Getting Started 1 Introducing the Workspace 2 Getting to Know InDesign 3 Setting Up a Document and Working with Pages 4 Working with Objects 5 Flowing Text 6 Editing Text 7 Working with Typography 8 Working with Color 9 Working with Styles 10 Importing and Modifying Graphics 11 Creating Tables 12 Working with Transparency 13 Printing and Exporting 14 Creating Adobe PDF Documents with Form Fields 15 Exporting for E-Readers 16 Working with Long Documents BONUS 17 (download): Creating an iPad Publication


Background: Low-income and non-white children experience disparities in health, education, and access to nature. These health disparities are often associated and exacerbated by inequities in the U.S. educational system. Recent research suggests that nature contact may reduce these health and educational disparities for urban low-income populations. Nature-based education (NBE) uses nature contact to inspire curiosity and improve health. This study examines the health and educational outcomes of a 15-week NBE intervention for urban low-income, black and Hispanic children 10–15 years of age. Methods: Children (n=122) completed a pre-intervention and post-intervention survey that addressed seven science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)-capacity items (leadership, teamwork, science relevance, sustainability relevance, STEM self-efficacy, science interest, and overall STEM capacity) and six widely used health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) domains (physical health functioning, emotional health functioning, school functioning, social functioning, family functioning, and overall HRQoL). Focus groups with participating students and post-intervention surveys of NBE mentors and teachers explored perceptions of the intervention impact. Results: There were statistically significant positive changes in STEM capacity and HRQoL for participating students. For example, children's overall STEM capacity and overall HRQoL scores improved by 44% and 46%, respectively (both p<0.05). Qualitative data highlighted the intervention's educational and health benefits. Conclusions: These results support further research quantifying the effects of NBE on STEM capacity and HRQoL in urban, low-income, black and Hispanic children.


Recently, through homozygosity mapping followed by sequencing of candidate genes in the linkage region, Maruyama et al have discovered that OPTN is a causative gene for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).1 They examined a total of 689 Japanese ALS subjects (92 with familial ALS (fALS), including 16 from consanguineous marriages, and 597 with sporadic ALS (sALS)) and identified three types of OPTN mutations.1 The first is a homozygous deletion of exon 5 in two siblings from a consanguineous family. The second is a homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Q398X) in a patient from another consanguineous family. The same homozygous mutation has been found in a sALS subject. The third is a heterozygous missense mutation (p.E478G) in two pairs of siblings from unrelated families. A functional study of p.E478G showed that the mutation lost the NF-κB inhibitory effect of OPTN similar to p.Q398X, supporting its causality.1

To validate the previous result using a different cohort and to further define the spectrum and frequency of the OPTN mutation in ALS, we screened the entire coding region (exons 4–16) and exon–intron boundaries of OPTN mutation in 713 ALS (687 sALS and 26 fALS) patients using a direct sequencing method. Detailed clinical information and experimental methods are described in an online supplementary note. We found 17 kinds of sequence variations (table 1 and online supplementary table 1). All were substitutions of a single nucleotide. There were eight variants in the coding region, and …


With Linux for the Sony PS3, the IBM QS2x blades and the Toshiba Celleb platform having hit mainstream Linux distributions, programming for the Cell BE is becoming increasingly interesting for developers of performance computing. This talk is about the concepts of the architecture and how to develop applications for it. Most importantly, there will be an overview of new feature additions and latest developments, including: • Preemptive scheduling on SPUs (finally!): While it has been possible to run concurrent SPU programs for some time, there was only a very limited version of the scheduler implemented. Now we have a full time-slicing scheduler with normal and realtime priorities, SPU affinity and gang scheduling. • Using SPUs for offloading kernel tasks: There are a few compute intensive tasks like RAID-6 or IPsec processing that can benefit from running partially on an SPU. Interesting aspects of the implementation are how to balance kernel SPU threads against user processing, how to efficiently communicate with the SPU from the kernel and measurements to see if it is actually worthwhile. • Overlay programming: One significant limitation of the SPU is the size of the local memory that is used for both its code and data. Recent compilers support overlays of code segments, a technique widely known in the previous century but mostly forgotten in Linux programming nowadays.


Point-based geometries evolved into a valuable alternative to surface representations based on polygonal meshes, because of their conceptual simplicity and superior flexibility. Elliptical surface splats were shown to allow for high-quality anti-aliased rendering by sophisticated EWA filtering. Since the publication of the original software-based EWA splatting, several authors tried to map this technique to the GPU in order to exploit hardware acceleration. Due to the lacking support for splat primitives, these methods always have to find a trade-off between rendering quality and rendering performance. In this paper, we discuss the capabilities of today's GPUs for hardware-accelerated surface splatting. We present an approach that achieves a quality comparable to the original EWA splatting at a rate of more than 20M elliptical splats per second. In contrast to previous GPU renderers, our method provides per-pixel Phong shading even for dynamically changing geometries and high-quality anti-aliasing by employing a screen-space pre-filter in addition to the object-space reconstruction filter. The use of deferred shading techniques effectively avoids unnecessary shader computations and additionally provides a clear separation between the rasterization and the shading of elliptical splats, which considerably simplifies the development of custom shaders. We demonstrate quality, efficiency, and flexibility of our approach by showing several shaders on a range of models.


Loss of penis due to injury or disease is physically and psychologically devastating to any male. While the technique of penile reconstruction continues to evolve in conjunction with the evolution of flaps in reconstructive surgery, the free tissue transfer using radial artery forearm flap (RAFF) in a single stage is recognized as the most preferred method at present. However, to avoid the complications often seen in such single-stage method, we used a novel two-stage technique for total penile reconstruction in two cases after penile loss. We prefabricated the neophallus in the forearm and constructed saphenofemoral arteriovenous loop in the groin in the first stage to allow all the suture lines to heal and provide for easy and reliable recipient vessels. The neophallus was transferred after 4 weeks and vessel anastomoses done conveniently in the groin with adequate sized vessels with robust inflow. Both the patients recovered well without any need for urinary diversion and quickly attained the ability to pass urine in standing position. We offer that the two-stage method of penile reconstruction using free RAFF is reliable, easy to perform and can avoid many of the complications seen with single-stage reconstruction.


An immune response can be activated by pathogenic stimuli, as well as endogenous danger signals, triggering the activation of pattern recognition receptors and initiating signalling cascades that lead to inflammation. This method uses THP1-Blue™ cells, a human monocytic cell line which contains an embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter gene allowing the detection of NF-κB-induced transcriptional activation. We validated this protocol by assessing NF-κB activation after stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by two different agonists: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), derived from the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria, and tenascin-C, an extracellular matrix protein whose expression is induced upon tissue injury. We then used this protocol to screen for potential new endogenous TLR4 agonists, but this method can also be used as a quick, economical and reliable means to assay the activity of other inflammatory stimuli resulting in TLR-dependent NF-κB activation.


Vision Transformer has shown great visual representation power in substantial vision tasks such as recognition and detection, and thus been attracting fast-growing efforts on manually designing more effective architectures. In this paper, we propose to use neural architecture search to automate this process, by searching not only the architecture but also the search space. The central idea is to gradually evolve different search dimensions guided by their E-T Error computed using a weight-sharing supernet. Moreover, we provide design guidelines of general vision transformers with extensive analysis according to the space searching process, which could promote the understanding of vision transformer. Remarkably, the searched models, named S3 (short for Searching the Search Space), from the searched space achieve superior performance to recently proposed models, such as Swin, DeiT and ViT, when evaluated on ImageNet. The effectiveness of S3 is also illustrated on object detection, semantic segmentation and visual question answering, demonstrating its generality to downstream vision and vision-language tasks. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/microsoft/Cream.


We employ surface acoustic waves to probe and manipulate optically active nanosystems. We demonstrate that the attenuation of a SAW provides a high sensitivity probe of the electrical conductivity by measuring the persistent photoconductivity in a multi quantum well structure. Moreover we apply SAW to dissociate photogenerated electron-hole pairs and by acoustic transport convey these at the speed of sound over macroscopic distances to a remote quantum emitter. After inherently sequential injection of electrons and holes, excitons are formed in these artificial atoms which recombine and emit single photons. Our SAW-based approach provides a low-jitter acoustically pumped single photon source with programmable exciton configuration.


The black scavenger fly Sepsis punctum exhibits striking among-population variation in the direction and magnitude of sexual size dimorphism, modification to the male forelimb and pre-copulatory behaviour. In some populations, male-biased sexual size dimorphism is observed; in other, less dimorphic, populations males court prior to mating. Such variation in reproductive traits is of interest to evolutionary biologists because it has the potential to limit gene flow among populations, contributing to speciation. Here, we investigate whether large male body size and modified forefemur are associated with higher male mating success within populations, whether these traits are associated with higher mating success among populations, and if these traits carry viability costs that could constrain their response to sexual selection. Flies from five distinct populations were reared at high or low food, generating high and low quality males. The expression of body size, forelimb morphology and courtship rate were each greater at high food, but high food males experienced higher mating success or reduced latency to first copulation in only one of the populations. Among populations, overall mating success increased with the degree of male-bias in overall body size and forelimb modification, suggesting that these traits have evolved as a means of increasing male mating rate. The increased mating success observed in large-male populations raises the question of why variation in magnitude of dimorphism persists among populations. One reason may be that costs of producing a large size constrain the evolution of ever-larger males. We found no evidence that juvenile mortality under food stress was greater for large-male populations, but development time was considerably longer and may represent an important constraint in an ephemeral and competitive growth environment.


Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter. (1) --Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) Constitutional law, seemingly dormant in the recent past, has reemerged as ballot initiatives and referendums begin to drive national policy change. Ballot initiatives have long served as a mechanism for popular state action when the controlling government fails to address pressing concerns, addresses concerns at a gradual rate that renders any action ultimately ineffective, or enacts legislation that simply fails to adequately address popular concerns. With respect to environmental reform, the latter scenario seemingly persisted in Washington. As indicated by a 2006 initiative, Washingtonians believed environmental reform was an issue worthy of more comprehensive legislation aimed specifically at combating the causes of global warming. More importantly, however, Washington's environmental initiative indicates that grassroots movements are becoming an important tool, as indicated by increased proposals before Congress, for promoting national policy change. Washington is no stranger to leading the American charge towards environmental reform. In 2005, Washington passed renewable energy legislation that remains arguably more progressive than that existing anywhere else in the United States. The legislation, modeled after Germany's highly successful renewably energy efforts, (2) consisted of two bills. The first bill focused on driving the demand for renewable energy products by offering tax credit incentives to users of solar panels and wind power systems. (3) The second bill focused on driving the supply of renewable energy products by offering tax breaks to Washington companies producing renewable energy products. (4) Despite the highly progressive nature of Washington's renewable energy legislation, Washingtonians deemed global warming a serious problem worthy of increased legislative attention. In November 2006, Washington passed an initiative intended to increase the use of renewable energy--Initiative 937. (5) The Initiative required the increased use of renewable energy by the state's leading electric utilities companies. (6) More specifically, the utilities companies must supply at least fifteen percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources. (7) Although the Initiative's primary purpose is to reduce global warming caused by the burning of coal and natural gas, the Initiative also boasts substantial financial savings for consumers. (8) More importantly, however, Initiative 937 represents the latest state-based effort to curtail global warming--an effort that is spreading nationally via the ballot initiative. Washington is not the first state to address global warming through initiative--nor is it likely the last. (9) In 2004, Colorado passed Amendment 37, requiring public utilities to generate ten percent of their energy from renewable energy sources by 2015. (10) In 2006, Californians voted on Proposition 87, aimed at curtailing global warming through taxation. (11) Proposition 87 sought to address global warming by using four billion dollars in tax funds to reduce oil and gasoline usage by twenty-five percent. (12) The Proposition intended to tax California's oil producers while prohibiting the producers from passing on the tax to consumers. (13) To counter the effect of the tax, oil producers could earn incentives by incorporating alternative energy sources. (14) Though Proposition 87 ultimately did not pass, the forty-five percent in favor vote, (15) combined with the projected 2007 increases in global warming, (16) suggests that a revised environmental initiative in California is likely for 2007. Although the passing of renewable energy initiatives in Washington and Colorado rings of success to many supporters, perhaps the revival of the initiative process, and its potential impact on national policy change, is most deserving of acclaim. …


Abstract The Standards of Care for Research in Group Work were developed in partnership between the Association for Assessment in Research in Counseling (AARC) and the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW). The purpose of these standards is to highlight empirically validated and literature-supported practices for conducting research in group work, as there are methodological and design considerations that are unique to group work research. These include, but are not limited to, small sample sizes that are often inherent in group work, the dependence of variables when measured in a group setting, historical lack of empirical rigor in group work research, and the need for theoretical and methodological congruence in qualitative research. During the development of this document, the committee used extant research standards to guide and center our efforts, and it was our intent for these standards to be used in conjunction with other established research standards. We also recognized the need to emphasize quantitative and qualitative research guidelines to encompass the importance of both types of research in the counseling field; and to highlight the importance of recognition and attention to concerns related to conducting group work research with participants from diverse and underrepresented backgrounds.


This book provides insights into the education and schooling of Syrian and Palestinian Syrian children inside and outside Lebanese refugee camps. It describes what is happening to these children and young refugees in terms of their schooling. Investigating the perspectives of children, their parents, teachers, community leaders, and state politicians and bureaucrats on the schooling provisions and educational opportunities for refugee children in Lebanon, this book reveals the condition of social disadvantage that Syrian and Syrian Palestinian refugee children and their families are experiencing in Lebanon. Maadad and Rodwell propose the idea of the pedagogy of the displaced that recognises socio-economic disadvantage and refocuses the nature of the learner and their learning and the philosophy of teaching. A collaborative action of society – the refugee families, the schools, the communities, the host state, the international aid agencies and the rest of the world – in addressing the barriers to education and schooling of the refugee children must break ground and be sustained.


The thesis focuses on systems oriented methods in conceptual design and analysis of chemical processes, both with respect to environmental performance. The areas of process synthesis and process systems engineering offer a considerable number of methodologies and tools for designing integrated production systems, ranging from individual processes to total sites. In this thesis the well established tools, life cycle assessment (LCA) and process integration (PI), have been applied in evaluation and design of sustainable production systems. LCA considers the environmental performance of a process or product (more common) from "cradle to grave", whereas process integration focus on optimization of energy consumption in a system. In addition, chemical integration and substance flow analysis (SFA) that also aim at sustainability through more efficient use of raw materials and chemicals have been adapted and applied to processes. In the case of chemical integration, a new definition has been proposed that makes it closely related to process integration.An important concept used in process synthesis, design and optimization of production systems is the so-called superstructure representation. The idea is to include alternative raw materials, alternative processing steps and to some extent alternative products and by-products in a common representation of multiple flowsheets, where the selection of a single flowsheet with corresponding feed and product streams is made (through optimization) by setting binary variables to either zero or one. In this work, the superstructure concept is not used for optimization purposes, but rather to illustrate how a mix of raw materials, a mix of products, by-products and intermediates, as well as a mix of processing steps can be used to obtain maximum utilization of chemicals and energy. In other words, a multi chain chemical complex may result rather than a single production chain focusing on one main product.The thesis also demonstrates, the benefits of combining process integration and LCA, in particular when the focus is on CO2 emissions and mitigating the global warming problem. LCA sets the scene for process integration by indicating where the largest emissions are generated, while process integration improves the quality of the LCA by delivering better and more consistent data to the LCA study. An algorithm (LCA-PI) for combined use of LCA and process integration has been developed with accompanying models in Excel and HYSYS. Division of the emissions into process and utility waste has proven helpful in tracking of the origin of all emissions. While LCA has been used for a long time to assess the environmental performance of a product that serves a specific function, there are so far few studies where LCA has been used to analyse processes and production systems.The plastic waste to plastic concept (PtP) has been used as a case study throughout the thesis. The PtP concept is a new concept for chemical recycling of plastic waste back to new plastic materials. In the core PtP concept, plastic waste is chemically converted to synthesis gas in an oxygen operated gasifier. After adjusting the H2/CO ratio in a water gas shift reactor (WGS), the synthesis gas is converted into methanol before olefins are produced by the Hydro/UOP patented methanol to olefins (MTO) process. Olefins are then the building block for several different types of plastic. The concept is flexible both with regard to input (other carbonaceous material) and output (methanol, hydrogen, energy), and intermediate products can be added in order to adjust for scale. By inclusion of other inputs, outputs or intermediates the term "extended PtP concept" is used.The core PtP concept has been developed and evaluated by use of both traditional systems oriented methods, like process integration and life cycle assessment, and application of the methodologies and the algorithm proposed by the thesis. Further, the same methodologies have been used in development and evaluation of the extended PtP concept, which are able to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions from the plastic waste to plastic concept.


Erie killed general law. Due to statutory, constitutional, and fairness constraints, a federal court generally must apply state substantive law in diversity and supplemental jurisdiction cases.Since our nation's founding, however, federal courts have treated equity as an independent branch of general law, binding of its own force in all cases that come before them. In Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, the Supreme Court held that, notwithstanding Erie, federal courts may continue to rely on traditional principles of equity derived from the English Court of Chancery to determine the availability of equitable relief, such as injunctions, receiverships, and equitable liens, in cases arising under state law. This so-called "equitable remedial rights doctrine" is based on an anachronistic misunderstanding of the nature of the federal equity power. This Article offers a bold new approach to understanding the nature and limits of the federal equity power. There is no single body of equity law that federal courts must apply in all cases that come before them. In cases arising under state law, there is no basis in the Constitution, federal law, or Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for courts to impose their own equitable standards for relief. Rights and remedies are inextricably intertwined. The manner in which state-created rights are protected is as much a matter of substantive state policy as the state's initial creation and allocation of those rights. A federal court must apply state statutes and precedents — not uniform, centrally devised federal standards — to determine the availability of equitable relief for state-law claims.Conversely, for cases arising under federal statutes, the equitable principles that apply are a question of statutory interpretation. When a federal law authorizes equitable relief, a court may presume Congress intended to incorporate traditional equitable principles, absent a clear statement to the contrary in the law's text or legislative history. And for constitutional cases, federal courts may presumptively apply traditional equitable principles as a matter of constitutional common law, unless Congress chooses to displace it. Thus, contrary to received wisdom, there is no single federal equity law. The scope of equitable relief a federal court may afford depends on the underlying law from which a claim arose.


