ABSTRACT The cobas human papillomavirus (HPV) test (cobas) was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and identifies HPV16 and HPV18 separately as well as detecting a pool of 11 HR-HPV genotypes (HPV31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -68) and also HPV66. We compared cobas, Linear Array (LA), and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assays for detection of carcinogenic HPV DNA, and cobas and LA for detection of HPV16 and HPV18 DNA, among the first 1,852 women enrolled in the HPV Persistence and Progression Cohort (PaP Cohort) study. Specimens were tested by all 3 assays 1 year after an HC2-positive result. In 1,824 specimens with cobas results, cobas had an 85.9% agreement with HC2 and 91.0% agreement with LA for carcinogenic HPV detection. When results between cobas and HC2 disagreed, cobas tended to call more women HPV positive (P < 0.01). Categorizing cobas and LA results hierarchically according to cancer risk (HPV16, HPV18, other carcinogenic HPV genotypes, or carcinogen negative), there was a 90% agreement for all categories of HPV (n = 1,824). We found good agreement between the two U.S. FDA-approved HPV tests, with discrepancies between the two assays due to specific characteristics of the individual assays. Additional studies are needed to compare HC2 and cobas for detecting and predicting CIN3 to understand the clinical implications of the discrepant test results between the two tests.


China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the largest infrastructure scheme in our lifetime, bringing unprecedented geopolitical and economic shifts far larger than previous rising powers. Concerns about its environmental impacts are legitimate and threaten to thwart China's ambitions, especially since there is little precedent for analysing and planning for environmental impacts of massive infrastructure development at the scale of BRI. In this paper, we review infrastructure development under BRI to characterise the nature and types of environmental impacts and demonstrate how social, economic and political factors can shape these impacts. We first address the ambiguity around how BRI is defined. Then we describe our interdisciplinary framework for considering the nature of its environmental impacts, showing how impacts interact and aggregate across multiple spatiotemporal scales creating cumulative impacts. We also propose a typology of BRI infrastructure, and describe how economic and socio-political drivers influence BRI infrastructure and the nature of its environmental impacts. Increasingly, environmental policies associated with BRI are being designed and implemented, although there are concerns about how these will translate effectively into practice. Planning and addressing environmental issues associated with the BRI is immensely complex and multi-scaled. Understanding BRI and its environment impacts is the first step for China and countries along the routes to ensure the assumed positive socio-economic impacts associated with BRI are sustainable.


World models improve a learning agent's ability to efficiently operate in interactive and situated environments. This work focuses on the task of building world models of text-based game environments. Text-based games, or interactive narratives, are reinforcement learning environments in which agents perceive and interact with the world using textual natural language. These environments contain long, multi-step puzzles or quests woven through a world that is filled with hundreds of characters, locations, and objects. Our world model learns to simultaneously: (1) predict changes in the world caused by an agent's actions when representing the world as a knowledge graph; and (2) generate the set of contextually relevant natural language actions required to operate in the world. We frame this task as a Set of Sequences generation problem by exploiting the inherent structure of knowledge graphs and actions and introduce both a transformer-based multi-task architecture and a loss function to train it. A zero-shot ablation study on never-before-seen textual worlds shows that our methodology significantly outperforms existing textual world modeling techniques as well as the importance of each of our contributions.


BACKGROUND
Copper homeostasis involves a high degree of regulation in which changes in absorption and biliary excretion are the main mechanisms. Whether neonates and small infants can make these changes efficiently is unknown.

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the effect of age and copper intake on copper absorption in infants during the first 3 mo of life.

DESIGN
Thirty-nine healthy infants (19 infants aged 1 mo and 20 infants aged 3 mo) were selected. One-half of the subjects were randomly assigned to receive oral supplementation of 80 mg Cu (as copper sulfate). kg body wt(-1). d(-1) for 15 d. At the end of the trial, copper absorption was measured by using orally administered (65)Cu as a tracer and fecal monitoring of recovered (65)Cu.

RESULTS
Mean (+/- SD) copper absorption at 1 mo of age was 83.6 +/- 5.8% and 74.8 +/- 9.1% for the unsupplemented and supplemented infants, respectively. The corresponding figures at 3 mo of age were 77.6 +/- 15.2% and 77.7 +/- 11.3%. A two-way analysis of variance showed that age, copper supplementation, and the interaction between age and copper supplementation did not have a significant effect on copper absorption. There was an inverse correlation between total fecal copper and the percentage of (65)Cu absorption (r = -0.50, P < 0.003).

CONCLUSION
Copper absorption in young infants is high but does not respond to copper intake within the range tested.


Having been informed in 1964 by the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board that the East Bay Municipal Utility District must ceasee and desist, in accordance with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, from the discharge of all water treatment plant wastewaters to water of the U.S. the District initiated an investigative program to determine the best available technology to process water treatment plant wastes and dispose of them and thus eliminate all waste discharges to San Francisco Bay. Three broad lines of action have been pursued: (1)Pilot testing of commercially available mechanical devices for the purpose of dewatering alum sludge; (2)determination of low cost/maximum benefit of modifications and additions to existing water treatment facilities for sludge processing, or both; and (3)determination of the extent to which the planning and constructing of sludge processing and sludge dewatering facilities should proceed in order to be compatible with the addition of possible future improved methods and devices.


In these slides, Dr. Cyprien Bosserelle depicts the development of his inundation model and his journey predicting and visualising inundation patterns using NeSI's HPC Platform. These visualisations often play an important role in hazard assessments and forecasting, but can be challenging to generate with traditional software. To overcome the challenge, Cyprien worked with NeSI's Computational Science team to create a more rapid rendering of model variables and, ultimately, achieve better visualisations! This content was originally delivered in a webinar on November 6th, 2019. To view a recording of the webinar click here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nkiM59QI7w


The mouse L-cell mutant gro29 is defective for egress of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virions and is significantly reduced in HSV-1 glycoprotein export (B. W. Banfield and F. Tufaro, J. Virol. 64:5716-5729, 1990). In this report, we demonstrate that pseudorabies virus (PRV), a distantly related alphaherpesvirus, shows a distinctive set of defects after infection of gro29 cells. Specifically, we identify defects in the rate and extent of viral glycoprotein export, infectious particle formation, plaque formation, and virus egress. The initial rate of viral glycoprotein synthesis was unaffected in gro29 cells, but the extent of export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus was impaired and export through the Golgi apparatus became essentially blocked late in infection. Moreover, by using a secreted variant of a viral membrane protein, we found that export from the Golgi apparatus out of the cell was also defective in gro29 cells. PRV does not form plaques on gro29 monolayers. A low level of infectious virus is formed and released early after infection, but further virus egress is blocked. Taken together, these observations suggest that the gro29 phenotype involves either multiple proteins or a single protein used at multiple steps in viral glycoprotein export and virus egress from cells. Moreover, this host cell protein is required by both HSV and PRV for efficient propagation in infected cells.


1. Nemerteans and turbellarians have an inextensible fibre system around them in the form of a lattice of left- and right-handed spirals. The effect of this system on the change of shape on these worms has been analysed theoretically and compared with the observed behaviour of nine species of turbellarian and nemertean from widely differing habitats.

2. The following theoretical relationships have been studied:

( a ) Variation of the angle between the geodesics and the longitudinal axis of the worm during changes in length, and the role of the fibre system in limiting changes in length of the animal.

( b ) The change in cross-sectional shape during changes in length.

( c ) The extension of the fibres and the extensibility of the worms, assuming the fibres of the lattice to be elastic.

3. The species investigated conform with the theoretical predictions to varying degrees and have been grouped accordingly:

( a ) Geonemertes dendyi and Rhynchodemus bilineatus have low extensibilities and fit the prediction well. They are nearly circular in cross-section at all lengths as a result of their low extensibility and this is related to their terrestrial habit and need for water conservation.

( b ) Amphiporus lactifloreus, Lineus gesserensis and L. longissimus are moderately flattened in the relaxed position and have extensibilities between 6 and 10. They are marine crawling forms using cilia for locomotion and so must present a fairly large ciliated surface to the substratum. The fibre system does not limit contraction; the compression of the epithelial cells causes the observed extensibilities to fall a little short of the theoretical values.

( c ) Cerebratulus lacteus, Malacobdella grossa, Polycelis nigra and Dendrocoelum lacteum are very flattened forms and have very high theoretical extensibilities, but very low observed ones. The factors causing this are the thickness of the body-wall musculature ( Cerebratulus ), the limiting effect of longitudinal and circular reticulin fibres in the muscle layers, and the presence of dorso-ventral and diagonal muscles. Their flattened form is correlated with ecological factors (with swimming in Cerebratulus , with its parasitic life in the mantle of bivalves in Melacobdella ) or with physical ones in turbellarians where a permanently flattened form is necessary for these worms to move by ciliary action.


