Petrol filling stations (PFS) are among those that have high potential of fire
hazard due to the dangerous material that they store. Hence their siting should be
carried out properly. Their improper siting could lead to disastrous consequences
during fire and could cause pollution to surrounding soil and underground water
should leakage occur to their underground storage tanks. Therefore, the objectives of
this study is to assist the proper siting of new stations and assess the locationsuitability
location of existing petrol filling stations. A suitable petrol filling station
siting must incorporate environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable
them to be located in safe locations so that no unacceptable risk to people or the
environment would exist. In the Surabaya metropolitan area, the growth of motor
vehicles is around 12% per year and the total number of cars and motorcycles is up to
1.6 million. Such growth creates the need to establish new petrol filling stations to add
to the 90 stations already in existence.
This study performs the integration between Geographic Information System
(GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for siting suitability assessment. The
GIS with spatial analysis provides an opportunity to identify suitable site by
computing various criteria based on environmental consideration. On the other hand,
AHP is applied to quantify the priority ranking of each criteria based on stakeholders
preference. This integration is called spatial multicriteria decision support system that
will help to find suitable sites based on priority preference.
At the end of this study, PFS sites in Surabaya have been classified as highly
suitable zone, moderately suitable area, and less suitable zone. As a result, the
integration of GIS and AHP has uncovered fact that 85.5% of the total numbers of
existing PFS in Surabaya are not located in highly suitable zone. As conclusion, this
study shows that GIS and AHP are essential tools to assist correct siting of PFS.


Although Freud's key claims regarding unconscious processes are pervasive in psychoanalytic theory, psychoanalysis is not a singular unified system. Early originating frameworks have evolved to adapt to changing clinical practices. In Britain, Freud's work was complicated by the work of Klein, and later by the British Object Relations school, and still later by the inclusion of empirical research from John Bowlby's attachment theory. In France and Latin America, Lacan gained dominance; in the United States, early work in "ego psychology" was supplemented by Kohutian "self-psychology" and later by "relational psychoanalysis." In the academy, the work of Slavoj Zizek, synthesizing Lacanian and Marxist theory, has had wide influence. All these perspectives offer different accounts of the legacies of the past in their impact on unconscious expression.
 Early applications of psychoanalysis to literature were concerned with the origins of creativity and the neurotic conditions of literary characters or authors. Subsequent interests have focused on the nature of literary language and the dynamics of readerly engagements. In the early 21st century, use of psychoanalysis as an analytic tool follows the model of a conversation. The goal is not to apply a theory to a text to illustrate a psychoanalytic truth but to tease out the "unsaid" of a text or set of texts. Psychoanalysis in literary engagements, as in clinical engagements, is not about establishing a truth; instead it is used in "dialogue" with another discourse to discover implicit or unacknowledged dimensions of that articulation. The diversity of psychoanalytic schools and concepts allows scholars to give attention to wide-ranging interests: to the grip of ideology on subject, to the unconscious thematics of authors, to the symptomatic conditions of culture. Popular subjects for the psychoanalytic study of literature or film are psychic conflict, suffering, anxiety, enjoyment, the uncanny, and the repressed.
 Following World War II, the Frankfurt school synthesized Freud with Marxist thought, laying out enduring parameters for the psychoanalytic study of social processes. Adorno and Horkheimer sought to understand totalitarian character and mass culture and explored literature as a response to ideological enlistment. Recent work by "the Lacanian Left" in political theory explores libidinal and affective dimensions of discourse. "Psychosocial studies" scholars in Britain utilize psychoanalytic principles to gain more complex information from interviews and social research designs. Contemporary work in neuropsychoanalysis develops empirical evidence to document psychoanalytic processes in the organizational patterns of the brain, particularly in the dynamics of dreaming, memory, and nonconscious behavior. All these newly emerging engagements with psychoanalytic thought offer opportunities for contemporary research.


The first part of this paper contextualises the restructuring of education and teacher education within the global and national requirements and demands of Capital in the current epoch of global neoliberalism. It argues that World capital has three plans for education. These are firstly a Capitalist Plan for Education (what it requires education to do- produce labour power with the skills and ideologically compliant attitudes to develop a workforce from which surplus value can be extracted). Secondly, there is a Capitalist Plan in Education (how it plans to make `big bucks'/ money/ profits out of education). There is also third plan, the Capitalist Plan for Education Corporations Globally, the plan whereby national governments such as those in the USA, the UK and Australia promote the privatizing, ownership, consultancy and profit-making activities globally and/or regionally in order to maximize profits of national Capital and of locally-based transnational corporations. The second part is an analytical case study of developments in teacher education in England and Wales under both Conservatives (1979-1997) and New Labour (1997-2005) governments. The third part relates this case study to the broader conservatizing of teacher education (symbolically renamed `teacher training' in England and Wales in the 1990s) to the enforcement of monitored and tested national curricula (whether formal, as in England and Wales, or semi-formal, as in the USA- through textbooks and assessments). Such ideologies and hierarchicalized material conditions for different raced and gendered classes in society is not uncontested. The fourth part of the paper proposes a series of progressive egalitarian policy principles and proposals that constitute an egalitarian manifesto for critical teacher education and critical transformative pedagogy. The paper proposes a series aims, organizing principles, and principles for the organization of critical transformative egalitarian education.


Machine-learned models are often described as "black boxes". In many real-world applications however, models may have to sacrifice predictive power in favour of human-interpretability. When this is the case, feature engineering becomes a crucial task, which requires significant and time-consuming human effort. Whilst some features are inherently static, representing properties that cannot be influenced (e.g., the age of an individual), others capture characteristics that could be adjusted (e.g., the daily amount of carbohydrates taken). Nonetheless, once a model is learned from the data, each prediction it makes on new instances is irreversible - assuming every instance to be a static point located in the chosen feature space. There are many circumstances however where it is important to understand (i) why a model outputs a certain prediction on a given instance, (ii) which adjustable features of that instance should be modified, and finally (iii) how to alter such a prediction when the mutated instance is input back to the model. In this paper, we present a technique that exploits the internals of a tree-based ensemble classifier to offer recommendations for transforming true negative instances into positively predicted ones. We demonstrate the validity of our approach using an online advertising application. First, we design a Random Forest classifier that effectively separates between two types of ads: low (negative) and high (positive) quality ads (instances). Then, we introduce an algorithm that provides recommendations that aim to transform a low quality ad (negative instance) into a high quality one (positive instance). Finally, we evaluate our approach on a subset of the active inventory of a large ad network, Yahoo Gemini.


