The CCAMLR MPA Workshop on Marine Protected Areas, held in Brest (France) in August 2011, recommended that the Scientific Committee considers supporting three technical workshops including one specific to Planning Domain 5. Planning Domain 5 includes Marion and Prince Edward Islands, the Del Cano Rise and the Crozet Archipelago in the north. It also includes the Ob and Lena seamounts. The workshop focusing on Planning Domain 5 was held in St Pierre, La Reunion, France from 15th May to 18th May, 2012 at the headquarters of TAAF (French Southern and Antarctic Territories). It followed a meeting on the northern part of Planning Domain 5, which was held in South Africa in 2008, organized and funded by WWF South Africa and known as Del Cano 1. The intention of the CCAMLR workshop was to study the ecological values and the use of the marine environment and to identify possible threats that might occur in this area. It extended the Del Cano 1 study spatially and also ecologically to include the benthic and pelagic realms. Identification of objectives for Conservation Planning and future research were discussed in relation to national and international projects. Depending on the availability of data, the approach was based on mapping species distributions (either observed data or predictions for species or community presence/abundance based on environmental factors). Various national and international datasets were used including data from CCAMLR. However, South African and French data relevant to the Planning Domain 5 and surrounding domains were a major focus in the workshop because these CCAMLR member nations are the major scientific actors in this region. Species distributions were visualized by the mean of a Geographic Information System. Available Norwegian data from the Bouvetoya region were also discussed, but this region is less studied compared to the Planning Domain 5. The workshop provided benthic and pelagic abiotic classifications of the Planning Domain using geographic and oceanographic features. Distributions of plankton, mesopelagic fish and top predators were consistent with the abiotic regionalization showing latitudinal patterns of communities for the pelagic species. The importance of frontal zones such as the Antarctic Polar Front and especially the Subantarctic Front were highlighted. North of the CCAMLR area, the Agulhas Return Current has a strong influence on this region. The latitudinal zonation of bioregions according to frontal zones may be influenced by climate change. This will have consequences for marine bird and mammal populations as it will change the habitat of their main pelagic prey species (e.g. euphausiids, squids, mesopelagic fish, etc.). The working group concluded that ecoregionalisation has to be conducted at the scale of plateaus which includes Prince Edward Islands, Del Cano Rise and Crozet Islands i.e. a more detailed level than what has been done to date. High productive pelagic areas must be considered in relation to the bathymetry, iron enrichment, fronts and island mass effects, which contrast with high nutrient low chlorophyll areas farther south. Ichtyofauna and benthos were described as being characteristic of the subantarctic zone with some species being endemic. However, cryptic benthic species have not yet been studied. The French and South African islands support substantial colonies of seabirds and seals, which for several species have global importance. For example, the Crozet and Prince Edward Islands together host the entire population of Crozet shag, about 70% of the world population of wandering albatross, 54% of king penguin, 33% of Indian yellow-nosed albatross, 33% of subantarctic fur seal, 27% of sooty albatross and 21% of the world's southern rockhopper penguin. The high productivity in the vicinity of the islands, together with the large aggregations of seabirds and seals found at the islands, attract various other animals, e.g. several cetaceans, to their vicinity. The populations of several seabirds that breed at the islands have decreased. There is accumulating evidence that decreases of albatrosses and petrels have been substantially influenced by by-catch mortality in fisheries, whereas decreases in some penguins are probably attributable to decreased availability of prey that may have been caused by environmental change. Although the islands themselves enjoy a protected status and fishing is at present excluded within 12 nautical miles of the islands, providing some protection to inshore-foraging species, many of the seabirds and seals range well beyond the immediate precincts of the islands. Some circumnavigate Antarctica and others move to the north well beyond the CCAMLR convention area. Hence, many seabirds and seals are affected by human activities, and almost certainly environmental change, in other CCAMLR domains as well as in regions of the high seas that are administered by other Regional Fisheries Management Organisations. In particular the CCAMLR Planning domains that neighbour Domain 5 are of importance, as is the southern region of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC, FAO Area 51). Human activities in these other areas adversely influence the conservation status of animals from Planning Domain 5, as is the case with by-catch mortality, it will be necessary for CCAMLR to work in close association with other Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (e.g. IOTC), treaties (e.g. Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, ACAP) and conservation organisations (e.g. BirdLife International) to achieve a favourable conservation status for species that are at present Threatened or Near Threatened. The problem is sometimes compounded by albatrosses and petrels segregating their at-sea distributions by sex or age or both, so that components of populations may suffer particularly high mortality leading, e.g., to sex imbalances or inadequate recruitment into breeding populations. Preliminary models suggest that both topographical (e.g. plateau and rises) and oceanographic (e.g. locations of fronts) features play important roles in defining good foraging grounds for some wide-ranging predators. Whereas topographical features are permanent, the locations of oceanographic features may be changing, thereby presenting a greater challenge for spatial conservation planning. For some albatrosses (notably Thalassarche spp.) and penguins (notably Eudyptes spp.) there is accumulating evidence that populations and species may segregate their feeding grounds, which also will need to be accounted for in any form of spatial conservation planning. The Working group noted set of preliminary strategic points essential to Systematic Conservation Planning, which include accounting for ecological relationships with surrounding areas (Bouvet to the West, Kerguelen to the East and East Antarctica to the South). The working group concluded that subtropical areas north of the Planning Domain 5 should be included in the planning, because of the spatial range covered by top predators, and also because the limit of the CCAMLR area cuts across the EEZs of both the Prince Edward and the Crozet Islands, as well as the Del Cano Rise. Strategic points include: First of all, biodiversity features needed to be mapped. The workshop concentrated on this objective most of the time. Second, biodiversity targets need to be determined. France will see how to adapt the ones that were used by Lombard et al. (2007) for the EEZ of the Prince Edward Islands, to the Crozet Islands. For the high seas, the working group recommended that the definition of targets should be discussed by EMM and the MPA circumpolar workshop. Third, the Working Group started to evaluate pressures and areas of research that need to be defined (spawning and nursery areas, bycatch, interactions with killer whales, etc.). The involvement of stakeholders was discussed, including fishing industries, NGOs, other relevant treaties and CCAMLR members for the high sea areas. This general theme has to be more specifically discussed during the circumpolar workshop and at the SC. The workshop also considered MPAs existing under national jurisdiction in the Planning Domain, procedures to extend them, and the need for strengthened cooperation between CCAMLR and other relevant legal instruments, organizations and initiatives. To achieve these goals, research and monitoring were discussed under three headings: (1) census of biodiversity, (2) ecoregionalisation classification and (3) monitoring. Such research would make up for a current lack of data, e.g. with regard to the benthos (deep and shallow), the mesopelagic zone and plankton. With regard to monitoring ecological processes, especially at the northern limits of the CCAMLR area, CCAMLR may wish to broaden the lists of species and environmental parameters that are monitored, to consider parameters of species that may best reflect change associated with global warming and, if necessary, develop protocols for any new parameters to be monitored. This would naturally include the use of the Continuous Plankton Recorder and tracking for birds, seals and mammals.


This paper discusses the issue whether developing countries forego chances in world manufactured markets by protecting intermediate services against market entry of new suppliers. By scanning the empirical literature on effective rates of protection (ERP), the evidence is supportive. Yet, it seems more the indirect effect via expanding the service sector in total through liberalization and deregulation than the direct effect of lowering ERP in intermediate service industries for downstream manufacturing industries which is relevant. Developed countries on the other hand enjoy a much lower level of protection in important intermediate services like banking and telecom and thus these industries can be instrumental to help downstream manufacturing industries in adjustment and restructuring. It is argued that especially in the EU competition in intermediate services will further rise due to various EU-policy rooted factors. As a result, protection rates of services in individual EU countries will converge.


Opinion is divided over whether technical solutions or behavioural change strategies offer the best energy savings potential in buildings. Behaviour change initiatives could have impact given current estimates that 30% of energy in buildings is wasted. However, technical solutions epitomised by 'smart' cities and buildings, exhort the role of information and communications technology (IT) and the digital economy as offering significant potential for carbon reduction. Yet both technical and behavioural approaches share the same contested assumption: users are a hurdle to overcome rather than a resource to be utilized. This paper presents an alternative approach, informed by social media and public participation experts, reframing the relationships between energy management personnel and those using the energy. This paper presents new findings from a UK research project funded by the Engineering and Physical Research Council. Working with a local authority energy team and a user-group of building users (from energy managers to 'ordinary' users), Gooddeeds developed and tested digital technologies social media/smartphone tools to engage with, and empower, employees in the reduction of their building's environmental impact. Findings from the first set of focus groups with the user group offer insight into the potential for a more collaborative approach to benefit building users through raising awareness of best practice with regards building energy management. In particular, collaborative approaches have the potential to empower building users with the tools and contacts to resolve issues more quickly. Yet there can be no 'one-size' fits all approach to non-domestic buildings with this research highlighting clear variations of engagement and interest in this approach dependent on building type.