The fiftieth anniversary of Miranda v. Arizona offers a chance to assess how the decision has played out in the real world and, in particular, to determine whether it has harmed law enforcement. In this Article, we take advantage of the time since the Miranda decision—now a little more than fifty years—to see whether it has produced the predicted harmful consequences. In particular, we survey the available empirical evidence about Miranda's effects on law enforcement. We collect confession rate data, both from the time of Miranda and since, to assess whether Miranda caused confession rates to fall. We also review the FBI's nationwide data on crime clearance rates to shed light on any changes in the ability of police to solve crimes. Specifically, we report the results of regression equations on crime clearance rates from 1950 to 2012, controlling for factors apart from Miranda that might be responsible for changes in clearance rates. Even controlling for these factors, we find statistically significant reductions in crime clearance rates after Miranda for violent and property crimes, as well as for robbery, larceny, and vehicle theft. We also quantify the number of lost clearances that appear to be due to Miranda. We also briefly conclude by encouraging the Supreme Court, as well as commentators and policy makers, to consider alternative ways of regulating police interrogation that do not have such detrimental effects on police efforts to apprehend potentially dangerous criminals.


Communalism has a long history in the United States. Throughout the nineteenth century, the country was seemingly dotted with utopian groups. Most were Christian groups, trying to follow the New Testament model of a body of believers that held all property in common. While these groups generally fell apart quickly, in response to inside or outside pressures, several large groups survived the turn of the century. In the early twentieth century, though, these religious communal groups had to contend with something new: an income tax. Communalism did not fit into the individualistic economic system envisioned by the drafters of the income tax. So Congress designed a special tax regime, now codified in section 501(d) of the Internal Revenue Code, which exempts religious communal holding companies from tax, while imputing the holding companies' income to the members of the group. Section 501(d) provides communitarian groups with flexibility to reflect their unusual economics. There exist, however, a number of problems with the design and implementation of section 501(d). This Article will survey the three principal problems. The first is scope: under current law, only religious communitarian groups can elect to use the section 501(d) regime. Second is uncertainty and vagueness in the statute. Third is I.R.S. overreach in the enforcement, applying doctrines (such as the public policy doctrine) that do not apply to section 501(d). In this Article, I discuss why and how to remedy these problems, while not opening section 501(d) to abusive tax avoidance.


Mathematics teachers must expect reasonably high standards of achievement from pupils. Too frequently, pupils attain at a substandard level and more optimal achievement is necessary. Thus, pupils should have self esteem needs met in the school and classroom setting. Thus, learners feel that mathematics is worthwhile and effort must be put forth to accomplish and grow to achieve objectives. With the common core objectives and tests, teachers need to align the subject matter taught with the proposed ends of instruction. Each pupil needs to have help, as necessary, from the teacher as well as from peers to achieve objectives, in the common core. A collaborative environment must be in the offing so that pupils feel confident of trust and empathy being in the offing (Ediger and Rao, 2011). The Common Core The teacher should have high expectations for learner progress in mathematics. These expectations must be reasonable. Pupils can be aided to attain at a higher level with scaffolding. Here, the math teacher notices the present achievement level of each pupil and when difficulties arise, assists the learners with intermediate explanations to move from the present to a bar set upward. Knowledgeable and skillful teachers are able to do this to realize more optimal pupil achievement. With getting to know each pupil's level of attainment, the teacher might well be able to secure an upward level of progress with quality instruction, and this includes scaffolding. The focal point is upon the child and his/her present status in mathematics and through scaffolding realize an optimal level (National Council Teachers of Mathematics, 2000). Effort, not native ability and aptitude, is salient to consider in teaching. The writer has heard children state that "Mathematics is just not my cup of tea, and my parents were the same way." Here, the problem is justification for lower achievement and a lack of effort put forth to reach out and attain vital objectives. Jerome Bruner wrote, "Any subject matter can be learned in some intellectually honest form by an child at any stage of development." The concern here is "in some intellectually honest form," indicating that it must harmonize with the learner's present level of attainment before moving on to more complex key facts, concepts, and generalizations. The structure of mathematics is then a focal point of teaching, not trivia nor the irrelevant. Mathematics can also be highly practical as well as utilitarian for pupils (See NCTM 2003). Positive attitudes must be infused in pupil thinking in that he/she can do mathematics well. Learners then need to experience success in learning. They need to be able to explain a new process acquired in their very own words; the teacher might then diagnose misunderstandings and that which needs further elaboration. Formative assessments given during the time a unit is taught also provides feedback in terms of what is lacking in mastery learning. A good teacher is a reputable diagnostician (Ediger, 1989). Providing for diverse styles of learning is salient. By doing this, pupils have better opportunities to achieve objectives in mathematics and in the common core. The following are some of the considerations in emphasizing learning styles: * working by the self or doing assignments collectively in committees * inductive versus deductive activities * heavy use of teacher explanations versus constructivism * cognitive objectives stressed solely, as compared to affective/attitudinal goals in the mathematics curriculum * teachers sequencing pupil progress in mathematics versus rather heavy learner involvement in ascertaining order of experiences * carefully selected textbook use in determining the math curriculum as compared to heavy infusion of problem solving experiences (Ediger, 2006). The common core test results then may be upped by teachers paying careful attention to individual leaning styles. …


Wetlands are characterized by wetland hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils. The multiparameter approach to wetland identification and delineation requires independent evaluation of all three diagnostic characteristics. Hydric soils can be determined from data collected under saturated and anaerobic soil conditions or by using accepted field indicators. The objectives of this research were to: (i) evaluate the presence of wetland hydrology and hydric soil conditions, (ii) examine associations between observed soil hydrology and soil morphologic properties, and (iii) evaluate current field indicators of hydric soils for their applicability to presumed hydric Mollisols. We used wells, piezometers, and tensiometers to measure saturated conditions, and Pt electrodes to measure anaerobic and reducing conditions for five soils along a hillslope transect from summit to drainageway in southeastern Minnesota. Saturated conditions were observed within 25 cm of the soil surface for all five soils for at least a few days each year between 1992 and 1995, mainly in the early spring and the late fall when soil temperatures at 50 cm were not always >5°C. Only the soil in the drainageway was saturated and anaerobic during the microbial activity season in more than one year. Soil morphology reflects the presence of saturated and anaerobic conditions in the form of thick, black surface horizons. Absence of Fe concentrations and depletions in the upper 30 cm of presumed hydric soils may reflect the absence of Fe-reducing conditions as a result of saturated conditions when soil temperatures do not facilitate abundant microbial activity. Contribution no. 971250011 from the Minnesota Agric. Exp. Stn., St. Paul.


Maria Isabel Medina's chronicle of Loyola University New Orleans College of Law examines the prominent Jesuit institution across its hundred-year history, from its founding in 1914 through the first decade of the twenty-first century. With a mission to make the legal profession attainable to Catholics, and other working-class persons, Loyola's law school endured the hardships of two world wars, the Great Depression, the tumult of the civil rights era, and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina to emerge as a leader in legal education in the state.Exploring the history of the college within a larger examination of the legal profession in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, Medina provides details on Loyola's practical and egalitarian approach to education. As a result of the school's principled focus, Loyola was the first law school in the state to offer a law school clinic, develop a comprehensive program of legal-skills training, and to voluntarily integrate African Americans into the student body.The transformative milestones of Loyola University New Orleans College of Law parallel pivotal points in the history of the Crescent City, demonstrating how local culture and environment can contribute to the longevity of an academic institution and making Loyola University New Orleans College of Law a valuable contribution to the study of legal education.


Beginning about 2000, medical malpractice litigation has occupied a center stage in public controversy about tort reform. The cost of medical liability insurance for doctors sharply increased, allegedly doubling in some specialties. Large jury verdicts especially are castigated as unwarranted and corruptive of the system because they set the bargaining rate around which plaintiff and defense lawyers negotiate settlements. One of the most commonly proposed remedies is a cap on the amount that can be awarded for general damages, often called "non-economic" damages or just simply "pain and suffering," following trial by jury. Trial lawyers and consumer groups oppose these reforms. They say one problem is a too-high incidence of malpractice and the consequent enormous economic losses of injured patients. They also assert that the increase in the costs of malpractice insurance lies with poor decisions made by liability insurance companies and problems associated with recurrent down turns in the insurance industry business cycle. Systematic empirical data is needed about the many facets of the controversy if public policy choices are to be made wisely. Obtaining such information has been difficult because much of the process of medical malpractice litigation has remained beyond scrutiny. Typically, settlements are confidential and thus legislators, the general public and researchers have been unable to obtain data about crucial questions related to the controversy. However, a closed claim database compiled by the Florida Department of Insurance provides an opportunity to shed important light on these hidden processes. The data are available to the public and contain important information about many variables bearing on the litigation process including settlements as well as jury verdicts. In a first article arising out of our research on the closed claims we developed profiles of the incidence of settlements at various stages of the litigation process, including claims settled without payments; changes in the seriousness of injuries associated with claims; the amounts of settlements; and the insurer's legal costs. The data involved cases settled from 1990 through 2003. The present article extends that research much further by comparing two sets of cases in which the payment to the claimant equaled or exceed $1 million. The first group involves cases that were tried to juries. We systematically compare the verdict with the amount the insurer actually paid. We also go a step further and examine the nature of the injury, including the medical treatment sought and the alleged cause of the injury. The second part of the article examines a group of cases that were settled without a lawsuit. One of the most interesting findings from our earlier article is that, of claims resulting in payments of $1 million or more, fully 10.1 percent were paid without pleadings of any kind. In contrast only 7.5% of paid claims over $1 million followed a jury trial. Thus, while jury trials loom large in the public debate, the truly invisible cases - invisible in the sense that they evade the formal court system - constitute an even larger source of payments. We ask about the nature of pre-suit cases and compare them to the cases that went to trial and resulted in a plaintiff verdict. Our approach to malpractice litigation issues in this paper involves qualitative as well as quantitative analyses. The qualitative analyses place a concrete face on the nature of the issues and the injuries experienced by patients involved in malpractice claims.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of compost and vermicompost on growth and physiological characters such as antioxidant, phenol, proline and secondary metabolites of Lippia citriodora in salinity stress. Compost which is prepared from municipal solid waste is the stabilization of organic compounds under aerobic conditions and is produced by the activity of living microorganisms. Vermicompost is prepared from agricultural waste and using various worms. Compost and vermicompost were applied at three levels of 0%, 10% and 30% of pot volume, as well as salinity of 70 mM NaCl to the three month-old plants in a greenhouse. The compost (10% and 30%) and the vermicompost 30% reduced growth and increased proline content, however the vermicompost at 10% improved the growth and phenolic compounds of the plants under salinity stress. These fertilizers at high levels, containing large amounts of organic matters and high salts contents, which increase toxicity and salinity and reduce plant growth. Vermicompost is better fertilizer than compost.


