ANDREW CARNIE SLICES & SNAPSHOTS Andrew Carnie's slide-dissolve installations tell stories that reflect upon our understanding of the workings of the human body. In a darkened space layered images appear and disappear on suspended screens, the developing display absorbing the viewer into an expanded sense of space and time through the slowly unfolding narratives that evolve before them. Slices & Snapshots is a collection of slide-dissolve works, the core elements of which are pairs of projectors set at opposite ends of a space, each casting sequences of images onto the layers of semi-translucent screens suspended between them. Narratives are created over time through images that surface onto the screens and then dissolve into slides projected from the other side. The sequential nature of Carnie's work is rooted in his joint fascination with the historically pioneering work of photographer Eadweard Muybridge and in contemporary chronophotography - the use of photographic sequencing in modern scientific analysis. Contemporary science uses chronophotography to develop an understanding of the different biological functions of the body. Photographs, for example, are taken over time using fluorescent proteins, then combined into sequences, creating quick-time movies that act as tools for viewing the developing human form: the cells of the brain moving into their working position or muscle cells viewed 'swimming' to prescribed destinations. An understanding of the controls that influence these movements is reached by altering chemical concentrations and observing the diverse results. Modern scientific imaging is effecting how we perceive ourselves and developing new notions of 'self' through techniques like MRI and CT scanning, X-rays and Ultrasound. Taking these scientific techniques as a source, I attempt to provide a wider resonance, my work existing in the mediating world of the mind - somewhere between raw scientific data and our condition as human beings. Andrew Carnie 2004 2004 marks the centenary of the death of Eadweard Muybridge. Through his investigations into physical movement, Muybridge is considered one of the earliest scientific photographers as well as a pioneer of modern cinema. With this exhibition Carnie pays homage to the photographer, his life, his times and the compelling imagery he created. A RESEARCH PROJECT FROM THE FACULTY OF ART, DESIGN & MUSIC, KINGSTON UNIVERSITY Artist Biography: Andrew Carnie (b.1957) studied chemistry and painting at Warren Wilson College, North Carolina (USA) then zoology and psychology at Durham University (UK) before completing a Degree in Fine Art at Goldsmiths College and a Masters in Painting at the Royal College of Art, London. Since graduating Andrew has combined his studio based practice with ventures such as the Carnie Chapel Gallery (1986-88) and the Tram Depot Gallery (1994-96), working on various collaborative arts projects, as a consultant for Greater London Arts and a teacher at Winchester School of Art (UK). Recent projects include: Head On (2002) Science Museum/Wellcome Foundation, London - working with neuro-scientists at the Medical Research Centre for Developmental Neurology, Kings College London; Alight at Royal Victoria Dock (2002) - a 50m long multi-media video work, as part of the group No Limits; Embark (2002) Millais Gallery, Southampton - a solo-show of large paintings and travel-works; Disperse (2002) - a work, produced for the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, looking at how the body might be physically dispersed at the point of death and rendered back into atomic particles; Complex Brain: Spreading Arbor (2003) - a joint project looking at the migration of neurones in the human brain, with neurologists Dr Richard Wingate (Kings College London) and Nick Didovsky (Rocafella University New York) and funded by the Wellcome Trust. His work is represented in collections in England, Germany, and the USA. Eye: Through The Mirror Darkly is a video projection work. The images are projected onto a voile screen in the form of a truncated cone, the smaller part of the cone fixed to the wall the larger circumference floating, perpendicular to the floor, away from the wall and into the gallery. The images consist of a series of stills all based around medical-imaging techniques used in medical science. The work is part of a project I am involved in looking at the ways concept of self have changed through images and ideas spawned by science.


Speech contexts can influence phonetic perception considerably, even across extended temporal windows. For example, manipulating spectral or temporal characteristics of precursor sentences leads to dramatic changes in categorization of subsequent vowels and consonants (e.g., Ladefoged & Broadbent, 1957; Summerfield, 1981). These findings often have been discussed in terms of speaker and rate normalization. The present study aimed to uncover precisely which types of information in the speech signal subserve such shifts in speech categorization. A series of experiments examined the influence of sentence-length non-speech precursors--series of brief pure tones--on the perception of speech segments with which they shared critical spectral and temporal properties. Across multiple experimental manipulations, the non-speech precursors affected the perceived place (alveolar, velar) and manner (stop, glide) of articulation of synthesized English consonants. Effects were observed even when non-speech precursor series were temporally-nonadjacent to the speech categorization targets and even when multiple interrupting acoustic events separated precursor and target. Both category boundary shifts and changes in graded internal category structure were observed. These results indicate that the auditory system is sensitive to both spectral and temporal information conveyed by non-linguistic sounds across sentence-length temporal windows. Moreover, this sensitivity influences speech categorization, highlighting that general auditory processing may play a role in the speech categorization shifts described as rate and speaker normalization.


In this thesis, I will explore Korean1 design in relation to the following factors: Imperialism, the Cold War, rapid industrialisation, an improving economy, the advancement of technology, globalisation, Eastern ideals, and sustainable and inclusive design. The purpose of this research programme is to help define the central characteristics of Korean design, and propose suggestions about its future trajectory. I compare the history of Korean design with that of Japan and Russia, partly because this will help to explore the ways in which Imperialism, the Cold War and industrialisation have affected Korean design. Analysis will be presented that demonstrates how the political, social and economic circumstances present in each of the three countries have impacted upon the nature of their design. Furthermore, American and British design policy and practice will be frequently referenced since it has exerted an important influence on Korea, Japan and Russia. In addition, analysis will also be made of the impact of globalisation on design in Korea, Japan and Russia (in so doing particular emphasis will be placed on the automobile and electronic industries since these have been important drivers of increased globalisation).


Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density are very necessary to meet the increasing demand for devices with better performance. With the commercial success of lithiated graphite, other graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) have also been intensively reported, not only for LIBs, but also for other metal (Na, K, Al) ion batteries. In this Progress Report, we briefly review the application of GICs as anodes and cathodes in metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries. After a brief introduction on the development history of GICs, the electrochemistry of cationic GICs and anionic GICs is summarized. We further briefly summarize the use of cationic GICs and anionic GICs in alkali ion batteries and the use of anionic GICs in aluminium‐ion batteries. Finally, we reach some conclusions on the drawbacks, major progress, emerging challenges, and some perspectives on the development of GICs for metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries. Further development of GICs for metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries is not only a strong supplement to the commercialized success of lithiated‐graphite for LIBs, but also an effective strategy to develop diverse high‐energy batteries for stationary energy storage in the future.


The record of palaeovegetation dynamics in Africa generally extends back to 30 000 yr BP, and longer records, where they do exist, tend to be characterised by hiatuses, giving a broken slide-show of vegetation dynamics in the past. A few specific sites on, for example, Mount Kenya and the Burundi Highlands in the equatorial tropics offer much longer and continuous records. Pollen analysis of lake, peat, swamp sediments and other materials have largely formed the basis of vegeta- tion and climatic reconstruction on the continent. These pollen diagrams indicate depression of high- land vegetation to lower altitudes relative to their positions today, fragmentation of lowland forests, and concomitant expansion of grassland prior to 14 000 yr BP, with maximum impact occurring between 22 000 and 14 000 yr BP. The period 14 000 to 10 000 yr BP was a time of transition, with veg- etation recovering to present-day distributions by 10 000 yr BP. These are generalisations, and signif- icant differences do occur from region to region; in particular, vegetation change in southern Africa has been largely asynchronous with the rest of the African continent, save for the peak of the last glacial maximum at 18 000 yr BP. Based on the changes in vegetation, the period prior to 14 000 yr BP is viewed as less humid (with exceptions in southern Africa) and cooler than present, with maximum aridity and temperature depressions (estimated to be between 4 and 7°C lower than today, occurring between 22 000 and 14 000 yr BP. A climatic amelioration followed thereafter, reaching optimal warm and humid conditions at about 10 000 yr BP in the equatorial regions, and about 2000 to 5000 yr later in the subtropical regions. Temperature has been generally viewed as being the major factor driving climate change. Following the recent discovery, from polar ice cores, that atmospheric CO2 concen- trations have also changed through time, current palaeovegetation studies have focused on both pollen and, to probe the physiological effect of changing atmospheric CO2 on vegetation, on bulk and compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis of organic sediments. These studies have yielded much valuable information on the relationship between the climatic drivers of vegetation change, namely, temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 changes. They suggest that CO2 rather than temperature was the main driving force of vegetation change in the tropics during the glacial-inter- glacial period, and that vegetation may have responded much more sensitively to humidity changes based on physiological responses to lowered CO2 concentrations. These conclusions are supported by modelling experiments, and indicate that previous estimates of temperature depression in the tropics are overestimated and need to be revised in light of these new discoveries.