A novel model able to quantitatively describe intracellular ice formation (IIF) as a function of temperature in a cell population characterized by a size distribution is proposed for the case when a permeant cryoprotectant agent (CPA) is present. As such, the model represents the ideal extension of the one recently proposed by the authors for interpreting the behavior of a size-distributed population of cells during cryopreservation without CPA. To resemble the experimental procedure actually adopted, the former model is coherently modified for the simulation of the initial equilibration stage (i.e., a one-step CPA permeation kinetics into cells initially under isotonic conditions to be suspended in a water/salt/CPA solution at ambient temperature) and of the subsequent cooling stage at constant rate down to −60°C. Specifically, the size distribution dynamics of a cell population in response to water osmosis, CPA permeation, and IIF is simulated by means of a suitable population balance approach. Water and CPA intracellular transport equations based on the classical Kedem and Katchalsky formalism are coupled to the quantitative description of nucleation and diffusion-limited growth of ice crystals in the framework of a one-dimensional population balance equation. The driving forces of all the physico-chemical phenomena involved are evaluated by taking into account the relevant ternary phase diagram, whereas the viscosity of the cytoplasm solution is properly accounted as a function of the salt and CPA concentrations. After a reasoned choice of the values of model parameters, the behavior of isolated rat hepatocytes suspended in a water/sodium-chloride/glycerol solution is simulated and analyzed at different, practicable (i.e., low) constant cooling rates and CPA equilibration concentrations. It is confirmed that differently sized cells in a single population exhibit different IIF temperatures under the same operative conditions even in the presence of CPA. Correspondingly, the probability of IIF results to be a function of the initial size distribution of the cell population. Depending on the specific operative conditions adopted, the size distribution and the osmotic properties of the cell lineage at hand, IIF at −60°C may be lethal for a fraction of the cell population (i.e., larger size classes), or it may not reach a dangerous level for the intermediate size class cells, while it will not even take place for the smaller ones. Finally, even if no comparison with experimental data is provided, an original and physically sound explanation for several, well-known experimental evidences, which appeared in a number of articles available in the literature of cell cryopreservation with CPA, is comprehensively given. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011


"The paper examines the possible impact of Doha agreement on Philippine poverty. Using a detailed CGE analysis, the agreement is observed to depress world demand for Philippine agricultural exports, and thus slightly increase poverty, especially among rural households. However, an ambitious full trade liberalization scenario, which involves free world trade and domestic liberalization, leads to increased industrial exports that favor urban households. These impacts are driven primarily by domestic trade liberalization, as free world trade favors the agricultural sector by increasing the cost of competing agricultural imports." Authors' Abstract


For a two-week period in mid-March 2020, government bond markets experienced uncharacteristic turbulence, sometimes selling off sharply in risk-off episodes when they would normally attract safe haven flows. Evidence in the US Treasury market points to forced selling of treasury securities by investors who had attempted to exploit small yield differences through the use of leverage. Even though government bonds are safe assets, large holdings by leveraged investors may detract from orderly market functioning and may necessitate interventions by the central bank.


The European Union faces major social problems. More than six million jobs were lost from 2008-13 and poverty has increased. Fiscal consolidation has generally attempted to spare social protection from spending cuts, but the distribution of adjustment costs between the young and old has been uneven; a growing generational divide is evident, disadvantaging the young. The efficiency of the social security systems of EU countries varies widely. Countries with greater inequality tended to have higher household borrowing prior to the crisis resulting in more subdued consumption growth during the crisis. The resulting high private debt, high unemployment, poverty and more limited access to education undermine long-term growth and social and political stability. Policymakers face three main challenges. First, addressing unemployment and poverty should remain a high priority not only for its own sake, but because these problems undermine public debt sustainability and growth. Second, bold policies in various areas are required. Most labour, social and fiscal policies are the responsibility of member states, requiring national reforms. But better coordination of demand management at European level is also necessary in order to create jobs. Third, tax/benefit systems should be reviewed for improved efficiency, inter- generational equity and fair burden sharing between the wealthy and poor.


The issue of shariah compliance is increasingly important, given that Islamic finance is always challenged by demand from market participants to be innovative and business oriented (eg. offering new instruments and products), as conventional financial does. This fact can encourage the Islamic financial position further improve. On the one hand they should accommodate the demand of customers that may be contrary to shariah principles, but on the other hand Islamic banks are strictly bound by shariah compliance. This paper will focus on the importance of applying aspects of shariah compliance in Islamic banking.In various opinions, the meaning of shariah compliance in Islamic banks is "the application of Islamic principles, shariah and traditions in financial transactions and banking and other related business". Shariah is one of the indicators of Islamic disclosure to ensure the adherence of Islamic banks to shariah principles. Furthermore, at the operational level, shariah compliance is compliance to the Dewan Syariah Nasional which is the embodiment of shariah principles and rules that must be adhered in Islamic banking.Some provisions that can be used to assess shariah compliance within Islamic financial institutions are: First, contract used for the collection and distribution of funds in accordance with the priciples of shariah and the rules of shariah. Second, Zakat funds is calculated and paid, managed in accordance with the rules and principles of shariah. Third, All transactions and economic activities are reported fairy in accordance with applicable shariah accounting standards. Fourth, the work environment and corporate culture in accordance with shariah. Fift, business that are financed do not conflict with shariah. Sixthly, there is Shariah Supervisory Board (DPS) as a shariah director for the overall operational activities of Islamic banks. Seventh, the source of funds comes from a legitimate and lawful source according to shariah.Related to the implementation mechanisme of shariah compliance, there are two underlying concept both in the context of the fulfillment of accuntability horizontally and transcendental. First, The concept of shariah review must be done by DPS to conduct supervision on shariah compliance. Second, the concept of shariah internal review, Islamic banking as one of internal audit function. If the optimazation of the implementation of shariah compliance aspect in Islamic banking is a necessity, so that the impact of Islamic bank can be the only option for the society to save and do the financing.