Scholars and research workers in the field of Child Development have an important task to establish norms or general characteristics of physical growth and body build. These norms do not explain, but they assist in establishing a range of acceptable variation which is useful in interpreting growth both physically and psychologically. A review of literature reveals that over the past few decades the average body weight and length of infants and children have increased all over the world. This trend may be attributed to an increase in caloric intake, an improvement in nutritional quality, a decrease in childhood diseases including those associated with malnutrition, limitations of child labor, and prohibition of early marriage. It is also believed by some investigators that the increase in body build may be related to genetic and environmental factors.


Background Alternative certification plays a central role in the production of new teachers in many states, yet little is known about the characteristics of an effective program. Given that the variation within programs is as great as the variation between programs, the common methodology of comparing programs is unable to discern the qualities of programs with positive teacher outcomes. Focus of Study This paper is based on an analysis of seven alternative certification programs to determine the characteristics of effective programs. It presents findings from an analysis designed to shed light on the effects of personal, program, and contextual inputs on teaching outcomes. To account for within-program variation, the analysis clusters individuals across programs based on common background characteristics, program experiences, and school contexts. Research Design We employed multiple data collection activities at both the program and participant levels. We conducted case studies of seven alternative certification programs, including multiple interviews with key personnel and document reviews. We surveyed program participants twice—once at the beginning of their participation in the program, and again at the end of their first year of teaching. We also observed a sample of participants teaching and interviewed them both at the beginning and end of their first year of teaching. Findings We found that each program, personal, or contextual element analyzed impacted various outcomes differently, and each contributed to the development of skilled, confident teachers. The element with the strongest effect on all measured outcomes, however, was school context. Conclusions Overall, findings suggest that an effective alternative certification program places candidates in schools with strong leadership, a collegial atmosphere, and adequate materials. Effective programs select well-educated individuals or work to strengthen subject-matter knowledge, and recognize that previous classroom experience is an asset. Effective programs provide carefully constructed and timely coursework tailored to candidates' backgrounds and school contexts. And, effective programs provide trained mentors who have the time and resources to plan lessons with candidates, share curricula, demonstrate lessons, and provide feedback after frequent classroom observations.


Section 108(h) has not been utilized by libraries and archives, in part because of the uncertainty over definitions (e.g. "normal commercial exploitation"), determination of the eligibility window (last twenty years of the copyright term of published works), and how to communicate the information in the record to the general public. This paper seeks to explore the elements necessary to implement the Last Twenty exception, otherwise known as Section 108(h) and create a Last Twenty (L20) collection. In short, published works in the last twenty years of the copyright may be digitized and distributed by libraries, archives, and museums, as long as there is no commercial sale of the works and no reasonably priced copy is available. This means that Section 108(h) is available for the forgotten and neglected works, 1923-1941, including millions of foreign works restored by GATT. Section 108(h) is less effective for big, commercially available works. In many ways, that is the dividing line created by Section 108(h): allow for commercial exploitation of works throughout their term, but allow libraries to rescue works that had no commercial exploitation or copies available for sale and make them available through copying and distribution for research, scholarship, and preservation. In fact, Section 108(h) when it was being debated in Congress was called labeled "orphan works." This paper suggests ways to think about the requirements of Section 108(h) and to make it more usable for libraries. Essentially, by confidently using Section 108(h) we can continue to make the past usable one query at a time. The paper ends with an evaluation of the recent Discussion Paper by the U.S. Copyright Office on Section 108 and suggests changes/recommendations related to the proposed changes to Section 108(h).


PURPOSE
To evaluate the changes in stability of immediately placed implants over a 6-month healing period relative to implants placed in native bone and to compare the stability of 2 different implant designs when placed as immediate implants in extraction sites.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This prospective cohort study evaluated 3 implant patient populations. The control group (9 patients, 11 implants) required a single-stage, 1-piece, rough-surface implant (considered a "standard" implant) placed in nongrafted sites at least 6 months postextraction. The 2 experimental groups (25 patients, 28 implants) required extraction and immediate placement of either standard implants (12 patients) or tapered, self-tapping implants (13 patients). Immediate implant placement was carried out at the time of tooth extraction. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA), a measure of implant stability, was performed following implant placement at 2- to 4-week intervals for the first 16 weeks and at 24 weeks for immediate implants.

RESULTS
Placement protocol (control versus immediate placement) resulted in significant (P < .001) differences in implant stability, even though there was no difference (P > .90) in initial, mechanical implant stability between these groups. The immediately placed implants had significantly greater reductions in stability, approximately 15%, from baseline to 4 weeks. Immediate implant stability was consistent with that of implants placed in native bone after 12 to 16 weeks. Implant design did not have a significant effect on stability.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that immediate placement protocols are viable options and that standard-design implants may provide levels of biologic stability similar to a tapered, self-tapping implant design in immediate placement protocols. Most importantly, this study documents high levels of metabolic activity in the supporting osseous tissue following immediate placement, which may extend time to restoration compared with traditional implant placement.


Here, we report the use of semiconductor/metal (Schottky) junctions as light-addressable electrochemical sensors (LAES). We employ an n-Si/Au Schottky junction prepared by electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on a freshly etched n-Si photoelectrode. The sensors demonstrate near reversible electrochemical behavior for the oxidation of ferrocene methanol and potassium ferrocyanide. Moreover, n-Si/Au LAES were stable for 1000 cyclic voltammetry cycles in an aqueous electrolyte – even though the n-Si surface was only partially covered with Au NPs. We also challenged the LAES to detect the neurotransmitter dopamine and found that the sensors were quantitative over the range from 15-500 µM in buffer. We used local illumination to generate a virtual array of electrochemical sensors for dopamine as a strategy for circumventing sensor fouling.


Bio-fuels are renewable and clean which can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels or can be used in combination with them. Biomass is a main source of bio-fuels production: it is a renewable resource and its conversion to energy releases no net CO2 to the environment.
Bio-oil, the valuable liquid product obtained from biomass through pyrolysis, may be either combusted to generate carbon-neutral electricity or converted to a synthesis gas from which chemicals or clean fuels can be produced. Producing bio-oil from biomass and then converting the bio-oil to syngas has several advantages: The bio-oil may be generated in distributed or mobile plants and then shipped to a central facility for conversion to syngas, thus avoiding the expensive transportation of bulky and perishable biomass. The syngas produced from bio-oil is cleaner than syngas produced directly through biomass gasification. Finally, valuable green chemicals may be extracted from the bio-oil before it is converted to syngas.
This thesis focuses on investigation of syngas production from bio-oil through thermal and catalytic reactions. Low bio-oil conversion and syngas yield were achieved from thermal cracking experiments in a pilot plant bubbling fluidized bed. A novel induction heated batch-wise micro reactor was designed and developed to test catalysts for bio-oil gasification. Catalytic gasification of bio-oils in this micro reactor revealed that a syngas with desired yield can be produced from bio-oil with maximum conversion provided there is a suitable catalyst and sufficient operating conditions such as temperature, residence time and steam in the reactor.


Foreland basin sedimentary strata are key records of orogenic development, but identifying detrital thermochronometers of appropriate temperature sensitivity to detect provenance shifts can be challenging. Here, we utilize the medium-temperature apatite U-Pb system as a detrital thermochronometer. With a closure temperature range of ∼375−550 °C, it is a system sensitive to the typical peak temperatures attained by the amphibolite-eclogite cores of many magma-poor Phanerozoic orogens, while apatite itself is a common accessory mineral that is virtually ubiquitous in clastic rocks.
We present apatite U-Pb data from the Oligocene−Miocene Barreme and Valensole basins of the Alpine foreland in SE France, together with data from the rutile U-Pb, apatite fission-track (AFT), and zircon U-Pb systems. At ca. 26−25 Ma, an abrupt cessation of detrital apatites yielding Alpine U-Pb ages derived from the eclogite-facies core of the Western Alps records a major westward migration of the primary drainage divide of the orogen. This shift, not visible in AFT and zircon U-Pb data, was synchronous with uplift and exhumation of the Argentera external basement massif. The drainage connection from the foreland to the eclogite-facies core of the Western Alps was restored by ca. 13 Ma and likely as early as ca. 16 Ma, and the primary drainage divide location has likely remained stable since this time. The synchronicity of late Oligocene−early Miocene uplift and initial exhumation of the external basement massifs around the western Alpine arc suggests that a major westward drainage divide migration occurred throughout the Western Alps at that time.


