This thesis focuses on how New Zealanders viewed Japan from the turn of the twentieth century to the outbreak of war in the Pacific Theatre in 1941. The research is based primarily on newspaper articles, editorials and letters to the editor. The goals of this research are to ascertain the self-perceptions of New Zealanders based upon how they viewed a significant foreign power in the Pacific, replete with the general vernacular used to describe the Japanese and the racial and political attitudes that such vernacular represented. Existing scholarship tends to focus on New Zealand's official diplomacy with Japan, and this thesis aims to add to this by providing a social history of New Zealand's racial attitudes narrated by civilian New Zealanders in their own voices. The three focus questions of the thesis are: How far did New Zealanders' attitudes to Japan vary from region to region? How far did racial ideologies impact New Zealanders' views of Japan? And how closely were New Zealand's perceptions of Japan in line with those of New Zealand's First and Second World War allies, as expressed in print media? While New Zealanders' written perspectives on Japan may have also been influenced by genders of those who wrote them, a focused consideration of the influence of gender on such perspectives is beyond the scope of this thesis due to the often anonymous nature of contributions to newspaper letters to the editor. The main body of the thesis consists of a prologue and five chapters which progress in chronological sequence. The first chapter covers the turn of the twentieth century. The second chapter focuses on New Zealand's reaction to the Russo-Japanese War and the Annexation of Korea to 1910. The third chapter focuses on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in effect to 1921. The fourth chapter covers the ending of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the cooling of relations to 1931. The fifth chapter covers New Zealand's reaction to deepening Japanese


Influenza pandemics and epidemics have apparently occurred since at least the Middle Ages. When pandemics appear, 50% or more of an affected population can be infected in a single year, and the number of deaths caused by influenza can dramatically exceed what is normally expected. Since 1500, there appear to have been 13 or more influenza pandemics. In the past 120 years there were undoubted pandemics in 1889, 1918, 1957, 1968, and 1977. Although most experts believe we will face another influenza pandemic, it is impossible to predict when it will appear, where it will originate, or how severe it will be. Nor is there agreement about the subtype of influenza virus most likely to cause the next pandemic. The continuing spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has heightened interest in pandemic prediction. Despite uncertainties in the historical record of the pre-virology era, study of previous pandemics may help guide future pandemic planning and lead to a better understanding of the complex ecobiology underlying the formation of pandemic strains of influenza A viruses.


In this paper we describe a data mining approach for detection of anomalous vessel behaviour. The suggested approach is based on Bayesian networks which have two important advantages compared to opaque machine learning techniques such as neural networks: (1) possibility to easily include expert knowledge into the model, and (2) possibility for humans to understand and interpret the learned model. Our approach is implemented and tested on synthetic data, where initial results show that it can be used for detection of single-object anomalies such as speeding.


Rework in construction development projects can significantly degrade project cost and schedule performance. In a typical construction development project which involves design and construction, rework in the construction phase could increase construction cost by 10%-15% of the contract price (Burati. 1992, Josephson & Hammerlund 1999, Love & Li 2000). The proportion of money and time spent on rework in the design phase is usually higher (Smith & Eppinger 1997). In large, complex projects, undiscovered rework in the design phase can induce rework in the construction phase. The time when rework is discovered during the project development process affects the impact of rework on overall project performance. However, available knowledge is not always successful in improving project managers' understanding of the feedback mechanisms which drive undiscovered rework impacts on project performance, specifically the interaction between different phases during the developing process. The current work uses a system dynamics model of a two phase project development cycle to identify high leverage points for minimizing the impacts of rework on development project performance. Model analysis suggests that failing to discover rework near its creation in the project development process can magnify the impact of rework on project performance.


Links to library resources for Learning, Design, and Technology. Also helpful for educational technology; instructional systems; computer/media use in Education; distance education; online learning; and related topics.


This research examines and presents a new model concerning how small entrepreneurs predict what markets will be like in the future through considering the competitors, prices, finances, labor costs, raw materials, and progress of the ASEAN economic community. This study applies a descriptive explanatory technique. It also utilizes a quota sampling method with a structural equation model and qualitative descriptive technique. The research results reveal that companies' entrepreneurial actions and backgrounds had a positive influence on anticipating the future. Next, future anticipation had a positive effect on the additional effort, market performance, and consumer value. It was also discovered that the entrepreneurial learning process consisted of three stages for employers. The learning process was done through parents as employees and from their direct exposure as entrepreneurs. This is considered hybrid entrepreneurship. This study attempts to fill the research gap pertaining to the lack of models on future market anticipation (FMA) by providing an appropriate quantitative research framework and new perspectives on exploring research into FMA for SMEs. Future studies need to focus on examining the function of the learning process as it pertains to hybrid entrepreneurship, as examined from a number of viewpoints.


Abstract. Software tools for photogrametric and multi-view stereo reconstruction are nowadays of generalized use in the digitization of architectural cultural heritage. Together with laser scanners, these are well established methods to digitize the three-dimensional geometric properties of real objects. However, the acquired photographic colour mapping of the resulting point clouds or the textured mesh cannot differentiate the proper surface appearance from the influence of the particular illumination present at the moment of the digitization. Acquisition of the actual surface appearance, separated from the existing illumination, is still a challenge for any kind of cultural heritage item, but very specially for architectural elements. Methods based on systematic sampling with commuting light patterns in a laboratory set-up are not suitable. Immovable and outdoor items are normally limited to the existing and uncontrolled natural illumination. This paper demonstrates a practical methodology for appearance acquisition, previously introduced in (Martos and Ruiz, 2013), applied here specifically for the production of re-illuminable architectural orthoimages. It is suitable for outdoor environments, where the illumination is variable and uncontrolled. In fact, naturally occurring changes in light among different images along the day are actually desired and exploited, producing an enhanced multi-layer dynamic texture that is not limited to a frozen RGB colour map. These layers contain valuable complementary information about the depth of the geometry, surface normal fine details and other illuminationdependent parameters, such as direct and indirect light and projected self-shadows, allowing an enhanced and re-illuminable ortoimage representation.


This book is a collection of original, thought-provoking essays on critical issues in contract, commercial and corporate law. It is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Jill Poole, who inspired so many and made such important contributions to these fields of law. The essays are written by leading practitioners and academics in the field, building on Jill's work. As such this collection will be of interest and importance to professionals, academics and students in these fields of law.

The Professor Jill Poole Educational Fund has been established in memory of Jill. It will be used to support undergraduate students in obtaining 'excellence scholarships' at Aston Law School and to reward 'excellence' at the annual law graduation ceremony. All contributions are welcome, and the royalties from this collection of essays have been donated to it.


We have investigated the interactions between the cAMP and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-Ca2+ signalling systems in the bovine iris sphincter by measuring the effects of beta-adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic agonists and antagonists on cAMP formation, IP3 accumulation and muscle contraction-relaxation. (1) Addition of 5 microM isoproterenol (ISO) or forskolin (5 microM) consistently produced stimulation of cAMP (540%), inhibition of IP3 (34%) and complete relaxation of the muscle. The ISO effects were dose-dependent, with EC50 values for cAMP formation, IP3 inhibition and muscle relaxation of 2.8 X 10(-7) M, 3.4 X 10(-7) M and 0.45 X 10(-7) M, respectively. (2) Timolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, inhibited the ISO effects in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values for cAMP formation, IP3 accumulation and muscle relaxation of 1.8 X 10(-5) M, 3.2 X 10(-5) M and 2.2 X 10(-5) M, respectively. (3) The effects of ISO (0.5 microM) were time-dependent, and they clearly indicate a temporal relationship between the agonist-induced stimulation of cAMP, inhibition of IP3, and relaxation of the muscle. Within 15 sec following the addition of ISO, there was a marked increase in the level of cAMP, a decrease in IP3, and this was accompanied by an equally rapid relaxation of the muscle. (4) Addition of carbachol (CCh) to iris sphincter pretreated with ISO decreased cAMP formation and reversed muscle relaxation to complete contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Like many engineering programs in Europe, the final part of most Swedish software engineering programs is a longer project in which the students write a Master's thesis. These projects are often conducted in cooperation between a university and industry, and the students often have two supervisors, one at the university and one in industry. In particular, the Bologna Process that is currently underway to align different higher educational programs in Europe discusses industrial Master's theses as a major type of thesis project. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how best to support these projects and the different stakeholders involved. This paper presents a study where students and supervisors from software engineering Master's thesis projects at three different Swedish universities are interviewed. The intention of the study is to explore what the major problems of different stakeholders are during a project and to investigate what type of support is needed. Based on the interview results, a support model is defined, which outlines the different types of support that are needed for different roles in Master's thesis projects.


Abstract The first occurrence of phenocrystic fluorite in a peralkaline rhyolite is reported from Quaternary lavas (agpaitic index 1.11-1.37) erupted from the Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex, Kenya. Fluorite compositions are almost stoichiometric, with 0.65-1.49 ΣREE + Y oxides. Relative to coexisting glass (melt), the fluorites are enriched in REE, Y and Sr, are strongly depleted in all other trace elements and concentrate MREE relative to LREE and HREE. Y partitions into fluorite more strongly than the HREE. Fractionation of fluorite in its modal abundance would not significantly affect the REE abundances in the residual liquids, nor result in stronger Sr depletion. The P, T and composition conditions which stabilize fluorite in rhyolitic magmas are still obscure.


