Film sets, where technicians and artists work in tight collaboration, are a specific, hasty, time-driven places, which frequently generate both positive and negative stress. As male andfemale directors and leaders we are obliged to pay attention to the ways we run a team of people. It is our duty to manage mental and emotional dynamics within a group in a healthy manner. Unfortunately, there is a number of false myths regarding this peculiar profession, which are worth considering and posing a question, whether they actually serve our work. The misunderstanding lies in an inept identification of who a director is, what he or she does and which tools they should use when cooperating with people.


When a durable good of uncertain quality is introduced to the market, some consumers strategically delay their buying to the next period with the hope of learning the unknown quality. We analyze the monopolist's pricing and "waiting" strategies when consumers have strategic delay incentives. We show when the monopolist offers introductory low prices in pooling equilibria. We also find two types of separating equilibria: one where high type signals its quality by choosing a different price than the low type in the first period, and another where the high-type monopolist announces the product in the first period and waits to sell only in the second period. Waiting creates a credible cost for signalling; hence, the monopolist uses it as a signalling device.


Bacillus subtilis is an industrially important organism because of its ability to produce enzymes and antibiotics on a commercial scale. It is considered the Gram positive counterpart of E. coli in terms of its genetic and molecular biological accessibility. Also, it is a model organism for the study of sporulation, an example of prokaryotic cellular differentiation. Sporulation involves several groups of genes that encode apparent metabolic pathways, many of which remain uncharacterized at the biochemical level. The mmg (mother cell metabolic gene) operon in B. subtilis strain 168 is one of these groups, and is transcribed only during an early stage of sporulation. This operon contains mmgABC, which are similar to genes from fatty acid metabolism, and mmgDE and yqiQ, which encode homologs of enzymes involved in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. The focus of this work will be on the biochemical characterization of the mmgB protein, which is similar by sequence to 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase from a wide variety of organisms. So far, we successfully cloned and overexpressed mmgB, and purified the protein at a yield of 4.0 mg/liter of culture. A spectrophotometric assay and mass spectrometry showed that this enzyme indeed possesses 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (E.C. 18.104.22.168) for the production of acetoacetyl-CoA. This oxidation specifically requires NADP+, and has an optimal pH of 9.8. We will describe these results including the steady-state kinetics that the enzyme follows. As previously said, the downstream 3 ORF's of the mmg operon - mmgD, mmgE and yqiQ are proposed to encode for the methylcitric acid cycle. Also, as a part of a master's thesis, it has been shown by the Reddick lab that mmgD encodes for a citrate/methylcitrate synthase with a substrate preference for propionyl-CoA over acetyl-CoA. This fact encouraged us even more with reference to the involvement of the mmg operon in the methylcitric acid cycle, a pathway for propionate metabolism. So, our goal was to create conditional knockout mutants of the mmg operon and study the growth characteristics of the organism by feeding studies using propionate as sole carbon source. Eventually, we would also want to perform some NMR analysis of the cultures of the mutants for the intermediates of methylcitric acid cycle/propionate metabolism.


This article discusses the method of interpreting the Qur'an. After tracking bibliographic sources, it was found that the differences between the commentators of the Qur'an in the use and meaning of the terms manhaj and uslub. According to the author, the correct one, the term used for the Interpretation of Tahlili, Ijmali, Maudhu'i and Muqaran is uslub not manhaj. Uslub Tafsir Tahlili, is a systematic system used by an interpreter in interpreting the Koran in accordance with the order of verses and letters in the Mushaf, both in whole or in a number of verses or letters. Then in each verse explained everything related to the verse, for example the meaning of the word, the meaning of stylist, asbab nuzul, the laws contained, and the meaning of the whole verse. Uslub Tafsir Ijmali, is a mathematical commentator who adheres to the arrangement of verses that are grouped. Then, explained the general meaning or the whole verse in accordance with what is desired by the editorial verse. Uslub Tafsir Muqaran is collecting and comparing between the two interpretations of the ulama or more about the verses of the Koran, studying them, and concluding which interpretations are the most powerful. Uslub Tafsir Maudhu'i is a systematic writing of interpretations used by an interpreter by not following the order of verses in the Koran. But by collecting all the verses that speak the same theme, then explain and take legal conclusions.


234Th (T1/2 = 24.1 d), 210Pb and 210Po (T1/2 = 138.4 d) are particle reactive radioisotopes that have been frequently used as tracers for particle cycling in the upper ocean. Particle export has usually been estimated using 234Th/238U disequilibrium, as 234Th is often deficient from its conservative parent 238U in the euphotic zone. Lately, however, some researchers are paying attention to the use of 210Po/210Pb disequilibrium as an additional tool to complement the knowledge about particle cycling, scavenging rates and the nature of the material settling out of the euphotic zone. In this work, we present a comparison of the use of both radiotracer pairs in an attempt to quantify the particle export from surface waters. To that end, we present data compiled from previous studies together with our own results from the Mediterranean. We test the advantages of integrating particle flux estimates over different time scales based on the different half-lives and scavenging affinities of these radioisotopes.


The public analysis of the causes of the current recession and the ways to achieve economic recovery generally proceed on the widely-shared, tacit assumption that there is no substantial, first-order connection between the recession and the failure to address the problem of systemic poverty. Otherwise, the need to alleviate systemic poverty and needed solutions to promote economic recovery would be commonly addressed in the same discussions; and they are not. This widely-shared, tacit assumption is false. The failure to reverse systemic poverty is the fundamental cause of current economic crisis. Recessions (and sub-optimal growth) occur when a critical mass of market participants come to believe that the distribution of future earning capacity is not sufficient to purchase what can be produced despite the physical and technological capacity to employ available labor and capital to produce more over the same period at lower unit cost. The essence of systemic poverty likewise is inadequate earning capacity. In periods of rising unemployment, the problem of inadequate earning capacity (which perennially plagues poor people even in good economic times) rises up through the middle class like rising flood waters. Thus, rather than view Wall Street as too big to fail, it is more accurate to recognize that the earning capacity of poor and middle class people is too important to fail. The mainstream political/economic strategy for promoting economic recovery is (1) capital acquisition with the earnings of capital primarily for big corporations and for well-capitalized persons (generally in proportion to their existing wealth) along with considerable government redistribution, and (2) primarily jobs (but by no means the best or highest paying jobs) and various forms of welfare redistribution for poor and middle class people. Such policies fail to fully employ existing productive capacity because they do not distribute sufficient earning capacity to purchase what can be produced even at decreasing unit costs. The mainstream political/economic approach fails to recognize that a broader distribution of capital acquisition with the earnings of capital will provide greater incentives to profitably employ unutilized productive capacity (both labor and capital) than a narrower distribution of capital acquisition. The missing element in mainstream strategy (which could easily be added to government and private corporate policy, without extra cost to anyone) is to open to poor and middle class people the same government supported institutions of corporate finance, banking, private insurance, government loans, guaranties, and reinsurance and favorable tax and monetary policy (presently relied upon by the Federal Government to stimulate the economy and to facilitate capital acquisition with the earnings of capital for people primarily in proportion to their existing wealth). In this way, poor and middle class people will also be able to enhance their earning capacity by acquiring capital with the earnings of capital. A fairer and more competitive market foundation for the systemic market-based enhancement of the earning capacity of poor and middle class people will thereby be established; and greatly enhanced prospects for greater and more broadly distributed economic opportunity, earning capacity, and sustainable growth can be reasonably expected and realized by all.


The format and content of this dissertation has been structured to meet the written and implicit requirements of the University of Southern Queensland's Engineering Doctorate and to demonstrate the levels of innovation and intellectual excellence expected of any doctorate.

The research reported in this dissertation was initiated by hydrological design and analysis challenges encountered professionally, predominantly in developing data scarce regions of the world. The research spans four themes; catchment yield, catchment (spatial) rainfall synthesis, flood and contaminant routing, and the variance damping characteristics of linear storage.

The overarching notion across all these themes is that with limited calibration data simple parsimonious models provide the highest predictive reliability.

Many aspects of this and related research has been reported in engineering journals, conference papers and oral presentations to peers. My theme contributions documented in
this dissertation include:

Catchment Yield

· A single calibration parameter catchment yield model with an extensive worldwide database.

· An auto calibrating disaggregation model that takes the mean annual runoff from the yield model and disaggregates this runoff to daily timestep (and finer) rainfall excess.

· A deterministic baseflow filter that objectively defines the baseflow fraction and storage constant. This filter is based on a simple quickflow and slowflow storages in
parallel conceptual model of hillside runoff and maybe combined with the disaggregation model to produce a daily runoff series, or with a flood model for design flood synthesis.

· A rugged terrain calibration procedure that allows the yield model to be calibrated using measured runoff and estimated potential evapotranspiration when catchment
rainfall is unknown or poorly defined.

Catchment Rainfall

· A methodology for defining the attenuating effects of catchments on rainfall input variance and the equivalent number of independent gauges required to synthesise
catchment rainfall with the correct variance.

A procedure for synthesising catchment (spatial) daily rainfall over a triangular network that preserves nearest neighbour correlations and total and conditional wet
and dry day probabilities.

Flood and Contaminant Routing

· A pragmatic methodology for scaling rainfall runoff models that reduces the impacts of catchment schematisation on flood calibration and prediction and facilitates the
inclusion of contaminant dispersion in routing models.