At the heart of the 'special relationship' ideology, there is supposed to be a grand bargain. In exchange for paying the 'blood price' as America's ally, Britain will be rewarded with exceptional influence over American foreign policy and its strategic behaviour. Soldiers and statesman continue to articulate this idea. Since 9/11, the notion of Britain playing 'Greece' to America's 'Rome' gained new life thanks to Anglophiles on both sides of the Atlantic. One potent version of this ideology was that the more seasoned British would teach Americans how to fight 'small wars' in Iraq and Afghanistan, thereby bolstering their role as tutor to the superpower. Britain does derive benefits from the Anglo-American alliance and has made momentous contributions to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Yet British solidarity and sacrifices have not purchased special influence in Washington. This is partly due to Atlanticist ideology, which sets Britain unrealistic standards by which it is judged, and partly because the notion of 'special influence' is misleading as it loses sight of the complexities of American policy-making. The overall result of expeditionary wars has been to strain British credibility in American eyes and to display its lack of consistent influence both over high policy and the design and execution of US military campaigns. While there may be good arguments in favour of the UK continuing its efforts in Afghanistan, the notion that the war fortifies Britain's vicarious world status is a dangerous illusion that leads to repeated overstretch and disappointment. Now that Britain is in the foothills of a strategic defence review, it is important that the British abandon this false consciousness.


Shopping from home appears an intuitively more attractive proposition in the North American environment than perhaps anywhere else in the world. This article reviews the rather mixed experience of operators in the US in practice and considers in particular the prospects for growth of some of the more advanced interactive schemes. At the end of 1988 J.C. Penney's "Telaction" service and the IBM/Sears Roebuck "Prodigy Interactive Personal Service" were operating. The failure of the J.C. Penney service in April 1989 has had an unsettling effect on operators, advertisers and suppliers alike. The implications of this failure for teleservice prospects in the US in the years ahead are considered.


The suspension of EU payments in four operational programmes in 2012 showed how problematic Romania's correct and effective management of EU funds is. Such funds aim primarily at decreasing the socio-economic disparities among EU members and support the economic convergence with their Western counterparts of less developed new EU members. Consequently, a poor absorption rate of EU funds threatens income convergence between old and new member countries, thus representing a major challenge for EU integration. Currently, Romania has the poorest absorption rate among all the EU Member States and the worst among the ten new Member States. Moreover, the financial corrections, which amount to roughly 22% of the assimilated European funds, further reduce the real absorption rate, a loss which can be attributed entirely to corruption and mismanagement. The present report investigates the proportion of EU funds which can reasonably be considered at risk because of mismanagement and corruption, asks what are the main defrauding tactics used at national level to obtain European money illicitly, and considers the extent to which the suspension or cancellation of EU assistance might be the best policy for dealing with the situation. In addition, the report will put forward a list of recommendations for the next EU programming period which are intended to mitigate the effects of corruption and mismanagement that result in a waste of public resources.


Foundations constructed by the deep mixing method have been used to successfully support embankments, structures, and excavations in Japan, Scandinavia, the U.S., and other countries. The current state of practice is that design is based on deterministic analyses of settlement and stability, even though deep mixed materials are highly variable. Conservative deterministic design procedures have evolved to limit failures. Disadvantages of this approach include (1) designs with an unknown degree of conservatism and (2) contract administration problems resulting from unrealistic specifications for deep mixed materials. This dissertation describes research conducted to develop reliability-based design procedures for foundations constructed using the deep mixing method. The emphasis of the research and the included examples are for embankment support applications, but the principles are applicable to foundations constructed for other purposes. Reliability analyses for foundations created by the deep mixing method are described and illustrated using an example embankment. The deterministic stability analyses for the example embankment were performed using two methods: limit equilibrium analyses and numerical stress-strain analyses. An important finding from the research is that both numerical analyses and reliability analyses are needed to properly design embankments supported on deep mixed columns. Numerical analyses are necessary to address failure modes, such as column bending and tilting, that are not addressed by limit equilibrium analyses, which only cover composite shearing. Reliability analyses are necessary to address the impacts of variability of the deep mixed materials and other system components. Reliability analyses also provide a rational basis for establishing statistical specifications for deep mixed materials. Such specifications will simplify administration of construction contracts and reduce claims while still providing assurance that the design intent is satisfied. It is recommended that reliability-based design and statistically-based specifications be implemented in practice now.


Corporate social responsibility (CSR) discussions often fall prey to a logical trap. If some socially desirable activity is profitable, then it is best described as "intelligent operation of the business" and thus CSR is irrelevant. If the socially desirable activity is not profitable, then companies will not voluntarily undertake it unless required to do so by law or regulation, and thus CSR will be ineffective. The concept of CSR is "intensely confused" because in both the above cases it is not a useful construct. Rivoli and Waddock propose to get out of this logical trap by analyzing CSR "in a more dynamic, time- and context-dependent manner." Unfortunately, the presumed escape route turns out to be a dead end. CSR is best defined as: a company has a corporate social responsibility to voluntarily undertake socially desirable behavior that decreases the firm's profits. Laws and regulation are much more effective than CSR at inducing firms to implement socially desirable behavior that reduces firm profits.


Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma ranks 3rd in India among gynecological malignancies. Endometrial cancer (EC) can be classified into two distinct groups – type I and type II, based on histology, which differs in molecular, clinical and histopathological profiles. Type II is nonestrogen dependent, nonendometrioid, more aggressive and carries poor prognosis. Although type II cancers contribute only about 10% of EC incidence, they present at advanced age and cause approximately 50% recurrence and deaths with a low 5-year, overall survival rate. Type II EC are also characterized by genetic alterations in p53, human epidermal growth factor-2/neu, p16 and E-cadherin. Materials and Methods: Endometrial carcinomas diagnosed from endometrial biopsies and hysterectomy specimens received in the Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, from January 2007 to June 2012 were included in the study. Clinicopathological analysis of the 84 cases of EC was done with emphasis on morphology. p53 immunostaining was performed in two cases of serous carcinoma. Results: Out of a total of 84 cases of EC, ten cases were of type II (11.9%). Out of which, eight were serous carcinoma (9.5%) and two clear cell (2.4%). p53 immunostain was strongly positive in the serous papillary carcinomas. The age of the patients ranged from 45 to 75 years. Myometrial invasion was more than half. Treatment was hysterectomy followed by aggressive chemotherapy. Conclusion: Of the type II EC, serous carcinoma is the most common type. Clinical presentation and prognosis differs in comparison to type I EC, thus the recognition of this type of EC is pivotal.


In recent years, vintage handkerchiefs have been an unsung source of inspiration for many of the world's most exciting brands. This volume written by vintage clothing and textiles expert Nicky Albrechtsen, will appeal to collectors of printed textiles, fashion lovers and designers, and provide a visual feast for anyone with a passion for pattern. Over 200 beautifully designed handkerchiefs have been selected to reflect the magnificent array of printed designs that emerged between the 1920s and 1950s, a particularly innovative period in handkerchief design that produced small squares exploding with colour and pattern. The book comes complete with a short history of the subject, an analysis of the fabrics used, a detailing of the design characteristics of each decade, information on where to find and collect, and advice on conservation, storage and use. Organized for inspiration into 11 sections by colour, this is a fresh and covetable volume targeted at fashion professionals, designers, or a new young generation in search of old chic in new chic forms. Nicky Albrechtsen is also the co-author of the acclaimed "Scarves" (ISBN 9780500515648).


The presented study focuses on the derivation and validation of digital surface models and digital forest canopy height models using multi-beam TerraSAR-X Spotlight data. The derivation of these elevation models is based on multi-image radargrammetry and the validation is based on a comparison to laser scanner DSM and DTM. It is shown that the resulting DSMs are very accurate (+/- 1 meter) on bare ground, while forest canopy heights are systematically underestimated. This bias is caused as the SAR signal in X-band penetrates into the forest canopy, where the penetration depth depends on the off-nadir look angle.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by loss in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and is ranked as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Dopamine receptor D3 is considered as a potential target in drug development against PD because of its lesser side effects and higher degree of neuro-protection. One of the prominent therapies currently available for PD is the use of dopamine agonists which mimic the natural action of dopamine in the brain and stimulate dopamine receptors directly. Unfortunately, use of these pharmacological therapies such as bromocriptine, apomorphine, and ropinirole provides only temporary relief of the disease symptoms and is frequently linked with insomnia, anxiety, depression, and agitation. Thus, there is a need for an alternative treatment that not only hinders neurodegeneration, but also has few or no side effects. Since the past decade, much attention has been given to exploitation of phytochemicals and their use in alternative medicine research. This is because plants are a cheap, indispensable, and never ending resource of active compounds that are beneficial against various diseases. In the current study, 40 active phytochemicals against PD were selected through literature survey. These ligands were docked with dopamine receptor D3 using AutoDock and AutoDockVina. Binding energies were compared to docking results of drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration against PD. The compounds were further analyzed for their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion-toxicity profile. From the study it is concluded that glycyrrhetinic acid and E.resveratroloside are potent compounds having high binding energies which should be considered as potential lead compounds for drug development against PD.