In this Thesis we develop mathematical models to analyze two proposed causative mechanisms for the ventricular expansion observed in hydrocephalus: cerebrospinal fluid pulsations and small transmantle pressure gradients. To begin, we describe a single compartment model and show that such simple one-dimensional models cannot represent the complex dynamics of the brain. Hence, all subsequent models of this Thesis are spatio-temporal. Next, we develop a poroelastic model to analyze the fluid-solid interactions caused by the pulsations. Periodic boundary conditions are applied and the system is solved analytically for the tissue displacement, pore pressure, and fluid filtration. The model demonstrates that fluid oscillates across the brain boundaries. We develop a pore flow model to determine the shear induced on a cell by this fluid flow, and a comparison with data indicates that these shear forces are negligible. Thus, only the material stresses remain as a possible mechanism for tissue damage and ventricular expansion. In order to analyze the material stresses caused by the pulsations, we develop a fractional order viscoelastic model based on the linear Zener model. Boundary conditions appropriate for infants and adults are applied and the tissue displacement and stresses are solved analytically. A comparison of the tissue stresses to tension data indicates that these stresses are insufficient to cause tissue damage and thus ventricular expansion. Using age-dependent data, we then determine the fractional Zener model parameter values for infant and adult cerebra. The predictions for displacement and stresses are recomputed and the infant displacement is found to be unphysical. We propose a new infant boundary condition which reduces the tissue displacement to a physically reasonable value. The model stresses, however, are unchanged and thus the pulsation-induced stresses remain insufficient to cause tissue damage and ventricular expansion. Lastly, we develop a fractional hyper-viscoelastic model, based on the KelvinVoigt model, to obtain large deformation predictions. Using boundary conditions and parameter values for infants, we determine the finite deformation caused by a small pressure gradient by summing the small strain deformation resulting from pressure gradient increments. This iterative technique predicts that pediatric hydrocephalus may be caused by the long-term existence of small transmantle pressure gradients. We conclude the Thesis with a discussion of the results and their implications for hydrocephalus research as well as a discussion of future endeavors.


One will find very few references anywhere to the "philosophy of writing," yet such a category deserves a far more prominent place in today's postmodern and post-Holocaust catalogue of ideas. For implicit in most contemporary philosophizing is the question itself of the status of our very writing about our experience. The best philosophy being done on this issue today, however, is by those writers who grapple in fiction with the heritage of the Holocaust. This essay is an attempt to make more explicit the philosophy of writing underlying the novels of one such artist. W. G. Sebald had his first of four novels translated into English in 1996. Between that year and his tragic death in 2001, there were many who thought he might yet attain a Nobel Prize. Many readers are fascinated by his mysterious and melancholic "novels," despite the fact they seem so difficult to classify. Are they fiction or based on fact? Are they biographical or autobiographical? Are they really narratives at all or some strange form of contemporary hypertext? Indeed, are they intended to merely entertain in a world fit only for despair, or does Sebald wish to make a political difference by means of his meditative offerings? Critics are only now beginning to answer such questions. I will argue in this essay that Sebald's originality can only be properly assessed in terms of his commitment to writing about the Holocaust from a postmodern perspective. Indeed, I will argue that his work also reflects contemporary chaos theory, a scientific correlate to postmodernism. And, if it is true that Sebald seems so elusive to readers due to the prevalent allusiveness of his writing itself, T will argue that Vladimir Nabokov and Thomas Bernhard are not only important influences on his work, but that they can also best serve as analogues for understanding his artistic objectives. W. G. Sebald, born in Germany in 1944, lived permanently in England beginning in 1970 and was a professor at the University of Manchester before his death. His self-imposed exile is due to his disdain for the continued "collective blindness" his homeland displays regarding the events of the Holocaust.1 What needs to be confronted before exploring his response to the Holocaust is the very question of why he chose to write his novels in German at all. Thomas Bernhard wrote primarily to chastise his fellow Austrians for their collaboration with the Nazis and so, understandably, wrote in German. Vladimir Nabokov, moreover, suffered exile from his homeland, and understandably wrote his earlier works in Russian, later translating some of them into English. However, the majority of his masterpieces were written in English. We need to discover why Sebald did not follow the example of Nabokov. Carol Bere acknowledges the influence on Sebald of Bernhard's original narrative style and points out that Sebald's German prose is not only "difficult" but "old fashioned" as well, conveying a sense of not quite being here in the present.2 Indeed, Bernhard himself remarks in one of his novels about "the stupidity of entrusting oneself to the German language."3 Nevertheless, one might expect the same deficiencies noted in English translations of Bernhard to be present in Sebald's English translations as well. The English versions are said to lose the performative element of Bernhard's language, break up the convoluted length of his sentences, and fail to retain the German transformation of verbs into nouns, to name just a few problems.4 In fact, Bernhard remarks in one of his plays that, though translations make him money and cannot be avoided, they necessarily are "disgusting" because they cannot help but "distort the originals."5 Now it is true that Sebald's translators, Michael Hulse and Athena Bell, have received accolades for their work. While I am not yet aware of any full-scale study of their translations of Sebald, James Chandler does make some passing remarks about their achievement that might help us answer why Sebald chose to use them. …


What does it mean to study Paul the Apostle as Jew, Greek, and Roman? The framing of the question exposes the fact that the distinctions themselves involve a complex of ethnic, social, and cultural designations. Paul is both a complicated individual of the ancient world, because he combines in his one personage features of life in each of these cultural-ethnic (and even religious) areas of the ancient world, and one of many people of that world who evidenced such complexity. This volume, Paul: Jew, Greek, and Roman, explores a number of the important and diverse cultural, ethnic, and religious dimensions of the multi-faceted background of Paul the Apostle. Some of the treatments are focused and specific, while others range over the broad issues that go to making up the world of the Apostle.


Current detection and identification of micro-organisms is based on either rather unspecific rapid microscopy or on more accurate but complex and time-consuming procedures. In a medical context, the determination of the bacteria Gram type is of significant interest. The diagnostic of microbial infection often requires the identification of the microbiological agent responsible for the infection, or at least the identification of its family (Gram type), in a matter of minutes. In this work, we propose to use terahertz frequency range antennas for the enhanced selective detection of bacteria types. Several microorganisms are investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy: a fast, contactless and damage-free investigation method to gain information on the presence and the nature of the microorganisms. We demonstrate that plasmonic antennas enhance the detection sensitivity for bacterial layers and allow the selective recognition of the Gram type of the bacteria.


Motile cells navigate complex environments by changing their direction of travel, generating left-right asymmetries in their mechanical subsystems to physically turn. Currently little is known about how external directional cues are propagated along the length scale of the whole cell and integrated with its force-generating apparatus to steer migration mechanically. We examine the mechanics of spontaneous cell turning in fish epidermal keratocytes and find that the mechanical asymmetries responsible for turning behavior predominate at the rear of the cell, where there is asymmetric centripetal actin flow. Using experimental perturbations we identify two linked feedback loops connecting myosin II contractility, adhesion strength and actin network flow in turning cells that are sufficient to recreate observed cell shapes and trajectories in a computational model. Surprisingly, asymmetries in actin polymerization at the cell leading edge play only a minor role in the mechanics of cell turning – that is, cells steer from the rear. Highlights Fish keratocytes can migrate with persistent angular velocity, straight or in circles. Asymmetry in protrusion at the leading edge is not sufficient to generate persistent turning. Asymmetries in myosin II contraction, actin flow and adhesion at the cell rear cause turns. Our new computational model of migration predicts observed cell trajectories.


This article deals with the problems which emerge during the implementation of mediation in the civil matters of Lithuania. The scope of socio-cultural circumstances in Lithuania nowadays indicates the evident need to adopt mediation as one of the most powerful and effective conflict management procedures. Mediation comes from the historically mature tradition of communitarianism and cooperation in society, it is interconnected with the culture of interactions of individuals and organizations, and it depends on the legal, institutional, and educational environment. Thus, applying mediation isn't a simple adoption of some activity patterns. The nowadays rapidly changing socio-cultural environment must be analyzed accurately in order to achieve the progress of implementation of mediation. A wide range of areas where mediation is in use in many European countries and overseas shows how promising this direction of peacemaking for society consolidation and its functionality is. Lithuanian society definitely requires mediation for strengthening the integrity and the culture of cooperation. The article investigates the positive and negative factors of the legal, institutional and educational environment in Lithuania, which are vital for the implementation of mediation. Some experimental projects have been conducted lately to probe mediation as a way of conciliation in the courts. The code of judicial mediation was approved by the Council of Courts. Hence we may suggest that one kind of mediation—judicial mediation—has moved. It is not the first year in Lithuania that new projects on conflict resolution and mediation have been launched in schools and the community. The interest for conflict resolution, that has up till now manifested rather spontaneously, signalizes the need in society to learn modern ways of solving complex and intricate problems, managing crises, and disputes by using counselling, negotiation and mediation procedures. What is needed is a conflict resolution pedagogy, which could become an integral part of education of all levels and forms. Different and continuous efforts are necessary for the improvement of legal and institutional mechanisms so that the regulation of different types of disputes and crises becomes an inseparable part not only in legal practice, but also in public life, institution and organization management and interaction.


