Trauma induces many dramatic and complex changes in host cellular response. This complexity arises from the constellation of signals induced by stress, infection, and injury. Cellular priming, defined as altered response to an agonist induced by an antecedent stimulus, appears to be operative after trauma. If the interaction between two signalling pathways is such that one augments (or depresses) the other, subsequent stimulation of the second "primed" pathway can result in an exaggerated (or attenuated) response. Thus, trauma can prime cells in either a constructive or destructive fashion. Receptor stimulation by priming agents results in the activation of receptor-specific cell signalling pathways. These intracellular signalling pathways can "crosstalk" modifying each other in either a positive of negative fashion. The positive or negative character of interpathway crosstalk eventually manifests itself physiologically as constructive or destructive priming. Could the characteristics of the initial priming stimulus predict the sense of the final cellular message? Although the magnitude of both the priming stimulus and subsequent stimuli are important, the temporal relationship between the two stimuli as well as the positive or negative character of their interacting signal pathways need to be considered. It is unclear whether any one characteristic alone determines the sense of the priming effect. In general, it is the interaction of two stimuli with a cell at all three levels (magnitude, character, and temporal relationship) that dictates the final cellular response.


Background: Although numerous systems have been proposed, there is no universally accepted classification or scoring system for thoracolumbar spine injuries. Some have gained popularity, but most systems have never been modified or advanced beyond their initial introductory state. To the authors' knowledge, no thoracolumbar classification system has ever been validated in a systematic and scientific manner. Study Purpose: To critically review previous thoracolumbar classification systems, to discuss the proposal of the new Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS), to review the steps taken thus far in assessing the reliability of this system, and to discuss plans for future clinical validation of TLICS. Methods: The authors performed a comprehensive search and analysis of previously published systems for classifying or scoring thoracolumbar spine injuries. Based on the merits and faults of these systems, among other factors, they have developed TLICS. Conclusions: Of the three phases of validating a fracture classification system described by Audige et al, TLICS has successfully passed through phase 1 (development) and phase 2 (multicenter agreement studies). With modifications made in response to phase 2 studies, TLICS will be ready to enter into the clinical validation phase. Although TLICS will initially be assessed for its ability to predict type of treatment, it is the authors' hope that, with appropriate analysis, the system will also be predictive of injury severity and clinical outcomes. These qualities remain to be demonstrated through rigorous prospective clinical investigation.


Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are leading pathogens of implant-related infections. This study aimed at investigating the diverse distribution of different bacterial pathogen factors in most prevalent S. aureus and S. epidermidis strain types causing orthopaedic implant infections.
In this study the presence both of the ica genes, encoding for biofilm exopolysaccharide production, and the insertion sequence IS256, a mobile element frequently associated to transposons, was investigated in relationship with the
prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. The investigation was conducted on 70 clinical isolates derived from orthopaedic implant
infections. Among the clinical isolates investigated a dramatic high level of association was found between the presence of ica genes as well as of IS256 and
multiple resistance to all the antibiotics tested. Noteworthy, a striking full association between the presence of IS256 and resistance to gentamicin was found, being none of the IS256-negative strain resistant to this antibiotic. This association is probably because of the link of the corresponding aminoglycoside-resistance genes, and IS256, often co-existing within the same staphylococcal transposon.
Moreover we investigated the prevalence of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), aph (3') IIIa, and ant(4') genes, encoding for the three forms of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
(AME), responsible for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. All isolates were characterized by automated ribotyping, so that the presence of antibiotic resistance
determinants was investigated in strains exhibiting different ribopatterns.
Interestingly, combinations of coexisting AME genes appeared to be typical of specific ribopatterns.
200 S. aureus isolates, categorized into ribogroups by automated ribotyping, i.e. rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, were screened for the presence of a panel of adhesins genes, accessory gene regulatory (agr)
polymorphisms and toxins. For many ribogroups, characteristic tandem genes arrangements could be identified. Surprisingly, the isolates of the most prevalent
cluster, enlisting 27 isolates, were susceptible to almost all antibiotics and never possessed the lukD/lukE gene, thus suggesting the role of factors other than antibiotic
resistance and the here investigated toxins in driving the major epidemic clone to the larger success. Afterwards, .in the predominant S. aureus cluster, the bbp gene
encoding bone sialoprotein-binding protein appeared a typical virulence trait, found in 93% of the isolates. Conversely, the bbp gene was identified in just 10% of the
remaining isolates of the collection. In this cluster, co-presence of bbp with the cna gene encoding collagen adhesin was a pattern consistently observed. These findings
indicate a crucial role of both these adhesins, able to bind the most abundant bone proteins, in the pathogenesis of orthopaedic implant infections, there where
biomaterials interface bone tissues.
Moreover a PCR screening for the ebpS gene, conducted on over two hundred S. aureus clinical isolates from implant related infections revealed the detection of six
strains exhibiting an altered amplicon size, shorter than
expected. In order to elucidate the sequence changes present in these gene variants, the trait comprised between the primers was analyzed in all six isolates bearing the
modification and in four isolates exhibiting the regular amplicon size. From nucleotide translation, the corresponding encoded protein was found to lack an entire
peptide segment of 60 amino acids. These variants, missing an entire hydrophobic region, could actually facilitate current structural studies, helping to assess whether
the absent domain is strictly necessary for a functional adhesin conformation and its contribution to the topology of the protein.
This study suggests that epidemic clones appear to pursue different survival strategies, where adhesins, when present, exhibit diverse importance as virulence
factors.
A practical message arising from the present study is that strategies for the prevention and treatment of implant orthopaedic infections should target adhesins conjointly
present in epidemic clones. Furthermore, the choice of reference strains for testing the anti-infective properties of biomaterials should focus on a selection of the most
prevalent clones as they exhibit distinct profiles of adhesins.


Dip-limited migration is utilized in practice for the purpose of either decreasing the computational cost (e.g., Kirchhoff migration) or suppressing noise (e.g., Kirchhoff and F-K migration). Dip-limited F-K migration is a common F-K migration with an embedded dip filter, while the dip-limited Kirchhoff migration is implemented by limiting the aperture of migration operators. Either of these methods will cause a dipfiltering action and result in a dip-restricted output section. However, there are distinctions between the effects of dip-limited Kirchhoff and F-K migration. Dip-limited F-K migration has an exact dip-filtering effect on the migrated section, whereas the diplimited Kirchhoff migration generates additional artifacts when the dip limit is less than the maximum dip on the desired output section. These artifacts are caused by the endpoints of the migration operators and become more obvious as the dip limit is decreased. A geometric explanation as well as a synthetic experiment is developed in this paper to help understand these effects.


This article examines the relationship between youthful drinking and educational attainment using data on same-sex siblings pairs from the 1979-90 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We consider different estimators that can be constructed using siblings data, including estimators that adopt key restrictions of the standard regression, family fixed effect, and instrumental variable approaches. We also consider the properties of these estimators under more general conditions and show that under very plausible assumptions the effect of drinking on schooling can be bounded. The study finds that estimates of the schooling consequences of youthful drinking are very sensitive to specification issues. The research concludes that the actual effects of youthful drinking on education are likely to be small. (JEL 112, 121)


Every state provides some statutory form of an evidentiary clergy-communicant privilege to protect certain types of conversations between clergy members and individuals. Likewise, every state imposes a statutory obligation on certain individuals to report suspected child abuse. The relationship between clergy privilege statutes and child abuse reporting requirements has received much attention recently due to the numerous allegations of child sexual misconduct by clergy members. This Article surveys the variations on clergy privileges and child abuse reporting statutes in the fifty states. The Article then discusses the varying approaches the states take in addressing the relationship between the obligation to report and the clergy privilege. A majority of states expressly exempt clergy-privileged information from reporting requirements; some states expressly abrogate the clergy privilege in the child abuse reporting context; and a third group of states do not confront the issue at all. This Article argues that there is a need for uniformity and proposes a partial-abrogation solution that will help alleviate the tension between the clergy privilege and mandatory reporting requirements.


The literature on aid effectiveness has focused more on recipient policies than the determinants of aid allocation yet a consistent result is that political allies obtain more aid from donors than non-allies. This paper shows that aid allocated to political allies is ineffective for growth, whereas aid extended to countries that are not allies is highly effective. The result appears to be robust across different specifications and estimation techniques. In particular, new methods are employed to control for endogeneity. The paper suggests that aid allocation should be scrutinized carefully to make aid as effective as possible.


We report results from simultaneous radio and X-ray observations of PSR B0611+22 which is known to exhibit bursting in its single-pulse emission. The pulse phase of the bursts vary with radio frequency. The bursts are correlated in 327/150 MHz data sets while they are anti-correlated, with bursts at one frequency associated with normal emission at the other, in 820/150 MHz data sets. Also, the flux density of this pulsar is lower than expected at 327 MHz assuming a power law. We attribute this unusual behaviour to the pulsar itself rather than absorption by external astrophysical sources. Using this data set over an extensive frequency range, we show that the bursting phenomenon in this pulsar exhibits temporal variance over a span of few hours. We also show that the bursting is quasi-periodic over the observed band. The anti-correlation in the phase offset of the burst mode at different frequencies suggests that the mechanisms responsible for phase offset and flux enhancement have different dependencies on the frequency. We did not detect the pulsar with XMM–Newton and place a 99 per cent confidence upper limit on the X-ray efficiency of 10 −5 .