The first literary biography of a much-neglected American writer, this book explores the multiple tensions at the core of Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's life and work. A prolific short story writer and novelist, Freeman (1852-1930) developed a reputation as a local colorist who depicted the peculiarities of her native New England. Yet as Leah Blatt Glasser shows, Freeman was one of the first American authors to write extensively about the relationships women form outside of marriage and motherhood, the role of work in women's lives, the complexity of women's sexuality, and the interior lives of women who rebel rather than conform to patriarchal strictures. In a Closet Hidden traces Freeman's evolution as a writer, showing how her own inner conflicts repeatedly found expression in her art. As Glasser demonstrates, Freeman's work examined the competing claims of creativity and convention, self-fulfillment and self-sacrifice, spinsterhood and marriage, lesbianism and heterosexuality.


Title of Dissertation / Thesis: AN INVESTIGATION OF EXCLAMATIVES IN ENGLISH AND JAPANESE: SYNTAX AND SENTENCE PROCESSING Hajime Ono, Ph.D, 2006 Dissertation / Thesis Directed By: Professor Howard Lasnik, Department of Linguistics This dissertation is a case study of the syntax of the left periphery, using exclamatives in English and Japanese. In the first part, I discuss exclamatives in Japanese in detail by focusing on the properties of the exclamative wh-phrases and particles that function as licensors for wh-phrases in exclamatives. We argue that licensing exclamatives involves at least three functional heads: Finite, Focus, and Mood. Especially, the necessity of the Mood head differentiates exclamatives from interrogatives. On the other hand, we claim that having these three functional projections does not type the clause as exclamative, and show that the presence of a wh-phrase of a distinct form is in fact a crucial part of the clause-typing for exclamation. This conclusion supports the claim that clause type should not be directly encoded into syntax as an independent functional category. The second part of dissertation deals with English exclamatives. We show that sluicing is available in English exclamatives, suggesting that focus is playing a role for the availability of sluicing, assuming that both interrogatives and exclamatives involve focus. Another conclusion about English exclamatives is that exclamative wh-clauses are licensed, not by selection, but by being c-commanded by a factive operator or a factive predicate. This goes against the traditional observation; our conclusion is empirically justified based on the observation that it is possible to license exclamative wh-clauses by a non-local licensor. We argue that this property is similar to what has been observed for the aggressively non-D-linked wh-phrases, accounting for the distribution and behavior of those non-standard wh-phrases. Finally, we investigate how Japanese exclamatives are processed by native speakers of Japanese with an online self-paced reading study and two off-line sentence fragment completion studies on the processing of wh-exclamative sentences in Japanese. These studies investigate the real-time formation of sentential structures with higher functional categories, and show that the parser immediately engages to build syntactic structures with discourseoriented higher functional projections before coming across the head, favoring the incremental processing model. AN INVESTIGATION OF EXCLAMATIVES IN ENGLISH AND JAPANESE: SYNTAX AND SENTENCE PROCESSING


Robert Frost first famously penned "Poetry is what gets lost in translation." In the world of advocacy, persuasion is what gets lost in translation. This article examines the distinctions in the common law and civil law methods of legal reasoning. It analyzes why, in form and substance, the traditional common law oral argument methods are neither effective nor persuasive when presented in a civil law jurisdiction. Although the common law and civil law legal traditions share similar social objectives, arguing based on stare decisis is incompatible with the Code-based method applied by civil law courts. This article explores how to transfer common law advocacy skills to create an effective civil law oral argument. By making this transition, a common law advocate will be able to garner a greater awareness of the civil law system, including an understanding of the rules that govern the court or tribunal that will be hearing the argument, an appreciation for the role of the judge hearing the argument, and an appreciation for the role of scholars in the civil law system. As a result, common law practitioners can hone their ability to effectively craft a persuasive civil law argument.


Mmakgabo Mmapula Mmankgato Helen Sebidi, the 14th volume in the TAXI series published by David Krut, is a welcome addition to the literature on South African art. While Sebidi had been the topic of prior publications (most notably the catalogue produced when she was Standard Bank Young Artist in 1989), an updated and more comprehensive overview of her career and output was needed. Albeit that I have criticisms of some aspects of the publication, the David Krut book addresses this need.


Abstract : Piezoelectric bimorph actuators, as opposed to rotary electric motors, have been suggested as an actuation mechanism for flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) because they exhibit favorable characteristics such as low weight, rapidly adaptable frequencies, lower acoustic signature, and controllable flapping amplitudes. Research at the Air Force Research Labs and the Air Force Institute of Technology has shown that by using one actuator per wing, up to five degrees of freedom are possible. However, due to the weight constraints on a FWMAV, the piezoelectric bimorph actuators need to be fully optimized to support free flight. This study focused on three areas of investigation in order to optimize the piezoelectric actuators: validating and improving analytical models that have been previously suggested for the performance of piezoelectric bimorph actuators; identifying the repeatability and reliability of current custom manufacturing techniques; and determining the failure criteria for piezoelectric actuators so that they can be driven at the highest possible voltage. Through the optimization, manufacturing, and performance testing of piezoelectric bimorphs, analytical models have been adjusted to fit the empirical data to yield minimum mass actuators that could potentially meet the mechanical energy requirements in a FWMAV. For custom manufactured actuators, optimized tapered actuators with an end extension showed an 89.5% energy density improvement over optimized rectangular actuators and a 19.5% improvement in energy density over commercially available actuators.


Investigating import activities is advantageous for a country as it provides explanation on various economic phenomena such as product price sensitivity in the local and national scale. In this work, we use the 2016 regulated import lists from the Bureau of Customs to examine price distributions of imported products. By k-means clustering, products were clustered into groups using their percentile z-scores. Principal Component Analysis was used to further separate the distributions based on their heterogeneity. It was determined that the first principal component PC1 describes the presence of outliers, while PC2 corresponds to the variability of the import prices for a specific product.


The conventional formula for the ellipsometric ratio ρ = rp/rs diverges in the limit when the dielectric constants on either side of an inhomogeneous layer become equal, ∊1 = ∊2. The general case, including ∊1 = ∊2, necessitates going to second order in the layer thickness. A formula is derived that includes the ∊1 = ∊2 case without divergence; the predicted maximum in the imaginary part of ρ when ∊1 ≈ ∊2 indicates that index matching (of the bounding media) can significantly increase the ellipsometric signal.


The pace of technological change is rapid and the impact of this acceleration on the information behavior of youth from diverse backgrounds is multifaceted. Most young people have online access in some form, but the uses and quality of access vary tremendously (Madden, Lenhart, Duggan, Cortesi & Gasser, 2013). With the growth and variation of information behaviors among youth in social media and the mobile Web, keeping pace with research methods used to capture these behaviors and phenomena continues to be a discussion among scholars. Adding to the complications of research in this area, youth are increasingly using information and communications technologies (ICT) across platforms for a variety of information behaviors, including academic and social reasons (Agosto & Abbas, 2010). It is often not enough to solely examine a young person's Twitter feed - we need to see how that conversation carries from Twitter, to direct messages, to texting, to a Facebook post and so on. This variation suggests a need for greater nuance in research (Madden, Lenhart, Duggan, Cortesi & Gasser, 2013; Gasser, Cortesi, Malik & Lee, 2012). This panel will bring together several researchers experienced in studying youth information practices to discuss their methodologies and strategies in dealing with these intricate issues. This panel will be conducted in a roundtable style – encouraging deep conversation between the researchers and the audience. This will be followed by a small group discussions with the audience and conclude by sharing back best practices uncovered through the group discussions. Through attending this panel, attendees will engage with current developments in diverse youth, ICT and research methodologies, and identify priorities and approaches for future work in these areas.


Estimating and planning are critical to the success of any software project, also in the case of distributed agile development. Previous research has acknowledged that conventional agile methods need to be adjusted when applied in distributed contexts. However, we argue that also new tools are needed for enabling effective distributed agile practices. Here, we present eConference3P, a tool for supporting distributed agile teams who applies the planning poker technique to perform collaborative user story estimation. The planning poker technique builds on the combination of multiple expert opinions, represented using the visual metaphor of poker cards, which results in quick but reliable estimates.


Throughout the latter half of the past century cinema has played a significant role in the shaping of the core narratives of Australia. Films express and implicitly shape national images and symbolic representations of cultural fictions in which ideas about Indigenous identity have been embedded. In this paper, exclusionary practices in Australian narratives are analysed through examples of films representing Aboriginal identity. Through these filmic narratives the articulation, interrogation, and contestation of views about filmic representations of Aboriginal identity in Australia is illuminated. The various themes in the filmic narratives are examined in order to compare and contrast the ways in which the films display the operation of narrative closure and dualisms within the film texts.


Collective labor disputes based on the differences in economic interests between workers and employers can be effectively resolved exclusively through conciliation procedures. Contemporary alternative methods arose mostly due to the necessity to resolve collective labor disputes; mediation for this purpose is applied differently in various countries. National legislation equally provides various means for collective labor dispute resolutions and determines relevant intermediary procedures. An intermediation in a collective labor dispute resolution can be private and/or state-appointed and mandatory or alternative and remains a very perspective means of alternative dispute resolution. An analysis of different countries' legislation distinguishes several common features of intermediation in collective labor disputes, concerning mainly the goals, objectives and principles. For bodies and persons conducting intermediation, the degree of compulsion in their decisions varies greatly from country to country. However, the obtained experience reveals common and distinctive procedural features and provides the possibility to classify existing approaches, having combined them into groups. The analysis also follows general development trends of collective labor dispute intermediation in different countries and identifies several shortcomings that are characteristic to different systems of intermediation legal regulation. Further research on the most effective ways of collective labor dispute conciliation is necessary for establishing new harmonious labor relations as the grounds for social progress.