A major challenge facing academic developers is meeting the development needs of both time poor academics and those staff in multi-location campuses, especially sessional tutors, who may start teaching several weeks before electronic access is enabled. Necessary restrictions placed on access to local intranet and Learning Management Systems meant rethinking how to meet the needs of all staff and in the process model good practice through the use of blended learning environments. One regional university, with seven national and one international campus, is currently redesigning their staff development program to incorporate the use of blogs and wikis to provide access for all staff to a collaborative space to support improved teaching. This paper provides a rationale for the new direction and outlines the design phase to incorporate the use of collaborative technologies within the staff development program. It outlines the challenges faced in designing the environment and provides an overview of the design for the pilot phase.


This study approaches reading from the psycholinguistic
standpoint. Miscue analysis is used to investigate the reading
strategies of a group of average and weak ESL readers from
Sekolah Menengah Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur. The readers' miscues
were analyzed in accordance with Yetta Goodman and Burke's
Reading Miscue Inventory (1972). The research addresses itself
to the question of how these readers utilized the language cues
- graphophonic, syntactic and semantic - to help them make
sense of the text.
The findings shows that both groups of readers depended
extensively on graphophonic cues and were less efficient in
using syntactic and semantic cues. Qualitative analysis of the miscues show that when the readers did resort to the syntactic
and semantic cues, the average readers produced better quality
miscues.
The applicability of miscue analysis as a research tool is
indicated in the suggestions for further research. The
pedagogical implications of the findings underscore the
practical use of miscue analysis in the classroom.


Prevention, comprising services that seek to delay deterioration of existing conditions and circumstances or prevent their occurrence by early access to support, is recognised as having an important role in adult social care. The gateway to social care services has traditionally been via needs-led assessments undertaken with professionals. In England, self-assessment, promoted as a means of accessing services more independently, has come to the fore in recent years. This article explores the relationship between prevention and self-assessment in practice. Data are derived from interviews with social services managers of five self-assessment projects situated within the adult social care sector that were described as providing a preventative approach, as well as project developmentdocumentation. A number of issues are highlighted including for whom self-assessment might be most optimal, the potential of self-assessment to widen access and the role it can play in promoting self-determination. It is argued that a natural relationship exists between self-assessment and prevention and that both concepts are at the core of the personalisation agenda. However, in order to achieve its potential in practice, self-assessment must be offered in conjunction with support and as an additional rather than alternative means of accessing preventative services.


This study explored the ways experienced mental health nurses working within a local acute mental health NHS Foundation and Teaching Hospital Trust
felt about being unobtrusively observed in their everyday clinical practice. Participants were recruited from eight local units: four Community Mental Health Teams (CMHT), one Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHT), one inpatient
ward, one in-patient rehabilitation unit and an Assertive Outreach Team
(AOT).


Certain CD8 T cell responses are particularly effective at controlling infection, as exemplified by elite control of HIV in individuals harboring HLA-B57. To understand the structural features that contribute to CD8 T cell elite control, we focused on a strongly protective CD8 T cell response directed against a parasite-derived peptide (HF10) presented by an atypical MHC-I molecule, H-2Ld. This response exhibits a focused TCR repertoire dominated by Vβ2, and a representative TCR (TG6) in complex with Ld-HF10 reveals an unusual structure in which both MHC and TCR contribute extensively to peptide specificity, along with a parallel footprint of TCR on its pMHC ligand. The parallel footprint is a common feature of Vβ2-containing TCRs and correlates with an unusual Vα-Vβ interface, CDR loop conformations, and Vβ2-specific germline contacts with peptide. Vβ2 and Ld may represent "specialist" components for antigen recognition that allow for particularly strong and focused T cell responses.


This paper develops a dynamic general-equilibrium political-economy model for the optimal size and composition of public spending. An analytical solution is derived from majority voting for three government spending categories: public consumption goods and transfers (valued by households), as well as productive government services (complementing private capital in an endogenous-growth technology). Inequality is reflected by a discrete distribution of infinitely-lived agents that differ by their initial capital holdings. In contrast to the previous literature that derives monotonic (typically negative) relations between inequality and growth in one-dimensional voting environments, this paper establishes conditions, in an environment of multi-dimensional voting, under which a non-monotonic, inverted U-shape relation between inequality and growth is obtained. This more general result – that inequality and growth could be negatively or positively related – could be consistent with the ambiguous or inconclusive results documented in the empirical literature on the inequality-growth nexus. The paper also shows that the political-economy equilibrium obtained under multi-dimensional voting for the initial period is time-consistent.


Global warming is believed to be caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (mostly CO2) discharged into the environment by human activity. In addition to an increase in environmental temperature, an increased CO2 level has also led to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification and rising temperatures have disrupted the water's ecological balance, killing off some plant and animal species, while encouraging the overgrowth of others. To minimize the effect of global warming on local ecosystem, there is a strong need to implement ocean observing systems to monitor the effects of anthropogenic CO2 and the impacts thereof on ocean biological productivity. Here, we describe the development of a low-cost fluorescent sensor for pCO2 measurements. The detector was exclusively assembled with low-cost optics and electronics, so that it would be affordable enough to be deployed in great numbers. The system has several novel features, such as an ideal 90° separation between excitation and emission, a beam combiner, a reference photodetector, etc. Initial tests showed that the system was stable and could achieve a high resolution despite the low cost.


Introduction Part 3: Technical Change, Variable Returns and Normal Prices in the Classical Framework 1. Produced Quantities and Returns in Sraffa's Theory of Normal Prices: Textual Evidence and Analytical Issues F. Ravagnani 2. On the Inconsistence between the Long-Period Method and the Assumption of Given Quantities F. D'Orlando and S. Nistico 3. On Some Aspects of the Debate on the Gravitation of Market Prices to Long-Period Prices F. Petri 4. Gravitation of Market Prices towards Natural Prices E. Bellino 5. Capacity Utilization, Mobility of Capital and the Classical Process of Gravitation R. Ciccone Part 4: Output and Distribution in the Long Run: A Classical-Keynesian Perspective 1. Price or Quantities? The Common Link in the Methods of Sraffa, Keynes and Kalecki A. Bhaduri 2. Notes on Sraffa and Keynes H. Bortis 3. The Capacity to Generate Investment: An Analysis of the Long-Term Determinants of Investment G. Bonfati 4. Steady State and the Analysis of Long-Run Tendencies: the Case of Neo-Kaleckian Models A. Trezzini 5. The Principle of Effective Demand according to Pasinetti B. Jossa 6. Monetary Influences on Distribution: A Comparison between Two Post-Keynesian Theories C. Panico 7. The Quantity Equation and the Classical Theory of Production and Distribution E.J. Nell Part 5: Applied and Policy Themes in the Reappraisal of Classical Economics 1. A Note about Effective Demand and Globalisation P. Leon 2. The Relevance of the Classical Approach for Economic and Social Policy Issues S. Cesaratto 3. The Neo-Ricardian Theory of Economic Integration G. Montani 4. On the Theory of the Balance-of-Payments-Constrained Growth A. Palumbo 5. On Facts and Theory: Some Reflections Prompted by the EMU Experience M. Pivetti 6. Disinflation in Industrialized Countries, Foreign Debt Cycles and the Costs of Stability A. Ginzburg and A. Simonazzi 7. Capital Accumulation and Income Distribution in the US Economic Expansion of the 1990s V. Maffeo Part 6: Historical Issues in Sraffa's Writings 1. The Standard Commodity and Monetary Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century G. Fodor 2. Three Notes on Piero Sraffa's Early Economic Writings: 1920-1926 N. Naldi 3. New Perspectives from Sraffa's Papers: A Preliminay Survey R. Bellofiore and J.P. Potier


A highly effective biological fertilizer (bio-fertilizer) can be produced cheaply in countries that have a source of a suitable type of zeolitic rock (tuff). Such rocks occur worldwide in areas of past or current volcanism. In the event of explosive volcanic activity huge volumes of silicic glass and other debris are projected into the atmosphere. Reaching high altitude the fine material is separated forming ash clouds of fine grained glass shards. On entering water they become thick beds of sediment producing a rock having a high abundance of zeolite. On uplift they are available for open cast quarrying. When mixed with organic waste, either animal or plant, a biological fertilizer is produced. Ammonium ions, from the decomposing organic waste, are captured by the zeolite. When the fertilizer is added to the soil the ammonium ions become oxidised by soil micro-organisms (Crenarchaeota) to nitrate together hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions, reacting with the substrate, provide a range of essential and beneficial plant nutrients. Unlike chemical fertilizers (NPK) the nutrients are delivered slowly as the plant grows and there is little surplus to leach into the ground and thus the bio-fertilizer is not highly susceptible to leaching by rainfall. Adequate phosphate ions are available from the organic waste and potassium, being a more ubiquitous element is present in the soil / organic mixture and acts to back exchange ammonium ions that are oxidized to nitrate as mentioned above.