Abstract. Long-term (2009–2015) observations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were performed using a continuous soot-monitoring system (COSMOS) at Fukue Island, western Japan, to provide information on wet removal rate constraints and the emission strengths of important source regions in East Asia (China and others). The annual average mass concentration was 0.36 µg m−3, with distinct seasonality; high concentrations were recorded during autumn, winter, and spring and were caused by Asian continental outflows, which reached Fukue Island in 6–46 h. The observed data were categorized into two classes, i.e., with and without a wet removal effect, using the accumulated precipitation along a backward trajectory (APT) for the last 3 days as an index. Statistical analysis of the observed ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratios was performed to obtain information on the emission ratios (from data with zero APT only) and wet removal rates (including data with nonzero APTs). The estimated emission ratios (5.2–6.9 ng m−3 ppb−1) varied over the six air mass origin areas; the higher ratios for south-central East China (30–35° N) than for north-central East China (35–40° N) indicated the relative importance of domestic emissions and/or biomass burning sectors. The significantly higher BC ∕ CO emission ratios adopted in the bottom-up Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2 (8.3–23 ng m−3 ppb−1) over central East China and Korea needed to be reduced at least by factors of 1.3 and 2.8 for central East China and Korea, respectively, but the ratio for Japan was reasonable. The wintertime enhancement of the BC emission from China, predicted by REAS2, was verified for air masses from south-central East China but not for those from north-central East China. Wet removal of BC was clearly identified as a decrease in the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratio against APT. The transport efficiency (TE), defined as the ratio of the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratio with precipitation to that without precipitation, was fitted reasonably well by a stretched exponential decay curve against APT; a single set of fitting parameters was sufficient to represent the results for air masses originating from different areas. An accumulated precipitation of 25.5 ± 6.1 mm reduced the TE to 1∕e. BC-containing particles traveling to Fukue must have already been converted from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles, because the behavior of TE against APT was similar to that of PM2.5, the major components of which are hydrophilic. Wet loss of BC greatly influenced interannual variations in the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratios and BC mass concentrations. This long-term data set will provide a benchmark for testing chemical transport/climate model simulations covering East Asia.


The amorphous silica (opal-A) speleothems associated to the open structural system of granitic rocks where the slow circulation of runoff is produced are mainly the result of the biological degradation of the rock. These speleothems are found in many different geographic, climatic and geological environments though always associated to granitoids. They show two different morphologies: cylindrical or long bodies and laminar or layered forms. They are internally formed by a mass of clasts and spheres of opal-Awith a porous texture that evolves to compact and massive due to the reiteration of the re-dissolution/re-precipitation of the amorphous opal by the water that circulates through it after each rainfall period. A final characteristic of each growth stage (end of rainy period) is the development of whiskers of minerals, normally gypsum, on the water output points of the speleothems. The dimensions of the speleothems are millimetric (length and/or thickness). In this paper their morphology and mineralogy are described based on their study by SEM, XRD and XRF, and there is established a new and more complete genetic hypothesis than the one that exists up to now to understand their formation.


SEM-EDS non-destructive analysis allows the source discrimination of the various microphenocrysts in obsidian rocks of the Mediterranean. Samples of six Mediterranean sources, Monte Arci (Sardinia), Palmarola, Lipari, Pantelleria, Gyali and Melos were studied using SEM-EDS non-destructive techniques in order to obtain a data base of their microphenocryst content. The results demonstrate that provenance of an obsidian can be distinguished on the basis of its petrography, in particular by quantitative analyses of Fe-Mg microphenocrysts; this information is particularly useful when coupled with data obtained by other non-destructive techniques such as glass microanalysis of artefacts (Acquafredda et al. , 1999). Such investigations, carried out by SEM, an analytical technique relatively accessible to geoarchaeologists, are relatively rapid, effective and above all non-destructive.


This paper addresses an important issue known as sensor drift, which exhibits a nonlinear dynamic property in electronic nose (E-nose), from the viewpoint of machine learning. Traditional methods for drift compensation are laborious and costly owing to the frequent acquisition and labeling process for gas samples' recalibration. Extreme learning machines (ELMs) have been confirmed to be efficient and effective learning techniques for pattern recognition and regression. However, ELMs primarily focus on the supervised, semisupervised, and unsupervised learning problems in single domain (i.e., source domain). To our best knowledge, ELM with cross-domain learning capability has never been studied. This paper proposes a unified framework called domain adaptation extreme learning machine (DAELM), which learns a robust classifier by leveraging a limited number of labeled data from target domain for drift compensation as well as gas recognition in E-nose systems, without losing the computational efficiency and learning ability of traditional ELM. In the unified framework, two algorithms called source DAELM (DAELM-S) and target DAELM (DAELM-T) are proposed in this paper. In order to perceive the differences among ELM, DAELM-S, and DAELM-T, two remarks are provided. Experiments on the popular sensor drift data with multiple batches collected using E-nose system clearly demonstrate that the proposed DAELM significantly outperforms existing drift-compensation methods without cumbersome measures, and also bring new perspectives for ELM.


The reproductive biology of the carmine and green forms of Tetranychus urticae Koch from apple orchards in the western Cape, South Africa, was studied on apples and beans. The reproductive potential of the green form was lower on bean leaf discs than that of the carmine form, but was similar on apple leaf discs. The green form of T. urticae in South African apple orchards is thought to have developed through chemical selection, and that its poor adaptation to beans is coincidental The minimum threshold temperature for development of the two forms was similar and was not influenced by host plant.


OBJECTIVE
Severe to profound hearing impairment affects one-half to three-quarters of a million Americans. To function in a hearing society, hearing-impaired persons require specialized educational, social services, and other resources. The primary purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive, national, and recent estimate of the economic burden of hearing impairment.

METHODS
We constructed a cohort-survival model to estimate the lifetime costs of hearing impairment. Data for the model were derived principally from the analyses of secondary data sources, including the National Health Interview Survey Hearing Loss and Disability Supplements (1990-91 and 1994-95), the Department of Education's National Longitudinal Transition Study (1987), and Gallaudet University's Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Youth (1997-98). These analyses were supplemented by a review of the literature and consultation with a four-member expert panel. Monte Carlo analysis was used for sensitivity testing.

RESULTS
Severe to profound hearing loss is expected to cost society $297,000 over the lifetime of an individual. Most of these losses (67%) are due to reduced work productivity, although the use of special education resources among children contributes an additional 21%. Lifetime costs for those with prelingual onset exceed $1 million.

CONCLUSIONS
Results indicate that an additional $4.6 billion will be spent over the lifetime of persons who acquired their impairment in 1998. The particularly high costs associated with prelingual onset of severe to profound hearing impairment suggest interventions aimed at children, such as early identification and/or aggressive medical intervention, may have a substantial payback.


In the 1960s and 1970s a group of aesthetic adventurers transformed L.A. from cultural desert to artistic oasis. These West Coast artists, poets, dancers, filmmakers, and photographers fomented a creative outburst that rivalled New York City's. Nearly four decades later, Southern California remains a fertile ground for some of the most exciting and daring art being made today. This fascinating book accompanying an exhibition of the same name explores the two "Schools of Cool" in collaborative, intergenerational pairings between John Baldessari and Shana Lutker; Llyn Foulkes and Stanya Kahn; George Herms and Sarah Cain; Ed Moses and Robert Williams; and Allen Ruppersberg and Amanda Ross-Ho. These pairs have worked together on new, collaborative installations that reveal and transcend the shifts that have taken place in the art world in the past half century - including the increasing prominence of female artists, distinct methodologies and artistic practices, and the use of new technologies. This catalo features the five installations - including paintings and works on paper, sculptures and assemblages, audio-video and interactive installations - that are the result of these collaborations, as well as insightful interviews with the curator and with the artists, in which the artists offer thoughts on their own work, their collaborative process, and their projects for the exhibition.


A current challenge in data-driven mathematical modeling of cancer is identifying biologically-relevant parameters of mathematical models from sparse and often noisy experimental data of mixed types. We describe a cell cycle model and outline how to use the Optimization Toolbox in Matlab to estimate its timescale parameters, given flow cytometry and cell viability (synthetic) data, and illustrate the technique with simulated data. This technique can be similarly applied to a variety of cell cycle models, particularly as more laboratories begin to use high-content, quantitative cell screening and imaging platforms. An advanced version of this work (CellPD: cell line phenotype digitizer) will be released as open source in early 2016 at MultiCellDS.org.