How the United States helped restore a Europe battered by World War II and created the foundation for the postwar international order Seventy years ago, in the wake of World War II, the United States did something almost unprecedented in world history: It launched and paid for an economic aid plan to restore a continent reeling from war. The European Recovery Plan—better known as the Marshall Plan, after chief advocate Secretary of State George C. Marshall—was in part an act of charity but primarily an act of self-interest, intended to prevent postwar Western Europe from succumbing to communism. By speeding the recovery of Europe and establishing the basis for NATO and diplomatic alliances that endure to this day, it became one of the most successful U.S. government programs ever. The Brookings Institution played an important role in the adoption of the Marshall Plan. At the request of Arthur Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Brookings scholars analyzed the plan, including the specifics of how it could be implemented. Their report gave Vandenberg the information he needed to shepherd the plan through a Republican-dominated Congress in a presidential election year. In his foreword to this book, Brookings president Strobe Talbott reviews the global context in which the Truman administration pushed the Marshall Plan through Congress, as well as Brookings' role in that process. The book includes Marshall's landmark speech at Harvard University in June 1947 laying out the rationale for the European aid program, the full text of the report from Brookings analyzing the plan, and the lecture Marshall gave upon receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. The book concludes with an essay by Bruce Jones and Will Moreland that demonstrates how the Marshall Plan helped shape the entire postwar era and how today's leaders can learn from the plan's challenges and successes.... Download ebook, read file pdf The Marshall Plan and the Shaping of American Strategy


Controlled and reversible anisotropic self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is achieved by ligand exchange with concentrations of ligand below that needed for their complete capping, i.e. using substoichiometric ligand coverages. A thoughtful rationale of the ligand chemical structure and control over exchange conditions have been pursued to foster a reversible process grounded on the cooperative balance between attractive, and repulsive interactions. The gradual replacement of the electrostatic and steric repulsions between the GNPs with attractive dipolar interactions and enhanced steric repulsions is accomplished by ligand exchange with an oligo (ethylene glycol) alkanethiol. The modulation of interparticle interactions is driven by the extent of ligand substitution and allows the reversible assembly of nanoparticles and tuning of their optical properties.


The increase in mineral price volatility since 1970 and worries about the impact of rapidly growing mineral exports on the economic growth of developing countries have created recent interest in mineral trade flows and policies. This paper provides a review of current thinking on the economics of international trade in mining products. Despite mining products' importance in early formulations of trade theory, there have been relatively few studies that have specifically examined mining product trade flows. The limited evidence that exists supports the idea that factor endowment differences explain much mining product trade. There is some apparent South–South and intra‐industry trade in mining products, but we find no need to resort to the 'new trade theory' to explain this. Given worries of substandard growth and development in mining‐based economies, trade policies have been used to try to accelerate the movement towards resource‐based manufacturing. In the light of recent evidence that mining product exporters have not suffered in the long‐run from mining activity, these policies are likely to have been unwarranted. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that the more closed mining economies have had faster growth than the open mining economies, reflecting correction of a political economy trap that causes open mining economies to under‐invest in education.


We give an overview of the science application process at work in supporting fire management. First-order fire effects models, such as those discussed in accompanying papers, are the building blocks of software systems designed for application to landscapes over time scales from days to centuries. Fire effects may be modeled using empirical, rule based, or process approaches. Fire effects software systems can be used to conduct risk assessments, develop prescriptions for fuel treatments or prescribed fire, or support long-term planning. A brief review of the software systems available and the fire effects models on which they are based is presented. We consider the future of software systems for fire management and, given gaps in fire effects modeling capabilities, how to strengthen their foundation.


Millions of digital images are captured by imaging devices on a daily basis. The way imaging devices operate follows an integral process from which the information of the original scene needs to be estimated. The estimation is done by inverting the integral process of the imaging device with the use of optimization techniques. This linear inverse problem, the inversion of the integral acquisition process, is at the heart of several image processing applications such as denoising, deblurring, inpainting, and super-resolution. We describe in detail the use of linear inverse problems in these applications. We review and compare several state-of-the-art optimization algorithms that invert this integral process. Linear inverse problems are usually very difficult to solve. Therefore, additional prior assumptions need to be introduced to successfully estimate the output signal. Several priors have been suggested in the research literature, with the Total Variation (TV) being one of the most prominent. In this thesis, we review another prior, the l0 pseudo-norm over the gradient domain. This prior allows full control over how many non-zero gradients are retained to approximate prominent structures of the image. We show the superiority of the l0 gradient prior over the TV prior in recovering genuinely piece-wise constant signals. The l0 gradient prior has shown to produce state-of-the-art results in edge-preserving image smoothing. Moreover, this general prior can be applied to several other applications, such as edge extraction, clip-art JPEG artifact removal, non-photorealistic image rendering, detail magnification, and tone mapping. We review and evaluate several state-of-the-art algorithms that solve the optimization problem based on the l0 gradient prior. Subsequently we apply the l0 gradient prior to two applications where we show superior results as compared to the current state-of-the-art. The first application is that of single-image reflection removal. Existing solutions to this problem have shown limited success because of the highly ill-posed nature of the problem. We show that the standard l0 gradient prior with a modified data-fidelity term based on the Laplacian operator is able to sufficiently remove unwanted reflections from images in many realistic scenarios. We conduct extensive experiments and show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art. In the second application of haze removal from visible-NIR image pairs we propose a novel optimization framework, where the prior term penalizes the number of non-zero gradients of the difference between the output and the NIR image. Due to the longer wavelengths of NIR, an image taken in the NIR spectrum suffers significantly less from haze artifacts. Using this prior term, we are able to transfer details from the haze-free NIR image to the final result. We show that our formulation provides state-of-the-art results compared to haze removal methods that use a single image and also to those that are based on visible-NIR image pairs.


The purpose of this research article was to explore the influence of knowledge and skills of human resource on the performance of culinary Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Medan City, Indonesia. Using quantitative research design, data were collected from 120 culinary SMEs located in Medan City. Multiple regression, t-test and f-ratio were used to estimate the significant effect of human knowledge and skills partially or not, whereas F test was applied to test whether the effect will be simultaneous. Results showed that knowledge and skills of human resources have significant and simultaneous effect on the performance of SMEs. It was also found that the knowledge and skills of human resources have a partial significant influence on the performance of SMEs. Human Resource skills factor has greater impact on the performance of SMEs as compared to human resource knowledge factor.


Although there is a gradual positive societal change, manifested in greater gender equality, the repercussion of gender role alterations in leadership positions is slow. The purpose of this paper is to present the innovative use of WebQDA qualitative software within a national tourism study. Exploring the practicalities of completing qualitative methodology as a team of researchers, we contribute to theory development. WebQDA software was useful in accelerating coding and analysis of data, captured from seven focus groups. Since the various stages of qualitative research were carried out by several researchers in the research group, this paper questions the implications of this for knowledge production. The systematization of information, required by WebQDA, helped overcome difficulties to synthesize the various interpretations. Thus it was possible to generate more ideas and less researcher bias.


The global palm oil value chain has grown in complexity; stakeholder relationships and linkages are increasingly shaped by new public and private standards that aim to ameliorate social and environmental costs while harnessing economic gains. Regulatory initiatives in the emerging policy regime complex struggle to resolve sector‐wide structural performance issues: pervasive land conflicts, yield differences between companies and smallholders, and carbon emissions arising from deforestation and peatland conversion. Identifying opportunities for more effective governance of the palm oil value chain and supply landscapes, this paper explores disconnects, complementarities, and antagonisms between public regulations and private standards, looking at the global, national, and subnational policy domains shaping chain actors' conduct. Greater complementarities have emerged among transnational instruments, but state regulation disconnects persist and antagonisms prevail between national state regulations and transnational private standards. Emerging experimental approaches, particularly at subnational level, aim to improve coordination to both enhance complementarities and resolve disconnects.


On the 24th January 2020, a famous Ukrainian oncologist-surgeon, the Honored Master Of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Dmitriy Vladimirovich Myasoyedov has passed away on the 89th year of his life. He was born in the city of Pryluky, Chernigov Region of Ukraine in a family cherishing the traditions of intelligence. The impact of his mother, a clinical physician-neurologist, influenced professional choice of Dmitriy Myasoyedov. In 1955, he graduated from Kishinev Medical Institute (Moldavia Republic), wherein Dr. Myasoyedov became one of the best students in theoretical and clinical disciplines. After graduation from the Institute, he was assigned to work as a surgeon in the Regional Hospital of Ryshkany. Through subsequent 5 years of his career as a surgeon and the Head of the Hospital, Dr. Myasoyedov gained wide experience in general surgery and the health organization in the district of his supervision. For the achievements in his practice, Dr. Myasoyedov was awarded The Medal "For Honor in Trade" and the Certificate of Commendation from the local Power. In 1960, Dr. Myasoyedov came to Ukraine where he started his career as an assistant fellow of the Oncology Department in Kyiv Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians (now Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education), where he worked until his death. In 1966, Dr. Myasoyedov has got his first scientific degree of Candidate of Science in Oncology for first domestic introduction of the Valdoni procedure in oncoproctological patients. As an Assistant Professor of the Oncology Department, he pioneered the trend of cryosurgical radical resection for locally-spread gastric and rectal cancers. In cooperation with the construction bureau of Kyiv Institute of Physics, the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, he designed the devices for cryoapplication named as "KAU-01" and "KAG-03" intended for the radical resection of solid tumors. These purely domestic medical gadgets have permitted the surgeons to apply widely the cryodestruction method as a single modality or in combination with radiation therapy. Dr. Myasoyedov studied and proved the safety and efficacy of a devitalization and the enhanced ablastic impact of intraoperative pre-resection cryodestruction due to immediate peritumoral and intratumoral vasostasis, achieving the reduction of the tumoral mass. He has shown that the tumoral tissue destruction is guaranteed following accurately developed cryodestruction regime. Dr. Myasoyedov demonstrated in clinical practice that the treatment effect depends on the tissue thermophysics properties, the cryoaction cycle, and the close contact between the cooling cap of the cryoinstrument and the tumor surface. Working in experimental and clinical environment, Dr. Myasoyedov has proved the adequacy and safety of the visual and palpation intraoperative estimation and control of the cryodestruction borders in a real time regime, especially for low rectal cancers. These procedures implemented into the clinical practice provided for the essential improvement of five-year survival of the patients. In 1984, Dr. Myasoyedov defended his doctoral thesis entitled "Combined treatment of gastric cancer with the effects of low temperatures". In 1988, he was awarded the academic title of professor by the speciality "Oncology". Since 1984, Dr. Myasoyedov became the Head of the Oncology Department. In 1974–1991, Prof. Myasoyedov also held the position of Vice-Rector for Teaching in Kyiv Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians. Within the last years of his life, Prof. Myasoyedov investigated the combined and complex treatment of breast cancer. He has implemented the reconstructive surgery of the mammary gland applying the first Ukrainian mammary gland endoprosthesis "Nubiplant". In 2000, he performed the first prophylactic mastectomy in Ukraine based on the prognostic data of the genetic analysis. Prof. Myasoyedov supervised four doctoral and five candidate theses devoted to cryodestrucion of lung cancer, hepatic malignances and colon cancer. His scientific direction, cryodestruction in surgical and combined treatment of cancer made him famous within the medical scientific community. The principles of cryodestruction in surgery developed by Prof. Myasoyedov remain significant and largely relevant in today medical practice. Prof. Myasoyedov authored more than 300 scientific papers including 12 textbooks and monographs on various aspects of clinical oncology. His scientific activity was also tightly associated with RE Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, where he was the member of the Specialized Council for Thesis Defense on speciality "Oncology", the member of Editorial Board and Guest Editorial Member of scientific journals "Experimental Oncology" and "Onkologiya". Dmitriy Vladimirovich Myasoyedov remains in the memory of his family, friends, followers and patients as an outstanding leader, prominent and warm personality, a gifted surgeon, devoted physician and scientist, and gentle intelligent. Editorial Board of "Experimental Oncology" Exp Oncol 2020 42, 1, 80 oBItUary


