, multitenant architecture, and more. Along the way, you'll have access to robust study tools including review questions, bonus practice exam questions, electronic flashcards, and an appendix of additional lab exercises that give you hands-on experience in preparation for exam day.Review data handling and the creation/maintenance of Oracle databasesUnderstand database architecture and the functionality of ASMConfigure projects for recoverability and backup with RMANLearn efficient space management, multitenant architecture, and moreThe addition of multitenancy to Oracle 12c makes an up-to-date study guide crucial for thorough preparation. You must be able to demonstrate your expertise in all aspects of the Oracle environment within a limited time frame, so studying early and often is the surest route to success. If you're ready to tackle these challenging exams, OCP Oracle Certified Professional on Oracle 12c Certification Kit can give you the confidence you need.


The percentage of vocalic intervals (%V) and the standard deviation of consonantal intervals (deltaC) in a speech signal are two dimensions according to which languages of different rhythm classes (e.g. stress-timed, syllable-timed) seem to be differentiable on an acoustic level (Ramus et al., 1999). In this context it has been found that especially deltaC varies considerably as a function of speech rate (Barry et al., 2003 and Dellwo & Wagner,
2003).
The present paper argues that if deltaC was determined by speech rate it would describe speech rate rather than rhythm. For this reason a variation coefficient (varcoDeltaC) will be calculated in order to monitor relative deltaC variation across speech rates. Results for varcoDeltaC support the views that a) according to varcoDeltaC rhythm classes seem to be better differentiable and b) some languages tend to vary in rhythm as a function of speech rate (German, English), while the rhythm of other languages seems to be unaffected by changes in speech rate (French).


"Invented Knowledge" is an exploration of the murky world of fake science and pseudo-history: fields that generally rely on lost continents, ancient super-civilizations, conspiratorial cover-ups, preternaturally daring and undocumented discoveries, and even vast Satan-inspired plots to offer an alternative version of the past. At once lively and authoritative, Ronald H. Fritze illuminates the phenomenon of false history by telling the story of a select group of pseudo-historical ideas. He explores legends such as the lost continent of Atlantis, and the original settlement of the Americas by a European people, who established a glorious civilization only to be supplanted by the invading 'Red Indian', and whose only remains are the many mounds scattered across the eastern United States. He also discusses the beliefs of more recent religious groups, such as the Nation of Islam and Christian Identity. Fritze shows that in spite of, or perhaps because of, the strongest rejections of mainstream historians, and the lack of scientific evidence, some of these ideas have proved very durable, and gained widespread acceptance in the public mind. Such ideas can also be deadly - the Nazis, for example, believed in a false version of European history in which the German people were a superior race destined to conquer the world. With many diverting examples of spurious narrative, artificial chronology and ersatz theory, "Invented Knowledge" also unravels the disputes and debates surrounding controversial books such as 1421: The Year China Discovered America, Black Athena, The Holy Blood and The Holy Grail and The Da Vinci Code.