Much confusion has arisen in recent urban policy discussions in France about the importance of "empowerment". To reduce this confusion, and to see more clearly the relevance of American experience to France, Julien Talpin points out the basic difference between community development and community organizing, and explores the latter in a field study in Los Angeles. The difference between the two can be subtle, but familiarity with it is nevertheless indispensable for designing and putting into place participation by neighbourhood residents.


To the Editor:—I have concern about the article entitled "Performance Characteristics of Five New Anesthesia Ventilators and Four Intensive Care Ventilators in Pressure-support Mode: A Comparative Bench Study," which appeared in the November 2006 issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY. Several statements made in the article are incorrect, and we appreciate an opportunity to set the record straight. In table 1 of the article, the Avance (GE-Datex-Ohmeda, Munchen, Germany—which would also apply to our Aestiva, Aisys, and Aespire 7900) is listed correctly as a flow-triggered system, but the specifications for flow triggering are incorrect. Flow triggering on the above GE systems is selectable from 0.2 to 10 lpm, to better address the needs of a pediatric population. Also, the inspiratory-to-expiratory cycle is listed as fixed, 25% of peak flow. Instead, pressure-support ventilation on all of the above systems is adjustable, from 5% to 50% of the peak inspiratory flow, again, to better meet the needs of a pediatric population. A more serious error, however, is the following statement: "The best characteristics of the pressurization phase for the anesthesia ventilators were obtained with the Fabius, Primus, and Avance under all tested conditions and were comparable with those obtained with the ICU [intensive care unit] ventilators. The Fabius, Primus, and Avance are 'piston ventilators,' which use an electric motor to compress gas in the breathing circuit, creating the driving force for mechanical insufflation to proceed. Therefore, they use no driving gas and may be used without depleting the oxygen cylinder in case of oxygen pipeline failure. These features may explain in part that these more recent anesthesia ventilators have comparable performance to modern ICU ventilators." The GE Healthcare Avance Anesthesia Carestation does not use a piston, nor do any of the other anesthesia systems from GE Healthcare. We use a microprocessor-driven flow control valve system like all major intensive care unit ventilators (including our own Engstrom critical care ventilator) marketed in the United States. The excellent performance of the Avance in this study is due to the rapid and frequent sensing (0.25 ms) of pressure in the patient's lungs via the flow sensors, and the rapid response of the flow valves in the ventilator. The SmartVent system uses a variable orifice flow sensor on both the inspiratory and the expiratory side of the breathing system. These flow sensors incorporate pressure sensors on either side of a bidirectional Mylar flap. As gas flows through the sensors and encounters the flap, a pressure difference is created between the two sides of the flap. If there is a lot of gas flowing, the pressure difference between the two sides of the flap is more pronounced. If the gas flow is less, the pressure differential is less pronounced. The Mylar flap flexes more or less (hence the variable orifice attribute) depending on the flow, which makes the sensor accurate across the complete flow range. This also allows the SmartVent to cover the complete patient range from tiny neonates to obese adults. The SmartVent uses these pressure differential measurements on the inspiratory side to determine the total flow rate (fresh gas and flow from the bellows). This allows for tidal volume compensation, so that the correct tidal volume is delivered, regardless of fresh gas flow, oxygen flush, or compliance losses in the breathing system. Because the flap is bidirectional, the SmartVent notices which side of flap has a greater pressure and so can determine flow direction, allowing for notification of the clinician if a reverse flow condition occurs in the circle system. The inspiratory flow sensor also communicates pressure changes in the patient's lungs to correctly deliver pressure-control ventilation, or to limit the airway pressure in volumecontrol ventilation. The inspiratory flow sensor also responds to negative flow during spontaneous modes of ventilation, such as pressuresupport and synchronized mandatory ventilation. The inspiratory flow sensor, microprocessor, and flow valves give perioperative patients the advantages of critical care ventilation. The expiratory flow sensor is an independent monitor that reports the patient's exhaled tidal and minute volumes, and is not involved in volume compensation, ventilation calculations, or responses. GE Healthcare Anesthesia Systems also have a multiple-breath, standing bellows, unlike the other anesthesia units cited, which gives visible confirmation of the integrity of the breathing system and the adequacy of fresh gas flow. Fresh gas is delivered directly to the inspiratory limb, not through the breathing bag, as is the design with a decoupled piston ventilator. Therefore, changes made by the user to fresh gas and anesthetic agent settings take effect at the patient much more quickly in the Avance Carestation than in fresh gas decoupled systems that use the breathing bag as a reservoir. The volume of the breathing circuit is only 2.7 l, so the Avance has less than half the volume (and time constant) of fresh gas decoupling systems, especially when those decoupled systems use a 3-l rebreathing bag.


Keeping in view the substantial role of a newly discovered plant growth regulator, aminolevulinic acid (ALA), in salinity tolerance, an initial experiment was carried-out to optimize ALA dose at which sunflower plants showed maximum response in terms of different gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll pigments and growth under saline conditions.After fifteen days of seed germination, two sunflower cultivars (ORI-42B and ORI-48B), were subjected to 0 (control) or 150 mM NaCl.Ten varying levels of ALA (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100 mg L-1) were applied as a foliar spray to 32-day old plants. Of all ALA levels, 20, 50 and 80 mg L-1 were relatively more effective in improving photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a and b, a/b ratio, photosynthetic rate (A)
water-use efficiency (WUE), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) in both cultivars of sunflower under non-saline and saline conditions. Overall, ALA-induced growth improvement in salt stressed sunflower plants was positively correlated with A and chlorophyll pigments.The three levels (20, 50 and 80 mg L-1) of ALA found relatively more effective in the first experiment were used in the yield experiment to appraise the role of ALA in detail on growth, yield, seed oil contents and a variety of physio-biochemical attributes in two sunflower cultivars (Hysun-33 and S-278).The ALA treatments were applied as a foliar-spray after 21-day of salt (NaCl) treatments.Salt stress caused a significant suppression in gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll contents, essential nutrients in addition to growth, yield, oil percentage and α-tocopherols of seed oils, while enhanced tissue Na+ and Cl-, proline, GB, relative membrane permeability (RMP), H2O2, MDA and activities of CAT, POD and SOD in both sunflower cultivars. Of both sunflower cultivars, cv. S-278 was higher in growth, proline, SOD activity, while, cv. Hysun-33 in α-tocopherols under saline regimes.Foliar-applied different levels of ALA were effective in improving root fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll a, seed-oil α-tocopherols, water relation attributes, K+/Na+ ratio and SOD activity and decreased seed oil contents under control and saline regimes.Overall, ALA was found to be effective in causing root fresh and dry weights improvement in sunflower plants which was found to be due to increased chlorophyll a, leaf K+/Na+ ratio, seed-oil α-tocopherols, leaf SOD activity, and decreased leaf H2O2 and RMP.


The flux-ratio anomalies observed in multiply lensed quasar images are most plausibly explained as the result of perturbing structures superposed on the underlying smooth matter distribution of the primary lens. The cold dark matter cosmological model predicts that a large number of substructures should survive inside larger haloes but, surprisingly, this population alone has been shown to be insufficient to explain the observed distribution of the flux ratios of quasars' multiple images. Other haloes (and their subhaloes) projected along the line of sight to the primary lens have been considered as additional sources of perturbation. In this work, we use ray tracing through the Millennium II simulation to investigate the importance of projection effects due to haloes and subhaloes of mass m > 108 h−1  M⊙ and extend our analysis to lower masses, m≥ 106 h−1  M⊙, using Monte Carlo halo distributions. We find that the magnitude of the violation depends strongly on the density profile and concentration of the intervening haloes, but clustering plays only a minor role. For a typical lensing geometry (lens at a redshift of 0.6 and source at a redshift of 2), background haloes (behind the main lens) are more likely to cause a violation than foreground haloes. We conclude that line-of-sight structures can be as important as intrinsic substructures in causing flux-ratio anomalies. The combined effect of perturbing structures within the lens and along the line of sight in the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) universe results in a cusp-violation probability of 20–30 per cent. This alleviates the discrepancy between models and current data, but a larger observational sample is required for a stronger test of the theory.


INTRODUCTION
Macular disease is the leading cause of low vision in the Western world. Drusen and pigmentary irregularities are common among the rural Northern Indian population. The disease process leads to loss of central vision, metamorphopsia, macropsia or micropsia and colour vision defect.

