Abstract. Mobile laboratory measurements provide information on the distribution of CH4 emissions from point sources such as oil and gas wells, but uncertainties are poorly constrained or justified. Sources of uncertainty and bias in ground-based Gaussian-derived emissions estimates from a mobile platform were analyzed in a combined field and modeling study. In a field campaign where 1009 natural gas sites in Pennsylvania were sampled, a hierarchical measurement strategy was implemented with increasing complexity. Of these sites,  ∼ 93 % were sampled with an average of 2 transects in  < 5 min (standard sampling),  ∼ 5 % were sampled with an average of 10 transects in  < 15 min (replicate sampling) and  ∼ 2 % were sampled with an average of 20 transects in 15–60 min. For sites sampled with 20 transects, a tower was simultaneously deployed to measure high-frequency meteorological data (intensive sampling). Five of the intensive sampling sites were modeled using large eddy simulation (LES) to reproduce CH4 concentrations in a turbulent environment. The LES output and LES-derived emission estimates were used to compare with the results of a standard Gaussian approach. The LES and Gaussian-derived emission rates agreed within a factor of 2 in all except one case; the average difference was 25 %. A controlled release was also used to investigate sources of bias in either technique. The Gaussian method agreed with the release rate more closely than the LES, underlining the importance of inputs as sources of uncertainty for the LES. The LES was also used as a virtual experiment to determine an optimum number of repeat transects and spacing needed to produce representative statistics. Approximately 10 repeat transects spaced at least 1 min apart are required to produce statistics similar to the observed variability over the entire LES simulation period of 30 min. Sources of uncertainty from source location, wind speed, background concentration and atmospheric stability were also analyzed. The largest contribution to the total uncertainty was from atmospheric variability; this is caused by insufficient averaging of turbulent variables in the atmosphere (also known as random errors). Atmospheric variability was quantified by repeat measurements at individual sites under relatively constant conditions. Accurate quantification of atmospheric variability provides a reasonable estimate of the lower bound for emission uncertainty. The uncertainty bounds calculated for this work for sites with  > 50 ppb enhancements were 0.05–6.5q (where q is the emission rate) for single-transect sites and 0.5–2.7q for sites with 10+ transects. More transects allow a mean emission rate to be calculated with better precision. It is recommended that future mobile monitoring schemes quantify atmospheric variability, and attempt to minimize it, under representative conditions to accurately estimate emission uncertainty. These recommendations are general to mobile-laboratory-derived emissions from other sources that can be treated as point sources.


This publication presents the results of an extensive survey of symbiotic laelapid mites of vertebrates from Venezuela. Over 40,000 vertebrates were examined from a wide variety of life zones and localities. The laelapid fauna represented includes 1 new genus, Hymenolaelaps , and 7 genera previously described: Laelaps , Mysolaelaps , Tur , Steptolaelaps , Neoparalaelaps , Gigantolaelaps , and Androlaelaps . The genera are represented by 51 species and subspecies, of which 8 are described as new. Previously unknown males and immatures of several species are described. Gigantolaelaps versteegi (Oudemans) is redescribed from type material; G. wolffsohni (Oudemans) is redescribed from Oudemans' original material; G. peruviana (Ewing) is redescribed from co-types. Keys to identification of genera and species are given. Collection data are given for each species together with discussions of morphological characteristics and variability where pertinent. Illustrations of 30 species are provided.


A beam combining technique for producing a single, spatially coherent beam from two mutually incoherent (temporally and spatially) lasers is demonstrated and the spatial coherence properties of the resulting beam are characterized. The technique is based on simultaneous excitation of stimulated Brillouin scattering by two independent lasers operating at two different wavelengths in a long multimode optical fiber. Though spectrally independent, the resulting Stokes beams produce essentially identical intensity distributions corresponding to the fundamental fiber mode.


We extend our previously developed diffraction tomography model of diffuse photon density wave propagation in turbid media to analyze the forward problem associated with detecting and resolving both absorptive and scattering inhomogeneities. Our results assume that detection occurs in a plane but no restrictions are placed on the illumination source geometry. We then specialize these results to plane-wave illumination and derive the turbid media version of the Fourier diffraction theorem. We also develop a shot-noise-limited Fourier-domain signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) expression to determine how background, system, and inhomogeneity parameters affect one's ability to detect and resolve inhomogeneities. We show that, in general, scattering inhomogeneities are more easily resolved than absorbing inhomogeneities. We also show that lower temporal modulation frequencies enhance one's ability to detect and resolve inhomogeneities. These theoretical results are compared with previously published image-domain SNR results, and qualitative agreement is demonstrated.


Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is an exclusively human, lymphotropic herpes virus that infects more than 90% of the population worldwide. Primary infection usually occurs during the early years of life and does not result in any recognized disease. EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with various malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and immunoblastic lymphomas in immunocompromised individuals. In most immunocompetent individuals the virus is, however, harbored for life within latently infected resting memory B cells, causing no symptoms. In vitro, EBV efficiently transforms resting B cells to activated lymphoblasts. These perpetually dividing cells express a repertoire of viral antigens (EBNA1-6 and LMP1), all of which have been directly implicated in the immortalization process. Immediately postinfection, EBNA2 and -5 are the expressed from the W promoter (Wp), within 36 hours there is a switch in promoter usage from Wp to the upstream C promoter (Cp). Transcription from Cp leads to a concomitant expression of all EBNAs from a polycistronic transcription unit that is spliced to yield the different EBNA proteins. EBNA1 forms multiple homodimers that bind to a portion of the latency origin of replication (oriPI) that functions as an EBNA1dependent enhancer of the Cp. The mechanism for the interaction between the oriPI-EBNA1 complex and the Cp is not completely understood at the molecular level. EBNA1 has no apparent enzymatic activities and is thought to fulfill its functions by mediating interactions with specific host cellular proteins, only few of which have been characterized. The aim of this thesis was to identify and characterize the interaction partners of this macromolecular complex. The interactions of the transcription factors NF-Y and Sp1 with the promoterproximal region of the Cp were previously established in our lab. In paper I we studied these interactions further using transient transfections, establishing that NF-Y and Sp1 co-stimulate Cp and that the oriPI-EBNA1-induced transactivation of Cp requires concomitant expression of both proteins. Furthermore, using the lymphoblastoid cell line EREB2-5, in which EBNA2 function is regulated by estrogen, we demonstrated that inactivation of EBNA2 resulted in decreased expression of NF-Y and down-regulation of Cp. Knowing that resting B cells do not express NF-Y and observing that this factor is essential for Cp activation, we suggest that its up-regulation post-infection may contribute to the Wp-to-Cp switch in primary EBV infection. The oriPI contains 20 repeats of the EBNA1 binding domain. In paper II we used a series of oriPIdeletions in oriPI-CpCAT reporter plasmids in transient transfections to determine the number of EBNA1 binding repeats necessary for efficient transactivation of the Cp. We showed that eight or more repeats were necessary for this effect, which underscores the complexity of the transactivation process. In papers III and IV we set out to identify novel interaction partners of the oriPIand -170Cp regions using EMSA and DNA affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry. Three novel protein interactions with the oriPI and the Cp were identified. The transcription factors Bright, E2F1 and Oct-2 were found to bind both sequences in vitro and in vivo, opening up a possibility of mediating a link between the oriPI and the Cp. The binding sites of all three proteins were mapped to a short segment of Cp in close proximity of each other. This region was previously shown to be essential for both oriPI-dependent and -independent transcriptional activation, indicating that the interactions are important for Cp activity. In transient transfections, we demonstrated that exogenous Oct-2 or Bright expression up-regulated oriPI-dependent Cp activation in the absence of EBNA1. Finally, endogenous Bright expression was shown to correlate with latency III but not latency I and II expression patterns in EBV positive cell lines, further supporting the notion that Bright expression is important for Cp transcriptional activity in vivo.


This article analyzes what can happen to forced returnees upon arrival in their country of nationality. Subjective configurations of state agents in the Global South have created return risks, which in turn transform subjectivities of post-colonial citizens. The article contributes to this Special Issue by tracing repercussions of the externalization and internalization of border controls. In the case of Cameroon, these connections have resulted in the criminalization of emigration. Aspiring migrants are prosecuted if their departure projects fail to respect the entry requirements of countries in the Global North. The article is based on research conducted in Douala, Cameroon, in the form of discussions with control agents at the international airport, investigations at a prison, a review of related case law, police registers and interviews with Cameroonians returnees (November 2013–January 2014). Border controls and connected anti-fraud programs suppress family-based forms of solidarity and allow only for subjectivities rooted in state-managed forms of national identity. The article illustrates how efforts to combat fraud fuel corruption in returnees' social networks, whereby, instead of receiving remittances, families in emigration countries have to mobilize financial resources in order to liberate returnees from police stations or prison complexes. Migration related detention of nationals in the Global South highlights the growing significance of exit controls in migration management.


BACKGROUND
Palliative care clinicians confront suffering as they care for people living with life-limiting conditions. When the degree of suffering becomes unjustified, moral distress can ensue. Promising work from neuroscience and social psychology has yet to be applied to clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to expand a social psychology model focusing on empathy and compassion in response to suffering to include an ethical dimension and to examine how the interrelationships of its proposed components can assist clinicians in understanding their responses to morally distressing situations.