Aims. A census of molecular hydrogen flows across the entire Orion A giant molecular cloud is sought. With this paper we aim to associate each flow with its progenitor and associated molecular core, so that the characteristics of the outflows and outflow sources can be established. Methods. We present wide-field near-infrared images of Orion A, obtained with the Wide Field Camera, WFCAM, on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. Broad-band K and narrow-band H 2 1-0S(1) images of a contiguous ∼8 square degree region are compared to mid-IR photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope and (sub)millimetre dust-continuum maps obtained with the MAMBO and SCUBA bolometer arrays. Using previously-published H 2 images, we also measured proper motions for H 2 features in 33 outflows, and use these data to help associate flows with existing sources and/or dust cores. Results. Together these data give a detailed picture of dynamical star formation across this extensive region. We increase the number of known H 2 outflows to 116. A total of 111 H 2 flows were observed with Spitzer; outflow sources are identified for 72 of them (12 more H 2 flows have tentative progenitors). The MAMBO 1200 μm maps cover 97 H 2 flows; 57 of them (59%) are associated with Spitzer sources and either dust cores or extended 1200 μm emission. The H 2 jets are widely distributed and randomly orientated. The jets do not appear to be orthogonal to large-scale filaments or even to the small-scale cores associated with the outflow sources (at least when traced with the 11" resolution of the 1200 μm MAMBO observations). Moreover, H 2 jet lengths (L) and opening angles (0) are not obviously correlated with indicators of outflow source age - source spectral index, a (measured from mid-IR photometry), or (sub)millimetre core flux. It seems clear that excitation requirements limit the usefulness of H 2 as a tracer of L and 0 (though jet position angles are well defined). Conclusions. We demonstrate that H 2 jet sources are predominantly protostellar sources with flat or positive mid-IR spectral indices, rather than disc-excess (or T Tauri) stars. Most protostars associated with molecular cores drive H 2 outflows; however, not all molecular cores are associated with protostars or H 2 jets. On statistical grounds, the H 2 jet phase may be marginally shorter than the protostellar phase, though it must be considerably (by an order of magnitude) shorter than the prestellar phase. In terms of range and mean value of a, H 2 jet sources are indistinguishable from protostars. The spread in a observed for both protostars and H 2 outflow sources is probably a function of inclination angle as much as source age. The few true protostars without H 2 jets are almost certainly more evolved than their H 2 -jet-driving counterparts, although these later stages of protostellar evolution (as the source transitions to being a "disc-excess" source) must be very brief, since a large fraction of protostars do drive H 2 flows. We also find that the protostars that power molecular outflows are no more (nor no less) clustered than protostars that do not. This suggests that the H 2 emission regions in jets and outflows from young stars weaken and fade very quickly, before the source evolves from protostar to pre-main-sequence star, and on time-scales much shorter than those associated with the T Tauri phase, the Herbig-Haro jet phase, and the dispersal of young stellar objects.


Abstract. Decision tree (DT) induction has been widely used in different pattern classification. However, most traditional DTs have the disadvantage that they consider only non-spatial attributes (ie, spectral information) as a result of classifying pixels, which can result in objects being misclassified. Therefore, some researchers have proposed a co-location decision tree (Cl-DT) method, which combines co-location and decision tree to solve the above the above-mentioned traditional decision tree problems. Cl-DT overcomes the shortcomings of the existing DT algorithms, which create a node for each value of a given attribute, which has a higher accuracy than the existing decision tree approach. However, for non-linearly distributed data instances, the euclidean distance between instances does not reflect the true positional relationship between them. In order to overcome these shortcomings, this paper proposes an isometric mapping method based on Cl-DT (called, (Isomap-based Cl-DT), which is a method that combines heterogeneous and Cl-DT together. Because isometric mapping methods use geodetic distances instead of Euclidean distances between non-linearly distributed instances, the true distance between instances can be reflected. The experimental results and several comparative analyzes show that: (1) The extraction method of exposed carbonate rocks is of high accuracy. (2) The proposed method has many advantages, because the total number of nodes, the number of leaf nodes and the number of nodes are greatly reduced compared to Cl-DT. Therefore, the Isomap -based Cl-DT algorithm can construct a more accurate and faster decision tree.


Laser shock peening is a well-known method for extending the fatigue life of metal components by introducing near-surface compressive residual stress. The surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are dispersive when the near-surface properties of materials are changed. So the near-surface properties (such as the thickness of hardened layers, elastic properties, residual stresses, etc.) can be analyzed by the phase velocity dispersion. To study the propagation of SAWs in metal samples after peening, a more reasonable experimental method of broadband excitation and reception is introduced. The ultrasonic signals are excited by laser and received by polyvinylindene fluoride (PVDF) transducer. The SAW signals in aluminum alloy materials with different impact times by laser shock peening are detected. Signal spectrum and phase velocity dispersion curves of SAWs are analyzed. Moreover, reasons for dispersion are discussed.