AIM
To study the retinal sensitivity changes in macular diseases using microperimetry.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
It was an observational study, conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology at a rural tertiary care hospital. This study was started from December 2014 until June 2016, in all patients with macular disease above the age of 20 years attending the outpatient department. Microperimetry was done for 84 eyes of 52 patients with macular disease. Mean retinal Sensitivity (MS) and fixation stability was evaluated. The statistical analysis of mean retinal sensitivity, central 2° and 4° fixation was done by calculating the mean and standard deviation using 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS
The range of age was between 20-81 years. Majority were 32 males (62%) and 20 females (38%). Out of the 84 eyes studied, majority of the macular disease were Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) (50%). Rest 50% were other macular diseases. The mean retinal sensitivity (dB) shown by microperimetry was 10.83 in AMD, 9.12 in Cystoid Macular Oedema (CME), 10.34 in Epiretinal Membrane (ERM), 10.74 in Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED), 8.96 in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR), 6.43 in macular dystrophy, 7.15 in Lamellar Hole (LMH), 9.8 in Pseudomacular Hole (PMH), 3 in geographic atrophy, 11.1 in macular telangiectasia, 5.6 in Berlin oedema, 12.3 in macular scar and 15.2 in haemorrhage in macula. The study showed 64% of the eyes had stable 2° central fixation, 35% had relatively unstable fixation and 1% had unstable fixation. No significant correlation between retinal sensitivity and retinal thickness in AMD was found.

CONCLUSION
This study shows that microperimetry can be a useful tool for objective evaluation of macular function and progression of the disease.


The lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL) are important components of blood present in high concentration. Surprisingly, their role in blood-biomaterial interactions has been largely ignored. In previous work apolipoprotein AI (the main protein component of HDL) was identified as a major constituent of protein layers adsorbed from plasma to biomaterials having a wide range of surface properties, and quantitative data on the adsorption of apo AI to a biomedical grade polyurethane were reported. In the present communication quantitative data on the adsorption of apo AI, apo AII and apoB (the latter being a constituent of LDL and VLDL), as well as the lipoprotein particles themselves (HDL, LDL, VLDL), to a biomedical segmented polyurethane (PU) with and without an additive containing poly(ethylene oxide) (material referred to as PEO) are reported. Using radiolabeled apo AI, apo AII, and apoB, adsorption levels on PU from buffer at a protein concentration of 50 μg/mL were found to be 0.34, 0.40, and 0.14 μg/cm(2) (12, 23, and 0.25 nmol/cm(2)) respectively. Adsorption to the PEO surface was <0.02 μg/cm(2) for all three apolipoproteins demonstrating the strong protein resistance of this material. In contrast to the apolipoproteins, significant amounts of the lipoproteins were found to adsorb to the PEO as well as to the PU surface. X-ray photoelectron spectra, following exposure of the surfaces to the lipoproteins, showed a strong phosphorus signal, confirming that adsorption had occurred. It therefore appears that a PEO-containing surface that is resistant to apolipoproteins may be less resistant to the corresponding lipoproteins.


Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions ('cultures') in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence—sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain—and encephalization. First, we consider whether culture offers one particular confirmation of the social ('Machiavellian') intelligence hypothesis that certain kinds of social life (here, culture) select for intelligence: 'you need to be smart to sustain culture'. Phylogenetic comparisons, particularly focusing on our own study animals, the great apes, support this, but we also highlight some paradoxes in a broader taxonomic survey. Second, we use intraspecific variation to address the converse hypothesis that 'culture makes you smart', concluding that recent evidence for both chimpanzees and orang-utans support this proposition.


Abstract This article investigates the relationships between ethnicity, class, and prospects of educational success. For this purpose, we compared the effects of family socio-economic characteristics on children's educational attainment in four ethno-religious groups in Israel (Muslim, Christian, and Druze Palestinians; Jews). Information from the 1995 census on the households with at least one child born in the cohort of 1975-1985 is matched with Ministry of Education records on all those who achieved matriculation certificates and academic degrees between 1995 and 2012. The results show that the educational outcomes of Christian and Druze children are less dependent on their family characteristics compared to Muslim and Jewish children. We suggest that the disadvantage of Palestinian schools in a Jewish-dominated state is offset by the tougher competition Jewish children from disadvantaged strata face in schools attended by those from affluent strata. Family background is more important for academic degrees than for the matriculation certificate. Furthermore, the education and occupation of mothers and fathers both have an equally important impact on child outcomes.


Modern intrusion detection systems are comprised of three basically different approaches, host based, network based, and a third relatively recent addition called procedural based detection. The first two have been extremely popular in the commercial market for a number of years now because they are relatively simple to use, understand and maintain. However, they fall prey to a number of shortcomings such as scaling with increased traffic requirements, use of complex and false positive prone signature databases, and their inability to detect novel intrusive attempts. This intrusion detection system interacts with the access control system to deny further access when detection occurs and represent a practical implementation addressing these and other concerns. This paper presents an overview of our work in creating a practical database intrusion detection system. Based on many years of Database Security Research, the proposed solution detects a wide range of specific and general forms of misuse, provides detailed reports, and has a low false-alarm rate. Traditional commercial implementations of database security mechanisms are very limited in defending successful data attacks. Authorized but malicious transactions can make a database useless by impairing its integrity and availability. The proposed solution offers the ability to detect misuse and subversion through the direct monitoring of database operations inside the database host, providing an important complement to host-based and network-based surveillance. Suites of the proposed solution may be deployed throughout a network, and their alarms man-aged, correlated, and acted on by remote or local subscribing security services, thus helping to address issues of decentralized management.


"E-government" is a leading trend in public sector activities in recent years. The Survey of Israel set as a vision to provide all of its services and datasets online. The TopoCad system is the latest software tool developed in order to unify a number of services and databases into one on-line and user friendly system. The TopoCad system is based on Web 1.0 technology; hence the customer is only a consumer of data. All data and services are accessible for the surveyors and geo-information professional in an easy and comfortable way. The future lies in Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 technologies through which professionals can upload their own data for quality control and future assimilation with the national database. A key issue in the development of this complex system was to implement a simple and easy (comfortable) user experience (UX). The user interface employs natural language dialog box in order to understand the user requirements. The system then links spatial data with alpha-numeric data in a flawless manner. The operation of the TopoCad requires no user guide or training. It is intuitive and self-taught. The system utilizes semantic engines and machine understanding technologies to link records from diverse databases in a meaningful way. Thus, the next generation of TopoCad will include five main modules: users and projects information, coordinates transformations and calculations services, geospatial data quality control, linking governmental systems and databases, smart forms and applications. The article describes the first stage of the TopoCad system and gives an overview of its future development.


This report presents research conducted in Nepal between November 2012 and January 2013 aimed at exploring the legal, social and economic context pertaining to sexual and gender minority rights.

The research explored recent legal reform in Nepal, the wider socioeconomic and social context of legal reform, and included work with sexual and gender minority persons, aimed at understanding their life experiences.

Findings of the research emphasise complex connections between law, social context and sexual subjectivity. There is dissonance in Nepal between a progressive legislative environment in respect of gender and sexual minority issues and everyday sociocultural ambivalence toward such sexual and gender minority persons. Such persons may suffer from explicit prejudice, lack of economic opportunity and familial rejection. Other forms of marginalisation may be more tacit, but nonetheless profoundly significant.


Good health is important in the economy of any nation especially in the fight against poverty, poor health affects productivity and income of the workers and this will further deepen the incidence of poverty and ill-health. This study examined the linkage between ill-health cost and multidimensional poverty of rural households in Ogun state, Nigeria. Multistage sampling was used to select 240 households for the study. Data collected were analysed with descriptive statistics, economic cost of illness, multidimensional poverty index and logistic regression model. The result revealed that majority (95%) of the households experienced malaria infestation, time cost of illness contributed most (92.6%) to the total economic cost. Result revealed that 69% of households are multidimensionally poor. Furthermore, marital status (p<0.01), off-farm income (p<0.01), financial cost (p<0.01), days forgone production (p<0.1), time cost (p<0.01) and area cultivated (p<0.1) positively, and significantly influence multidimensional poverty status while household size (p<0.01), cooperative membership (p<0.05), public health care services (p<0.1) and health extension contact (p<0.01) have negative, and significant effect. The study concluded that increase in out of pocket expenditure as a result of ill-health cost increases poverty status, availability and access to public health facilities reduces poverty status, it was therefore recommended that public health facilities should be located nearer to the people with minimum social stratification that might discourage poor masses from its usage, essential drugs should be provided at subsidized rates as this will go a long way in reducing financial cost thereby reducing poverty status.


Modelling of the transport of fine cohesive sediments, as found in most South African reservoirs, has not been well developed. This is because the transport processes that are involved are complex and the theories not as implicit as the traditional equilibrium transport theories for coarse non-cohesive sediment. Advection and dispersion are found to be the processes that best describe the transport of fine sediments in turbulent flow conditions. A two-dimensional modelling tool, MIKE 21C, which simulates reservoir hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport processes with an advection-dispersion model, was evaluated in this thesis. The creation of such a numerical model involves the setting up of a suitable curvilinear grid and requires data on the bathymetry, recorded inflows as well as water levels. It also requires sediment characteristic parameters and transport parameters. These parameters have to be specified by the user based on previous studies and field measurement data. MIKE 21C was applied to laboratory flume tests and reservoir case studies in the field in order to determine the effects that these parameters have on the sediment transport in a series of sensitivity studies. Ranges were determined within which these parameter values should fall. A procedure was also developed through which reservoir sedimentation models can be calibrated.