· The development of a formal definition for ramp and triangular input unit hydrographs applicable to any instantaneous unit hydrograph shape that facilitates the
'routing' of flood and contaminant hydrographs by convolution generally and in particular through the 'fractional' storages required to maintain scalability in routing models of large catchments with low slope downstream reaches.

· A parameter efficient nonlinear lag/storage equation based on dimensional analysis and similitude principles that reduces the lag/storage equation predictor from three to two fitting parameters and for which the constant in this formulation may be universal.

Linear Storage Damping

· A fundamental analysis of the damping effects of linear storage on random and temporally correlated inputs that has been made with, for example, application to flood and baseflow synthesis and reservoir storage reliability analysis.

· A seasonal scale approach to estimating minimum streamflows that provides an alternate estimate to daily simulation.

· A procedure for reservoir storage analysis on catchments with large heavily damped baseflows.

History shows Civil Engineering and Engineering Hydrology in particular has advanced, by an interesting, variable mix of pragmatic 'learn by doing' innovation and rigorous scientific experimentation and analysis. The University of Southern Queensland Engineering Doctorate aims to draw together these parallel synergistic contributions to professional engineering. Hopefully this dissertation contributes by example to this objective.


A methodology for formally modeling and analyzing software architecture of mobile agent systems provides a solid basis to develop high quality mobile agent systems, and the methodology is helpful to study other distributed and concurrent systems as well. However, it is a challenge to provide the methodology because of the agent mobility in mobile agent systems.
The methodology was defined from two essential parts of software architecture: a formalism to define the architectural models and an analysis method to formally verify system properties. The formalism is two-layer Predicate/Transition (PrT) nets extended with dynamic channels, and the analysis method is a hierarchical approach to verify models on different levels. The two-layer modeling formalism smoothly transforms physical models of mobile agent systems into their architectural models. Dynamic channels facilitate the synchronous communication between nets, and they naturally capture the dynamic architecture configuration and agent mobility of mobile agent systems. Component properties are verified based on transformed individual components, system properties are checked in a simplified system model, and interaction properties are analyzed on models composing from involved nets. Based on the formalism and the analysis method, this researcher formally modeled and analyzed a software architecture of mobile agent systems, and designed an architectural model of a medical information processing system based on mobile agents. The model checking tool SPIN was used to verify system properties such as reachability, concurrency and safety of the medical information processing system.
From successful modeling and analyzing the software architecture of mobile agent systems, the conclusion is that PrT nets extended with channels are a powerful tool to model mobile agent systems, and the hierarchical analysis method provides a rigorous foundation for the modeling tool. The hierarchical analysis method not only reduces the complexity of the analysis, but also expands the application scope of model checking techniques. The results of formally modeling and analyzing the software architecture of the medical information processing system show that model checking is an effective and an efficient way to verify software architecture. Moreover, this system shows a high level of flexibility, efficiency and low cost of mobile agent technologies.


ABSTRACT Research findings: While research is beginning to emerge about the educational landscape during COVID-19, little attention has been paid to preschool. This mainly descriptive study examined U.S. parents' views on distance learning for their preschool children during the COVID-19 crisis. Using a survey distributed via social media groups to U.S. parents of preschoolers (N = 166), we examined the following: the types of activities parents engaged in, obstacles to preschool distance learning, and the types of resources parents needed. Results of the online survey indicated that parents received and engaged in more literacy based activities than mathematics ones. Additionally, parents reported few opportunities for social emotional engagement. Responding parents indicated that time was a major factor in assisting their children with distance learning and would prefer activities that did not take significant time, and allowed for social interaction with other children. Policy or Practice: Current research indicates that preschool children missed critical learning during the COVID-19 crisis. Children who enter kindergarten following the COVID-19 crisis, may need additional support in mathematics and social emotional engagement given that parents are reporting lower levels of such activities during distance learning. And, if distance learning continues or reoccurs, mathematics and social opportunities as well as teacher training need more consideration.


Generally the Power circuit topology of the single phase PV system will be a good choice for low-rated photo voltaic inverters of rating less than a kilowatt. In the ideal case the system will not have any lower order harmonics. However, some dominant factors result in lower order harmonics in the system such as on-state voltage drops across the switches and the distortion in the grid voltage itself etc. This dc injection into the primary of the transformer will result in even harmonics which are being drawn from the grid, again providing a lower power quality. In this work, a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic inverter topology consists of a boost section, a low-voltage single-phase H-bridge inverter with an inductive filter, and a step-up transformer interfacing with the grid is presented. A novel design of inverter current control that attenuates the lower order harmonics is presented in this project. An adaptive harmonic compensation technique with its design is proposed for the lower order harmonic compensation. In accumulation, a proportional-resonant-integral (PRI) controller and its design is also proposed. So, in this project some modification is made in the inverter current control for a grid connected single-phase photovoltaic inverter for ensuring high quality of the current to be injected into the grid.


US climate policy is unfolding under the Clean Air Act. Mobile source and construction permitting regulations are in place. Most important, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the states will determine the form and stringency of the regulations for existing power plants. It is widely believed that flexible approaches could be suggested in EPA guidelines or proposed by states. Various approaches would create an implicit price on emitting greenhouse gases and create valuable assets that would be distributed differently among electricity producers, consumers, and the government. We compare a tradable performance standard with three variations on cap-and-trade policies that would distribute the asset value in different ways. Keeping the value within the electricity sector by distributing it to fossil-fueled producers or consumers or spending on energy efficiency has smaller effects on average electricity prices than a revenue-raising policy. These approaches impose greater social cost, but comparable net benefits in the sector.


Abstract. Night-time ozone deposition for a Scots pine forest in Southern Finland was studied at the SMEAR II measurement station by evaluating the turbulent eddy covariance (EC), storage change and vertical advection fluxes. Similarly to night-time carbon dioxide flux, the eddy-covariance flux of ozone was decreasing with turbulence intensity (friction velocity), and storage change of the compound did not compensate the reduction (well-known night-time measurement problem). Accounting for vertical advection resulted in invariance of ozone deposition rate on turbulence intensity. This was also demonstrated for carbon dioxide, verified by independent measurements of NEE by chamber systems. The result highlights the importance of advection when considering the exchange measurements of any scalar. Analysis of aerodynamic and laminar boundary layer resistances by the model approach indicated that the surface resistance and/or chemical sink strength was limiting ozone deposition. The possible aerial ozone sink by known fast chemical reactions with sesquiterpenes and NO explain only a minor fraction of ozone sink. Thus the deposition is controlled either by stomatal uptake or surface reactions or both of them, the mechanisms not affected by turbulence intensity. Therefore invariance of deposition flux on turbulence intensity is expected also from resistance and chemical sink analysis.


Chapter One explores the classification of the grotesque and its disruptive role in natural and philosophical taxonomic systems. I argue that the grotesque
served as a useful repository for the marvellous, the hybrid and the preternatural. Further, as a product of mind., the grotesque had nominalist status which was used to undermine essentialist classification, as well as to
disrupt the referential relation between words and things. Moreover, grotesque hybrids, and fantastic beings were characteristic of the plenitude of nature and
of the imagination. Chapter Two therefore moves on from spatial considerations of where the grotesque should be placed, to explore how it is generated and where it comes from. The becomingness of the grotesque is explored in relation to notions of chaos and metamorphosis; in a less tangible sense, I argue that the grotesque process can be understood in relation to metempsychosis and incomplete structuring. In this regard I demonstrate the sportive and playful operation of the grotesque within natures as examples of the lusus naturae. Chapter Three builds on the preoccupations of the first chapter, exploring how
the grotesque manipulated different kinds of inner space; I show that an emphasis on the pictorial is insufficient for a proper understanding of the category; rather, the grotesque plays or sports with the underlying concept of
representation. Chapter Four moves out from the mental and private spheres of representation to discuss how notions of category and process were brought together in a variety of constructions of the grotesque body. I argue that the
body was subject to a novelization, a grotesque welding of forces. The fifth chapter explores the public manifestations of the grotesque in pantomime, fairs
and masquerade; I argue that these served as sites of exchange and negotiation and that the grotesque therefore reflects the evolving commercial system. Chapter Six considers the judgment of the grotesque in relation to a range of legalities. The grotesque disrupted notions of legality just as it played within systems. These arguments are tested in the light of Scriblerian satire, with special
attention devoted to Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope throughout.


The field of AI has changed significantly in the past couple of years and will likely continue to do so. Driven by a desire to expose our students to relevant and modern materials, we conducted two surveys, one of AI instructors and one of AI practitioners. The surveys were aimed at gathering infor-mation about the current state of the art of introducing AI as well as gathering input from practitioners in the field on techniques used in practice. In this paper, we present and briefly discuss the responses to those two surveys.


Hinduism has always been environmentally sensitive philosophy. No religion, perhaps, lays as much emphasis on environmental ethics as Hinduism. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Puranas and Smriti contain the earliest messages for preservation of environment and ecological balance. Nature, or Earth, has never been considered a hostile element to be conquered or dominated. In fact, man is forbidden from exploiting nature. He is taught to live in harmony with natu re and recognize that divinity prevails in all elements, including plants and animals. The rishis of the past have always had a great respect for nature. Theirs was not a superstitious primitive theology. They perceived that all material manifestations are a shadow of the spiritual. The Bhagavad Gita advises us not to try to change the environment, improve it, or wrestle with it. If it seems hostile at times tolerate it. Ecology is an inherent part of a spiritual world view in Hinduism.