Purpose: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition causes transcriptional activation or repression of several genes that in turn can influence the biodistribution of other chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we hypothesize that the combination of vorinostat, a HDAC inhibitor, with 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) would lead to preferential accumulation of the latter in neuroblastoma (NB) tumors via increased expression of the human norepinephrine transporter (NET). Experimental Design: In vitro and in vivo experiments examined the effect of vorinostat on the expression of NET, an uptake transporter for 131 I-MIBG. Human NB cell lines (Kelly and SH-SY-5Y) and NB1691luc mouse xenografts were employed. The upregulated NET protein was characterized for its effect on 123 I-MIBG biodistribution. Results: Preincubation of NB cell lines, Kelly and SH-SY-5Y, with vorinostat caused dose-dependent increases in NET mRNA and protein levels. Accompanying this was a corresponding dose-dependent increase in MIBG uptake in NB cell lines. Four-fold and 2.5 fold increases were observed in Kelly and SH-SY-5Y cells, respectively, pre-treated with vorinostat in comparison to untreated cells. Similarly, NB xenografts, created by intravenous tail vein injection of NB1691-luc, and harvested from nude mice livers treated with vorinostat (150 mg/kg i.p.) showed substantial increases in NET protein expression. Maximal effect of vorinostat pretreatment in NB xenografts on 123 I-MIBG biodistribution was observed in tumors that exhibited enhanced uptake in vorinostat treated (0.062 ± 0.011 µCi/(mg tissue-dose injected)) versus untreated mice (0.022 ± 0.003 µCi/(mg tissue-dose injected); p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of our study provide preclinical evidence that vorinostat


Amphidromous species of the Glossogobius celebius complex found in lower reaches rivers of the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean are reviewed. Glossogobius celebius is not as widely distributed as previously thought and is confined to the eastern Indian Ocean to eastern Indonesia. Three species are described as new species from Australia, New Guinea and various localities in the western Pacific. The species are distinguished on the basis of colora - tion, anal fin-ray and predorsal scale counts, head pores and papilla patterns.


The subject dealt with in this thesis relates to the holistic understanding of the development of a traditional folk art: the art of paper cutting. This artistic tradition originated in China and features intricate and hollow style imagery, used to convey cultural symbolism and infer auspicious wishes. Since the inception of the art, numerous diverse styles of paper cutting art have been evolved across the regions of China.

With the renewed interest in the cultural creative industry over recent years, the significance and value of the traditional art in China has been revaluated and explored. Paper cutting art has been examined in a number of areas within China, however, a valid analytic and multi-faceted study had yet to be developed. This limited the academic community, museum professionals and practitioners from obtaining an empirical-based understanding of the explanation for variables in styles and measures of innovation. Consequently, research drawing on the holistic nature of the development of the art is of considerable theoretical and practical interest to these communities.

To address the problem of the differing styles of paper cutting and drivers of innovation across the regions of China, a qualitative research design was employed. A review of the historical development of paper cutting art was followed by visual analysis and qualitative interviews to determine the explanations for variables in styles, wider cultural influences and the innovation and application in modern design. A taxonomy of the primary factors influencing the recent developments of the paper cutting art is presented and a theoretical framework provides a holistic explanation of the interconnected and interrelated drivers acting on the artist and artistic community.


The rational expectations hypothesis is one of the cornerstones of current economic theorizing. This review discusses a number of experiments that focus on expectation formation by human subjects in a number of learning-to-forecast experiments and analyzes the implications for the rational expectations hypothesis. In these experiments, most agents are rational in an operational sense, and their expectations coordinate quickly, but not necessarily on the rational expectations value. In several situations, the homogeneous rational expectations hypothesis of Lucas and Prescott poorly describes the expectational dynamics and is outperformed by other hypotheses. But even in those situations in which the hypothesis gives a good description, it is more likely that coordination on rational values is brought about by the institutional structure of the market rather than the rationality of the agents.


In this study we examined the effects of prior mathematics achievement and completion of a commercially developed, National Science Foundation-funded, or University of Chicago School Mathematics Project high school mathematics curriculum on achievement in students' first college statistics course. Specifically, we examined the relationship between students' high school mathematics achievement and high school mathematics curriculum on the difficulty level of students' first college statistics course, and on the grade earned in that course. In general, students with greater prior mathematics achievement took more difficult statistics courses and earned higher grades in those courses. The high school mathematics curriculum a student completed was unrelated to statistics grades and course-taking.
First published May 2012 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives


Joe Louis defended his heavyweight boxing title an astonishing twenty-five times and reigned as world champion for more than eleven years. He got more column inches of newspaper coverage in the 1930s than FDR did. His racially and politically charged defeat of Max Schmeling in 1938 made Louis a national hero. But as important as his record is what he meant to African-Americans: at a time when the boxing ring was the only venue where black and white could meet on equal terms, Louis embodied all their hopes for dignity and equality. Through meticulous research and first-hand interviews, acclaimed historian and biographer Randy Roberts presents Louis, and his impact on sport and country, in a way never before accomplished. Roberts reveals an athlete who carefully managed his public image, and whose relationships with both the black and white communities-including his relationships with mobsters-were far more complex than the simplistic accounts of heroism and victimization that have dominated previous biographies. Richly researched and utterly captivating, this extraordinary biography presents the full range of Joe Louis's power in and out of the boxing ring.


Water contamination in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compound libraries is a recognized problem in the pharmaceutical industry. We describe a nondestructive, near-infrared (NIR) assay for water contamination inside the sealed containers used for compound libraries. This assay does not require opening the containers. We also report our observation of the permeation of water from laboratory air through the sealed container and into the DMSO solution over a period of months, as well as the rate of water absorption by DMSO directly exposed to laboratory air.


Lateral ridge augmentation procedures are aimed to reconstruct deficient alveolar ridges or to build up peri-implant dehiscence and fenestrations. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of these interventions by analyzing data from 40 clinical studies evaluating bone augmentation through either the staged or the simultaneous approach. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guideline for systematic reviews was used. The primary outcomes were the changes at reentry, in the ridge width, and in the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the peri-implant defect, measured in millimeters, in the staged and simultaneous approaches, respectively. The results of the meta-analysis showed, for the simultaneous approach, a statistically significant defect height reduction when all treatments were analyzed together (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −4.28 mm; 95% confidence interval: [CI] –4.88, –3.69; P < 0.01). The intervention combining bone replacement grafts with barrier membranes was associated with superior outcomes The most frequently used intervention was the combination of xenograft and bioabsorbable membrane. Similarly, for the staged approach, there was a statistically significant horizontal gain when all treatment groups were combined (WMD = 3.90 mm; 95% CI: 3.52, 4.28; P < 0.001). The most frequently used intervention was the use of autogenous bone blocks. Both treatment strategies led to high survival and success rates (>95%) for the implants placed on the regenerated sites. Nonexposed sites gained significantly more in the simultaneous and staged approaches (WMD = 1.1 and 3.1 mm).


Recent studies suggest that sand can serve as a vehicle for exposure of humans to pathogens at beach sites, resulting in increased health risks. Sampling for microorganisms in sand should therefore be considered for inclusion in regulatory programmes aimed at protecting recreational beach users from infectious disease. Here, we review the literature on pathogen levels in beach sand, and their potential for affecting human health. In an effort to provide specific recommendations for sand sampling programmes, we outline published guidelines for beach monitoring programmes, which are currently focused exclusively on measuring microbial levels in water. We also provide background on spatial distribution and temporal characteristics of microbes in sand, as these factors influence sampling programmes. First steps toward establishing a sand sampling programme include identifying appropriate beach sites and use of initial sanitary assessments to refine site selection. A tiered approach is recommended for monitoring. This approach would include the analysis of samples from many sites for faecal indicator organisms and other conventional analytes, while testing for specific pathogens and unconventional indicators is reserved for high-risk sites. Given the diversity of microbes found in sand, studies are urgently needed to identify the most significant aetiological agent of disease and to relate microbial measurements in sand to human health risk.


This guide was designed to offer links to selected materials/resources to those who have read The Hate U Give and are interested in learning more about the topics of racial inequality, social injustice, gang culture and/or racism.