What would it be like to be privy to the mind of one of the twentieth century's greatest thinkers? John Gerassi had just this opportunity; as a child, his mother and father were very close friends with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, and the couple became for him like surrogate parents. Authorized by Sartre to write his biography, Gerassi conducted a long series of interviews between 1970 and 1974, which he has now edited to produce this revelatory and breathtaking portrait of one of the world's most famous intellectuals. Through the interviews, with both their informalities and their tensions, Sartre's greater complexities emerge. In particular, we see Sartre wrestling with the apparent contradiction between his views on freedom and the influence of social conditions on our choices and actions. We also gain insight into his perspectives on the Spanish Civil War, World War II, and the disintegration of colonialism. These conversations add an intimate dimension to Sartre's more abstract ideas. With remarkable rigour and intensity, they also provide a clear lens through which to view the major conflagrations of the last century.


Abstract Objectives: Kaposi's sarcoma is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness. A spectrum of non- Kaposi's sarcoma clinical and histopathological mimickers contributes to the potential over- or underdiagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma. The aim of this audit was to investigate the clinical diagnostic accuracy of Kaposi's sarcoma and to find out whether or not knowledge of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus influenced the clinical diagnostic accuracy. Design: Cross-sectional study of 511 mucocutaneous biopsies. Settings and subjects: All the biopsies were from African patients from the Limpopo province. The HIV seropositive status was known in 327 cases (64.2%). The clinical diagnosis, provided in 369 cases (72.2%) was compared with the biopsy. A Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-positive immunophenotype on biopsy served as the diagnostic gold standard. Outcome measure: Concordance or discordance between the clinical provisional diagnosis and the histopathological gold standard. Results: The rate of provisional clinical diagnosis of non- Kaposi's sarcoma in biopsy-proven Kaposi's sarcoma was 18.1% in HIV-positive, and 39.5% in HIV unknown, serostatus (chi-square 11.8, p-value = 0.0006). The concordance between the clinical diagnosis and biopsy was 76.5% in the HIV-positive, and 49.9% in the HIV-unknown, cases (chi-square 16.9, p-value < 0.0001). Conclusion: Knowledge of the patient's serostatus significantly improved the clinical diagnostic accuracy of Kaposi's sarcoma. Biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard.


Abstract We estimated nesting success at real and artificial nests of grassland birds to test the influence of nest type, nest position, and egg size on predation rates. We distributed wicker nests and realistic woven-grass nests baited with a clay egg and either a Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) egg or a House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) egg in four grasslands that were part of the Conservation Reserve Program in east-central Illinois. Nesting success averaged 86.5% for 12 days of exposure for artificial nests. For real nests, nesting success was markedly lower, averaging 39% over the entire nesting cycle and 59% during approximately 12 days of incubation. Wicker nests were depredated more often than woven-grass artificial nests (18% vs. 8%), and nests baited with House Sparrow eggs were depredated more often than nests baited with Northern Bobwhite eggs (22% vs. 9%). Elevated and ground nests were depredated at the same rate. Patterns of nest predation on wicker nests were markedly different from depredation patterns on real nests over time and among fields. In contrast, patterns of nest predation on realistic woven-grass nests corresponded much more closely with predation rates of real nests over time and among fields. We suggest that future artificial nest studies use nests and eggs that mimic as closely as possible the real nests and eggs of target species. Use of unrealistic artificial nests and eggs, at least in grasslands, may result in patterns of predation that do not accurately reflect those of real nests. Artificial nests of any type appear to underestimate predation rates on nests of grassland birds, possibly because of a lack of snake predation on artificial nests.


We evaluate the impact of portfolio constraints on financial markets in a dynamic equilibrium pure exchange economy with one consumption good and two CRRA investors that may differ in risk aversions, beliefs regarding the dividend process and portfolio constraints. Despite numerous applications, portfolio constraints are notoriously difficult to incorporate into dynamic equilibrium analysis without the restrictive assumption of logarithmic preferences. We provide a tractable solution method that yields new insights on the asset pricing implications of portfolio constraints such as limited stock market participation, margin requirements and short sales prohibition without restricting risk aversion parameters. We demonstrate that in a setting where one investor is unconstrained while the other faces an upper bound constraint on the proportion of wealth that can be invested in stocks the model generates countercyclical market prices of risk and stock return volatilities, procyclical price-dividend ratios, excess volatility and other patterns consistent with empirical findings. In a setting with margin requirements we demonstrate that under plausible parameters tighter constraints decrease stock return volatilities during the times when the constraints are likely to bind.


Commercially speaking, law journalism was a risky business in the early Republic. According to Frederick Hicks, of the 30 legal periodicals that went into business before 1850, 24 also went out of business before 1850. And of the six that survived into the second half of the century, five expired by 1866, leaving just one to carry on over the long term. (That one is the Legal Intelligencer of Philadelphia, which is still in operation today.) A simple recitation of Hicks's body count does not, however, reveal the full intensity of the semi-Hobbesian existence of those early journals. A few features of their experience merit a bit more attention. First, the very short lifespans. Second, the total number of failures. Third, the persistence of failure despite enthusiastic support from pillars of the bar. And fourth, the depths of obscurity into which those failed journals have tended to fall.


A triple-layer light-emitting diode based on an organic salt ASPT (trans-4-[p-[N-methyl-N-(hydroxyethyl)amino]styryl]-N-methylpyridinium tetraphenylborate), in which TPD and Alq3 were employed as hole and electron transporting materials respectively, exhibits variable electroluminescence (EL) spectra under different applied voltage. At lower voltage, the EL spectrum peaks at 560 nm, which emanates from the TPD/ASPT interface; when the voltage is further increased, the peak at 610 nm, which is originated from ASPT, increases; at higher applied voltage, the device yields green light with a peak at 530 nm and a shoulder at 610 nm. The stronger emission peaking at 530 nm stems from the Alq3. It reveals the hole-electron recombination zone depends on the applied voltage, so the color-variable EL can be observed by adjusting the applied voltage.


Chondrosarcoma, a heterogeneous malignant bone tumor, commonly produces cartilage matrix, which generally has no response to conventional therapies. Studies have reported that MLN4924, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, achieves antitumor effects against numerous malignancies. In this study, the suppressive effects of MLN4924 on human chondrosarcoma cell lines were investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays, which involved measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycles, molecule-associated cell cycles, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Our results demonstrated that MLN4924 significantly suppressed cell viability, exhibited cytotoxicity, and stimulated apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, MLN4924 significantly inhibited cell proliferation by diminishing the phosphorylation of histone H3 to cause G2/M cell cycle arrest. In addition, MLN4924 activated ER stress⁻related apoptosis by upregulating the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), enhancing the expression of GRP78 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP, an inducer of endoplasmic ER stress⁻related apoptosis) and activating the cleavage of caspase-4. Moreover, MLN4924 considerably inhibited the growth of chondrosarcoma tumors in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, MLN4924-mediated antichondrosarcoma properties can be accompanied by the stimulation of ER stress⁻related apoptosis, implying that targeting neddylation by MLN4924 is a novel therapeutic strategy for treating chondrosarcoma.


Two new species, Weinmannia magnifica J.C. Bradford & Z.S. Rogers and W. aggregata Z.S. Rogers & J.C. Bradford from Madagascar, are described and illustrated. Based mainly on inflorescence characters, W. magnifica is allied with four other species in Weinmannia sect. Spicatae Bernardi ex J.C. Bradford, but uniquely possesses large, pubescent, trifoliolate or rarely 5-foliolate leaves that easily distinguish it from putative relatives. Weinmannia aggregata is clearly related to W. venusta Bernardi (sect. Inspersae), but differs markedly in the aggregation of floral fascicles into globose clusters (i.e. pseudo-umbels) along the flower-bearing axes, by the tendency towards obovate rather than ovate leaflets, and by having proportionally wider fruit capsules. Keys to the five species in species-group F and to the two members of species-group D are provided, followed by descriptions and illustrations of the new species. Based on IUCN (2001) criteria, W. magnifica qualifies as an endangered species (EN), and W. aggregata should be considered a species vulnerable to extinction (VU).


[This student note is the closing chapter of the Harvard Law Review Developments in the Law Issue for the year 2000, devoted to developments in civil litigation.] Any discussion of recent developments in civil litigation must address the virtual revolution that has taken place regarding alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Attorneys have witnessed a steady growth in their clients' recourse to ADR in place of lawsuits, and ADR is increasingly incorporated into the litigation process by the judiciary itself--in the form of court-annexed arbitration, mediation, summary jury trials, early neutral evaluation, and judicial settlement conferences. "Alternative" models of dispute resolution have inarguably penetrated the mainstream; the relevant question now is how they will change it. The judicial embrace of ADR presents opportunities and concerns that distinguish court-annexed programs from the broader trend of contractual ADR. Its versatile mechanisms have much to offer overloaded courts, but as ADR gains ground in the judiciary, it becomes urgent to better isolate the values of each from the other. Policymakers must carefully design judicial ADR programs to preserve the access to public adjudication that has rendered the judiciary so invaluable an institution, and they must incorporate into judicial ADR the procedural norms necessary to satisfy fundamental fairness without sacrificing the flexibility that gives ADR its force. This Part explores developments in ADR generally, with prescriptive attention to the unfolding progress of the judicial use of ADR. Section A reviews the history of the modern ADR movement, section B surveys significant developments in statutory and case law, and section C outlines the need for further procedural elaboration in court-annexed ADR.