A principal application of shear-wave birefringence is the determination of fracture orientation from shear-wave splitting in multicomponent VSPs. Three different analysis techniques for birefringence were implemented and their results are compared. We have carried out nine-component VSP experiments in central Alberta. These full-wavefield datasets were analyzed by using three different algorithms to see the features of azimuthal anisotropy, the applicability of different algorithms, and how the results from converted shear waves compare to those from direct shear waves. In fourcomponent rotation, shear-wave polarization directions were determined by minimizing energy on off-diagonal components of the 2-by-2 shear-wave data matrix, followed by layer stripping. Shear-wave polarization and time lag were also determined by applying a crosscorrelation modelling algorithm which is based on modelling crosscorrelation between rotated radial and transverse field components. This algorithm can be used for analysis on data acquired with a single source polarization, but it needs layer stripping for local anisotropy information. Parametric inversion is the algorithm for shear-wave data with a single source polarization. Three unknown parameters (fast and slow shear-wave velocities and polarization direction) can be inverted by modelling a set of upand down-going orthogonal plane shear waves, The advantage of this algorithm is that it provides the local anisotropy it does not require shallower information as previous algorithms do, and fracture orientation is not constrained to remain constant with depth. Even though the three different algorithms measure different aspects of anisotropy in different ways, our final results from the different algorithms corroborate each other. Analysis indicates shear-wave birefringence exists in some of the formations studied.


The paper analyses the role of martyrdom superstition in fostering rebellious collective action. Rebellions are plagued with problems of free riding, as the benefits of this activity are small, while the costs are high. I argue, however, that a religious society may rationally use the martyrdom superstition to incentivize rebellion. Martyrs gain utility from suffering, which lowers their private costs in case a rebellion does not succeed. If the spiritual benefits from martyrdom are sufficiently high and the costs of failed rebellion are not infinite, then the expected value of rebelling will be higher than the expected value of non-participation. I apply these insights to a radical splinter of the Canadian Doukhobor sect called the Sons of Freedom. Through martyrdom, the anarchic group rebelled against the Canadian government for nearly 80 years, despite their small numbers and low odds of success.


The cantilever bending beam technique was applied to measure film stress, film magnetization and magneto-elastic coupling in nanometre Fe films grown epitaxially on W substrates. A simple optical deflection technique yielded sub-monolayer sensitivity for stress measurements and was used to determine magnetization and magnetostrictive properties of nanometre Fe films in situ. The combination of an electromagnet inside an ultra-high-vacuum chamber with a rotatable external magnet was employed to perform magneto-optical Kerr-effect measurements in the transversal, longitudinal and polar geometry in fields of up to 0.4 T. Examples for stress-driven structural changes in monolayer Fe films are discussed with respect to the unusual high coercivity found for sesquilayer Fe films and the re-orientation of the easy axis of magnetization in Stranski-Krastanov Fe films. The direct correlation between strain and magnetism was exploited to measure the magnetostrictive bending of the film-substrate composite. The magnitude and sign of the magneto-elastic coupling coefficient were found to depend on the film thickness, in contrast to the respective bulk values.


ABSTRACT Haemophilus ducreyi colocalizes with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages and evades phagocytosis during experimental infection of human volunteers. H. ducreyi contains two genes, lspA1 and lspA2, which encode predicted proteins of 456 and 543 kDa, respectively. Compared to its wild-type parent, an lspA1 lspA2 double mutant does not inhibit phagocytosis by macrophage and myelocytic cell lines in vitro and is attenuated in an experimental rabbit model of chancroid. To test whether expression of LspA1 and LspA2 was necessary for virulence in humans, six volunteers were experimentally infected. Each volunteer was inoculated with three doses (ranging from 85 to 112 CFU) of the parent (35000HP) in one arm and three doses (ranging from 60 to 822 CFU) of the mutant (35000HPΩ12) in the other arm. The papule formation rates were 88% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 76.8 to 99.9%) at 18 parent sites and 72% (95% CI, 44.4 to 99.9%) at 18 mutant sites (P = 0.19). However, papules were significantly smaller at mutant sites (mean size, 24.8 mm2) than at parent sites (mean size, 39.1 mm2) 24 h after inoculation (P = 0.0002). The pustule formation rates were 44% (95% CI, 5.8 to 77.6%) at parent sites and 0% (95% CI, 0 to 39.4%) at mutant sites (P = 0.009). With the caveat that biosafety regulations preclude testing of a complemented mutant in human subjects, these results indicate that expression of LspA1 and LspA2 facilitates the ability of H. ducreyi to initiate disease and to progress to pustule formation in humans.


ABSTRACT Genetic studies using a set of overlapping deletions centered at the piebald locus on distal mouse chromosome 14 have defined a genomic region associated with respiratory distress and lethality at birth. We have isolated and characterized the candidate gene Phr1 that is located within the respiratory distress critical genomic interval. Phr1 is the ortholog of the human Protein Associated with Myc as well as Drosophila highwire and Caenorhabditis elegans regulator of presynaptic morphology 1. Phr1 is expressed in the embryonic and postnatal nervous system. In mice lacking Phr1, the phrenic nerve failed to completely innervate the diaphragm. In addition, nerve terminal morphology was severely disrupted, comparable with the synaptic defects seen in the Drosophila hiw and C. elegans rpm-1 mutants. Although intercostal muscles were completely innervated, they also showed dysmorphic nerve terminals. In addition, sensory neuron terminals in the diaphragm were abnormal. The neuromuscular junctions showed excessive sprouting of nerve terminals, consistent with inadequate presynaptic stimulation of the muscle. On the basis of the abnormal neuronal morphology seen in mice, Drosophila, and C. elegans, we propose that Phr1 plays a conserved role in synaptic development and is a candidate gene for respiratory distress and ventilatory disorders that arise from defective neuronal control of breathing.


'Globalization' is one of the key concepts of our time. It is used by both the right and the left as the cornerstone of their analysis of the international economy and polity. In both political and academic discussions, the assumption is commonly made that the process of economic globalization is well under way and that this represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of international capitalism. But is there in fact such a thing as a genuinely global economy? Globalization in Question investigates this notion, providing a very different account of the international economy and stressing the possibilities for its continued and extended governance.

The new edition of this best-selling text has been thoroughly revised and updated to take into account new issues which have become salient in the period since the first and second editions were published. Several new chapters have been added and others combined or re-written to assess the growing supra-national regionalization of the international economy, the emergence of India and China as new super-powers, and the possibilities for the continued governance of the global system. A new author has been added to strengthen the analytical embrace of the book given the untimely death of Paul Hirst in 2003.

Globalization in Question's third edition is a continuing intervention into current discussions about the nature and prospects of globalization. The book has far-reaching implications which will be of interest to students and academics in a number of disciplines including politics, sociology, economics and geography, as well as to journalists and policy-makers.


Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the organizing committee of the 2020 edition of the Passive and Active Measurement (PAM) conference decided to organize it as a virtual event. Unfortunately, little is known about designing and organizing virtual academic conferences in the networking domain and their impacts on the participants' experience. In this editorial note, we first provide challenges and rationale for various organizational decisions we made in designing the virtual format of PAM 2020. We then illustrate the key results from a questionnaire-based survey of participants' experience showing that, while virtual conferences have the potential to broaden participation and strengthen focus on technical content, they face serious challenges in promoting social interactions and broadening the scope of discussions. We conclude with key takeaways, lessons learned, and suggestions for future virtual conferences distilled from this experience.


Can extended opportunities for self-assessment over time help students develop the capacity to make better judgements about their work? Using evidence gathered through students' voluntary self-assessment of their performance with respect to assessment tasks in two different disciplines at two Australian universities, the paper focuses on the effects of sequences of units of study and the use of different types of assessment task (written, oral, analysis, and project) in the development of student judgement. Convergence between student criteria-based gradings of their own performance in units of study and those allocated by tutors was analysed to explore the calibration of students' judgement over time. First, it seeks to replicate analyses from an earlier smaller-scale study to confirm that students' judgements can be calibrated through continuing opportunities for self-assessment and feedback. Second, it extends the analysis to coherently designed sequences of units of study and explores the effects of different types of assessment. It finds that disruptive patterns of assessment within a sequence of subjects can reduce convergence between student and tutor judgements.


It has been brought to our attention that Figure 1(A) contains a background subtraction box in the lane labelled 'Control + IgG'. As this band represented an important negative control, this has serious potential to affect the conclusions drawn in the paper, and therefore we are retracting this paper. We thank the Editorial Board of the Biochemical Journal for pointing out this error.


Many programmers struggle to write programs, even though they understand their chosen programming language. Programming isn't about syntax it's about problem solving, and all good programmers can solve problems. Unfortunately, most programming books focus on syntax and semantics, resulting in programmers who can't make the leap from reading programs to writing them. Think Like a Programmer bridges that gap, teaching readers how to solve problems systematically, offering numerous techniques and examples designed to demonstrate how to organize thoughts, discover solutions, and find strategies to solve certain classes of problems. Programming, and especially problem solving, is a creative activity, and although this book won't tell anyone precisely what to do in a given circumstance, it will help readers develop their latent problem-solving abilities so that they will know what they should do. Think Like a Programmer is designed to help readers become the programmers they were meant to be.


The most important need Abraham Lincoln faced as the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate seat from Illinois in 1858 was to distinguish himself sharply from the incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas, to lessen the risk that Republicans would support Douglas as the best means to achieve their own goals. The House Divided Speech can be understood as a response to this need. He asserted that the country was tending toward nationwide slavery as the result of a conspiratorial effort and that Douglas was part of the plot. He attempted to make these claims credible in the absence of direct evidence by employing a number of rhetorical moves ranging from abductive reasoning to the use of vivid images and metaphors. The conclusion suggested that if Douglas was not an active conspirator, he was at least an unwitting dupe. Although not successful in winning Lincoln a Senate seat, the speech helped to launch his national political career.