[1] Trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions of basaltic lavas from 11 volcanoes spanning 1300 km of the Aleutian Island arc provide new constraints on the recycling of elements in melts and fluids derived from subducted oceanic crust and sediment. Despite a nearly twofold variation in the flux of sediment subducted along the Aleutians, proxies indicating the presence of sediment melt in the magma source, including Th/La and Th/Nd, do not vary systematically along strike. In contrast, ratios including B/La, B/Nb, B/Be, Cs/La, Pb/Ce, and Li/Y suggest that the quantity or composition of fluid transferred from the slab into the mantle wedge varies an order of magnitude along strike and is apparently correlated with sediment flux. However, the most distinctive fluid addition corresponds spatially with subduction of the Amlia Fracture Zone (AFZ), a likely repository for H2O-rich serpentinite. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios, together with Th/Nd and B/La ratios, show that the majority of these basalts reflect a common baseline metasomatism of the mantle that accumulated, perhaps over millions of years, via small additions of both slab fluids and partially melted sediment. The paradox of requiring slab surface temperatures high enough to melt a layer of sediment, while lower-temperature dehydration reactions that supply water occur sufficiently deep to flux melting >80 km beneath the volcanoes is reconciled in a four-stage model: (1) as sediment and altered ocean crust is carried to ∼60 km depth and temperatures increase to ∼650°C, metamorphic dehydration reactions release most of the fluid and B to the shallow mantle wedge beneath the fore arc, but some of this mantle is metasomatized and flows downward; (2) the uppermost layer of sediment begins to melt at ∼750°C and >60 km depth; this small volume of melt physically mingles with the overlying metasomatized mantle wedge as it flows further downdip; (3) below the sediment veneer, the uppermost 1 km of ocean crust reaches 650°C at ∼90 km depth where antigorite breaks down, releasing B-rich H2O; and (4) this fluid infiltrates the layer of residual unmelted metasediment leaching the remaining inventory of fluid mobile elements and ascends into the modified mantle lowering its solidus and inducing partial melting. Where antigorite is likely abundant at the surface of the Pacific plate along the AFZ, deep H2O flux to the mantle is enhanced. This is reflected in higher B and lower incompatible element contents in the magmas, a relationship that links the amount of serpentine subducted to the extent of partial melting and the major element composition of arc basalt.


Lignocellulosic fibers from green coconut fruit were treated with alkaline solution (NaOH 10%m/v) and then bleached with sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). Alkali-treated and bleached fibers were mixed with high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and placed in an injector chamber in order to obtain specimens for tensile tests. Specimens of HIPS/alkali-treated and bleached coconut fiber composites were tested in tensile mode, and the fracture surfaces of the composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Untreated, alkali-treated, and bleached coconut fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Alkaline treatment was effective for removing the extractives and increasing the roughness of surfaces, while the bleaching treatment intensified the effect of alkaline treatment, while increasing the crystallinity index and surface energy of fibers. Results of tensile tests showed that the addition of 30% alkali-treated and bleached fibers reinforcing the HIPS matrix provided considerable changes in the mechanical properties of composites in comparison with the pure HIPS. On the other hand, chemical treatments were not totally effective for improving the adhesion between the fiber and matrix, as was observed in the analysis of the fracture surfaces of composites materials.


Much of the debate about genocide in Darfur appears woefully misinformed about the complex realities of the crisis, in particular its growing imbrication with the conflict in neighboring Chad. The parallel with Rwanda is limited, even though, in both cases, the international community has failed utterly to stop the atrocities committed against innocent civilians. No prevention strategy is likely to succeed unless cross-border raids from Chad into Darfur and vice versa are stopped, and this will not happen as long as the Sudanese and Chadian authorities are playing one faction off against another in what looks increasingly like a proxy war. Genocide should not be seen as the sole touchstone for intervention. War crimes, ethnic cleansing, and atrocity crimes, to name only some of the horrors illustrated by the Darfur tragedy, provide ample justification, moral and political, for the international community to take concerted action to protect civilian lives. The most urgent task facing the international community is not to strive for a consensus about genocide but to frame an effective prevention strategy. For this to happen, immediate attention must be paid to the crisis in Chad, which could unleash renewed cross-border violence, destabilize the Déby regime in Ndjamena, and ultimately play into the hands of Khartoum.


The transport of magmas in the Earth is a phenomenon of first-order importance to the physical, chemical, and climatological evolution of our planet. Volcanism, in particular, can have dramatic impact on human lives, not only as an immediate environmental hazard but also as a longer-term influence on climate. The transport properties of magma—that is, physical flow in response to stress and diffusion of dissolved components as a result of chemical gradients—have been the subject of intensive study in recent decades. Nevertheless, the complexity of these physical and chemical responses requires an even more generalized picture of magma transport than is currently available. The emerging view of magma transport incorporates melt dynamics, non-Newtonian flow, brittle failure, and the fundamental nature of the glassy and liquid states.


Factors associated with maintaining good cognition into old age are unclear. Decreased brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and soluble assemblies of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau contribute to neurodegeneration. However, it is unknown whether AD-type neuropathology, soluble Aβ and tau, or levels of BDNF and its receptor TrkB correlate with dementia in the oldest-old. We examined these targets in postmortem Brodmann's areas 7 and 9 (BA7, BA9) in 4 groups of subjects >90 years old: 1) No Dementia/No AD Pathology, 2) No Dementia/AD Pathology, 3) Dementia/No AD Pathology, 4) Dementia/AD Pathology. In BA7, BDNF mRNA correlated with MMSE scores and was decreased in demented vs. non-demented subjects, regardless of pathology. Soluble Aβ42 was increased in both groups with AD pathology, demented or not, compared to No dementia/No AD Pathology subjects. Groups did not differ in TrkB isoform levels or in levels of total soluble tau, individual tau isoforms, threonine-181 tau phosphorylation or ratio of phosphorylated 3R to 4R isoforms. In BA9, soluble Aβ42 correlated with MMSE scores and with BDNF mRNA expression. Thus, soluble Aβ42 and BDNF, but not TrkB or soluble tau, correlate with dementia in the oldestold.


Abstract. We assessed the vertical accuracies and uncertainties of three freely-available global DEMs as inputs to elevation-based sea-level rise vulnerability assessment of Mindanao, Philippines – an area where above average SLR of 14.7 mm/year was recently found. These DEMs are the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, ASTER Global DEM (GDEM Version 2), and ALOS World 3D-30 (AW3D30). Using 2,076 ground control points, we computed each DEM's vertical accuracies and uncertainties, and from these we determined the smallest increment of sea-level rise (SLRImin) that should be considered when using the DEMs for SLR impact assessment, as well as the Minimum Planning Timeline (TLmin) for an elevation-based SLR assessment. Results of vertical accuracy assessment revealed Root Mean Square Errors of 9.80 m for ASTER GDEM V2, 5.16 m for SRTM DEM, and 4.32 m for AW3D30. Vertical uncertainties in terms of the Linear Error at 95 % Confidence (LE95) were found to be as follows: 19.21 m for ASTER GDEM V2, 10.12 m for SRTM DEM, and 8.47 m for AW3D30. From these, we found that ASTER GDEM2 is suitable to model SLR increments of at least 38.41 m and it will take 2,613 years for the cumulative water level increase of 14.7 mm/year to reach the minimum SLR increment afforded by this DEM. For the SRTM DEM, SLRImin and TLmin were computed as 20.24 m and 1,377 years, respectively. For the AW3D30, SLRImin and TLmin were computed as 16.92 m and 1,151 years, respectively. These results suggest that the readily available global DEMs' suitability for mapping coastal inundations due to SLR in our study area is limited by their low vertical accuracies and high uncertainties. All the three DEMs do not have the necessary accuracy and minimum uncertainties that will make them suitable for mapping inundations of Mindanao at smaller increments of SLR (e.g., SLR ≤ 5 m). Hence, users who apply any of these DEMs for SLR impact assessment at SLRIs lower than the DEM's SLRImin must be cautious in reporting the areas of SLR vulnerable zones. Reporting the inundated areas as a range instead of a singular value for a given SLR scenario can highlight the inherent accuracy and uncertainty of the DEM used in the assessment.


OBJECTIVE
Platelets play an important role in both initiation and propagation of acute coronary syndromes. We sought to evaluate the predictive value of mean platelet volume (MPV) in young patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS).

METHODS
This is a retrospective observational study; evaluating the MPV values of 79 NSTE-ACS patients aged under 45 years and 45 control subjects having normal coronary anatomy. NSTE-ACS group was composed of 41 non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 38 unstable angina pectoris (USAP) patients. MPV was measured using an automated hematologic analyzer called Coulter counter. The predictive value of MPV was evaluated using logistic regression analysis and comparison of MPV between NSTE-ACS and control groups was performed by Mann-Whitney U test.

RESULTS
The MPV was found to be significantly higher in the NSTE-ACS compared with control group (8.49±1.22 versus 7.78±0.65 fL, p=0.001). In logistic regression analysis, MPV was found to be an independent predictor of NSTE-ACS (OR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.2, p=0.022). The MPV values of NSTEMI group were not significantly different from USAP group (8.78±1.38 versus 8.17±0.95 fL, p=0.66). Similarly, the MPV values of the 3 groups (Control, USAP and NSTEMI) were found to be significantly different (7.78±0.65, 8.18±0.95, 8.78±1.38 fL respectively, p=0.001).

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, MPV was found to be elevated in NSTE-ACS patients compared with control subjects in young population. In addition, increased MPV was established to be an independent predictor of NSTE-ACS.


The Maxwell School's Government Performance Project rated the management successes of the 50 states in several areas, such as capital management, human resources and information technology in 1998 and 2000. Variability among the states was significant. Viewing the Maxwell School data as something to be explained, we focus on political institutions, social characteristics and the economic environments in the states. We review hypotheses that predict management performance, and we test them empirically. We find that states high in social capital, states with professional legislatures, and states with vibrant entrepreneurial economies are more likely to be better managed. A state's tax burden and the governor's powers seem unrelated to the Maxwell School scores. States with a high density of "good government" groups tend to be poor performers, presumably because citizens join such groups hoping to improve their unsatisfactory state governments. Please note: The larger study that this paper discusses will be published in a book by The Brookings Institution in early 2005.