Spectral distributions of radiative heat flux between two thin silicon carbide films separated by sub-wavelength distances in vacuum are analysed. An analytical expression for the near-field flux between two layers of finite thicknesses in terms of film reflection and transmission coefficients is derived for the first time. The resulting equation clearly shows the resonant modes of thermal emission, absorption and the cross-coupling of surface phonon-polaritons (SPhPs) between the layers. When the films are of the same thickness, the resonant frequencies maximizing near-field thermal emission almost match those of absorption. The small discrepancies, due to SPhP coupling between the films, lead to loss of spectral coherence affecting mostly the low frequency mode. The flux profiles also show that splitting of the resonance into two distinct frequencies happens when the ratio thickness of the film over the separation gap is less than unity. When the thickness of one film increases relative to the other, spectral distributions of flux are significantly altered due to an important mismatch between the resonant frequencies of high emission and absorption. This modification of the near-field flux is mostly due to weaker SPhP coupling within the layer of increasing thickness. Based on an asymptotic analysis of the dispersion relation, an approximate approach is proposed to predict the resonant modes maximizing the flux between two films, which can be potentially extended to multiple thin layers. The outcome of this work would allow tailoring near-field radiative heat transfer, and can eventually be used to design customized nanostructures for energy harvesting applications.


Fragmentation, (portions of data located on many separate devices), and versioning, (different versions of the same datum located on different devices), of user data are increasingly prevalent and important problems as users work on a more diverse array of mobile computing devices. A common solution to these problems is to cache data on the current device. This paper describes and evaluates a mechanism for addressing fragmentation and versioning using affinity relationships. Affinity relationships that represent the current data interests of users provide hints as to what data to cache on mobile computing devices. Trace data collected over a 15 month period has been used to inform the design of the affinity mechanism. Trace-based simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of an affinity-directed approach to reduce fragmentation and versioning with low overhead


In intensive care, drugs are commonly administered through central venous catheters (CVC). These catheters and central venous dialysis catheters (CVDC) are often placed in the same vessel for practical reasons. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate if the position of CVC and CVDC influences the elimination of infused drugs, during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). In a randomized, cross-over model, anesthetized piglets received both a CVC and a CVDC in a jugular vein. Another CVDC was placed in a femoral vein for comparison. After baseline measurements, CRRT was performed in either of the CVDC, each CRRT-period separated by another baseline period. Hypotension was induced by peripherally given sodium nitroprusside. In the CVC, both gentamicin and noradrenaline were administered. Noradrenaline was titrated to reach a target blood pressure. When CRRT was performed using the CVDC in the same vessel as the drugs were infused, the plasma concentration of gentamicin was reduced compared with when the infusion and CVDC were in different vessels (5.66 [standard deviation (SD) ± 1.23] vs. 7.76 [SD ± 2.30] mg/l [p = 0.02]). The noradrenaline infusion rate needed to reach the target blood pressure was more than doubled (0.32 [SD ± 0.16] vs. 0.15 [SD ± 0.08] µg/kg/min [p = 0.006]). This experimental study indicates that the removal of drugs is increased if infusion is in close vicinity of the CVDC, during CRRT.


The goal of this project was to answer the following questions concerning response to a future anthrax release (or suspected release) in a building: 1. Based on past experience, what rules of thumb can be determined concerning: (a) the amount of sampling that may be needed to determine the extent of contamination within a given building; (b) what portions of a building should be sampled; (c) the cost per square foot to decontaminate a given type of building using a given method; (d) the time required to prepare for, and perform, decontamination; (e) the effectiveness of a given decontamination method in a given type of building? 2. Based on past experience, what resources will be spent on evaluating the extent of contamination, performing decontamination, and assessing the effectiveness of the decontamination in a building of a given type and size? 3. What are the trade-offs between cost, time, and effectiveness for the various sampling plans, sampling methods, and decontamination methods that have been used in the past?


We report on two experiments that examined lexical semantic memory. Experiment 1 included semantically related word-pairs (similarity of meaning) and unrelated word-pairs from three grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives). Experiment 2 included semantically related word-pairs (contrasting meaning) and unrelated word-pairs from the same three categories. Results of both experiments showed similar levels of semantic priming across same versus different grammatical category word-pairs (e.g., verb–verb pairs vs. verb–adjective pairs). Additional analyses of each experiment showed similar levels of priming within each of the three grammatical categories (i.e., noun–noun vs. verb–verb vs. adjective–adjective pairs). These findings suggest that there are no sharp architectural distinctions amongst words from different grammatical categories within lexical semantic memory.


ABSTRACT As the threat of foodborne illnesses is becoming increasingly obvious, the future of the European Union (EU) is becoming clearer. The study of food safety regulation in the EU sheds light on the future of the European regulatory system as a whole. Looking at the evolution of the European Union and the EU institutions, and how food safety has been regulated over the years, one can predict a centralization of regulatory powers in the EU. Despite the fact that the present decentralized system is not able to prevent food scares, the centralization of food safety regulatory powers in the EU has been both supported and criticized. However, an analysis of the present food safety measures in the EU demonstrates that the movement toward centralization has already begun. Today's de facto centralization will eventually lead to tomorrow's de jure centralization. I. INTRODUCTION In October 2004, two eagles, smuggled from Thailand, were transported on a plane and arrived in Belgium, despite the ban on imports of birds from countries that faced bird flu outbreaks.1 The birds were inspected and tested positive for Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, commonly known as "bird flu."2 In February 2006, the virus was detected in France, Germany, Greece, and Italy. Birds at a turkey farm in the department of Ain in France were found to be infected with the bird flu virus in approximately the same area where a wild duck was found dead from the same disease.3 In Germany, a cat died from the virus, becoming the first European Union mammal to succumb to avian flu.4 Avian flu was also detected in dead swans in Greece, Bulgaria, and Italy.5 In January 2007, a farm in Hungary was infected with the virus; as a result, 3000 geese were slaughtered.6 In February 2007, turkeys on a commercial farm in England owned by one of Europe's largest poultry producers were found infected with the H5N1 strain of bird flu.7 Even if bird flu is not currently a threat to human beings, some fear the virus might mutate and endanger human lives.8 These incidents are merely a sample of the numerous similar occurrences of hazards that do not recognize national borders which have happened over the past years in the Member States of the European Union (EU). Given the way food safety is regulated in the EU, each country essentially bears the responsibility to address the problem. Council Directive 2005/94/EC of December 20, 2005, on Community Measures for the Control of Avian Influenza was enacted in order to create measures for Member States to deal with sudden outbreaks of bird flu.9 However, Member States were not required to implement it until July 1, 2007.10 In the meantime, more bird flu outbreaks occurred and endangered not only the country primarily touched with the virus, but also any other country where goods can freely travel with little or no inspections.11 These events demonstrate how decentralized the EU is in terms of food safety regulation and raise the question of whether a centralized system would have prevented the spread of avian influenza. This article will focus on the food safety regulation system in the EU by looking at how centralization of food regulatory powers is a necessary step to protect the public health as well as the future of the EU in a more general sense. It will show how food regulation in the EU reflects the most fundamental controversies that are also seen in the international arena, and it will demonstrate how centralization of risk assessment and risk management is not only preferable, but is unavoidable. This article will first present an analysis of the issue of centralization of powers for food safety regulation purposes, addressing the historical developments of food safety regulation in the EU, analyzing the various arguments that have been made in favor of centralization, and considering the "single food agency debate" occurring in the United States. Then the article will take a more practical approach by discussing why a centralized power in Europe is difficult to attain. …


Abstract. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) (or difference
between the maximum and minimum temperature within a day) is one of many
climate parameters that affects health, agriculture and society.
Understanding how DTR evolves under global warming is therefore crucial.
Physically different drivers of climate change, such as greenhouse gases and
aerosols, have distinct influences on global and regional climate.
Therefore, predicting the future evolution of DTR requires knowledge of the
effects of individual climate forcers, as well as of the future emissions
mix, in particular in high-emission regions. Using global climate model
simulations from the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison
Project (PDRMIP), we investigate how idealized changes in the atmospheric
levels of a greenhouse gas (CO2) and aerosols (black carbon and
sulfate) influence DTR (globally and in selected regions). We find broad
geographical patterns of annual mean change that are similar between climate
drivers, pointing to a generalized response to global warming which is not
defined by the individual forcing agents. Seasonal and regional differences,
however, are substantial, which highlights the potential importance of local
background conditions and feedbacks. While differences in DTR responses
among drivers are minor in Europe and North America, there are distinctly
different DTR responses to aerosols and greenhouse gas perturbations over
India and China, where present aerosol emissions are particularly high. BC
induces substantial reductions in DTR, which we attribute to strong modeled
BC-induced cloud responses in these regions.


The 'Sunningdale experiment' of 1973-4 witnessed the first attempt to establish peace in Northern Ireland through power-sharing. However, its provisions, particularly the cross-border 'Council of Ireland', proved to be a step too far. The experiment floundered amid ongoing paramilitary-led violence, finally collapsing in May 1974 as a result of the Ulster Workers' Council strike.Drawing on new scholarship from some of the top political historians working on the period, this book presents a series of reflections on how key protagonists struggled with notions of power-sharing and the 'Irish dimension', and how those struggles inhibited a deepening of democracy and the ending of violence for so long.