Iron is the single element used in industries in larger quantities than all the other metallic elements combined. This is because of the very wide applications of the metal in manufacture of machinery, vehicles, utensils, trains and train rails, ships and bars used in re-enforced concrete. Whereas the element occurs in more than 80 minerals, only a small number is important as a source of iron. However, even these must be concentrated to make them suitable for putting in a blast furnace. In Kenya, laterites commonly called murram, are currently being used mainly for surfacing roads. This study set out to show that laterites can be converted to high quality iron ore which should make Kenya self-reliant in as far as supply of metallic iron is concerned. The area of study was chosen because some of the iron in this area is known to be present as the mineral ilmenite. It was, therefore, of interest to find out whether the heat treatment that converts hematite to magnetite is adequate to decompose ilmenite. The samples of this study were obtained from Tunyai Division, in Tharaka Nithi County, in the Republic of Kenya. During sampling, three sampling sites from each location were selected within a distance of about a km apart. Within a given sampling site, three holes which were at least ten metres apart were dug. The surface materials of up to 30 cm deep were discarded since they contained a lot of organic matter. Three Samples from this depth were obtained, mixed and about one kg of the samplemixture packed in plastic bags labeled level A awaiting analysis. For each hole, samples were also picked from a depth of one metre, mixed and labeled, B. Laterite samples were concentrated by heating charcoal/laterite mixtures in the ratios of 1:10 by mass in a slow current of air and in the temperature range of 500-700 o C. Elemental analysis was carried out on both the raw laterites and the heat treated samples with particular interest on the level of iron using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and EDTA Titrations for comparison purposes. The minerals present were determined using a Bruker D8 Advance Diffractometer. The results of elemental analysis showed that, raw laterites contain 28-31% iron depending on source. On the other hand, after the heat treatment, the level of iron in the heat-treated sample had increased to 55-64%. Iron ore with this level of concentration is usually what is normally put in a blast furnace. The X-ray diffraction data confirmed that, iron in the raw laterites was present predominantly as the minerals goethite and hematite since these are known to have diffraction peaks at angles 2θ= 21.51 ̊ and 2θ= 54.11 ̊, respectively. In this study, whereas these peaks were observed in the raw laterites, they were absent in the heat-treated magnet-separated samples and instead, a strong peak was observed at angle 2θ= 36 ̊. This peak is attributed to magnetite. This observation confirms that, when the laterite-charcoal mixture is heated in the temperature range 500-700 o C in a current of air, both goethite and hematite are converted to the mineral magnetite. The iron present in laterites can, therefore, be readily concentrated using magnetic separation. Furthermore, any ilmenite present in laterites is not affected by this heat treatment.


Microplastics have been one of the most serious environmental pollutants of concern over recent decades. These pollutants have been detected not only in the marine biota, but also in abiotic sea products such as sea salts, which might pose a threat to food safety. Although efficient methods for the analysis of microplastics in different matrices have been published, in many cases, part of the quantification protocol relies on counting by eye, which is inefficient and time consuming. In this study, a new method for the analysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics in table sea salts was developed. After hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatment and filtration, the PET particles in vacuum-filtered retentates of table sea salts were imaged by micro-FT-NIR imaging and identified using spectral similarity methods including correlation coefficient mapping (CCM), spectral angle mapping (SAM) and Euclidean distance mapping (EDM) methods. The number of particles was acquired by a computer based automatic counting method. The results showed that, in most cases, the number of microplastics obtained by the automatic counting method was equal to that obtained by the counting by eye method, which proved that micro-NIR chemical imaging combined with chemometric methods can be an alternative way to identify and count the microplastics simultaneously. This method for detecting and quantifying PET microplastics in table sea salts could also be applied to other types of polymers in other environmental sample detection.


A multi-chromosome GA (Multi-GA) was developed, based upon concepts from the natural world, allowing improved flexibility in a number of areas including representation, genetic operators, their parameter rates and real world multi-dimensional applications. A series of experiments were conducted, comparing the performance of the Multi-GA to a traditional GA on a number of recognised and increasingly complex test optimisation surfaces, with promising results. Further experiments demonstrated the Multi-GA's flexibility through the use of non-binary chromosome representations and its applicability to dynamic parameterisation. A number of alternative and new methods of dynamic parameterisation were investigated, in addition to a new non-binary 'Quotient crossover' mechanism. Finally, the Multi-GA was applied to two real world problems, demonstrating its ability to handle mixed type chromosomes within an individual, the limited use of a chromosome level fitness function, the introduction of new genetic operators for structural self-adaptation and its viability as a serious real world analysis tool. The first problem involved optimum placement of computers within a building, allowing the Multi-GA to use multiple chromosomes with different type representations and different operators in a single individual. The second problem, commonly associated with Geographical Information Systems (GIS), required a spatial analysis location of the optimum number and distribution of retail sites over two different population grids. In applying the Multi-GA, two new genetic operators (addition and deletion) were developed and explored, resulting in the definition of a mechanism for self-modification of genetic material within the Multi-GA structure and a study of this behaviour.


Purpose: To assess the relationship between youth's exposure to the Food and Drug Administration's national tobacco public education campaign, The Real Cost, and changes in campaign-targeted beliefs. Design: Longitudinal design with baseline survey and 2 postcampaign follow-up surveys. Sample: Youth from 75 US media markets (N = 1680) who completed all 3 surveys and had experimented with or were susceptible to future cigarette smoking. Measures: Exposure was measured by self-reported frequency of ad exposure and media market–level target rating points. Agreement with 30 self-reported tobacco-related beliefs was assessed in 3 categories: (1) beliefs specifically targeted by campaign messages (campaign-targeted belief), (2) beliefs not targeted by the campaign (nontargeted beliefs), and (3) beliefs corresponding to other media campaigns on air concurrent with The Real Cost (ambiguous beliefs). Analysis: Descriptive analyses of aggregate changes in beliefs and logistic regressions to examine the association between campaign exposure and beliefs. Intervention: The Real Cost. Results: Agreement with campaign-targeted beliefs increased from baseline to first and second follow-ups, with a mean relative increase of 10.4% and 11.5%, respectively. Nontargeted beliefs did not change substantially. Both measures of campaign exposure were positively associated with increased odds of agreeing with 5 of 8 campaign-targeted beliefs. Exposure was not significantly associated with 12 of 14 nontargeted tobacco-related beliefs. Discussion: A sustained national tobacco public education campaign can change population-level perceptions of tobacco-related harms among youth.


AIM: To investigate the correlation between androgen receptor expression and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) mRNA levels. METHODS: 39 human prostate cancers and 14 benign prostatic hypertrophy specimens were examined immunohistochemically for androgen receptor expression and by in situ hybridisation and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for FGF8 expression. RESULTS: In 39 tumours there was a statistically significant negative correlation between tumour grade and FGF8 expression and a positive correlation between FGF8 and androgen receptor expression. All 14 benign hypertrophy specimens expressed moderate to high levels of FGF8 and androgen receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of FGF8 may be a factor involved in the development of prostatic cancer.