ANALYSIS
In the clinical context, responses to distressing events are thought to include four dimensions: empathy (emotional attunement), perspective taking (cognitive attunement), memory (personal experience), and moral sensitivity (ethical attunement). These dynamically intertwined dimensions create the preconditions for how clinicians respond to a triggering event instigated by an ethical conflict or dilemma. We postulate that if the four dimensions are highly aligned, the intensity and valence of emotional arousal will influence ethical appraisal and discernment by engaging a robust view of the ethical issues, conflicts, and possible solutions and cultivating compassionate action and resilience. In contrast, if they are not, ethical appraisal and discernment will be deficient, creating emotional disregulation and potentially leading to personal and moral distress, self-focused behaviors, unregulated moral outrage, burnout, and secondary stress.

CONCLUSION
The adaptation and expansion of a conceptual framework offers a promising approach to designing interventions that help clinicians mitigate the detrimental consequences of unregulated moral distress and to build the resilience necessary to sustain themselves in clinical service.


Humans are unable to synthesise L-ascorbic acid (L-AA, ascorbate, vitamin C), and are thus entirely dependent upon dietary sources to meet needs. In both plant and animal metabolism, the biological functions of L-ascorbic acid are centred around the antioxidant properties of this molecule. Considerable evidence has been accruing in the last two decades of the importance of L-AA in protecting not only the plant from oxidative stress, but also mammals from various chronic diseases that have their origins in oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that the plasma levels of L-AA in large sections of the population are sub-optimal for the health protective effects of this vitamin. Until quite recently, little focus has been given to improving the L-AA content of plant foods, either in terms of the amounts present in commercial crop varieties, or in minimising losses prior to ingestion. Further, while L-AA biosynthesis in animals was elucidated in the 1960s, 1 it is only very recently that a distinct biosynthetic route for plants has been proposed. 2 The characterisation of this new pathway will undoubtedly provide the necessary focus and impetus to enable fundamental questions on plant L-AA metabolism to be resolved. This review focuses on the role of L-AA in metabolism and the latest studies regarding its bio- synthesis, tissue compartmentalisation, turnover and catabolism. These inter-relationships are considered in relation to the potential to improve the L-AA content of crops. Methodology for the reliable analysis of L-AA in plant foods is briefly reviewed. The concentrations found in common food sources and the effects of processing, or storage prior to consumption are discussed. Finally the factors that determine the bioavailability of L-AA and how it may be improved are considered, as well as the most important future research needs. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry


This paper explores and reflects on the design process of the 'Energy Babble' research device - an interactive and networked audio system for mediating energy-related content - focusing on the emergence of it's visual and material properties. The Energy Babble played a key methodological role in the 'Energy and Co-Designing Communities' project, an interdisciplinary engagement between STS scholars and design researchers, where it was deployed amongst a number of UK-based local energy communities to explore, understand and reframe the 'problems' and cosmopolitics associated with UK carbon reduction policy instruments. The paper highlights and reflects on the key design stages of the research device as part of the process of defining the material/visual form of the device and, by complicating Akrich's notion of 'script', the paper describes how ambiguous and playful energy scripts intermingled with the rigidity of the devices' 'technical' requirements. The paper concludes by discussing the role of material practices and aesthetic expertise in generating (or not) non-instrumental community participation with energy experiments.


Segregating students on the basis of race and race-based affirmative action are, perhaps, two of the most controversial social and legal issues of the modern era. Single-sex education and gender-based affirmative action, however, do not occupy a prominent place in the American culture wars and do not encounter a legal regime that is nearly as skeptical. This essay explores whether and to what extent the affirmative action provision of the regulation implementing the Title IX Educational Amendments of 1972 permits institutions to offer sex-segregated education. This essay endeavors to clarify the legal boundaries within which institutions may offer single-sex educational programs as a compensatory measure, and within which the social debate regarding the merits of these educational initiatives may take place. Current academic literature provides incomplete and inaccurate guidance on single-sex education as affirmative action. Reliable information on single-sex affirmative action in the education context is not only lacking, but is also necessary as recipients attempt to address gender inequality, which persists in American society. This essay attempts to provide comprehensive guidance that reflects, and contains a fresh analysis of, recent jurisprudential and legal developments. Part I argues that the Equal Protection Clause and Title IX permit recipients to implement single-sex affirmative action educational programs, based on an examination of Title IX, Supreme Court cases in this area, and other sources. Part II offers a list of six requirements that such programs should satisfy in order to withstand a legal challenge.


Human insulin (INS) gene diverged from the ancestral genes of invertebrate and mammalian species millions of years ago. We previously found that mouse insulin gene (Ins2) isoforms are expressed in brain choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium cells, where insulin secretion is regulated by serotonin and not by glucose. We further compared human INS isoform expression in postmortem ChP and islets of Langerhans. We uncovered novel INS upstream open reading frame isoforms and their protein products. In addition, we found a novel alternatively spliced isoform that translates to a 74–amino acid (AA) proinsulin containing a shorter 19-AA C-peptide sequence, herein designated Cα-peptide. The middle portion of the conventional C-peptide contains β-sheet (GQVEL) and hairpin (GGGPG) motifs that are not present in Cα-peptide. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is not expressed in ChP, and its amyloid formation was inhibited in vitro more efficiently by Cα-peptide than by C-peptide. Of clinical relevance, the ratio of the 74-AA proinsulin to proconvertase-processed Cα-peptide was significantly increased in islets from type 2 diabetes mellitus autopsy donors. Intriguingly, 100 years after the discovery of insulin, we found that INS isoforms are present in ChP from insulin-deficient autopsy donors.


ABSTRACT

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and elevated pulmonary artery pressure, leading to right ventricular failure and eventually death. The monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) has been implicated in the processes of pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary artery remodelling that contribute to the development of the PAH. However, the signalling mechanisms utilised by 5HT that contribute to pulmonary vascular remodelling are still unclear and appear to be cell-type specific, with much of the work having been carried out in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Fibroblasts also contribute significantly to the pulmonary vascular remodelling that occurs during PAH, however little is known of the role 5HT plays in this cell type. Using Chinese Hamster Lung Fibroblast (CCL-39) cells as a model system to investigate the mitogenic effects of 5HT, this study has characterised potential 5HT-mediated signalling pathways in fibroblasts that may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodelling.
5HT was found to induce a rapid and transient activation of extracellular regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK), a process central to the mitogenic effects of 5HT in CCL-39 cells. Furthermore, the 5HT transporter (5HTT), 5HT1B and 5HT2A receptors were all required for optimal ERK-dependent proliferation. Pharmacological inhibition of the Rho/ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) pathway significantly inhibited 5HT-stimulated ERK activation, cyclin D1 accumulation and proliferation. Inhibition of ROCK had no effect on the translocation of active ERK to the nucleus, but did however selectively inhibit 5HT-induced activation of a cytoplasmic pool of ERK. Additionally, ROCK inhibition had no effect on the ability of 5HT to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), suggesting ROCK is required for maintaining functional interactions between MEK and ERK. Sensitivity to ROCK inhibition is restricted to 5HT1B receptor activation of the ERK pathway. Moreover, the role of ROCK in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity is important in mediating 5HT-induced ERK activation, as disruption of the actin cytoskeleton markedly and specifically reduces 5HT- stimulated ERK activation.
Using a model of PAH, arising from overexpression of 5HTT (5HTT+), the effects of ROCK inhibition in vivo were investigated. ROCK 1 and ROCK 2 transcripts were upregulated in response to chronic hypoxia, with the upregulation of ROCK 1 potentiated in 5HTT+ mice. Administration of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 had significantly greater effects in 5HTT+ mice compared to WT, highlighting the functional importance of the increase in ROCK 1 transcript. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and elevated right ventricular pressure were attenuated more significantly by ROCK inhibition in 5HTT+ mice than in WT. Furthermore, ROCK inhibition only reduced hypoxia-derived right ventricular hypertrophy significantly in 5HTT+ animals and not WT.
In conclusion, this study highlights a role for ROCK in the pulmonary vascular changes that occur during PAH and proposes a new mechanism by which cross-talk between ROCK and 5HT signalling systems occurs.


This database, identified as "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Beverly Hills 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California: A Digital Database," has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been reviewed and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. This database is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the U. S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its use.


There is a shortage of evidence-based research on evaluation of teaching skills of adventure educators. Although program and instructor assessments are regularly used, there is limited documentation as to the methods employed to design them. Incomplete theoretical conceptions about the role of the instructor and how students learn may account for the lack of research on instructional evaluation in adventure education. The authors suggest that adventure education assessments put more focus on evaluation of teaching strategies by incorporating theories of reflective practice. The goal is to improve outdoor pedagogy using a mutually supportive debriefing format. The authors provide a summary of four themes (evaluation methods, opportunities for individual and shared debriefing as reflective practice, the role of feedback in student learning, and adaptive expertise), based on recent research, which can contribute to a future model of reflective practice for adventure education.