This collection is the first scholarly treatment of the relationship between the Amish and the media in contemporary American life. The essays not only focus on the Amish as subjects in mainstream media-news, movies, TV-but also view them as producers and consumers of media themselves. Of all the religious groups in contemporary America, few demonstrate as many reservations toward the media as do the Old Order Amish. Yet these attention-wary citizens have become a media phenomenon, featured in films, novels, magazines, newspapers, and television-from Witness, Amish in the City, and Devil's Playground to the intense news coverage of the 2006 Nickel Mines School shooting. But the Old Order Amish are more than media subjects. Despite their separatist tendencies, they use their own media networks to sustain Amish culture. Chapters in the collection examine the influence of Amish-produced newspapers and books, along with the role of informal spokespeople in Old Order communities. With essays from experts in the fields of film and media studies, poetry, American studies, anthropology, and history, this groundbreaking study shows how the relationship between the Amish and the media provides valuable insights into the perception of minority religion in North American culture.


In 1990, infection with bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) was widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pastures in the south-west of Western Australia. When 100 leaves were sampled at random per pasture, the virus was detected by ELISA in 23 of 87 pastures and incidences of infection ranged from 1 to 64%. BYMV was present in all seven districts surveyed, but highest incidences of infection occurred in the Busselton district. In smaller surveys in 1989 and 1992, incidences of infection in pastures were higher than in 1990, and ranged up to 90%. In 1992, when petals from 1703 samples of 59 species of perennial native legumes from 117 sites were tested by ELISA, only 1% were found infected with BYMV. The infected samples came from 5/7 districts surveyed. Species found infected were Kennedia prostrata, K. coccinea, Hovea elliptica and H. pungens. Representative isolates of BYMV from subterranean clover and native legumes did not infect white clover systemically confirming that clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) was not involved. It was concluded that BYMV infection was present in many subterranean clover pastures, but normally at low incidences, except in epidemic years such as 1992. Also, perennial native legumes are unlikely to act as major reservoirs for reinfection of annual pastures each year. In areas of Australia with Mediterranean climates where perennial pastures are absent, persistence of the virus over summer is therefore by some other method than infection of perennials.


The aim of this project is to study the viability of creating a telecom company in Brisbane - Australia. To do so, I have been studying the different services that companies currently offer to their clients, and how it is possible to create a company in Australia taking into account the requirements from the government. I decided to move to Australia two years ago, and have been preparing for this change in my life since then. The initiative to move in this country is the result of personal as well as professional factors, which are thoroughly explained in this Master´s project. Only a few weeks after my arrival in Australia, I realised the immense opportunities that this country offered to new businesses, and the incredible growth the telecommunications industry was experiencing. Looking deeper in this matter, I decided to write this project and balance the feasibility of starting a telecom company in Brisbane. Australia is within the Asia-Pacific region, the fastest growing ICT region in the world according the Queensland government. I have had a look at the different companies located in Queensland through the web portal "http://directories.deedi.qld.gov.au/ictcapability/", where it is possible to compare and check all the companies in Australia classified by the kind of business they are. Our company, which will be called Telenet, will be located in the surroundings of Brisbane – Queensland. Telenet will be classified as Telecommunications Hardware and Infrastructure, and according to information provided by Queensland government, there are currently 117 telecommunications hardware and infrastructure companies. There are only 7 companies classified as large companies over 117. An analysis of these competitors is made in order to compare their strength and weaknesses. Telenet is a two steps project. The first step is the one developed all along this Master Final Project, and consists in starting the company in Australia with the aim to provide telecommunication infrastructure to small and medium companies and make a portfolio of clients. In this one, we will need to keep in mind the second step and final aim of the project, which is to create a Data Centre where our existing and new clients will be able to rent our services such as: renting storage "data", renting space "racks", and renting internet service "as we will also be an ISP". This second part of the project will be developed one or two years after the beginning of the company´s operations, due to its huge investment, which has to be done by our investor. Both parts (the investor and partners) have agreed to start a company about installing telecommunication infrastructures and see if the company becomes profitable. The products and service we will offer are divided in three main sections: audits and diagnostics, consulting engineering and design, and management and implementation of the project. A study of the possible clients we will achieve the first year, as well as the number of clients will hire our service has been done, taking into account that not all of them will perform the three phases/service we offer. Furthermore, a business model about how the company works has been explained in a business model canvas in order to describe the value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances. The business model canvas consists in 9 blocks where the operability of the company Telenet is explained in detail. Finally, the last part of the project is an analysis of the return on investment and profitability calculated according to our expectations of the first year of operation. You will find our sales forecast for the first year, as well as our expected profits for the first year.


Several strings of evidence suggest that skeletal muscles are intrinsically stronger than one would expect on grounds of the forces applied during habitual motor activities. Firstly, vertebral fractures, without any trauma, are a known complication of tetanus1. Of note, tetanus is causes spinal disinhibition that leads to forceful muscle contractions, which are thought to be responsible for these fractures that are not occurring with an un-impaired nervous system. Secondly, non-traumatic fractures of the spine2 as well as in the appendicular skeleton3 can occur during epileptic seizures. Again, forceful muscle contractions offer the most likely explanation. Thirdly, non-traumatic fractures have likewise been a known complication in the early days of electroconvulsive therapy4, so that the usage of muscle-relaxing medication has become mandatory in the modern form of electroconvulsive therapy4. In this intervention, a seizure-like state is induced by a strong current between two electrodes on the skull stimulating the brain. It is common to all three examples mentioned that the motor neurones are activated outside their physiological pathways, but that muscle activation occurs in a physiological way. Importantly, it is currently thought that habitual loads involve bone deformation up to 2,000 or 3,000 µstrain, and that bones fracture when deformed by more than 20,000 µstrain. That would mean that the fractures under discussion here must engender muscle forces that are almost 10 times greater than during habitual activity.
The fourth string of evidence emerges from a study that applied electrical stimulation directly to the muscle and then measured the recruitment pattern with T2-weigted magnetic resonance tomography5. The outcome of that study suggests that muscles have the capability to contract at least 25% stronger than can be done by volition, and that this surplus might even be hampered by muscle the fatigue that was likely to be present in that study. The fifth line of evidence suggests that bone strength is rapidly re-gained after experimental bed rest6, and that it cannot be increased by large amounts through exercise7. Taken together, this indicates a very tight control of bone strength around an individually set value that is retained over large parts of life. Given that bones adapt to the forces they are exposed to8, it follows that the limit to force generation is a 'hard-wired' personal trait.
Finding out what constitutes the postulated limit to force generation is highly relevant to our understanding of the muscukloskeletal system. The mechanism behind it will not only be important to exercise and sport science, but also for the emergence of osteoarthritis, and potentially to other clinical entities currently classified as 'over-use' injuries.


BACKGROUND
Functional gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are rare tumors of the pituitary gland that secrete biologically active gonadotropins.

OBJECTIVE
To advance clinical understanding of FGAs.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of adult patients who underwent resection of a pituitary lesion between August 1997 and October 2014 and remain under care at our center. We identified patients who had pathologic and biochemical confirmation of FGAs, as defined by a lack of serum follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone suppression in the setting of elevated gonadal steroids, associated clinical symptoms, or both.

RESULTS
FGAs were documented in 7 patients (5 men, 2 women) over a 17-year period. Clinical findings at presentation included visual field deficits in 5 patients, headache in 3, sexual dysfunction in 3, and ovarian cysts in both women. Each patient underwent lesion resection (6 via the endonasal transsphenoidal approach and 1 via a craniotomy with transsphenoidal reoperation). Analysis of tumor samples revealed immunopositivity for follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone in 5 patients and FSH only in 2 patients. Postoperative follow-up (median, 10 months; range, 4-213 months) indicated remission in 6 of 7 patients.

CONCLUSION
An FGA can pose both a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge. The tumor is often diagnosed as a nonfunctioning macroadenoma after presenting with nonspecific symptoms and is the cause of significant morbidity. An FGA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients harboring pituitary adenomas with reproductive dysfunction. Transsphenoidal resection is the initial treatment of choice and can reduce endocrine dysfunction, resolve headaches, improve visual impairment, and provide tissue for detailed analysis.

ABBREVIATIONS
FGA, functional gonadotroph adenomaFSH, follicle-stimulating hormoneLH, luteinizing hormoneTSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.


The availability and scarcity of both surface and ground water alongwith adverse impacts of contaminated water have become major problems in Pakistan. Groundwater arsenic contamination in the southern part of the country has exponentially endangered the human life and complicated the efforts to provide safe drinking water in the arsenic contaminated areas. To gauge the adverse impacts amongst the affected population, household survey in Basti Rasul Pur district Rahim Yar Khan was conducted on core socio-economic indicators such as household conditions, sex ratio, earning sources, literacy, health morbidity, water borne diseases, drinking water contamination, education, employment and unemployment, expenditure on hospitalization for drawing best possible conclusions. Resultantly, sex ratio observed was about 1.01% for adults and 9.8 % for children. A total of 77 % water samples were found with arsenic contamination, due to which 50 % people were found with arsencosis symptoms and 60% of their earnings were being spent on hospitalization. Due to poverty and illiteracy, the entire population was un-aware of the adverse impacts of drinking water arsenic contamination. There is a dire need of installation of sustainable community based arsenic mitigation technologies for provisioning of safe drinking water to affected community.