The cuticle is a major barrier prohibiting the infection of nematodes against micro-organisms. The attachment of bacterial spores of the nematode hyperparasite Pasteuria penetrans (PP1) to field populations of root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) from Burkino Faso, Ecuador, Greece, Malawi, Senegal and Trinidad and Tobago were assayed in standard attachment tests. The attachment of spore population PP1 to different field populations of root-knot nematode showed that the rates of attachment differed between countries. Similar tests were also undertaken on P. penetrans spores from these countries against 2 species of RKN, M. incognita and M. arenaria. The results showed a high degree of variability in spore attachment with no clear distinction between the 2 species of nematode. It has been hypothesized that Pasteuria spore attachment is linked to nematode species designations and this study clearly shows that this is not the case. Further tests showed that variation in spore attachment was not linked to nematode phylogeny. The results therefore beg the question of how do parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes maintain cuticle variability in the face of such an aggressive hyperparasite.


Centering theory is the best-known framework for theorizing about local coherence and salience; however, its claims are articulated in terms of notions which are only partially specified, such as utterance, realization, or ranking. A great deal of research has attempted to arrive at more detailed specifications of these parameters of the theory; as a result, the claims of centering can be instantiated in many different ways. We investigated in a systematic fashion the effect on the theory's claims of these different ways of setting the parameters. Doing this required, first of all, clarifying what the theory's claims are (one of our conclusions being that what has become known as Constraint 1 is actually a central claim of the theory). Secondly, we had to clearly identify these parametric aspects: For example, we argue that the notion of pronoun used in Rule 1 should be considered a parameter. Thirdly, we had to find appropriate methods for evaluating these claims. We found that while the theory's main claim about salience and pronominalization, Rule 1a preference for pronominalizing the backward-looking center (CB)is verified with most instantiations, Constraint 1a claim about (entity) coherence and CB uniquenessis much more instantiation-dependent: It is not verified if the parameters are instantiated according to very mainstream views (vanilla instantiation), it holds only if indirect realization is allowed, and is violated by between 20 and 25 of utterances in our corpus even with the most favorable instantiations. We also found a trade-off between Rule 1, on the one hand, and Constraint 1 and Rule 2, on the other: Setting the parameters to minimize the violations of local coherence leads to increased violations of salience, and vice versa. Our results suggest that entity coherencecontinuous reference to the same entitiesmust be supplemented at least by an account of relational coherence.


In(2)O(3) nanowires can be used effectively as building blocks in the production of electronic circuits used in transparent and flexible electronic devices. The fabrication of these devices requires a controlled assembly of nanowires at crucial places and times. However, this kind of controlled assembly, which results in the fusion of nanowires to circuits, is still very difficult to execute. In this study, we demonstrate the benefits of using various lengths of In(2)O(3) nanowires by using non-contact mechanisms, such as scanning optical tweezers, to place them on designated targets during the fabrication process. Furthermore, these nanowires can be stabilized at both ends of the conducting wires using a focused laser, and later in the process, the annealed technique, so that proper flow of electrons is affected.


Courts are key players in the dynamics of federal countries since their rulings have a direct impact on the ability of governments to centralize and decentralize power. Courts in Federal Countries examines the role high courts play in thirteen countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Nigeria, Spain, and the United States. The volume's contributors analyse the centralizing or decentralizing forces at play following a court's ruling on issues such as individual rights, economic affairs, social issues, and other matters. The thirteen substantive chapters have been written to facilitate comparability between the countries. Each chapter outlines a country's federal system, explains the constitutional and institutional status of the court system, and discusses the high court's jurisprudence in light of these features. Courts in Federal Countries offers insightful explanations of judicial behaviour in the world's leading federations.


Previous research has assumed that state-building is a prerequisite for democratization. This book challenges this assumption. An alternative approach is presented. State-building and democratization is regarded as two processes that may be integrated with each other. When integrated, the two processes are expected to be connected on different society level. The chapters address one or other of the following questions: How is state-building and democratization expected to be connected? How has the international community approached weakened and failing states? How do fundamental dimensions of state-building affect the probability for democracy in new states? How are conflicts over boundaries a part of state-building that affects the conditions for democratization? How does the capital city play role in state-building and democratization? How does inclusion and exclusion work? These questions are explored through comparative analysis and examination of recent cases of state-building and democracy. It is essential reading for researchers that have an interest in state-building, democratization, and formation of demos.


ABSTRACT Climate clubs emerged as a concept to revitalise the international climate change negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and mitigate the free-riding problem. The underlying idea suggests that countries committed to reducing emissions can advance a stable coalition in the form of a club with other countries. As a result, more countries would put forth targets for more ambitious emissions reductions. This article analyses South Africa's memberships in current climate related clubs. We contextualise South African climate club governance in its wider geopolitical and national context of low-carbon development. The purpose of the analysis is to identify if and how South Africa can possibly contribute to advancing ambition for change within climate clubs. Furthermore, it advances ideas about possible design options for climate clubs that may appeal to developing countries.


This Article analyzes how courts making child custody determinations consider the sexual orientation of competing parents. It examines the crucial and troubling tension between a strong cultural belief in what I call mimetic reproduction and a reform designed to achieve equality – orientation-blind custody decisions. Mimetic reproduction is the deeply embedded belief that children become like their parents through modeling and imitation. Courts rely on mimetic reproduction to make predictions about a parent's possible influence on the child. Today, orientation-blind custody decisions are often reached using a nexus test that prevents courts from considering orientation unless it proves harmful to a child. Because sexual orientation can only be taken into account when it is harmful, lesbian and gay (LG) parents are constrained from using mimetic reproduction arguments to advance their custody cases. LG parents must simultaneously convey that they are good parents and that they will not model homosexuality for their children. They must also demonstrate that they do not pose a risk of harm to the children. If LG parents and their advocates feel compelled by courts to continue arguing that they are not modeling homosexuality, they are arguing against mimetic reproduction, a process that seems natural and universal. When mimetic reproduction and orientation-blindness interact, LG parents are disadvantaged, the neutrality of courts is undermined, and the ability of courts to act in the best interests of children is compromised. Despite ongoing debates about nurture versus nature, mimetic reproduction will continue to have traction in custody decisions because of its historical, cultural, and practical value. Given this reality, LG parents and their advocates should work within, rather than against, theories of mimetic reproduction. Instead of arguing that they do not make their children gay through modeling, LG parents could argue, for example, that they create an environment in which it is safer for children to openly express their own sexual orientations. They could develop counter-narratives that highlight the positive aspects of a child's retaining access to an LG parent because of the traits that that parent can model. Courts should become more receptive to arguments emphasizing the positive aspects of LG parenting to prevent orientation-blindness from acting as a cover for bias.


The development of computation resources, sensing technologies
and artificial intelligence has been the critical driving force for the development
of next-generation smart devices in this Internet of Things (IoT) era. The
requirement of sustainable and reliable sensing operation is becoming more and
more important due to the exponential increment in the number of sensors with
different functions deployed everywhere. Such a sensing network provides a more
convenient way for connection and communication, making the boundary among
humans, machines, and the external environment gradually blurred. Self-powered
sensors which can directly utilize the external input energy to drive the
operation of their own are highly desirable compared with the current sensing
technology with a limited life cycle caused by power shortage. The invention of
Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG) and Piezoelectric Nanogenerators (PENG) provides
a novel direction for self-powered sensing technology. Both TENG and PENG can
directly convert mechanical energy to an electrical signal, which could be
further processed and understood by computers and humans.

In this dissertation, the research efforts have led to the design
and fabrication of self-powered devices as well as system integration in the Human-Computer
Interface (HCI). Materials modification was carried out to boost the performance
of TENG output. A Piezotronic device using new semiconductor material,
Tellurium, was fabricated and its fundamental charge transport characteristics
were carefully studied for a new understanding in piezotronics. Beyond materials
science, a system-level demonstration of using TENG for HCI application was
also carried out. With the help of artificial intelligence technology such as
machine learning and deep learning, more in-depth information was successfully
extracted from the general TENG signal. The combination between Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) and deep learning provided a more powerful platform for the
development and verification of TENG-based sensing devices with improved working
reliability. The presented concepts and results in this dissertation show the
potential for the implementation of novel self-powered sensing technology in
the future development for smart sensors, virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) and
other HCI-related areas.


Factors contributing to variation in heading date in spring barley were examined in several studies commencing with a survey of developmental variation in a large collection of genotypes and concluding with the molecular genetic analysis of 7 doubled haploid populations. Genotypes varied considerably in their specific responses to photoperiod and vernalisation, and in the duration of a pre-inductive (or juvenile) phase defined in this paper as a 'basic vegetative period'. The latter includes differential genotype responses to ambient temperature and their interaction with photoperiod. Combinations of these largely independent environmental variables account for variation in heading date associated with differences in growing season conditions, particularly geographic region, sowing dates, and cultivar adaptation. Under extended and natural (short) photoperiods, in both summer and winter field plantings, conventional genetic analysis was characterised by simple Mendelian segregation combined with considerable transgressive segregation within distinct early and late flowering subpopulations. Equivalent transgressive segregation characterised molecular genetic analysis that identified 16 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with contributions ranging from >50% of the variation recorded to <10%. These were dominated by 2 QTLs located on chromosome 2, one of which on 2HS was associated with response to extended photoperiod and the other, located near the centromere, with variation in the duration of the basic vegetative period. As only one population segregated for response to vernalisation, all analyses were restricted to parents and progeny homozygous for no response. Three other QTLs on 1HL, 3HL, and 5HL were primarily associated with vernalised parents and progeny characterised by prostrate seedling growth habits, which questions any assumption of a pleiotrophic association between genes for vernalisation and growth habit. The potential for exploiting markers for selection is considered to be limited by the considerable transgressive segregation observed in lines homozygous for parental alleles, and the limited understanding of the causes of variation in the phenotypic expression of the QTLs identified. Such markers would be useful in the selection of backcrossed progeny and in developing materials for investigating fundamental mechanisms contributing to developmental variation.