Mobile computing is one of the most important paradigms to influence and enhance modern e-services, mainly due to its anytime and anywhere availability adding value to the delivered service. In a traditional e-government context, the service life cycle takes the form of citizens consuming services provided by public sector bodies. In this paper, we use a novel concept combining mobile e-services and open data to extend and allow possible citizen-driven continuation of the service life cycle. The concept is evaluated throughout the design process, and also becomes the subject of a focus group. Our most important conclusions are that the concept design extends the service life cycle within the public sector context, and also creates new entrances for citizens to participate in generating and acquiring open data, thus transforming citizens' involvement. The result is increased co-operation, as well as increased adoption and availability of data and e-services, enhancing citizen participation.


Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)
of banded iron formations (BIFs) is characterized by high anisotropy and
well-developed bedding-parallel magnetic foliation. Since most previous studies
were focused on palaeomagneism of BIFs and BIF-derived iron ores, little effort
has been made to further understand this special type of AMS for BIFs. A
detailed theoretical analysis, incorporating with the previous experimental
data, is made to understand the formative mechanism of this special anisotropy
for BIFs. The good consistence between the theoretical and experimental results
demonstrates that this type of anisotropy is likely caused by the layered
structure of BIFs, and thus verifies the term of textural anisotropy for BIFs.
Theoretical analysis also shows that in the negligence of the inter-layer
magnetic action BIF's apparent anisotropy increases with an increase in
intrinsic susceptibility of magnetic layers, but decreases with an increase in
length-to- diameter ratio of the magnetic layer.


This paper primarily discusses the methodology of a case study into interactions and working practices of an elearning team, on and offline. Although several ethnographies have been published on online learning, there are apparently none involving communities developing courses. This is a unique insight, bringing a new view of course and staff development. The e-learning team develops courses in the Faculty of Medical Sciences Graduate School in a UK higher education institution. Interactions occur online and offline, the team's workplace 'setting'. The ethnography is to inform future staff development by analysing interaction outside the team with the subject specialists, generally time-poor clinicians and research scientists who have varied experience of e-learning, but are required to provide course content and to teach their subjects in online distance learning courses. Records kept by team members were enlarged upon via weekly interviews and collated by a team member who developed a narrative, subsequently coded into content themes. The main themes were technology, pedagogy and communication. Conversation analysis provided theories on methods useful in staff development for later action research. Consideration was also given to issues of power within the interactional relationships. The paper discusses challenges and strengths of this collaborative self-ethnography as a research methodology in this e-learning setting. It was concluded that collaborative self-ethnography is a highly suitable research methodology for this type of study.


We investigate two strategies to improve the context-dependent deep neural network hidden Markov model (CD-DNN-HMM) in low-resource speech recognition. Although outperforming the conventional Gaussian mixture model (GMM) HMM on various tasks, CD-DNN-HMM acoustic modeling becomes challenging with limited transcribed speech, e.g., less than 10 hours. To resolve this issue, we firstly exploit dropout which prevents overfitting in DNN finetuning and improves model robustness under data sparseness. Then, the effectiveness of multilingual DNN training is evaluated when additional auxiliary languages are available. The hidden layer parameters of the target language are shared and learned over multiple languages. Experiments show that both strategies boost the recognition performance significantly. Combining them results in further reduction in word error rate, achieving 11.6% and 6.2% relative improvement on two limited data conditions.


'Mind you, it was a pukka, respectable opium-house, and not one of those stifling, sweltering chandoo-khanas that you can find all over the City.' Kipling first became famous for his pungent, harsh and shocking stories of northwest India, where he grew up. This is just a small selection from his inexhaustibly contentious and various early work. Introducing Little Black Classics: 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936). Kipling's works available in Penguin Classics are Captains Courageous, Just So Stories, Kim, Plain Tales from the Hills, Selected Poems, The Jungle Books and The Man Who Would Be King: Selected Stories.


It all began with a letter.In 2002, Dr. Martha Burk, chair of the National Council of Women's Organizations, wrote to the Augusta National Golf Club, host of the prestigious Masters tournament, expressing concern over the club's all-male membership policy and urging it to change.The resulting firestorm surrounding the club's secret membership roster of high-ranking corporate executives and its refusal to admit women was never really about golf. It was about much more -- becoming the linchpin of a national dialogue about the role of women in society not seen since the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas debate. And, especially in executive suites and boardrooms, the debate is far from resolved."Cult of Power" is an in-depth account of the broader ramifications stemming from the initial controversy, written by the woman who was its center. Burk lays bare the reasons the closed gates of Augusta National symbolize all the ways women are still barred from the highest echelons of power -- in government, social and religious organizations, and most important, in corporate America -- and why we must change the system. In a stunning rebuttal to the reductionist claim that Augusta National is just about golf or "private association," Burk unveils, for the first time, the extraordinary web of business, government, and philanthropic affiliations of Augusta National members. The list is shocking evidence of the impact and influence the members have and damning proof that there is more going on behind club gates than just a game. It really is a "cult of power."In dynamic, no-nonsense prose, Burk weaves together anecdotes, documents, and other previouslyundisclosed material with a discussion of why gender discrimination is still accepted at the highest levels of business and how it affects all working women, from the top tier to the rank and file. Like Susan Faludi in "Backlash, " Burk addresses the systemic nature of the barriers: barriers ranging from male acculturation to employment laws that don't work to the hypocrisy of corporate diversity initiatives and "awards" for good works."Cult of Power" is an important contribution to our understanding of how the attitudes, rules, processes, and pastimes of corporate America perpetuate an antiquated and unbalanced system. But it also provides real solutions and concrete examples that clearly show what must be done to end gender discrimination and bring about true parity in the workplace. "Cult of Power" is a rallying call for all women -- a clear-sighted prescription for accountability, meaningful action, and real change.


Both Republicans and Democrats complain about the difficulty in getting judges confirmed when it is their nominees who are up for confirmation, but there has not been any systematic study of either how much worse this problem has gotten nor what its causes might be. Several patterns do emerge for data from the beginning of Jimmy Carter's administration through the end of George W. Bush's first term. It is taking even longer for confirmation, and the more important the position, the longer confirmation takes. Among the findings, it took almost three times longer for Circuit Court judges to be confirmed under George W. Bush than under his father. The rate of confirmation for Circuit Court judges has also fallen while the confirmation rate for District Court judges has risen. Higher quality judges, measured by their output once they are on the court (e.g., number of citations to their opinions or number of published opinions), take much longer to get confirmed. Evaluated at the mean judicial quality, a one percent increase in judicial quality increases the length of the confirmation process by between 1 and 3 percent. Many of the traditional ex ante measures of judicial quality such as where they went to law school or a nominee's American Bar Association ratings add little if anything to predicting how well they will do on the bench. A one percent increase in polarization in the voting differences between the political parties in the Senate produce between a 3 and 10 percent increase in the length of the confirmation process for Circuit Court judges. Even after accounting for quality differences, Republican Circuit Court nominees also have significantly lower ABA ratings than Democratic nominees and ABA scores don't affect the length of Circuit Court confirmations.


Woody riparian vegetation plays important roles in stream ecosystems and its presence can have strong impacts on stream fauna. Agricultural practices have led to the removal and fragmentation of woody riparian vegetation in many watersheds. It is unclear whether small, isolated patches of woody riparian vegetation continue to exert important influences on stream fauna. The impact of these types of patches and the influence of the size of the patches on stream macroinvertebrates was examined in a watershed in northeastern Oregon that is dominated by dryland wheat production. Half of the study reaches flowed through patches of woody riparian vegetation and half flowed through areas in which there was no woody vegetation and wheat fields were found within 3 m of the stream. Stream reaches flowing through patches of woody riparian vegetation had higher taxa richness than those flowing through areas lacking woody vegetation. Size of woody patches, as measured by patch length, was positively correlated with shredder abundance, scraper abundance and diversity, and was also correlated with overall community composition as defined by ordination scores. An analysis of individual taxa revealed that patch length was positively associated with nine taxa that are known to be sensitive to human disturbances and negatively associated with one taxon which is considered tolerant of human disturbances. Patch length was also negatively associated with the proportion of sediment on the substrate and it appears that this environmental factor might drive the relationships between patch length and the abundance of the ten taxa. Woody riparian patch width was also examined as a measure of size. In contrast to length, patch width was not correlated with any metric of macroinvertebrate community structure. The results of this study also revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure was influenced by the drainage the study sites were found in. This was unexpected because the study was conducted in a small watershed and the sites within each drainage were specifically chosen to be similar in land use and geology. These results indicate that patch length may be as important, if not more important, than patch width in influencing stream ecosystems. However, the "buffer" literature generally considers only buffer width when examining the relationship between patch size and stream systems. This study highlights the need to consider patch length, as well as width, in studies examining the effect of patches of riparian vegetation on stream fauna, in the design of buffer projects, and in the monitoring of existing project effectiveness.