We report on a comprehensive all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency band 100-1500 Hz and with a frequency time derivative in the range of $[-1.18, +1.00]\times 10^{-8}$ Hz/s. Such a signal could be produced by a nearby spinning and slightly non-axisymmetric isolated neutron star in our galaxy. This search uses the data from the Initial LIGO sixth science run and covers a larger parameter space with respect to any past search. A Loosely Coherent detection pipeline was applied to follow up weak outliers in both Gaussian (95% recovery rate) and non-Gaussian (75% recovery rate) bands. No gravitational wave signals were observed, and upper limits were placed on their strength. Our smallest upper limit on worst-case (linearly polarized) strain amplitude $h_0$ is ${9.7}\times 10^{-25}$ near 169 Hz, while at the high end of our frequency range we achieve a worst-case upper limit of ${5.5}\times 10^{-24}$. Both cases refer to all sky locations and entire range of frequency derivative values.


Sharp coupling anomalies exist in a SiGe superlattice buried in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide structure. We study these anomalies using a rigorous coupled wave analysis and examine their suitability for silicon-compatible waveguide-mode resonant filters for optical telecommunications. Active functions could include optical detection, switching, and modulation. We predict that a very weak, sub band-edge absorption can improve filter contrast or provide high quantum efficiency detection.


The new sheet Mendrisio of the Swiss Geological Atlas of Switzerland 1:25 000 covers an area that is crucial for the
understanding of the sedimentary and tectonic history of the western Southern Alps of Lombardy (northern Italy) and Ticino (Switzerland). Three major tectono-stratigraphic units can be distinguished: 1. The area of Monte San Giorgio that is characterized by a Mesozoic high exposing a stratigraphic succession from the Hercynian basement to the Cretaceous Flysch Lombardo; 2. The Generoso area, separated from the Monte San Giorgio area by a Liassic syn-sedimentary listric fault of several kilometres throw and dominated by 4 km basinal syn-rift (Lower Liassic) and post-rift (Middle Liassic–Cretaceous) sediments, and 3. The unit of the Gonfolite Lombarda Group, a Oligo–Miocene clastic wedge that was back-thrusted onto the Mesozoic successions in late Miocene times. The map documents the evolutionary steps from Permian transtension and volcanicity, Triassic basin formation accompanied by the deposition of hydrocarbon source rocks, late Triassic to middle Liassic rifting along syn-sedimentary crustal faults, and ocean-wide palaeo-oceanographic chances during post-rift thermal subsidence. Early Alpine pre-collisional orogenic movements are testified to by late Cretaceous flysch sediments; Oligo–Miocene post-collisional ones by the deep-water clastic wedge of the Gonfolite Lombarda Group hat is part of the subsurface Milano fold belt below the Po Plain. Deep valleys, incised into the fold belt and flooded by the
early Pliocene transgression are related to the Messinian salinity crisis of the Mediterranean.
Numerical dating of Quaternary sediments and climate proxies reflecting content-wide or global events allow establish a
regional stratigraphy integrating the different glacial events into a coherent picture. Four major Quaternary chronostratigraphic units are distinguished from top to bottom: 4. Postglacial deposits ("Depositi del Postglaciale
"; 0–0.0117 Ma) are referred entirely to the Holocene. 3. Deposits of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Late-glacial ("
Depositi dell'Ultimo Massimo Glaciale e del Tardoglaciale
"; 0.0117–0.029 Ma). 2. Deposits preceding the Last Glacial Maximum ("Depositi precedenti all'Ultimo Massimo Glaciale
"; 0.029–0.781 Ma), both referred to the Middle and Late Pleistocene. 1. Deposits referred to the Early Pleistocene ("Depositi del Pleistocene inferiore"; 0.781–2.588 Ma). In the detailed legend of the map, we represent both age and facies of the Quaternary deposits. This representation of the chronostratigraphical units enables a 'harmonised cartography' in a larger regional framework because it allows for a quick visualisation of the spatial extent of the main morphoclimatic events, as, for example, the maximal glacial extent during the Last Glaciation compared to the previous ones. It also facilitates the understanding of the dynamics and the recognition of the main glacial flow directions in the area, in particular of the important role played by the Larian lobe of the Adda glacier with respect to the glacial lobes of Lake Lugano.


AIM
The study describes the epidemiology, treatment, and treatment outcomes of the 10 cases of facial nerve palsy seen in children managed at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife over a 10 year period. It also compares findings with report from developed countries.

METHODOLOGY
This was a retrospective cohort review of pediatric cases of facial nerve palsy encountered in all the clinics run by specialists in the above named hospital. A diagnosis of facial palsy was based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Information retrieved from the case note included sex, age, number of days with lesion prior to presentation in the clinic, diagnosis, treatment, treatment outcome, and referral clinic.

FINDINGS
Only 10 cases of facial nerve palsy were diagnosed in the institution during the study period. Prevalence of facial nerve palsy in this hospital was 0.01%. The lesion more commonly affected males and the right side of the face. All cases were associated with infections: Mainly mumps (70% of cases). Case management include the use of steroids and eye pads for cases that presented within 7 days; and steroids, eye pad, and physical therapy for cases that presented later. All cases of facial nerve palsy associated with mumps and malaria infection fully recovered. The two cases of facial nerve palsy associated with otitis media only partially recovered.

CONCLUSION
Facial nerve palsy in pediatric patients is more commonly associated with mumps in the study environment. Successes are recorded with steroid therapy.


During my undergraduate career at Eastern Michigan University, I have had the privilege to study various aspects of public higher education through my public administration degree work. Most of that work has focused on the state of Michigan alone, giving me only one perspective on the inner workings of state colleges and universities. By the beginning of my final year, there were many questions that I had yet to answer because of my "domestic" focus on Michigan. Why are there so many schools in the state of Wisconsin that are called the University of Wisconsin? Are all universities independent from each other like the ones in Michigan are? Does any university allow students on its Board of Regents? This senior thesis is my opportunity to research and learn the answers to many of my questions regarding public higher education. Since many of my questions are quite vague and have expansive responses, I have narrowed my study down to three case-study states: Wisconsin, Ohio, and Michigan. I also have ruled out any institutions that are not 4-year universities, in order to focus my analysis. Including the 2-year colleges and other institutions would lead this study into other directions that would not fit into the scope of my questions. Each of the three states has a distinct method of administering its public institutions of higher education. I will begin this study with rationale for choosing these three states as the paradigm for my research. Since many of my questions are of a similar nature, I have divided the majority of my research into two categories. The first category is governance, and revolves around issues such as the power structure within each state, including the division of authority and the makeup of the higher levels of administration. Secondly, I will analyze the funding and budget processes occurring in each state as they relate to higher education. While there are other issues that should be considered, the governance and funding issues are at focus in this study. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Political Science


The authors investigated ethnicity, self-construal, and distress among African American and Asian American college students. African American students expressed more salient independent self-construals, whereas Asian American students expressed more salient interdependent self-construals. As hypothesized, among African American participants, distress was positively related to interdependent self-construal and negatively associated with independent self-construal. Contrary to prediction, the same pattern was found for Asian American participants. Multicultural clinical practice implications are presented. ********** The combination of academic, social, financial, and other adjustment demands that typically are associated with the college transition, occurring at a time when individuals often are developmentally predisposed to the onset of various psychological disorders, can increase a student's vulnerability to distress (Voelker, 2004). For example, national surveys have indicated that symptoms of depression are most prevalent among people who are 18 to 29 years old (Schieman, Van Gundy, & Taylor, 2001) and that nearly 75% of individuals with diagnosable anxiety disorders experienced their first symptoms before they were 21 years old (Kessler et al., 2005). Similarly, Furr, Westefeld, McConnell, and Jenkins (2001) reported that 53% of students had experienced some form of depression when in college, 9% had contemplated committing suicide, and 1% had engaged in at least one suicide attempt. In the American College Health Association's (2007) National College Health Assessment, 93% of students reported feeling overwhelmed during the previous year and 44% reported that they "felt so depressed it was difficult to function" (p. 205). Ethnicity and College Student Distress Researchers have suggested that ethnic minority students, in comparison with their ethnic majority peers, may be even more likely to experience distress and express apprehension about the rigors of college (Jones, Castellanos, & Cole, 2002). Moreover, generally speaking, ethnic minority students tend to encounter unique challenges not experienced by majority students (Marcus et al., 2003). Ethnic minority students may experience heightened distress as a result of experiences with racial discrimination, difficulty adapting to a predominantly White college culture, and community disengagement (Gloria, Hird, & Navarro, 2001). Although extant research has indicated that these types of additional stressors affect various ethnic groups on campus (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001), we focused only on African American and Asian American college students in the present study. African American students seem more likely than do their White American peers to report unfair treatment on college and university campuses (Fries-Britt & Turner, 2001; Walden, 1994). African American students also have reported experiencing greater social isolation and more difficulties with interpersonal interactions with faculty and peers (Sedlacek, 1987; Swim, Hyers, Cohen, Fitzgerald, & Bylsma, 2003). Furthermore, according to Landrine and Klonoff (1996), 98% of African Americans experienced racial discrimination during the past year, and 100% reported experiencing racial discrimination at some point during their lifetime. In turn, experiences of discrimination and racism are key factors leading to distress and other mental health concerns among racial and ethnic minority students, and among African American learners in particular (R. Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999). Asian American students also tend to report more experiences of depression and social anxiety than do their majority student peers (Okazaki, 1997, 2000; Okazaki & Kallivayalil, 2002; Sue, Ino, & Sue, 1983). Lee, Lei, and Sue (2001) suggested that Asian American students tend to experience considerable stress and anxiety as a result of perceived parental pressures to achieve academically. …


One of the defining properties of deep learning is that models are chosen to have many more parameters than available training data. In light of this capacity for overfitting, it is remarkable that simple algorithms like SGD reliably return solutions with low test error. One roadblock to explaining these phenomena in terms of implicit regularization, structural properties of the solution, and/or easiness of the data is that many learning bounds are quantitatively vacuous when applied to networks learned by SGD in this "deep learning" regime. Logically, in order to explain generalization, we need nonvacuous bounds. We return to an idea by Langford and Caruana (2001), who used PAC-Bayes bounds to compute nonvacuous numerical bounds on generalization error for stochastic two-layer two-hidden-unit neural networks via a sensitivity analysis. By optimizing the PAC-Bayes bound directly, we are able to extend their approach and obtain nonvacuous generalization bounds for deep stochastic neural network classifiers with millions of parameters trained on only tens of thousands of examples. We connect our findings to recent and old work on flat minima and MDL-based explanations of generalization.