INTRODUCTION Limited research exists on managing conflict in counties. This symposium attempts to fill this void by examining the role of the county manager in addressing conflict to foster cooperation and understanding approaches to resolve conflict at the county level. The objectives of this symposium are threefold: (1) to help practitioners understand what they need to emphasize to foster cooperation in a fragmented government; (2) to impart strategies to manage and resolve differences at the county level; and (3) to offer direction for additional research on this topic to establish a systematic body of knowledge to guide practitioners in a government that is increasing in responsibilities in a diverse culture with different perspectives and high expectations. MANAGING CONFLICT IN COUNTIES Unlike cities and villages, counties are more prone to conflict due to their fragmented governmental structure and the increased demands placed on them by federal and state governments through mandates, block grants, and service shedding. For the most part, conflict in county government occurs when parties disagree over goals or approaches to implementing policy. Furthermore, county conflict is typically multi-interest. For instance, in the area of environmental disputes, the average number of parties to a dispute is typically four or more and, in some situations, the number can be as high as forty (Bingham, 1986:100). Equally important, conflict is perpetuated because those who participate in dispute situations often do not possess a thorough understanding of legal and political processes and/or adequate knowledge of the issue or decisionmaking authority over goals and procedures (Klase and Song, 2000. Counties exhibit numerous approaches to deal with conflict. A review of the literature (Thomas, 1976; Ury, Brett, Goldbert, 1988; Klase and Song, 2000; MacManus, 1996; Svara, 1996) reveals that county governments resort to both organizational collaborative strategies and legal/political means to manage conflict. Figure 1 illustrates the interaction between the means to manage conflict and resolution outcomes to articulate specific strategies used in county government to address conflict. The lower quadrants of the figure represent more traditional approaches to address conflict in counties. In particular, the lower left quadrant illustrates legal means via the courts to arbitrate or mediate disputes. In these situations, parties do not voluntarily collaborate together to resolve differences; instead, a resolution is imposed on them by a higher authority (i.e., the courts, an administrative judge, etc.). Depending on the nature of the dispute, a resolution may not be forthcoming for some time. Consequently, frustration may be high among parties due to the lack of constructive problem solving or closure on the issue. The lower right quadrant represents electoral approaches to resolve differences. Much of the differences are addressed through majority rule and a disadvantage here is that the minority will not be satisfied with the outcome. The upper left and right quadrants of the figure illustrate strategies to address conflict outside traditional legal and political institutions. The upper left quadrant conveys the idea that, while parties may be working together, they have not made a commitment to a resolution framework but are willing to explore options through informal discussions or work sessions without litigation or formal mediation. An encouraging aspect of this cell is that a resolution may be forthcoming that all parties will endorse. The upper right quadrant typifies Svara's (1996) and Malone's (1986) notion of facilitative leadership where county managers need to work all along horizontal structures that transcend governmental fragmentation to foster cooperation on policy issues. In effect, managers and other county actors exercise networking and people-- style management and approaches to develop constructive problemsolving approaches to address contentious issues. …


This paper presents an analysis of the Nigerian National Policy for Information Technology. The analysis reveals that the policy is inadequate to impact positively on the Nigerian education system, and that the philosophical frame of reference is market driven. The policy places little emphasis on the integration and infusion of ICT in the country's education system. Policy implications and suggestions are offered to ensure maximum use of ICT potentials in the Nigerian school system. Information technology, education, Nigerian, national policy, technology integration


SCOPE: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine publishes tutorial-style articles on signal processing research and applications as well as columns and forums on issues of interest. Its coverage ranges from fundamental principles to practical implementation, reflecting the multidimensional facets of interests and concerns of the community. Its mission is to bring up-to-date, emerging, and active technical developments, issues, and events to the research, educational, and professional communities. It is also the main Society communication platform addressing important issues concerning all members.


This Note argues that prior to United States v. Stevens, many courts and scholars assumed that child pornography was simply an unprotected category of speech. In addition, courts and prosecutors in sexting cases further assumed that older teens' sexting was child pornography. Both of the premises were dubious from the start. Following Stevens, however, these premises are untenable. First, sexting is simply not child pornography as the Supreme Court has repeatedly defined the term. Second, even if sexting could be considered child pornography under some theory, after Stevens there is no longer a "child pornography exception" to the First Amendment, but instead a "speech integral to criminal conduct exception." After teens reach the age of consent, their sexual activity is not typically criminal conduct. Thus, the First Amendment must fully protect sexted images of completely legal sexual acts. Part I briefly discusses "sexting," its prevalence among today's teenagers, and how it has resulted in a surprising number of recent prosecutions of teens under various child-pornography statutes. Part II explores the growth and development of child-pornography law in the United States and explains that using child-pornography statutes to go after what may be nothing more than high-tech flirting is plainly contrary to language in several key First Amendment cases. Part III explains that after Stevens, because there is no longer a child-pornography exception to the First Amendment but instead an exception for "speech integral to criminal conduct," child-pornography statutes must necessarily be tied to another "valid criminal statute" to survive constitutional scrutiny. With respect to older teens' sexting, the most logical starting point is state statutory-rape laws, which generally set the age of consent. Because of widely varying state statutes regarding the age of consent, Part IV critically examines the potential consequences of tying First Amendment protections to these underlying state criminal statutes. Part IV then offers an alternative analytical framework that may help those states that wish to do so address the harms of sexting while respecting the strictures of the First Amendment. That approach, however, is fraught with its own set of concerns, constitutional and otherwise.


An optical frequency comb generation scheme using time-to-frequency conversion and optical fiber-loop modulation is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. Flat-top optical pulse train from an intensity modulator is injected into a fiber loop, which includes a phase modulator and an amplifier and is cyclically modulated by the phase modulator, to generate abundant optical comb lines. A total of 110 comb lines with 3-dB spectral power variation and 10-GHz frequency spacing are obtained. The proposed scheme is relatively simple and uses only one intensity modulator and one phase modulator.


This paper has been prepared to contribute to the financial theme of the Warsaw Conference by considering ways in which library buildings may be used to generate income, drawing on the experience of a number of university libraries in the United Kingdom. Although almost all libraries generate income, it is often difficult to identify income generation activities which are based on buildings as a physical resource and experience here is much more limited.


Metastasis is the most dangerous risk faced by patients with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been observed in several types of human cancers and regulates the efficacy of many therapies. Here, we show that treatment with various concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; 0, 1, 5 or 10 μM) promotes the migration ability of the human LoVo colon cancer cell line. As demonstrated by mRNA and protein expression analyses, EP2 and EP4 are the major PGE2 receptors expressed on the LoVo cell membrane. The Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt cell survival pathway was upregulated by EP2 and EP4 activation. Following the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, β-catenin translocated into the nucleus and triggered COX2 transcription via LEF-1 and TCF-4 and its subsequent translation. COX2 expression correlated with the elevation in the migration ability of LoVo cells. The experimental evidence shows a possible mechanism by which PGE2 induces cancer cell migration and further suggests PGE2 to be a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer metastasis. On inhibition of PGE2, in order to determine the downstream pathway, the levels of PI3K/Akt pathway were suppressed and the β-catenin expression was also modulated. Inhibition of EP2 and EP4 shows that PGE2 induces protein expression of COX-2 through EP2 and EP4 receptors in LoVo colon cancer cells.


The character of Hippolytus, as it is drawn by Euripides, usually receives but half-hearted praise. His coldness, inherited, no doubt, from his Amazon mother, and his consciousness of virtue, inevitably allied to priggishness in the eyes of a society which tolerates any extreme of self-depreciation, are not attractive. It is, perhaps, more surprising that no surprise seems to be provoked by the dramatic portrayal of a disposition unique in Greek literature. The association of holiness with a life of celibacy is so familiar from the history both of Christianity and of other faiths that it seems natural to us that one who aspires to the highest purity, like Hippolytus, should allow no place in his life for sex. Hippolytus is pure, we are apt to imagine, for the same reason that a monk is pure, because such purity is pleasing to the god whom he serves and favourable to the life of the spirit.