In American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MP3, Second Edition, Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman examine popular music in the United States from its beginnings into the 21st century, offering a comprehensive look at the music, the cultural history of the times, and the connections between them. Using well-chosen examples, insightful commentaries, and an engaging writing style, this text traces the development of jazz, blues, country, rock, Motown, hip-hop, and other popular styles, highlighting the contributions of diverse groups to the creation of distinctly American styles. It combines an in-depth treatment of the music itself--including discussions of stylistic elements and analyses of musical examples--with solid coverage of the music's attendant historical, social, and cultural circumstances. The authors incorporate strong pedagogy including numerous boxed inserts on significant individuals, recordings, and intriguing topics; coverage of early American popular music; and a rich illustration program. Detailed listening charts explain the most important elements of recordings discussed at length in the text. The charts are complemented by two in-text audio CDs and--new to this edition--an iMix published at iTunes, which makes most of the songs immediately available to students and instructors. Features of the Second Edition * Integrates full color throughout * Provides more coverage of women artists, with new material on women in rock 'n' roll in Chapter 8 and a box on Queen Latifah in Chapter 14 * Reorganizes the discussion of post-1970s music: disco is now included with mainstream 70s pop, while hip-hop is treated in two chapters (12 and 14) in order to emphasize its significance and diversity * Adds new material on the recent alternative country music explosion * Includes new developments in music technology in the thoroughly revised concluding chapter * Offers revised and more vivid visual elements, including more than 100 new photos (most in full color) and an illustrated timeline * Provides redesigned listening guides, enhanced by an iMix published at iTunes (accessible at www.oup.com/us/popmusic) * Supplemented by a Companion Website at www.oup.com/us/popmusic (containing both student and instructor resources) and an Instructor's Manual and a Computerized Test Bank on CD * FREE with the purchase of this book: a 6-month subscription to Grove Music Online (www.grovemusic.com)--a $180 value Remarkably accessible, American Popular Music, Second Edition, is ideal for courses in American Popular Music, the History of Popular Music, Popular Music in American Culture, and the History of Rock 'n' Roll. Its welcoming style and warm tone will captivate readers, encouraging them to become more critically aware listeners of popular music.


In Bilcare Ltd. v. M/S The Supreme Industries Ltd., the Delhi High Court affirmed a lower court order vacating ex parte injunctions against an alleged infringer of a patent, rejecting arguments that the patent should be presumed valid even though the patent was the subject of opposition proceedings. In KSR International, Inc. v. Teleflex Co., the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's long-standing interpretation of Section 103 of the Patent Act, i.e., that a challenger seeking to prove invalidity must demonstrate a teaching, suggestion, or motivation to combine prior art references. These cases reveal important insights (within varying procedural and substantive legal contexts) into statutory and judicial presumptions of validity that result from the grant of patents by administrative agencies. The article explains how such presumptions relate to evidence and proof rather than to the weight accorded to legal judgments. Using Bilcare as a reference, the article suggests that opportunities to present evidence challenging validity should be provided even in preliminary relief contexts, and discusses concerns that arise when validity is challenged in both administrative and judicial systems. The article then describes how the KSR decision adopted substantive legal rules for obviousness that supersede the statutory presumption of validity, shift the burdens of production and persuasion, and (for some inventions) limit the scope of relevant evidence that can be used by patent holders to prove non-obviousness. Finally, the article argues that the U.S. statutory presumption should not continue to be construed by the courts to impose heightened burdens of proving invalidity. (Forthcoming in Spanish as translated by Carlos Correa, Revista Juridica Argentina La Ley)


Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) studies based on CALIFA survey data have recently revealed ongoing low-level star formation (SF) in the periphery of a small fraction (~10%) of local early-type galaxies (ETGs), witnessing a still ongoing inside-out galaxy growth process. A distinctive property of the nebular component in these ETGs, classified i+, is a structure with two radial zones, the inner of which displays LINER emission with a Hα equivalent width EW(Hα) ≃ 1 A, the outer (3 A <EW(Hα) ≲ 20 A) Hii-region characteristics. Using CALIFA IFS data, we empirically demonstrate that the confinement of nebular emission to the galaxy periphery leads to a strong aperture (or, correspondingly, redshift) bias in spectroscopic single-fiber studies of type i+ ETGs: at low redshift (z ≲ 0.45), SDSS spectroscopy is restricted to the inner (SF-devoid LINER) zone, which causes the galaxies to be erroneously classified as "retired", that is, systems entirely lacking SF, and whose faint nebular emissionis solely powered by the post-AGB stellar component. The SDSS aperture progressively encompasses the outer SF zone only at higher z, at which the galaxies are unambiguously classified as "composite SF/LINER". We also empirically demonstrate that the principal effect of a decreasing spectroscopic aperture on the classification of i+ ETGs through standard [Nii]/Hα vs. [Oiii]/Hβ emission-line (BPT) ratios consists of a monotonic shift upward and to the right precisely along the upper right wing of the "seagull" distribution on the BPT plane, that is, along the pathway connecting composite SF/Hii galaxies with AGN/LINERs. Motivated by these observational insights, we also investigate theoretically observational biases in aperture-limited studies of inside-out growing galaxies as a function of z. To this end, we devise a simple 1D model that involves an outward-propagating exponentially decreasing SF process since z ~ 10 and reproduces the radial extent and two-zone EW(Hα) distribution of local i+ ETGs. By simulating the 3′′ spectroscopic SDSS aperture in this model, we find that SDSS studies at z ≲ 1 are progressively restricted to the inner (SF-devoid LINER) zone and miss an increasingly larger portion of the Hα-emitting periphery. This leads to the incorrect spectroscopic classification of these inside-out assembling galaxies as retired ETG/LINERs and also to a severe underestimation of their total star formation rate (SFR) in a manner inversely related to z. More specifically, the SFR inferred from the Hα luminosity registered within the SDSS fiber is reduced by 50% at z ~ 0.86, reaching only 0.1% of its integral value at z = 0.1. We argue that the aperture-driven biases described above pertain to any morphological analog of i+ ETGs (e.g., SF-quiescent bulges within star-forming disks), regardless of whether it is viewed from the perspective of inside-out growth or inside-out SF quenching, and might be of considerable relevance to galaxy taxonomy and studies of the cosmic SFR density as a function of z.