Since its inception in 1995, the World Trade Organization has prescribed numerous country-specific rules for its acceded members. Set out in WTO accession protocols, the country-specific rules elaborate, expand or derogate from the standard provisions of the WTO Agreement. Despite this practice, the precise status of the accession protocols and their relationship with the WTO multilateral agreements remain unclear. In the past decade, accession protocols have given rise to claims in more than twenty WTO disputes, most of them involving China. Due to the lack of textual guidance, WTO adjudicators have had to fill large gaps in interpreting the relationship between the accession provisions and the provisions of WTO multilateral agreements. Judicial interpretations hitherto, however, have not succeeded in clarifying such relationship. In some cases, they have led to problematic jurisprudence, creating systemic incoherence and inconsistencies in WTO law and policy. This article provides an overview of the WTO disputes involving accession protocols, and analyzes the fraught relationship between accession protocols and WTO multilateral agreements. At the systemic level, it questions the commonly accepted legal basis for country-specific rulemaking under WTO law, and advocates the need to focus on systemic coherence in navigating between the WTO Agreement and its accession protocols. To achieve systemic coherence, it is proposed that tools of conflict rules should be utilized in interpreting the relationship between country-specific rules and general WTO provisions, and that any gaps and ambiguities in the text of accession provisions should be construed in a way that will preserve WTO's fundamental principle of nondiscrimination. The article further addresses four specific interpretive issues: (i) how to determine the availability of general exceptions of WTO agreements to country-specific obligations; (ii) how to determine the scope of derogation from WTO provisions by the country-specific rules; (iii) relevance of accession protocols to the interpretation of WTO multilateral agreements; and (iv) relevance of the accession protocol of one member to the interpretation of the accession protocol of another member.


This essay explores how social movements change - and fail to change - the positive law of the U.S. Constitution. Although judges often insist that listening to social movements is inconsistent with the judicial role, history shows that social movements do change constitutional doctrine, although not always as they intend. Social movements have two basic strategies for influencing constitutional interpretation. First, they can exert influence on the major political parties who control the system of judicial appointments. Influencing judicial appointments increases the chances that the movement's constitutional claims will receive a sympathetic ear. Instead of convincing existing judges, this strategy attempts to replace older judges with newer ones more likely to share elements of the movement's basic outlook and ideology. Second, social movements can attempt to change public opinion, and especially elite opinion. This strategy attempts to convince judges already on the bench by appealing to the values they share with other relatively affluent, educated legal elites. Appeals to elite opinion are risky, however, because they encourage populist reprisals and counter mobilizations led by political entrepreneurs. Without sustained popular support, social movement victories may not prove lasting. The article applies this analysis to the New Departure, a period immediately following the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment when the movement for woman suffrage attempted to persuade judges and politicians that the Fourteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote. The New Departure failed because it was not able to adopt either of the two strategies described above. The case of the New Departure suggests that social movements are most likely to receive protection from the federal judiciary when they are already influential in the political process.


Continued photometric monitoring of the gravitational lens system 0957+561A, B in the g and r bands with the Apache Point Observatory (APO) 3.5 m telescope during 1996 shows a sharp g-band event in the trailing (B) image light curve at the precise time predicted in an earlier paper. The prediction was based on the observation of the event during 1995 in the leading (A) image and on a differential time delay of 415 days. This success confirms the so-called short delay, and the absence of any such feature at a delay near 540 days rejects the "long delay" for this system, thus resolving a long-standing controversy. A series of statistical analyses of our light-curve data yield a best-fit delay of 417 ± 3 days (95% confidence interval) and demonstrate that this result is quite robust against variations in the analysis technique, data subsamples, and assumed parametric relationship of the two light curves. Recent improvements in the modeling of the lens system (consisting of a galaxy plus a galaxy cluster) allow us to derive a value of the global value (at z = 0.36) of Hubble's constant H0 using Refsdal's method, a simple and direct (single-step) distance determination based on experimentally verified and securely understood physics and geometry. The result is H0 = 64 ± 13 km s-1 Mpc-1 (for Ω = 1), where this 95% confidence interval is dominantly due to remaining lens model uncertainties. However, it is reassuring that available observations of the lensing mass distribution overconstrain the model and thus provide an internal consistency check on its validity. We argue that this determination of the extragalactic distance scale (10% accurate at 1 σ) is now of comparable quality, in terms of both statistical and systematic uncertainties, to those based on more conventional techniques. Finally, we briefly discuss the prospects for improved H0 determinations using gravitational lenses, and some other possible implications and uses of the 0957+561A, B light curves.


This thesis consists of four self-contained papers related to the change of market structure and the quality of equity market. In Paper [I] we found, by using of a Flexible Dynamic Component Correlations (FDCC) model, that the creation of a common cross-border stock trading platform has increased the long-run trends in conditional correlations between foreign and domestic stock market returns. In Paper [II] we study whether the creation of a uniform Nordic and Baltic stock trading platform has affected weak-form information efficiency. The results indicate that the stock market consolidations have had a positive effect on the information efficiency and turnover for an average firm. The merger effects are, however, asymmetrically distributed in the sense that relatively large (small) firms located on relatively large (small) markets experience an improved (reduced) information efficiency and turnover. Although the results indicate that changes in the level of investor attention (measured by turnover) may explain part of the changes in information efficiency, they also lend support to the hypothesis that merger effects may partially be driven by changes in the composition of informed versus uninformed investors following a stock. Paper [III] analyzes whether the measured level of trust in different countries can explain bilateral stock market correlations. One finding is that generalized trust among nations is a robust predictor for stock market correlations. Another is that the trust effect is larger for countries which are close to each other. This indicates that distance mitigates the trust effect. Finally, we confirm the effect of trust upon stock market correlations, by using particular trust data (bilateral trust between country A and country B) as an alternative measurement of trust. In Paper [IV] we present the impact of the stock market mergers that took place in the Nordic countries during 2000 – 2007 on the probabilities for stock price jumps, i.e. for relatively extreme price movements. The main finding is that stock market mergers, on average, reduce the likelihood of observing stock price jumps. The effects are asymmetric in the sense that the probability of sudden price jumps is reduced for large and medium size firms whereas the effect is ambiguous for small size firms. The results also indicate that the market risk has been reduced after the stock market consolidations took place.


This paper analyses the incentives to participate in and the stability of international climate coalitions. Using the integrated assessment model WITCH, the analysis of coalitions' profitability and stability is performed under alternative assumptions concerning the pure rate of time preference, the social welfare aggregator and the extent of climate damages. We focus on the profitability, stability, and "potential stability" of a number of coalitions which are "potentially effective" in reducing emissions. We find that only the grand coalition under a specific sets of assumptions finds it optimal to stabilise GHG concentration below 550 ppm CO2-eq. However, the grand coalition is found not to be stable, not even "potentially stable" even through an adequate set of transfers. However, there exist potentially stable coalitions, but of smaller size, which are also potentially environmentally effective. Depending on the assumptions made, they could achieve up to 600 ppm CO2-eq. More ambitious targets lead to the collapse of the coalition.


The University strongly discourages consensual relations between supervisors and subordinates, teachers and students, and advisors and students. Should such a relationship develop, the teacher, supervisor or advisor has the obligation to disclose its existence to an immediate supervisor and cooperate in making alternative arrangements for the supervision, evaluation, teaching, grading, or advising of the employee, student and/or student employee.