We propose alternative single-equation semi-structural models for forecasting inflation in Canada, whereby structural New Keynesian models are combined with time-series features in the data. Several marginal cost measures are used, including one that in addition to unit labour cost also integrates relative price shocks known to play an important role in open-economies. Structural estimation and testing is conducted using identification-robust methods that are valid whatever the identification status of the econometric model. We find that our semi-structural models perform better than various strictly structural and conventional time series models. In the latter case, forecasting performance is significantly better, both in the short run and in the medium run.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated ubiquitously by all mammalian cells and at small concentrations they act as physiological mediators of cellular response to various stimuli. Excessive ROS damages DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids triggering various diseases. Cellular redox homeostasis is thus, balanced by endogenous and exogenous antioxidant defense systems. Natural antioxidants have made a significant impact in the research area of exogenous antioxidants as they exhibit universal action in various redox systems. In the present work we have studied the effects of two Qatar grown vegetables (cucumber and zucchini) on cellular redox homeostasis of HaCaT (Human keratinocytes) and AGS (Human gastric adenocarcinoma) cell lines. Vegetables were collected from the farm in Qatar and their juice was extracted by a heavy-duty juicer, with a stone mill-like screw, using a low speed of 80 RPMs resulting in minimal heat build up and oxidation of samples. Copper sulphate was used to induce cellular oxidative damage to membranes and molecules altering redox homeostasis. The impact of extracts on cell proliferation in the presence or absence of copper sulphate was tested by MTT assay and High content screening assay while flow cytometry based Annexin V assay was used to detect apoptotic cells. Moreover, impact of extracts on cellular redox homeostasis was evaluated by dichlorodihydro fluorescein (DCFH) assay that measures the intracellular ROS production and by MitoSOX assay for the production of superoxide by mitochondria. The obtained results revealed strong protective role of cucumber and zucchini in both human keratinocytes and gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines indicating the importance of dietary antioxidants with a potentially significant impact on the health of individuals.


The use of "mashups" is expanding considerably in the business environment. Business mashups are usually adopted within integrating business and data-service frameworks to provide the ability to develop new integrated services quickly. Typically, mashups provide organisations with a pronounced and flexible commodity to combine internal with external services in order to create new services, usually accessed through user-friendly Web-browser interfaces. In this study, a Web 2.0 technology was adopted to promote a key field of bioinformatics research through the management and automation of bioinformatics workflows. Consumables (widgets and services) have been developed using the Lotus Widget Factory, an Eclipse plug-in providing an easy-to-use development environment enabling developers of all skill levels to create dynamic widgets rapidly. A workflow built from widgets works as follows: the core widget receives data from one or more widgets, invokes a generic Web service, performing iteration and/or recursion, and sends the results to all other connected widgets. The number of iterations and recursions depends on the input data-set dimension and user-defined parameter values related to each specific application. Some prototype workflows have been assembled and tested with a number of widgets created with algorithms from the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS), exposed as Web services. The adoption of recent Web 2.0 technologies, such as mashup platforms, has enabled rapid generation, sharing and discovery of reusable application building-blocks (widgets, feeds, mashups), and has shown to be a plausible alternative environment for supporting bioinformatics workflow design, management and execution.


The mathematical modeling on the mapping function models should be revised and also simplified to improve the calculation of the GPS tropospheric delay. The zenith tropospheric delay can be amplified by a coefficient factor called mapping function to form total tropospheric delay. There are many mapping functions have been established to calculate the scale factor which can affect the total tropospheric delay. Most of the modern models have separated mapping Junctions for the hydrostatic and the wet part. Recently, the developed tropospheric delay models use mapping functions in the form of continued fractions which is quite tedious in calculation. There are 26 mathematical operations for Neill Mapping Function (NA4F) to be done before getting the mapping function scale factor. There is a need to simplify the mapping function models to allow faster calculation and also better understanding of the models. The mapping functions for NMF models for hydrostatic and wet components are given in a form of continued fraction, whereby the elevation angle is the variable. These mapping function models have been selected to be simplified, because of their ability to achieve mapping function scale factor, down to 3 degree of elevation angle.


Leaf type is an important trait that closely associates with crop yield. WRKY transcription factors exert diverse regulatory effects in plants, but their roles in the determination of leaf type have not been reported so far. In this work, we isolated a WRKY transcription factor gene TaWRKY71-1 from a wheat introgression line SR3, which has larger leaves, superior growth capacity and higher yield than its parent common wheat JN177. TaWRKY71-1 specifically expressed in leaves, and produced more mRNA in SR3 than in JN177. TaWRKY71-1 localized in the nucleus and had no transcriptional activation activity. TaWRKY71-1 overexpression in Arabidopsis resulted in hyponastic rosette leaves, and the hyponastic strength was closely correlative with the transcription level of the transgene. The spongy mesophyll cells at abaxial side of leaves were drastically compacted by TaWRKY71-1 overexpression. In TaWRKY71-1 overexpression Arabidopsis, the expression of IAMT1 that encodes a methyltransferase converting free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to methyl-IAA ester (MeIAA) to alter auxin homeostatic level was induced, and the induction level was dependent on the abundance of TaWRKY71-1 transcripts. Besides, several TCP genes that had found to be restricted by IAMT1 had lower expression levels as well. Our results suggest that TaWRKY71-1 causes hyponastic leaves through altering auxin homeostatic level by promoting the conversion of IAA to MeIAA.


In the field of material removal, metal cutting is one of the most important manufacturing methods. The parametric optimization of the turning mechanism is the subject of this article. Cutting speed, feed rate, and cut depth are specific input parameters. MINITAB 18 uses a L9 orthogonal array to design the combination of these parameters. Turning operations are based on the Design of Experiment are used to assess tool wear and surface roughness. The Taguchi method was used to design and optimize the experiment. ANOVA was used to assess which cutting parameters have a major impact on surface roughness and tool wear. To optimize surface roughness and finish, EN 31 is used as a workpiece and SNMG120408MS is used as a carbide cutting tools wear .Cutting speed (40, 60, and 90 m/min), feed rate (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mm/rev), and cut depth are the turning parameters (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mm). Arm wear at each cutting edge of the tool is determined by toolmaker microscope and surface roughness is measured by Talysurf profilometer (Taylor Hobson Surtronic 3). Cutting speed is the most important tool parameter, according to the findings.


This paper argues that the slow and incomplete deregulation of the financial system in the 1980s was the most important factor behind the Japanese banking troubles in the 1990s. The regression analysis of Japanese banks shows that the cross-sectional variation of bad loans ratios is best explained by the variation in the growth of loans to the real estate industry. The variation of growth of real estate lending, in turn, is explained by the varied experience of losing existing customers to capital markets. The rapid appreciation of land prices in the late 1980s also fueled the growth of real estate lending.


The aim of this study was preparing a clam marinade (Ruditapes decussatus) using a proportion of 2:1 (clam flesh to brine solution) and determining the proximate composition and shelf life of this marinated clam product. For this aim, chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses were carried out during the study. The changes of the salt and acid contents in the flesh and in the brine solution as well as color changes were determined. The study showed that the shelf life of Ruditapes decussatuswas increased by marination. Based on the TVB-N values, spoilage was determined after six months storage in refrigerated conditions. At the end of the study, the microbiological values were however still below the limits considered suitable for consumption. After 6 months storage of the marinated clams the color values were all higher than in the beginning. No spoilage occurred as far as fat oxidation is concerned as the TBA values were still in good quality at the end of storage. In the sensory examination, the clam marinades were also considered 'edible' after 6 months and were put into the category 'Quality 2'.


Book synopsis: In this collection of conversations that were conducted in Calcutta, at the London School of Economics, through Jewish Book Week, and on the radical Web site openDemocracy, internationally renowned Jewish scholar Jacqueline Rose explores the debates that have fueled her writing and thinking over three decades. Drawn out by her interlocutors, Rose discusses the difference between political and sexual identity and inquires whether psychoanalysis can be considered a radical form of thought that can be used fruitfully in dialogue about political struggle. Most significantly—since each of these conversations was sparked by her recent and controversial writing on Zionism, Israel, and Palestine—Rose reflects on the role of Jewish dissent in our time. In these conversations, Rose appears courageous, passionate, ethical, and never afraid to engage politically on issues that are of human concern in the ongoing Middle and Near East crisis.


A novel modelling paradigm for online diagnostics and prognostics for autonomous systems is presented. A model for the autonomous system being diagnosed is designed using a logic-based formalism. The model supports the run-time ability to verify that the autonomous system is safe and reliable for operation within a dynamic environment. The paradigm is based on the philosophy that there are different types of semantic relationships between the states of different parts of the system. A finite state automaton is devised for each sensed component and some of the non-sensed components. To capture the interdependencies of components within such a complex robotic platform, automatons were related to each other by semantic relationships. Modality was utilised by the formalism to abstract the relationships and to add measures for the possibility and uncertainty of the relationships. The complexity of the model was analysed to evaluate its scalability and applicability to other systems. The results demonstrate that the complexity is not linear and a computational time of 10 ms was required to achieve run-time diagnostics for 2200 KB of knowledge for complex system interdependences. The ability to detect and mitigate hardware related failures was demonstrated within a confined space autonomous operation. Our findings provide evidence of the applicability of our approach for the significant challenge of run-time safety compliance and reliability in autonomous systems.