This paper presents a method of validating the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) surface reflectance (MOD09) based on ground spectral measurements and high-resolution remote sensing images. Given that the spatial resolution of the MODIS image is too low to directly compare ground measurements with the MODIS pixels, registration is first made between MODIS and a high-resolution image. Afterwards, the same sizable sample area to one MODIS pixel is chosen in a high resolution image (a pixel in MODIS corresponds to many pixels in a high-resolution image), after which image classification is conducted in each sample area. Finally, reflectance is measured for each class in each area. Taking the ratio of every class area to each sample area as the weight, the weighted mean reflectance is then calculated for each sample area (a pixel for MODIS), which is treated as the measured reflectance of the corresponding pixel in the MODIS image. A contradistinctive analysis is carried out between measured reflectance and MODIS retrieval reflectance from the space in order to determine the accuracy of the MODIS land surface reflectance product and correct its error. The experiment indicates that a linear positive correlativity between the MODIS pixel retrieval reflectance from space and the measured (calculated) surface reflectance exists. From this, we can build an error correction model of the MODIS surface reflectance product by linear regression. The accuracy of the MODIS surface reflectance products after error correction is remarkably improved. Likewise, the relative error can be controlled by 10%, thereby satisfying the requirements of various remote sensing applications.


A field test with a continuous wave wind lidar (ZephIR) installed in the rotating spinner of a wind turbine for unimpeded preview measurements of the upwind approaching wind conditions is described. The experimental setup with the wind lidar on the tip of the rotating spinner of a large 80 m rotor diameter, 59 m hub height 2.3 MW wind turbine (Vestas NM80), located at Tjaereborg Enge in western Denmark is presented. Preview wind data at two selected upwind measurement distances, acquired during two measurement periods of different wind speed and atmospheric stability conditions, are analyzed. The lidar-measured speed, shear and direction of the wind field previewed in front of the turbine are compared with reference measurements from an adjacent met mast and also with the speed and direction measurements on top of the nacelle behind the rotor plane used by the wind turbine itself. Yaw alignment of the wind turbine based on the spinner lidar measurements is compared with wind direction measurements from both the nearby reference met mast and the turbine's own yaw alignment wind vane. Furthermore, the ability to detect vertical wind shear and vertical direction veer in the inflow, through the analysis of the spinner lidar data, is investigated. Finally, the potential for enhancing turbine control and performance based on wind lidar preview measurements in combination with feed-forward enabled turbine controllers is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Recent progress in the field of Web services has made it possible to integrate inter-organizational and heterogeneous services on the Web at runtime. If a user request cannot be satisfied by a single Web service, it is (or should be) possible to combine existing services in order to fulfill the request. However, there are several challenging issues that need to be addressed before this can be realized in the true sense. One of them is the ability to ensure end-to-end QoS of a Web service composition. There is a need for a SLA negotiation system which can ensure the autonomous QoS negotiation of Web service compositions irrespective of the application domain. In this paper we propose agent-based coordinated-negotiation architecture to ensure collective functionality, end-to-end QoS and the stateful coordination of complex services. We describe a prototype implementation to demonstrate how this architecture can be used in different application domains. We have also demonstrated how the negotiation system on the service provider's side can be implemented both as an agent based negotiation system and as a Web service based negotiation system.


ABSTRACT The nature conservation movement frequently relies on the lustre of celebrity personae to reach out with its message. As role models, celebrities exercise invisible power by representing certain norms and ideas while themselves being subordinate to social structures and discourses. Examining the case of Conservation International's campaign, Nature Is Speaking, and guided by the methodological framework of multimodal critical discourse analysis, this study examines how celebrities, in alliance with the conservation movement, (re)produce certain ideas about nature and the human-nature relationship when discursively 'celebrifying' nature – turning nature into a 'celebrity by association' – by lending their celebrity properties to nature as represented in the campaign. The study identifies three ways of representing nature that the celebrification of nature produces in the campaign: nature as (1) eternal and magnificent, (2) caring and providing, and (3) mighty but delicate. Together these representations constitute a discourse that reproduces certain naturalised values and worldviews connected to the human-nature relationship. The paper concludes that the diversification of celebrity into new fields such as the natural is constitutive of the overall celebritisation of society, and it discusses the implications of the celebrification of nature in terms of reproduction of the human-nature dichotomy and obscuration of the structural aspects of environmental degradation.


This paper historically and anthropologically examines colonial Ha Nội's black market in meat. Beginning in 1888, colonial officials attempted to assert control over the slaughter, sale, and consumption of meat in the city. These efforts were resisted for decades and resulted in the presence of what officials described as "dangerous meats" in Ha Nội's food supply. This resistance revealed tensions that existed between colonizers and colonized related to such issues as (in)edibility and the social production of meat, but it also had deeper implications regarding the acceptable limits of governance and the manner in which legislation structured and informed unsanctioned activities, notably the production of contraband meat, in colonial Ha Nội and its environs.


Marine capture fisheries contributed nearly 60-65% of the total fish
production during the past decade. Out of the total marine landing of 1.4 million
metric tonnes comprising a variety of items, only a few selected species found
their way into the export market. During the 1981-85 period, the volume of
processed marine products exported from India was in the range of 70,000
to 92,000 tonnes per annum. Among the export items one single item, namely,
frozen shrimp constituted the bulk, amounting to more than 60% by volume
and 85% by value. The demand for different fishery items already in the export
markets and several new items for which India has potential for production is
on the increase in the international markets. Mainly on account of production
constraints we have however been unable to fully avail ourselves of the favourable
market opportunities.


ATLAS is the largest particle detector under construction at CERN Geneva. Frequency scanning interferometry (FSI), also known as absolute distance interferometry, will be used to monitor shape changes of the SCT (semiconductor tracker), a particle tracker in the inaccessible, high radiation environment at the centre of ATLAS. Geodetic grids with several hundred fibre-coupled interferometers (30 mm to 1.5 m long) will be measured simultaneously. These lengths will be measured by tuning two lasers and comparing the resulting phase shifts in grid line interferometers, (GLIs) with phase shifts in a reference interferometer. The novel inexpensive GLI design uses diverging beams to reduce sensitivity to misalignment, albeit with weaker signals. One micrometre precision length measurements of grid lines will allow 10 μm precision tracker shape corrections to be fed into ATLAS particle tracking analysis. The technique was demonstrated by measuring a 400 mm interferometer to better than 400 nm and a 1195 mm interferometer to better than 250 nm. Precise measurements were possible, even with poor quality signals, using numerical analysis of thousands of intensity samples. Errors due to drifts in interferometer length were substantially reduced using two lasers tuned in opposite directions and the precision was further improved by linking measurements made at widely separated laser frequencies. © 2004 IOP Publishing Ltd.


Palembang City in August 2018 was the first city in Indonesia which operated a mass transit of Light Rail Transit (LRT). LRT in Palembang City has a length of 23 km and 13 stations that stretch from the Airport station to the DJKA station. In its first year of operation, it was noted that the number of passengers using LRT was still very small, some efforts were needed to increase the number of LRT passengers. This study aimed to increase the number of LRT passengers by analyzing the development of the feeder line, the potential for increasing the number of passengers, and the infrastructure needs to support LRT operations in Palembang. The results show that four stations have the potential to develop feeder lanes, namely Asrama Haji station, RSUD station, Garuda Dempo station, and Polresta station, with the increased total number of potential passengers of 1460 passengers/day. The supporting infrastructure needed to support movement using LRT consists of a park and ride facilities, pedestrian bridges, the construction and repair of pedestrian facilities, and drop-off and pick-up facilities.


This study intends to provide some evidence about the body involvement in the meaning production in song performance. It analyzes body actions that are not basic requirement for sound production, during the elaboration process of an interpretative performance of a work. These actions are observed in relation to structural and emotional-expressive content of the piece. A professional soprano sang an opera aria four successive times (as a rehearsal), making both technical and expressive adjustments and delineating a personal interpretation along the repetitions. Performances were filmed and micro-movements were analyzed assisted by Diglo 12.0 system. The analysis of the climax phrase of the aria reveals: (i) the first two performances with the singer's movements showing particular common features on the highest and longest tones in the passage (always associated to some sort of expansive action); (ii) these features are elaborated and incorporated in the following trials; (iii) Expansion is not always elicited with the same gesture (as it is understood as both the shape and the physical resources of the movement), but it is identified in different axes and body parts; therefore, (iv) it is not a stereotyped gesture emulating a given feeling or dramatic content; on the contrary, (v) as its expansive qualities remain while the gesture itself is always different. Observed actions are discussed as pre-conscious and sub-personal. The singer's intentionality does not focus on them. The action refers to a particular expressive content of music. It is a particular way of feeling. Thus, meaning come to light from non-conscious bodily movements and perceptions. Intended meaning comes out from the way in which the body shapes (feels) the dynamic qualities of the performance.


Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri Gray) are the only vertebrate species that breed during the Antarctic winter. From the beginning of the breeding season in April until fledging of the chicks in January, emperor penguins rely on the stability of sea (fast) ice. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has recently listed the species as 'near threatened' because the habitat of emperor penguins may deteriorate significantly over the coming years with the anticipated changes in sea ice conditions due to climate change. Since 2009, four emperor penguin colonies have been observed on ice shelves, as opposed to sea ice, during the breeding season (Fretwell et al. 2014). This striking change in their breeding behaviour was interpreted as an adaptation of emperor penguins to poor sea ice conditions.

Here we report that a large part of the emperor penguin colony at Atka Bay (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) moved onto the ice shelf during the 2013 breeding season. This colony has been regularly observed since 1981 but has never before been seen breeding, incubating their eggs, brooding or creching on the ice shelf. Our observations concur with a recent report, which documented that altered breeding behaviour in emperor penguins has occurred almost simultaneously across Antarctica (Fretwell et al. 2014). Interestingly, the sea ice at Atka Bay has been stable for three consecutive seasons and thus cannot have triggered this change in behaviour. Rather, we present evidence of increased snow accumulation that has greatly improved the accessibility of the ice shelves around Atka Bay, and we discuss additional meteorological factors and local topographical conditions that may have contributed to the shift in breeding location from sea ice onto an ice shelf.