Students' high-level thinking skills such as critical thinking have been developed thanks to the use of technology. When analyzed the researches, this research will be original, and it will provide significant contributions to the literature. This research aims to explore the factors affecting the techno-pedagogical competencies and critical thinking skills of preservice mathematics teachers and to reveal the relation between their critical thinking skills and techno-pedagogical competencies. At that point, this research is remarkable for presenting an idea about raising more qualified mathematics teachers. This study was designed as descriptive study. The research group of this study hosts a total of 552 preservice elementary mathematics teachers. The research has employed two data collection tools: "TPACK Self-Efficacy Scale" and "Critical Thinking Scale". The research data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 21.0. The research results reveal that the technopedagogical skills and critical thinking abilities of preservice mathematics teachers are midlevel. On the other hand, there is a significant relation between the preservice mathematics teachers' critical thinking abilities and technopedagogical competencies.


We analyze the effect of phase-matched third-harmonic generation on the existence and stability of (1+1)-dimensional bright and dark spatial solitary waves in optical media with a cubic (or Kerr) nonlinear response. We demonstrate that parametric coupling of the fundamental beam with the third harmonic leads to the existence of two-color solitary waves resembling those in a χ(2) medium and that it can modify drastically the properties of solitary waves due to effective non-Kerr nonlinearities. In particular, we find a power threshold for the existence of two-frequency parametric bright solitons and also reveal the soliton multistability in a Kerr medium that becomes possible owing to a higher-order nonlinear phase shift caused by cascaded third-order processes. We also analyze dark solitary waves and their stabilities. We show that, in a certain parameter domain, parametric χ(3) dark solitons may become unstable owing to the modulational instability of the supporting background or to other instability mechanisms caused by the parametric coupling between the harmonics.


In the history of Islamic philosophy Ibn Khaldun deserves a place of honor. His analytical method is a perennial contribution to the analysis of social dynamics. His critique of the omnipotence of the state, his denunciation of high fiscal spending, and his exaltation of political freedom show him to be a precursor of modern political science and of classical liberalism. His imperishable fame survives today, particularly for the Muqaddima , prologue to an ambitious work on the universal history never brought to an end: the 'Ibar . In this work, Ibn Khaldun affirms repeatedly that it is not the amount of money reserve or precious metals that is the measure of a country's prosperity but the division of labor between the inhabitants. This, in fact, generates a "virtuous circle" that augments productivity in a right distribution of roles and risks. Giovanni Patriarca, "A Medieval Approach to Social Sciences: The Philosophy of Ibn Khaldun," Journal of Markets & Morality 13, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 175-188


Since 1750 the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun has increased significantly, as indicated by the sunspot record. This increased electromagnetic radiation is considered by the author and others to be the real cause of global warming. The examination of the annual temperature records of the northern and southern hemispheres shows a sharp change and major increases since 1978, especially in the northern hemisphere. This is the so-called hockey stick effect, which the author concludes is not due to the influence of Man, and probably due to a change in the geothermal regime of heat flow from the fracture zones in the floor of the northern oceans. There is some confirmation of this in recent sea floor explorations. The role of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane is considered in relation to claims that emissions by Man are causing global warming. It is shown that the increased warming is due to the Sun, and that the consequent warming of the oceans is causing the ex-solution of carbon dioxide and methane from the oceans, simply due to the decreasing solubility of these gases in sea water with increasing ocean temperatures. The extensive exploitation of groundwater around the world over the past century, at rates far in excess of possible recharge, has created a net addition to the hydrosphere commensurate with the apparent rise in sea levels over the past century. There is deadly pollution in the atmosphere over many world cities and industrial regions. These are local and regional matters, and should be corrected at the sources of pollution. Air pollution and global warming are scientifically separate matters.


A set of satellite images of chlorophyll a concentration for Lake Kinneret (Israel) from the period February to April 2007 captured the temporal evolution of horizontal patchiness that developed during the typical spring bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense. Narrow bands of high concentration located adjacent to the shoreline at the start of the bloom were followed by progressive propagation of this high‐concentration region from the shoreline toward the center of the lake as the bloom proceeded. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) hydrodynamic numerical model and an analytical model for a flat‐bottomed elliptical basin together explain the observed phenomenon. The spatial structure of Kelvin waves, which were demonstrated to most likely be present in February and April due to resonance, produced regions of high velocity gradient, contributing to horizontal dispersion close to the shoreline. This region of high dispersion was narrow and close to the shoreline at the start of the bloom when the Burger number was relatively small, but it widened over the course of the season as the Burger number increased due to increasing stratification. In addition, an increase in the dispersion rate with time in the lake interior was inferred from numerical simulation due to increasing wind speeds and a thinner surface layer. Physical processes, in this case, horizontal dispersion as a result of both Kelvin waves and wind, can play an important role in governing the dynamics and spatial evolution of dinoflagellate blooms in lakes.


Teaching the next generation of health workers is considered a core role for all clinicians, yet in practice it is often regarded as an optional activity. While health professionals are expected to teach, many are reluctant to attend faculty development initiatives that provide the training. There are many and varied reasons for this: lack of personal motivation or support from managers to undertake additional education in clinical education, staff shortages and, perhaps, a misunderstanding of the expectations of today's professionals. Moreover, position descriptions of clinicians seldom include a role and responsibility to educate. Thus clinicians who do undertake additional formal education to provide clinical education may have limited opportunities for promotion after making such an effort. An adjustment to pre-registration clinical curricula that highlights the importance of and focuses on developing competence, capacity and capability in clinical education may be the key. This paper presents a "12 tips" framework to embed a proactive approach to learning clinical education skills (PACE) into a program of study. The 12 tips of PACE propose how, from the beginning of their undergraduate practicum experiences, pre-registration learners can be prepared to take up their professional responsibilities as clinical educators. The PACE framework can also be applied to the post-registration curriculum. The PACE model has the potential to both strengthen the skill base and increase the size of the clinical education workforce by including clinical education skills as an integral part of all clinical training.