 The topic of this article is the comparative analysis of the data structure of the extant pridianumtype documents from the Roman Empire. The pridianum is a report on the status and the changes of a cohort, which was compiled once or twice a year. Though we don't have any contemporary sources on the data recording methods of the Roman army, with the analysis of these documents we can discover some regularities referring to conscious recording of statistical data. These regularities in the macrostructure of documents also can help us to get more information about fragmentary documents. Keywords Information history, Military records, Pridianum, Roman empire, Statistical documents


Recommendations are made for choosing a test geometry and data reduction method for a standardized end-notched flexure test for unidirectional fibrous laminated polymeric composites with glass or graphite reinforcements. To this end, the accuracies of a variety of commonly used data reduction methods are evaluated over a range of geometries. This is done using a combination of numerical and experimental approaches. It is determined that the compliance calibration method of data reduction, with an associated expression for compliance, C, of the form C=A+ma3, provides the best combination of accuracy and usability of all those data reduction methods considered. Here, A and m are curve fitting parameters and a is the crack length, and the expression for compliance is obtained prior to the fracture test by a series of compliance tests at different crack lengths to a load approximately equal to 50 % of that required for fracture. When this approach is used along with the associated recommendations for slenderness ratio of the specimen and roller diameters of the fixture, it is shown that the toughness that is extracted from the test will be within 3 % of its true value for materials with coefficients of friction, μ, along the interface containing a preimplanted insert of 0.0≤μ≤0.5. All materials for which experimental data are available show μ to be within this range. As such, this compliance calibration method is recommended as the sole data reduction method for the standardized test.


Sterically-stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) latexes dispersed in nonpolar solvents are a classic, well-studied system in colloid science. This is because they can easily be synthesized with a narrow size distribution and because they interact essentially as hard spheres. These PMMA latexes can be charged using several methods (by adding surfactants, incorporating ionizable groups, or dispersing in autoionizable solvents), and due to the low relative permittivity of the solvents (εr ≈ 2 for alkanes to εr ≈ 8 for halogenated solvents), the charges have long-range interactions. The number of studies of these PMMA particles as charged species has increased over the past ten years, after few studies immediately following their discovery. A large number of variations in both the physical and chemical properties of the system (size, concentration, surfactant type, or solvent, as a few examples) have been studied by many groups. By considering the literature on these particles as a whole, it is possible to determine the variables that have an effect on the charge of particles. An understanding of the process of charge formation will add to understanding how to control charge in nonaqueous solvents as well as make it possible to develop improved technologically relevant applications for charged polymer nanoparticles.


Sunspot chromospheres display vigorous oscillatory signature when observed in chromospheric diagnostics like the strong Ca II lines and H . New high-resolution sunspot observations from the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope show the ubiquitous presence of small-scale periodic jet-like features that move up and down. This phenomenon has not been described before. Their typical width is about 0: 3 and they display clear parabolic trajectories in space-time diagrams. The maximum extension of the top of the jets is lowest in the umbra, a few 100 km, and progressively longer further away from the umbra in the penumbra, with the longest more than 1000 km. These jets resemble dynamic fibrils found in plage regions but at smaller extensions. LTE inversion of spectro-polarimetric Ca II 8542 observations enabled for a comparison of the magnetic field inclination and the properties of these short jets. We find that the most extended of these jets also have longer periods and tend to be located in regions with more horizontal magnetic fields. This is a direct observational confirmation of the mechanism of long-period waves propagating along inclined magnetic fields into the solar chromosphere. This mechanism was identified earlier as the driver of dynamic fibrils in plage, part of the mottles in quiet Sun, and type I spicules at the limb. The sunspot dynamic fibrils that we report here represent a new class of manifestation of this mechanism. They are not the same as the transient penumbral and umbral micro-jets reported earlier.


Future 5G technologies are expected to overcome the challenges of next generation networks aiming to tackle the novel and manifold business requirements associated to different vertical sectors. Extraordinarily high speed and capacity, multi-tenancy, heterogeneous technologies convergence, on-demand service-oriented resource allocation or even coordinated, automated management of resources are only few examples of the complex demands 5G aims to undertake. The shift from centralized cloud computing-based services towards data processing at the edge is becoming one of the fundamental components envisaged to enable those future 5G technologies. Edge computing is focused on pushing processing to the network edge where all the actual interactions in the access networks takes place and the critical low-latency processing occurs. Combination of network functions virtualization (NFV) and edge-computing technologies and mechanisms provides a wide range of novel opportunities for value-added service provisioning covering different features required in future access networks, such as Quality of Service (QoS), security, multi-tenancy, and low latency. This chapter provides an overview of edge-computing technologies, from supporting heterogeneous infrastructure up to service provisioning methodologies related to the application-specific requirements. It describes the role of edge computing and NFV in future 5G mobile networks. It also provides an insight into how edge computing can potentially facilitate and expedite provisioning of security in 5G networks. The manuscript analyses the role of the networking resources in edge-computing-based provisioning, where the demands of 5G mobile networks are to be met with wireless-networking technologies, which in essence are different to wired technologies present in core data centers. Initial results obtained from the evaluations of wireless fog networking backhauls are presented, and the challenges ahead of the actual implementation of those technologies are also analyzed in the chapter.


Abstract Background Opioid use disorders are increasingly driving new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Mobile health applications delivered by smartphones represent a promising innovative strategy to promote HCV prevention and improve engagement in care for substance using populations. Methods We analyzed preliminary data from a randomized trial of a mobile health intervention designed to improve retention in medication-assisted treatment for people with opioid use disorder. Services designed to help prevent HCV infection and improve care were incorporated into an existing evidence-based smartphone application, called A-CHESS, to capture data on risk behaviors and HCV screening and care. We used weekly survey data to measure movement across the HCV care continuum of screening, linkage to care, and treatment initiation. Results To date, 170 individuals have been enrolled and completed the baseline survey (87 control, 83 intervention). 976 weekly surveys were taken by 72 participants enrolled in the intervention group. At baseline, 26 of the 72 individuals (36%) were HCV at-risk/untested, 21 (29%) were HCV-negative, 22 (31%) had active HCV and had never received treatment, and 3 (4%) had active HCV infection and had received treatment. Based on weekly data collected by A-CHESS, 20 of the 72 participants (28%) were noted to change to a different stage in the HCV care continuum after a median of 13.6 weeks of follow-up. These included: 14 individuals had advanced to a later stage in the HCV care continuum (e.g., from HCV positive/untreated to HCV positive/treated), and 6 individuals had reported engaging in risky drug use behaviors and reverted to the stage of at-risk/untested (e.g., from HCV-negative to HCV at-risk/untested). Conclusion Delivering HCV prevention and care information and collecting survey data through smart-phone applications provide a novel approach to increase screening, link people to care, and measure movement across the HCV care continuum among people with opioid use disorders. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


In the capacity of general editor for this journal, I have supervised a few book reviews by fellow scholars and have written two myself: this one and another for the next issue (Teaching Japanese Popular Culture, edited by D. Shamoon and C. McMorran, AAS 2016). Through these experiences, I realised even more now than ever before how scholars share certain ways of thinking about edited books. A considerable number of academics, myself included, who have reviewed edited books—e.g. the reviews in this and in the upcoming issue—implicitly divide collections into two overarching groups: those which have an organically, ex ante designed structure, and those which are put together ex post (there are also "hybrid" cases). In the first, ex ante group are collective works organised around a theme proposed by the editor(s), which can be based either on an open but very specific CFP, or on ad personam invitations to contribute on the basis of a project designed a priori by the editor. The latter composition strategy is by far the best to follow for an edited book. It is also the criterion used for so-called "handbooks", reference texts with a somewhat encyclopaedic organisation but which are far beyond the classic idea of knowledge listed in alphabetical order and, on the contrary, possess a certain agility, transversality, and scholarly dynamism in the display of their contents. In the second, ex post group we find, for the most part, collections stemming from conferences and symposia. It is not per se that collections based on this criterion are ipso facto worse than or inferior to the ex ante structure. The distinguishing trait is not quality; there are organically edited works in the ex ante group whose chapters oscillate from mediocrity to greatness, and miscellaneous collections in the ex post group whose chapters, however detached from each other, are all of good-to-outstanding value. But in my experience as a reader and a scholar, it is much harder for unorganised collections to reach the same standard and orderly structure compared to the collections of the ex ante group.
I shall explain this further later on, but first [...]


Integral imaging (II) is one of the promising techniques in the field of autostereoscopic three-dimensional display. Despite of its many advantages, the narrow viewing angle has been a drawback. We propose a technique that enhances the viewing angle of II by resizing the elemental images taken by the pickup process and switching the elemental lenses in the display process. We explain the principle of the proposed technique, analyze the effect on the resolution of the integrated image, and show the experimental results.


The Shroud of Turin experienced its most intense devotional enthusiasm in the century after its first public exhibition in Turin in 1578 . During this period, the cloth and its mysterious imprint of Christ's body transcended the static nature of an icon by becoming a performative image in the context of private devotional worship . Operating in consort with devotional texts, the figuration of Christ's crucified body activates the otherwise static depiction of flowing of blood . Furthermore, the Shroud permitted beholders to witness a narrative performance of Christ's death and resurrection through the possession and manipulation of reproductions, making the movement of Christ's body in and out of the tomb a kinetically visible phenomenon . These performative qualities of the Shroud of Turin, as well as the beholder's active interaction with it, guaranteed its devotional prestige and facilitate new considerations of the role of images in religious devotion .