One key point for simulating the hydraulic fracturing at basin scale, is to be able to compute the stress tensor. This is generally not addressed in basin model because of the complexity of this problem. In order to get access to the stress tensor we have to assume that:- one of the principal stress is vertical and equals the overburden weight;- the horizontal stress is deduced from the vertical stress with the K0 coefficient that is a function of depth and of the tectonical setting. Consolidation is considered here as the combined effect of the mechanical compaction and the chemical compaction. The mechanical compaction is mainly caused by the rearrangement of grains during burial and could be represented at the macroscopical scale by an elastoplastic rheology. The chemical compaction is considered here as resulting from dissolution-precipitation mechanisms, generally induced by stress (pressure-solution). The chemical compaction could be represented at the macroscopical scale by a viscoplastic rheology. The complete elastoplastic yield is defined by the union of the consolidation elastoplastic yield and of the different failure criteria that could be seen as elastobrittle yields. Thus, the elastoplastic yield is composed of six elementary elastoplastic yields which define the onset of vertical compaction, horizontal compaction, vertical tensile fracturing, horizontal tensile fracturing, subvertical shear fracturing, and subhorizontal shear fracturing. Due to the consolidation, most of the parameters that describe the physical properties of the sediments evolve with the geological times. One difficulty is to quantify the degree of evolution of the porous medium during its geological history. Here, we have chosen to measure the evolution of the sediments by their porosity. The local simulations showed that fracturing may occur is numerous configurations. Some of these configurations indicate that the sediments can reach the limit of its elastic domain and then may initiate some fracturing. In other cases, the sediment changes its loading path but stay at the elastoplastic yield surface. In this case the theoretical considerations are not valid anymore and fracture criteria should be defined in the plastic domain.


In order to assess the potential utility of amines labeled with short-lived nuclides as agents for lung imaging and function studies in humans, a series of aliphatic amines (C4-C10 and C13) labeled with carbon-11 (T 1/2 = 20.4 minutes), which decays by the emission of body-penetrating radiation, has been used as a model for studying some basic parameters affecting amine uptake and metabolism by the lung and other tissues in mice. The lung uptake (percentage of dose per organ) of aliphatic amines at 1 minute increased from 2.18 +/- 0.13% for butylamine to 13.33 +/- 0.84% for tridecylamine. Partition coefficients (between n-octanol and pH = 7 buffer) were measured for the C4 through C10 amines and for octanoic acid and octanenitrile. Within the amine series, the partition coefficient correlated with lung uptake. A comparison of a series of compounds all having a carbon chain length of eight but with different functional groups (--NH2, --C=N, --CO2H, --OH) showed that the amino group as well as the relatively lipophilic alkyl group were required for lung specificity. The 11C-aliphatic amines were rapidly metabolized via monoamine oxidase (ultimately to 11CO2). Non-amine metabolites in blood and lungs at 5 minutes postinjection were 95 and 50%, respectively. Pretreatment of mice with iproniazid and with pargyline decreased 11CO2 excretion, and iproniazid significantly increased the radioactivity retained by the brain, lungs and liver at 15 minutes. The rate of 11CO2 excretion depended on carbon chain length (C4 less than C5 less than C6 greater than C7 greater than C8 greater than C9 greater than C10 greater than C13).


Much of the discussion of Kant's account of theoretical 'cognition [Erkenntnis]' and 'knowledge [Wissen]' over the past several centuries has (understandably) focused on the nature and significance of his distinction within 'representations [Vorstellungen]' between 'intuitions [Anschauungen]' and 'concepts [Begriffe]', in order to specify their relevant contributions to 'experience [Erfahrung]' and to cognition more broadly. Recently, however, it is becoming more widely recognized that Kant's account of theoretical cognition in general involves a much wider suite of representations than merely intuitions and concepts, and that many of these are involved in essential ways in the constitution of experience in particular. More specifically, closer attention is being paid to the distinctive role played in the constitution of experience by 'the power of imagination [Einbildungskraft]', 'apprehension', 'perception [Wahrnehmung]', 'consciousness [Bewustsein]', 'images [Bilder]', 'schemata', and even 'appearances [Erscheinungen]' themselves as the immediate though undetermined 'objects' of intuition (cf. KrV, B 33) – as all providing their own distinct, if complementary, contributions to experience and cognition, related to but separate from those provided by intuitions and concepts themselves.1 All of these representations are singled out at key points (some even in the very section headings) in Kant's discussion of cognition in the first Critique for the separate contribution that they make in the process of allowing cognition itself to 'arise [entspringen]' from the 'unification [Vereinigung]' of intuitions with concepts (cf. B75-6).


Introduction: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen to epidemic proportions, and this is associated with enormous cost. T2DM is preceded by 'prediabetes', and the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) provides an opportunity for targeted intervention. Prediabetic subjects manifest both core defects characteristic of T2DM, that is, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Interventions which improve insulin sensitivity and/or preserve β-cell function are logical strategies to delay the conversion of IGT/IFG to T2DM or revert glucose tolerance to normal. Areas covered: The authors examine pharmacologic agents that have proven to decrease the conversion of IGT to T2DM and represent potential treatment options in prediabetes. Expert opinion: Weight loss improves whole body insulin sensitivity, preserves β-cell function and decreases progression of prediabetes to T2DM. In real life long-term weight loss is the exception and, even if successful, 40 – 50% of IGT individuals still progress to T2DM. Pharmacotherapy provides an alternative strategy to improve insulin sensitivity and preserve β-cell function. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are highly effective in T2DM prevention. Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, because they augment β-cell function and promote weight loss, are effective in preventing IGT progression to T2DM. Metformin is considerably less effective than TZDs or GLP-1 analogs.


This thesis consists of two sections. The first section deals with the sodium hydroxide induced rearrangement of l-methyl-2-bromo-3H-naphtho (2,1-b) pyran-3-one. This reaction had already been studied by Dey and Lakshminarayanan, who identified the products as 2-(2-hydroxynaphth-l-yl) propanal and 1-methylnaphtho (2,1-b) furan-2-carboxylic acid: The naphthylpropanal would be a useful starting material for the synthesis of l-alkyl-2-naphthols, so we attempted to repeat this rearrangement. When the Indians' conditions were followed, no clean and tractable products resulted. Air oxidation and dehydration of the initial products seemed to occur. The reaction and work-up were therefore performed under nitrogen and acidification of the reaction mixture was done with carbon dioxide. Under these conditions, two products were isolated. The main product (78%) is 1-(2-hydroxynaphth-1-yl) propan-2-one. The minor product (7%) is 2-methylnaphtho (2,1-b) furan-1-carboxylic acid: These structure assignments are supported by elemental analyses, full spectral data and chemical transformations on both products. A critical review of Dey's published evidence suggests that he had isolated the same products as we did, but assigned an erroneous structure to each as a result of inadequate spectral evidence, uncritical interpretation of chemical evidence and over-reliance on analogies. Mechanisms for the displacement of halides from sp2 hybridised carbons, in a-halolactones and in related systems is reviewed in the Introduction. From this large group of reactions, only the formation of Feist's acid from 2-bromo-4,6-dimethy 1-5-ethoxycarbonylpyrone seems to bear any similarity to the aryl shift wo observe with the methylbromonaphthopyran. The unique occurrence of this rearrangement in this compound is rationalised in terms of the steric congestion due to the methyl group in this particular bromopyrone. The second section deals with synthesis and epoxidation of various 2(1H) naphthalenones. 1-Hydroxy-1-isopropyl-2(1H) naphthalenone has been reported to give on treatment with Na2CO3/H2O2 in aqueous ethanol only one epoxide (90% yield) with the epoxide oxygen on the opposite face (trans) to the hydroxyl group. The same author also reported the 1-acetoxyl analogue to yield the trans epoxide exclusively. There are relatively few such cases of stereospecific epoxidation of dissymmetric enones in the literature and the factors controlling which face of the enone is epoxidised are not all understood. Leppards epoxidations were repeated and the reported results confirmed, save that the 1-acetoxyl compound underwent substantial hydrolysis of the acetoxyl group (only 36% of a single acetoxy-epoxide was isolated). In order to explore the structural requirements for this steric control a range of 2(1H) naphthalenones with different alkyl and oxygen-containing functions on C was made. In addition to the two compounds already mentioned, 2(1H) naphthalenones bearing the following pairs of substituents on C were successfully synthesised: methyl and hydroxyl; methyl and acetoxyl; methyl and methoxyl; ethyl and acetoxyl; isopropyl and trimethylsilyloxyl. Attempts to synthesise and isolate the compound bearing isopropyl and methoxyl on C by alkylation of the 1-hydroxyl compound were unsuccessful. Epoxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide of 1-acetoxy-1-methyl-2(lH) naphthalenone and 1-isopropyl-1-trimethylsilyloxy-2(1H) naphthalenone led to the complete hydrolysis of the acetoxyl and trimethylsilyloxyl groups respectively. The epoxide isolated in both cases was the same as that from 1-hydroxy-1-alkyl-2(1H) naphthalenone. Epoxidation of 1-hydroxy-1-methy1-2(1H) naphthalenone and of 1-methoxy-1-methyl-2 (1H) naphthalenone gave one simple epoxide in each case (assumed trans). The 1-hydroxy-1-methyl compound also gave a material which seemed to be a dimer of the simple epoxide. Although in all cases studied only one stereoisomer was formed in the epoxidations it was difficult to prove its stereochemistry. 13C and lanthanide shifts of 1H NMR spectra were studied but no conclusions could be drawn from them about the stereochemistry of the epoxides. The Introduction consists of a selected survey of published examples of epoxidations and related processes in which stereoselective product formation took place. In some cases this outcome might have been anticipated, and in others not. A critical examination of the explanations given does not appear to reveal any underlying unity of cause.