The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of trade liberalization on Bangladesh economy between the periods 1980 to 2010. This research analyzes the achievements of the economy in terms of important variables such as growth, inflation, export and import after trade liberalization. The paper uses simple Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique as methodology for empirical findings. The analysis clearly indicates that GDP growth increased consequent to liberalization. Trade liberalization does not seem to have affected inflation in the economy. The quantitative analysis also suggests that greater openness has had a favourable effect on economic development. Both real export and imports have increased with greater openness. Liberalization policy certainly improves export of the country which eventually leads higher economic growth after 1990s. The findings of this study can be an interesting example for trade liberalization policy study in developing countries.


Synthetic chemistry for molecular imprinting is a necessary 'jack-of-all-trades' no matter what application the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) aim for. There is significant interest in developing different types of chemistry for MIPs so that these can be used as selective materials towards analyte sensing. Therefore, this chapter discusses the comprehensive approaches to syntheses of MIPs, including design of functional monomers providing different types of interactions with templates, imprinting and polymerization techniques to form templated MIPs, and template removal. The versatile usage of MIPs as the selectively sensing materials for a broad range of analytes from macro-sized cells, viruses, bacteria, to sub-nano-sized metal ions and organic contaminants is then demonstrated.


The study was conducted in Atsbiwonberta district to determine the relationship between live weight and linear measurements and predict live weight from morphometric traits. Three potential peasant associations namely, Habes, GolgolNeale and Gebrekidan were selected. Randomly selected 257 sheep (121 males and 136 females) were grouped into four age groups (0 PPI, 1 PPI, 2 PPI, and 3 PPI). Live body weight was highly and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with heart girth (0.950), body length (0.788) and height at wither (0.785). The simple regression equation for prediction of live body weight using heart girth was y = -18.7+0.6*HG (R2 0.903; P<0.000; N=257). The multiple regression equation for prediction of live body weight using heart girth, body length and height at wither was y = -24.3+0.5*HG+0.2*BL (R2 0.983; P<0.000; N=257) and y=-25.5+0.5*HG+ 0.1*BL+0.1*HW (R2 0.995; P<0.000; N=257).  The current study concluded that heart girth or its combinations could provide a good estimation for predicting live weight of highland sheep.

 Key words: Highland sheep, body measurement, prediction equation.


Introduction and purpose: Sleep is an important part of every body's life which may be influenced by factors such as age. Medication is a useful method to overcome sleep disorders among elderly. However, non-drug approaches such as music therapy can easily self-improve quality of sleep in elderly with minimal side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of music-therapy on quality of sleep among retired elderly men in Isfahan 2011. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research. The population of the current research was elderly from Isfahan city petroleum's Retirement Association in which only 44 samples met the eligibility criteria to be included in the study. Data were collected by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Using randomized block design, samples were divided into two groups of intervention and controls. The intervention group consisted of 18 men aged 60 to 75 years old who received music therapy for 45 minutes per night in duration of three months. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 and Shapiro test, MannWhitney, paired t-test and independent t-test at a significance level of p<0.05 were used. Findings: The mean score of quality of sleep at baseline was 10.44 and 9.33 for intervention and control groups, respectively. However after the follow-up, the mean score of quality of sleep was 9.22 and 5.94 for intervention and control groups, respectively. The results showed that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean score of the quality of life between the two studied groups after intervention. Conclusion: This study showed that music therapy can improve quality of sleep among elder men. Therefore, we recommend implementation and promotion of music-therapy education for elderly by medical team and nursing staffs who are working at the geriatric field.


SummaryThe most important changes in lipid composition during larval development in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, were noted in the total weight of the fatty acid classes. Palmitic acid and a C18:1 acid, presumably oleic, were the most abundant fatty acids in the different lipid classes during larval development, together accounting for more than 70% of the total. The proportions of the fatty acids changed very little during development. Of the sterols, 24-methylene cholesterol was most abundant in both the free and esterified forms except on the first and second days when cholesterol ester was more abundant. Cholesterol-ester concentration decreased in such a way that on the fifth larval day the percentage composition of the sterol esters was almost identical to that of the free sterols. The composition of the free sterols remained practically constant during development.