Many of the Columbia River flood basalts that erupted in the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho during the Miocene are remarkably iron rich (12–17 wt% total FeO) and under volatile-free conditions would have been too dense to erupt through continental crust. Their eruption through >20 km of sialic crust sets limits on their minimum, preeruptive total volatile (H2O + CO2) concentrations. These limits are obtained by quantitatively comparing the average density of the overlying crustal column with the calculated effect of dissolved H2O or exsolved CO2 on the density of various Columbia River tholeiitic basalts as a function of depth. Minimum total volatile (H2O + CO2) concentrations range to >4 wt% and are therefore considerably higher than those found in tholeiitic basalts at oceanic islands, like Hawaii. These conclusions are consistent with the strong enrichments in other incompatible elements (e.g., K, P, Ba) observed in the Columbia River flood basalts. Such high concentrations of H2O + CO2 would have had a marked effect on the solidus temperature of the source region, which may explain the remarkably large individual flow volumes (∼103 km3) that characterize this flood-basalt province.


Interferon-alpha is possibly the most controversial adjuvant therapy for any solid tumor, and multiple trials involving varying doses, routes, schedules, and formulations of interferon-alpha have increased the confusion. Clinicians are left in a quandary, because high-dose interferon-alpha-2b (HDI) remains the only FDA-approved adjuvant therapy for high-risk melanoma. Of the three prospective randomized trials involving high-dose interferon-alpha-2b, all show a significant improvement in disease-free survival and two show a significant improvement in overall survival. Despite this strong evidence, data from studies involving alternate doses, concerns regarding cost and toxicity, and the promise of future therapies have led opponents of interferon to overlook these results. Based on the available clinical evidence, however, high-dose interferon should be offered as standard care for patients with high-risk, resected melanoma. Informed patients who have elected to forego interferon and patients with lower risk lesions can be offered participation in clinical trials with a no-treatment control arm.


Over the past decade researchers have identified intervention strategies and program models that reduce delinquency and promote pro-social development. Preventing delinquency, says Peter Greenwood, not only saves young lives from being wasted, but also prevents the onset of adult criminal careers and thus reduces the burden of crime on its victims and on society. It costs states billions of dollars a year to arrest, prosecute, incarcerate, and treat juvenile offenders. Investing in successful delinquency-prevention programs can save taxpayers seven to ten dollars for every dollar invested, primarily in the form of reduced spending on prisons.According to Greenwood, researchers have identified a dozen "proven" delinquency-prevention programs. Another twenty to thirty "promising" programs are still being tested. In his article, Greenwood reviews the methods used to identify the best programs, explains how program success is measured, provides an overview of programs that work, and offers guidance on how jurisdictions can shift toward more evidence-based practicesThe most successful programs are those that prevent youth from engaging in delinquent behaviors in the first place. Greenwood specifically cites home-visiting programs that target pregnant teens and their at-risk infants and preschool education for at-risk children that includes home visits or work with parents. Successful school-based programs can prevent drug use, delinquency, anti-social behavior, and early school drop-out.Greenwood also discusses community-based programs that can divert first-time offenders from further encounters with the justice system. The most successful community programs emphasize family interactions and provide skills to the adults who supervise and train the child.Progress in implementing effective programs, says Greenwood, is slow. Although more than ten years of solid evidence is now available on evidence-based programs, only about 5 percent of youth who should be eligible participate in these programs. A few states such as Florida, Pennsylvania, and Washington have begun implementing evidence-based programs. The challenge is to push these reforms into the mainstream of juvenile justice.


TV programs have an underlying structure that is lost when these are broadcasted. The linear mode is the only available reading mode when viewing programs recorded using a Personal Video Recorder or through a TV-on-Demand service. The fast-forward/backward functions are the only available tools for browsing. In this context, program structuring becomes important in order to provide users with novel and useful browsing features. In addition to advanced browsing features, TV program structuring can also be used for summarization, indexing and querying, archiving, etc. This thesis addresses the problem of unsupervised TV program structuring. The idea is to automatically recover the original structure of the program by finding the start time of each part composing it. The proposed approach is completely unsupervised and addresses a large category of programs like TV games, magazines, news…. It is based on the detection of "separators" which are short audio/visual sequences that delimit the different parts of a program. To do so, audio and visual recurrences are first detected from a set of episodes of a same program. In order to extract the separators, the recurrences are then classified using decision trees. These are built based on attributes issued from techniques like applause detection, scenes segmentation, face and speaker detection and clustering.


Herbicidal activity of culture filtrates of four Drechslera spp.,
namely D. australiensis (Bugnic.) Subram. & B.L. Jain, D.
biseptata (Sacc. & Roum.) M.J. Richardson & E.M. Fraser, D.
hawaiiensis Bugnic. ex M.B. Ellis, and D. holmii (Luttr.) Subram.
& P.C. Jain, prepared in malt extract broth was investigated
against parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in both
laboratory bioassays and pots. In laboratory bioassays, the effect of
original (100%) and diluted (50%) culture filtrates of the four
Drechslera spp. was studied on parthenium germination and seedling
growth in 90 mm diameter Petri plates. Original culture filtrate of all
the four Drechslera species significantly reduced germination, shoot
length, shoot fresh biomass, root length, and root fresh biomass of
parthenium seedlings by 43 to 77%, 77 to 82%, 69 to 82%, 90 to 92%, and
67 to 83%, respectively, as compared to the control. In pot trials,
foliar application of original fungal culture filtrates was carried out
on 1-wk and 2-wk old parthenium seedlings. Culture filtrates of all the
four Drechslera spp., except D. holmii, markedly reduced parthenium
shoot dry weight. Two-week-old plants were more susceptible to foliar
spray than the 1-wk old plants. There was a 13 to 55% and 28 to 65%
reduction in shoot dry weight of 1-wk and 2-wk old parthenium plants,
respectively, due to culture filtrates of various Drechslera spp. The
present study concludes that Drechslera spp. culture filtrates can be
used as alternative herbicides for parthenium weed management.


OBJECTIVE
To compare isoflurane and propofol for maintenance of anesthesia and quality of recovery in client-owned dogs with intracranial disease undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.

ANIMALS
Twenty-five client-owned dogs with intracranial pathology, 13 females and 12 males, ages 11 months to 13 years, weighing between 3.0 and 48.0 kg.

METHODS
Each dog was randomly assigned to receive propofol or isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia. All dogs were not premedicated, were administered propofol intravenously to effect for induction, intubated and mechanically ventilated to maintain an end-tidal carbon dioxide tension 30-35 mmHg (4.0-4.7 kPa). Temperature and cardiac output were measured pre- and post-MRI. Scores for mentation, neurological status, ease of maintenance, and recovery were obtained pre- and post-anesthesia. Pulse oximetry, end-tidal gases, arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and requirements for dopamine administration to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) >60 mmHg were recorded throughout anesthesia.

RESULTS
End-tidal isoflurane concentration was 0.73 ± 0.35% and propofol infusion rate was 292 ± 119 μg kg(-1)  minute(-1) . Cardiac index was higher, while HR was lower, with propofol than isoflurane in dogs younger than 5 years, but not in older dogs. Dogs maintained with isoflurane were 14.7 times more likely to require dopamine than propofol dogs. Mentation and maintenance scores and temperature were not different. MAP and diastolic arterial pressure were higher in the propofol group. Recovery scores were better with propofol, although times to extubation were similar. Change in neurological score from pre- to post-anesthesia was not different between treatments.

CONCLUSIONS
Dogs maintained with propofol during MRI had higher arterial pressures, decreased requirements for dopamine, and better recovery scores, compared to dogs maintained with isoflurane.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Propofol anesthesia offered cardiovascular and recovery advantages over isoflurane during MRI in dogs with intracranial disease in this study.


The growing demand of energy storage device has attracted significant atten-tion toward transition metal nitrides because of their remarkable mechanical, electronic, and catalytic applications. Here, sputtered chromium nitride thin films deposited on steel substrate have been used as a working electrode for supercapacitor application. The deposited columnar CrN thin films show (111) and (200) planes of cubic phase. The electrochemical properties of CrN working electrode exhibit high specific capacitance of 41.8 F/g at the scan rate of 5 mV/s with excellent capacitance retention up to 2000 cycles. The supercapacitive performance of the CrN films suggests the potential application for supercapacitors.