The purpose of the present work is the introduction of a combined bottom-up and top-down approach to generate 3-dimensional gold microcantilevers, where the porosity in the volume of the free-standing microstructure is well-controlled. By combining the elaboration of a colloidal crystal, followed by electrodeposition, with a sacrificial layer process, free-standing macroporous gold cantilevers are fabricated collectively. In order to validate the proposed concept, a simple application to humidity sensing is evaluated using the devices as mass sensors. A large sensitivity of −529 ppm/%RH and low discrepancy are obtained experimentally, confirming the promising application potential of this original architecture.


Preface. About the Authors. Chapter 1 Nonprofit Organizations Law Generally. Nonprofit Law Basics. Federal Tax Law Basics. Chapter 2 Nonprofit Educational Organizations. Education Law Basics. Demographics. Nonprofit Law Basics. Chapter 3 Acquiring and Maintaining Tax-Exempt Status. Nonprofit and Tax-Exempt Entities. Exemption Application Basics. General Procedures. Application Form 1023. Form 1023, Schedule B. Group Exemption. Chapter 4 Acquiring and Maintaining Public Charity Status. Public Charity Law in General. Supporting Organizations in General. Type III Supporting Organizations. General Supporting Organization Questions. Donor-Advised Funds. Chapter 5 Governance. Chapter 6 Private Inurement, Private Benefit, and Excess Benefit Transactions. Introduction. Private Inurement. Private Benefit. Intermediate Sanctions. Chapter 7 Executive Compensation. Concept of the Executive. Payment of Reasonable Compensation. Executive Compensation and the Governing Board. Chapter 8 Legislative Activities. Expenditure Test. Social Welfare Organizations. Trade, Business, and Professional Associations. Reporting Requirements. Chapter 9 Political Campaign Activities. Basic Federal Tax Law Rules. IRS Enforcement Efforts. Federal Election Laws. Reporting Requirements. Chapter 10 Endowment Funds. Endowment Fund Basics. Demographics. Endowment Fund Management. Endowment Fund Investments. Endowment Fund Distributions. Endowment Fund Criticisms. Chapter 11 Scholarships, Fellowships, and Other Student Assistance. Scholarship and Fellowship Law. Other Student Assistance Programs. Chapter 12 Charitable Giving Rules. Charitable Giving Rules Basics. Percentage Limitations. Conditional, Unrestricted, and Restricted Gifts. Unique Forms of Donors. Special Gift Situations. Charity Auctions. Planned Giving. Charitable Remainder Trusts. Pooled Income Funds. Charitable Gift Annuities. Charitable Lead Trusts. Other Gifts of Remainder Interests. Chapter 13 Fundraising Regulation. Federal Law Requirements. State Law Requirements. Chapter 14 Unrelated Business Activities in General. General Unrelated Business Rules. Basic Rules. Debt-Financed Property Rules. Other Unrelated Business Rules. Chapter 15 Contemporary Application of the Unrelated Business Income Rules. Chapter 16 Entity Planning. Joint Venture Basics. Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies. Tax-Exempt Organizations and Joint Ventures. Tax-Exempt Organizations, Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies. Information Reporting. Chapter 17 Annual Information and Other Returns. General Requirements. Return Contents. Unrelated Business Income Tax Returns. Accounting Methods and Financial Statements. Changes in General Operations. Public Inspection and Recordkeeping Requirements. Sanctions. Chapter 18 Disclosure and Distribution Rules. Annual Information Returns. Exemption Applications. Disclosure and Distribution Sanctions. Provision of Goods And Services. Fundraising Disclosure. Other Documents and Requirements. Index.


Only limited data are available from which normal ranges of mitral annular (MA) and tricuspid annular (TA) dimensions have been established. Normative data are important to assist the echocardiographer in defining the mechanism of atrioventricular valve regurgitation and to inform surgical planning. This study was conceived to establish normal MA and TA dimensions. Consecutive healthy subjects over the age of 60 were randomly recruited from the community as part of a screening project within South Birmingham. MA and TA dimensions in end-systole and end-diastole were evaluated in the parasternal and apical acoustic windows views using transthoracic echocardiography. Gender (males (M) and females (F))-specific dimensions were then assessed. A total of 554 subjects were screened and 74 with pathology considered to have an effect on annular dimensions were excluded from analysis. The mean age of the remaining 480 subjects was 70±7 years and the majority were female (56%). Dimensions were larger in men than in women and greater at end-diastole than end-systole (both P<0.05). Mean MA diameters at end-systole in the parasternal long axis view (cm) were 3.44 cm (M) and 3.11 cm (F) and at end-diastole 3.15 cm (M) and 2.83 cm (F) respectively. Mean TA diameters (cm) at end-systole in the apical 4 chamber view were 2.84 (M) and 2.80 (F) and at end-diastole 3.15 (M) and 3.01 (F) respectively. The reference ranges derived from this study differ from current published standards and should help to improve distinction of normal from pathological findings, in identifying aetiology and defining the mechanism of regurgitation.


In the Spring of 1849, Giuseppe Mazzini, leader of the newly-declared Roman Republic, fought off attacks from French troops seeking to restore papal sovereignty over the city. At the same time, he withstood a siege of another sort: an obscure English poet, Arthur Hugh Clough, needed his permission to visit the guarded Vatican art gallery. A letter of introduction from Thomas Carlyle won Clough his pass, but the relative absurdity of the affair was not lost on the poet. To his mother, Clough confessed embarrassment at having to bother the hero of the Risorgimento with "trivial English tourist importunities" (1:257).(1) Clough furthermore must have wondered whether looking at statues was the best occupation for a poet at such a crucial moment in European history. Was this what Byron would do? The importunate encounter with Mazzini grew out of two conflicting impulses in Clough. The first was the need to complete an obligatory step in the ritual of the Grand Tour, which also demanded visits to the coast and ancient ruins. The second impulse was more urgent. Clough was eager to turn his firsthand observation of events in Rome into poetry. Within the past year, he had achieved some success with a travel poem set in Scotland. The Bothie of Tober-na-vuolich (1848), a "long-vacation pastoral," concludes with the elopement of an Oxford undergraduate and a Scottish peasant girl, thus seeming to confirm the Republican sympathies of "Citizen Clough," as his fellow Oxonians sardonically called him.(2) The poem won positive reviews for its experimentation with meter and its perceptive, witty treatment of the social and intellectual controversies then consuming Oxford. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, for example, praised the poem's "vigour and freshness," while doubting, somewhat prophetically, whether Clough would rank among the great poets of the age--whether he was an "artist."(3) For a poet seeking to reach that next echelon, however, the continent must have seemed an inviting subject. As in Byron's day, Europe was in the midst of profound political upheaval. Clough in fact had recently witnessed the restoration of Republican government in Paris, although, like most reform-minded Victorians, he soon became disillusioned with Louis Napoleon. The fate of Italy, however, was not settled. Recent uprisings in Lombardy, Tuscany, and Rome still promised the resurgence of a new nation from the grip of old-regime politics--and new life for poetry that engaged contemporary political issues. Indeed, Clough was not the only poet who had focused his attention on Italy. In Florence, Barrett Browning was working on Casa Guidi Windows (1851), a poem that would blend eye-witness description of events in Florence with analysis of the political factors that eventually forestalled any hope of unification in 1849. And before disappearing from the literary map with the demise of the "Spasmodic School," Sydney Dobell gained brief fame with The Roman (1850). The poem vigorously champions the cause of Italian independence, closing with a popular uprising and the chant of "Down with the Austrians! Arms! Blood! Charge! Death--death to tyrants. Victory! Freedom!"(4) Mazzini himself later congratulated Dobell: "You have written about Rome as I would, had I been a poet. And what you did write flows from the soul, the all-loving, the all-embracing, the prophet-soul."(5) Clough, in contrast, was finding it difficult to adopt the role of Hero as Poet--to become Carlyle's assertive voice of the age. While intensely drawn to Rome's plight, he seemed unable to cultivate a public, overtly political persona--to progress beyond the roles of spectator, correspondent, and tourist. This struggle to find a voice, however, would fuel the two long works Clough did write in Italy: the epistolary travelogue Amours de Voyage (1849; publ. 1858) and the verse-drama Dipsychus (1850; publ. 1865), which Clough set in Venice. Both poems are semiautobiographical records of the poet's response to the spectacle of modern Italy and to the ever-present "Byron" rain his varying guises as celebrated traveler, champion of nationalistic movements, and overall role model for poets. …