HDAC6 is a tubulin deacetylase involved in many cellular functions related to cytoskeleton
dynamics including cell migration and autophagy. In addition, HDAC6 affects antigen-dependent
CD4+ T cell activation. In this study, we show that HDAC6 contributes to the cytotoxic function of
CD8+ T cells. Immunization studies revealed defective cytotoxic activity in vivo in the absence of
HDAC6. Adoptive transfer of wild-type or Hdac6-/- CD8+ T cells to Rag1-/- mice demonstrated
specific impairment in CD8+ T cell responses against vaccinia infection. Mechanistically,
HDAC6-deficient cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) showed defective in vitro cytolytic activity
related to altered dynamics of lytic granules, inhibited kinesin 1 – dynactin mediated terminal
transport of lytic granules to the immune synapse and deficient exocytosis, but not to target cell
recognition, T cell receptor (TCR) activation or interferon (IFNγ) production. Our results establish HDAC6 as an effector of the immune cytotoxic response that acts by affecting the dynamics,
transport and secretion of lytic granules by CTLs


The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in decision-making and intelligent
control systems has recently gained attention of researchers. One such application is to
optimize the water quality and distribution, and to ensure reliable water supply for
different consumers. Irrigation is among the important water consumers due to the large
amount required to supply the increasing needs for agriculture, and due to the crop yieldsalinity
tolerance. AI methods such as goal programming have been used for irrigation
scheduling and stochastic goal programming for modeling of future water consumption
needs. Water blending in pipes has also been addressed to balance the salinity of
irrigation water. Desalination plants use different methods of desalination, which usually
produce pure water, but they are expensive. In most cases the desalination plant is
integrated with a blending system to blend the pure water with other sources of water for
balancing the ingredients, including the salinity, to be suitable for human use and to
increase the volume of water. In a typical arid agricultural area, there will be abundant
low quality ground water and little quantities of good quality water. There is a need for water blending systems suited for smaller farming communities in arid areas such that
more water is made available for crop irrigation depending on the salinity tolerance and
also water for aquaculture or livestock. The aim of this work was to propose an artificial
intelligence solution to connect many tanks in a network topology, where each tank
supplies water with a specific salinity tolerance. The water from two source tanks (one
saline groundwater, and the other fresh water) is mixed inside the sink tanks to provide
the required salinity in each tank and consequently reduce the fresh water consumption.
A mathematical model for water blending was developed to simulate mixing water in a
network of tanks. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used as a search engine to find the
optimized solution for the amount of water needed to be transferred from one tank to
another to balance the salinity that ensure the minimum usage of fresh water. Two cases
were simulated involving two source tanks and four sink tanks with various salinity
tolerances. One case was for crop irrigation and the other for aquaculture. Laboratory
calibrations on the results produced by the GA indicate less than 10% error between
simulated and measured EC of the blended water. Further simulation results showed that
blending water with different salinities in a network of connected tanks can balance the
salinity of each tank according to the crop salinity-tolerance data extracted from FAO
reports. The blending system allows the salinity level that minimizes the use of good
quality water while the crops can still attain 100% yield potential. This is achieved when
sink tanks are connected to each other and GA is used to determine the volume of intertank
water transfers. The intelligent water blending system developed in this study
provides a mechanism to extend the blending unit to produce water with different
salinity levels to meet different standards for use in irrigation or aquaculture. This
system will help water managers make better use of various water sources to produce
more water for expanding agriculture, aquaculture or industrial use in arid areas.


"So when I went down to ask my aunts if it would be all right to publish A Family's Affairs, they said it was okay so long as they didn't have to read it and if I would use a pen name." This collection of interviews from three decades features one of the South's most prominent contemporary writers, one of America's most dazzling practitioners of postmodern fiction. From the early sixties, when she published the award-winning A Family's Affairs, to the late nineties and the publication of Truth: Four Stories I Am Finally Old Enough to Tell, Ellen Douglas has written novels, short stories, essays, and a book of fairy tales. These conversations with Douglas reveal her earthy frankness and her disdain for "portentous declaration." In them, just as in her fiction, she expresses her love of people, language, and stories, her constant moral values, her inclusive compassion, her deeply felt obligations to others, and her keen sense of humor. She explains that "comedy is as serious as tragedy -- it's just funnier." Because she is an excellent, candid conversationalist, her light touch with "portentous" matters makes these interviews both dead serious and very funny. The first is with Hodding Carter III, who in 1971 was a young journalist and family friend from Greenville, Mississippi, the town where Douglas was living and rearing three sons. Carter is among her early interviewers who explore the mystique of the southern writer and the southern climate for literature. Douglas's string of new novels took her work forward into civil rights, women's roles, and questions about the institutions of family and marriage. The conversations illuminate this shift from southern tradition to concern over contemporary issues. Arranged chronologically, the interviews testify to the growth of Douglas's narrative sensibility and to the profound use of allusions in her work. As she discusses A Family's Affairs; Black Cloud, White Cloud; Where the Dreams Cross; Apostles of Light; The Rock Cried Out; A Lifetime Burning; The Magic Carpet and Other Tales; Can't Quit You, Baby; and Truth, her remarks exhibit a consistent concern with technique and craftsmanship, for which she is much admired. Of these sixteen interviews ten originally appeared in print between 1971 and 1999. Six have never before been published. Resurrecting lost material and exploring new insights, this collection offers the only comprehensive introduction to Douglas's lasting body of powerful work. It also provides the tools for the in-depth studies of her art which are sure to follow. Panthea Reid is a professor of English at Louisiana State University.


Concerns about climate change have led to increased interest in geothermal energy as one way of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and thus limit CO2 emissions. Use of geothermal energy is based on well-established technologies, a high degree of security of supply, and little visual or noise inconvenience. More than one hundred plants have been established in Europe. There is a large potential for using geothermal energy from the Danish subsurface, as first pointed out by Balling (1976). Geothermal energy is highly suitable for district heating systems and is expected to cover a large part of the demand for district heating in the future. Two Danish geothermal plants, the Thisted plant in northern Jylland and the Margretheholm demonstration plant near Copenhagen (Fig. 1), have shown that it is possible to produce large amounts of warm water for district heating. Only 5–10% of the total energy output from the plant is used to extract the heat from the subsurface by pumping warm formation water to the surface and returning it to the subsurface in a closed system. The plants use absorption warmth pumps, which need steam and hence give rise to consumption of (fossil) fuel. Both Danish plants have two wells, a production well and an injection well in which the cooled formation water is returned to the geological reservoir at about 1 km away from the production point, in order to avoid mixing of warm and cold water (Fig. 2). Geothermal energy can also be used for electricity production, but Danish subsurface tem-peratures are currently not believed to be sufficiently high to produce electricity directly.