The solution structure, backbone dynamics and rotational diffusion of the Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c2 have been determined using heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. In all, 1204 NOE-derived distances were used in the structure calculation to give a final ensemble with 0.59(+/-0.08) A rms deviation for the backbone atoms (C, Calpha and N) with respect to the mean coordinates. There is no major difference between the solution structure and the previously solved X-ray crystal structure (1.07(+/-0.07) A rms difference for the backbone atoms), although certain significant local structural differences have been identified. This protein contains five helical regions and a histidine-heme binding domain, connected by a series of structured loops. The orientation of the helices provides an excellent sampling of angular space and thus allows a precise characterization of the anisotropic diffusion tensor. Analysis of the hydrodynamics of the protein has been performed by interpretation of the 15N relaxation data using isotropic, axially asymmetric and fully anisotropic diffusion tensors. The protein can be shown to exhibit significant anisotropic reorientation with a diffusion tensor with principal axes values of 1.405(+/-0.031)x10(7) s-1, 1.566(+/-0.051)x10(7) s-1 and 1.829(+/-0.054)x10(7) s-1. Hydrodynamic calculations performed on the solution structure predict values of 1.399x10(7) s-1, 1.500x10(7) s-1 and 1.863x10(7) s-1 when a solvent shell of 3.5 A is included in the calculation. The optimal orientation of the diffusion tensor has been incorporated into a hybrid Lipari-Szabo type local motion-anisotropic rotational diffusion model to characterize the local mobility in the molecule. The mobility parameters thus extracted show a quantitative improvement with respect to the model-free analysis assuming isotropic reorientation; helical regions exhibit similar dynamic properties and fewer residues require more complex models of internal motion. While the molecule is essentially rigid, a tripeptide loop region (residues 101 to 103) exhibits flexibility in the range of 20 to 30 ps, which appears to be correlated with the order in the NMR solution structure.


This article offers a new method for the evaluation of financial institutions, one that combines socioeconomic survey data with appropriate accounting standards. A government-operated development bank in Thailand is found to be offering a risk-contingency or insurance system while being regulated as a more standard, loan-generating bank. Farmer clients experiencing adverse shocks receive indemnities that improve their well-being. With proper provisioning and accounts, that welfare gain could be weighed against premia or government subsidies.


The Type I interferons (IFN) have major roles in the innate immune response to viruses, a function that is believed to have led to rapid expansion in the number and complexity of their genes. IFNT, which is a unique Type I IFN restricted to pecoran ruminants, also has a specialized role in maternal recognition of pregnancy in cattle. This work has two main aims 1) determine whether male and female blastocysts differ in the kind and number of IFNT they express and whether this pattern changes over development and 2) provide the first comprehensive annotation of the Type I IFN locus in Bos taurus, thereby providing an insight into the functional evolution of the Type IFN in ruminants. Data collected for the first aim indicate that female blastocysts do not transcribe a different set of IFNTs than males (p=0.54). However, significant differences (p < 0.001) were evident among conceptuses of different age, indicating that additional genes may be transcribed as IFNT production increases during development. The data collected for the second aim revealed the Type I IFN locus has undergone significant rearrangement and expansion in bovine compared to mouse and human. The IFNW subfamily is greatly expanded compared to other species, comprising 24 potentially functional genes. Selective pressure analysis found the regulatory regions of the IFNW are diverging faster than the coding regions. The identification of a new Type I IFN subfamily that is expressed from virally challenged bovine kidney cells is the most striking finding of the second aim.


[1] We measured the mixing ratios and fluxes of isoprene and its oxidation products, methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) from a tall flux tower in metropolitan Houston, Texas, during summertime using a relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system combined with a dual-channel GC-FID instrument. We show that isoprene was affected dominantly by biogenic emission sources during daytime, but also that tail-pipe emission sources (alongside 2-pentenes) are contributing during the rush hours and at night. The observed daytime mixing ratios of isoprene were much lower than over forested areas due to a comparatively low density of isoprene emitting trees in the tower's footprint area. Daytime isoprene fluxes displayed the expected light and temperature driven emission characteristics, and a detailed isoprene emissions model explained average fluxes fairly well. Our investigation of isoprene's oxidation products MACR and MVK showed that both anthropogenic and isoprene oxidation sources exist for MACR, while MVK was strongly dominated by isoprene oxidation between its emission and sampling points due to presumably high local OH radical concentrations. While biogenic emission modeling appears to work well for this urban environment when supplied with accurate input data, emission inventories used for ozone modeling may need to consider tailpipe isoprene (and MACR) emissions to properly account for urban concentrations, particularly higher morning abundances.


The New Zealand Biotechnology sector is worthy of study for several reasons. While there is a large and growing international literature on economic aspects of biotechnology innovation these studies concentrate on the United States and Europe. The New Zealand biotechnology sector may be expected to develop along a different trajectory as a consequence of a markedly different set of initial and framework conditions. Government has indicated a strong interest in fostering innovation and aims to concentrate on selected areas where New Zealand may be able to develop a new comparative advantage. One such area is biotechnology, which would build on New Zealand's existing comparative advantage in the primary sector (dairy, forestry, meat, wool and horticulture). This paper describes the preliminary results of an ongoing study that aims to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge of innovation processes in New Zealand while using the international literature as a benchmark. The paper focuses on the drivers of innovation in the biotechnology sector; the role of networks and other linkages; the role of government and industry, the role of human and venture capital, and data from patenting.


Exile and Return have caused a crisis in Israelite religion. This crisis eventually gave the impetus for the emergence of Judaism. The papers in this volume, originally read at a Symposium organized by Utrecht University in April 1998, discuss the relevant aspects of this crisis and the shift from Yahwism to Judaism. The collection of papers is unique in presenting a multidimensional treatment of the problems involved. Biblical texts are read against their historical background with the question in mind: How did the author(s) of this text cope with the changed and shifting situation? Next to that the period under consideration is discussed from historical, religion-historical, archaeological and iconographic angles. The volume underscores the significance of this period for Biblical studies and will certainly yield further discussion.


Abstract Aldosterone hypersecretion in primary aldosteronism is unilateral (aldosterone producing adenoma and primary unilateral hyperplasia) or bilateral (idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia). Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is nowadays the preferred approach to treat patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism. We review the outcomes of this intervention in recently published series. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has a morbidity of 5–14%, mortality below 1%, and a mean hospital stay around 3 days. It generally results in the normalization of aldosterone secretion and in a large decrease of blood pressure and antihypertensive medication, but normotension without treatment is only achieved in 42% of all cases. Normotension following adrenalectomy is more likely in young and lean women with recent low grade hypertension than in obese men with long-standing high grade hypertension or a family history of hypertension. However, individual prediction of the blood pressure outcome is not accurate and predictors of hypertension cure should not be used to select patients for surgery. Age, associated health conditions and preferences of the patient are more relevant to this end.


In the first section, some characteristic features of AI research in France are presented, including difficulties with the current means and the current organization of AI research. In the second section, the state-of-the-art in different areas of AI is described. Besides some weaknesses, and in spite of the general difficulties mentioned in the first section, strong points and great potentialities are exhibited. This allows us to conclude that AI research in France may play an important part at the international level, if the necessary means for its development in the middle and the long term are given.


A biomimetic four-helix bundle with a binuclear active site (DF1), bearing Zn, Mn or Fe as transition metals, has been synthesized and characterized. The carboxylate bridged binuclear motif of DF1 resembles the active site of numerous binuclear enzymes, such as Manganese Catalase, Methane Monoxygenase (MMO), etc. Due to the crucial chem. and biol. relevance of binuclear enzymes in hydrolytic as well as redox active processes, we have performed a systematic study of the structural properties of the dizinc analog of DF1 through ab initio and hybrid QM/MM Car-Parrinello mol. dynamics simulations. Different quantum mech. models of the active site have been chosen in order to gain a qual. view of how the first and second shell ligands can tune structural and dynamical properties of the active site. In addn., the geometrical restraints and the electrostatic stabilization provided by the whole structure have been explicitly considered, performing QM/MM mol. dynamics simulations. [on SciFinder (R)]


Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing worldwide. Occasionally, animals are colonized or infected incidentally with human strains. Recently, however, new strains of MRSA emerging from within the animal kingdom, particularly in pigs, are causing human infection. MRSA has been reported in species as diverse as companion animals, horses and pigs, through to chinchillas, bats and parrots. In contrast, whereas strains of community-associated MRSA, the majority of which carry genes encoding Panton-Valentine leucocidin, are spreading rapidly in human populations, only sporadic cases have been reported in animals to date. Although MRSA has been found in some meat products, the implications for human infection through consumption are unclear. This review examines the epidemiology of MRSA in animals and human attendants/owners, the diagnosis and management of MRSA colonization, infection and infection control strategies in animals.