Forty-nine dogs from Thailand were evaluated for serologic evidence of exposure or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evidence of infection with vectorborne pathogens, including Ehrlichia sp. (Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii), Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi (Bvb), spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae (Rickettsia rickettsii), Typhus group (TG) rickettsiae (Rickettsia canada, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Rickettsia typhi), and Babesia sp. (Babesia canis and Babesia gibsonii). All study dogs had at least 1 of 3 entry criteria: fever, anemia, or thrombocytopenia. By immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) testing, seroreactivity was most prevalent to E chaffeensis (74%) and E canis (71%) antigens, followed by E equi (58%), Bvb (38%), E risticii (38%), R prowazekii (24%), B canis (20%), R rickettsii (12%), R canada (4%), and B gibsonii (4%) antigens. There was 100% concordance between E canis IFA and Western blot immunoassay (WI) for 35 of 35 samples; 2 samples were IFA and WI reactive only to E equi antigens. By PCR amplification, 10 dogs were found to be infected with E canis, 5 with Ehrlichia platys, and 3 with B canis. Sequencing of PCR products was undertaken to compare Ehrlichia strains from Thailand to strains originating from the United States. Partial DNA sequence analysis confirmed infection with E canis and E platys, with identical 16S rRNA sequence alignment to E canis (U26740) and to E platys (M83801), as reported in GenBank. Partial E canis P28.1 and P28.2 amino acid sequences from Thai dogs were divergent from analogous sequences derived from North American E canis (AF082744) strains, suggesting that the Thai dogs were infected with a geographically distinct strain of E canis compared to North American strains. The results of this study indicate that dogs in Thailand have substantial exposure to vectorborne diseases and that coinfection with these pathogens may be common.


Project management is the overarching task in the delivery of a project. Many authoritative texts have been written about the theory and practice of project management, and therefore, this text will focus narrowly on the requirements of power network construction. This chapter will focus on both the role of the project manager (PM) and the key tasks that comprise project management. In summary, the following will be examined: the role of the PM (power network company PM and contractor PM); project programme; resource management; outage management; risk management; financial management; contract management; consents and wayleaves; project filing and project audit; project quality management; outstanding works and post-project review.


Stellar streams have become central to studies of the interaction histories of nearby galaxies. To characterize the most prominent parts of the stellar stream around the well-known nearby (d = 17 Mpc) edge-on disk galaxy NGC 5907, we have obtained and analyzed new, deep gri Subaru/Suprime-Cam and 3.6 μm Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera observations. Combining the near-infrared 3.6 μm data with visible-light images allows us to use a long wavelength baseline to estimate the metallicity and age of the stellar population along an ∼60 kpc long segment of the stream. We have fitted the stellar spectral energy distribution with a single-burst stellar population synthesis model and we use it to distinguish between the proposed satellite accretion and minor/major merger formation models of the stellar stream around this galaxy. We conclude that a massive minor merger (stellar mass ratio of at least 1:8) can best account for the metallicity of −0.3 inferred along the brightest parts of the stream.


Many world regions, including Europe, have the perception that their best students and researchers leave to study and work in the United States. This phenomenon has been coined 'the elite brain drain.' With a sample of European students who obtain a PhD in economics in the US, we study whether the most promising among them are indeed less likely to return. We find that PhD recipients from top institutes, or with a highly cited advisor, or a pre-PhD publication or a higher impact factor on their first publication are more likely to stay in the US or Canada at a top institute. This indicates that the quality of the working environment is of crucial importance to top researchers, and that the attraction of the US consists in a big part in its many top economics departments. The location choice made for the first job strongly predicts the location of the current job. Once a top researcher has made the decision to stay, particularly at a top institute, the probability of his or her return becomes very small. This suggest that from the European perspective, there is indeed an 'elite brain drain,' as its most talented researchers, once embedded in the North American research system, are not very likely to return.


There is a long history developing the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the framework for considering the issues including why firms might adopt these practices and how they implement them. This paper provides a unique contribution to the literature by evaluating CSR practices at firms in countries that have not been widely studied. The study also includes health and safety aspects of CSR that have not been widely studied in the literature. The data for this study is comprised of survey data from companies in Canada, Hungary, Italy, Lebanon, Taiwan, and the United States. The data were collected by The Global Manufacturing Research Group (GMRG), an organization of academic researchers interested in international manufacturing research. Data collected in 2003 and 2004 in the third GMRG survey is used to examine various aspects of CSR. Survey responses from the study were used to analyze the extent of firm investments in environmental initiatives including pollution prevention, recycling, and waste reduction. This research also includes data on workplace health and safety, statistical process control, and total quality management. The goal of the study is to evaluate how CSR activities vary by country and how firm activities compare with competitors. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) includes a broad range of issues, activities, and ideas. CSR has components of both social and environmental concerns. The social aspects of CSR involve business ethics, relationships with stakeholders, workers, and external customers as influenced by the political and cultural framework. Ethical issues encompass a wide array of concerns; corporate governance, communication with the public and stakeholders and human rights. Working conditions, health, and safety are also social aspects of the CSR. Environmental issues also fall under the umbrella of CSR. Pollution control, recycling, waste treatment, green initiatives, and the efficient use of energy and resources are environmental aspects of CSR. Efforts to conserve energy, reduce emissions or use fewer resources throughout the manufacturing and distribution channel are part of CSR. The concept can also be applied to products that incorporate energy efficiency or a lower environmental impact either during useful life, disposal or both. It is important to recognize that CSR is a global issue. Firms in countries around the world apply the concepts of CSR to their businesses. CSR is a form of regulation that provides a framework for social and environmental strategies. Self-regulation via adoption of CSR represents rules and controls used to guide various organizational activities. This type of regulation is based on internal ethical frameworks at the firm level. Other aspects of CSR represent voluntary or mandated regulation in response to external factors or authority. Companies respond to external factors via the more formal legal environment or informal pressures of public opinion or customer and stakeholder demand. The goal of this study is to focus on selected CSR issues as they relate to manufacturing. The global implementation of CSR principals and activities in different countries provides an opportunity to compare and contrast practices across cultures. To the extent the external legal environment and cultural framework affect CSR, it is important to study differences or similarities among countries. This study uses survey data collected in various countries and industries to look at specific aspects of CSR in manufacturing as self-reported by study participants. Overview The data for this study were collected by The Global Manufacturing Research Group (GMRG), an organization of academic researchers interested in international manufacturing research. GMRG has administered surveys of manufacturing practices to companies worldwide. This paper uses the results of the third survey, collected in 2003-2004, to examine the extent to which firms invest in pollution prevention, recycling, waste reduction, work place health and safety, statistical process control, and total quality management; how this varies by country; and how their activities compare with their competitors. …


Abstract. We present a decadal-centennial scale Holocene climate record based on trace elements contents from a 65 cm stalagmite ( Pere Noel ) from Belgian Pere Noel cave. Pere Noel (PN) stalagmite covers the last 12.7 ka according to U/Th dating. High spatial resolution measurements of trace elements (Sr, Ba, Mg and Al) were done by Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Trace elements profiles were interpreted as environmental and climate changes in the Han-sur-Lesse region. Power spectrum estimators and continuous wavelet transform were applied on trace elements time series to detect any statistically significant periodicities in the PN stalagmite. Spectral analyses reveal decadal to millennial periodicities (i.e., 68–75, 133–136, 198–209, 291–358, 404–602, 912–1029 and 2365–2670 yr) in the speleothem record. Results were compared to reconstructed sunspot number data to determine whether solar signal is presents in PN speleothem. The occurrence of significant solar periodicities (i.e., cycles of Gleissberg, de Vries, unnamed 500 years, Eddy and Hallstat) supports for an impact of solar forcing on PN speleothem trace elements contents. Moreover, several intervals of significant rapid climate change were detected during the Holocene at 10.3, 9.3–9.5, around 8.2, 6.4–6.2, 4.7–4.5, and around 2.7 ka BP. Those intervals are similar to the cold events evidenced in different natural paleoclimate archivers, suggesting common climate forcing mechanisms related to changes in solar irradiance.


Telecom companies are facing a serious problem of customer churn due to exponential growth in the use of telecommunication based services and the fierce competition in the market. Customer churns are the customers who decide to quit or switch use of the service or even company and join another competitor. This problem can affect the revenues and reputation of the telecom company in the business market. Therefore, many Customer Churn Prediction (CCP) models have been developed; however these models, mostly study in the context of within company CCP. Therefore, these models are not suitable for a situation where the company is newly established or have recently adopted the use of advanced technology or have lost the historical data relating to the customers. In such scenarios, Just-In-Time (JIT) approach can be a more practical alternative for CCP approach to address this issue in cross-company instead of within company churn prediction. This paper has proposed a JIT approach for CCP. However, JIT approach also needs some historical data to train the classifier. To cover this gap in this study, we built JIT-CCP model using Cross-company concept (i.e., when one company (source) data is used as training set and another company (target) data is considered for testing purpose). To support JIT-CCP, the cross-company data must be carefully transformed before being applied for classification. The objective of this paper is to provide an empirical comparison and effect of with and without state-of-the-art data transformation methods on the proposed JIT-CCP model. We perform experiments on publicly available benchmark datasets and utilize Naive Bayes as an underlying classifier. The results demonstrated that the data transformation methods improve the performance of the JIT-CCP significantly. Moreover, when using well-known data transformation methods, the proposed model outperforms the model learned by using without data transformation methods.