Except for the Philippines between 1896 and 1939, Southeast Asia was never part of the century-long East Asian industrial catching up until after World War II. Before the 1950s, Southeast Asian manufacturing hardly grew at all: while commodity export processing did grow fast, import-competing manufacturing and manufacturing for local consumption did not. Singapore and Thailand started recording catching up growth rates on the western leaders only from the 1950s onwards, and Indonesia and Malaysia joined the club only after 1973. Even then, Southeast Asia did not record catching up growth rates on Japan or Taiwan until after 1973 and 1990, respectively. The only Southeast Asian country that appeared to have joined the fast industrial growth club before World War II – the Philippines -- had its industrial growth collapse after the ISI years. What explains this dismal industrial performance before the 1960s? Why did Southeast Asia become a rapid export-led manufacturing growth success story after the 1960s while it did not in Latin America, the Middle East, or South Asia? In seeking answers, we distinguish four periods: de-industrialization and commodity export growth before 1913; a modest diversification into manufacturing during WWI and the interwar years; the development of consumer goods production under import substitution policies between the 1940s and the 1960s; and finally the high speed export-led industrialization since. We show how factor endowments, demography, schooling, second-best institutions, foreign markets, and, especially, good luck mattered. JEL Classification : F14, L60, N65, O14


Inspection is a fundamental means of achieving software usability. Past research showed that during usability inspection the success rate (percentage of problems detected) of each individual inspector was rather low. We developed perspective-based usability inspection, which divides the large variety of usability issues along different perspectives and focuses each inspection session on one perspective. We conducted a controlled experiment to study its effectiveness, using a post-test only control group experimental design, with 24 professionals as subjects. The control group used heuristic evaluation, which is the most popular technique for usability inspection. The experimental results are that 1) for usability problems covered by each perspective, the inspectors using that perspective had higher success rate than others; 2) for all usability problems, perspective inspectors had higher average success rate than heuristic inspectors; 3) for all usability problems, the union of three perspective inspectors (with one from each perspective) had higher average success rate than the union of three heuristic inspectors.


Crowdsourcing refers to the use of technologies to gather the collective effort and wisdom from an undefined group of online users for organizational innovation and/or problem solving. A critical challenge for crowdsourcing users and providers is to engage online participants to make sustained contributions. This research in progress paper proposes a behavioural perspective on the definition and measurement of participant engagement in community crowdsourcing, a crowdsourcing model where all participants can see and react to everyone else ideas. In our research, we propose to conceive participant engagement as a set of engaging behaviours and evaluate it through the magnitude, temporal intensity, diversity, and recency of these behaviours. We illustrate the construct operationalization by the Participant Engagement Index (PEI) that quantifies engaging behaviours in the context of MindMixer, a community crowdsourcing service provider. We further provide an initial illustration of the PEI's utility through the analysis of field project data from MindMixer. We expect that our study will provide guidance for future research into existing and new practices to study and improve the active and sustained participation of crowds in open collaboration forums.


Reinforced concrete flat slabs are extensively used in buildings and parking garages. At the ultimate limit state, their design is usually governed by punching shear. In the case where no punching shear reinforcement is provided, failure develops in a brittle manner. Furthermore, punching shear failure of one column may propagate to adjacent columns, eventually leading to the total collapse of the structure. Punching shear failure occurs with almost no warning signs, because deflections are small and cracks at top side of the slab are usually not visible. Over the past decades, several collapses due to punching shear failures have occurred, resulting in human casualties and large damages. Some solutions can be adopted to enhance the post punching behavior of flat slabs and to avoid progressive collapse. This paper presents some results of an extensive experimental campaign performed at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. The post punching behavior of 24 tested slabs, with various flexural reinforcement layouts are introduced and compared. The performance and robustness of the various solutions is investigated to obtain physical explanations of the load-carrying mechanisms.


Hamlet is the most studied and performed of Shakespeare's tragedies. This accessible introduction offers a springboard into the play, taking a hands-on, performance-based approach, exploring the challenges and the rewards it presents to actors, audiences and students. Springboard Shakespeare: Hamlet has a three-part structure: whether you're watching or reading, Ben Crystal takes you through exactly what you need to know Before, During and After the play. He combines a genuine passion and understanding of Shakespeare with his experience as an actor, giving the reader a clear route to thinking about, understanding and enjoying Hamlet.


Quantum dots (QDs) defined with electrostatic gates are a leading platform for a scalable quantum computing implementation. However, with increasing numbers of qubits, the complexity of the control parameter space also grows. Traditional measurement techniques, relying on complete or near-complete exploration via two-parameter scans (images) of the device response, quickly become impractical with increasing numbers of gates. Here we propose to circumvent this challenge by introducing a measurement technique relying on one-dimensional projections of the device response in the multidimensional parameter space. Dubbed the "ray-based classification (RBC) framework," we use this machine learning approach to implement a classifier for QD states, enabling automated recognition of qubit-relevant parameter regimes. We show that RBC surpasses the 82% accuracy benchmark from the experimental implementation of image-based classification techniques from prior work, while reducing the number of measurement points needed by up to 70%. The reduction in measurement cost is a significant gain for time-intensive QD measurements and is a step forward toward the scalability of these devices. We also discuss how the RBC-based optimizer, which tunes the device to a multiqubit regime, performs when tuning in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional parameter spaces defined by plunger and barrier gates that control the QDs. This work provides experimental validation of both efficient state identification and optimization with machine learning techniques for non-traditional measurements in quantum systems with high-dimensional parameter spaces and time-intensive measurements.


The Art of Cutting is a stunning collection of artworks created using a variety of cutting techniques. The author explores traditional techniques that are still very much alive worldwide, and then analyses the current aspects of the art of cutting, in which different materials and technologies lead to new forms of artistic expression. This book presents a selection of artists who revisit and work with traditional techniques, as well as those who adopt contemporary approaches. From paper to ceramics, food design and architecture, The Art of Cutting offers a stunning and diverse universe that is waiting to be discovered. This exceptional research work takes us to distant worlds, and also stimulates our imagination.Jean-Charles Trebbi, an urban architect, designer, artist, and author is passionate by folding, cutting, and assembling in all its forms. He uses mostly paper, but also cardboard, textiles, and even wood and metal to create his own absolutely original artists books. The book includes cut-out models.


The 2003 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform radically changes the way the European Union (EU) supports its agricultural sector by decoupling direct payments. Production is no longer required to get the payment attached to Single Farm Payment (SFP) entitlements. However, the new scheme maintains a specific link between payments and hectares; in addition, SFP entitlements can be exchanged among farmers. These features question the way SFP entitlements should be regarded, hence modelled, i.e., as lump-sum transfers, area payments or… something else. We develop a microeconomic analytical framework which shows that the answer crucially depends on the total number of entitlements which are initially made available relative to the number of hectares, more specifically the number of cultivated hectares in a zero support regime, the number of cultivated hectares in a policy support regime trough per-hectare direct aids, and the number of cultivated or idled hectares in a policy regime where support is granted through direct aids per hectare and production is not required.


The paper criticizes criminal law scholarship for helping to construct and failing to expose analytic structures that falsely claim a higher level of rationality and coherence than current criminal law theory deserves. It offers illustrations of three such illusions of rationality. First, it is common in criminal law discourse for scholars and judges to cite any of the standard litany of "the purposes of punishment" -- just deserts, deterrence, incapacitation of the dangerous, rehabilitation, and sometimes other purposes -- as a justification for one or another liability rule or sentencing practice. The cited "purpose" gives the rules an aura of rationality, but one that is, in large part, illusory. Without a principle defining the interrelation of the "purposes," nearly any rule can be justified by some "purpose of punishment." Thus, a decision maker can switch among distributive principles as needed to provide an apparent rationale for whichever rule the person prefers, even if that preference is not based on rational criteria. A second example is found in a central mechanism for determining an offenderâs blameworthiness: the use of an individualized objective standard. The widely used mechanism avoids the problems acknowledged to attend a strictly objective standard. A person's situation and capacities are central to an assessment of whether a person can be fairly blamed for a violation, and the individualized objective standard allows the decision maker to take these into account. At the same time, the mechanism avoids reversion to a completely subjective standard, which might exempt many blameworthy cases from liability. In reality, however, the mechanism only shifts the form of the problem. Codes that use the individualized objective standard fail to provide a principle by which one can determine those characteristics of an offender with which the objective standard ought to be individualized and those with which it ought not. Without a governing principle, the issue again is left to the discretion of decision makers, with no guidance as to how that discretion is to be exercised. A final illusion obscures whether the criminal justice system is, in fact, in the business of "doing justice." The "criminal justice" system imposes "punishment" and encourages moral condemnation of those found "guilty" of "crimes." But while the system cultivates its doing-justice image, it increasingly shifts to a system of essentially preventive detention, where a violator's sanction is derived more from what is needed to incapacitate him from committing future offenses than to punish him for a past offense. There are great advantages to the deception, but also serious costs and inefficiencies. The paper discusses why some illusions are more objectionable than others and what the existence of such illusions says about modern criminal law scholarship.


This article examines the emergence of an unusual coalition of opponents and proponents of nuclear power, united in their insistence that the EU's high-level radioactive waste (HLW) be disposed of within the EU, and in their opposition to the export of HLW beyond the EU. We argue that this odd coalition is best understood by considering the waste disposal issue within the context of the industry's entire production chain. The activist-industry consensus represents a coalition of baptists and bootleggers, once removed brought together not by opposition to HLW exports per se, but rather by the intersection of the issue of radioactive waste disposal with that of nuclear power generation. For quite different reasons, both partners believe that internalizing the EU's radioactive waste is more likely than export to advance their respective goals, be it the expansion or elimination of nuclear power.