Where the Trumpet Gives No Uncertain Sound All Souls Church, Langham Place, London, England Easter Sunday Evening, 19 April 2003 All Souls, Langham Place, was designed in the early 1820s by John Nash (1752-1825) as part of an extensive plan to redevelop the Regent Park and Regent Street areas of central London. Set at an angle to the street, the church combines a rectangular nave with a circular portico. A gothic spire-narrow and conical-tops the building. Although the striking wedding cake appearance of All Souls is pleasing to the eye, critics originally derided the building's design. In a debate, one member of Parliament called the new building "a deplorable and horrible object." From 1945 on, All Souls emerged as one of England's best attended churches after it became identified with John Stott, the acclaimed evangelical preacher, author, and biblical commentator. Serving at All Souls for his entire career in the active ministry-first as assistant pastor and then as lector-Stott became a principal figure in giving the evangelical party of the Church of England an international voice and influence. Some writers, in fact, have viewed him the most influential clergyman in the Church of England in the twentieth century. The gilded, classical interior of All Souls creates a sense of openness. Where the interiors of other churches have open spaces, however, All Souls has chairs. Thirteen rows of seats flank the center aisle. Behind them stand an additional eleven rows of seats, set into the space available. To accommodate yet more worshipers, the church has added three rows of eight seats to each side of the chancel. Extending on three sides of the interior and broken only by the pipes of the organ, the galleries seat more than four hundred additional worshipers. In all, the interior can accommodate 1,100 worshipers seated closely together. On a typical Sunday some 2,000 worshipers attend the morning and evening services. As the seating arrangement indicates, this is a church oriented towards preaching. It has a center pulpit rather than a center altar, plain glass rather than stained glass windows, and minimal ecclesiastical ornamentation. At this evening Easter service, the chancel contains only the pulpit and, to its right, musicians (a piano, four strings, two flutes and a trombone). The small orchestra's conductor-he conducted the parish's large orchestra at the morning service-is well known in London's musical circles. On this Sunday evening the pews are ninety percent full, with some people seated in the overflow room in the basement watching the service on big screen television. The church estimates that approximately twothirds of its attendees are under forty years of age. In one section of the packed balcony, a visitor's quick count shows that thirty-seven worshipers seem below the age of thirty, twelve appear to be between the age of thirty-one and fifty-nine, and only two are clearly above sixty. But had the count been made on the ground floor or at the morning service, the mean age would have been higher. Whites predominate in tonight's congregation, with Asians next, followed by Indians and Pakistanis, and then by Arab Christians. The seats contain relatively few blacks. Another section of the balcony counted by the visitor displays approximately eighty people, divided nearly equally between whites and other races. Just before the service begins, the orchestra takes its seats. Without pomp or procession, the clergy then come in from the back of the church. The total staff of All Souls numbers over twenty. Although almost ten clergy work at the church, the congregation sees only three this evening. At 6:30 PM, a female associate minister-dressed not in ecclesiastical garb but in a blue suit with a pink shirt-begins the service by giving the Easter greeting. After leading the collect, she announces the first hymn, "Jesus Christ is risen today." She briefly introduces all hymns in tonight's service, with the exception of the final hymn. …


One of the major problems in biology is to identify genes that are involved in specific processes. Classical genetics and biochemistry, although powerful and informative, can be very labour intensive and do not necessarily characterise networked genes in processes that may overarch numerous biochemical pathways. Here we utilised genomic tools that are capable of defining networks to identify genes involved the complex target mode-of-action of a novel antifungal compound, neothyonidioside and in regulating specific stress processes and the PDR phenotype. The first part of this study investigated the mode-of-action of the antifungal compound, neothyonidioside (neo). We developed a neo resistant mutant strain then utilising a modification of SGAM, a genetic mapping tool, and application of genome-wide chemical-genetic profiling, we identified the neo resistant locus NCP1. This gene acts at a late step in ergosterol biosynthesis but is not the target of neo. The finding that many of the component genes in the ESCRT complex were necessary for neo resistance allowed us to predict and verify by high-content fluorescence microcopy that interruptions in the endosome-multivesicular body pathway were involved. From the known function of the ESCRT proteins and that neo binds ergosterol only above threshold concentrations of ergosterol (explaining the mutant phenotype) we concluded that neo disruption of membrane curvature and fusion capability in the endosome-vacuole pathway is its target. In the second part of this study we identified genes in a genome-wide fashion that modulate the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) phenotype and oxidative stress response. Many PDR targets are well studied ABC transporters (e.g. PDR5 , YOR1), but the modulating events between xenobiotic sensing and transcription factor activation, and possible crosstalk between PDR and other stress responses such as oxidative stress are not well characterised. To identify specific genes involved in the PDR and oxidative stress processes, we developed a fluorescent reporter screen for effects on the PDR-target ABC-transporters, Pdr5p and Yor1p tagged with GFP. For the oxidative stress response, the oxidative stress (OS) transcription factor Yap1p tagged with GFP was used. Each reporter was placed in the yeast non-essential gene deletion background of ~4800 strains which were then subjected to either xenobiotic treatments (PDR –GFP reporters) or oxidant treatments (Yap1p-GFP). We then screened for gene deletions which prevented the normal upregulation of PDR reporters in the presence of xenobiotics. Controls were included in the screens that assured we were assessing genes that must contribute to or act before the transcription of the ABC-transporters. A similar screening strategy was pursued for identifying gene deletions that prevent the normal nuclear re-localisation of Yap1p in the presence of oxidants. A major finding in this study was identification of genes contributing to the PDR phenotype that involved signalling (Rho-GTPase, MAPK), that were involved in RNA polymerase II mediator complexes and chromatin modification (subunits of ADA and SAGA histone acetyltransferase complexes), and that were involved in sphingo/phosphorlipids biosynthesis. Secondary screens comprising spot dilution growth assays and Western blots of Pdr5p abundance confirmed key genes of the primary screen and showed that these were specific and not global transcriptional effects.For some of the gene-dependencies, our results can only be construed to indicate the existence of alternative pathways underpinning the PDR phenotype in a Pdr1p/Pdr3p independent manner. We then supposed that if in fact PDR phenotypes are the result of genetic networks, then genes known to interact with the most highly connected hubs from our PDR screen results should also to some extent contribute to the PDR phenotype (spot dilution growth assays, Western blot abundance). A selection of 18 such genes that also appeared in our primary screen but were deemed to be below the cut-off point were phenotype tested and in 60% of the cases showed similar phenotypes to the genes already identified. This result not only proved the validity of the screening methods but validated the original supposition, i.e. that PDR phenotypes can be affected, through gene networks.


Translation initiation is a complex process in which the Met-tRNAi initiator, 40S, and 60S ribosomal subunits are assembled by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) into an 80S ribosome at the start codon of an mRNA. The basic mechanism for this process can be described as a series of five steps: 1) formation of a pool of free 40S subunits, 2) formation of the ternary complex (Met-tRNAi/eIF2/GTP), and subsequently, the 43S complex (comprising the 40S subunit, Met-tRNAi/eIF2/GTP, eIF3 and eIF1A), 3) activation of the mRNA upon binding of the cap-binding complex eIF4F, and factors eIF4A, eIF4B and eIF4H, with sub-sequent binding to the 43S complex, 4) ribosomal scanning and start codon recognition, and 5) GTP hy-drolysis and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit.


Experimental colitis was induced in rats by intrarectal infusion of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and ethanol. Colitis was accompanied by a large suppression of food intake of 3 days duration. The reduction of food intake was effected through a reduction of meal size, with no change in meal frequency. Those same rats demonstrating approximately 70%-80% suppression of daily food intake showed no reduction of sham feeding. These data indicate that malaise alone is inadequate to explain the suppression of food intake associated with acute colitis. Rather, the data suggest that the suppression of eating results from an exaggerated postprandial satiety signal elaborated during the period of acute inflammation, an interpretation consistent with the demonstration of a slowed rate of gastric emptying in association with the colitis.


The thesis examines trends of changes of historic urban structures in rural landscape. The aim is to find out historic urban structures trends of changes and their changes impact on compositional characteristics of rural landscape. The aim is to form the model of protection and regulation directions and the means to implement them for valuable rural historic urban structures. Carried out analysis of literature, according to it, it is set three different degrees of changes of rural historic urban structures: unchanged, partly changed, completely changed. Carried out sociological survey of community and specialists whose results confirm the identified trends. According the results of the survey is formed the conceptional model of protection and regulation directions for valuable rural urban structures. Regulation directions of conceptional model are adapted for selected objects: Kalviai, Cekiskė, Kruonis, choosing them according to the different degree of urban structure changes. By solutions are planned to preserve rural valuable urban structures, to improve the system of public spaces, to highlight the valuable objects revealing the identity of the area in landscape and preserve valuable compositional properties of landscape. Since the middle of the 20 th century the significance of the historic towns has changed in the urban cadastre of Lithuania and in the hierarchy system of visual landmarks of   landscape. In general, the landscape characteristics of the localities have an impact on the formation of the general vision of the country. Rural areas have accumulated cultural heritage distinguished by worthy characteristics that are considered to be as greatly valuable material to strengthen the identity of the country and to reveal the uniqueness of it. The active demographic, economic, social processes in the country have caused changes in the situation of those towns. Thus, it is important to predict and control the processes of transformations in those areas in order to support and shape the cultural identity of the local communities at the same time to preserve cultural landscape. The objective of the article is to structure the movements and directions to be able to protect valuable rural historic urban structures as well as to suggest measures for their maintenance and implementation,  with reference to the theoretical and practical analysis of the available material and the results of the empirical studies,. Research methods applied: a) the analysis of the scientific  publications and written works, analysis of legal documents and regulations of the Republic of Lithuania  of the international  documentation; the analysis of the samples available in Lithuania and overseas; b) a sociological survey of experts and community members by the method of questionnaire; c) the analysis of J. Bucas's  visual characteristics in the landscape ; d) the analysis of historic, iconographic  status, current situation and photo fixation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.20.3.18427


The P value (significance level) is possibly the mostly widely used, and also misused, quantity in data analysis. P has been heavily criticized on philosophical and theoretical grounds, especially from a Bayesian perspective. In contrast, a properly interpreted P has been strongly defended as a measure of evidence against the null hypothesis, H0. We discuss the meaning of P and null-hypothesis statistical testing, and present some key arguments concerning their use. P is the probability of observing data as extreme as, or more extreme than, the data actually observed, conditional on H0 being true. However, P is often mistakenly equated with the posterior probability that H0 is true conditional on the data, which can lead to exaggerated claims about the effect of a treatment, experimental factor or interaction. Fortunately, a lower bound for the posterior probability of H0 can be approximated using P and the prior probability that H0 is true. When one is completely uncertain about the truth of H0 before an experiment (i.e., when the prior probability of H0 is 0.5), the posterior probability of H0 is much higher than P, which means that one needs P values lower than typically accepted for statistical significance (e.g., P = 0.05) for strong evidence against H0. When properly interpreted, we support the continued use of P as one component of a data analysis that emphasizes data visualization and estimation of effect sizes (treatment effects).


