Piping and structural components used in space launch facilities such as NASA's Kennedy Space Center and the Air Force's Cape Canaveral Air Station face extreme operating conditions. Launch effluent and residue from solid rocket boosters react with moisture to form hydrochloric acid that settles on exposed surfaces as they are being subjected to severe mechanical loads imparted during lift-off. Failure analyses were performed on 304 stainless steel tubing that ruptured under such conditions, while carrying various gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and breathing air. Hydrostatic testing indicated a burst strength of 13,500 psi for the intact sections of tubing. Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic examination revealed that the tubing failed due to corrosion pitting exacerbated by stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The pitting originated on the outer surface of the tube and ranged from superficial to severe, with some pits extending through 75% of the tube's wall thickness. The SCC emanated from the pits and further reduced the service strength of the component until it could no longer sustain the operating pressure and final catastrophic fracture occurred. Corrosion-resistant coatings added after the investigation have proven effective in preventing subsequent such failures.


ABSTRACT The proletarianization of rural migrants is distinctive to contemporary China's development model, in which the state has fostered the growth of a "semi-proletariat" numbering more than 200 million to fuel labor-intensive industries and urbanization. Drawing on fieldwork in Guangdong and Sichuan provinces between 2010 and 2014, supplemented with scholarly studies and government surveys, the authors analyze the precarity and the individual and collective struggles of a new generation of rural migrant workers. They present an analysis of high and growing levels of labor conflict at a time when the previous domination of state enterprises has given way to the predominance of migrant workers as the core of an expanding industrial labor force. In particular, the authors assess the significance of the growing number of legal and extra-legal actions taken by workers within a framework that highlights the deep contradictions among labor, capital, and the Chinese state. They also discuss the impact of demographic changes and geographic shifts of population and production on the growth of working-class power in the workplace and the marketplace.


Nowadays, spatial information is not only used by professionals, but also by common citizens, who uses it for their daily activities. Open Data initiative states that data should be freely and unreservedly available for all users. It also applies to spatial data. As spatial data becomes widely available it is essential to publish it in form which guarantees the possibility of integrating it with other, heterogeneous data sources. Interoperability is the possibility to combine spatial data sets from different sources in a consistent way as well as providing access to it. Providing syntactic interoperability based on well-known data formats is relatively simple, unlike providing semantic interoperability, due to the multiple possible data interpretation. One of the issues connected with the problem of achieving interoperability is data harmonization. It is a process of providing access to spatial data in a representation that allows combining it with other harmonized data in a coherent way by using a common set of data product specification. Spatial data harmonization is performed by creating definition of reclassification and transformation rules (mapping schema) for source application schema. Creation of those rules is a very demanding task which requires wide domain knowledge and a detailed look into application schemas. The paper focuses on proposing methods for supporting data harmonization process, by automated or supervised creation of mapping schemas with the use of ontologies, ontology matching methods and Semantic Web technologies.


Described as an "elephantine mass" that "defies customary judicial administration," asbestos litigation remains the longest-running mass tort in U.S. history. Ultimately, the efforts made to resolve the ever-expanding asbestos litigation failed. In 1997, in Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, the United States Supreme Court struck down the use of a class action settlement to achieve a global resolution of all asbestos claims — those pending at the time and those of future claimants. In the wake of Amchem, dozens of asbestos defendants sought bankruptcy protection while plaintiffs continued to file claims in state and federal courts. Between 1988 and 2010, a United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) analysis of the approximately 100 bankruptcy trusts' payment data showed that the asbestos trusts had paid about $17.5 billion to 3.3 million claimants. Since then, much has happened but basic problems remain. The patchwork system of plaintiffs claiming in federal and state courts, as well as the separate administrative claiming before bankruptcy trusts, raises complicated issues about how injured persons can be properly compensated while assuring that defendants are not assessed damages that are not warranted, and how to protect the trusts from fraud and preserve trust funds for future meritorious claimants.The American Bar Association Torts and Insurance Section appointed a Task Force to look into issues currently confronting asbestos stakeholders. I was appointed its Reporter. This Article focuses on how the Task Force went about its work and developed a record. It then presents some thoughts on how my service brought together my long-standing academic interest in how mass torts ought to be resolved and the realities of the current asbestos litigation. What I have learned thus far has led me to question my once zealous advocacy of aggregated mass tort claims resolution.When I served as Chairperson of the Dalkon Shield Claimant's Trust, I wrote articles that focused on how the Trust resolved hundreds of thousands of claims. It is fair to say that I was a fan of aggregate resolution of mass torts. In my view, the use of multidistrict litigation, class actions, other aggregation tools, and even Chapter 11 reorganization provided fair and efficient vehicles for the resolution of mass torts. Indeed, the Dalkon Shield Board of Trustees expressly adopted motivating principles as they began to put meat on the bones of the CRF. First, and foremost, among these principles, was to "[t]reat all claimants fairly and equally, always focusing on the best interests of claimants collectively instead of on the interests of a particular claimant or group of claimants." Another principle harkened back to the first: "Prefer settlement and prompt payment of claims over arbitration and litigation." Rereading these principles in light of the compelling testimony of two of the Task Force witnesses challenged my weltanschauung about mass tort dispute resolution. Judge Robreno's and Judge Davidson's testimony about disaggregating cases into their core components, "letting lawyers be lawyers," and getting cases ready for trial instead of obsessing about global or individual settlements is what led to the successful resolution of the cases before them.Moreover, Judge Robreno's testimony suggests that attempts at aggregated resolution of the "elephantine mass" were all failures, except for the MDL itself, which has largely wrapped up its work. Rather, as Judges Robreno and Davidson testified, the disaggregation of asbestos claims allowed asbestos cases to be prepared for trial (or settlement discussions) more expeditiously. Now, dying plaintiffs can get a shot at a prompt trial date rather than having to wait out a global settlement. Perhaps tending to the needs of particular plaintiffs is the best way to protect the interests of the whole in mass tort litigation after all.


The radioactivity of aluminum-26 in two cores of Pacific sediments is an order of magnitude higher than was expected, as a result of its production by cosmic-ray interactions in the terrestrial environment. The higher activity can be explained only by postulating influx with extraterrestrial cosmic dust that had been exposed to significant flux of energetic particles capable of producing nuclear interactions. These particles may well be the "solar" cosmic rays that are sporadically accelerated by Sun during certain solar flares, since the steady galactic cosmic-ray flux is inadequate. The long-term average flux of low-energy protons in interplanetary space, required to yield the observed rate of influx of aluminum-26, is deduced on the basis of certain assumptions.


This article covers relevant issues of the development of accounting information system using the principles of integrated information space under implementation of WCM management technology. High-class internationally acknowledged business affects the key approaches to implementing social, ecological and business-processes as well as information space of economic actors. Principles underlying WCM are constant improvement and elimination of waste. In this situation, the studies oriented toward the development of theoretic and methodological projects and applications for integrating accounting systems of the economic actors into one system become especially relevant. Analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to solving this problem demonstrated that currently the issues of formation and development of the accounting system remain open. Current model of accounting system in the Russian Federation faces contradictions between new requirements and limited possibilities of the methods of traditional accounting and, consequently, the existence of qualitative, quantitative and structural changes in the development of the accounting system. Today in Russian companies there is a great number of types of accounting with a well-defined functional segment: operational, financial, managerial, statistical, fiscal as well as accounting principles IFRS/GAAP. This separation causes obstacles in the management information system and in transition to the principles WCM, creation of several duplicative uncoordinated large data of internal reporting: in parent company and its subsidiaries, head office and structural divisions of the company etc. The aim of the study is to develop methodological and methodical approaches to forming an integrated accounting system using unproductive costs and loss as an example.


Concepts, terminology, and symbols are presented for specifying and relating directional variations in reflectance and emissivity of an opaque surface element. Their relationship to more familiar concepts, including those of perfectly diffuse and specular reflectance, is given, and they are applied to illustrative examples. It is shown that, when the usual reciprocity relationship holds, the reflectance for a ray incident on an opaque surface element is related by Kirchhoff's law to the emissivity of that element for a ray emitted along the same line in the opposite sense.


Recontamination during transport and storage is a common challenge of water supply in low-income settings, especially if water is collected manually. Chlorination is a strategy to reduce recontamination. We assessed seven low-cost, non-electrically powered chlorination devices in gravity-driven membrane filtration (GDM) kiosks in eastern Uganda: one floater, two in-line dosers, three end-line dosers (tap-attached), and one manual dispenser. The evaluation criteria were dosing consistency, user-friendliness, ease of maintenance, local supply chain, and cost. Achieving an adequate chlorine dosage (∼2 mg/L at the tap and ≥ 0.2 mg/L after 24 h of storage in a container) was challenging. The T-chlorinator was the most promising option for GDM kiosks: it achieved correct dosage (CD, 1.5–2.5 mg/L) with a probability of 90 per cent, was easy to use and maintain, economical, and can be made from locally available materials. The other in-line option, the chlorine-dosing bucket (40 per cent CD) still needs design improvements. The end-line options AkvoTur (67 per cent CD) and AquatabsFlo® (57 per cent CD) are easy to install and operate at the tap, but can be easily damaged in the GDM set-up. The Venturi doser (52 per cent CD) did not perform satisfactorily with flow rates > 6 L/min. The chlorine dispenser (52 per cent CD) was robust and user-friendly, but can only be recommended if users comply with chlorinating the water themselves. Establishing a sustainable supply chain for chlorine products was challenging. Where solid chlorine tablets were locally rarely available, the costs of liquid chlorine options were high (27–162 per cent of the water price).