There are many challenges in teaching computer programming: the diversity in students' ability and aptitude levels; the time-consuming nature of programming; and the difficulty in motivating students to learn computer programming. Gamification refers to the application of gaming elements to non-game context, such as education, with the goal of increasing the engagement of students and inspiring them to continue learning. This paper presents the methodology of incorporating gamification elements in the teaching of computer programming and investigates the effects of gamification on students' learning gains and interest in learning computer programming at the School of Engineering in Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore. Key findings on the extent gamification supports students' learning gains and interest in learning computer programming will be shared. Finally, the challenges faced in planning and designing appropriate educational games to teach computer programming will also be highlighted.


In a multicomputer network, the channel bandwidth is greatly constrained by implementation technology. Two important constraints have been identified in the literature, each appropriate for a particular technology: wiring density limits dominate in VLSI and pin-out in multiple-chip implementations. Most existing interconnection networks are categorized as either direct or indirect (multi-stage) topologies, the mesh and binary n-cube being examples of the former category, the omega and banyan networks of the latter. This paper argues that direct networks based on hypergraph topologies have characteristics which make them particularly appropriate for use in future high-performance parallel systems. The authors have recently introduced a regular multidimensional hypergraph network, called the Distributed Crossbar Switch Hypermesh (DCSH), which has topological properties that permit a relaxation of bandwidth constraints, and which has important topological and performance advantages over direct graph networks. This paper compares the DCSH to multi-stage networks, under both VLSI and multiple-chip technological constraints. The results suggest that in both cases, with a realistic model which includes routing delays through intermediate nodes, the DCSH exhibits superior performance across a wide range of traffic loads.


Priestley and Taylor's (1972) equation to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) stands for its simple form and data requirement. Although the original equation was developed for saturated surfaces, it has been widely extended to unsaturated surfaces. In this paper, different hypotheses to modify Priestley and Taylor's equation for unsaturated surfaces are compared. In general, ET models for unsaturated surfaces assume that the process is ruled by the available radiant energy and surface moisture or the atmospheric conditions or both surface and air states. The results presented here suggest that both atmospheric and surface variables should be jointly parameterized in order to obtain estimates with errors lower than 20%, which are common in ground observations. While surface condition parameterizations alone, such as those proposed by Barton (1979) and Jiang and Islam (2001), show errors slightly larger than 20%, unaided atmospheric parameterization results in errors of about 50% of the mean ET. Our recently proposed model, with atmospheric and surface parameters, keeps the simple form of Priestley and Taylor's original equation while benefiting from remotely sensed data. Estimates with our model would have errors lower than 20%.


Abstract Slant-path photon buildup factors for nine radiation shielding materials (air, aluminum, concrete, iron, lead, leaded glass, polyethylene, stainless steel, and water) are calculated with the most recent cross-section data available using Monte Carlo and discrete ordinates methods. Discrete ordinates calculations use a 244-group energy structure based on previous research at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and focus on the effects of group widths in multigroup calculations for low-energy photons. Buildup-factor calculations in discrete ordinates benefit from coupled photon/electron cross sections to account for secondary photon effects. Also, ambient dose equivalent buildup factors were analyzed at lower energies where corresponding response functions do not exist in the literature. The results of these studies are directly applicable to radiation safety at LANL, where the dose-modeling code PANDEMONIUM is used to estimate worker dose in plutonium-handling facilities. Buildup factors determined in this work will be used to enhance the code's modeling capabilities but also should be of general interest to the radiation shielding community.


A modular system for assaying the activity of transcriptional regulatory signals based on herpes simplex virus (HSV) promoter and terminator sequences linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene has been used to study activation of HSV immediate early (IE) gene expression. Insertion of the SV40 72 base pair (bp) repeat increased mRNA levels by 15-fold thus demonstrating the ability of the HSV IE promoter to respond to a heterologous enhancer. A fragment containing part of the intergenic region located between HSV-2 immediate early (IE) genes-3 and -4/-5 increased mRNA levels by 5-fold in response to transactivation by an HSV virion structural polypeptide. The HSV activator fragment increased mRNA levels by 2-fold in the absence of transactivation indicating that cellular proteins are involved in IE gene expression. From HSV-1/HSV-2 DNA sequence comparisons we previously proposed that a DNA sequence, consensus TAATGARAT, present upstream of all HSV-1 and HSV-2 IE genes was required for the co-ordinate induction of IE genes. We show here that a synthetic oligonucleotide containing TAATGARAT conferred the ability to stimulate CAT activity only on transactivation: two copies of TAATGARAT stimulated expression by 2-fold while six copies gave an 8-fold increase. This activation, which was not dependent on orientation of the TAATGARAT sequence, directly demonstrates that TAATGARAT is a component of the IE gene activation sequence.


The Advances in Inorganic Chemistry series present timely and informative summaries of the current progress in a variety of subject areas within inorganic chemistry, ranging from bio-inorganic to solid state studies. This acclaimed serial features reviews written by experts in the field and serves as an indispensable reference to advanced researchers. Each volume contains an index, and each chapter is fully referenced. * Features comprehensive reviews on the latest developments * Includes contributions from leading experts in the field * Serves as an indispensable reference to advanced researchers


This study examines the impact of prescribed burning on marsh elevation by comparing relative surface elevation change between burned and unburned control marsh plots using a Surface Elevation Table (SET) at Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge in St. Tammany Parish, LA. This project was developed in conjunction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and serves as the foundation for a long-term program for evaluating the effects of burning on marsh surface elevation. Three years after the initial burn, results indicate there was no significant difference in surface elevation change between the island receiving the burn treatment and the unburned control island. However, immediately following the burn, elevation differences between the two islands were significant, with the burn plot registering a significant decrease in elevation. The results over the course of the study might have been different had the study area not been impacted by hurricanes Faye, Gustav and Ike less than 5 months after the burn, which deposited a large amount of sediment and erased this initial deficit. These results indicate that while prescribed burning should increase vegetation density, thus increasing organic matter accumulation and potential vertical accretion, the possibility exists that the burn event will create an elevation deficit too large for those gains to overcome. This study also demonstrates the importance of storm-derived sedimentation events in the Gulf Coast marshes.


Primarily, this paper deals with the observations saying that educational sciences are facing an important task to constitute a new school theory, enriched by pedagogical analysis of computer-based teaching. The paper underlines that schools have not been prepared to face the challenges of the increasingly fast development of ICTs and new media in education. Massive use of computers and Internet helped develop a new educational technique, this of e-education. The paper discusses flexibility of this form of education as beneficiary to classical forms of education. Further on, the paper examines the pedagogical function of e-textbook. The development of e-textbook is often related to programmed textbook. Issues that have been emphasized in the paper are possibilities to reach optimal individualization and to encourage discovery learning based on students' own activities, as well as advantages of this medium use. It has been shown that it is necessary to establish a systematic approach for the conceptual design of an e-textbook and also to determine sound pedagogical bases for its didactical design.


Introdouction: According to the importance of enamel discoloration and controversy regarding the effect of different orthodontic bonding materials on tooth discoloration, the aim of this study was to deter mine enamel discoloration following orthodon tic brackets using different bonding materials. Materials and methods: This in-vitro study, 30 recently extracted human premolars with intact enamel were selected and randomly divided into three groups after primary color measurement (T0). In group A, the specimens were bonded using light-cured adhesive (Transbond XT); in group B, Transbond plus self-etch primer was used; and in group C, unite bond (no-mix) was used on the buccal surface of the specimens. Lingual surfaces, however, did not receive any treatment and were considered as the control group. The samples were immerged in a solution of tea and coffee. After 1 week, the second color measurement was performed (T1) and color changes ΔE between pretreatment and post immergence state was evaluated. The third color measurement (T2) was completed after polishing the surfaces with 24-fluted tungsten carbide polishing burs and rubber cups, and color alterations were evaluated between the base and final state. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that in all groups, the enamel color on buccal surfaces had statistically significant color changes in compar ison with palatal surfaces between the three stages of treatment (P 3.3), and the specimens in group C had the highest amount of changes in all stages of the treatment. Conclusion:Bracket bonding on enamel surfaces with a number of bonding materials in this study led to detectable enamel discoloration, which was the highest when using no-mix bonding material.