In this research, the author proposes a fundamentally different way to launch spacecraft. The method is characterized in that the spacecraft is accelerated by an electric accelerator that ionizes the air and throws it at a high speed regardless of the speed of the accelerator itself. The accelerator returns to the launch site after the launch and returns the energy spent on accelerating the accelerator body. That is, the electric ground (from the power plant) energy is spent only on the acceleration of the spacecraft itself. As a result, we have the lowest possible launch cost (about $1 / kg) and are not limited in the number of launches. This will allow us to really engage in space exploration. In addition, in wartime, it allows an unlimited number of military vehicles to launch and organize anti-missile defense (electric gun). The proposed invention also allows to solve the problem of the engine for hypersonic aircraft.


The article analyzes the various interpretations of the concept of the border or boundary, and demonstrates their inherent ambivalences. That the drawing and dissolution of borders and boundaries are processes of demonstration as well as exercise of power, and are both products and producers of conflict, is elucidated both in literature and in the boundary discourses occurring in geography, politics, history and the social sciences. Subsequent to the interdisciplinary interpretations of the 'political border', it is shown how the topic of the border and boundary (Grenze) has been handled so far in German-language discussion in educational science and popular pedagogy. The boundaries of the body have been almost entirely neglected in these discussions. This area receives more extensive discussion here, both to further investigate the relevance of a boundary-theory perspective on the body for educational research, and also to expand the concept of the boundary to include additional aspects. The article makes the case for the recognition and acknowledgement of the body in its boundaried form, its state of exposure and its constitutive vulnerability – an understanding that, following Butler, creates political, ethical and social obligations and responsibilities with regard to the body and the conditions that surround it.


Quality education gains more and more interest from the recent researchers who attempt finding innovative solutions to create a real connection education – skills – employability. Quality education may seem undefined in the research area, but it is integrated in frameworks and guidelines in order to be evaluated by local, regional, or national authorities. As defining quality education in the current context is a global desideratum stated by the Sustainable Development Goals, the present research attempts outlining priority perspectives in illustrating the concept of `quality education` through a bibliometric analysis performed by the application VOSviewer 1.6.18. The study reveals the insights of a bibliographic research within Web of Science resulting in 477 documents that encountered all the relevant criteria. The data was analysed using the application VOSviewer and the study consists of analysing the keywords co-occurrence within the recent international literature. Results draw priority perspectives in defining the quality education in current context. Comparing the results with the present standards of quality education, content gaps may be revealed. Further studies should define new quality education standards in order to recreate an educational quality system able to strengthen the connection education – skills – employability in a dynamic global society.


We investigate possible improvements in online fraud detection based on information about users and their interactions. We develop, apply, and evaluate our methods in the context of Skype. Specifically, in Skype, we aim to provide tools that identify fraudsters that have eluded the first line of detection systems and have been active for months. Our approach to automation is based on machine learning methods. We rely on a variety of features present in the data, including static user profiles (e.g., age), dynamic product usage (e.g., time series of calls), local social behavior (addition/deletion of friends), and global social features (e.g., PageRank). We introduce new techniques for pre-processing the dynamic (time series) features and fusing them with social features. We provide a thorough analysis of the usefulness of the different categories of features and of the effectiveness of our new techniques.


Go beyond design conceptsbuild dynamic data visualizations using JavaScript JavaScript and jQuery for Data Analysis and Visualization goes beyond design concepts to show readers how to build dynamic, best-of-breed visualizations using JavaScriptthe most popular language for web programming. The authors show data analysts, developers, and web designers how they can put the power and flexibility of modern JavaScript libraries to work to analyze data and then present it using best-of-breed visualizations. They also demonstrate the use of each technique with real-world use cases, showing how to apply the appropriate JavaScript and jQuery libraries to achieve the desired visualization. All of the key techniques and tools are explained in this full-color, step-by-step guide. The companion website includes all sample codes used to generate the visualizations in the book, data sets, and links to the libraries and other resources covered. Go beyond basic design concepts and get a firm grasp of visualization approaches and techniques using JavaScript and jQuery Discover detailed, step-by-step directions for building specific types of data visualizations in this full-color guide Learn more about the core JavaScript and jQuery libraries that enable analysis and visualization Find compelling stories in complex data, and create amazing visualizations cost-effectively Let JavaScript and jQuery for Data Analysis and Visualization be the resource that guides you through the myriad strategies and solutions for combining analysis and visualization with stunning results.


Background We investigated whether the predictive accuracy of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) in a clinical setting is dependent on age and the definition of MCI used. Method Non-demented subjects older than 40 (n=320) who attended a memory clinic of a university hospital were reassessed 5 years later for the presence of AD. MCI was diagnosed according to the criteria of amnestic MCI, mild functional impairment (MFI), ageing-associated cognitive decline (AACD), and age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). The main outcome measure was the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Analyses were conducted on the entire sample and on subgroups of subjects aged 40–54, 55–69 and 70–85 years. Results A diagnosis of AD at follow-up was made in 58 subjects. Four of them were in the 40–54 age group, 29 in the 55–69 age group and 25 in the 70–85 age group. The diagnostic accuracy in the entire sample was low to moderately high with AUCs ranging from 0.56 (AACD) to 0.75 (amnestic MCI). A good predictive accuracy with an AUC >0.80 was only observed in subjects aged 70–85 using the criteria of amnestic MCI (AUC=0.84). Conclusions The predictive accuracy of MCI for AD is dependent on age and the definition of MCI used. The predictive accuracy is good only for amnestic MCI in subjects 70–85 years. As subjects with prodromal AD are often younger than 70, the usefulness of MCI as predictor of AD in clinical practice is limited.


It is now known that vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem. In our country, as food fortification is lacking, supplementation with pharmaceutical preparations is the only means of treatment of vitamin D deficiency. We aimed to study the composition and availability of various vitamin D preparations in the Indian market, data about which was collected from annual drug compendium. The preparations were assessed for total number, different formulations, constituents and amount of each constituent present in the formulation. Vitamin D3 is available in the form of cholecalciferol, alfacalcidiol and calcitriol as single ingredient products and in combination with calcium and other micronutrients. Most of the supplements contain calcitriol (46.5%) or alfacalcidiol (43%) as tablets (51.1%) and capsules (35.2%). Cholecalciferol, the preferred form for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficient states, constitutes only 10% of the available market preparations. High market sales of calcium supplements containing calcitriol indicate increasing intake of calcitriol rather than cholecalciferol; which could predispose to toxicity. There is a need for marketing and rational prescribing of the appropriate vitamin D supplement in ostensibly healthy Indian population. Implementation of population-based education and intervention programmes with enforcement of strict regulations could generate awareness and curb unsupervised intake of vitamin D containing dietary supplements. This health challenge mandates effective nutritional policies, fortification and supplementation programmes and partnership between government, healthcare and industry to safeguard the health of Indian population at large.


Summary A small animal model that could be infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) after peripheral inoculation would greatly facilitate the study of the pathophysiology of acute HIV-1 infection. The utility of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver (SCIDhu mice) for studying peripheral HIV-1 infizction in vivo has been hampered by the requirement for direct intraimplant injection of H1V-1 and the continued restriction of the resultant HIV-1 infection to the human thymus and liver (hu-thy/liv) implant. This may have been due to the very low numbers of human T cells present in the SCID-hu mouse peripheral lymphoid compartment. Since the degree of the peripheral reconstitution of SCID-hu mice with human T cells may be a function of the hu-thy/liv implant size, we increased the quantity of hu-thy/liv tissue implanted under the renal capsule and implanted bu-thy/liv tissue under the capsules of both kidneys. This resulted in SCID-hu mice in which significant numbers of human T cells were detected in the peripheral blood, spleens, and lymph nodes. After intraimplant injection of HIV-1 into these modified SCID-hu mice, significant HIV-1 infection was detected by quantitative coculture not only in the hu-tby/liv implant, but also in the spleen and peripheral blood. This indicated that HIV-1 infection can spread from the thymus to the peripheral lymphoid compartment. More importantly, a similar degree of infection of the hu-thy/liv implant and peripheral lymphoid compartment occurred after peripheral intraperitoneal inoculation with HIV-1. Active viral replication was indicated by the detection of HIV-1 gag DNA, HIV-1 gag RNA, and spliced tat/rev KNA in the hu-thy/liv implants, peripheral blood mononudear cells (PBMC), spleens, and lymph nodes of these HIV-l-infected SCID-hu mice. As a first step in using our modified SCID-hu mouse model to investigate the pathophysiological consequences of HIV-1 infection, the effect of HIV-1 infection on the expression of human cytokines shown to enhance HIV-1 replication was examined. Significantly more of the HIV-l-infected SCID-hu mice expressed mKNA for human tumor necrosis factors c~ and/5, and interleukin 2 in their spleens, lymph nodes, and PBMC than did uninfected SCID-hu mice. This suggested that HIV-1 infection in vivo can stimulate the expression of cytokine mP, NA by human T cells. Our modified SCID-hu mice may provide an improved model for studying the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection in vivo and for investigating the effects of anti-HIV interventions on the prevention of disseminated HIV-1 infection.