Background: The loss of bone mass and density is influenced by nutritional factors that act on the bone mass peak, age-related bone loss and muscle strength. The objective of the present study was to validate a food frequency questionnaire applied to estimate the relationship between food habits and bone mineral density (BMD) in a healthy adult population.
Methods: The results of the food frequency questionnaire were compared with 24-hr recall findings. Calcaneus BMD was measured by densitometry.
Results: The validity of the questionnaire was demonstrated, with Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.014 to 0.467. The Bland-Altman test also found no differences in study variables between the two methods. Correlation analysis showed that the BMD was significantly associated with the intake of vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, thiamine and iron. Total fat consumption was not associated with BMD but the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids, EPA, DHA and cholesterol showed a significant correlation.
Conclusion: The questionnaire evaluates the consumption of energy and nutrients with adequate validity. Its application revealed the importance for bone health of a diet rich in B-group vitamins, vitamin D, calcium, iron,monounsaturated fatty acids and n-3.


Deletion and mutational analyses of the rat liver glycogen-targeting subunit (GL) of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) have identified three separate domains that are responsible for binding of PP1, glycogen and phosphorylase a. The glycogen-binding domain spans the centre of GL between residues 144 and 231 and appears to be distinct from the glycogen-binding (storage) site of phosphorylase. The regulatory high-affinity binding site for phosphorylase a lies in the 16 amino acids at the C-terminus of GL. The PP1-binding domain is deduced to comprise the -RVXF- motif [Egloff, Johnson, Moorhead, Cohen and Barford (1997) EMBO J. 16, 1876-1887] located at residues 61-64 of GL and preceding lysine residues at positions 56, 57 and 59. A possible approach for increasing glycogen synthesis in certain disorders is discussed.


Many sensor networks have been deployed to monitor Earth's environment, and more
are planned for the future. Environmental sensors have continuously improved by becoming smaller, cheaper,
more intelligent, and more reliable. But due to the large number of sensor manufacturers and accompanying
protocols, integrating diverse sensors into observing systems is not straightforward, requiring development of
driver software and manual tedious configuration. Use of standard protocols and formats can improve and
automate the process of sensor installation, operation, and data processing. The Open Geospatial
Consortium's Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative defines standards which make sensors available over
the Web through standardized formats and Web Service interfaces by hiding the heterogeneity of sensor
protocols from the application layer. Current SWE standards do not deal with actual sensor protocols, and the
connection between sensors and SWE services is usually established by manually adapting the internals of
the SWE service implementation to the specific sensor interface. Such sensor "drivers" have to be built for
each kind of sensor interface, which leads to extensive efforts in developing large-scale systems.
To tackle this issue we have developed a model for Sensor Interface Descriptors (SID) which enables the
declarative description of sensor interfaces, including the definition of the communication protocol, sensor
commands, processing steps and metadata association. The model is designed as a profile and extension of
OGC SWE's Sensor Model Language standard. In this model, a SID is defined in XML for each kind of sensor
protocol. SID instances for particular sensor types can be reused in different scenarios and can be shared
among user communities. A SID interpreter can be built which translates between various sensor protocols
and SWE protocols, hence closing the described interoperability gap. The SID interpreter is independent of
any particular sensor technology, and can communicate with any sensor whose protocol can be described by
a SID. The SID interpreter transfers retrieved sensor data to a Sensor Observation Service, and transforms
tasks submitted to a Sensor Planning Service to actual sensor commands.
The proposed SWE PUCK protocol complements SID by providing a standard way to associate a sensor with
a SID, thereby completely automating the sensor integration process. PUCK protocol is implemented in
sensor firmware, and provides a means to retrieve a universally unique identifer, metadata and other
information from the device itself through its communication interface. Thus the SID interpreter can retrieve a
SID directly from the sensor through PUCK protocol. Alternatively the interpreter can retrieve the sensor's SID
from an external source, based on the unique sensor ID provided by PUCK protocol.
In this presentation, we describe the end-to-end integration of several commercial oceanographic instruments
into a sensor network using PUCK, SID and SWE services. We also present a user-friendly, graphical tool to
generate SIDs and tools to visualize sensor data


Measuring the similarity between two texts is a fundamental problem in many NLP and IR applications. Among the existing approaches, the cosine measure of the term vectors representing the original texts has been widely used, where the score of each term is often determined by a TFIDF formula. Despite its simplicity, the quality of such cosine similarity measure is usually domain dependent and decided by the choice of the term-weighting function. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that learns the term-weighting function. Given the labeled pairs of texts as training data, the learning procedure tunes the model parameters by minimizing the specified loss function of the similarity score. Compared to traditional TFIDF term-weighting schemes, our approach shows a significant improvement on tasks such as judging the quality of query suggestions and filtering irrelevant ads for online advertising.


For the three English Premier League (EPL) clubs that qualify for the Europa League by virtue of their end of season league position, participation in this competition (and its former incarnation, the UEFA Cup) generates a series of tensions and responses from stakeholders. The financial and other benefits of inclusion in this league outlined in a succinct analysis by football finance experts Deloitte (2012) are positively articulated. Whilst several UK broadsheet commentators concur with their view and make additional points as to the benefits of playing European football (e.g. Moore, 2012; Taylor, 2011; Turner, 2013), other football stakeholders point to the unavoidable problems and tensions caused by the Europa League. These have existed for some time and generally concern the strains on playing squads that have limited strength in depth compared to some of their Premier and Europa League competitors making them more vulnerable to potential player injuries (source). The balancing of EPL and Europa League commitments can be challenging as managers are frequently tasked with maintaining if not exceeding EPL performance. However, managers and players together with supporters often cherish the symbolic achievement bestowed by European qualification and engagement with such competitions is often a key means of attracting highly prized managerial and playing talent (source). However, team success can lead to manager and player departures as seen over the past decade where nine out of the ten clubs who won the trophy lost their manager immediately after their victory. For the clubs' administration, whilst the Europa Cup can be a valued source of income during hard economic times (Deloitte, 2012), the amounts generated can be variable and it is uncertain as to its real value to clubs given the additional expenditure. In addition it is not clear what impact the league has on attendance for EPL games, marketing and corporate sponsorship. As this precis outlines, there is a lack of analysis based on reliable empirical data as to the impact of participation within this competition on these clubs. This paper attempts to fill this gap with a more rigorous cost – benefit analysis of the short term impact on a club's finances. The paper takes a detailed view of a small number of EPL clubs that have entered the EL competition over a number of years. Concluding that entry into the EL, in light of new financial legislation, may not be a viable proposition for all those striving to achieve it.


This thesis focuses on the identification of influential users, also known as key opinion leaders, within the social network Instagram. Instagram is a very popular platform to share images with the option to categorise the images by certain tags. It is possible to collect public data from Instagram via the open API of the platform.
This thesis presents a concept to create an automated crawler for this API and col- lect data into a database in order to apply algorithms from graph theory to identify opinion leaders afterwards. The sample topic for this thesis has been veganfood and all associated posts from Instagram have been crawled.
After the user data has been crawled a graph has been created to do further research with common social network analysis tools. The graph contained a total set of more than 26,000 nodes.
To identify opinion leaders from this graph, five di↵erent metrics have been applied, in particular PageRank, Betweenness centrality, Closeness Centrality, Degree and Eigen- vector centrality. After applying the di↵erent algorithms the results have been eval- uated and additionally an marketing expert with focus on social media analysed the results.
This project was able to figured out that it is possible to find opinion leaders by using the PageRank algorithm and that those opinion leaders have a very good value of en- gagement. This indicates that they show a high interaction with other users on their posts. In conclusion the additional research options are discussed to provide a future outlook.


The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of four composite electrolytes for lithium ion battery applications. The two-phase electrolytes are composed of a soft, ionic conductive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) matrix having stiff nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) paper as reinforcement to provide mechanical integrity. The reinforcing CNF is modified in order to create covalent bonds between the phases which is particularly beneficial when swelling the composite with a liquid electrolyte to enhance the ionic conductivity. After swelling the composite polymer electrolyte, forming a gelled structure, values of ionic conductivity at 5 10 5 S cm 1 and an elastic modulus around 400 MPa at 25 C are obtained.