There has been little scholarly attention to the identities and migratory experiences of first-generation British South Asians, especially from social psychologists. Drawing upon Identity Process Theory, this article examines the inter-relations between migration and identity processes among twenty first-generation British South Asians. The interview data were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. Results suggested that migration was perceived as a means of enhancing identity and that following migration individuals acquired a 'higher' social status in the homeland. Moreover, the psychologically traumatic aspects of migration, such as the loss of community and 'otherisation' from one's ethnic ingroup, were outlined. It is argued that migration can have profound socio-psychological implications and that decades later it can continue to shape individuals' sense of self and their attachment to relevant social categories. Furthermore, migration has important outcomes for the extent and nature of British national identification as well one's relationship with the ethnic 'homeland'.


A new control scheme for parallel-connected inverters taking into account the effect of line impedance is presented. The system presented here consists of two single-phase inverters connected in parallel. The control technique is based on instantaneous average current-sharing control that requires interconnections among inverters for information sharing. A generalized model of a single-phase parallel-connected inverter system is derived. The model incorporates the detail of the control loops that use a proportional-resonant controller, but not the switching action. The voltage- and current-controller design and parameters selection process are discussed. Adaptive gain scheduling is introduced to the controller to improve the current and power sharing for a condition, where the line impedance is different among the inverters. The simulation results show that the adaptive gain-scheduling approaches introduced improve the performance of conventional controller in terms of current and power sharing between inverters under difference line impedance condition. The experiments validate the proposed system performance.


Temporal variation in the baseline stable carbon isotope (δ13C) value of a well‐studied, productive lake was examined over a 26‐yr period using archived samples of the herbivorous zooplankter Daphnia galeata as a proxy because of its phytoplankton diet. The baseline δ13C value was strongly correlated with pH and the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the lake as well as with the δ13C value of a predatory zooplankter. An isotopic fractionation model incorporating algal physiology (the growth rate, surface area, and carbon content of the main phytoplankton species) and the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in the lake was used to predict, successfully, the baseline δ13C values of the lake over the study period. In aquatic ecosystems where the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide is temporally variable, the baseline δ13C value can be more clearly defined by taking the concentration of CO2 into account. This approach will allow food web relationships to be quantified more accurately.


The value added from dynamic downscaling in climate projections of extratropical cyclones over the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) is evaluated. For this purpose, the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) is nested in the Hadley Global Environment Model 2 ‐ Earth System (HadGEM2‐ES) global climate model under the RCP8.5 scenario. The analyses focus on three time slices: the present (1979–2005), near future (NF: 2020–2050) and far future (FF: 2070–2098) climates. The cyclone tracking used an algorithm that searches for minima of relative vorticity at 925 hPa. Simulations of the present climate are compared to data from an ensemble of five reanalyses (ERA‐40, ERA‐Interim, NCEP‐NCAR, NCEP‐DOE and CFSR). For present climate, there is good agreement among reanalyses and models in associating austral winter and summer with higher and lower cyclone frequency, respectively. In addition, the simulations present the mean features of the cyclones (lifetime, distance travelled and mean velocity) as similar to those of the reanalysis. Moreover, RegCM4 outperforms the HadGEM2‐ES by simulating more realistically the spatial pattern of the cyclogenesis density over the SAO, which indicates value added from the RegCM4 downscaling. For the future climates, a decrease is projected for the annual frequency of cyclones, which reaches −6.5% (−3.6%) in RegCM4 (HadGEM2‐ES) in the NF and −11.4% (−10.4%) in the FF. Future projections do not indicate changes in the mean intensity of the cyclones. The negative trend of the cyclone frequency affects the precipitation. For FF, a decrease of approximately 15% in the precipitation associated with cyclones is projected.


Written by a team of internationally respected experts, this book explores the conditions under which social policy, defined as the public pursuit of secure welfare, operates in the poorer regions of the world. Social policy in advanced capitalist countries operates through state intervention to compensate for the inadequate welfare outcomes of the labour market. Such welfare regimes cannot easily be reproduced in poorer regions of the world where states suffer problems of governance and labour markets are imperfect and partial. Other welfare regimes therefore prevail involving non-state actors such as landlords, moneylenders and patrons. This book seeks to develop a conceptual framework for understanding different types of welfare regime in a range of countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa and makes an important contribution to the literature by breaking away from the traditional focus on Europe and North America.