Alcoholic and Nicotine dependence syndrome is as a cluster of physiological and psychological including behavioral and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance takes on much higher priority for individual than other behaviors that once had greater value. The major objective of this study is to compare and assess the biochemical and haematological markers observed in patients with alcohol and nicotine dependent syndrome in comparison to those with only alcohol dependent syndrome group. A total of 50 male patients with alcohol and nicotine dependent syndrome were included. As a control group, 50 male patients with alcohol dependent syndrome only and 25 male normal healthy volunteers also included. The liver function marker enzymes and haematological parameters were analyzed. The hepato function markers including alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase were significantly elevated in patients with both the syndrome, in comparison to patients with alcoholic dependence syndrome and healthy controls. The haemoglobin, total RBC, polymorphonuclear cells were significantly decreased in only alcoholic dependence syndrome group compared to controls and MCV and ESR were elevated in patients with alcoholic and nicotine dependence syndrome. Not much variation is observed between patients with alcoholic nicotine dependence syndrome and alcoholic dependence syndrome only. The evidence of changes in the biochemical and hematological parameters in patients were observed only on alcohol dependent syndrome and clearly depicting that it acts as markers of alcoholism.


Standing Up for Something Every Day is written for present and future teachers in the early childhood classroom who truly want to make a difference in the lives of children. Exploring some of the most complex and pressing social and ethical dilemmas confronting early childhood educators, the author provides concrete ways of addressing social justice concerns in practice. Four model teacher-guides accompany readers from chapter to chapter, and demonstrate strategies for standing up for children through ethics, respect for diversity, and commitment to advocacy for children. This book offers important insights, encouragement, and practical suggestions to early childhood educators who are committed to excellence and equity in their classrooms.


This is the story of one interpreter's pathway into the field of interpreting. During an interview that took place on July 24, 2014, she shared her concerns for the community of signed language interpreters and her aspirations for us to do more. She demonstrates for us that leadership may take a variety of forms; It can happen behind the scenes, in service positions, or through the encouragement and support of others. We learn that personal growth happens just by virtue of being present and open to the people and opportunities that surround us. Always fueled by a desire to do, give, and love more, Jeannette Ocampo "JO" Welch teaches us how to be compassionate practitioners and leaders in the field of signed language interpreting.


Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are able to self-renew and to differentiate into all blood cells. HSCs reside in a low-perfusion niche and depend on local signals to survive and to maintain the capacity for self-renewal. HSCs removed from the niche can survive if they receive hematopoietic cytokines, but they then lose the ability to self-renew. However, we showed previously that simultaneous inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) maintains HSC function ex vivo without the need for exogenous cytokines. As these experiments were initially done in heterogeneous cell populations, I then showed that purified HSCs can also be maintained under these conditions, demonstrating a direct effect of GSK-3 and mTORC1 inhibition on HSCs. Although Wnt/β-catenin signaling downstream of GSK-3 is required for this response, the downstream effectors of this network remained otherwise undefined. I therefore explored targets downstream of GSK-3 and mTORC1. I found that HSCs express a pro-autophagic gene signature and accumulate LC3 puncta only when both mTORC1 and GSK-3 are inhibited, identifying autophagy as a signature for a signaling network that maintains HSCs ex vivo. In contrast, I did not find evidence to support a role for other downstream targets of mTORC1, such as protein translation and mitochondrial biogenesis. I also report a significant reduction in total RNA content in cultured HSCs and describe a method to perform transcriptional profiling of these cells. Together, these findings provide new insight into the relative contributions of various mTORC1 outputs toward the maintenance of HSC function and build upon the growing body of literature implicating autophagy and tightly controlled protein synthesis as important modulators of diverse stem cell populations. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Peter S. Klein


Thousands of refugees have fled Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador to escape violence, criminal victimization, and persecution as a result of the breakdown of public safety that has accompanied the rise of organized crime and drug-related violence. Many of these migrants have experienced torture, rape, abduction, forced labor, arson, and kidnapping. Caregivers and professionals who work with these refugees, including social workers, volunteers, attorneys, and advocates, have repeatedly witnessed severe trauma among refugees as the migrants recount horrific stories about their journeys. We conducted in-depth interviews with 31 individuals who have worked extensively and repeatedly with traumatized refugees. Participants completed the Secondary Traumatic Scale (STSS) and the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL)-Compassion Fatigue (CF) scale. While most participants reported signs and symptoms of secondary traumatic stress, many also demonstrated high levels of compassion satisfaction. In addition, most were involved in self-care. Hispanic participants reported that elements of their culture were protective.


In a series of 882 infants with hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis), 31 infants developed kernicterus. In the neonatal period the diagnosis of kernicterus was established firmly in 65%, remained uncertain in 19% and was not suspected in 16%. This diagnosis was established firmly in the neonatal period when spasticity was moderate to marked. The diagnosis of kernicterus remained uncertain when spasticity was mild and short-lived. This diagnosis was not suspected when spasticity was not observed. Characteristically, a progression of three distinct clinical phases was observed in infants with kernicterus during the neonatal period. A fourth clinical phase appeared later in infancy. The first clinical phase was characterized by hypotonia, lethargy and a poor sucking reflex; the second by spasticity, opisthotonos and fever; the third by the diminution or disappearance of spasticity; and the fourth by the progressive appearance ance of the relatively permanent signs of post-kernicteric extrapyramidal cerebral palsy. The hypotonia, lethargy and poor sucking reflex of the first phase of kernicterus appeared highly significant because of the great importance of this phase concerning the infant9s neurologic prognosis. But these critical signs were nonspecific, being associated also with major pulmonary, cardiovascular and other central nervous system pathology in non-kernicteric infants with hemolytic disease. The spasticity of the second phase indicated with great accuracy that kernicterus had occurred in the first clinical phase. The diagnostic reliability of spasticity was not related to its intensity or duration. A kernicterus-like syndrome related to hemorrhages within the basal ganglia was the only observed exception to the otherwise complete diagnostic reliability of spasticity. The true absence of any spasticity throughout the first week of life appeared to indicate with great reliability in the neonatal period that kernicterus had not occurred. The lessening or disappearance of spasticity in the third clinical phase erroneously led to diagnostic uncertainty in the neonatal period concerning the presence or absence of kernicterus. It is hoped that accuracy in the diagnosis of the presence or absence of kernicterus in the neonatal period may be increased by an understanding of the three neonatal clinical phases, their cardinal signs, their progression and the diagnostic problems of each phase.


Since its release in November 2001, the Advanced Encryption Standard (NIST FIPS-197) has been the subject of extensive cryptanalysis research. The importance of this research has intensified since AES was named, in 2003, by NSA as a Type-1 Suite B Encryption Algorithm (CNSSP-15). As such, AES is now authorized to protect classified and unclassified national security systems and information. This paper provides an overview of current cryptanalysis research on the AES cryptographic algorithm. Discussion is provided on the impact by each technique to the strength of the algorithm in national security applications. The paper is concluded with an attempt at a forecast of the usable life of AES in these applications.


Background: Although the relationship between asthma and obesity has been extensively explored, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the dose–response relationship to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) has received little attention. Objective: To assess the dose–response of inhaled budesonide on outcome measures of asthma between overweight and normal weight patients with persistent asthma. Methods: Seventy-two patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma from a post hoc analysis of previously reported trial data were divided into 2 groups: overweight, BMI 25 kg/m or higher; normal weight, BMI less than 25 kg/m. Each group received 4 weeks' treatment with inhaled (hydrofluoroalkane) budesonide 200 !g/day then 800 !g/day with ICS washout pretreatment. Outcome measures forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO),methacholine PC20, total daily asthma symptom score, and overnight urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio were performed at baseline and after each dose. Results: Significantly greater improvements were seen in the normal weight group for both FeNO and symptom responses at 0 to 200 !g and 0 to 800 !g ICS doses (as change from baseline), compared with the overweight group: FeNO 0 to 200 !g, P! .002; 0 to 800 !g, P! .045; symptoms 0 to 200 !g, P! .002; 0 to 800 !g, P ! .013. A trend also was seen toward attenuated cortisol suppression in overweight subjects at 0 to 800 !g (P ! .06), but no significant difference was seen at either dose in FEV1 and methacholine PC20 between weight groups. Conclusion: Overweight patients with persistent asthma may have attenuated symptom and FeNO dose responses to inhaled budesonide comparedwith normal weight patients with asthma, with no differences in FEV1 ormethacholine PC20between groups. Attenuated cortisol suppression in the overweight groupmaybe the clue to this difference, alluding to reduced peripheral lung deposition or absorption in overweight patients with asthma. ! 2012 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


This article compares the performance between external forecasts and Reserve Bank of New Zealand published projections for real GDP growth, CPI inflation, the 90-day interest rate and the trade weighed index (TWI) to examine the accuracy of different forecasts. Since 2003, the Reserve Bank has collected and analysed forecasts from as many as 13 external forecasting agencies as part of the process of monetary policy formulation. The forecasts help to identify risks around the Reserve Bank forecasts. Reserve Bank forecasts are more accurate than most, significantly outperforming the external average for one-year ahead GDP growth, two-year ahead CPI inflation and two-year ahead TWI forecasts. However, our analysis shows that a number of external forecasting agencies perform reasonably well, suggesting that these forecasts are likely to be useful when formulating monetary policy.