This Guide to all things 3D in Adobe Photoshop will have you creating models and scenes in no time! Filled with rich imagery and fun tutorials, the project-based chapters within build your knowledge of important 3D concepts and show you what is possible in Photoshop. You'll discover ways to push your creative ambitions forward and create eye-catching 3D artwork. The author's companion website, 3DPhotoshop.net, offers downloadable objects and artwork so you can work through the techniques in the book. Steve Caplin has an incredible depth of knowledge with all of Photoshop. He has been working with the 3D tools from the start and is one of the few experts who understands how to leverage the 3D capabilities - Zorana Gee, Adobe Photoshop Senior Product Manager


Abstract. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature with a nanosecond laser was used to prepare WO3 layers on both MEMS microheater platforms and Si/SiO2 substrates. Structural characterization showed that the layers are formed of nanoparticles and nanoparticle agglomerates. Two types of layers were prepared, one at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.08 mbar and one at 0.2 mbar. The layer structure and the related gas sensing properties were shown to be highly dependent on this deposition parameter. At an oxygen pressure of 0.2 mbar, formation of e-phase WO3 was found, which is possibly contributing to the observed increase in sensitivity of the sensor material. The gas sensing performance of the two sensor layers prepared via PLD was tested for detection of volatile organic compounds (benzene, formaldehyde and naphthalene) at ppb level concentrations, with various ethanol backgrounds (0.5 and 2 ppm) and gas humidities (30, 50 and 70 % RH). The gas sensors were operated in temperature cycled operation. For signal processing, linear discriminant analysis was performed using features extracted from the conductance signals during temperature variations as input data. Both WO3 sensor layers showed high sensitivity and selectivity to naphthalene compared to the other target gases. Of the two layers, the one prepared at higher oxygen partial pressure showed higher sensitivity and stability resulting in better discrimination of the gases and of different naphthalene concentrations. Naphthalene at concentrations down to 1 ppb could be detected with high reliability, even in an ethanol background of up to 2 ppm. The sensors show only low response to ethanol, which can be compensated reliably during the signal processing. Quantification of ppb level naphthalene concentrations was also possible with a high success rate of more than 99 % as shown by leave-one-out cross validation.


Undernutrition and oxidative stress in fetal life and infancy may lead to adverse health outcomes in the offspring. We studied nutrition and oxidative parameters in pregnancy and their associations with birth anthropometry and metabolic status in the children.In Matlab in rural Bangladesh, women were randomized to either early (Early) invitation to food supplementation or to start at their own liking (Usual). Women were also allocated to either; 1) 60 mg iron and 400 µg folic acid (Fe60F), 2) multiple micronutrients including 30 mg iron and folic acid (MMS), or 3) 30 mg iron and folic acid (Fe30F). Micronutrients (hemoglobin, iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamin B-12) were assessed in pregnancy week 14, lipid peroxidation in week 14 and 30, and DNA oxidation in week 19. The offspring were assessed for anthropometric measurements at birth and metabolic status at 4.5 years.Micronutrient deficiencies were common with zinc and vitamin B-12 deficiency being most prevalent. Anemia was present in approximately one third of women, however, iron deficiency was uncommon seen in only 2%.Maternal Early food supplementation group resulted in an improved lipid status in the children at 4.5 years compared to Usual food group. Prenatal use of MMS lowered the children's glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and growth factors compared to Fe60F. Lipid peroxidation in early pregnancy was associated with size at birth and insulin and HOMA-IR levels in the children. Lipid peroxidation in late pregnancy, however, was associated with the children's lipid status. Both increasing lipid peroxidation and increasing DNA oxidation was associated with decreasing IGF-1 levels. The beneficial effects of an Early start of food supplementation show that an improved prenatal nutrition may have lasting effects in the offspring and highlights the importance of early timing food supplementation. Use of MMS, however, resulted in lower insulin levels, which, considering the already low level of insulin in these children, may be a cause of concern. MMS also resulted in growth factors indicative of slower growth and further research appears to be needed before scaling up the use of MMS. Oxidative parameters in pregnancy were associated with longer-term outcomes in the offspring, suggesting that oxidative stress may be involved in the development of later metabolic disease.


The implementation of large linear control systems requires a high amount of digital signal processing. Here, we show that reconfigurable hardware allows the design of fast yet flexible control systems. After discussing the basic concepts for the design and implementation of digital controllers for mechatronic systems, a new general and automated design flow starting from a system of differential equations to application-specific hardware implementation is presented. The advances of reconfigurable hardware as a target technology for linear controllers is discussed. In a case study, we compare the new hardware approach for implementing linear controllers with a software implementation.


Sketch is a sublinear space data structure that allows one to approximately reconstruct the value associated with any given key in an input data stream. It is the basis for answering a number of fundamental queries on data streams, such as range queries, finding quantiles, frequent items, etc. In the networking context, sketch has been applied to identifying heavy hitters and changes, which is critical for traffic monitoring, accounting, and network anomaly detection.
 In this paper, we propose a novel approach called lsquare to significantly improve the reconstruction accuracy of the sketch data structure. Given a sketch and a set of keys, we estimate the values associated with these keys by constructing a linear system and finding the optimal solution for the system using linear least squares method. We use a large amount of real Internet traffic data to evaluate lsquare against countmin, the state-of-the-art sketch scheme. Our results suggest that given the same memory requirement, lsquare achieves much better reconstruction accuracy than countmin. Alternatively, given the same reconstruction accuracy, lsquare requires significantly less memory. This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.


Toari sub-district has a population of 4,434 head or 18.47% of the total 24,003 head of the goat population in Kolaka Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of Etawa crossbreed goats and bean goats in different maintenance systems in the Toari District. The population in this study were all breeders of Etawa Peranakan goats and peanut goats in the Toari District with the research sample of Ranomentaa, Rano Jaya, Lakito, and Toari villages. The sampling method was determined by purposive sampling, ie the sample was determined intentionally while the data used were primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through interviews of 100 respondents while secondary data were obtained from the District, village, and related government offices. The results showed that the production of Etawa Peranakan goat and PE Goat Production characteristics (body weight, birth type, chest circumference, body length, shoulder height, and pelvic height) General Etawa (PE) goats were higher compared to pea goats both in maintenance intensive, semi-intensive or extensive system.


As technology undermines the economic model supporting traditional newspapers, power shifts from the watchdog press to those it watches. Worldwide calls for increased press "responsibility" are one result. Pending British press reform provides a troubling example with far-ranging implications for freedom of the press. Under the guise of modest press self-regulation, the U.K. is currently poised to upend 300 years of press freedom via the recently-approved Royal Charter for Self-Regulation of the Press. The Royal Charter was adopted in response to the moral panic engendered by Britain's tabloid phone-hacking scandal. An example of 20th Century regulation poorly fitted for the 21st Century's evolving news ecosystem, the Royal Charter regime is little more than licensing by proxy. Half-hearted attempts to insulate it from political pressure fail to negate its predictable chilling effects. Indeed, those effects present a particularly grave threat today, when states obsessed with surveillance and security achieve aggressive information control and censorship through collusion with private parties. A bird's eye view of British press regulation reveals a trifecta of meta-regulation, direct government censorship, and constraints on information access. The effects of Royal Charter regime, far from being limited to the UK, will be felt around the world.


The audiovisual cultural heritage is a valuable collection that both reflects contemporary developments in the 20th century and at the same time is a source material for research. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the State and University Library established a digital archive for Danish film and TV-commercials, why the collection is important, and how it became available online to students and researchers. The process presents a number of challenges including copyright and technical issues. The scalable and integrated service may be used for other audiovisual collections in the future.


A new Early Triassic coelacanth, Belemnocerca prolata, gen. et sp. nov., is described as a new member of the family Laugiidae. Although only one incomplete specimen is known, much can be deduced about its evolutionary relationships. In particular, the new coelacanth is most similar to one member of its family, Laugia groenlandica, in the asymmetry (dorsal lobe longer than ventral) and the gradually tapering shape of its caudal fin, though it differs in caudal fin ray count and anal fin position as well as in the size and shape of the supplementary lobe. Belemnocerca prolata is the westernmost occurrence of the family Laugiidae and only member of this family known to inhabit Panthalassa, west of the supercontinent Pangaea. The family Laugiidae has a temporal range from the Early Triassic to the Late Jurassic, and its members have been described from both Greenland and Germany.


Many sorts of quantitative and qualitative empirical research are regularly used to answer questions related to work and workplace issues. However, some issues involving human behavior may be difficult to capture using standard empirical methods. Common barriers include access to people or information; problems with accurate or honest reporting; behavior that occurs over long periods of time; cost; and ethical barriers as to research using human subjects. Important information related to collective bargaining can be difficult to collect for all of these reasons. Participants in collective bargaining may not want outsiders present for all or critical parts of negotiations. They may not be candid about motives or actions, or they may be honest but not fully self-aware as to motives or actions. Bargaining sessions may be long and extend over months or years. In the case of gathering information about collective bargaining within the larger union-employer-employee contexts may require decades of access and involvement. As a result, costs in terms of time and funding and other issues may rule out examining certain sorts of questions using actual participants engaged in collective bargaining. Thus, one important area that would benefit from empirical research – testing the effects of law and proposals for law reform in general and collective bargaining law reform in particular – has so many of these problems that many important issues cannot be tested using standard methods. In addition, testing law reform proposals requires gathering data on actions that have not yet happened. Simulations provide one useful way to overcome many of these problems. In effect, simulations create a law reform laboratory. Of course, simulations are only useful if they are reflect reality. This article examines evidence as to participants' actions in a simulation used to test various iterations of laws governing how collective bargaining impasses are to be resolved and whether those actions sufficiently mirror those of employer and union negotiators as to provide reliable data on the likely effects of law reform.


This article proposes to explore the interaction between populism and environmentalism in the discourse of populist radical left parties, through a case study of Jean-Luc Mélenchon's parties, Parti de gauche (2008–2016) and La France insoumise (from 2016). While an emerging literature primarily investigated the populist framing of populist radical right parties' climate (sceptic) discourse, the article analyses how a populist radical left party incorporates environmental issues into its agenda and the extent to which environmentalism and populism concretely interweave. Using mixed-methods, we first show that the logics of party competition and the growing salience of environmental issues led La France insoumise to gradually develop an ambitious green agenda. We then show that there is evidence for a populism/environmentalism nexus that could be defined as 'green populism'. La France insoumise's ecosocialist ideology combines to anti-elitism and people-centrism to blame the environmental crisis on the 'oligarchy' and to promote a green transition that would protect the people.