In this paper we analyze the effects of external shocks on countries in Emerging Asia. For that purpose, we estimate a Bayesian Vector Auto-Regressive model (BVAR) with an informative prior on the steady state, including variables representing world economic activity, financial conditions, Chinese GDP and an aggregate GDP index of eight East Asian countries. We show that almost half of the forecast error variance of Emerging Asia's real GDP growth can be explained by external factors. We also conduct an estimation of a classical VAR using maximum likelihood estimation and a traditional BVAR. An out-of-sample forecast evaluation shows that the BVAR with an informative prior on the steady-state outperforms both, the classical VAR and the traditional BVAR. Finally, we simulate a double dip scenario for the world economy and a muted growth path of the Chinese economy using conditional forecasts and show that the economic outlook in Emerging Asia highly depends on the growth path of the world economy and remarkably little on business cycle fluctuations in China.


With the aim to unfold nurses' concerns of the supervision of the student in the clinical caring situation of the vulnerable child, clinical nurses situated supervision of postgraduate nursing students in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) are explored. A qualitative approach, interpretive phenomenology, with participant observations and narrative interviews, was used. Two qualitative variations of patterns of meaning for the nurses' clinical facilitation were disclosed in this study. Learning by doing theme supports the students learning by doing through performing skills and embracing routines. The reflecting theme supports thinking and awareness of the situation. As the supervisor often serves as a role model for the student this might have an immediate impact on how the student applies nursing care in the beginning of his or her career. If the clinical supervisor narrows the perspective and hinders room for learning the student will bring less knowledge from the clinical education than expected, which might result in reduced nursing quality.


Why do scholars and activists pay such close attention to how executive compensation is structured? Appropriate pay structure has traditionally been seen as a mechanism for reducing agency costs imposed on public firms by managers. But as that view has lost explanatory power in recent years, the intense focus on executive pay structure has become difficult to justify. This Article offers a novel way to understand why we continue to care about how public firm managers are paid. Pay structure may be able to signal information about firm quality to capital markets, thereby increasing the pricing accuracy of those markets. This Article suggests two species of signal that pay structure might be thought to transmit. First, firms may signal firm quality by proxy through governance quality — that is, management's attentiveness to shareholder demands, in this case, those regarding pay structure. Whether those demands are arbitrary (or even value-reducing) matters less for the signaling exercise than that firms are obeying them and are therefore more likely to obey other, perhaps more important, shareholder demands going forward. Second, managers may signal firm quality through their public selection of compensation type, thereby betraying optimism or pessimism about future firm performance based on material, nonpublic information. Ultimately, the ability of pay structure to signal firm quality in either fashion faces significant constraints, making our continued attention puzzling from an economic perspective. Nevertheless, while signaling seems unable to independently justify our devotion to perfecting pay structure, it does help explain firms' unwillingness to experiment with alternative pay structures. Thus, it suggests that pay structure is an area in which observed outcomes might not be optimal.


Diffuse glomerular basement membrane (GBM) lamellation, reminiscent of Alport's syndrome, has rarely, and exclusively, been reported in renal allografts from pediatric donors to adult recipients. We report on a similar lesion, identified in a 42-year-old male, who received a kidney from an unrelated 21-year-old living male donor. The disease of the recipient was unknown. Renal allograft biopsies were performed 3.5 and 4.8 years after the renal transplantation, due to massive proteinuria and serum creatinine elevation. The histological features of both biopsies were similar, but more advanced in the second biopsy. Glomerular mesangium was widened and had an IgA deposit in the first biopsy. In addition to the presence of mesangial electron dense deposits, the GBM showed diffuse lamellation and splintering on the subepithelial side, but no definite deposits. In the second biopsy, IgA deposits were extended to the peripheral capillary walls, but electron microscopic examination was not available. Two months after the second biopsy, the patient returned for hemodialysis.


Usage of uninitialized values remains a common error in C/C++ code. This results not only in undefined and generally undesired behavior, but is also a cause of information disclosure and other security vulnerabilities. Existing solutions for mitigating such errors are not used in practice as they are either limited in scope (for example, only protecting the heap), or incur high runtime overhead. In this paper, we propose SafeInit, a practical protection system which hardens applications against such undefined behavior by guaranteeing initialization of all values on the heap and stack, every time they are allocated or come into scope. Doing so provides comprehensive protection against this class of vulnerabilities in generic programs, including both information disclosure and re-use/logic vulnerabilities. We show that, with carefully designed compiler optimizations, our implementation achieves sufficiently low overhead (<5% for typical server applications and SPEC CPU2006) to serve as a standard hardening protection in practical settings. Moreover, we show that we can effortlessly apply it to harden non-standard code, such as the Linux kernel, with low runtime overhead.


Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical measurement technique which allows capturing several thousand velocity vectors within large flow fields instantaneously. Today, the PIV technique has spread widely and differentiated into many distinct applications, from micro flows over combustion to supersonic flows for both industrial needs and research. Over the past decade the measurement technique and the hard- and software have been improved continuously so that PIV has become a reliable and accurate method for "real life" investigations. Nevertheless there is still an ongoing process of improvements and extensions of the PIV technique towards 3D, time resolution, higher accuracy, measurements under harsh conditions and micro- and macroscales. This book gives a synopsis of the main results achieved during the EC-funded network PivNet 2 as well as a survey of the state-of-the-art of scientific research using PIV techniques in different fields of application.


The Asia‐Pacific Partnership (APP) for Clean Development and Climate, a multilateral agreement between Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea) and the United States of America, is a nonbinding memorandum of understanding directed at international cooperation on development, energy, environment and climate change issues involving business and industry voluntary action on technology transfer, and research and development. It has been hailed as a new model for an international climate agreement and as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. However, APP implementation has had challenges. As an opposing model to that of Kyoto, it is in contravention of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's (UNFCCC's) principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and a contributor to the crumbling of climate governance. Cooperation rather than competition ideally should be the future for the relationship between the APP and the UNFCCC/Kyoto. Business and industry are involved in implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms under the UN climate regime currently; and for that reason, synchronicity between the APP and Kyoto agreements would be ideal. For example, APP nations could be involved in joint 'regional' emissions trading as the United States, Canada, Australia, Korea, and Japan all are in the process of establishing national schemes. However, for the APP to be a complement to Kyoto and not a barrier to its effectiveness, many hurdles need to be overcome including equity issues, additionality questions, capacity building concerns, trade barriers, intellectual property issues, adequacy of funding, assessment of APP emissions reductions, and renewal of US interest in UN climate regime participation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Location data is ubiquitous in many aspects of our lives. We are witnessing an increasing usage of this kind of data by a variety of applications. As a consequence, information systems are required to deal with large datasets containing raw data in order to build high level abstractions. Semantic Web technologies offers powerful representation tools for pervasive applications. The convergence of location-based services and Semantic Web standards allows an easier interlinking and annotation of trajectories.In this thesis, we focus in modeling mobile object trajectories in the context of the Semantic Web. First, we propose an ontology that allows the representation of generic episodes. Our model also handles contextual elements that may be related to trajectories. Second, we propose a framework containing three algorithms for automatic annotation of trajectories. The first one detects moves, stops, and noisy data; the second one is able to compress generic time series and create episodes that resumes the evolution of trajectory characteristics; the third one exploits the linked data cloud to annotate trajectories with geographic elements that intersects it with data from OpenStreetMap.As results of this thesis, we have a new ontology that can represent spatiotemporal phenomena at different levels of granularity. Moreover, our framework offers three novel algorithms for trajectory annotation. The move-stop-noise detection method is able to deal with irregularly sampled traces and do not depend on external data of the underlying geography; our time series compression method is able to find values that summarize a series at the same time that too small segments are avoided; and our spatial annotation algorithm explores linked data and the relationships among concepts to find relevant types of spatial features to describe the environment where the trajectory took place.