The Federal Circuit's legal decisions are perceived to have a significant impact on patent policy because of its close relationship with the patent bar and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Accordingly, litigants before the Federal Circuit may have the unique opportunity to directly influence patent policy. In a 2003 article, Professor Arti Rai suggested that if factual determinations concerning litigation were the responsibility of the USPTO and U.S. District Courts, then the Federal Circuit would be the ideal entity to make patent policy. Interestingly, during a recent panel at the 2013 Intellectual Property Symposium at the Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law, judges from the Federal Circuit suggested that they would like to see more policy arguments made in appellate briefs. Policy arguments are generally not emphasized in Federal Circuit briefs, but if a litigant does advance policy arguments before the Federal Circuit, it is instructive to observe (1) how the policy its opinion. As an example, one need look no further than the Federal Circuit's recent en banc decision in Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (Akamai II) where a dissenting judge accused the majority of playing policy maker.This Article analyzes the Federal Circuit's recent en banc decision in Akamai II from a policy perspective. This Article observes that the Federal Circuit's fractured decision was, at least in part, due to unhelpful statutory language and tension between formalism and policy concerns. Further, this Article argues all three opinions issued in Akamai are in some way consistent with policy concerns raised by the plaintiffs and their amici. Finally, this Article raises several questions, including: When are policy arguments most effective? What are the current limits of the Federal Circuit's policy making? And what is the impact on patent stakeholders when policy arguments are raised more frequently before the Federal Circuit?


The paper discusses options available to tax mineral extraction projects particularly in developing countries. A desirable government share of the economic rent generated from mineral extraction can be achieved through different tax and non-tax instruments. This gives some room to design a fiscal regime that will be attractive to investors while providing the government with a fair share of the economic rent. However, achieving this will require a careful assessment of the appropriate distribution of risk and reward between the investor and the government. Moreover, there is growing pressure on countries to provide increasingly lenient fiscal terms so as to remain competitive as global investment destinations.


Development of the animal body plan is controlled by large gene regulatory networks (GRNs), and hence evolution of body plans must depend upon change in the architecture of developmental GRNs. However, these networks are composed of diverse components that evolve at different rates and in different ways. Because of the hierarchical organization of developmental GRNs, some kinds of change affect terminal properties of the body plan such as occur in speciation, whereas others affect major aspects of body plan morphology. A notable feature of the paleontological record of animal evolution is the establishment by the Early "Cambrian of virtually all phylum-level body plans. We identify a class of GRN component, the kernels" of the network, which, because of their developmental role and their particular internal structure, are most impervious to change. Conservation of phyletic body plans may have been due to the retention since pre-Cambrian time of GRN kernels, which underlie development of major body parts.


Introduction: As all the topical fluorides contain a high concentration of fluorides and it is started at an early age when the swallowing reflexes are not well established, there is every chance the child may ingest a high amount of fluoride. As there are inconsistencies related to the usage of fluoride varnish in children, there is a need to study the toxicological aspects of fluoride varnish. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to estimate the amount of fluoride output through urine after the application of fluoride varnish and gel and to assess the safety levels of the same in early childhood caries (ECC) patients. Methodology: This study was conducted on twenty ECC-rehabilitated children of age group 4–6 years who were divided into two phases. In Phase I, the children were subjected to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, and in Phase II, they were subjected to Fluor Protector varnish. In Phase I, the urine samples of each child were collected for the estimation of fluoride level which was considered as the baseline sample. After the application of APF gel, two urine samples were collected at 24 and 48 h for the estimation of fluoride levels. The same children were included in Phase II and were given placebo dentifrice for 7 days before commencing the procedure. The same experiment was repeated after the application of Fluor Protector varnish, and the collected urine samples were subjected for the estimation of fluoride level in laboratory with the use of fluoride ion-specific electrode and a miniature calomel reference electrode coupled to potentiometer. Values were recorded and the urinary fluoride concentration at different time intervals in each group was compared using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The mean urinary fluoride concentration in Group 1 at 24 h was 1.09 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.52) and at 48 h 0.74 (SD = 0.44). The mean urinary fluoride concentration in Group 2 at 24 h was 1.18 (SD = 0.65) and at 48 h 0.94 (SD = 0.59). There was a gradual increase in the 24th-h sample of both the groups, which also showed a decline of fluoride concentration at the 48th h. When both the groups were compared, Group 2 showed a marginal increase in fluoride concentration at different intervals of time, which was statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: Fluor Protector varnish had an increased sustained release of fluoride ions when compared to APF gel, and there was a gradual decrease in the fluoride concentration which suggested that the fluoride concentration was approximating the baseline level (the safety level). The present study has provided a sound basis of recommendation for the safe and effective use of professionally applied fluoride products.


Kernel approaches that can effectively solve nonlinear problems using implicit nonlinear mapping have been gaining popularity in the field of chemistry. In the present study, a novel tree kernel k-nearest neighbor algorithm (TKk-NN) has been proposed. First, an informative novel tree kernel is constructed based on the decision tree ensemble. The constructed tree kernel can effectively use important variables for classification and neglect useless variables through variable importance ranking during the process of building the kernel. Under the framework of kernel methods, this tree kernel is then extended to the k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Three SAR datasets together with the simulated data were used to test the performance of k-NN with tree and radial basis function kernels. The results show that TKk-NN really is an attractive alternative technique.


We demonstrate how micromachined photonic crystals can be used to negatively refract terahertz frequency light. The photonic crystals, which are constructed from conventional dielectric materials, manipulate the incident beam via interaction with their photonic bands. Consequently, we show that different components of a broadband beam incident on the structure may be positively or negatively refracted, depending upon its frequency and that the structure can be used as an effective spectral filter of THz radiation.


Purpose
In recent decades, higher education institutions have been encouraged to develop their own internal management systems as a response to perceived quality challenges in the sector. These quality management (QM) systems have often been found to mainly reflect external accountability requirements, with less focus on coherent study programme development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between QM practices and study programme delivery in Norwegian higher education institutions.

Design/methodology/approach
The study examined how coordination and control of quality work with respect to educational activities take place, using data from a survey to study programme leaders in a large sample of Norwegian higher education institutions.

Findings
The main findings show that a majority of institutions have established formal advisory bodies with a QM mandate, contributing to more coherent thinking, even though the division of labour between these bodies and formal decision-making structures often is unclear. The study also shows a high level of diversity in the collaboration practices among different actors involved in QM work, indicating that QM practices are adapted to local needs.

Originality/value
The paper provides new knowledge as to how QM is conducted in practice at the local level. It nuances earlier studies by showing the involvement of collegial bodies in QM although such bodies may have unclear mandates and, thus, an unclear role in the QM process.


Depletion of stratospheric ozone emerged as a political concern in the early 1970s in the United States in the debate over the development of a commercial fleet of supersonic transports. In the mid1970s it became a major political issue with regard to the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans, and in 1978 the United States banned the nonessential use of CFCs as aerosol propellants. Efforts at negotiating an international agreement controlling CFC use began in the 1980s and culminated in the 1987 Montreal Protocol. This paper traces the evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion. The evolution of stratospheric ozone depletion policy can best be understood as a two-stage process. The first stage involves the emergence of stratospheric ozone depletion as a domestic issue in the United States and several other countries in the 1970s, while the second stage focuses on its transformation to an international issue in the 1980s. In addition to the emergence of stratospheric ozone depletion as an international political issue, three other factors are important in understanding the sources of the Montreal Protocol: (1) the evolving scientific understanding of the problem, (2) increasing public concern over the problem based on the threat of skin cancer and the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and (3) the availability of acceptable substitutes for CFCs.


Rainfall in South America as simulated by a 24-ensemble member of the ECHAM 4.5 atmospheric general circulation model is compared and contrasted with observations (in areas in which data are available) for the period 1976–2001. Emphasis is placed on determining the onset and end of the rainy season, from which its length and rain rate are determined. It is shown that over large parts of the domain the onset and ending dates are well simulated by the model, with biases of less than 10 days. There is a tendency for model onset to occur early and ending to occur late, resulting in a simulated rainy season that is on average too long in many areas. The model wet season rain rate also tends to be larger than observed. To estimate the relative importance of errors in wet season length and rain rate in determining biases in the annual total, adjusted totals are computed by substituting both the observed climatological wet season length and rate for those of the model. Problems in the rain rate generally are more important than problems in the length. The wet season length and rain rate also contribute substantially to interannual variations in the annual total. These quantities are almost independent, and it is argued that they are each associated with different mechanisms. The observed onset dates almost always lie within the range of onset of the ensemble members, even in the areas with a large model onset bias. In some areas, though, the model does not perform well. In southern Brazil the model ensemble average onset always occurs in summer, whereas the observations show that winter is often the wettest period. Individual members, however, do occasionally show a winter rainfall peak. In southern Northeast Brazil the model has a more distinct rainy season than is observed. In the northwest Amazon the model annual cycle is shifted relative to that observed, resulting in a model bias. No interannual relationship between model and observed onset dates is expected unless onset in the model and observations has a mutual relationship with SST anomalies. In part of the near-equatorial Amazon, there does exist an interannual relationship between onset dates. Previous studies have shown that in this area there is a relationship between SST anomalies and variations in seasonal total rainfall.