Persistence and periodicity in normalised precipitation anomaly series of 91 stations over Turkey were analysed using serial correlation coefficients and power spectra. There were consider- able geographical variations and inter-seasonal contrasts with respect to periodicity and persistence characteristics. Lag-one serial correlation (L-1SC) coefficients for winter series were mostly positive and were significant at the 0.05 level for 31 stations. Annual variations at 17 stations also showed significant positive L-1SC coefficients. In contrast, year-to-year variations in spring series were characterised by negative L-1SC coefficients at most stations (significant at 18). Summer series were characterised by both positive and negative coefficients. Autumn series of most stations were random with regard to serial dependence. For winter series, long cycles of 8.4, 12-12.7, 14, 18 and 21 yr were dominant in the Marmara Transition and the Mediterranean regions, whereas short cycles of 2, 2.1, 3 and 3.2 yr were found for the Black Sea region. Major spectral peaks of most spring series occurred within spectral bands with cycles of around 2, 3, 4 and 5 yr; a 2 yr periodicity was obtained for many stations. Statistically significant negative relationships between precipitation anomalies and 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies in winter and autumn showed an apparent spatial coherence over most of Turkey. Prominent spectral peaks corresponding to about 2 and 3 yr cycles in spring precipitation anomaly series appeared to be associated with similar oscillations in spring geopotential height anom- alies. A cycle of 14 yr was found for winter precipitation and geopotential height anomalies.


The shell weights of planktonic foraminifera can be used as a proxy to reconstruct seawater [CO32-] in the past and, therefore, to provide clues regarding the ocean carbon cycle. Foraminiferal shells must be cleaned prior to weight measurements in order to remove detritus trapped within the shell chambers. The standard cleaning procedure, which involves an eight-second sonication step in water, causes greater breakage of thin-walled shells relative to thick-walled shells, thereby biasing weight measurements. Furthermore, the extent of shell breakage is greater for samples that have undergone significant in-situ partial dissolution. Because the sonic cleaning efficiency of sodium hexametaphosphate is much greater than that of water, we recommend a cleaning procedure based on a four-second sonication step in a 2% sodium hexametaphosphate solution. This procedural change provides a greater detritus cleaning effect and minimizes shell breakage, making shell weight measurements more reliable.


Airglow imager and Na wind/temperature lidar measurements at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico (35°N, 107°W) are used to estimate the seasonal variation of the vertical fluxes of horizontal momentum carried by high frequency Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs). The cross‐correlation coefficients between the vertical and horizontal wind perturbations were calculated from the OH airglow imager data collected during 32 nights in 1998, 1999 and 2000. The RMS wind velocities were deduced from the lidar measurements. The combined information was used to estimate the upper limit of the momentum flux. The meridional component of the vertical flux of horizontal momentum was observed to be towards the summer pole. The zonal component had westward preference in winter and weak preference in summer. The unanticipated large meridional component may act to regulate the summer to winter circulation in the mesosphere.


SUMMARY This paper proposes a dynamic localization algorithm for a variable speed mobile robot. In order to localize a mobile robot with active beacon sensors, a relatively long time is needed, since the distance to the beacon is measured using the time-of-flight of the ultrasonic signal. The measurement time does not cause a high error rate when the mobile robot moves slowly. However, with an increase of the mobile robot's speed, the localization error becomes too high to use for accurate mobile robot navigation. Therefore, in this research into high-speed mobile robot operations, instead of using two active beacons for localization, an active beacon and the predicted path are utilized to localize the mobile robot. This new approach resolves the high-localization error caused by the speed of mobile robot. The performance of this method was verified by comparing it to the conventional method through real-world experiments.


Problem: Type II diabetes (T2D) is a common occurrence in healthcare and found in nearly every part of the world. Epidemiological evidence suggests that, without effective prevention and control programs, the burden of diabetes will continue to increase globally. Programs involving dietary counseling have proven efficacious for improving a range of outcomes in T2D, including a decrease in the HbA1c by 0.5-2%, and have been shown to prevent or postpone associated comorbidities. Despite the endless benefits dietary counseling can provide, little is known about patient perceptions regarding dietary counseling. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence on the various barriers patients face in adhering to the dietitian's recommendations. Project Purpose: One of the Healthy People 2020 objectives is to reduce diabetes and its economic burden as well as improve the quality of life for all persons who have, or are at risk for, diabetes. Additionally, the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes published by the American Diabetes Association in January 2017 recommends a dietary counseling program, preferably by a registered dietitian (RD), for all people with diabetes. In considering the influence dietitians have on promoting lifestyle interventions, the purpose of this quality improvement project was to determine patients' perceptions of dietary counseling and the barriers faced in adhering to the dietitian's recommendations. The project sample included adults age 18 and older who have T2D, are of either gender, and any race or ethnicity. Pender's health promotion model was the applied theoretical framework for this project. Project Method: The project took place at the South Branch Library in Kansas City, Kansas. The sample was derived from patients who attend Silver City Health Clinic (SCHC), an underserved urban clinic in Kansas City, Kansas. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were encouraged by their providers to attend any or all of the eight dietary sessions that were free to attend and were conducted by a RD and RN employed by SCHC. A survey was administered at the end of the sessions to evaluate patients' perceived benefits of the dietary counseling they received, along with the barriers they believed may impede adherence to the recommendations.


In the early Christian church the spelling of the Word was essential, and this also contributed to making the literacy of music an important element in identifying and structuring Christian societies. Bringing literacy to music had several consequences, in particular the separation of the creator (composer) from the performer (musician). In the Age of Enlightenment the idea of music as a work of art distinguished the performance from the work. This idea triggered literacy in music where the musical notation became only one of several written sources of knowledge that could contribute to the understanding of music, its works and performances. The reliability of a performance in classical music has become connected to the performer's interpretation of the musical score and the literacy of that music. The validity of a performance was connected to the context of the performance. In contemporary (and commercial) language classical music is often identified with its strong connection between specialized social contexts and the literacy of this tradition. The fall of literacy in classical music is partly due to the dominant factor of the gramophone record on musical life in the 20th century. This has caused a new relationship between the music, the performer and the listener. The dissemination of classical music can now transcend the traditional links between musical content and its social context (arenas and status). The importance of the com-poser is reduced, while the performer's role and the importance of expressive qualities in the performance are enhanced.


Environmental concerns are becoming increasingly high on the agenda of most people. Carbon emissions, depletion of forests, toxic chemicals and pesticides entering the food chain are amongst many of the key worries of most citizens. But there is an increasing awareness of other equally important contributions being made almost unconsciously to the sum total of environmental damage. These relate to technical development and progress in general but to Information Communication Technologies (ICT's) in particular. The cycle times for updating, renewing, installing new generation of ICT's coupled with health and safety regulations means that "old" technology has to be removed and as a consequence, "dumped" somewhere. Early manufactured until recently was made with many materials that without proper care taken in their disposal are harmful. The demand for the latest software and hardware has led to the forecast that 300 million personal computers (PC's) being dumped by the year 2010 (Takatsuki 2006). Land-fill sites in the UK are estimated to be reaching there full capacity (Grossman 2006). This paper recounts a study using systems ideas to research the purchase and disposal of PC's in a large and environmentally responsible enterprise against its environmental policies and the factors that drive demand and the compartmentalised thinking of those who drive the demands.


There is general agreement that skill-enhancing school reforms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are necessary for economic, political and social reasons. Using student-level data from Jordan and Tunisia, this study assesses the relationship between skills and the following school incentive and accountability measures: pedagogical autonomy, school competition, freedom to hire and fire teachers, publicly posting data, and parent involvement in school affairs. Quantile regression analyses of mathematics, science, and reading skills of 15-year-old students suggest that students in schools with incentive and accountability measures do not have higher skills than students in school without the measures; this suggests that schools with incentive and accountability measures are no more efficient than other schools that have not adopted the measures. In terms of equity, the reforms are not associated with higher skills for the less skilled; a notable exception is parent involvement in Tunisia, which is associated with higher science and reading skills among low-skilled students. The main policy implication is that school incentive- and accountability-based reform should not be pursued until researchers have identified the effective design properties of each incentive and accountability measure.


The data exploitation system described within is being designed to take advantage of the existence of terabytes (or more) of data sets that have been sent down from various Air Force satellites that can be used to detect previously unknown anomalies that occurred while the satellites were operational. This wealth of information can then be used and exploited to build more reliable and robust future generations of satellites. And, because various types of data sets are sent to the ground consisting of satellite state-of-health, satellite system telemetry, as well as on-board experiments, threats to these satellites will also be able to be detected, given that the satellites have the appropriate sensors. Designing a data exploitation capability is an important development area for realizing anomaly and threat detection objectives. This paper discusses a framework to meet those objectives and is being designed for integration within the Air Force Research Laboratory modeling & simulation environment.