Cultural industries have seen tremendous growth in recent years as a source of revenue and employment. This growth has sparked an interest among policymakers and researchers about what constitutes cultural industries, and the socio-spatial dynamics that underpin the innovation process within such industries. In this chapter, we follow Allen J. Scott in defining cultural industries as activities that produce goods and services valued for their symbolic and aesthetic qualities relative to their utilitarian ones, and we examine the nature of innovation within these industries, given the significance of aesthetic content as a distinguishing feature. In particular, we focus on the need for symbolic knowledge – that is, the knowledge of contemporary cultural currents – as a unique element of the innovation process, and we explore the bases and challenges for the production of such knowledge. In exploring the production of symbolic knowledge, we review some of the established literature that cites the innovation process as an inherently collective one, but we also identify elements that have been, to date, under-examined in the literature in order to broaden out current analyses of the social foundations of innovation. At the same time, our chapter considers some of the key challenges that firms and workers in these industries face, particularly in light of recent structural and technological changes, and the delicate balance between aesthetic and commercial considerations that must be attained. We highlight initiatives that can help to foster more conducive settings for innovation, with particularly emphasis on forms of support and spaces that can shelter cultural workers from risk, mediating rising commercial and technological pressures and fostering experimentation and exchange.


Functional beauty Founded in Welmar in 1919, the Bauhaus school developed a revolutionary approach that fused fine art with craftsmanship and engineering in everything from architecture to furniture, typography, and even theater. Originally headed by Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus counted among its members artists and architects such as Paul Klee, Lyonel Feininger, Wassily Kandinsky, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, and Marcel Breuer. In 1930 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe took over as the leader, but soon after, in 1933, the Nazi government shut down the school. During its fourteen years of existence, Bauhaus managed to change the faces of art, architecture, and industrial design forever and is still hugely influential today.


Samuel Zell's acquisition of the Chicago Tribune Company (the Tribune) in December 2007 using a little-known type of Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) made headlines. In a complicated transaction, which took nearly a year to complete, the Tribune converted from a subchapter C corporation to a subchapter S corporation, established an ESOP that purchased 100 percent of the company's equity, and sold Zell a call option giving him the right to purchase 40 percent of the company's equity. Press reports claim that Zell's novel structure enabled Zell to outbid other suitors. And financial commentators predict that many acquirers will employ that same structure as soon as acquisition activity picks up. Zell's Tribune transaction also caught the eye of legislators, including Congressman Charles Rangel, who introduced a bill that would increase the tax on indirect claims - such as the one owned by Zell - on the equity of an S corporation held by an ESOP (synthetic equity).Although ESOPs are more than 30 years old, until 1998, an S corporation could not sponsor an ESOP. Over the last ten years, so-called S ESOPs have grown rapidly, but largely outside of public view. The Tribune transaction has focused a bright light on S ESOPs and there are some who believe that their current tax treatment is too favorable. Yet, there has been little in-depth analysis of the tax treatment of S ESOPs. Accordingly, this paper attempts to fill that gap by presenting a systematic economic evaluation of the tax consequences of using an S ESOP. It seeks to describe both qualitatively and quantitatively the tax advantages and disadvantages of using an S ESOP (with or without synthetic equity) relative to alternative available structures. This paper also estimates by how much the S ESOP structure likely allowed Zell to increase his bid for the Tribune.


We compare two leading regional innovation systems (RIS) in East Germany with two RIS in West Germany of about the same size and internal settlement structure. Our analyses show that differences in the performance between the regions cannot easily be related to the structural properties of the respective innovation networks because divergent general economic conditions in the two parts of the country as well as the integration of regions into their neighboring spatial environment play a rather dominant role. Overall, our analysis clearly shows that an analysis of RIS should account for the general economic conditions as well as for the position of a region in its spatial environment. Focusing just on the respective region is not enough.