Every year, leading social anthropologists meet to debate a motion at the heart of current theoretical developments in their subject and this book includes the first six of these debates, spanning the period from 1988 to 1993. Each debate has four principal speakers: one to propose the motion, another to oppose it, and two seconders. The first debate addresses the disciplinary character of social anthropology: can it be regarded as a science, and if so, is it able to establish general propositions about human culture and social life? The second examines the concept of society, and in the third debate the spotlight is turned on the role of culture in people's perception of their environments. The fourth debate focuses on the place of language in the formation of culture. The fifth takes up the question of how we view the past in relation to the present. Finally, in the sixth debate, the concern is with the cross-cultural applicability of the concept of aesthetics. With its unique debate format, Key Debates in Anthropology addresses issues that are currently at the top of the theoretical agenda, which register the pulse of contemporary thinking in social anthropology. It will be of value to students who are not only introduced to the different sides of every argument, but are challenged to join in and to develop informed positions of their own.


Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms, with over 320 million active users as of February 2019. Twitter users can enjoy free content delivered by other users whom they actively decide to follow. However, unlike in other areas where Twitter is used passively (e.g., to follow influential figures and/or information agencies), in science it can be used in a much more active, collaborative way: to ask for advice, to form new bonds and scientific collaborations, to announce jobs and find employees, to find new mentors and jobs. This is particularly important in the early stages of a scientific career, during which lack of collaboration or delayed access to information can have the most impact.

For these reasons, using Twitter appropriately [1] can be more than just a social media activity; it can be a real career incubator in which researchers can develop their professional circles, launch new research projects and get helped by the community at various stages of the projects. Twitter is a tool that facilitates decentralization in science; you are able to present yourself to the community, to develop your personal brand, to set up a dialogue with people inside and outside your research field and to create or join professional environment in your field without mediators such as your direct boss.

This article is written by a group of researchers who have a strong feeling that they have personally benefited from using Twitter, both research-wise and network-wise. We (@DrVeronikaCH, @Felienne, @CaAl, @nbielczyk_neuro, @ionicasmeets) share our personal experience and advice in the form of ten simple rules, and we hope that this material will help a number of researchers who are planning to start their journey on Twitter to take their first steps and advance their careers using Twitter.


The low barometric pressure at high altitude causes lower arterial oxygen content among Tibetan highlanders, who maintain normal levels of oxygen use as indicated by basal and maximal oxygen consumption levels that are consistent with sea level predictions. This study tested the hypothesis that Tibetans resident at 4,200 m offset physiological hypoxia and achieve normal oxygen delivery by means of higher blood flow enabled by higher levels of bioactive forms of NO, the main endothelial factor regulating blood flow and vascular resistance. The natural experimental study design compared Tibetans at 4,200 m and U.S. residents at 206 m. Eighty-eight Tibetan and 50 U.S. resident volunteers (18–56 years of age, healthy, nonsmoking, nonhypertensive, not pregnant, with normal pulmonary function) participated. Forearm blood flow, an indicator of systemic blood flow, was measured noninvasively by using plethysmography at rest, after breathing supplemental oxygen, and after exercise. The Tibetans had more than double the forearm blood flow of low-altitude residents, resulting in greater than sea level oxygen delivery to tissues. In comparison to sea level controls, Tibetans had >10-fold-higher circulating concentrations of bioactive NO products, including plasma and red blood cell nitrate and nitroso proteins and plasma nitrite, but lower concentrations of iron nitrosyl complexes (HbFeIINO) in red blood cells. This suggests that NO production is increased and that metabolic pathways controlling formation of NO products are regulated differently among Tibetans. These findings shift attention from the traditional focus on pulmonary and hematological systems to vascular factors contributing to adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia.


In the following study, some literature is reviewing on the sociology of education. Sociological perspectives are discussed, and then some hypotheses are assumed that taken for granted in this paper. Those analyses have been developed and dealt with them as a sociological problem in distance education such as group structure, social control in society and technological effects on social change. In conclusion, the distance education is examined as a factor that determines social structure. It has primary contribution to social structure. Thanks to distance education methods, necessary knowledge is to diffuse to the person at the forest rank of social structure, and to draw them rapidly to higher ranks. These conclusions are considering that distance education based on technology modifies social reality. However, during this rapid evaluation, the balances in social structure are being loosed, and therefore many social problems arise. Then, new developments of distance education bring up solutions for those problems. Sociological researches in the field of distance education will give some light for the reconstruction of social balances in this circle.


E-commerce payment gateway is the access point to the online banking network. All online transactions must pass through a payment gateway to be processed. The payment gateways act as a bridge between the user's website and the financial institutions that process the transaction. Gateways process the different transactions between user and web browser. A payment gateway authenticates and routes payment. In this paper we have focused on different e-commerce payment gateways, and also have a deep comparative study, analysis of different online Gateways. An Internet e-commerce payment gateway is a critical infrastructural component to ensure that such transactions occur without any hitches and in total security over electronic networks.


Aim: Thirty percent of epileptic patients are refractory to treatment. We investigated the association between the number of seizures in refractory epileptic patients and potential interactions between their antiepileptic medications (AEDs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes ABCB1, CYP2C9 and EPHX1. Methods: Thirty-three adult patients were included and tested for genetic variations using the Neuropharmagen® test. Retrospective data on AED therapy and number of seizures during the 12 months before inclusion were extracted from clinical records. Results: Patients displaying potential single nucleotide polymorphisms × AED interactions had a median of 14.5 seizures during the previous 12 months (IQR 5.5–105.0), compared to a median of 7.0 seizures (IQR 4.0–12.0) in patients without these interactions (univariate p = 0.051, adjusted p = 0.034). Conclusion: Refractory patients carrying genetic variations potentially affecting their AED medication experienced a significantly higher number of seizures....


This report gives the results of the EU financed study WINDFARMpertception on how residents perceive a wind farm in their living environment as far as sound and sight are concerned. The study includes a postal survey among Dutch residents (n = 725, response rate: 37%) and an assessment of their aural and visual exposure due to wind farms in their vicinity. Respondents in the survey and calculated exposures The study group was selected from all residents in the Netherlands within 2.5 km from a wind turbine. As the study aimed to study modern wind farms, wind turbines were selected with an electric capacity of 500 kW or more and one or more turbines within 500 m from the first. Excluded were wind turbines that were erected or replaced in the year preceding the survey. Residents lived in the countryside with or without a busy road close to the turbine(s), or in built-up areas (villages, towns). Excluded were residents in mixed and industrial areas. The sound level at the residents' dwellings was calculated according to the international ISO standard for sound propagation, the almost identical Dutch legal model and a simple (non spectral) calculation model. The indicative sound level used was the sound level when the wind turbines operate at 8 m/s in daytime -that is: at high, but not maximum power. The size of the turbines was calculated as the viewing angle between the lowest and highest part of the biggest turbine, and also as the fraction of space above the horizon occupied by all wind turbines, both from the perspective of residents' dwellings. Respondents were exposed to levels of wind turbine sound between 24 and 54 dBA and wind turbines at distances from 17 m to 2.1 km. The (angular) height of the biggest wind turbine ranged from 2 degrees to 79 degrees, with an average value of 10 degrees (the height of a CD box, looking at the front at arm's length). The wind turbines occupied on average 2% of the space above the horizon. Attitude and economic involvement of respondents Almost all respondents (92%) were satisfied with their living environment, though many reported changes for the better and changes for the worst. One in two respondents were (very) positive towards wind turbines in general, but only one in five were (very) positive towards their impact on the landscape scenery. Fourteen percent of the repondents had economic benefits from wind turbines by owning them or having shares in wind turbines or otherwise. They usually lived closer to the wind turbines, were higher educated, less old and hence healthier compared to the other respondents, and they relatively often worked at home. Respondents with economical benefits were less negative to wind turbines in general and their influence on the landscape scenery. Response to wind turbine sound The percentage of respondents noticing the sound of wind turbines increased with increasing sound level, ranging from 25% at low sound levels (less than 30 dBA) to 80% and more at higher sound levels (above 35 dBA). Percentages were the same for those who had benefits and the other respondents. The percentage of respondents that were annoyed by the sound also increased with sound level up to 40 to 45 dBA and then decreased. Respondents with economic benefits reported almost no annoyance. This in part explains the decrease in annoyance at high sound levels: above 45 dBA, i.e. close to wind turbines, the majority of respondents have economical benefits. The percentage of respondents without economic benefits that were rather or very annoyed when outdoors increased from 2% at low levels of wind turbine sound (less than 30 dBA) up to 25% at levels of 40 to 45 dBA. In general respondents perceived wind turbines as being louder in wind blowing from the turbine to their dwelling (and less loud the other way round), in stronger wind and at night. The majority (75%) of respondents that could hear wind turbines think that swishing or lashing is a correct characterization of the sound. The second most typical characterization was rustling (for 25% of the respondents). Other characterizations were chosen by less than 10% of the respondents. Respondents were more likely to be annoyed by sound from wind turbines when they noted changes for the worse in their living environment and when they had a more negative view on wind turbines in general or their impact on the landscape scenery. Health effects There is no indication that the sound from wind turbines had an effect on respondents' health, except for the interruption of sleep. At high levels of wind turbine sound (more than 45 dBA) interruption of sleep was more likely than at low levels. Higher levels of background sound from road traffic also increased the odds for interrupted sleep. Annoyance from wind turbine sound was related to difficulties with falling asleep and to higher stress scores. From this study it cannot be concluded whether these health effects are caused by annoyance or vice versa or whether both are related to another factor. Response to other aspects of wind turbines Respondents were also annoyed by wind turbines in other ways than by sound: between 4% and 13% were rather or very annoyed by vibrations or the movement of rotor blades or their shadows in- or outdoors. One out of three respondents could not see a wind turbine from their dwelling, especially when living in a built-up area or further away from the turbines. The visibility of wind turbines strongly affected the probability of being annoyed by their sound: when turbines were visible, respondents were far more likely to be annoyed. An unexpected result was that respondents living in a rural area with a main road within 500 m from the wind turbine(s) were less annoyed than respondents living in a built-up area, though the background sound levels from road traffic are on average the same in both area types and one would expect that wind turbines are more readily visible in a rural area. Recommendations In this survey sound was the most annoying aspect of wind turbines. From this and previous studies it appears that sound from wind turbines is relatively annoying: at the same sound level it causes more annoyance than sound from air or road traffic. A swishing character is observed by three out of four respondents that can hear the sound and could be one of the factors explaining the annoyance. Sound is therefore an important and negative feature of wind farms and we recommend that, in the planning of wind farms, the negative impact of the sound and sound reduction should be given more attention. Nevertheless, people that have economical benefits from wind turbines are much less or not at all annoyed, even though they often live closer to wind farms and are exposed to higher sound levels. This lack of annoyance may be the result of several factors: e.g. the 'benefitters' have a more positive view on wind farms, they have an actual benefit and they have a measure of control on the turbines. These characteristics may show the way to more acceptance and less annoyance with other residents: residents may be given some benefits and a sense of control too. Discussion of the different views on the landscape, instead of opposition to other views, may help in reaching consensus. Visibility of wind turbines enhances their potential to cause noise annoyance. When wind turbines are invisible, they cause less annoyance. Perhaps less visibility can also be the result of reducing the visual contrast between turbines and landscape. The possibilities to do this will depend on the landscape type. The capability of busy road traffic to mask the sound of wind turbines is apparently not straightforward: a higher level of background sound from road traffic indeed reduces the probability of noticing the sound of wind turbines, but it does not have an effect on annoyance from the wind turbines. This may be due to differences between both sounds in pitch, in character (swishing) and in diurnal variation. This issue needs further investigation.