Phenols or phenolics are a class of compounds that have one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a 6-carbon aromatic ring, they occur as plant secondary metabolites, having in common the antioxidant activity. Their average daily intake varies widely around the world. Many researchers consider coffee, tea, wine, cocoa products, fruits and vegetables as the main sources of polyphenols in different diets. However, spices and culinary herbs have been referred to as the foods richest in polyphenols. Despite spices and culinary herbs are used in small amounts as seasonings, their contribution to the dietary supply of phytonutrients should not be disregarded. A diet rich in a variety of polyphenols (and other phytonutrients) has potential health benefits, namely in the prevention of chronic diseases and cancer. In addition, flavor and color are the most important factors for the selection of food by consumers. A multitude of endogenous food compounds, including phenolics, are involved in food flavor. The presence of phenolic compounds in the food matrix has been mainly associated with the perception of bitter taste and tactile sensation of astringency. However, these compounds can also impact the color and aroma notes of fruits and vegetables. Thus, understanding the sensory impact of these substances and relationships with consumers' approaches towards phenolic-rich fruits and vegetables may help find strategies to increase the consumption of such foods. A well-known example of a tasty, healthy and sustainable dietary model is the Mediterranean Diet. In this study, we summarize the dietary intake of some polyphenols from different dietary patterns around the world and the contribution of natural phenolic compounds to the flavor of food and beverages, in particularly those associated to the Mediterranean Diet.


On the Web, there is always a need to aggregate opinions from the crowd (as in posts, social networks, forums, etc.). Different mechanisms have been implemented to capture these opinions such as Like in Facebook, Favorite in Twitter, thumbs-up/-down, flagging, and so on. However, in more contested domains (e.g., Wikipedia, political discussion, and climate change discussion), these mechanisms are not sufficient, since they only deal with each issue independently without considering the relationships between different claims. We can view a set of conflicting arguments as a graph in which the nodes represent arguments and the arcs between these nodes represent the defeat relation. A group of people can then collectively evaluate such graphs. To do this, the group must use a rule to aggregate their individual opinions about the entire argument graph. Here we present the first experimental evaluation of different principles commonly employed by aggregation rules presented in the literature. We use randomized controlled experiments to investigate which principles people consider better at aggregating opinions under different conditions. Our analysis reveals a number of factors, not captured by traditional formal models, that play an important role in determining the efficacy of aggregation. These results help bring formal models of argumentation closer to real-world application.


The purpose of public and community health is to improve the health of populations or groups rather than concentrating on individuals. This book examines the ethical issues associated with public and community health. The contributors analyse the major ethical issues in public health - prioritisation, public participation, health promotion and screening - all of which reflect current practice in the UK. They examine what health services should be available, who should have access to which health services, what are the best strategies for preventing disease, how can professional and public views be reconciled and when can an individual's health needs override the choice of a community. The contributors apply up-to-date ethical theory to practical examples in public health practice to provide a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the key issues in public health ethics.


The use of games in non-leisure contexts is referred to as serious games. The tradition of using games for purposes beyond entertainment goes back a long time before digital games. However, with the advent of digital games, serious games development has become an issue of both game design and technology development in various combinations. This paper presents a literature review of what types of topics are studied in the realm of serious games development, and contrasts the results with challenges and problems expressed by a panel of developers and researchers in serious games and gamification to identify research gaps. Our findings indicate a lack of research on the actual usage situations of serious games. It seems that the phase of organizational deployment and use is most often overseen. Furthermore, we identified a lack of client/customer perspective in most research on the development of gamified solutions.


We identify the degree to which changes in gilt repo market functioning have been driven by changes in the supply of — and the demand for — market intermediation. To do so, we use a structural vector auto regression (SVAR) model with sign and zero restrictions. We find that changes in gilt repo market functioning over the past five years have been driven largely by changes in the supply of repo market intermediation by dealers, rather than by changes in the demand of end-users. Following the introduction of the UK leverage ratio, our model suggests that an increase in demand for repo by end-users results in a larger increase in the cost of repo transactions and a smaller increase in their volume. This effect is stronger in the case of transactions that are not nettable via central counterparties. These findings are consistent with the notion that the leverage ratio may reduce dealers' ability and/or willingness to act as repo market intermediaries. This may have implications for the resilience of repo markets in future periods of stress.


This paper reports findings of a project titled Engineering Education for Social and Environmental Justice (EESEJ), which was funded by the Australian Learning and Teaching Council. A multidisciplinary research team engaged in a range of activities, such as designing and implementing critical problem solving in undergraduate engineering courses and undertaking collaborative writing. Drawing on the writing journeys of a group of authors in the project, this paper utilizes a multi-dimensional theoretical lens to contribute to discussions for developing socially just engineering education and practice. To illustrate these developmental journeys, the analysis applies Green's [ 1] elaborations about adult learners being scaffolded into new spaces; these spaces are explicated with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development [2], capability theory [3, 4] and the framework of multiliteracies [5]. Data from semi-structured interviews and one co-author's reflections emphasised the concept of co-creation as writing team members scaffolded knowledge. Results highlight the dynamic, recursive and transformative nature of cross-disciplinary learning, which dissipates the dichotomy between experts and novices. The multi-dimensional theoretical lens, which acknowledges the complexity of learning on technical, cognitive and sociocultural levels, can be useful for re-invigorating engineering education and practice for the twenty-first century. Whilst the focus of this paper is limited to the writing journeys of a group of EESEJ participants in authentic professional and informal settings, the interweaving of action, reflection, dependence, independence, rationality and emotion is relevant for the broader spectrum of adult learning. To reinvigorate tertiary curricula and graduate development, highlighting these learning principles may facilitate a reframing of engineering for social and environmental justice, which embraces collaboration, synthesis and reflection from within, and outside the profession [6].


From the Publisher:
Java RMI contains a wealth of experience in designing and implementing Java's Remote Method Invocation. If you're a novice reader, you will quickly be brought up to speed on why RMI is such a powerful yet easy to use tool for distributed programming, while experts can gain valuable experience for constructing their own enterprise and distributed systems.
With Java RMI, you'll learn tips and tricks for making your RMI code excel. The book also provides strategies for working with serialization, threading, the RMI registry, sockets and socket factories, activation, dynamic class downloading, HTTP tunneling, distributed garbage collection, JNDI, and CORBA. In short, a treasure trove of valuable RMI knowledge packed into one book.


This paper presents a case study of the adjective ready and discusses its properties when it occurs in the tough construction (TC). The paper discusses the active and passive infinitive variation in the TC with evidence from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts and the British National Corpus. The ambiguity created by the active infinitive and the effect of the semantics of the subject on the choice of the infinitive form are also discussed. The results show that the TC has become more frequent in BrE, and unlike with typical tough predicates, with ready the passive infinitive has persisted, most likely because of the risk of ambiguity with the active. The data also show that when the subject is [+HUMAN], the passive infinitive is used exclusively.


A linear-quadratic dynamic oligopoly model is developed and applied to the world coffee export market. The model nests various market structures using either open-loop or feedback strategies. The theoretical properties of this model are described. For given ohserved behavior, the assumption of feedback strategies implies a less competitive market structure than open-loop strategies.


The seasonal availability of water within a tree's rooting zone may be an important determinant for individual tree growth and overall forest health, particularly in riparian corridors of Mediterranean climate zones that are vulnerable to water stress. Here, we present a new method that combines dendro‐isotopes and isotope modelling for determining how water source use varies over 10 consecutive growing seasons (2000–2010) for co‐occurring species Populus nigra and Fraxinus excelsior, along the Rhône River, south‐eastern France. We conducted highly resolved δ18O analysis of cellulose micro‐slices within tree‐rings and back‐calculated the δ18O signature of source water available at the time of growth using a biochemical fractionation model. We related these patterns to inferred seasonal hydrological partitioning through comparison with δ18O of waters from the vadose and phreatic zones, precipitation and streamflow. The shallowly rooted Fraxinus displayed greater sub‐annual source water variability, as well as greater isotopic enrichment, reflecting use of precipitation‐derived vadose moisture. Its earlywood was formed mainly from winter rainfall (δ18O depleted) whilst the latewood was composed from growing season precipitation (δ18O enriched). In Populus, the sub‐annual source water use was relatively depleted, suggesting use of hyporheic water and regional groundwater. From 2007, both species converged in their pattern of water source uptake which was attributed to a decline in phreatic water access for Populus. These results demonstrate that the seasonal variability in source water use can be identified retrospectively, a method which may prove important for anticipating the future consequences of climate‐driven changes to the hydrological cycle. © 2016 The Authors. Ecohydrology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We propose to execute deep neural networks (DNNs) with dynamic and sparse graph (DSG) structure for compressive memory and accelerative execution during both training and inference. The great success of DNNs motivates the pursuing of lightweight models for the deployment onto embedded devices. However, most of the previous studies optimize for inference while neglect training or even complicate it. Training is far more intractable, since (i) the neurons dominate the memory cost rather than the weights in inference; (ii) the dynamic activation makes previous sparse acceleration via one-off optimization on fixed weight invalid; (iii) batch normalization (BN) is critical for maintaining accuracy while its activation reorganization damages the sparsity. To address these issues, DSG activates only a small amount of neurons with high selectivity at each iteration via a dimension-reduction search (DRS) and obtains the BN compatibility via a double-mask selection (DMS). Experiments show significant memory saving (1.7-4.5x) and operation reduction (2.3-4.4x) with little accuracy loss on various benchmarks.