In this thesis we have developed an anisotropic lattice Boltzmann (LB) model that recovers the incompressible isentropic Ericksen-Leslie-Parodi (ELP) equations of continuum nemato-dynamics in two dimensions with the director confined to the plane. Suitable validations of the developed model against known solutions of the continuum theory are undertaken as. well as investigations into nematic flow in interesting geometries. The model is based upon two coupled LBE schemes, the standard momentum density distribution and a new link angle distribution. To achieve evolution, the link angle distribution undergoes a Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) collision step and advects (propagates) in unit time with the momentum densities. Anisotropy is introduced into the momentum density evolution scheme through a linearized Lattice Boltzmann (1LB) collision process which is made anisotropic. Correctly to capture the macroscopic dynamics, 6th order isotropy of the underlying lattice structure is required, accordingly we introduce a new variant on the standard 1LB scheme : a two-dimensional thirteen link (D2Q13) model. Chapmann-Enskog expansions of the momentum and angle evolution schemes are shown, through a suitable selection of equilibrium distribution functions and forcing terms, correctly to map onto the target macroscopic ELP equations of continuum nemato-dynamics. Results are presented which validate the new scheme against known analytical solutions of the governing equations to a high degree of accuracy. The validated scheme is subsequently applied to nemato-dynamic behavior in an applied magnetic field, i.e the Freedericksz transition and velocity back-flow with director kick-back. Finally we simulate the geometrically complex Zenithly Bi-stable Display (ZBD) device to illustrate some of the advantages of the LB schemes.


The study of the immune system has classically been divided between the innate and
the adaptive. Natural antibodies (NAbs) are a class of antibodies produced in
response to no well-defined stimuli, with broad-spectrum activity often for conserved
carbohydrate antigens. γδ T cells similarly, are a subset of T cells which display
oligoclonal T cell receptors specific for conserved microbial antigens. While
antibodies and T cells are classically adaptive responses, NAbs and γδ T cells display
many non-classical innate interactions. Their interactions with influenza A virus are
investigated here with an aim to improve the immune response.
Using reverse genetics I have demonstrated here that influenza A viruses can be
engineered to express the galα1-3gal and ABO blood group carbohydrate antigens,
making them targets for anti-galα1-3gal and anti-ABO antibodies widely expressed in
humans. I then investigated the potential of NAbs to enhance the immunity to
influenza. In addition, I investigated the presentation of influenza by a novel antigen
presenting cell, the γδ T cell. These cells were shown to acquire this antigen by
phagocystosis. This surprising capacity for phagocytosis was demonstrated by flow
cytometry, by direct observation under confocal and electron microscopy and by
functional assays of antigen presentation. γδ T cells could be shown to phagocytose
both Escherichia coli and 1μm synthetic beads. This process was at least partly
mediated by the receptor for phagocytosis, CD16. Being "adaptive", γδ T cells retain
the capacity for rapid clonal expansion and yet at the same time these cells possess the
highly specialized functions of phagocytosis and antigen presentation classically
restricted to a small population of innate DCs. Such novel and non-classical immune
interactions open new avenues in the development of rapid immunotherapeutic
interventions against potential pandemic strains of influenza A.


This paper presents several examples where one user's personal information is accessed by another, without the consent of the owner, or without the capability of the owner to consent to such sharing. While intentional sharing of information at home as well as at work has been studied in detail, there is extremely limited understanding about the practices, dimensions and models of unintentional sharing. Laws and policies that were developed with paper and other nondigital archives in mind are being found to be inadequate for addressing the challenges that digital personal information brings. Worse, those laws are being enforced in inconsistent ways, prompting lawsuits. Posthumously shared information brings up questions that have not been addressed before. This paper starts by noting examples of posthumous sharing and sharing without consent, proposes models and dimensions for understanding it, and concludes by proposing research questions that need to be addressed by the wider PIM community.


We probe the interfacial forces in graphene-air and graphene-liquid environments with nanoscale resolution. Experimentally, probe 'snap-in' to contact, in scanning probe microscopy, is overcome by combining the ultrasonic force spectroscopy (UFS) approach and MHz frequency range harmonic oscillation of the sample thereby sweeping the tip-surface dynamically from separated to indented state across the region of intimate interface contact. We measured the force interaction between nanoscale probe tip and graphene, graphite and reference SiO₂ surface in ambient, polar and non-polar liquid environments. Via modelling we estimated the decay length of the force interaction in water to be 0.25-0.75 nm, equivalent to 1-3 monolayers, and interfacial effective stiffness at these distances associated with the liquid layer was an order of magnitude greater for non-polar than for polar liquid environment. During the elastic indentation at increased forces, the effective Young's modulus of graphene was shown only to be slightly reduced in ambient environment while experiencing significant reduction by a factor of 3 in non-polar dodecane environment.


There's an ethereal magic to standing beneath a dome, neck craned, looking up at a vision of the heavens created by some long ago figure of genius. From the Pantheon to the Hagia Sophia, the power of the dome seems transcendent. Photographer David Stephenson's magnificently kaleidoscopic images of dome interiors capture this evanescent drama, and make "Visions of Heaven" one of the most spectacularly beautiful books we've ever produced. Traveling from Italy to Spain, Turkey, England, Germany, and Russia, among other countries, and photographing churches, palaces, mosques, and synagogues from the second to the early twentieth century, Stephenson's work amounts to a veritable typology of the cupola. His images present complex geometrical structures, rich stucco decorations, and elaborate paintings as they have never been seen before. Brilliantly calibrated exposures reveal details and colors that would otherwise remain hidden in these dimly lit spaces. "Visions of Heaven" shows more than 120 images, including the Roman Pantheon, the Byzantine churches of Turkey, the great domes of the Renaissance, the decorative cupolas of the Baroque and the Rococo ages, and a nineteenth century synagogue in Hungary.


Nanoparticles (NPs) and molecular/supramolecular switches have attracted considerable interest during the past decade on account of their unique properties and prominent roles in the fields of organic chemistry and materials science. Materials derived from the combination of these two components are now emerging in the literature. This critical review evaluates materials which comprise NPs functionalised with well-defined self-assembled monolayers of molecular and supramolecular switches. We draw attention to the fact that immobilisation of switches on NPs does not, in general, hamper their switching ability, although it can impart new properties on the supporting particles. This premise leads us to the discussion of systems in which switching on the surfaces of NPs can be used to modulate reversibly a range of NP properties-optical, fluorescent, electrical, magnetic-as well as the controlled release of small molecules. Finally, we discuss examples in which molecular switches direct reversible self-assembly of NPs (308 references).


Many people think they met their partner by chance. However, numerous studies show that the process of partner choice follows regular patterns. Most people choose partners who are similar to themselves, for instance regarding age, educational level, religion, ethnic group, and geographical background. Although on an aggregate level, partner choice occurs according to general patterns, the decision making process to choosing a partner is less well studied. To understand these patterns, one has to go down to the micro level. This study aims to improve our understanding of the process of partner choice in the Netherlands, by adopting a qualitative approach. Which considerations do people make when choosing a partner? What are their preferences, how are they influenced by social norms, and by the opportunities to meet partners? Based on previous findings, we have a specific interest in the role of geographical distance and local cultural differences on partner choice.


Recent highly publicized cases of scientific misconduct have raised concerns about its consequences for academic careers. Previous and anecdotal evidence suggests that these reach far beyond the fraudulent scientist and her career, affecting coauthors and institutions. Here we show that the negative effects of scientific misconduct spill over to uninvolved prior collaborators: compared to a control group, prior collaborators of misconducting scientists, who have no link to the misconduct case, are cited 8 to 9% less afterwards. We suggest that the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is stigmatization by mere association. The result suggests that scientific misconduct generates large indirect costs in the form of mistrust against a wider range of research findings than was previously assumed. The broad fallout of misconduct implies that potential whistleblowers might be disinclined to make their concerns public in order to protect their own reputation and career.


This thesis examines a studio of five visual artists based in Madrid, Spain, a group who
(illegally) utilize the public space of the city as both their medium and canvas. It explores an
aesthetic practice often (and, more often, incorrectly) termed either 'graffiti' or 'street-art', a
practice of both ornamentation and order which bound together my informants as a unified
collective of social actors.
Based on data collected over 20 months of fieldwork, the work attempts to renegotiate this
material practice, to place it within a broader historical/political/aesthetic purview, one
escaping the traditional themes of vandalism and art, gangs and pollution that these discourses
so often educe. The study is hence divided into two main sections, Ornamentation and Order.
Part One, Ornamentation, explores the physical artefacts themselves, the meanings my
informants ascribe to their images as well as the tensions and communicative schemata
emerging out of their very form. It will attempt to place these artefacts within the wider
theoretical debate over the public sphere that they materially re-present. Part Two, Order, is
focused more closely on the immaterial residue of my informants' spatial acts, the explicitly
performative, practice-based elements of their aesthetic production. It will thus move away
from notions of 'meaning' and attempt to track how this cultural production comes to not
only reflect but also actively structure and shape the moral and social guidelines of my
informants' lifeworlds.
The study thus aims to set these particular aesthetic processes within a larger historical
timeline of architectonic practice in the city as well as placing them within a framework of
ritual performativity. It will explore both what these images mean and what they do, how they
function within the classical desire for the 'good' city; it will examine how these practices
operate within a modality of contemporary civic ritual.