Abstract: Although Zosimus is recognised as a generally servile epitomator, it has in the past been customary to regard his statements about the baneful influence of Christianity upon the Empire's fortunes as representing his own considered opinions. This dissertation attempts to show that Zosimus copied these ideas directly from his main source, Eunapius, modifying them only in very minor ways.  The first chapter consists in a detailed comparison of the remaining fragments of Eunapius' History with Zosimus. It is shown that in many places Zosimus made only very slight changes in his epitome which were due to the need to condense his source or to his own very different taste in style. He was prone to abridge or omit especially rhetorical or reflective passages and those involving character portrayal. Some minor interpolations he introduced were due either to ignorance on his part or to a consciousness of the changes which the Empire had undergone since the time when his source wrote. The chapter concludes with a study of passages which seem to indicate a major divergence from Eunapius. All of these, it is suggested, conform to the types indicated earlier in the chapter. This part of the study then confirms the impression that Zosimus departed but little, and that rarely enough, from his source. Chapter two carries the study to parts of Zosimus' work for which there are no remains of Eunapius. Although Zosimus' carelessness and incompetence are abundantly revealed some evidence is produced of a crude attempt on Zosimus' part, from time to time, to dramatise, or rather to heighten the drama of, material taken from Eunapius. Attention is drawn to some passages, notably those on the mime and on the auri lustralis collatio, which have been seen as Zosimus' own contributions to his work, but which on closer investigation seem also to have been copied from Eunapius. In this chapter also the evidence for other sources within the part of the New History that was taken from Eunapius is reviewed and dismissed.  The decline of the Roman Empire is the subject of the third chapter. The various elements in Zosimus' "theory"-the decline of the cities, the rise of Christianity, the abandonment of paganism--are shown to be present in the works of Eunapius and to a lesser extent Olympiodorus. Moreover two of the cardinal passages in Zosimus' work--the digressions on Palmyra and on the Secular Games--are shown to have probably been taken also from Eunapius. This is not to deny Zosimus all originality as in his proem he emphasises the idea of decline in a way that Eunapius did not do. Moreover his work belongs more to the genre of "world history" like those of the Christian chroniclers rather than of  "secular history" like his models Eunapius and Olympiodorus. Nevertheless it seems that he took from Eunapius with minimal modifications the religious and political ideas which give distinction to an otherwise insipid piece of work.


The Swedish preschool curriculum emphasizes children's learning through play. This means that children's learning in everyday practice is accomplished through a complex mixture of teacher-led activities and activities the children themselves initiate. When learning is viewed as situated and constituted through social interaction (Lave & Wenger, 1991), almost all social events have learning potential. Consequently, from an educational and a curriculum point of view it is important to raise the question of how children's learning can be made visible, and determine what kind of learning children's own initiated (play) activities imply. The focus of the paper is on children's (aged 3-5 years) "communities of practice" at the computer during "free play" period in two various Swedish preschools settings. Events of peer interaction are analyzed in detail to illustrate what kind of learning activities are going on at the computer, and to discuss these events of potential learning in relation to the curriculum goals and the educational practice. From a curriculum point of view, the analyses show that the children's activities at the computer involve a variety of events that might provides for learning that can be viewed as goal-oriented. From the children's point of view, the project of socialization seems to be the most prominent goal. A crucial point for educational success, however, is to understand not only what the object of learning is, rather what motivates children's play apprenticeship in their own "communities of practice".


The mechanism for U(VI) reduction by Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) was investigated. The H2-dependent U(VI) reductase activity in the soluble fraction of the cells was lost when the soluble fraction was passed over a cationic exchange column which extracted cytochrome c3. Addition of cytochrome c3 back to the soluble fraction that had been passed over the cationic exchange column restored the U(VI)-reducing capacity. Reduced cytochrome c3 was oxidized by U(VI), as was a c-type cytochrome(s) in whole-cell suspensions. When cytochrome c3 was combined with hydrogenase, its physiological electron donor, U(VI) was reduced in the presence of H2. Hydrogenase alone could not reduce U(VI). Rapid U(VI) reduction was followed by a subsequent slow precipitation of the U(IV) mineral uraninite. Cytochrome c3 reduced U(VI) in a uranium-contaminated surface water and groundwater. Cytochrome c3 provides the first enzyme model for the reduction and biomineralization of uranium in sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the finding that cytochrome c3 can catalyze the reductive precipitation of uranium may aid in the development of fixed-enzyme reactors and/or organisms with enhanced U(VI)-reducing capacity for the bioremediation of uranium-contaminated waters and waste streams.


This research explores issues encountered by academic staff in their adoption of technology within the teaching and learning environment. The context of this research is set within a global environment; where technology is seen as both underpinning and enabling the current period of rapid change. Both the literature and University documents purport that the use of technology is instrumental in the delivery of positive economic, educational and social change. The researcher identified a dissonance between administrative policy and practices, and academic practice in relation to the use of technology. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of academic staff in their adoption of technology within the teaching and learning environment. The literature review generated following research questions: 1. Why do academic staff use information communication technology (ICT)? 2. How do academic staff use ICT? 3. What are the barriers to the use of ICT that have been identified by academic staff? 4. How do academic leaders promote the use of ICT in teaching and learning? As the adoption of technology is essentially a social process, the epistemological position of constructivism, using an interpretative perspective, was adopted for this research. The methodology of case study is utilised as it allowed detailed exploration of self-perceptions and lived experiences of the participants in relation to their use of technology within their professional practice. 21 participants were initially selected for this study. From this group of participants Rogers' Theory of Diffusion was used to select those participants who could provide the most useful insights; resulting in the seven case studies documented in this thesis.;This research concluded that for the academic mainstream, the deployment and availability of technology had reached a stage where hardware, software, internet connectivity and projection capability were no longer seen as impediments to their use of technology. All participants, ranging from the highly innovative to the late technology adopters, used technology for email, the world wide web (WWW), administrative tasks, and the preparation and presentation of their lectures. While the use of various technologies was universal among the participants, the predominant use of technology was to support the transmission mode of instruction. The research concluded that a constructivist educational approach was not closely linked to early technology adoption, but to the participants' individual educational beliefs. The educational beliefs of the participants were in conflict with their experience of the University's practices, which reflected a lack of instructional leadership in relation to the use of technology.