We explore Time-Phased Voting ("TPV"), an arrangement in which long-term shareholders receive more votes per share than short-term shareholders. TPV has gained prominence in recent years as a proposed remedy for perceived corporate myopia. We begin with theory, situating TPV relative to other corporate voting structures such as one-share-one-vote and dual-class stock. By decreasing the influence of short-term shareholders, TPV may encourage managers to act in the long-term interests of their firms. It may also facilitate controlling shareholder diversification and firm equity issuances by enabling controlling shareholders, who are generally long-term shareholders, to maintain their control with lower levels of ownership. In this respect, it resembles a milder form of dual-class stock, but is more targeted toward myopic behavior. We then investigate U.S. companies' experiences with TPV in practice. Due to limited U.S. experience with TPV, our sample size is small from a statistical standpoint. Nevertheless, our findings are consistent with our theoretical analysis. Our ownership and voting data suggest that TPV empowers long-term shareholders, but that it does little to encourage long-term shareholding; this may be due to a lack of investor awareness regarding the few companies that have TPV. In the short term, TPV empowers insiders, increasing their control and creating a wedge between their ownership and control of the firm (though a smaller wedge than is typical of dual-class firms). However, in the long term we find that TPV is associated with reduced insider ownership and control. We see a transition in TPV companies, which are mainly mature, family-owned companies, from a concentrated to a more dispersed ownership structure. Relatedly, we find that TPV is associated with significant insider diversification and the issuance of additional equity. Overall, TPV firms significantly outperformed the market as a whole; an investor who invested in our TPV firm index in 1980 would have more than six times as much money at the end of 2013 as an investor who invested in the S&P 500. While it is not clear that TPV contributed to this strong performance, we believe that shareholders and corporations should be free to experiment with reasonable TPV plans if they so choose.The appendix to this paper is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2746638.


We propose a novel metric for evaluating summary content coverage. The evaluation framework follows the Pyramid approach to measure how many summarization content units, considered important by human annotators, are contained in an automatic summary. Our approach automatizes the evaluation process, which does not need any manual intervention on the evaluated summary side. Our approach compares abstract meaning representations of each content unit mention and each summary sentence. We found that the proposed metric complements well the widely-used ROUGE metrics.


We study firm-level characteristics that a manager would employ as signalling tools in order to time the market (i.e. repurchases and issues). Following the market timing framework, we develop a two-factor asset pricing model comprising a "market" and a "mispricing" factor, which is able to capture the cross-sectional variation of value and momentum. Specifically, loser (undervalued) portfolios provide a premium when market timing succeeds while winner (overvalued) portfolios provide a hedge under bad states of the world when market timing fails. The two factors contain important information regarding the time-variation of the strategies providing a unique explanation for momentum crashes.


ARTICLE INFO Service recommender systems have been shown as valuable tools for providing appropriate recommendations to users. In the last decade, the amount of customers, services and online information has grown rapidly, yielding the big data analysis problem for service recommender systems. Consequently, traditional service recommender systems often suffer from scalability and inefficiency problems when processing or analysing such large-scale data. Moreover, most of existing service recommender systems present the same ratings and rankings of services to different users without considering diverse users' preferences, and therefore fails to meet users' personalized requirements. In this paper, we propose a Keyword-Aware Service Recommendation method, named KASR, to address the above challenges. It aims at presenting a personalized service recommendation list and recommending the most appropriate services to the users effectively. Specifically, keywords are used to indicate users' preferences, and a user-based Collaborative Filtering algorithm is adopted to generate appropriate recommendations. To improve its scalability and efficiency in big data environment, KASR is implemented on Hadoop, a widely-adopted distributed computing platform using the MapReduce parallel processing paradigm. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted on real-world data sets, and results demonstrate that KASR significantly improves the accuracy and scalability of service recommender systems over existing approaches.


Not only the vertical direction of images – perceptually subject to the law of gravity and its consequences – plays an important role in their interpretation; the horizontal direction left-right  too seems to foster different interpretations from its converse. For this reason there are subjects and genres of painting, such as the Annunciation or the portrait, revealing some constants from this point of view, in their representation conventions. And for this same reason there are languages, like comics, where the left-right direction is critical not only for the succession of panels – clearly bound to the direction of verbal writing – but also for the panel's internal organization. These reflections suggest a cultural explanation of the differences in horizontal organization in pictures, linking it to the habits of writing, while ruling out the explanations making reference to the physiology of brain.


This chapter presents results from ambient assisted living (AAL) and enhanced living environment (ELE) service identification and testing performed within an AAL lab. Possible end-user testing groups and scenarios of `AAL as a service' and `ELE as a service' (ELEaaS) platforms are described and specified. Firstly, protocols and services classifications are presented according to the end-user-specific requirements from communication and information point of view as the chapter aims to show how end-users, caregivers and service providers can be prepared for the challenges of the market. The aim of the test group is to verify and validate the platforms and services for the ELE created, integrated, described and specified. The testing is based on the platform technology and depends on the user requirements' analysis and ongoing work throughout use-cases. Existing living labs experience has been used and enriched by customized information and communication services known from the information and communication technologies sector. Description of the ELEaaS is done in general terms along with the testing needed to be performed against the general type of provided functionalities. Furthermore, customization of the services, applicability to the needs of all stakeholders, flexibility for data exchange, integration and interoperability between different versions and types of platforms need to be also verified.


Mention the term TIE in Australia these days and you are likely to face
bemusement. Once the vanguard of socially critical teacher-actor praxis
seeking to emancipate young people's learning, TIE has for some time
been co-opted by small and highly successful operators in Australia
delivering pre-packaged plays to school audiences. The drive to
empower young people with new knowledge may remain, but mostly
the trend has solidified in our cultural imaginary: precisely clocked
shows with minimum set-up and pack-up; perky adults playing children
characters; and relevant didacticism based on bullying, Australian
history or adaptations of short-listed Children's Book Council
award texts. In recent years, the occasional Science Spectacular has
lent some extra pizzazz to this caravan kind of TIE. In an environment of Web 2.0-inspired creativity and multi-modal
literacy, it is easy to be cynical about TIE as something of an educational
theatre cliche. Indeed, discourse on TIE in the latter half of its
forty-year history in Australia is replete with metaphors of decline,
disappearance and even death (Milne 1998; O'Toole and Bundy 1993;
Ryan 1990). But the legacy of what was once, all too briefly, a progressivist
partnership between the institutions of theatre and education
is far more wide-reaching. For in Australia, it is not the original form
of Coventry-style TIE that has survived, but its intent. And this
intent - which has as much to do with politics and agency as it does
with aesthetics and curriculum - survives in arts education initiatives
and partnerships that are unlike those of our caravanning players working under the name of TIE today. In an essay of this length, it would be foolhardy to attempt a comprehensive
overview of what has been a 'considerably complicated'
(O'Toole and Bundy 1993: 136) history of TIE in Australia. This chapter
therefore owes considerable scholarly debt to those who have synthesized
the field before, particularly John O'Toole and Penny Bundy
(1993) and Geoffrey Milne (1998). By expanding on their foundational
work and drawing on my own observations in the field, I offer, by any
measure, an idiosyncratic account. Having myself worked with the
drivers of many educational theatre initiatives since the early 1990s, it
is apparent that theatre and education gains in Australia have ra:ely
followed distinct nation-wide pathways of consequence or categonzation
(that is, until the very recent journey towards a national curriculum).
My modest contribution to this timely review, therefore, is not
to chronicle a path but to suggest that 'Coventry-style TIE' has had
far-reaching impacts over time in Australia, despite its mixed fortunes
as a form. TIE provided a focus for early attempts to dissolve school/
community boundaries and its lineage can be seen in stand-out arts
and education innovations of today. My understanding - as a former
TIE practitioner turned educator, researcher, policymaker, parent - is
that the contemporary nexus of theatre and education in Australia is
resilient and very much alive because there continue to be artists and
educators striving - as their TIE 'teacher-actor' predecessors did - for
an alternative politics of learning within the school environment. Thus, this chapter lends its focus to continuities of intention rather
than an investigation of form. I do this by discussing TIE and its
legacy with reference to the regulatory practices. and values of the
'institutions' of theatre and education in Australia. How have intersections
of theatre and learning related to a wider politics of Australian
theatre? What has been the connection to the institution of
compulsory education? And where have young people, teachers and
the earliest progenitors of arts education in this country been positioned
in all that? Following a revision of TIE's early history using this
lens, I draw attention to a number of recent key initiatives: some
which may echo TIE in practice and others which distinctly and
deliberately do not. My aim is to provide snapshots that capture the
ways in which Australian theatre practitioners have participated in a
refocusing of the capacities of artists in schools while, at the same
time, keeping the ideals of early TIE alive.