A combination of a Hartmann-Shack sensor and a standard far-field measurement on one single detector is proposed. The technique is fast and operates without movable parts, thus permitting a compact design. It is not only suited for characterization of the wave-front distribution but may also be considered for determination of the important parameters of beam width, beam divergence, and beam propagation ratio M2 of partially coherent laser beams. First results indicate that a fairly thorough beam characterization, including spatial coherence, propagation characteristics, and beam quality, can be achieved with this method.


Client software, such as Windows .exe files, poses security risks but also adds important functionality that cannot yet be replicated with web applications. These risks can be mitigated by running client software inside a sandbox. Virtual machines offer an easily deployed mechanism to create such a sandbox. This motivates two key questions: Are today's virtual machine mechanisms sufficient to prevent harm from malicious software? Even if they are sufficient, does it matter – is it the case that everyone has moved on to web applications? We address these questions by carrying out a survey of three populations of computer users: two within Microsoft and one drawn from U.S. users of the Amazon Mechanical Turk service. We note three key findings: First, all three populations download and run client software regularly: Over 70% of respondents in all three popluations download and run client software monthly or more often. Second, use of virtual machines for sandboxing is rare and inconsistently applied: 68% of respondents in all three populations say they use virtual machines "occasionally" or less often. Third, of those who gave a reason for not using VMs, 44% say it is "too hard." We conclude that today's users are exposed to risk from client software and that today's sandboxing mechanisms are inadequate to protect them.


United States v. Cruikshank (1876) is an unacknowledged landmark of American constitutional jurisprudence. Cruikshank, not the far more famous Civil Rights Cases, limited the Fourteenth Amendment to protect only against state action; Cruikshank, not the notorious Slaughter-House Cases, narrowed the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to exclude rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights; Cruikshank, not the canonical Washington v. Davis, announced that the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause protected only against provably intentional race discrimination; and Cruikshank, not the Civil Rights Cases or City of Boerne v. Flores, first excepted the Fourteenth Amendment from the general principle that Congress enjoys discretion to select the means of implementing its constitutional powers. Historically, if the argument of this Article holds true, Cruikshank played a crucial role in terminating Reconstruction and launching the one-party, segregationist regime of "Jim Crow" that prevailed in the South until the 1960s. The circuit court opinion of Justice Joseph Bradley unleashed the second and decisive phase of Reconstruction-era terrorism, while the ruling of the full Court ensured its successful culmination in the "redemption" of the black-majority states. Despite its enormous jurisprudential and historical importance, however, Cruikshank has been omitted from the mainstream narrative and pedagogical canon of constitutional law. The results have been obfuscation and distortion. Unlike the Civil Rights Cases, Slaughter-House, Davis, and City of Boerne — from which students learn the principles actually announced in Cruikshank — Cruikshank lays bare the true origin of those principles in affirmative judicial intervention immunizing overtly racist terrorism against effective law enforcement. By contrast, Plessy v. Ferguson, the legal profession's chosen focus for confession and atonement, merely let stand the legal product of a white supremacist state government that owed its existence to Cruikshank. With Cruikshank safely off stage, American law students are treated to a happy tale of progress from Plessy to Brown starring the Supreme Court as the primary protector of civil rights — a role that, ironically, the Court carved out for itself by truncating Congress's civil rights powers in Cruikshank. Add Cruikshank, and the entire narrative shifts in ways that upset time-honored notions in the dimensions of federalism, separation of powers, popular constitutionalism, and class. For those who might be interested in teaching Cruikshank, a set of materials is appended to the article.


The heavy-tailed distribution of gradients in natural scenes have proven effective priors for a range of problems such as denoising, deblurring and super-resolution. These distributions are well modeled by a hyper-Laplacian (p(x) ∝ e-k|x|α ), typically with 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 0.8. However, the use of sparse distributions makes the problem non-convex and impractically slow to solve for multi-megapixel images. In this paper we describe a deconvolution approach that is several orders of magnitude faster than existing techniques that use hyper-Laplacian priors. We adopt an alternating minimization scheme where one of the two phases is a non-convex problem that is separable over pixels. This per-pixel sub-problem may be solved with a lookup table (LUT). Alternatively, for two specific values of α, 1/2 and 2/3 an analytic solution can be found, by finding the roots of a cubic and quartic polynomial, respectively. Our approach (using either LUTs or analytic formulae) is able to deconvolve a 1 megapixel image in less than ~3 seconds, achieving comparable quality to existing methods such as iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) that take ~20 minutes. Furthermore, our method is quite general and can easily be extended to related image processing problems, beyond the deconvolution application demonstrated.


Building an effective programming model for many-core processors is challenging. On the one hand, the increasing variety of platforms and their specific programming models force users to take a hardware-centric approach not only for implementing parallel applications, but also for designing them. This approach diminishes portability and, eventually, limits performance. On the other hand, to effectively cope with the increased number of large-scale workloads that require parallelization, a portable, application-centric programming model is desirable. Such a model enables programmers to focus first on extracting and exploiting parallelism from their applications, as opposed to generating parallelism for specific hardware, and only second on platform-specific implementation and optimizations. In this paper, we first present a survey of programming models designed for programming three families of many-cores: general purpose many-cores (GPMCs), graphics processing units (GPUs), and the Cell/B.E.. We analyze the usability of these models, their ability to improve platform programmability, and the specific features that contribute to this improvement. Next, we also discuss two types of generic models: parallelism-centric and application-centric. We also analyze their features and impact on platform programmability. Based on this analysis, we recommend two application-centric models (OmpSs and OpenCL) as promising candidates for a unified programming model for many-cores and we discuss potential enhancements for them.


Recent years have seen a great deal of interest in phenomena such as Al Qaida 'terrorism', Islamic 'radicalism' or, increasingly, 'jihadism' on the Internet. However, as I argue in this thesis, much work in these areas has been problematic for a number of reasons. Much literature has been narrowly focused on the security issues which it pre-judges the content to raise, and has therefore taken some aspects too literally while ignoring others. Conversely, where authors have addressed 'jihadi' content or 'electronic jihad' as a phenomenon unto itself, they have had difficulty making sense of it within religious studies or political communication frameworks. In this dissertation, I propose an alternative approach. Deliberately eschewing frameworks based on pre-existing conceptions of religion or politics, I draw, instead, on the academic literature on fandom and subcultural media consumption. Using this conceptual lens, I attempt to analyse jihadism on the Internet (which I define in terms of online consumption of, and identification with self-described 'jihadi' content) as a subcultural phenomenon on its own terms. I argue that, without necessarily denying the role that beliefs and ideals expressed in 'jihadi' content may sometimes have in sustaining the physical violence of the 'global jihad', the cultural practices which constitute Internet jihadism have a tactical logic of their own which may not always coincide with the 'strategic' interests of 'global jihad'. By better understanding what 'ordinary' jihadis, most of whom will never participate in violence, get out of their practices, and how they negotiate the apparent contradictions of their situation, I suggest that we may be better placed to understand not only why some jihadis 'fail' to negotiate these contradictions, but also, perhaps, to raise questions about how popular media consumption works more generally.


Coronal jets occur frequently on the Sun, and may contribute significantly to the solar wind. With the suite of instruments available now, we can observe these phenomena in greater detail than ever before. Modeling and simulations can assist further with understanding the dynamic processes involved, but previous studies tended to consider only one mechanism (e.g., emergence or rotation) for the origin of the jet. In this study we model a series of idealized archetypal jet configurations and follow the evolution of the coronal magnetic field. This is a step toward understanding these idealized situations before considering their observational counterparts. Several simple situations are set up for the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field: a single parasitic polarity rotating or moving in a circular path; as well as opposite polarity pairs involved in flyby (shearing), cancellation or emergence; all in the presence of a uniform, open background magnetic field. The coronal magnetic field is evolved in time using a magnetofrictional relaxation method. While magnetofriction cannot accurately reproduce the dynamics of an eruptive phase, the structure of the coronal magnetic field, as well as the buildup of electric currents and free magnetic energy are instructive. Certain configurations and motions produce a flux rope and allow the significant buildup of free energy, reminiscent of the progenitors of so-called blowout jets, whereas other, simpler configurations are more comparable to the standard jet model. The next stage is a comparison with observed coronal jet structures and their corresponding photospheric evolution.


Introduction: Chlorofluorocarbons are one of the most important ozone-depleting substances used as coolant gases in refrigerators and freezers in developing countries such as Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the protection of cooling systems and control of ozone-depleting gases emission into the environment among health volunteers in Yazd city, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 health volunteers in Yazd in 2014. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing  four parts of demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and practice of health volunteers. The data were analyzed by descriptive tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation.
Results: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health volunteers were 8.12 ± 4.02 (range 0-23), 66.82 ± 7.55 (range 19-95), and 8.21 ± 1.47 (range 0-12). A positive and significant correlation was also observed between the three variables of knowledge, attitude, and practice of volunteers regarding the protection of cooling systems and controlling the emission of ozone-depleting gases into the environment (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The knowledge of health volunteers, as an effective stratum in the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community, about depletion of the ozone layer, as one of the most important environmental issues, was not at an appropriate level. Therefore,  educating and promoting the knowledge level of health volunteers is of great importance  as the most basic part of making health behaviors.


Some forms of meditation use a short phrase or an inspirational passage that is memorized and repeated silently as the focal point for meditation. For some, having words to focus attention on works well and is very appealing. Another benefit of using an inspirational phrase or passage is that the ideals of the inspirational words are incorporated into your consciousness. It is like planting seeds in your consciousness and watering them with your attention so that your best self and ideals will flourish in daily life.