OUT-PATIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SEVERE MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN PUSKESMAS Background: During economic crisis in Indonesia in mid 1997, the numbers of malnourished children has increased. Many efforts had been conducted to solve this problem to prevent the detrimental effect of malnutrition especially in the reduction of the quality of manpower. Since 1980's our ambulatory clinic has developed the management for malnourished children. From 1997 to 2000, cases of malnourished children increased from 27 to 193, but we were facing with the numbers of defaulters. There were 40-50% drops out patients. To solved this problem, we worked together with Districts Health Office (Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten and Kota) Bogor to build nutrition clinic in 3 health centers (Puskesmas), in South Bogor, Sukaraja, and Sukamanah sub district. Objectives: To build the nutrition clinic in health center. Methods: First step of our action was to train the medical doctors, nurses and nutritionist from the health centers in ambulatory management (registration, anthropometric measurement, nutrition counseling, clinical examination and medication for infectious diseases) of severe malnourished children. The second step was to arrange the nutrition clinic in the health centers. In the first three months, the clinic was run by the team of the Nutrition Research and Development Center together with the team of health centers. In the second three of months, the health centers team run the clinic and NRDC team only supervised them. Results: The activity of nutrition clinic in the health centers was no difference with the activity in the nutrition clinic in the NRDC. The children nutritional status was improved after 4 months intervention. The improvement was measured by weight-for-height as well as by weight-for-age. The weight-for-height index was found as the perfect indicator to measure the effect of intervention on the nutritional status of the children. Conclusions: Community health centers staffs has a potential capacity to solve malnutrition problem, especially when they were trained adequately by proper trainer, and the best parameter to evaluate nutritional status was weight-for-height. Keywords: out-patient, severe malnutrition


This essay aims to analyse and debunk several technology-related concepts commonly discussed in papers, reports and speeches by academics, consultancies, politicians and governmental bodies. Each reflects a presumption about how technology, the internet in particular, and technology-enabled social and political processes might affect the practice of governing. The discussion characterizes the concepts as "socio-technical imaginaries", a term for ideas that link the socio-political environment with technology. Socio-technical imaginaries start as a description of potentially attainable futures, turn into a prescription of futures that ought to be attained, then become received wisdom about the present day. They are speculation that takes root through reuse and endorsement by authoritative figures, becoming an asserted present reality on the basis of little or no evidence. Once imaginaries become widely accepted and used, they may shape trajectories of research and innovation, steering technological progress as well as public and private expenditure. The imaginaries addressed are: Public Sector Innovation, Digital Transformation of Government, Co-creation & Co-production of Public Services, Crowd-sourcing, Wisdom of Crowds, Collaborative Governance, Customer/Citizen Centricity, Once-only Principle, Personalisation, Big Data, Nudge (Behavioral Insights), Platform Government/GaaP, and Online Participation. Four questions are posed to critique each imaginary: What is the received wisdom? What does that really mean? What is the problem/what has gone wrong? What to do better/what should it be? As a whole package, these imaginaries represent a nightmare for liberal, representative democracy. Some may enable the "panoptic" state, others may undermine existing institutions to open a void for it to step into. Many have the likelihood of creating or reinforcing inequality of opportunity, outcome or influence. But their grip is hard to loosen. The notions that they are inevitable or that issues will be resolved in due course by technology itself need to be challenged by surfacing the human, social and political dimensions and actively addressing them.


Introduction A child is in contact with various human factors in the house and family environment, but the most important and the most fundamental of these factors is the mother (Bretherton, 1985). Studies in different aspects of child growth including physical and psychological have been conducted. Physical growth which results from genetic factors and environmental motivations continues in childhood and adolescence but the psychological growth an individual encounters evolves from early birth to the end of life with a wide army of changes. Psychological growth has various aspects and dimensions such as mental (cognitive) growth, sensitive growth, social growth and ethical growth. Studies have shown that heredity has a determinant role in individual's mental talents, all training conditions and factors also have an effective portion in mental growth. Emotional growth is one of the most important psychological aspects of human growth and development (Westbrook, 2008; Sarsour, 2008; Prior et. al, 2008). Growth doesn't occur in vacuum: every person lives in several contexts simultaneously (Kreppner and Lerner, 1989). The closest context is family. Although other contexts in which the child thrives are also important, such as school, peer group, religious organizations and political systems. The early years of life are the most important period of growth in training and formation of individual character (Prior et. al, 2008). Psychologists have emphasized the relationship of children with persons who assume primary care to them in most years of the present century and consider these mutual relations as a fundamental basis of emotional and cognitive growth (Freud, 1964; Bowlby, 1969; Watson, 1928). An importance which theorists of topical relationships believe for key role of mother in child revolution is to the extent that some of them such as Winnicott (1960) believe that in the early life, there is not an infant without mother at all. Past research have provided the evidence of strong attachment between mother and child particularly in early years of development (Main, Kaplan, Cassidy, 1985). Theorists have found elements which play a fundamental role in understanding emotional situations and problems of the child. Therefore, problems in this primary mother--child relationship, such as specific properties of mother character, mother's psychological disorder, unfamiliarity of mother in child training, lack of an appropriate and fundamental communication with child, can result in psychological disorders in future life of the child. There are three fundamental theories emphasize the relationship between child and mother as a very important and sensitive factor in respect of child's social growth. These include psychoanalysis, learning and ethology theory (Santrock, 2006). In psychoanalytic theory, the tendency of the children to reach emotional joy causes them to spend their emotional energy, called libido, so other persons will satisfy the child's needs. For example; hunger need, would cause enjoyment in them. Psychoanalytic theory also purports that the first relationship of the child forms the basis of his character. In social learning theory, the hypothesis is posed that the parents have a role in reducing biological problems such as hunger and thirst. Reducing hunger and thirst establishes the basis of emotional relationship between mother and child (Charlesworth, 2003). The third theory is based on ethology. Some studies have been conducted within the paradigm of ethology theory in respect to the attachment of children to their mothers. Ethology focuses on the study of animals in their natural environment and the observation of their behavioral patterns (Santrock, 2006). Theorists pose that human child is genetically ready to be attached to the person who takes care of him. It further asserts that these attachments are valuable evolutionally as they help the child to adapt to the environment. …


The decoy-state method is widely used in practical quantum key distribution systems to replace ideal single photon sources with realistic light sources of varying intensities. Instead of active modulation, the passive decoy-state method employs built-in decoy states in a parametric down-conversion photon source, which can decrease the side channel information leakage in decoy-state preparation and hence increase the security. By employing low dark count up-conversion single photon detectors, we experimentally demonstrate the passive decoy-state method over a 50 km long optical fiber and obtain a key rate of about 100 bit s−1. Our result suggests that the passive decoy-state source is a practical candidate for future quantum communication implementation.


The emergence of large-scale Internet services coupled with the evolution of computing technologies such as distributed systems, parallel computing, utility computing, grid, and virtualization has fueled a movement toward a new resource provisioning paradigm called cloud computing. The main appeal of cloud computing lies in its ability to provide a shared pool of infinitely scalable computing resources for cloud services, which can be quickly provisioned and released on-demand with minimal effort. The rapidly growing interest in cloud computing from both the public and industry together with the rapid expansion in scale and complexity of cloud computing resources and the services hosted on them have made monitoring, controlling, and provisioning cloud computing resources at runtime into a very challenging and complex task. This thesis investigates algorithms, models and techniques for autonomously monitoring, controlling, and provisioning the various resources required to meet services' performance requirements and account for their resource usage.Quota management mechanisms are essential for controlling distributed shared resources so that services do not exceed their allocated or paid-for budget. Appropriate cloud-wide monitoring and controlling of quotas must be exercised to avoid over- or under-provisioning of resources. To this end, this thesis presents new distributed algorithms that efficiently manage quotas for services running across distributed nodes.Determining the optimal amount of resources to meet services' performance requirements is a key task in cloud computing. However, this task is extremely challenging due to multi-faceted issues such as the dynamic nature of cloud environments, the need for supporting heterogeneous services with different performance requirements, the unpredictable nature of services' workloads, the non-triviality of mapping performance measurements into resources, and resource shortages. Models and techniques that can predict the optimal amount of resources needed to meet service performance requirements at runtime irrespective of variations in workloads are proposed. Moreover, different service differentiation schemes are proposed for managing temporary resource shortages due to, e.g., flash crowds or hardware failures.In addition, the resources used by services must be accounted for in order to properly bill customers. Thus, monitoring data for running services should be collected and aggregated to maintain a single global state of the system that can be used to generate a single bill for each customer. However, collecting and aggregating such data across geographical distributed locations is challenging because the management task itself may consume significant computing and network resources unless done with care. A consistency and synchronization mechanism that can alleviate this task is proposed.


BACKGROUND
Transient overexpression of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) using an adenoviral vector has been associated with a significant decrease in alcohol intake in Sprague Dawley rats. This overexpression of DRD2 reduced alcohol consumption in a two-bottle-choice paradigm and supported the view that high levels of DRD2 may be protective against alcohol abuse.

METHODS
Using a limited access (1 hr) two-bottle-choice (water versus 10% ethanol) drinking paradigm, we examined the effects of the DRD2 vector in alcohol intake in the genetically inbred alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rats. In addition, micro-positron emission tomography imaging was used at the completion of the study to assess in vivo the chronic (7 weeks) effects of ethanol exposure on DRD2 levels between the two groups.

RESULTS
P rats that were treated with the DRD2 vector (in the NAc) significantly attenuated their alcohol preference (37% decrease) and intake (48% decrease), and these measures returned to pretreatment levels by day 20. A similar pattern of behavior (attenuation of ethanol drinking) was observed in NP rats. Analysis of the [C]raclopride micro-positron emission tomography data after chronic (7 weeks) exposure to ethanol revealed clear DRD2 binding differences between the P and NP rats. P rats showed 16% lower [C]raclopride specific binding in striatum than the NP rats.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings further support our hypothesis that high levels of DRD2 are causally associated with a reduction in alcohol consumption and may serve as a protective factor against alcoholism. That this effect was seen in P rats, which are predisposed to alcohol intake, suggests that they are protective even in those who are genetically predisposed to high alcohol intake. It is noteworthy that increasing DRD2 significantly decreased alcohol intake but did not abolish it, suggesting that high DRD2 levels may specifically interfere with the administration of large quantities of alcohol. The significantly higher DRD2 concentration in NP than P rats after 7 weeks of ethanol therefore could account for low alcohol intake.