We used low cost commodity to observe mode of sinking of solid particle in viscous fluid to investigate the parameters that control Stokes sinking of individual particle versus Rayleigh-Taylor instability (+convection) of two phase flow. We used glass bottle (250-300ml, used jam jar) as container, syrup (relative density 1.4-1.5) as viscous fluid and glass beads (1,2,4mm in diameter with string hole, relative density 2.5) as solid particles. The syrup and glass beads are packed in the bottle and repeatedly turned over for more than 10 times before the experiment to confirm the homogeniety of the sample. Starting by inverting the bottle, upper particle-concentrated layer may initially cause Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which subsequently induce dispersion of particles in viscous fluid and Stokes settling may occur. When we use large (4 mm diameter) and small (1 mm diameter) particles together, initial phase show streaky mass sinking of particles, which is followed by massive fall of particles with relatively high speed. After the massive sinking, dispersed small particle sinks more of Stokes sinking mode. The massive sinking in the middle stage may be caused by coming off as a mass of concentrated particles from the ceiling which occupied the middle layer of higher particle concentration (mixed 4mm+1mm particles) between the upper and lower layers of more single-size dominated layers. Although the present experiment is qualitative, the transition from Rayleigh-Taylor instability to Stokes settling of particle is intuitive to understand mode of ash fall from Plinian or co-ignimbrite umbrella cloud and mode of crystal setting from crystallizing magma reservoir.


It is widely accepted that a large proportion of acquisition strategies fail to deliver the expected value. Globalizing markets characterized by growing uncertainty, together with the advent of new competitors, are further complicating the task of valuing acquisitions. Too often, managers rely on flawed valuation models or their intuition and experience when making risky investment decisions, exposing their companies to potentially costly pitfalls. Playing at Acquisitions provides managers with a powerful methodology for designing and executing successful acquisition strategies. The book tackles the myriad executive biases that infect decision making at every stage of the acquisition process, and the inadequacy of current valuation approaches to help mitigate these biases and more realistically represent value in uncertain environments. Bringing together the latest advances in behavioral finance, real option valuation, and game theory, this unique playbook explains how to express acquisition strategies as sets of real options, explicitly introducing uncertainty and future optionality into acquisition strategy design. It shows how to incorporate the competitive dynamics that exist in different acquisition contexts, acknowledge and even embrace uncertainty, identify the value of the real options embedded in targets, and more. Rooted in economic theory and featuring numerous real-world case studies, Playing at Acquisitions will enhance the ability of CEOs and their teams to derive value from their acquisition strategies, and is also an ideal resource for researchers and MBAs.


Network telemetry is about understanding what is happening in the current network. It serves as the basis for making a variety of management decisions for improving the performance, availability, security, and efficiency of networks. However, it is challenging to build real-time and fine-grained network telemetry systems because of the need to support a variety of measurement queries, handle a large amount of traffic for large networks, while staying within the resource constraints at hosts and switches. Today, most operators take a bottom-up approach by passively collecting data from individual devices and infer the network-wide information they need. They are often limited by the monitoring tools device vendors provide and find it hard to extract useful information. In this paper, we argue for a top-down approach: We should provide a high-level declarative abstraction for operators to specify measurement queries, programmable measurement primitives at switches and hosts, and a runtime that translates the high-level queries into low-level API calls. We discuss a few recent works taking this top-down approach and call for more research in this direction.


The Oaxaca coast in Mexico has a narrow
continental shelf and it reaches depths greater than 500
meters near the coast; furthermore it consists of bays and
sheltered areas, where high food availability is found. Each
week, from March 2001 to December 2005, the unloading
areas of artisanal fisheries between the bays of Huatulco and
Puerto Escondido in the Oaxaca coast were visited. Data on
fishing gear and zones, as well as the species composition of
the captures were taken. In the zone, three fishery units
operated: shark, pelagic and demersal. All three capture
sharks in a direct or incidental way. At the studied region,
419 organisms of S. lewini were registered; from August to
September newborn individuals (43.9%, 44 to 64 cm of total
length), young of the year (9.3% 65-75 cm Tl) and juveniles
(30.3%, 75 to 168 cm Tl) were observed; pregnant females
were registered in March, May and June with a fecundity
ranging from 18 to 24 embryos (35 to 45 cm Tl). With respect
to C. falciformis, 1314 individuals were registered. Newborns
(4.7%, 65-71 cm Tl) and young of the year (3.8%, 72 to 80
cm Tl) were observed from January to September; juveniles
(65.4%, 80 to 170 cm Tl) were captured throughout the year;
from January to November, 52 pregnant females were
observed with embryos at different developmental stages. The
presence of newborns, young of the year and pregnant
females with embryos in advanced development condition,
suggest that the coastal waters near the shoreline of the
Oaxaca coast are a spawning and nursery area for these shark
species.


Ordovician (Hirnantian?) glacigenic deposits are described here for the first time from south-central Eritrea. These deposits rest on an almost peneplained Neoproterozoic basement and define, in Eritrea and Ethiopia, a depositional area measuring at least 200 km in an east-west direction and 170 km in a north-south direction. For this preliminary note, five sections through the glacigenic succession were logged in Eritrea and one in Ethiopia. Facies types are described and interpreted. An ice-proximal facies assemblage is located in the Tigray Province of northern Ethiopia, the type area of the glacigenic Edaga Arbi Beds. These proximal deposits, c. 20 m thick, are characterised by melt-out diamictites, with striated clasts, interlayered with sandstone beds displaying horizontal lamination and normal grading (sand-silt). The horizontal lamination in the section is transitional with climbing ripple beds. Ice rafted clasts in sand-granule grade are common in these sandy beds. This ice-proximal section also exhibits some, minor soft-sediment deformation, such as asymmetrically folded beds, south-dipping reverse faults and glacial grooves suggesting transport to the north. This proximal facies grades laterally into a cross-bedded arkosic sandstone, the Enticho Sandstone, which probably represents deposition on subaqueous outwash fans. Cross-beds in this sandstone dip consistently to the north also in south-central Eritrea. Glacial striae and grooves are observed on top of the Enticho Sandstone in two localities in Eritrea. These proximal facies types are overlain by a distally deposited mudstone-dominated unit, 3-40 m thick, most probably deposited from turbid overflow plumes, although it also contains ice-rafted clasts. Only this unit hosts ice-rafted clasts in Eritrea. In Eritrea it also contains some diamictites. The name Edaga Arbi Beds is adopted for this unit in Eritrea. Icebergs were probably responsible for the deposition of the diamictites in south-central Eritrea. The development of this glacigenic succession was probably related to a regular retreat of the ice margin from north to south. It is also probable, that this succession only represents one cycle of deglaciation, the last of the two (or three) recognised in other parts of North Africa. The post-glacial development is initially represented by the deposition of a probable marine dune complex migrating from north to south. Fossil evidence and trace fossils, particularly Arthrophycus alleghaniensis (Harlan) suggest that the age of these glacigenic deposits is Late Ordovician, probably Hirnantian.


Innovation in the public sector is inseparable from the political, administrative and technological components and stages of public administration systems development. Purpose of the article is to analyse and define the emerging concept of collaborative innovation in the public sector and indicate the major challenges relating to their generation and implementation. Benchmarking, generalisation and synthesis will be used as the methods in order to achieve the purpose of the article. Contemporary challenges of public governance lead to the change of the concept and operational principles of public sector organisations and encourage the need for innovation. The traditional, hierarchical innovation development conception is changed by collaborative innovation, which is characterised by networking, promotion of creativity and unification of resources. Significant principles for effective collaborative innovation become inter-organisational trust, knowledge sharing, informal leadership, ensuring the necessary resources and conditions for experimentation. Application of collaborative innovations requires adaptation to the changing positions of power and transformation of traditional roles of public sector employees.


Potato is one of the most important cash crops in Mali and has been well adapted to the Malian cropping systems and food habit. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al., (1995) has become a major problem causing important damage in production. The Race and biovar of the bacterium present in Mali were not known at the start of this thesis research and the objective of this research was to identify the race/biovar and to evaluate integrated control methods with the aim to produce high quality disease free seed potato in Mali. We have initially identified the biovar and Race of R. solanacearum affecting potato in Mali as Race 1 biovar 3. ELISA tests were used on soil and water samples to detect the presence of R. solanacearum. Three detections methods of the bacteria (bacterial streaming test, Agdia immunostrip test and Tetrazolium chloride media) in plant samples were compared; weeds and crops hosting the bacteria as sources of inoculums were identified using Agdia immunostrip test. Race was determined by hypersensitivity test, pathogenicity tests and by biochemical tests with disacharides and alcohol hexoses. The level of soil infestation in soil samples collected throughout Mali was determined by growing tobacco plant susceptible to R. solanacearum Race 1. ELISA tests showed the presence of R. solanacearum in irrigation water from Farako creek, Samogossoni well in Sikasso, and canal water in Baguineda. Other places such as Borko's soils were found free from the disease. Plant hosts identified as inoculum sources were Commelina forskalaei Vahl, tomato, egg plant and pepper. Out of the three techniques for bacterial detection in plant samples, the best detection was achieved with bacterial streaming test and Agdia immunostrip test. In varietal tests, three of the six varieties tested (Appoline, Claustar and Spunta) showed a better tolerance compared to Mondial, Daifla and Liseta in presence of high bacterial wilt disease pressure. These results will be used to design and implement an integrated bacterial wilt control program in Mali.