India has established itself as one of the world's fastest growing economies and this growth has brought with it a significant boost in construction activities. With the rapid growth in construction activities, it is important to assess the amount of construction and demolition waste being generated and analyse the practices needed to handle waste in order to propose a sustainable construction approach. It has become essential to study construction waste generation and handling to develop accurate data and establish sustainable methods to manage construction waste. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle is highly useful in handling of construction and demolition waste. Basic method of recycling of concrete and masonry waste is to crush the debris to produce a granular product of given particle size. The problem arises in dealing with waste concrete fines. The finer particles of concrete generated during the crushing of waste concrete are left of no use. In this study the fines obtained from waste concrete have been used to observe their effect on the CBR value of soil by varying the amount of waste concrete fines at 10, 20, 30 and 40 %. The CBR value of the soil showed judicious improvement after mixing waste concrete fines in the soil.


This thesis examines the capital, risk and efficiency relationship in European banking in the
1990s. The topic is particularly relevant in the European context, as the ongoing process of
increased financial integration is enhancing competition and emphasising the importance of
efficiency. Yet, these factors could also increase incentives for bank risk-taking. In this
environment, bank capital has become a focal point of bank regulation as the primary means for
limiting risk taking by banks. The empirical analysis conducted builds on the earlier US work
by Kwan and Eisenbeis (1997) and Berger and De Young (1997). We developed the
aforementioned approaches by including market measures of bank risk, as well as including
proxies accounting for charter value, and profit efficiency in a model evaluating the
determinants of European bank capital. A positive effect of inefficiency on bank risk-taking,
and also of inefficiency on higher leverage were found, supporting the moral hazard hypothesis.
The latter implies that inefficient banks are more likely to have more incentives towards risk
taking. In addition, excessive rates of loan growth are found to have a negative effect on
banking risk and efficiency. This supports the hypothesis that due to agency problems
entrenched managers may pursue a growth objective, which may damage both the risk and
efficiency position of the institution. The empirical model results show a positive effect of risk
on capital probably indicating regulators' preference for capital, as a means of restricting risktaking
activities. Finally, as in most studies analysing the determinants of bank efficiency,
capital is found to affect positively the efficiency of banks. The empirical results of this research
concord with earlier US work by Kwan and Eisenbeis (1997) and Berger and De Young (1997).
Overall, the results presented in this thesis suggest that moral hazard incentives may be playing
an important role increasing systematic risk in European banking.


Monthly sampling of 71 laboratory nests, each with a pair of adults, revealed that eggs and firstinstar larvae were observed in the third month, minor workers in the fourth month and minor soldiers in the seventh month. Mortality of the pairs was high, with only five pairs surviving over the 10 month period. Laboratory nests did not develop further than the copularium. Excavation of 30 nests, of differing sizes, revealed that five were juvenile nests, consisting of only thin shelving with a few flattened fungus combs scattered throughout, and all, even the youngest nest (3 to 5 years), had a small mound. The queens from these young nests were small and had white pleural and intersegmental membranes. Twenty mature nests had a medium to large mound with large air passages and a medium to large hive with a well defined fungus garden containing large fungus combs. The queens from these nests were mediumto large sized, with white to brown pleural and intersegmental membranes. The remaining five nests had mounds often covered with grass, and a hive that contained less fungus comb than expected. The mounds of these nests were classified using their sandy pediment or crumbly texture. These were senescent or declining nests. The queens had pale brown pleural membranes and brown intersegmental membranes, and were often flaccid. The royal cell was commonly found in the middle to upper part of the nursery (20 nests), but sometimes was found at the edge of the nursery (five nests). The royal cells of five nests were not found or had been destroyed during excavation. The "youngest" mound was one to two years old and the "oldest" was more than 25 years old. The youngest queen was estimated to be three to five years old and the oldest queen more than 27 years. The nest seems to remain subterranean for two or less years before producing a mound. Thirteen nests were vigorous and five declining. The remaining 12 nests could not be classified as no fungus comb was collected from the nests.


Objective: In the present work, we describe the clinical course and predictors of change in self-reported outcomes and objectively assessed physical function over time in middle-aged subjects at high risk of, or with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: We examined 259 subjects (mean (SD) age 52.6 (10.4)) at mean 18 and 25 years after previous meniscectomy and 50 population-based age- and sex-matched reference subjects with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), one-leg hop for distance and number of knee-bendings in 30 s. Radiographic OA was defined as equivalent to Kellgren and Lawrence grade 2 or worse. Results: At first assessment, meniscectomised subjects reported worse pain, function and quality of life compared with the reference group (p<0.001). They also performed fewer knee-bendings per 30 s (27 vs 31, p = 0.02). The meniscectomised patients worsened over the 4–10-year observation time in all measured outcomes (p<0.001), and to a greater extent than the reference group in pain (−5, 95% CI −10 to 0) and one-leg hop (−11, 95% CI −18 to −3). Being a woman, or having radiographic knee OA, enhanced the worsening in self-reported and objectively assessed outcomes. Older age and a higher body mass index (BMI) influenced objectively assessed physical function, but not self-reported outcomes. Conclusion: Worsening over time in knee-related pain and function is greater in meniscectomised subjects compared with reference subjects. Rehabilitative efforts may be warranted in middle-aged meniscectomised patients, especially in women and those who have developed radiographic knee OA, who are at greater risk of worsening.


Crowdsourced Data (CSD) has recently received increased attention in many application areas including disaster management. Convenience of production and use, data currency and abundancy are some of the key reasons for attracting this high interest. Conversely, quality issues like incompleteness, credibility and relevancy prevent the direct use of such data in important applications like disaster management. Moreover, location information availability of CSD is problematic as it remains very low in many crowd sourced platforms such as Twitter. Also, this recorded location is mostly related to the mobile device or user location and often does not represent the event location. In CSD, event location is discussed descriptively in the comments in addition to the recorded location (which is generated by means of mobile device's GPS or mobile communication network). This study attempts to semantically extract the CSD location information with the help of an ontological Gazetteer and other available resources. 2011 Queensland flood tweets and Ushahidi Crowd Map data were semantically analysed to extract the location information with the support of Queensland Gazetteer which is converted to an ontological gazetteer and a global gazetteer. Some preliminary results show that the use of ontologies and semantics can improve the accuracy of place name identification of CSD and the process of location information extraction.


We address the molecular control of myogenesis in progenitor cells derived from the hypaxial somite. Null mutations in Pax3, a key regulator of skeletal muscle formation, lead to cell death in this domain. We have developed a novel allele of Pax3 encoding a Pax3-engrailed fusion protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor. Heterozygote mouse embryos have an attenuated mutant phenotype, with partial conservation of the hypaxial somite and its myogenic derivatives, including some hindlimb muscles. At these sites, expression of Myf5 is compromised, showing that Pax3 acts genetically upstream of this myogenic determination gene. We have characterized a 145-base-pair (bp) regulatory element, at -57.5 kb from Myf5, that directs transgene expression to the mature somite, notably to myogenic cells of the hypaxial domain that form ventral trunk and limb muscles. A Pax3 consensus site in this sequence binds Pax3 in vitro and in vivo. Multimers of the 145-bp sequence direct transgene expression to sites of Pax3 function, and an assay of its activity in the chick embryo shows Pax3 dependence. Mutation of the Pax3 site abolishes all expression controlled by the 145-bp sequence in transgenic mouse embryos. We conclude that Pax3 directly regulates Myf5 in the hypaxial somite and its derivatives.


Streptomyces sp. PG-08-3 was isolated from the desert of Rajasthan (India). The organism produced mannanase (15 Umg-1 protein) in the presence of 0.5% guar gum as a sole carbon source in minimal media by submerged fermentation (SmF). Enzyme production was enhanced by 7.3-fold when 0.5% soyabean meal and 0.25% of leucine were added to the minimal media. Increasing the guar gum concentration in the media by 0.1-1.0% resulted in linearly enhanced the production of mannanase.


There is a growing literature providing evidence that not only cognitive skills but also non-cognitive skills are important for economic and social outcomes. This paper assesses the measurement properties of the Big Five and Grit scales in a large representative sample of adults in Poland. The data from the Polish Follow-up Study on the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (postPIAAC) include longitudinal information on PIAAC respondents in Poland and additional background information not available in the international study. The results presented in this paper show that not all the criteria concerning the reliability, validity and comparability of these scales have been satisfied, though the personality measures significantly contribute to explaining the variability in policy-relevant outcomes. Most of the questions discriminate well between people possessing a high and a low level of a given trait, though reverse-worded items perform weaker. The Big Five theoretical five-factor structure was not replicated; however, a six-factor model with an additional factor loading reverse-worded items fits the data. In case of Grit, a bi-factor model, which has an equivalent interpretation to the second-order theoretical structure, holds. The scales are not fully measurement invariant. The results confirm earlier findings from the literature that differences in personality traits are clearly associated with differences in life outcomes. For most of the outcomes, the Big Five traits outperform cognitive skills in predictive power. Only educational attainment is more strongly related to cognitive skills, while for wages, the predictive power of personality and cognitive skills is similar. The paper provides recommendations for incorporating measures of personality traits into competence surveys.