To assess the validity of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) as a measure of the anaerobic capacity, the following variables were determined in twenty nine male Physical Education students: the DMOA, the blood lactate concentration at the end of a exhausting supramaximal bout 120 % VO2max, the maximal and the mean power attained during a Wingate test, and the muscle mass of the legs by dual X-ray absorptiometry. A relationship was found between the MAOD and the blood lactate concentration at the end of the supramaximal bout (r=0.43, p<0.05, n=28). MAOD was also related with both the work performed and the accumulated VO2 achieved during the supramaximal exercise (r=0.59, p<0.001, n=28 y r=0.56, p<0.01, n=29, respectively). The blood lactate concentration at the end of the supramaximal exercise was correlated with the work performed during the supramaximal exercise (r=0.49, p<0.01, n=27). This relationship was stronger after accounting for differences in legs muscle mass (r=0.65, p<0.001, n=26). No relationship was found between MAOD and Wingate maximal and mean power output, even after accounting for differences in legs muscle mass. Neither there was a relationship between the maximal or mean power attained during the Wingate and the blood lactate concentration at the end of the supramaximal exercise. Despite that theoretically the MAOD is the best non-invasive procedure to assess the anaerobic capacity, the weakness of the relationship between MAOD and other variables commonly used in the assessment of the anaerobic qualities limits its interest from a practical perspective. KEY WORDS: Oxygen deficit, anaerobic capacity, performance, validity, fitness.


The interplay between the endocrine and immune systems has come into focus in recent years with the insight that endocrine parameters may affect susceptibility to both auto-immune and infectious diseases. Our interest in immunoendocrine regulation led us to investigate the effects of glucocorticoids on Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. Glucocorticoids used to treat inflammatory conditions are not yet recommended for HSV-1 therapy, since they have been reported to prolong viral shedding both in vivo and in vitro. Here we report that glucocorticoids did not alter the viral yield in human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell culture when glucocorticoid treatment and viral infection occured simultaneously, but the viral yield increased when cells were treated with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (dex) prior to viral infection. We found that viral infection in our primary cell system increased NF-kappaB levels and DNA binding. In addition, the amount of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) increased following viral infection, and HSV-1 infection as such could induce glucocorticoid-driven transcription of a reporter gene in human embryo kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with GR. Dex treatment did not affect HSV-1-induced binding of p65 to an NF-kappaB element in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and acyclovir was still efficient as an anti-viral drug in the presence of dex. Further studies of the observed effects of HSV-1 infection and glucocorticoid treatment on GR and NF-kappaB regulation could give insights into the immunoendocrine mechanisms important for defence and therapy against viral infections.


We address the stability of solitary waves to the complex cubic–quintic Ginzburg–Landau equation near the nonlinear Schrodinger limit. It is shown that the adiabatic method does not capture all possible instability mechanisms. The solitary wave can destabilize owing to discrete eigenvalues that move out of the continuous spectrum upon adding nonintegrable perturbations to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. If an eigenvalue does move out of the continuous spectrum, then we say that an edge bifurcation has occurred. We present a novel analytical technique that allows us to determine whether eigenvalues arise in such a fashion, and if they do, to locate them. Using this approach, we show that Hopf bifurcations can arise in the cubic–quintic Ginzburg–Landau equation.


ALLEA (All European Academies) is the European Federation of Academies of Sciences and Humanities. It was founded in 1994 and brings together almost 60 Academies of Sciences and Learned Societies from over 40 countries in the Council of Europe region. ALLEA is financed by annual dues
 from its member academies and remains fully independent from political, religious, commercial or ideological interests. Member Academies operate as learned societies, think tanks, or research performing organisations. They are self-governing communities of leaders of scholarly enquiry
 across all fields of the natural sciences, the social sciences and the humanities. ALLEA therefore provides access to an unparalleled human resource of intellectual excellence, experience and expertise. Furthermore, its integrative membership structure comprises Academies from both EU and
 non-EU member states in Europe. ALLEA seeks to contribute to improving the framework conditions under which science and scholarship can excel. Jointly with its Member Academies, ALLEA is in a position to address the full range of structural and policy issues facing Europe in science,
 research and innovation. In doing so, it is guided by a common understanding of Europe, bound together by historical, social and political factors as well as for scientific and economic reasons.


Historically, cannabis has been used as a pharmaceutical drug for a variety of conditions including rheumatism, depression, convulsions, and malaria. Since the 1970s, randomised, controlled clinical trials have shown cannabis to be effective in the treatment of debilitating medical conditions including nausea and vomiting resulting from cancer chemotherapy, wasting syndrome associated with HIV/AIDS, and chronic pain. Despite scientific evidence, as of 2011, when the material for this thesis was collected, only 17 states of the United States (U.S.) and the District of Columbia had enacted medical cannabis laws allowing patients with specific medical conditions to use cannabis without being criminally prosecuted. This thesis examines two components of the medical cannabis policy: the medical cannabis policy process in five representative states of the U.S., and the factors influencing the formation of such a process. The first part of the thesis chronologically documents the passing, attempts to pass, and failure to pass medical cannabis policies in five U.S. states; two with a current medical cannabis law; one where attempts to pass a law have been made, but a law has not yet been passed; and two states where no or few attempts at passing a medical cannabis law have been made. The second part of the thesis used a questionnaire to elicit the factors influencing policies as perceived by three groups. Group one comprised individuals directly involved in the medical cannabis policy process in at least one of the five states referred to above and group two comprised individuals participating in research in the alcohol and other drug field. Group four comprised members of the International Society for the Study of Drug Policy (ISSDP). The study found that, despite the expectation that the same rules would apply to cannabis as other medicine, the medical cannabis process appears to be less medically and more politically driven, with Medical Cannabis in the United States iv scientific evidence having limited influence. The results suggest that there are a number of interlinking factors which played a role in the passing or failure to pass medical cannabis laws in U.S. states, and the level of influence of these factors can vary according to context or conditions placed on them. Three major themes emerged in relation to the factors influencing policy: the role of scientific evidence, the political process, and the interaction between factors. It is hoped that this thesis will be viewed as an observation of the medical cannabis process, not only from the researcher's point of view but from the views of those who participated in the process, researched the process, or observed the changes in medical cannabis laws over the years. Medical Cannabis in the United States v


Vasoactive intestinal peptide, one of the putative neurotransmitters of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in human airways, is a potent relaxant of human airways in vitro. Previous in vivo studies of infused vasoactive intestinal peptide in asthmatic subjects have shown only a small bronchodilator effect, which may have been secondary to the cardiovascular effects of the peptide. The effect on airway function of infused vasoactive intestinal peptide was studied in normal subjects, who readily develop bronchodilation in response to a beta agonist. Separate experiments were designed to assess whether there is any synergy between this peptide and the beta agonist isoprenaline. Incremental doses of 1, 3, and 6 pmol/kg/min of vasoactive intestinal peptide were infused for 15 minutes. At 6 pmol/kg/min it caused a mean fall in systolic blood pressure from 108 to 88 mm Hg and a rise in heart rate from 71 to 95 beats/min. There was no significant change in specific airways conductance (sGaw) at any dose of vasoactive intestinal peptide. No significant changes were found with placebo. Isoprenaline (400 microgram) given by inhalation at the end of the infusion produced a mean increase in sGaw of 50%. Infused peptide caused no significant change in the cumulative dose-response curve for inhaled isoprenaline. The lack of effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on airway responses in vivo may be due to rapid enzymatic breakdown of the peptide or to the fact that dosage has to be limited by the cardiovascular effects.


It is commonly accepted that mobility of people, especially of highly-skilled workers, has acquired a much more temporary character. Such fluid patterns of mobility call to attention the need to observe in what way highly-skilled migrants at present relate to their host societies, in the face of lasting expectations to relocate. This paper presents a case study of Indian migrants in Switzerland, who are characteristic for short-term stays. Nearly half of all Indians with tertiary education stay in Switzerland for less than five years. The selection of Switzerland as the case study of migrants' incorporation in host society matters also in terms of possibilities for integration. With a relatively small Indian population, inter-ethnic contact opportunities are rather limited. This article presents a qualitative analysis aimed at understanding the migratory space of skilled migrants with a particular focus on the effects of migratory plans on creations of their space. The ways in which skilled migrants' mobilities are embodied is examined by the type of networks and solidarity relations they build up with the local community within their transnational space through their professional and social activities as a response to their need to create local anchorage. The article brings together different strands of research on migrants' experiences: the literature on their incorporation and transnational activities and investigates the linkages between migratory planning (and mobility) on both.


Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are quite common in developed countries in Europe, North America and China. HEV infected adults commonly are asymptomatic when they are viremic and usually would qualify to donate blood. More than 20 HEV viremic donors have been detected in Japan and have transmitted HEV to patients. Therefore blood donor screening in Northern Japan since 2007 has detected over 230 HEV viremic donors. A study in Southeastern UK detected 79 HEV viremic donors; 18 of 43 recipients of these infected blood products were infected. Currently donor blood in the UK is screened for HEV RNA in minipools. Clinically silent HEV is quite common among adults in China (about 1:1,500–2,500 donors are HEV RNA positive?). A policy to prevent transfusion-transmitted HEV is needed .