Over the last fifteen years the world's largest developing countries have initiated market reform in their electric power sectors from generation to distribution. This book evaluates the experiences of five of those countries - Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa - as they have shifted from state-dominated systems to schemes allowing for a larger private sector role. As well as having the largest power systems in their regions and among the most rapidly rising consumption of electricity in the world, these countries are the locus of massive financial investment and the effects of their power systems are increasingly felt in world fuel markets. This accessible volume explains the origins of these reform efforts and offers a theory as to why - despite diverse backgrounds - reform efforts in all five countries have stalled in similar ways. The authors also offer practical advice to improve reform policies.


In this paper, we present an approach to drug addiction simulation and forecasting in the medium and long terms in cities having a high population density and a high rate of social communication. Drug addiction forecasting is one of the basic components of the antidrug policy, giving informational and analytic support both at the regional and at the governmental level. However, views on the drug consumption problem vary in different regions, and as a consequence, several approaches to antidrug policy implementation exist. Thereby, notwithstanding the fact that the phenomenology of the population narcotization process is similar in the different regions, approaches to the modeling of drug addiction may also substantially differ for different kinds of antidrug policies. This paper presents a survey of the available antidrug policies and the corresponding approaches to the simulation of population narcotization. This article considers the approach to the construction of the regression model of anesthesia on the main components formed on the basis of indicators of social and economic development. The substantiation of the chosen method is given, which is associated with a significant correlation of indicators, which characterizes the presence of a small number of superfactors. This allows us to form a conclusion about the general level of development of the region as the main factor determining the drug addiction. A new model is proposed for one of the most widespread antidrug policies, namely, the drug use reduction policy. The model helps determine the significant factors of population narcotization and allows to estimate its damage. The model is tested successfully using St. Petersburg data.


It is now a policy requirement that "traditional ecological knowledge" (TEK) be incorporated into environmental assessment and resource management in the North. However, there is little common understanding about what TEK is, and no guidance on how to implement the policy in public arenas where knowledge claims must be tested. The problems are inconsistent and unclear definitions of TEK, and insufficient attention to appropriate methods of organizing and presenting it for assessment and management purposes. TEK can be classified as knowledge about the environment, knowledge about the use of the environment, values about the environment, and the knowledge system itself. All categories are required for environmental assessment, but each must be presented and examined differently. TEK and "Western" science provide partially different information, based on different sets of observations and procedures, and sometimes on different knowledge claims. It is important that TEK be comprehensible and testable as a knowledge claim in public reviews, and usable for ongoing public monitoring and co-management processes. To this end, certain procedures are recommended for recording, organizing, and presenting TEK, with particular emphasis on the need to differentiate between observation and inference or association. Documenting TEK as recommended usually requires trained intermediaries, but they in turn require the support and cooperation of those who have TEK. One consequence is that it is often both impractical and inappropriate to require development proponents to incorporate TEK into their environmental impact statements. However, the environmental assessment process must facilitate the use of TEK in the public review phase.


Abstract When assessing the timing of branching events in a phylogeny, the most important tools currently recognized are a reliable molecular phylogeny and a continuous, relatively complete fossil record. Coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales, and Sporolithales) constitute an ideal group for this endeavor because of their excellent fossil record and their consistent phylogenetic reconstructions. We present the evolutionary history of the corallines following a novel, combined approach using their fossil record, molecular phylogeny (based on the 18S rDNA gene sequences of 39 coralline species), and molecular clocks. The order of appearance of the major monophyletic taxa of corallines in the fossil record perfectly matches the sequence of branching events in the phylogeny. We were able to demonstrate the robustness of the node ages in the phylogeny based on molecular clocks by performing an analysis of confidence intervals and maximum temporal ranges of three monophyletic groups of corallines (the families Sporolithaceae and Hapalidiaceae, as well as the subfamily Lithophylloideae). The results demonstrate that their first occurrences are close to their observed appearances, a clear indicator of a very complete stratigraphic record. These chronological data are used to confidently constrain the ages of the remaining branching events in the phylogeny using molecular clocks.


As biometric systems are deployed in increasingly diverse applications, it becomes correspondingly important to understand the impact which human aging has on system performance. Aging directly affects those physiological and behavioral traits which are characterized in biometric measurements, and a practical biometric system must be designed to account for age-induced changes. However, age can also have very positive implications, for example as a source of further identification information. This paper reviews research to understand how age factors impinge on biometric systems and uses this to synthesize a system infrastructure to unify implementation principles. We present new results to show how multiagent structures can provide an effective framework for this purpose, enhancing performance in both identification and predictive scenarios.


This Article makes a simple claim that has been overlooked for decades and yet has enormous theoretical and practical significance: the constitutional guarantee of counsel adopted by the Supreme Court in Gideon v. Wainwright accrues largely to the benefit of men. In this Article, we present original data analysis, which demonstrates that millions of women face compulsory and highly punitive encounters with the justice system but do so largely in the civil courts, where no right to counsel attaches. The demographic picture that emerges is one in which the right to counsel skews heavily against women's interests. As this Article shows, the gendered allocation of the right to counsel has individual and systemic consequences that play an underappreciated role in perpetuating gender inequality.

We revisit well-known doctrine, and, in contrast to all prior literature, we place gender at the center of the Court's jurisprudence on the right to counsel. Liberty principles have been paramount in the Court's opinions, but the liberty interests of women have been devalued. In Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, the Court refused to recognize the termination of a Black mother's relationship with her child as deserving the right to counsel. Prior scholars have shown that the Gideon Court aimed to protect Black men from abuses of state power, but protecting Black women from such abuse is nowhere in the Court's jurisprudence.

Since Lassiter, the Court has refused to recognize a constitutional guarantee of representation for civil defendants with fundamental interests at stake, and the largest categories of these cases—family law, eviction, and debt collection—all disproportionately affect Black women. As we show, the gendered deprivation of a right to counsel relegates women to a secondary legal status and impinges on the functioning of American democracy. Drawing on the example of housing deprivation, a highly visible collateral effect of the pandemic, we illustrate how lawyerless defendants are now the norm in the civil justice system, with women most severely impacted by this crisis. First, their individual rights are routinely trampled. Powerful governmental and private adversaries of these women have captured the civil courts, with the result that judges regularly fail to enforce even well-established law. Second, without lawyers, appeals are scarce, and the law fails to evolve in areas of particular importance to women's lives. Third, women's ability to act in the world, protected by the rule of law, has been disproportionately compromised, resulting in women's entrenched subordination. Finally, without lawyers to serve as watchdogs in the civil courts, constitutional doctrine has rendered women's most important legal problems invisible. This has undermined opportunities to identify the system's shortcomings and agitate for reform.


Glucocorticoids are effective in the treatment of certain leukemias and lymphomas, but their effects on the growth of several solid tumors have not been determined. We report here that cortivazol (CVZ), a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, inhibits the growth of a hamster pancreatic adenocarcinoma, H2T, in vivo. CVZ regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression was followed as a specific molecular correlate. H2T cells were injected into cheek pouches of male Syrian golden hamsters, where they formed readily measurable tumors. Two studies were performed. In the first, hamsters were randomized to three groups immediately after injection of tumor cells: control, CVZ (0.1 μg/g body wt), or CVZ (0.3 μg/g body wt). Injections of either CVZ or its vehicle were administered on a 14-day cycle of 5 treatment days, followed by 9 days off treatment. Tumors were measured and areas calculated weekly. On day 48, the hamsters were killed and the tumors excised, weighed, and analyzed for DNA, RNA, and protein content. In the second study, randomization and treatment schedule were as before, except that on day 33 the hamsters were killed, tumors were excised and weighed, and total RNA from the tumors was isolated. GR mRNA content was determined by filter hybridization with a 32P-labeled GR cDNA probe, and the signal normalized by reprobing for a-tubulin as an invariant, independent signal. At either dose, CVZ significantly inhibited H2T tumor area and weight and DNA, RNA, and protein content. Body weights of animals treated with CVZ were not significantly decreased as compared with controls. In addition, GR mRNA in H2T cells was increased approximately twofold by CVZ. These results suggest that the positive induction of GRs in H2T may correlate with the inhibition of tumor growth. CVZ deserves further examination as a useful adjuvant treatment for certain pancreatic cancers.