The paper investigates the symbolical and real borders in the areas of contact b e- tween the Jews of the Hungarian countryside and the peasants between the two world wars. The symbolical borders are created principally by differences in mentality. These are the borders which for the most part and inherently separate. Tradition, culture, religion, way of life, in many cases the language, and the minority or majority status all separate. Most of these raise an insuperable barrier between the two social groups although - as we shall see - there are cases when some of these bo r- ders can be crossed. In contrast, economic interests and the need for social contacts generally make the Jewish and peasant communities dependent on each other, and here the borders also open up more often. Keywords: otherness, rural Jewish culture, minority questions, Jewish immigration, separation of the Jews, Jewish and Christian feasts


Duodenal obstruction by compression from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) can be managed using minimally invasive techniques. We will discuss a presentation of a 46-year-old female with abdominal pain and vomiting on background of recent weight loss. Diagnosis was made with CT of abdomen and barium follow-through. She was treated with surgical intervention as initial conservative management failed. Surgery is required when conservative management fails. Though Strong procedure is easy and effective for some patients, duodenojejunostomy is the treatment of choice. Advances in minimally invasive surgery have demonstrated the safety and low morbidity of laparoscopically created enteric anastomoses. J Med Cases. 2018;9(2):37-40 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2982w


This paper investigated the relationship between leadership behaviors as well as Hofstede's five cultural dimensions in financial institutions. A questionnaire is collected from 678 employees of Taiwan financial institutions. Leadership behaviors are measured through Bass and Avolio's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Awareness of organizational culture is tested via Hofstede's cultural dimension. Pearson Correlation test reveals that 14 significant correlations among leadership behaviors and culture dimensions. In addition, the relationships among all transactional and transformational leadership attributes indicates high levels of transactional leadership associated with higher levels of transformational leadership.


The research carried out by the author of the article in 2011, showed that in cases of simplified procurement procedures most claims, which are received by purchasing organization from the contestants, are related to the qualification requirements for suppliers and their evaluation. A considerable part of claims received from the contestants of international procurements are also related to the qualification requirements of suppliers and their evaluation. Failing to analyse claims properly, many issues both for courts and purchasing organizations arise. This article is intended to analyse the problematic aspects of the determination of qualification requirements for suppliers and of the qualification of procurement conditions. The attention is focused on the description of suppliers' qualification and the discussion of some problematic aspects of requirements determination. Article 32 of Law on Public Procurement provides that the purchasing organization has to find out whether the supplier is competent, reliable and able to meet the purchase conditions, therefore, it has the right to determine minimal qualification requirements (the right to engage in a relevant activity in financial, economic and technical capacity) for candidates or participants in the notification on purchase and other purchase documents or requirements for the candidates or participants to submit the information indicated in purchase documents as well as documents proving qualification. It is impossible to determine the requirements which would be surplus for purchasing organization seeking to ascertain whether the supplier is reliable and able to meet the conditions of prospective purchase. Therefore, Article 32 of Law on Public Procurement consolidates the concept of "minimal qualification requirements for suppliers", which implies the obligation for purchasing organizations to consider the above mentioned balance between objectives and measures. It is essential that the qualification requirements did not limit competition artificially and did not contradict basic principles of public procurement. It is also important that both the requirements which are proportionate to purchase object and those which are important for the implementation of specific purchase contract were substantiated. Thus relevant qualification requirements (e.g. certain turnover, value of executed contracts etc.) have to be correlated to the object of purchase and be proportional to it. For instance, it is disproportionate to require the turnover which is bigger than the object of purchase several times or it implements the contract of purchase that exceeds the price of the object of purchase. Without ensuring a certain balance between objectives and measures during the evaluation of suppliers' qualification some potential participants may be unreasonably eliminated and thus the compliance with the basic principles of public procurement is not ensured and the objective is not reached. In determining the requirements, the purchasing organization has to evaluate objectively the situation in the market as well as to determine the requirements which would ensure honest competition, provide an opportunity for purchasing organization to reach the desired result and allow the rational use of procurement funds. All restrictions in participation in public procurement should satisfy the criteria of such restriction expediency and validity.


An organocatalytic system based on an unprecedented proline analogue and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Prn/Fe2O3@SiO2) was designed and employed in vanillin production from isoeugenol and vanillyl alcohol. Full characterization of the obtained catalyst revealed the successful functionalization of the nanoparticle surface with the organic moieties. The activity of the magnetic bifunctional material was compared with its proton-unexchanged counterpart. Interestingly, the oxidation of isoeugenol resulted in being highly dependent on the acidic functionalities of the organocatalyst. Nonetheless, the catalytic performance of the proton-unexchanged catalyst suggested that the acidic and basic sites of the Prn/Fe2O3@SiO2 exhibited a synergic effect, giving rise to higher conversion and selectivity. The presence of bifunctional groups in the proline analogue, together with the magnetic properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles, could lead to high efficiency, versatility, recoverability, and reusability.


A personalized DC/AML fusion cell vaccine promotes the expansion of leukemia-specific T cells and prolonged remission in patients. Immune cells join leukemia then beat it Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic cancer. The only curative treatment available for this disease is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which can result in donor immune cells helping to eradicate the cancer. Unfortunately, this procedure is not always effective and is itself associated with numerous complications and risk of death. Rosenblatt et al. have identified a potentially better way to stimulate an immune response against AML by fusing patients' own leukemia cells with dendritic cells. The resulting fusion cells were very effective at presenting tumor antigens to T cells, resulting in a strong antitumor T cell response and prolonged survival in human patients. We developed a personalized cancer vaccine in which patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are fused with autologous dendritic cells, generating a hybridoma that potently stimulates broad antitumor responses. We report results obtained from the first 17 AML patients, who achieved remission after chemotherapy and were then serially vaccinated to target minimal residual disease and prevent relapse. Vaccination was well tolerated and induced inflammatory responses at the site of administration, characterized by the dense infiltration of T cells. Vaccination was also associated with a marked rise in circulating T cells recognizing whole AML cells and leukemia-specific antigens that persisted for more than 6 months. Twelve of 17 vaccinated patients (71%; 90% confidence interval, 52 to 89%) remain alive without recurrence at a median follow-up of 57 months. The results demonstrate that personalized vaccination of AML patients in remission induces the expansion of leukemia-specific T cells and may be protective against disease relapse.


In this study, the efficacy of UV-C treatment was determined on the reduction of foodborne pathogens on artificially contaminated frozen food surfaces. At first, the UV-C inactivation rates on 100 μl of the respective cocktails of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella , and Listeria monocytogenes covered underneath 0.5-cm-thick ice were examined. Simultaneously, the energy percentage of UV-C transmitted through the ice was determined. The experiments showed that more than 65% of the UV-C light energy passed through the ice and that UV-C susceptibility was in the descending order of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella , and L. monocytogenes . L. monocytogenes , the most UV-C-resistant strain, was then selected to test on frozen raspberries. The UV-C inactivation kinetic data of L. monocytogenes were well described using the Weibull equation. During 720 s of UV-C exposure, with a total dose of 7.8 × 102 mJ/cm2, a 1.5-log CFU/g reduction of L. monocytogenes population on the surface of frozen red raspberries was noted. No significant differences in total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and total antioxidant activity were observed between UV-C-treated and untreated frozen berries immediately after treatment. At the end of 9 months of storage at -35°C, UV-C-treated berries had statistically lower total phenolics, higher total anthocyanins, and similar total antioxidant activity compared with untreated berries. This study shows that UV-C light can be used to reduce the L. monocytogenes population on frozen raspberries.


A practical and concise book that teaches XML from the ground up. This tutorial style presents various XML methodologies and techniques in an easy to understand way, building a basis for further exploration. XML is essentially an enabling technology, dry and boring on its own. As a result, most books on the market are dry, and academic in nature teaching theory rather than practice. This book actually teaches practical, real-world applications of XML, using the very latest version of PHP (PHP 5) as the base language. No Nonsense XML Web Development with PHP explains how XML can be put to use in real-world projects. The book also covers buzz topics such as RSS and Web Services.


For several decades, "culture" played a central role in challenging the liberal tradition and its legal and philosophical foundations, a debate particularly acute in the field of human rights. "Religion," which also had posed a challenge to liberal thought for centuries, seemed to have almost faded away beyond constitutional debates regarding the limits of free exercise. More recently, however, religion seems to have reemerged as the new central challenge facing Western liberal societies. This paper is the introduction to an edited volume that addresses the significance of the growing presence of "religion" in contemporary law and politics, and discusses the following questions: Has "religion" indeed taken the place of "culture" as a center of political tension and social integration? How have liberal democracies faced the rise of religion in the age of multiculturalism? Do religious and ethnic groups pose similar challenges to modern liberal societies, or are these challenges significantly different? Has the traditional struggle for "religious freedom" been transformed to a struggle for political recognition in line with the more contemporary "politics of identity"? Are contemporary discussions of a "post-secular" society similar to those of "multi-cultural" societies? Are notions of religious belief being merged with cultural practices to enlarge the constitutionally protected autonomy of minorities? Can this destabilize societies viewing themselves as multicultural by relying on a common foundation presented as secular? Can the notion of "citizenship" escape any religious overtone, given the significance of religious beliefs in the identities of so many groups constituting modern societies? Is "secularization" itself, as some have argued, "culturally biased"? Is "culture" in the final analysis nothing more than a "secularized" version of (Christian?) "religion"? More generally, what is the philosophical and legal sense of "religion" and "culture"? Have these concepts and the phenomena they represent undergone a historical change? Are we in need of new concepts, doctrines and theories to comprehend and resolve the new challenges of religious revival in the post-multicultural age?