Our current understanding of the silicon (Si) cycle in the ocean assumes that diatoms dominate not only the uptake of silicic acid, but also the production and recycling of biogenic silica (BSi), and that other organisms with siliceous skeletons, including sponges, radiolarians, and silicoflagellates, play a negligible role. In this study, we reexamine some aspects of the potential contribution by sponges and present in vitro evidence that BSi in the form of sponge spicules redissolves into silicic acid at far slower rates than those known for diatom frustules. We also show that the retention of Si by siliceous sponges in some sublittoral and bathyal environments is substantial and that sponge populations function as Si sinks. Additionally, by reanalyzing published information on sponge growth and BSi content, we estimate that BSi production rates by sublittoral sponges in Si‐poor and Si‐rich marine areas fall quite close to values known for diatom assemblages. Therefore, sponges may affect Si cycling dynamics and Si availability for diatoms, particularly in Si‐depleted environments. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that the role of sponges in the benthopelagic coupling of the Si cycle is significant.


The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, the most significant patent law reform effort in two generations, has a dark side: It seems likely to decrease the patenting behavior of small inventors, a category which occupies special significance in American innovation history. In this paper we empirically predict the effects of the major change in the law: a shift in the patent priority rules from the United States' traditional "first-to-invent" system to the predominant "first-to-file" system. While there has been some theoretical work on this topic, we use the Canadian experience with a similar change as a natural experiment to shed the first empirical light on the question.Our analysis uses a difference-in-difference framework to estimate the impact of the Canadian law change on small inventors. Using data on all patents granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the US Patent and Trademark Office, we find a significant drop in the fraction of patents granted to small inventors in Canada coincident with the implementation of first-to-file. We also find no measurable changes in patent quality and perform several additional analyses to rule out alternative explanations. While the net welfare impact that can be expected from a shift to first-to-file is unclear, our results do reveal that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the March 2013 implementation of a first-to-file rule in the U.S. is likely to result in reduced patenting behavior by individual inventors.


In this paper we discuss our study of three instances of formalised in-service mathematics teacher education courses. We found that in varying ways, all courses raw in sensible experience by appealing to images of the teacher and teaching as a central resource for modelling the teaching and learning of mathematics. One of the courses also prioritises the image in elaborating mathematics itself. If, as we hold, intelligibility matters for principled reproduction of both mathematics teaching and of school mathematics in mathematics teacher education, then it matters how, in teacher education practice, the relation between sensible experience and the intelligible is regulated. We found that such regulation differed in significant ways across courses. Through the theoretical gaze we have brought to bear on them, the three instances of mathematics teacher education provoke challenging questions about the selections from mathematics and teaching in mathematics teacher education.


Abstract. Optical properties were collected along a transect across cyclonic eddy Opal in the lee of Hawaii during the E-Flux III field experiment (10–27 March 2005). The eddy was characterized by an intense doming of isopycnal surfaces, and by an enhanced Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Layer (DCML) within its core. The phytoplankton bloom was diatom dominated, evidencing an eddy-induced shift in ecological community. Four distinct regions were identified throughout the water column at Opal's core: a surface mixed layer dominated by small phytoplankton; a layer dominated by "senescent" diatoms between the bottom of the upper mixed layer and the DCML; the DCML; and a deep layer characterized by decreasing phytoplankton activity. We focused on two parameters, the ratio of chlorophyll concentration to particulate beam attenuation coefficient, [chl]/cp, and the backscattering ratio (the particle backscattering to particle scattering ratio), b ~ bp, and tested their sensitivity to the changes in particle composition observed through the water column at the eddy center. Our results show that [chl]/cp is not a good indicator. Despite the shift in ecological community, the ratio remains controlled primarily by the variation in chlorophyll concentration per cell with depth (photoadaptation), so that its values increase throughout the DCML. Steeper increase of [chl]/cp below the DCML suggest that remineralization might be another important controlling factor. On the other hand, b ~ bp clearly indicates a shift from a small phytoplankton to a diatom dominated community. Below an upper layer characterized by constant values, the b ~ bp showed a rapid decrease to a broad minimum within the DCML. The higher values below the DCML are consistent with enhanced remineralization below the eddy-induced bloom. Both the "senescent" and the "healthy" diatom layers are characterized by similar optical properties, indicating some possible limitations in using optical measurements to fully characterize the composition of suspended material in the water column. The inverse relationship between b ~ bp, reported by others for Case II waters, is observed neither for the background conditions, nor in the presence of the eddy-induced diatom bloom. Between the two parameters, only the backscattering ratio showed the potential to be a successful indicator for changes in particle composition in Case I waters.


The legal doctrine of first sale (or exhaustion for patents) dictates that the first sale of any good (intermediate or final) that embodies licensed IPR exhausts the holder's rights. Thus, a patent holder is held to licensing just one party in a good's production chain and an original copyright holder cannot affect the resale of a copyrighted good. The Supreme Court's decision in the Quanta case strengthened the patent exhaustion rule, but the ruling appears to leave open the possibility that the parties could contract around patent exhaustion. In this paper, I present an economic argument in support of such contractual flexibility in situations involving intermediate production goods. In particular, I argue that under several real world circumstances the ability to license more than one party in a vertical production process makes economic sense and does not result in anticompetitive harm. Concerns such as "double dipping," raised during Quanta, do not hinge on multi-level licensing. Thus, as long as the parties involved can be presumed to understand the terms and conditions, they should be free to contract around a default "first sale" rule.


OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) success and uterine rupture rates between preterm and term gestations in women with a history of one prior cesarean delivery. Our hypothesis was that preterm women undergoing VBAC were more likely to be successful and have a lower rate of complications than term women undergoing VBAC. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of women with a history of a cesarean delivery who either attempted a VBAC or underwent a repeat cesarean delivery from 1995 through 2000 in 17 community and university hospitals. We collected information on demographics, medical and obstetric history, complications, and outcome of the index pregnancy. The primary analysis was limited to women with singleton gestations and one prior cesarean delivery. Statistical analysis consisted of bivariate and multivariable techniques. RESULTS: Among the 20,156 patients with one prior cesarean delivery, 12,463 (61%) attempted a VBAC. Mean gestational ages for the term and preterm women were 39.2 weeks and 33.9 weeks of gestation, respectively. The VBAC success rates for the term and preterm groups were 74% and 82%, respectively (P < .001). Multivariable analysis showed that the VBAC success was higher (adjusted odds ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.27–1.86) in preterm gestations. A decreased risk of rupture among preterm gestations was suggested in these results (adjusted odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.07–1.17; P = .08). CONCLUSION: Preterm patients undergoing a VBAC have higher success rates when compared with term patients undergoing a VBAC. Preterm patients undergoing VBAC may have lower uterine rupture rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2


This paper investigates Bataille and Masson's drawing of the Acephale, the escutcheon of Bataille's esoteric cabal and the journal ( Acephale ) that espoused his vision of a violently sacralised society. Masson's drawing of the acephalic monster is the emblem of Bataille's negative Absolute, and is therefore the final image , a talisman to wipe out all other images. I unearth a hitherto unsuspected connexion between the Acephale and a magical text, one of the Papyri Graecae Magicae . Noting that the Acephale is an "˜emblem', I point towards the tradition of the emblematic books, a tradition that began with Horapollo's Hieroglyphica . I then propose that Caillois's "˜objective ideograms' and the idea of mantic decaptitation was in part responsible for the production of Masson's image. Capitalising on these imaginal connexions, I conclude by re-imagining the image of the Baphomet, and in particular Eliphas Levi's famous drawing of the "˜Goat of Mendes. ' I suggest that the Baphomet is the secret twin of the Acephale, and that it is Levi's aim to make his Baphomet the ultimate hieroglyphic emblem, the supreme condensation of the mysteries of the occult tradition. Thus the Baphomet is the necessary occult complement to the headless monster of Bataille and Masson.


Why quartz crystals twinned after Japan Law take flattened morphology and grow larger than the co-existing single crystals is explained based on the results of previous morphological, X-ray topographic and re-growth experimental data. It has been concluded that Japanese twin is a contact twin, and the characteristic V shape represents the upper half of a Y shape and not opposing half of an X shape. In a new locality, Japanese twins of X shape or doublet and triplet of X shapes are found, which opens a question to the validity of the above model. In this locality, unusually high proportion of quartz crystals, more than 90%, are twinned. Investigation of the samples from this locality revealed that the apparent X shape is a result of a combination of two Y shapes, indicating that the above model is valid in this case as well.


This paper presents a descriptive review of the information system (IS) infusion literature and proposes a structured framework of factors influencing IS infusion. The IS infusion stage, the last stage of IS implementation, is associated with IS implementation success and evidence suggests the depth of IS use leads to increased efficiency and effectiveness. Despite the introduction of the IS infusion concept in the late 1980s, we observe only a small number of empirical studies that examine factors influencing IS infusion at an organizational and an individual level. In addition, some studies show conflicting results and there is no framework to organize previous studies in a meaningful way. We believe that a descriptive review is an appropriate approach at the current state of IS infusion literature. Given the importance of IS infusion, it seems timely to develop a structured framework detailing all the key factors influencing IS infusion found in the extant literature. The framework is drawn from factors derived from theories used in previous IS infusion studies, such as the technology organization environment theory and the theory of planned behavior, to classify different types of influencing factors namely organization, technology, task-job, firm environment and the individual factors. This review paper facilitates further theory development in the IS infusion domain by highlighting under-researched areas, suggesting future directions, and providing a reference source and a classified framework for IS researchers interested in IS infusion.