We study models of credit with limited commitment, which implies endogenous borrowing constraints. We show that there are multiple stationary equilibria, as well as nonstationary equilibria, including some that display deterministic cyclic and chaotic dynamics. There are also stochastic (sunspot) equilibria, in which credit conditions change randomly over time, even though fundamentals are deterministic and stationary. We show this can occur when the terms of trade are determined by Walrasian pricing or by Nash bargaining. The results illustrate how it is possible to generate equilibria with credit cycles (crunches, freezes, crises) in theory, and as recently observed in actual economies. JEL numbers: E32, E51


Medical castration using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor agonists currently provides the mainstay of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Although effective, these agents only reduce testosterone levels after a delay of 14 to 21 days; they also cause an initial surge in testosterone that can stimulate the cancer and lead to exacerbation of symptoms (" clinical flare ") in patients with advanced disease. Phase III trial data for the recently approved GnRH receptor blocker, degarelix, demonstrated that it is as effective and well tolerated as GnRH agonists. However, it has a pharmacological profile more closely matching orchiectomy, with an immediate onset of action and faster testosterone and PSA suppression, without a testosterone surge or microsurges following repeated injections. As a consequence, with this GnRH blocker, there is no risk of clinical flare and no need for concomitant antiandrogen flare protection. Degarelix therefore provides a useful addition to the hormonal armamentarium for prostate cancer and offers a valuable new treatment option for patients with hormone-sensitive advanced disease. Here, we review key preclinical and clinical data for degarelix, and look at patient-focused perspectives in the management of prostate cancer.


A study on the reproductive biology of Puntius denisonii showed that the length at first maturity is 60-70 mm in males and 70-80 mm in females. The absolute fecundity ranged from 293 to 967 ova in a female of 85 -122 mm total length and 7-16.35 g body weight. There is no clear cut sexual dimorphism in the species, but a mature female can be identified by the slightly bulged belly and its characteristic behaviour. Ova diameter studies indicated that the fish spawns once in a year during a short period of definite duration. The spawning season of P. denisonii in the River Iritty was found to be from December to February. This species can be successfully bred under captive conditions during December-January.


Recent proposals have suggested that second language learners, unlike native speakers, are 'shallow processors' in that they do not make use of abstract syntactic knowledge in parsing, relying instead on lexical semantic knowledge and pragmatic notions such as plausibility (Clahsen a Felser, 2006a,b). The present study tested whether Najdi Arabic learners of English process whdependencies incrementally and whether they use knowledge of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement. A group of advanced L2 learners (n = 40) as well as a control group of English native speakers (n = 40) participated in a self-paced reading study, which was based on Stowe (1986). The results of two experiments suggest that non-native processing is, like native processing, incremental and guided by syntactic constraints.


Background: With the help of genetic studies, it is possible to obtain information about diagnosis and prognosis of glial tumors. Aims: To categorize the cases according to the new World Health Organization Central Nervous System classification by reconsidering the histologic features of oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas. We also evaluated whether these genetic features have prognostic significance. Study Design: Diagnostic accuracy study. Methods: Between the years 2011 and 2016, 60 gliomas were examined. Archival material from the Department of Pathology was used for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses. All the cases were classified and graded according to the new 2016 World Health Organization criteria. IDH1 (R132H), alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, and p53 antibodies were applied immunohistochemically. The 1p/19q status and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α/CEP4 amplification were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. After molecular tests, if the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma is not diagnosed, case should be diagnosed as oligoastrocytoma. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive level, negative predictive level, and accuracy rate were evaluated in accordance with the specified threshold levels. Results: Except for 1 case (3.7%), all cases of grade 2 and grade 3 oligoastrocytoma were diagnosed with astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma without any change of grade. Except for 2 case (6.8%), all cases of grade 2 and grade 3 oligodendroglioma were diagnosed oligodendroglioma. All astrocytomas (100%) were given same diagnosis. There is no specific or sensitive test for the diagnosis of oligoastrocytoma. However, 1p/19q codeletion was spesific (100%) and sensitive (100%) for oligodendroglioma. ATRX and p53 mutation showed high spesificity (100% and 95.1% respectively) for diagnosing astrocytoma. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α/ CEP4 was not detected in any of the cases. There was association between isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation and 1p/19q loss with longer survival (respectively p=0.147 and p=0.178). Conclusion: In grade 2 and grade 3 glial tumors, pathological diagnosis is not possible only by histological examination. Overall, there was a diagnosis change in 28 cases (46.6%). Especially in cases of oligoastrocytoma, the diagnosis is changed by molecular tests.


Purpose. For schools, the increasingly imposed requirement to achieve well in academic tests puts increasing emphasis on improving academic achievement. While treadmill exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive function and cycling ergometers produce stronger effect sizes than treadmill running, it is impractical for schools to use these on a whole-class basis. There is a need to examine if more ecologically valid modes of exercise might have a similar impact on academic achievement. Circuit training is one such modality shown to benefit cognitive function and recall ability and is easily operationalised within schools. Methods. In a repeated measures design, twenty-six children (17 boys, 8 girls) aged 10-11 years (mean age 10.3; SD ± 0.46 years) completed the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT 4) at rest and following 30 minutes of exercise. Results. Standardised scores for word reading were significantly higher post exercise (F(1,18) = 49.9, p = 0.0001) compared to rest. In contrast, standardised scores for sentence comprehension (F(1,18) = 0.078, p = 0.783), spelling (F(1,18) = 4.07, p = 0.06) mathematics (F(1,18) = 1.257, p = 0.277), and reading (F(1,18) = 2.09, p = 0.165) were not significantly different between rest and exercise conditions. Conclusions. The results of the current study suggest acute bouts of circuit based exercise enhances word reading but not other areas of academic ability in 10-11 year old children. These findings support prior research that indicates acute bouts of exercise can selectively improve cognition in children.


An electrical circuit based on analog computer principles has been designed that calculates spectrographic results directly from spectral line transmission values. It operates by solving the equation of the working curve of the element under analysis which must be a straight line in the range that includes all the percentage values of interest. If not straight, the intensity ratio of the analysis and standard lines can be calculated and percentage read from the working curve. Corrections for background and variation in emulsion response with wavelength can also simultaneously be included in the calculation.


Microfluidic probes (MFPs) combine the concepts of microfluidics and of scanning probes and constitute a contact-free and channel-free microfluidic system. Whereas classically the sample is introduced into the microfluidic device, with a MFP, the microfluidic stream is applied to the sample. MFPs use hydrodynamic flow confinement instead of walls to constrain a microfluidic stream between the MFP tip and a substrate. Because MFPs are free to move, they can be used to process large areas and samples in a selective manner. The development of MFP technology is recent and has numerous potential applications in several fields, most notably in the life sciences. In this review, we discuss the concept of MFPs and highlight their application in surface biopatterning, controlling the cellular microenvironments, local processing of tissue slices, and generating concentration gradients of biochemicals. We hope that this manuscript will serve as an interdisciplinary guide for both engineers as they further develop novel MFPs and applications and for life scientists who may identify novel uses of the MFP for their research.


Solid waste is a great threat not only to the economy of any country but for the environment too. The public through various sources generate tons of solid waste regularly. In the era of globalization, one of the rising issues of developing and under developed countries is handling such huge masses of solid waste. Hyderabad is the 2nd largest city of Sindh and 6th in Pakistan. Unfortunately, it does not poses proper solid waste management system right from collection up to its proper disposal. Most of those uncollected wastage poses a highrisk to the public through blockage of drains and formation of stagnant ponds which provide a breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes with a high risk of diseases. The public role and awareness can reduce this enormous load from Government. This research aims to uncover the reasons for solid waste generation in Hyderabad city. For data collection, various dumping sites in the city have been visited. Interviews were conducted with municipal officers of city for more precise data and possible causes of waste generation. Finally, a questionnaire survey has been conducted to list out top most significant causes of poor work management in the city. The data was analyzed in SPSS 24.0 with the help of average index technique. From the analysis of data, the top critical causes have been identified for Hyderabad city and discussed with the field expert for their possible solution


[Context] Unpredictable water deficit (drought) and low soil phosphorus (LP) are major interacting constraints to groundnut growth and grain yield in Sahelian zones of West Africa. Combining breeding efforts for drought tolerance and P efficiency could lead to improve tolerance and grains yield in these zones. [Objectives] This study assessed six groundnut genotypes under lysimetric system to better understand the relative importance of P deficiency, water stress, and their interaction; investigate the water extraction pattern of genotypes under these constraints and identify tolerance related traits to accelerate development of more resilient varieties. [Methods] Thus, in experiment 1 (Exp.1) roots traits were investigated at 50% flowering, pod filling stage (60 days after sowing) and maturity stage (90 days after sowing) under high phosphorus (HP) and LP treatments. In experiment 2 (Exp.2), two water regimes (WW=well water, and WS = water stress) were imposed to HP and LP plants and parameters like total transpired water (TTW), transpiration efficiency (TE), water extraction (Wex), pods and haulm weights were investigated. [Results] Roots traits showed significant decrease due to LP stress, pod and haulm weights correlated significantly to roots length density (RLD) and roots dry matter (RDM). Genotypes 12CS-116 and ICGV 12991 revealed tolerant to LP stress while RLD and RDM revealed LP tolerance related traits in groundnut. Interacting effect of LP and drought stress (LPWS) was higher than separate effect of LP and WS. Under LPWS, Wex, TTW, TE, pod and haulm yields decreased significantly. This study suggests that RLD and RDM contributed to Wex in 12CS-116 and ICG 12991 under LPWS. 55-437 and JL-24 with highest TTW showed drought tolerance strategy while drought avoidance strategy could explain 12CS-116, 12CS-79, ICG 12991 and ICGV 97183 response to WS. Pod weight showed tight correlation (R2 =0.7) to TE only under LPWS suggesting that TE explains a large part of pod yield variation under LPWS conditions. TE revealed WS and LPWS tolerance related trait. The genotypic variation observed on Wex and TTW under LPWS suggests different patterns of water extraction and use among the groundnut genotypes.