We study the power dissipated by the tip of an oscillating micron-scale cantilever as it interacts with a sample using a nonlinear model of the tip-surface force interactions that includes attractive, adhesive, repulsive, and capillary contributions. The force interactions of the model are entirely conservative and the dissipated power is due to the hysteretic nature of the interaction with the capillary fluid layer. Using numerical techniques tailored for nonlinear and discontinuous dynamical systems we compute the exact dissipated power over a range of experimentally relevant conditions. This is accomplished by computing precisely the fraction of oscillations that break the fluid meniscus. We find that the dissipated power as a function of the equilibrium cantilever-surface separation has a characteristic shape that we directly relate to the cantilever dynamics. Even for regions where the cantilever dynamics are highly irregular the fraction of oscillations breaking the fluid meniscus exhibits a simple ...


A comparative study of the influence of Hanseniaspora uvarum metabolism on the growth and physiology of two lactic acid bacteria involved in vinification: Lactobacillus hilgardii 5w and Oenococcus oeni X2L was carried out. At different yeast growth times in grape juice medium, fermented broth was inoculated with L. hilgardii or O. oeni and incubated for 48 h at 30°C. When O. oeni grown in the culture supernatant after 0, 3 and 8 hours of yeast growth (M1, M2 and M3 respectively), the growth rate and final biomass were not modified. With L. hilgardii a decrease of both parameters was observed. After 12, 24 and 34 h of yeast growth (M4, M5 and M6 respectively), the results for both microorganisms were similar: the growth rate increased and the final cellular mass decreased. When O. oeni was inoculated in M1, M2 and M3 media, an initial decrease of proteins directly related to amino acids production was observed. With L. hilgardii the amino acid and proteins concentrations diminished. In M4, M5 and M6 media O. oeni showed that the protein concentrations remained constant and the amino acid concentrations diminished. The results obtained with L. hilgardii were different with a higher protein consumption rate without significative amino acids modification. The amino acids increment in the first hours of O. oeni growth could regulate the protease production achieving the equilibrium between amino acids production and utilization. The high proteolytic activity in L. hilgardii could be responsible of the amino acids increase despite its consumption.


The focus of this study is Lunyala, a Bantu language of western Kenya. The aim of the study is
to document Lunyala in terms of the phonological and morphological rules that operate within
its lexicon. In addition, the different tonal features of Lunyala form part of this study' s scope.
The opening chapter describes the Lunyala language in terms of the language group to which it
belongs, the geographical location where this language is spoken, and the people who speak the
language. The existence of two languages with the same name "Lunyala" is highlighted and
explained. Also provided is justification as to why Lunyala was chosen to be studied. The chapter
ends with a general overview of the language situation in Kenya.
The methodology, involving a statement of the target objectives, the procedures through which
the objectives will be achieved, sources of data, as well as any limitations faced by the study, are
presented in Chapter Two. Within Chapter Two is also a discussion of feature geometry, lexical
phonology and syllable theory, which form the theoretical underpinnings that the study has
adhered to.
Chapter Three considers the derivation ofLunyala sounds from Proto-Bantu sounds, the aim of
which is to bring into focus ways in which Lunyala might relate with/to other Bantu languages.
This discussion culminates in a phonemic inventory of Lunyala. Chapters Four and Five focus
on discussing the different processes affecting vowels and consonants, respectively, in Lunyala.
Processes to do with the syllable and syllabification are taken up in Chapter Six. Different
syllable types, together with illustrations of processes that affect these syllables to alter their
shapes, are also given. Ways in which Lunyala handles 'foreign' syllable types are also illustrated,
and the rules behind them listed.
The morphology of Lunyala is introduced in Chapter Seven, in which noun stems, noun classes,
nominal extensions and also some concordial relations are presented. Tone assignment on the
nominal elements is included.
As is characteristic with Bantu languages, Lunyala verbs, together with their accompanying
tones, constitute a large group of elements. As such, both Chapters Eight and Nine are devoted
to a discussion of verbs. The nature of the verb is considered to be a dominant element which causes Bantu morphology to be highly agglutinative. In these chapters the tonal aspects of
the verbs are examined from the radicals (or verb-roots) to the different tenses, with a view to
identifying any changes that arise when the verbs take different extensions.
The final chapter of this work is an evaluation focusing on how effectively the objectives listed
in Chapter Two were achieved. Suggestions for future research on Lunyala are also made.


Blogs or weblogs are online journals that are regularly updated, and cover thousands of topics. In a way blogs represent the free speech philosophy of the early days of the Internet in that they allow users to distribute opinion on an enormous variety of topics, and in some countries relatively uncensored opinion, though potentially they can be monitored everywhere. The blogosphere creates a new space in which public discourse can be expanded and viewed. Indeed, my research for this paper relied heavily on an excellent blog called EastSouthNorthWest, where a variety of articles from China's media are translated and posted, with some comment and analysis. During the Burma protests in September 2007 blogs were one of the few sources of information about the unrest not directly controlled by the Junta. Reporters without Borders claim on their website that 'Bloggers are often the only real journalists in countries where the mainstream media is censored or under pressure' ('Handbook for bloggers and cyber-dissidents'). However, in the People's Republic of China (PRC) the emergence of blogs and the development of the Internet in general have been used to reinforce the central authority of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).


Open innovation is a hot topic in innovation management. Its basic premise is open up the innovation process. The innovation process, in general sense, may be seen as the process of designing, developing and commercializing a novel product or service to improve the value added of a company. The development of Web 2.0 tools facilitates this kind of contributions, opening space to the emergence of crowdsourcing innovation initiatives. Crowdsourcing is a form of outsourcing not directed to other companies but to the crowd by means of an open call mostly through an Internet platform. Innovation intermediaries, in general sense, are organizations that work to enable innovation, that just act as brokers or agents between two or more parties. Usually, they are also engaged in other activities like inter-organizational networking and technology development and related activities. A crowdsourcing innovation intermediary is an organization that mediates the communication and relationship between the seekers – companies that aspire to solve some problem or to take advantage of any business opportunity – with a crowd that is prone to give ideas based on their knowledge, experience and wisdom. This paper identifies and analyses the functions to be performed by an intermediary of crowdsourcing innovation through grounded theory analyses from literature. The resulting model is presented and explained. The resulting model summarizes eight main functions that can be performed by a crowdsourcing process, namely, diagnoses, mediation, linking knowledge, community, evaluation, project management, intellectual property governance and marketing and support. These functions are associated with a learning cycle process which covers all the crowdsourcing activities that can be realized by the broker.


The work package 3 of the ORAMED project, Collaborative Project (2008-11) supported by the European Commission within its seventh Framework Programme, is focused on the optimisation of the use of active personal dosemeters (APDs) in interventional radiology and cardiology (IR/IC). Indeed, a lack of appropriate APD devices is identified for these specific fields. Few devices can detect low-energy X rays (20-100 keV), and none of them are specifically designed for working in pulsed radiation fields. The work presented in this paper consists in studying the behaviour of some selected APDs deemed suitable for application in IR/IC. For this purpose, measurements under laboratory conditions, both with continuous and pulsed X-ray beams, and tests in real conditions on site in different European hospitals were performed. This study highlights the limitations of APDs for this application and the need of improving the APD technology so as to fulfil all needs in the IR/IC field.


Plants have developed morphological, physiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms to survive in drought-stricken environments with little or no water caused by below-average precipitation. In this mini-review, we highlight the characteristics that allows marama bean [Tylosema esculentum (Burchell) Schreiber], an example of an orphan legume native to arid regions of southwestern Southern Africa, to flourish under an inhospitable climate and dry soil conditions where no other agricultural crop competes in this agro-ecological zone. Orphan legumes are often better suited to withstand such harsh growth environments due to development of survival strategies using a combination of different traits and responses. Recent findings on questions on marama bean speciation, hybridization, population dynamics, and the evolutionary history of the bean and mechanisms by which the bean is able to extract and conserve water and nutrients from its environment as well as aspects of morphological and physiological adaptation will be reviewed. The importance of the soil microbiome and the genetic diversity in this species, and their interplay, as a reservoir for improvement will also be considered. In particular, the application of the newly established marama bean genome sequence will facilitate both the identification of important genes involved in the interaction with the soil microbiome and the identification of the diversity within the wild germplasm for genes involved drought tolerance. Since predicted future changes in climatic conditions, with less water availability for plant growth, will severely affect agricultural productivity, an understanding of the mechanisms of unique adaptations in marama bean to such conditions may also provide insights as to how to improve the performance of the major crops.


This paper reports on part of a larger study that used both creative and critical research methods to research the effects of textual strategies on reader response to a work of young adult fiction. A novel for young adults was crafted in order to test the hypothesis that that defamiliarizing narrative strategies - such as those formerly associated with modernist novels – could provoke deep reading practice. We hypothesized that literature that that defamiliarizes, both in structural and contextual or ideological terms, imposes cognitive dissonance on its readers and provokes higher order inference making associated with deep reading. To test this, the researchers asked three teenagers to read the purposively created novel and to keep a reading journal progressively documenting their thoughts and reactions during the reading process. Analysis of these journals suggests that complex characters, spatial structure, and the defamiliarisation of narrative traditions all contributed to a deeper reading experience. Furthermore, the efficacy of untagged dialogue in provoking deep reading points to the importance of passages with withheld information and reduced narratorial guidance. This study investigated the reader response of small number of avid or engaged readers. However, the use of reader response diaries in conjunction with young adult fiction may provide a useful tool enabling English educators to analyse their students' developing response to complex narrative strategies.