This Essay reviews Peter Irons, "War Powers, How the Imperial Presidency Hijacked the Constitution" and John Yoo, "The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11." Peter Irons' WAR POWERS favors congressional initiative in questions of war and peace but makes a historical argument that our government has strayed from the constitutional design in the service of an imperialist foreign policy. John Yoo's THE POWERS OF WAR AND PEACE seeks to overthrow the traditional perspective on war powers espoused by Irons in favor of executive initiative in war. Yoo also pursues a revisionist perspective on the treaty power, which favors executive initiative in treaty negotiation and interpretation but insists on congressional implementation so as to minimize the impact of international obligations on domestic law. This Essay criticizes Irons' approach for its failure to provide a normative defense of congressional initiative in war and takes issue with some of the historical and structural analyses underlying Yoo's defense of executive unilateralism in the realm of war powers. Because Yoo's arguments on the treaty power raise questions of methodological consistency, he is susceptible to the criticism that his arguments are motivated more by prudential and policy considerations than by fidelity to constitutional text, structure and history. The Essay concludes that, while the constitutional text, structure and history are clear and consistent and support Irons' arguments favoring congressional war powers, the Constitution provides little guidance on how the treaty power should operate. Yoo's view that treaties do not bind the President finds no support in constitutional text or structure. This Essay offers a structural interpretation of the constitutional treaty power different from Yoo's, one that would promote U.S. participation in multilateral treaty regimes that foster security and the rule of law.


To try to protect the stability of the financial system, regulators and policymakers have been extending bankruptcy-resolution techniques beyond their normal boundaries. To date, however, their efforts have been insufficient, in part because bankruptcy law traditionally has microprudential goals (to protect individual firms) whereas protecting financial stability is a "macroprudential" goal.
This Article seeks to derive a logical and consistent theory of how and why resolution-based regulation can help to stabilize the financial system. To that end, the Article identifies three possible regulatory approaches: reactive resolution-based regulation, which comprises variations on traditional bankruptcy; proactive resolution-based regulation, which consists of pre-planned enhancements that are designed to strengthen or facilitate the resolvability of financial system elements that become troubled; and counteractive regulation, which seeks to reduce the need for resolution (and thus is not truly resolution).
The Article then argues that resolution-based regulation should seek not merely (as currently conceived) to protect individual troubled systemically important firms but also to protect against the failure of systemically important firms in the aggregate as well as to protect other critical elements of the financial system. These include the markets in which securities and other financial assets are traded and the infrastructure that serves to facilitate that trading. Finally, the Article applies these insights to design resolution-based regulation that can be used by regulators as an additional macroprudential "tool."


A substantial number of studies suggests a strong relationship between education and aspects of political participation and interest. Only a small body of literature, however, addresses whether these patterns represent causal effects. We add to this research and re-examine the question in the German context. For identification, we exploit an exogenous increase in lower secondary compulsory schooling between 1949 and 1969 in former West Germany, and use data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) to identify individuals' educational biographies more precisely than prior research. Our results reinforce findings from Siedler (2010): multiple regression analyses first indicate a positive, statistically significant correlation between schooling and our measures of political activities. IV estimates, however, are all trivial, for both compliers and the full sample, indicating that the reform did not stimulate long-term changes in political participation and interest.


There is a growing recognition in refugee and forced migration studies that research partnerships, especially those that cross geographies of the global North and global South, are both a blessing and a potential curse. They are a blessing as they encourage new approaches to the co-creation of knowledge, build solidarity networks, and leverage support for scholars based in the global South. But they can also be a curse as they typically function within and can inadvertently reproduce deeply embedded structures of inequality. Drawing on the results of a review of forced displacement research centres based in the global South and interviews with the directors of these centres, this article encourages a shift from focusing on research partnerships to an approach that supports the localization of knowledge production in refugee and forced migration studies. This approach seeks to change the structures of knowledge production, including direct funding to researchers and research centres based in the global South, an emphasis on the transfer of power to researchers in the South, a recognition of the diverse forms and sources of knowledge produced within the field, and an appreciation for the diverse understandings of success and impact across contexts.