Universal access to sexual and reproductive health services was included in the Millennium Development Goals and has been carried forward in the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Access to contraception is highlighted in the Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) initiative. Given South Africa's ongoing commitment to the SDGs and FP2020, this chapter explores the potential for achieving universal access to contraceptive services in South Africa against the backdrop of the country's domestic policies, current implementation efforts and HIV epidemic.
South Africa's laws, policies and guidelines on contraceptive service provision in the public sector are progressive and comprehensive, and promote integrated, rights-based service delivery.
The chapter begins with a description of South Africa's enabling policy environment with regard to sexual and reproductive health and rights generally, and contraception specifically. Service delivery norms and approaches for budgeting and expenditure tracking are described, and national and provincial contraceptive statistics are presented.
Public sector delivery of contraceptive services nationally faces both similar and unique challenges as compared to other health services. Issues relating to health systems constraints are identified, including scarce resources and the burden of HIV in the country, and their impact on delivery of contraceptive services is discussed. The recent introduction and roll-out of the subdermal contraceptive implant is highlighted as a case study illustrating both successes and challenges.
Finally, key recommendations are provided for contraceptive service delivery in the future in light of ongoing research and changes on the horizon - such as National Health Insurance, national-level efforts to integrate HIV and primary care services, and efforts under-way as part of the National Development Plan.


Type 1 diabetes is associated with chronic hyperglycemia and exposure to intermittent severe hypoglycemia. The long-term cerebral effects of these consequences of diabetes are ill defined. In this study, the history of preceding severe hypoglycemia and the presence of background retinopathy were examined in relation to cognitive ability (neuropsychological test battery) and brain structure (magnetic resonance imaging) in a cross-sectional evaluation of 74 young people with type 1 diabetes. Participants differed by their severe hypoglycemia exposure and degree of diabetic retinopathy and none had previous neuropsychological pathology. Severe hypoglycemia did not influence cognitive ability or brain structure. Background diabetic retinopathy was associated with small focal white-matter hyperintensities in the basal ganglia (33.3 vs. 4.7%, after correction for age, P = 0.005) and significant cognitive disadvantage, affecting fluid intelligence (P = 0.008, Eta(2) = 0.14), information processing (P = 0.001, Eta(2) = 0.22), and attention and concentration ability (P = 0.03, Eta(2) = 0.09). In conclusion, recurrent exposure to severe hypoglycemia alone in young people with type 1 diabetes had no detrimental impact on brain structure or function over the duration of diabetes examined. Chronic hyperglycemia (inferred by the presence of background diabetic retinopathy) may affect brain structure and function.


In 2014, our research network was involved in the evaluation of favipiravir, an anti‐influenza polymerase inhibitor, against Ebola virus. In this review, we discuss how mathematical modeling was used, first to propose a relevant dosing regimen in humans, and then to optimize its antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. The data collected in NHPs were finally used to develop a model of Ebola pathogenesis integrating the interactions among the virus, the innate and adaptive immune response, and the action of favipiravir. We conclude the review of this work by discussing how these results are of relevance for future human studies in the context of Ebola virus, but also for other emerging viral diseases for which no therapeutics are available.


This article offers four different perspectives on the strict products-liability "revolution" that climaxed a half-century ago. One of these narratives relates the prevailing assessment of how this innovation coalesced and spread across the states. The three alternative histories introduced by this article both challenge and complement the standard account by viewing the shift toward strict products liability through "populist," "practical," and "contingent" lenses, respectively. The first of these narratives considers the contributions that plaintiffs and their counsel made toward this change in the law. The second focuses upon how certain types of once-common products cases forged a practical argument for strict products liability as a superior alternative to negligence. The third examines why tort law eclipsed warranty as the doctrinal forum for products-liability reform. This article concludes that these non-canonical accounts have been obscured due to patterns and biases that recur across descriptions of doctrinal development in tort law.


Golden barrel cactus (Echinocactus grusonii Hildm.) is the most common landscape cactus in southern Italy. During 2000, 2001, and 2002, a basal stem rot of golden barrel cactus was observed in several plastichouses located in eastern Sicily with disease levels of nearly 100% on young plants (up to 15 cm in diameter). On the basal crown area, the plants showed pale brown or yellow-orange, sunken lesions bordered by a reddish orange strip up to 1 mm wide. A water-soaked rot or white mycelium at the soil line was also observed. Thirty pieces (0.5 to 1 cm) from the edge of symptomatic tissues were surface disinfected for 2 min in 0.8% (wt/vol) NaOCl, washed with sterile distilled water (SDW), and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). In addition, 20 pieces of affected tissue were ground in 400 μl of SDW (1:3, wt/wt), and the resulting suspensions were streaked by loops on PDA supplemented with 1.1 μl/ml of lactic acid (pH 4.4). A Fusarium sp. was consistently isolated from affected tissue pieces and streaks. Koch's postulates were performed at 25°C by inoculating 24 golden barrel cactus plants in 12-cm-diameter pots (12 plants previously sterile needle wounded) with 10 ml per plant of three suspensions (106 CFU/ml) of three isolates sprayed onto the basal stem. One milliliter per ten g of soil of each suspension was also added in the crown portion of golden barrel cacti. Twelve control cacti (six wounded) were sprayed only with SDW. Further pathogenicity tests were carried out on Thanksgiving cactus (Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran), devil's tongue barrel cactus (Ferocactus latispinus (Haw.) Britton & Rose), peruvian old man cactus (Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Britton & Rose), and Parodia spp. by inoculating eight plants for each host (four wounded) by placing 9-day-old 6-mm mycelial plugs at the base of the healthy cacti. An equal number of plants (four wounded) was inoculated only with a PDA plug. All cacti were maintained in polyethylene bags (90 to 95% for 72 hr) at 25°C. After 12 to 15 days, all wounded inoculated golden barrel, devil's tongue barrel, and peruvian old man cacti exhibited similar symptoms observed in the plastichouses. Typical symptoms were visible also in nonwounded and inoculated cacti 15 days later. Yellow-orange, tan, sunken, and roughly circular lesions were observed on the wounded and inoculated Thanksgiving and Parodia sp. cacti. Control plants were symptomless. The causal fungus was always reisolated from infected cacti. On the basis of 3-septate macroconidia (27 to 35 μm long × 3 to 4 μm wide [average 31.45 × 3.18 μm]), microconidia aseptate, single or double chlamydospores, and monophialide conidiophores observed on carnation leaf agar, and considering the susceptibility of all other inoculated hosts, the fungus was identified as F. oxysporum Schlechtend. f. sp. opuntiarum (Speg.) (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of basal stem rot of golden barrel cactus in Italy. Reference: (1) W. Gerlach. Phytopathol. Z. 74, 197, 1972.


The nitrogen budget of grouper Epinephelus areolatus (Forskal) in a culture system can be represented by the mass balance equation: consumption (C) = feed input (I) - feed wastage (W) = production (P) + mortality (M) + excretion (E) + faecal production (F). A nitrogen budget was constructed for individual groupers cultured for 1 mo under laboratory conditions; and an annual nitrogen budget was also constructed for a cohort of E. areolatus cultured in an open-sea-cage farm and fed with trash fish. Consumption was determined independently both by feeding experiments as well as by summation of P, M, E and F, to provide an estimate of the accuracy of the budget equation. In the laboratory budget, 27.5% of N consumed was channelled to growth, while 64.4% was excreted in the form of ammonia and 8.1% lost in faeces. The N-assimilation efficiency was 91.9%, while the net N-retention efficiency was 29.9%. For the annual budget constructed for the open-sea-cage farm, only 8.6% of total N input into the farm was harvested in the form of fish production, while loss to mortality was 3.7%. Ammonia excretion was the most important N loss (46.0%), followed by feed wastage (37.7%) and faecal production (4.0%). 66% of total N input could be accounted for in the laboratory N budget for individual groupers, but only 48% of N input into the culture system could be accounted for in the annual nitrogen budget constructed for open-sea-cage farming. It was estimated that 87.7% of the total N input to the farm was lost to the environment (equivalent to 321 kg N t 1 of fish production). Such a value is almost 3 times as high as N loss from temperate salmonid farms.


Abstract. Generating seamless mosaics of aerial images is a particularly challenging task when the mosaic comprises a large number of im-ages, collected over longer periods of time and with different sensors under varying imaging conditions. Such large mosaics typically consist of very heterogeneous image data, both spatially (different terrain types and atmosphere) and temporally (unstable atmo-spheric properties and even changes in land coverage). We present a new radiometric normalization or, respectively, radiometric aerial triangulation approach that takes advantage of our knowledge about each sensor's properties. The current implementation supports medium and large format airborne imaging sensors of the Leica Geosystems family, namely the ADS line-scanner as well as DMC and RCD frame sensors. A hierarchical modelling – with parameters for the overall mosaic, the sensor type, different flight sessions, strips and individual images – allows for adaptation to each sensor's geometric and radiometric properties. Additional parameters at different hierarchy levels can compensate radiome-tric differences of various origins to compensate for shortcomings of the preceding radiometric sensor calibration as well as BRDF and atmospheric corrections. The final, relative normalization is based on radiometric tie points in overlapping images, absolute radiometric control points and image statistics. It is computed in a global least squares adjustment for the entire mosaic by altering each image's histogram using a location-dependent mathematical model. This model involves contrast and brightness corrections at radiometric fix points with bilinear interpolation for corrections in-between. The distribution of the radiometry fixes is adaptive to each image and generally increases with image size, hence enabling optimal local adaptation even for very long image strips as typi-cally captured by a line-scanner sensor. The normalization approach is implemented in HxMap software. It has been successfully applied to large sets of heterogeneous imagery, including the adjustment of original sensor images prior to quality control and further processing as well as radiometric adjustment for ortho-image mosaic generation.