The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of mental performance of very low birth weight premature infants during the first two years of life, and to identify factors associated with mental performance.The study included 109 children. The Mental Scale of Bayley Scales of Infant Development - Second Edition was administered at 6, 12 and 18-24 months of corrected age. The stability of the scores between assessments was verified by the analysis of variance for repeated measures.The association of the major social and neonatal characteristics with mental development was confirmed using multivariate analysis by linear regression, considering the following outcomes: mental development indices at 6 months, 12 months and between 18-24 months of corrected age. The mean Mental Developmental Index (MDI) was 83.4 (SD: 12.4) at 6 months, 86.4 (SD: 13.9) at 12 months, and 73.4 (SD: 14.5) at 18-24 months. A significant decrease in the mental developmental index (13 points) at 18-24 month corrected age was observed. The Mental development index did not show stability during the first two years of life in this population of preterm infants, except for children with neonatal pneumonia whose performance was unsatisfactory in all assessments. Among the risk factors investigated only male gender and neonatal pneumonia were associated with outcomes.


Block copolymers are macromolecules consisting of two or more chemically different polymer segments of a single type of monomer unit, covalently bound together. They represent a versatile class of functional materials for a multitude of applications because they combine the properties of incompatible but well known polymers. Among other properties, the ability of these polymers to modify interfacial properties and to enhance the compatibility of polymer blends makes this polymer type attractive for applications ranging from thermoplastic elastomers, information storage, drug delivery and photonic materials. With the development of living anionic polymerisation1 the synthesis of block copolymers, especially those with complex architectures, has recently received increased attention due to interests in both academia and industry. Diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [PS-b-PMMA] have been extensively used to make templates for fabrication of nanostructured materials.2 Block copolymers of polyisoprene (PI) and PMMA [PI-b-PMMA] have been used as emulsifiers for the fabrication of polyester nanoparticles.3 Copolymers of PI-b-PMMA are interesting because they can be used for rubber production, as effective compatibilisers for natural rubber/acrylic polymer blends4, and as potential materials for medical applications5. Diblock copolymers of PS and PI [PS-b-PI] are thermoplastic elastomers. Chemical modification of these polymers, for example sulphonation, can give access to functional materials. These block copolymers can be used as templates for nanolithographic processes6. Block copolymers are complex materials. The physical properties of block copolymers are determined by their molecular characteristics, such as molar mass, chemical composition and chain architecture. In order to establish a detailed relationship between the molecular characteristics and macroscopic properties of a block copolymer, it is essential to perform a comprehensive analysis to determine their chemical composition distribution (CCD) and molar mass distribution (MMD). Generally, block copolymers are synthesised by sequential monomer addition, in which several factors should be controlled effectively, including the initiation efficiency of the macroinitiator (MI), the desired total molar mass and the molar mass distribution of each block. Standard characterisation methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cannot differentiate the block copolymer from homopolymer blends. In other words, they cannot determine the existence of unreacted macroinitiator and/or the newly generated homopolymers in the final block copolymer product7. Since the 1950's, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as a powerful technique to analyse various molecular distributions in synthetic (co)polymers. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the most prevalent example of the use of HPLC for polymer characterisation separating macromolecules with regard to their hydrodynamic volume in solution. Because of the simple relationship between hydrodynamic volume and the molar mass for linear homopolymers, SEC has become the established method to determine the molar mass and MMD of synthetic polymers8. However; two intrinsic reasons hinder SEC from being an effective tool in fully characterising block copolymers. The first reason is the low resolution of SEC, which in most cases cannot fully separate the block copolymer from its precursor macroinitiator. The second reason is that the hydrodynamic volume of a copolymer is influenced by both molar mass and chemical composition. Specifically, SEC cannot provide information on the MMD of each individual block in the block copolymer. Therefore, new HPLC methods, such as liquid adsorption chromatography (LAC)9-11,14 and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LC-CC)26,44 were developed, which consider the contribution of the enthalpic interactions between the analyte and the stationary phase in the column as a factor for polymer separation. Since chromatographic methods do not provide information about the microstructure of the monomer units in the block copolymers it is necessary to couple these selective separation techniques on-line with spectroscopic techniques such as NMR. The on-line coupling of HPLC and 1H-NMR is a powerful and time saving tool for the analysis of complex mixtures. To our knowledge, there are no applications of LC-CC-NMR for the characterisation of block copolymers yet. The main focus of this research work is to develop chromatographic methods for the characterisation of block copolymers. The developed separation methods are then directly coupled on-line with 1H-NMR for fast and complete characterisation of these copolymers. In the first experimental chapter PS-b-PMMA copolymers will be investigated. These block copolymers are synthesised by living anionic polymerisation. When block copolymers are synthesised by this method in addition to the copolymer there is also a possibility for the formation of homopolymer fractions. To get an exhaustive description of the MMD and CCD of the block copolymers as well as the homopolymers formed during synthesis, chromatographic techniques shall be developed and coupled with NMR to comprehensively characterise the samples. By using chromatography at critical conditions the copolymers shall be separated from the corresponding homopolymers. The sizes of the individual blocks shall be calculated. By using NMR as detector the tacticity of the PMMA block in the block copolymers shall be analysed selectively. In the second experimental chapter blends of homopolymers of 1,4-PI and 3,4-PI will be investigated. Chromatographic techniques shall be developed for separation of these blends. The homopolymers of 1,4-PI and 3,4-PI are not homogeneous and each of them contains different isomeric structures of monomeric units such as 1,4-PI, 3,4-PI and 1,2-PI. The chemical composition of the blends and the microstructure of the homopolymers shall be determined by NMR. PS-b-PI copolymers will be investigated in the third experimental chapter. These copolymers are synthesised by two different approaches: sequential living anionic polymerisation and coupling of living precursor blocks. When the copolymers are synthesised by these methods homopolymers are also formed. Samples shall then be analysed by developing chromatographic methods. The block lengths of the individual blocks, the chemical composition of the block copolymers and the microstructure of the PI blocks shall be analysed. The fourth experimental chapter is dedicated to the analysis of PI-b-PMMA copolymers. These block copolymers are synthesised by living anionic polymerisation. New chromatographic methods shall be developed for the analysis of these samples. By coupling chromatographic techniques with NMR the block lengths of the individual blocks as well as the chemical composition of the copolymers shall be calculated. By using NMR as detector the microstructure of the individual blocks shall be identified and calculated.


Psittacine circovirus (PCV) has been identified in more than 60 psittacine species worldwide in both aviary and wild populations. The virus is a causative agent of psittacine circoviral disease (PCD), a highly infectious disease characterised by beak and feather dystrophy, high juvenile mortality or long-term immunological suppression. The virus is known to be very difficult to control or eradicate and among wild Australian parrots, the prevalence of infection is I 0-20 %. o information on the incidence of PCV in parrots in cw Zealand was ava ilable . The aims of this study were I) to determine the prevalence of PCV in wild exotic parrots, 2) to determine the prevalence of PCV in wild native parrots, 3) to identify the incidence of PCV in captive native parrots, and 4) to suggest recommendations for the foturc conservation management of native parrots populations in New Zealand. Two species of exotic parrots; eastern rose Ila and sulphur-crested cockatoo, and four species of native parrots; kakapo , kaka , kca and parakeet were examined. Feathers of these parrots were collected from different regions in New Zealand and PCR assay was conducted to identify the presence of PCV. The prevalence of PCV in wild exotic parrots in New Zealand was considerably high in both species of exotic parrots, as the prevalence of PCV at the 95% confidence intervals ranged from 19.17 44.02% in eastern roscllas and 22.04 33.07% in sulphurcrested cockatoos. No wild native parrots showed any evidence of PCV in PCR assay and given the sample sizes in this study, the prevalence of PCV was estimated as less than 4-7% if PCV is present in the populations. However, the first isolation of PCV in


User data can be acquired from various domains and is characterized by a combination of demographics such as age and occupation, and user actions such as rating a movie or recording one's blood pressure. User data is appealing to analysts in their role as data scientists who seek to conduct large-scale population studies, and gain insights on various population segments. It is also appealing to users in their role as information consumers who use the social Web for routine tasks such as finding a book club or choosing a physical activity. User data analytics usually relies on identifying group-level behaviors such as "Asian women who publish regularly in databases". Group analytics addresses peculiarities of user data such as noise and sparsity to enable insights. In this survey, we discuss different approaches for each component of user group analytics, i.e., discovery, exploration, and visualization. We focus on related work which arises from combining those components. We also discuss challenges and future directions of having an all-in-one system, where all those components are combined. This survey has been presented in the form of two tutorials [1] , [2].


Annual landings have been gradually declining at the Stonington, Conencticut fishing port. The port has not developed processing or marketing facilities comparable to many other New England ports. A substantial fishery can be supported within one or two days of shore and therefore a very fresh product is landed. There remains to be developed a suitable processing/marketing mechanism to deliver this quality product to final markets. This project evaluates the potential of the existing fleet, the fishery resources which could be utilizied, and the earnigns possibilities of an established fishery there. This shows the products available to a potential buyer and the requirements in terms of earnigns to maintain a fleet at the port.