Objective: To assess the prevalence of headache subtypes in Gulf War Illness (GWI) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) compared to controls. Background: Approximately, 25% of the military personnel who served in the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War have developed GWI. Symptoms of GWI and CFS have considerable overlap, including headache complaints. Migraines are reported in CFS. The type and prevalence of headaches in GWI have not been adequately assessed. Methods: 50 GWI, 39 CFS and 45 controls had structured headache evaluations based on the 2004 International Headache Society criteria. All subjects had history and physical examinations, fatigue and symptom related questionnaires, measurements of systemic hyperalgesia (dolorimetry), and assessments for exclusionary conditions. Results: Migraines were detected in 64% of GWI (odds ratio = 11.6 [4.1–32.5]) (mean [±95% CI]) and 82% of CFS subjects (odds ratio = 22.5 [7.8–64.8]) compared to only 13% of controls. There was a predominance of females in the CFS compared to GWI and controls. However, migraine status was independent of gender in GWI and CFS groups (x2 = 2.7; P = 0.101). Measures of fatigue, pain, and other ancillary criteria were comparable between GWI and CFS subjects with and without headache. Conclusion: The high prevalence of migraine in CFS was confirmed and extended to GWI subjects. GWI and CFS may share dysfunctional central pathophysiological pathways that contribute to migraine and subjective symptoms. The high migraine prevalence warrants the inclusion of a structured headache evaluation in GWI and CFS subjects, and treatment when present.


Scraping and excavating parrotfishes are well known for their marked differences in jaw morphology and feeding behaviour. Despite the importance of parrotfishes to reef systems and the well-known differences within the group, few studies have compared the functional importance of scraping versus excavating parrotfishes in shaping coral reef benthic communities. We compared the abundance, depth and dynamics of scraping and excavating parrotfish grazing scars on massive Porites spp. colonies along a reef gradient at Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef. Scraping grazing scars were more abundant at most study sites than excavating scars. Excavating grazing scars were relatively rare but exposed more coral skeleton than scraping scars. Approximately 70% of excavating scars had some degree of filamentous algal growth in the scar compared with just 5% of scraping scars. Scraping grazing scars on massive Porites spp. completely disappeared after 2 mo whereas excavating grazing scars remained almost unchanged over this period. Groups of excavat- ing scars were more tightly clustered, exposed more coral skeleton and presented higher algal cover than grouped scraping scars. The deep, long-lasting excavating scars probably provide more suitable sites for the settlement of benthic algae and other invasive taxa on coral colonies. In contrast, the abundant and frequent grazing scars of scraping parrotfish may represent a more constant drain on energy supplies for coral colonies. These results highlight the differences between parrotfishes with distinct feeding modes and indicate that they differently impact not only algal communities but also coral colonies.


The First Amendment's rights of speech, press, religion, and assembly were once "interwoven" but distinct. Together, these freedoms advanced a pluralist skepticism of state orthodoxy that protected religious and other forms of liberty. The connections among these rights were evident at the Framing. They were also prominent during the 1930s and 1940s, when legal and political rhetoric recognized the "preferred position" of the "Four Freedoms." We have lost sight of the Four Freedoms, supplanting their unified distinctiveness with an undifferentiated free speech framework driven by unsatisfying concepts like content neutrality and public forum analysis. It did not have to be this way, and it may not be too late to change course. This Article seeks to renew the pluralist emphasis once represented by the Four Freedoms. The consequences of losing the pluralist vision are nowhere more evident than in the diminishing constitutional protections for religious groups, which are paradigmatic of the expressive, dissenting, and culture-forming groups of civil society. The Four Freedoms remind us that the boundaries of religious liberty have never rested solely in the First Amendment's free exercise clause — religious liberty is best strengthened by ensuring robust protections of more general forms of liberty. But the normative effort to reclaim pluralism is not without costs, and it confronts powerful objections from anti-discrimination norms pertaining to race, gender, and sexual orientation — objections that cannot go unanswered.