This paper presents our similarity algorithm between relations in a user query written in FOL ( first order logic) and ontological relations. Our similarity algorithm takes two graphs and produces a mapping between elements of the two graphs (i.e. graphs associated to the query, a subsection of ontology relevant to the query). The algorithm assesses structural similarity and concept similarity. An evaluation of our algorithm using the KMi Planet ontology is presented. We also carried out an experiment to test the human judgment about similarity using context and without context. Our similarity algorithm has been manly used in AQUA, our question answering, in the query reformulation process.


The obtainment of 30 new strains from native Trichoderma harzianum after UV light irradiation (UV-A and UV-C), and of 82 strains resulted from protoplast fusion were accomplished. The new strains, initially selected for their growing rate under low temperature and high pH conditions, as well as for their innocuousness on tomato plants, were tested for in vitro inhibition of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici in dual cultures and due to secretion of volatile and diffusible metabolites. All the UV-A and UV-C selected candidate mutants were innocuous to tomato plants, but none of them showed improvement in their biocontrol activity on P. lycopersici . Th12A20.1 increased 1.3 and 1.9 fold the total fresh weight of Fortaleza tomato plants when compared to its parental strains Th12 and Th11, respectively. The selected candidate mutants obtained through protoplast fusion were also innocuous to tomato plants, but only ThF1-2 and ThF4-4 inhibited 1.3 fold (in dual cultures) and 5 fold (due to secretion of volatile metabolites) the growth of P. lycopersici , respectively, in relation to the mean inhibitory effect of both parents. Therefore, these candidate mutants could be included in experiments under field conditions.


Abstract This article identifies what the recognition of forms of collaboration in the mail art network suggests to us today about a distribution of experiences. This was not fixed only in objects, but in exchanges of moments, affections, preoccupations, political positions and collective desires, that were anticipated as episodes of correspondence through a "Collectionism of place" and an estrangement of what circulates. The action of receiving remains implicit the act of sending, and also considers the translation of object or letter received as crucial. For any cultural exchange, translation is vital to activate the content and its significance in the new scenario where the contents of the letter are displayed.


The simulation method for synchronized swimming was developed by extending the swimming human simulation model 'SWUM.' In order to acquire the input data for the simulation, an experiment using subject swimmers was carried out. Using the acquired input data, the simulation reproducing the experiment was conducted. The simulated results were compared with the experimental ones and the sufficient validity of the simulation method was confirmed. In addition, parameter studies about timing of motion among the swimmers were conducted. It was found that the jumping height became maximum (0.7m larger than original) when the upper swimmer's motion was 0.07s earlier.


A seasoned Zen practitioner and neurologist looks more deeply at mindfulness, connecting it to our subconscious and to memory and creativity.This is a book for readers who want to probe more deeply into mindfulness. It goes beyond the casual, once-in-awhile meditation in popular culture, grounding mindfulness in daily practice, Zen teachings, and recent research in neuroscience. In Living Zen Remindfully, James Austin, author of the groundbreaking Zen and the Brain, describes authentic Zen training?the commitment to a process of regular, ongoing daily life practice. This training process enables us to unlearn unfruitful habits, develop more wholesome ones, and lead a more genuinely creative life.Austin shows that mindfulness can mean more than our being conscious of the immediate ?now.? It can extend into the subconscious, where most of our brain's activities take place, invisibly. Austin suggests ways that long-term meditative training helps cultivate the hidden, affirmative resource of our unconscious memory. Remindfulness, as Austin terms it, can help us to adapt more effectively and to live more authentic lives.Austin discusses different types of meditation, meditation and problem-solving, and the meaning of enlightenment. He addresses egocentrism (self-centeredness) and allocentrism (other-centeredness), and the blending of focal and global attention. He explains the remarkable processes that encode, store, and retrieve our memories, focusing on the covert, helpful remindful processes incubating at subconscious levels. And he considers the illuminating confluence of Zen, clinical neurology, and neuroscience. Finally, he describes an everyday life of ?living Zen,? drawing on the poetry of Basho, the seventeenth-century haiku master.


In this paper, we examine the causes and effects of contentionfor shared data access in parallel programs running on a software distributed shared memory (DSM) system. Specifically, we experiment on two widely-used, pagebased protocols, Princeton's home-based lazy release consistency (HLRC) and TreadMarks. For most of our programs, these protocols were equally affected by latency increases caused by contention and achieved similar performance. Where they differ significantly, HLRC's ability to manually eliminate load imbalance was the largest factor accounting for the difference. Finally, to quantify the effects of contention we either modified the application to eliminate the cause of the contention or modified the underlying protocol to efficiently handle it. Overall, we find that contention has profound effects on performance: eliminating contention reduced execution time by 64% in the most extreme case, even at the relatively modest scale of 32 nodes that we consider in this paper.


In China, two invasive pests, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Gennadius) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), often co-occur with the native pest, Aphis gossypii (Glover), on plants of Malvaceae and Cucurbitaceae. All three are preyed on by the native ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas); however, the native predator might be expected to prefer native prey to the exotic ones due to a shared evolutionary past. In order to clarify whether the presence of native prey affected the consumption of these two invasive species by the native predator, field-cage experiments were conducted. A duplex qPCR was used to simultaneously detect both non-native pests within the gut of the predator. H. axyridis readily accepted both invasive prey species, but preferred B. tabaci. With all three prey species available, H. axyridis consumption of B. tabaci was 39.3±2.2% greater than consumption of F. occidentalis. The presence of A. gossypii reduced (by 59.9% on B. tabaci, and by 60.6% on F. occidentalis), but did not stop predation on the two exotic prey when all three were present. The consumption of B. tabaci was similar whether it was alone or together with A. gossypii. However, the presence of aphids reduced predation on the invasive thrips. Thus, some invasive prey may be incorporated into the prey range of a native generalist predator even in the presence of preferred native prey.


Cardiac output is often measured by indicator dilution techniques, usually based on dye or cold saline injections. Developments of more stable ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) are leading to new noninvasive indicator dilution methods. However, several problems concerning the interpretation of dilution curves as detected by ultrasound transducers have arisen. This paper presents a method for blood flowmeasurements based on UCA dilution. Dilution curves are determined by real-time densitometric analysis of the video output of an ultrasound scanner and are automatically fitted by the Local Density Random Walk model. A new fitting algorithm based on multiple linear regression is developed. Calibration, that is, the relation between videodensity and UCA concentration, is modelled by in vitro experimentation. The flow measurement system is validated by in vitro perfusion of SonoVue contrast agent. The results show an accurate dilution curve fit and flow estimation with determination coefficient larger than 0.95 and 0.99, respectively.


The seismic X-Discontinuity, occasionally observed at ~300 km depth, has been attributed partly to the exsolution of the calcium-Eskola (Ca 0.5 □ 0.5 AlSi 2 O 6 , CaEs) component from eclogitic clinopyroxene upon reaching the coesite–stishovite transition. To test if this is a viable mechanism, we have undertaken high-pressure experiments between 4 and 11.5 GPa at 1000–1350 °C in order to further investigate the factors controlling CaEs incorporation in clinopyroxene at upper mantle conditions up to coesite–stishovite transition. Bulk compositions had pyroxene stoichiometry in the simple system CaO–MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 ± Na 2 O (CMAS ± Na), which restricts possible end-member components to diopside (di), calcium-Tschermaks (CaTs), calcium-Eskola (CaEs), and clinoenstatite (en), ±jadeite. All run products had a typical eclogitic mineral assemblage with clinopyroxene always in equilibrium with garnet and coesite or stishovite, and in some runs kyanite. Clinopyroxene is non-stoichiometric due to the defect-bearing CaEs component. CaEs and CaTs contents vary systematically with P , T and bulk composition. CaEs reaches up to 0.22 mol % at 4 GPa and 1200 °C, and for a given bulk composition CaEs decreases continuously with pressure from 4 to 11.5 GPa. Our experiments, along with experiments performed with more complex compositions reveal different systematics when Na is present, since it is only accommodated in clinopyroxene. Incorporation of a jadeite component drives down the CaTs content and also influences the CaEs content. Generally, maximizing the CaEs content requires a coexisting free SiO 2 phase and an elevated Al 2 O 3 content, but it is not clear if kyanite must be part of the assemblage, or whether buffering of Al by garnet is adequate. At P > 9 GPa, the systematics of clinopyroxene composition change as garnet becomes majoritic and also begins to accommodate significant Na. In both simple and complex bulk compositions CaEs content in clinopyroxene decreases steadily from ~4 GPa so that no sharp change occurs at pressures corresponding to the coesite–stishovite phase transition. Calculations reveal that only small (1–2 wt %) amounts of free stishovite can be exsolved from CaEs-bearing clinopyroxene, which are insufficient to produce a large enough impedance contrast to explain a significant contribution to the X-Discontinuity. If the X-Discontinuity is related to the coesite–stishovite phase transition in eclogite, as proposed in the literature, then free SiO 2 must be already present in the mineral assemblage rather than being exsolved from CaEs-bearing clinopyroxene upon entering the stability field of stishovite.