AIM
Failure of surgery for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) can be commonly caused by recurrence. There are many debates regarding the risk factors of recurrent LDH (rLDH) and it is very difficult to define them because many clinical and complicated biomechanical parameters are involved. The purpose of study was to evaluate the long term result of re-discectomy for LDH at the same level and adjacent segments.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Between 1999 and 2009, 1898 cases were operated and 142 (6.4%) patients underwent re-discectomy following initial operation. The study included 65 patients who were operated for single level discectomy, and their charts were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS
There were 33 (50.8%) women and mean age was 45.5 years (24-73 years). rLDH was diagnosed at the initial level in 40 (61.5%) but adjacent and/or opposite level herniation (with or without the first level) was found in the remaining 25 cases (39.1%). Recurrence at the same level (SLG) and adjacent level groups (ALG) were similar according to the clinical outcomes in follow-up (mean 34.1 months). Admission period after initial operation was also parallel in SLG and ALG (54.7 and 53.1 months, respectively). However, the mean age of ALG (49.4 years) was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than SLG (42.8 years).

CONCLUSION
After discectomy, collapsed discs are biomechanically more stable than those with preserved disc heights, and responses to axial compression on intervertebral disc pressure produced deformations of adjacent levels despite limitations. Altered biomechanical loading next to a fusion resulted in ongoing degeneration with aging at the affected entire lumbar spine.


Twelve normal-weight and 12 underweight women were compared to test whether fetal growth retardation in underweight gravidas is related to inadequate maternal hemodynamic adjustments. Plasma volume (± standard error) was 3227 ± 103 mL in normal-weight and 2731 ± 84 mL in underweight women (P < .002). Cardiac output was 6340 ± 167 mL/minute in controls and 5689 ± 213 mL/minute in underweight women (P < .03). Total peripheral vascular resistance was lower in controls than in underweight subjects (1025 ± 31 versus 1198 ± 58 dyne/second/cm5). Mean birth weight was 2837 ± 125 g in underweight women and 3362 ± 106 g in controls (P < .005). Similarly, placental weight was reduced in the underweight group. All infants delivered by control mothers had a normal birth weight, whereas six infants from underweight gravidas were growth-retarded. In all cases combined, maternal plasma volume correlated significantly with both birth weight (r = 0.6, P < .002) and placental weight (r = 0.56, P < .01); total peripheral vascular resistance also correlated significantly and inversely with newborn weight and placental weight. Cardiac output correlated only with placental weight (r = 0.54, P < .02). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that underweight mothers are at higher risk of fetal growth retardation because of a smaller plasma volume and lower cardiac output.


This thesis is sub-divided into two parts. Part (i) is entitled 'Structure / Property Relationships in Non-linear Optical Materials' (chapters 1-8) whilst part (ii) is entitled 'Structural Studies of imido, (bis)imido and aryloxide group VA and VIA transition metal complexes' (chapters 9-10).Chapters 1, 2 and 3 provide an introduction to non-linear optics, X-ray and neutron experimental techniques used in this thesis and charge density studies respectively. Chapters 4 to 8 describe the investigations of the part (i) topic. These include bond length alternation studies on a series of tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives and a charge density study of one of these compounds in chapter 4. Several other charge density studies are reported in chapters 5 and 6 which concentrate on methyl- nitropyridine and nitroaniline derivatives and the compound, 3-( 1,1 -dicyanoethenyl)-l-phenyl-4,5- dihydro-1 H-pyrazole (DCNP) respectively. Chapter 5 also deals with the effect of intermolecular interactions on the non-linear optical phenomenon whilst in chapter 6, a detailed analysis of the thermal motion present in DCNP is also given. Investigations on intermolecular interactions are also reported in chapters 7 and 8 which studies the compounds, N-methylurea and zinc(tris)thiourea sulphate respectively. In the former case, the neutron derived structure of N-methylurea is reported at two temperatures and it is revealed that disorder is present at the higher temperature. In the latter case, neutron results from an instrument presently in the testing stages of its development are reported and contrasted with those obtained using a well established instrument. Chapters 9 and 10 describe the investigations of the part (ii) topic. These concentrate on the structural features of two series of organometallic compounds which have potential use as polymerization catalysts. Relationships between structure and reactivity are reported.


During the greater part of the 20th century, biblical scholarship and the philosophy of religion were not considered to have much in common. However, towards the end of the millennium, a movement of a few Christian philosophers of religion called 'Reformed Epistemology' (RE) suggested the need for interdisciplinary dialogue. With Alvin Plantinga as primary representative, these philosophers claimed to be concerned with what they considered to be the lack of philosophical reflection on the foundations of historical criticism and its non-traditional findings. In this article, the author (qua biblical scholar) suggests that Plantinga's arguments have not been taken seriously because of his fundamentalism and the resulting failure to grasp the nature and contents of the hermeneutical debates that have raged within biblical theology for the past 200 years.


Since the dawn of the information age, scholars have debated the viability of regulating cyberspace. Early on, Professor Lawrence Lessig suggested that "code is law" online. Lessig and others also examined the respective regulatory functions of laws, code, market forces, and social norms. In recent years, with the rise of Web 2.0 interactive technologies, norms have taken center-stage as a regulatory modality online. The advantages of norms are that they can develop quickly by the communities that seek to enforce them, and they are not bound by geography. However, to date there has been scant literature dealing in any detail with specific online norms, and comparing them with other forms of regulation. This article reverses that trend by presenting a detailed case study of one developing norm in the blogosphere - the norm against "hijacking" a comment thread in a blog by hyperlinking, and thereby redirecting readers, to another blog. Using this case study, the article draws some conclusions about the relative advantages and disadvantages of norms as regulators. In particular, the author concludes that too much weight is often placed on vague and opaque norms in online interactions. It advocates future emphasis on more well developed and clearly expressed norms.


ABSTRACT
 Two nearly complete skeletons of the filter-feeding pterodactyloid Pterodaustro guinazui from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina exhibit clusters of poorly sorted coarse sand to fine gravel inside the abdominal cavity. These stones are interpreted as ingested gastroliths (geogastroliths), which are commonly found in a variety of archosaurs (including birds) but have never before been reported in a pterosaur. The geogastroliths found in these Pterodaustro specimens are interpreted as having assisted in the digestion of hard food items such as 'shelled' crustaceans that are abundant in the fossil beds of this pterosaur. One of these specimens with geogastroliths has anterior mandibular teeth that are notably thicker than the posterior teeth and are somewhat procumbent. We suggest that these teeth might have facilitated the apprehension of fine gravel.


Consolidated HIV-AIDS epidemiological surveillance system in Extremadura, period 1980-2018 Background: Implementation of epidemiological surveillance systems is required to design a programme for HIV epidemic. The focus of this article is to report the HIV-AIDS incidence and age of infection evolution in Extremadura, during the period 1980-2018. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study of anual incidence of HIV-infection new diagnosis and AIDS diagnosis in Extremadura, between 1981 and 2018, including both years. Case definitions were considered according to national surveillance protocol. Results: By the end of 2018 the consolidated HIVAIDS epidemiological surveillance system had registered 3,039 cases, which 1,954 cases were considered incidents. In the nineties the highest incidents rates per hundred thousand inhabitants of HIV infection (10.45 in 1990) and AIDS (13.57 in 1996) were reached, decreasing continuously from 2000, being in this year of 4.66 for HIV infection and 3.54 in AIDS. The cumulative incidence of the period was four times higher in men compared to women. The average age at diagnosis increased in recent years in HIV infection (27.80 years in 1990 compared to 37.32 years in 2018) and in AIDS disease (30 years in 1990 compared to 36 years in 2018). A parallel evolution of the diagnoses of HIV infection and of AIDS was observed, with a lag of 4 years coinciding with the beginning of the series, reducing since 2005 by approximately half the diagnoses of AIDS. Conclusions: In Extremadura the HIV infection evolution was similar to national available data. At the beginning of the period of study almost all the HIV cases soon after turned to AIDS but finally the AIDS diagnoses tended to decrease due to early and effective treatments.


Indirect genotype to phenotype mappings in the form of developmental systems may allow better scalability to larger phenotypes in evolvable hardware. This report reviews developmental systems used in evolvable hardware and it proposes a new classifications based on hardware characteristics. It then describes a genetic encoding and developmental system called the morphogenetic system which has been designed for multi-cellular circuits. This morphogenetic system is inspired upon gene expression and cell differentiation but it focuses on efficient hardware implementation. An hardware implementation on the dynamically reconfigurable POEtic circuit is described. It uses serial arithmetics and time-multiplexing to minimize ressource use.


Research on the specificities, functions, and maturation of T cells would be greatly aided by a collection of monoclonal antibodies which distinguishes different types of TCR. With this end in mind hamsters were immunized and tested for production of pan-reactive anti-mouse alpha beta TCR antibodies. In this report we describe the properties and uses of a mAb, H57-597, produced from one of these animals. The mAb reacts with surface receptors on all alpha beta TCR-bearing cells and does not react with receptors on gamma delta+ T cells. In an immobilized form, this antibody can directly activate T cells bearing alpha beta TCR. It can be used in immunoprecipitation reactions to precipitate receptor from the appropriate cell types. In combination with anti-CD3, the antibody can be used in cytofluorographic analyses to measure numbers of CD3+, alpha beta+, and CD3+, gamma delta+ cells in the thymus and periphery.