Objectives Guided by the UNICEF framework for childcare, this study examined the association of childcare practices (CCP) with infant and young children's growth (height-for-age Z-scores, HAZ), and investigated whether care practices are more important to growth in some sociodemographic subgroups of children. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Urban and rural Ghana. Participants The study sample comprised 1187 dyads of mothers aged 15–49 years and their youngest child (aged 6–36 months). Results The results showed that CCP was a significant predictor of HAZ, after controlling for covariates/confounders at child, maternal and household levels. Children with higher CCP scores had higher HAZ. A 1-unit increase in the CCP score was associated with a 0.17-unit increase in HAZ. Child's and mother's age, number of children under 5 years, place of residence, maternal weight and wealth index were also significantly associated with HAZ. Statistical interaction analyses revealed no subgroup differences in the CCP/HAZ relationship. Conclusions This study found a significant, positive association between CCP and child growth, after accounting for other important determinants of child growth at maternal and household levels. This calls for research into the effects on growth of various CCP components, with longitudinal cohort study designs that can disentangle causal relationships.


While 3D cinema is becoming more and more established, little effort has focused on the general problem of producing a 3D sound scene spatially coherent with the visual content of a stereoscopic-3D (s-3D) movie. As 3D cinema aims at providing the spectator with a strong impression of being part of the movie (sense of presence), the perceptual relevance of such spatial audiovisual coherence is of significant interest. Previous research has shown that the addition of stereoscopic information to a movie increases the sense of presence reported by the spectator. In this paper, a coherent spatial sound rendering is added to an s-3D movie and its impact on the reported sense of presence is investigated. Ashortclipofanexistingmovieispresentedwiththreedifferentsoundtracks. These soundtracks differ by their spatial rendering quality, from stereo (low spatial coherence) to Wave Field Synthesis (WFS, high spatial coherence). The original stereo version serves as a reference. Results show that the sound condition does not impact on the sense of presence of all participants. However, participants can be classified according to three different levels of presence sensitivity with the sound condition impacting only on the highest level (12 out of 33 participants). Within this group, the spatially coherent soundtrack provides a lower reported sense of presence than the other custom soundtrack. The analysis of the participants' heart rate variability (HRV) shows that the frequency-domain parameters correlate to the reported presence scores.


In 1537, Nicolò Tartaglia (1500–1557), a mathematician from Brescia, published Nova scientia. It was this work that led to the foundation of the modern science of ballistics. Tartaglia's intention was to create a purely mathematical science based on axioms, which was fundamental to the entire subject of mechanics, starting with a limited number of principles and arriving at a series of propositions through a rigid procedure of deduction. Nevertheless, as Tartaglia himself states, his motive was fundamentally practical and connected to the activities of the sixteenth-century bombardier. A new edition of Nicolò Tartaglia's Nova scientia, based on the 1558 print run of the second enlarged edition (1550), shows how the emergence of theoretical ballistics was a consequence of the technological innovations that took place in the frame of the practice of iron casting at the turn from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century.


The aim of this experiment was to verify the sodium levels and electrolyte balance of diets for commercial laying hens on the first and second production periods. Two experiments with 112 days each, divided in four periods of 28 days, were carried out. One hundred and sixty Lohmann laying hens (25 weeks old) and 160 Babckok forced molting laying hens (80 weeks old), in the first and second experiments, respectively, were used. The laying hens were assigned to a completely randomized design, with five treatments, four replicates and eight birds each. The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal and the values of chemical and energy feeds composition were calculated according to Rostagno et al. (1985) and the electrolyte balance of diet was calculated according to Mongin (1980). Five sodium levels, from common salt and sodium bicarbonate, were used. For the first experiment, the sodium levels were 0.12; 0.15; 0.18; 0.21; 0.24% and the calculated electrolyte balance was 205, 218, 231, 243, 246 mEq/kg and for the second one 0.13; 0.15; 0.17; 0.19; 0.21% and 174, 183, 192, 200, 209 mEq/kg, respectively. At the end of each experimental period, data of productive performance, eggshell quality and excreta moisture were evaluated, and the last one was evaluated only in the first trial. The evaluated variables, in all experiments, were not influenced by sodium levels and dietary electrolyte balance. Therefore, it can be concluded that sodium level of .12%, for 205 mEq/kg diets, for laying hens in the first production period and the sodium level of 0.13%, for 174 mEq/kg diets, for laying hens in the second production cycle, were sufficient to provide a good productive performance and good egg shell quality.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To test the feasibility of using a programmable speech-generating device (PSGD) in hospitalized adults with head and neck cancer experiencing speechlessness.

DESIGN
Time-series design.

SETTING
Tertiary care institution, inpatient setting.

SAMPLE
9 female and 12 male postoperative patients (mean age = 62 years) experiencing speechlessness as a result of a surgical intervention to treat head and neck cancer.

METHODS
Patients participated in a communication intervention that incorporated use of a PSGD during their hospital stay. Data about PSGD use and functionality- and technology-related issues were collected. Satisfaction and usability of the PSGD were rated with the Satisfaction and Usability Instrument.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Use of, satisfaction with, and usability of the PSGD.

FINDINGS
Participants demonstrated significant improvement in ability to use the PSGD over a four-day period for all communication functions assessed. Results indicated that participants were "quite satisfied" with using the device and considered the technology to be "quite important" during the postoperative period. PSGD messages generated by participants via the hospital call system were understood by clerks. However, participants admitted to intensive care units experienced issues associated with accessibility of the device.

CONCLUSIONS
Participants demonstrated proficient and independent use of the PSGD to communicate programmed messages; however, other strategies were necessary to meet their communication needs as the postoperative period progressed. Additional research on technologic communication options and strategies to tailor technology to meet the needs of speechless patients is warranted.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
PSGDs may offer a more reliable option to facilitate communication between patients and nurses during the postoperative period. Technology should be tailored to meet speechless patients' unique needs as they progress through the rehabilitation process.


The effects of two diets, a control diet (commercial feed with 39% crude protein) and an experimental diet (prepared based on 42% soybean meal with 38% crude protein), on growth performance of western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in six 0.4-haearthen ponds (three replications per treatment) with 25 per m 2 density, were investigated. There was no significant difference in final weight (mean final weights were 15.7±0.88 and 15.6±0.52 g for the experimental and control treatments, respectively) between the treatments during the 115 days rearing period. There were no difference in FCR: 1.80±0.08 and 1.76±0.06, protein efficiency: 1.46±0.01 and 1.45±0.05, SGR: 2.38±0.04 and 2.38±0.03, final production: 2853.58±64.14 and 2864.83±168.57 kg/ha and survival rate: 91±1.78, 92±2.41% between experimental and control treatments, respectively (p>0.05) but net protein utilization in experimental treatment (17.05±0.38 g) and in the control (11.80±0.26 g) revealed significant differences (p<0.05). It is concluded that the experimental feed with 42% soybean meal was more efficient than the commercial feed on some growth parameters of western white shrimp.


This article analyses the demographic and social determinants of repartnering after divorce in four Baltic and Central European transition countries (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary), which, despite their common transition paths after the 1990s, developed distinct political economies and have different gender and family cultures. The article explores how the re-partnering chances of divorced women and men are shaped by the social divisions of gender, parenthood, age, and education within various transition- society contexts. In general, the findings support the argument about the relevance and mediating role of the societal context in the process of re-partnering. Although we found an overall gender disadvantage in re-partnering across all countries, in more traditional contexts, parenthood undermines the chances of re-partnering for women but not for men. The negative effect of older age for re-partnering after divorce is almost universal for men, but is context-sensitive for women. Education does not affect women's chances of re-partnering, but it does play a significant role in the attractiveness of men in more traditional settings. The analysis is based on the partnership and parenthood histories recorded in the Generations and Gender Survey.


The carry trade is an investment strategy which an investor borrows money at a low interest rate, then proceeds to invest that money into a country with a higher rate. One of the underlying theories that states carry trading should not be profitable is Uncovered Interest Parity. This assumption states that an investor looking to profit from the interest rate differential between two countries should not benefit because of the movements in the foreign exchange market. This theory has been historically disproved academically which has led to investors making excess returns. Furthermore, an inability to explain excess returns largely based on Fama's (1984) hypothesis of risk premium has left the finance industry scratching their head.

Recent literature suggests that for a number of currencies that a reversal in UIP has made carry trades unprofitable. This has been documented for a brief period after the financial crisis (until Sept 11'). This thesis investigates 9 carry trades over the period of period of 2001-2015. Through analysis on the characteristics of returns and their distributions it is evident there is large risk involved in the strategy. By splitting the data into relevant rime periods to fully assess its performance during the business cycles over the timeframe it gives conclusive evidence of performance. Using Sharpe ratios to measure risk adjusted compensation and a carry trade model for profitability it enables detailed analysis of when the trade is profitable. Alongside this assessment, the S&P500, FTSE 250 and Nikkei 225 are used to comparably evaluate the carry trades position in the investment landscape. It is discovered that the carry trades attraction post financial crisis has largely diminished as an investment strategy, but is concluded to be still profitable on the whole.


Regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) are the primary mechanism for co-operation between fishing countries and coastal states to ensure sustainable fishing globally. This paper aims to inspire and guide RFMO secretariats and member countries in how to focus their effort and investment to step up the contribution of RFMOs to the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. It does so by measuring the extent to which RFMOs apply best practices against IUU fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps. Information gathered from RFMOs' resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures (CMMs), other publicly available sources and direct communication with RFMOs' secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting IUU fishing at the disposal of RFMOs. Indicators show overall progress among RFMOs, but discrepancies remain, suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers.


Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy provides a direct non-invasive measure of tissue biochemistry, but tissue heterogeneity causes considerable mixing between tissue categories. A systematic methodology for variable selection and performance estimation, applied to 98 in vivo spectra from cysts and five categories of brain tumour is proposed. The selection of predictive variables from the spectra, and the estimation of misclassification errors, are made robust by prefiltering the irrelevant spectral components and repeatedly applying bootstrap resampling. Three alternative approaches to the methodology were investigated, with reference to pairwise discriminant models. The first approach is applied directly to the spectral intensity values, treated as independent covariates that are interpreted as metabolite indicators, proceeding to search for the smallest number of metabolites necessary for class discrimination. The two other approaches use independent component analysis (ICA) to separate the heterogeneous spectra into a small number of independent spectral sources of intrinsic tissue types. Given the six classes with strong inter-class mixing, the most accurate classifier based on linear discriminant models is obtained by first optimising the discrimination between class pairs, then combining their outcome using a pairwise coupling method. Finally, the statistical and ICA pre-processing methods are compared in a retrospective study for the first class assignment pair, to separate low- and medium-grade from high-grade astrocytic tumours.


This paper presents the first randomized approach to kinodynamic planning (also known as trajectory planning or trajectory design). The task is to determine control inputs to drive a robot from an ini ial configuration and velocity to a goal configuration and velocity while obeying physically based dynamical models and avoiding obstacles in the robot's environment. The authors consider generic systems that express the nonlinear dynamics of a robot in terms of the robot's high-dimensional configuration space. Kinodynamic planning is treated as a motion-planning problem in a higher dimensional state space that has both first-order differential constraints and obstacle-based global constraints. The state space serves the same role as the configuration space for basic path planning; however, standard randomized path-planning techniques do not directly apply to planning trajectories in the state space. The authors have developed a randomized planning approach that is particularly tailored to trajectory planning problems in high-dimensional state spaces. The basis for this approach is the construction of rapidly exploring random trees, which offer benefits that are similar to those obtained by successful randomized holonomic planning methods but apply to a much broader class of problems. Theoretical analysis of the algorithm is given. Experimental results are presented for an implementation that computes trajectories for hovercrafts and satellites in cluttered environments, resulting in state spaces of up to 12 dimensions.


his article presents the findings of an interpretive study on how exemplary teachers navigate their learning journeys when developing inclusive learning communities. We chose socio-cultural theory as a framework for understanding how the participating teachers learn from difference and diversity in their everyday classroom practice. The main source of data was individual semistructured interviews with five primary school teachers. The participants compared their learning process to that of an apprenticeship, and highlighted two themes: firstly, they identified their learning in the school context as intentional, self-directed and incremental; and secondly, they increasingly accessed and generated sources and opportunities themselves to support their learning process. They added insight into the interdependence of both individual sense-making and social collaborative learning. We argue that there is a close relationship between these teachers' personal and professional identities and that learning and cari...


The article examines the cultural situation following postmodernism in the first decade of the 21 st century. To characterise this situation, the umbrella term "post-postmodernism" is used, as well as "neomodernism", "altermodern", "metamodernism", "hypermodernity", "performatism", "critical realism" etc. All these approaches are, in a wider sense, united by their aim of opposing postmodernist cynicism and irony, and bringing back truth, simplicity and clarity. It has also been found that literature has returned or is returning to realism, and various cultural phenomena are emerging, which have been designated by the concept "new sincerity". In descriptions of the current cultural situation, this trend seeking truth and simplicity is supported by approaches which emphasise the significance of technological developments during the last decade. A prominent figure here is Alan Kirby, who launched the term "digimodernism", mainly linked with the adaptation and spread of Web 2.0 at the beginning of the 21 st century: the blogosphere, Wikipedia, Twitter and Facebook. The article seeks answers to the question of whether we can talk about digimodernism in Estonian literature in the 2000s. In the 1990s Estonian writers were quite reluctant to undertake computer-technological experiments, and there are only a few examples of Estonian digital literature, whereas a change occurred in the 2000s. Many Estonian writers have had and still have their own blogs and surprisingly many have joined Facebook. The term "twitterature" is also familiar to Estonian writers. The article tackles the dominant topics in the blogs of Estonian writers and analyses their possible collective creative work on Facebook. A question is raised as to whether it is possible that the fragmentary narrative structure of blogs and Facebook has influenced mainstream literature. The article concludes that one essential change in Estonian literature in the 2000s is writers' technological leap, active usage of the opportunities offered by Web 2.0 and participation in the web world: blogs, Facebook and Twitter. We can thus claim that a "digimodernist turn" did take place in Estonian culture in the 2000s.


The social construction of terrorism in the public sphere naturally limits and directs logical policy options. In the United States, media are a primary vehicle for the construction of social problems and accompanying policy solutions, as much of public discourse takes place in media narratives. News media play a major part in political communication, both between government and governed as well as among different segments of government. Social construction in media is shaped by journalistic values and preferences, occurs within an active and influential policy process, and is shaped by powerful policy actors. Government-based policy actors, or governmental policy entrepreneurs, are of particular interest, as their strategies of political communication are also shaped by the "mediatization" of politics— the process by which political actors internalize and make political decisions that prioritize media logic. Moreover, the strategies they select are dependent on the individual's or agency's power to effect policy change. In terrorism coverage, governmental policy entrepreneurs have a substantial amount of leverage over narratives. This dissertation is an exploratory examination of the influence that governmental policy entrepreneurs have on terrorism news narratives in two ways: via a directed qualitative content analysis of news coverage on the Boston Marathon Bombing in 2013, and interviews with current and former journalists. Its goals are to document the way that governmental policy entrepreneurs apply claims-making strategies involved in the construction of terrorism as a social problem within the public sphere of the American news media, and to iv systematically examine the political and organizational forces influencing the "behind-thescenes" production of these news narratives. This approach allows the claims-making strategies of governmental policy entrepreneurs that appear in media coverage to be contextualized within the values and operations of journalism that result in the claims' inclusion in news narratives. The findings of the content analysis establish a descriptive framework of the forms that governmental policy entrepreneurial strategies may take during a specific type of open policy window: a terror attack. Governmental policy entrepreneurs hinted at needed funding or legislative change toward new policies or used frames that reified existing preferred policies. Democrats constructed the problem of terrorism as an issue that the Democratic Party was effectively handling and the Boston Marathon Bombing as an anomaly within an otherwise effective system—agenda-affirming responses contradicting the Republican claims-making strategy. Conversely, Republicans framed the problem—terrorism—as an ever-present risk and a significant and likely-to-occur cost relative to the status quo. Interviews with 26 journalists from a variety of media indicated that governmental policy entrepreneurs who have access to news narratives on terrorism and counterterrorism likely gain this access as a result of a confluence of three factors: an open policy window, sound use of media logic, and source power. Most respondents noted that their most important sources were current or former members of government, including federal and local law enforcement. Many reported that they and their journalistic colleagues actively challenged narratives concerning policy options or counterterrorism actions that could have an adverse impact on civil rights and liberties, public or military safety, how America is viewed overseas, or the U.S. economy. When asked which precise journalistic strategies they used to challenge government messages, however, journalists who were interviewed described "challenging" information from government sources by consulting other members of their source networks—most of whom were also currently or formerly in government. In other words, when these journalists actively challenged information from the government, they did so by consulting other government sources. In addition, many respondents reported that providing context to audiences was important when covering terrorism. One of the primary ways they do this, however, is to connect aspects of new terror events to pre-existing knowledge about terrorism, especially via interviews with v current or former government "experts". By asking these experts about how a new terror event fits into the structure of terrorism they already understand (for instance, by inquiring about "lone wolves" and connecting terror cells), journalists may inadvertently and uncritically be incorporating a new face to the existing frame of an old enemy. In short, "piggybacking", or the policy entrepreneurial strategy of connecting new events to existing cognitive and emotional symbols, may be directly facilitated by "contextualizing" efforts by journalists in stories about terrorism. This is the first study to systematically describe the types of claims-making symbols and frames governmental policy entrepreneurs use during a focusing event of a terror attack, and then situate those symbols and frames within the larger context of the production processes of journalism and the negotiation of newsworthiness to explore how these symbols and frames reach news narratives intact. It also advances knowledge of the media-government relational system by informing methodological choices of future quantitative and qualitative studies of journalistic and policy-setting processes with regard to terrorism and counterterrorism. Finally, this study joins multiple theoretical literatures from media criminology, political communication, and policy analysis. This multidisciplinarity can greatly aid future theoretical orientations by expanding both criminological and political communication paradigms.