The current study investigated the relationship among vocabulary learning
strategies, vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension of Iranian
undergraduate EFL students. In addition, the study tried to find the contribution of
vocabulary learning strategies to vocabulary size and reading comprehension of the
students. Fars province was selected according to cluster sampling. Data were
collected from all 250 second year undergraduate EFL students. The collection of
data was done in two different phases – quantitative and qualitative. In the
quantitative phase of the study, the data were collected through a vocabulary
learning strategy questionnaire adapted from Bennett (2006). A vocabulary size test
developed by Nation (2007) and a TOEFL reading comprehension test were also
used in the study. Data were also collected through interviews and journal writing in
the qualitative phase of the study. Descriptive statistics showed that Iranian
undergraduate EFL learners were medium strategy users. All different categories of vocabulary learning strategies were reported to be used at a medium level. However,
the most frequently used strategies consisted of using monolingual dictionary,
guessing meaning from context, connecting the word to its synonyms and antonyms,
using new words in sentences, studying the sound of a word, using English language
media, skipping or passing new words, repeating verbally, and taking note or
highlighting. The least frequently used strategies included checking for L1 cognate,
writing paraphrase using several new words, using physical action when learning a
word, making word lists, studying the word with classmates, interacting with native
speakers, and asking the teacher to check one's definition. The students were found
to have a vocabulary size of 5564 words. Then, Pearson Product Moment
Correlation was conducted to find the relationships between variables. The Pearson
correlation showed a positive correlation between vocabulary size and reading
comprehension of the students. A positive correlation was also found between 14
vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size. However, multiple regressions
showed that only 9 out of 14 strategies contributed to vocabulary size of the
students. These strategies consisted of using physical action when learning a word,
interacting with native speakers, taking note or highlighting, studying new words
many times, using bilingual dictionary, using English language media, studying the
word with classmates, studying the sound of a word, and repeating the word
verbally. Pearson correlation also indicated positive correlation existed between 23
vocabulary learning strategies and reading comprehension. However, 5 out of 23
strategies were found to contribute to reading comprehension of the students. These
strategies consisted of taking note or highlighting, using physical action when
learning a word, asking the teacher to paraphrase or give synonym of new words,asking classmates for meaning, and remembering the word using its affixes and
roots.


The Andean region is one of the eight world centers where plant and animal domestication originated. Given that food is a structural factor of social reality, a description is given of the close relationship that Andean men developed with their geographic surroundings, and the plants and animals they domesticated, giving rise to a remarkable culture that united the extraordinary nutritional richness of their traditional food with a food production, conservation and distribution system that led to a civilization who never experienced hunger. Some foods of ancient Peru are briefly described in the following review.


Abstract Complexity thinking may have both modelling and metaphorical applications in the through-life management of the built environment. These two distinct approaches are examined and compared. In the first instance, some of the sources of complexity in the design, construction and maintenance of the built environment are identified. The metaphorical use of complexity in management thinking and its application in the built environment are briefly examined. This is followed by an exploration of modelling techniques relevant to built environment concerns. Non-linear and complex mathematical techniques such as fuzzy logic, cellular automata and attractors, may be applicable to their analysis. Existing software tools are identified and examples of successful built environment applications of complexity modelling are given. Some issues that arise include the definition of phenomena in a mathematically usable way, the functionality of available software and the possibility of going beyond representational modelling. Further questions arising from the application of complexity thinking are discussed, including the possibilities for confusion that arise from the use of metaphor. The metaphor of a 'commentary machine' is suggested as a possible way forward and it is suggested that an appropriate linguistic analysis can in certain situations reduce perceived complexity.


Is it feasible to expand the Photoflyer concept into Spain? I have written this report to find out. Photoflyer is a modem advertising concept that was originated in the Netherlands in the year 2002 by a company called Button Media. In the Netherlands it already exists for 4 years but it does not exist in Spain yet. I have written this marketing plan because it has become a great success in the Netherlands and I believe it can become a successful and effective idea to expand it into Spain. I am not going to set up a whole new company in Spain but translate the website into Spanish. However, before I invest my time and money into that I wanted to find out if Photoflyer advertising tool is feasible in Spain. By investigating, the Spanish market and the implementation possibilities, I have found out a lot of relevant information. I wrote this marketing plan for Button Media Photoflyer NL. The key to Photoflyer is the classic medium of instant photography. After a picture is taken, it is quickly developed and placed inside a personalized advertising sealing, containing a powerful brand message. This unique marketing tool enables your brand to be top-of-mind or to convey a clear message to your target audience. And it?s bound to arrive, as the receiver is the centre of attention. Photoflyer Mini represents a smaller (portrait) version and is the ideal option for the creation of member cards, access passes, discount cards, etc. It is just as simple as it is effective. Professional promo girls take pictures of visitors at events, fairs, parties etc. The film rapidly rolls out of the camera, is placed in a permanent advertising sealing and directly handed out. Photoflyers can be distributed almost as quickly as regular flyers, except that unlike traditional handouts, Photoflyers are rarely thrown away. First I have researched the Spanish Market and Spanish companies to see if Photoflyer advertising media will be successful in Spain. I have done this by: Researching the organizational buying behavior of Spanish companies. Who decides the promotion tools within a company in Spain; boss, `sales manager, marketing manager? Bosses, there is a clear presence of hierarchy. What criteria do companies use to choose a particular medium? -price, reach ability, creativity? I have been interviewing companies in Barcelona to find out the information I need. Lastly, I have researched how I will implement this new product in Spain and control its performance. If, at the end, the idea is feasible enough to be expended then I will physically go to Spain to set it up. An implementation plan has been written: Researching the best way to implement the plan. Spanish companies tend to be quiet closed up to new companies, therefore the implementation is extremely important. The main promotion method will be by joining Network Clubs. The most important areas of finding in this report are: Market: The International companies will be more open, however good sales will have to be done to catch the attention of the older Spanish Companies. Target Group: For now the International companies at exclusive events. SWOT: Strengths and opportunities of Photoflyer are over whelming.. Strategies: The world?s favourite advertising medium. Competition: NL: Photoflyer instant photos are the cheapest. ES: A flyer is a much weaker medium. Implementation: Integrating with existing Spanish Companies. Building a strong Network. Performance and Control: Common measurement techniques for advertising can be used.


Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have led to considerable progress in many 2-player zero-sum games, such as Go, Poker and Starcraft. The purely adversarial nature of such games allows for conceptually simple and principled application of RL methods. However real-world settings are many-agent, and agent interactions are complex mixtures of common-interest and competitive aspects. We consider Diplomacy, a 7-player board game designed to accentuate dilemmas resulting from many-agent interactions. It also features a large combinatorial action space and simultaneous moves, which are challenging for RL algorithms. We propose a simple yet effective approximate best response operator, designed to handle large combinatorial action spaces and simultaneous moves. We also introduce a family of policy iteration methods that approximate fictitious play. With these methods, we successfully apply RL to Diplomacy: we show that our agents convincingly outperform the previous state-of-the-art, and game theoretic equilibrium analysis shows that the new process yields consistent improvements.


The aim of this article is to identify and analyse the potential influence of national cultures on the implementation of Continuing Engineering Education training courses, within the context of industrial technology transfer from the perspective of the transferors.Using the example of a Franco-Brazilian programme, which we were commissioned to analyse, our main focus will be to explore how the cultural dimension of time can have an impact on a training course with complex technological contents and high added value. Drawing on Trompenaars' notion of "cultural dilemmas" and that of Demorgon's "adaptive antagonisms", our methodology is based on the analysis of in-depth interviews with French experts training Brazilian engineers. The purpose of the present study is to identify the most pertinent profile for international trainers with intercultural competences which combine technological expertise, a broad vision of the industrial and cultural context and strategic planning and vision.


In this paper we explore the on-going implementation of the Public Sector Information (PSI) directive in the Swedish National Archives. The directive is in line with current trends of opening up data for re-use, innovations and new digital services. The PSI directive has applied since 2003; the process of implementation is still, however, on-going, more or less successfully. We focus on the policy implementation process and analyse and discuss reasons why this process can be time-consuming and as a result, also delayed. Our findings build on research from a case study consisting of two projects that focussed on creating digital services based on archival material. We use a sociotechnical perspective as an analytical lens, and reason that the open data initiative clashes with the professional culture among archivists and the organizational culture found in archives. The mission of an organization is reflected in its professional and organizational culture, and when these cultures (with related values, behaviours, artefacts and functions) are not in line with the intentions in a policy, the members of the organization need to reach a common understanding before a successful policy implementation can take place.


We present a finite-difference modal method (FDMM) combined with higher-order interface conditions to analyze the diffraction of grating structures. The generalized Douglas (GD) scheme is also adopted to further enhance the convergence. Numerical results show the FDMM generally results in faster convergence than the commonly used coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) as higher-order formulation, such as the GD with five points, is adopted in both TE and TM polarizations. The FDMM is also relatively stable in a highly conductive lossless rectangular grating, while the RCWA suffers instabilities in such a frequently studied structure.


This book examines the history of the European Scramble for Africa from the perspective of the Omanis and other Arabs in East Africa. It will be of interest not only to African specialists, but also those working on the Middle East, where awareness is now emerging that the history of those settled on the southern peripheries of Arabia has been intimately entwined with Indian Ocean maritime activities since pre-Islamic times. The nineteenth century, however, saw these maritime borderlands being increasingly drawn into a new world economy, one of whose effects was the development of an ivory front in the interior of the continent that, by the 1850s, led the Omanis and Swahili to establish themselves on the Upper Congo. A reconstruction of their history and their interaction with Europeans is a major theme of this book. European colonial rivalries in Africa is not a subject in vogue today, while the Arabs are still largely viewed as invaders and slavers. The fact that the British separated the Sultanates of Muscat and Zanzibar is reflected in European research so that historians have little grasp of the geographic, tribal and religious continuum that persisted between overseas empire and the Omani homeland. Ibadism is regarded as irrelevant to the mainstream of Islamic religious protest whereas, during the lead up to establishing direct colonial rule, its ideology played a significant role; even the final rally against the Belgians in the Congo was conducted in the name of an Imam al-Muslimîn. Back home, the fall out from the British massacre that crushed the last Arab attempt to reassert independence in Zanzibar was an important contributory cause towards the re-founding of an Imamate that survived until the mid-1950s.


DNA barcoding is all too often derided by taxonomists with little understanding of how far this emerging subdiscipline of systematics has progressed since it was proposed by Hebert et al. (2003). A prime example is Ebach's factually incorrect and misleading recent correspondence (Ebach 2011). Ebach and I agree on one point: indeed many readers of Zootaxa would have cringed as they read his letter, though perhaps the cause was a tasteless joke. For brevity I will address only three key points he raised about the uses for DNA barcoding.


A large negative spike potential, which is closely related to the onset of saccadic eyemovements, can be recorded from electrodes adjacent to the orbits. This potential, thepresaccadic spike potential, has often been regarded as an artefact related to eyemovement recordings and little work has been performed to establish its normal waveformand parameters. A positive spike potential, exactly coincident with the frontal negativespike, has also been recorded from electrodes positioned over the posterior scalp andthere has been some debate regarding any possible relationship between the twopotentials. The frontal spike potential has been associated with motor unit activity in theextraocular muscles prior to the saccade. This thesis investigates both the large anteriorand smaller posterior spike potentials and relates these recordings to the saccadic eyemovements associated with them. The anterior spike potential has been recorded from normal subjects to ascertain its normallatency and amplitude parameters for both horizontal and vertical saccades. A relationshipbetween saccade size and spike potential amplitude is described, the spike potentialamplitude reducing with smaller saccades. The potential amplitude also reduces withadvancing age. Studying the topographical distribution of the spike potential across thescalp shows the posterior spike activity may arise from potential spread of the larger frontalspike potential. Spike potential recordings from subjects with anomalous eye movements further implicate the extraocular muscles and their innervation in the generation of the spike potential. These recordings indicate that the spike potential may have some use as a clinical recording from patients with disease conditions affecting either their extraocular muscles or the innervational pathways to these muscles. Further recordings of the potential are necessary, however, to determine the exact nature of the changes which may occur with such conditions.


Previous in vitro studies of the human umbilical artery (HUA) have suggested that this vessel exhibits significant intrinsic tone, even in the absence of contractile agonists. Other investigators have found that these vessels are unresponsive to nitrovasodilators, suggesting that the guanylate cyclase-mediated relaxation mechanism may not be operative. To clarify these observations, human umbilical cords were obtained at the time of delivery and HUA rings were studied in organ baths. In contrast to other systemic arteries, HUA rings exhibited unstable initial tone in the absence of pharmacologic agonists. This intrinsic tone was augmented when the extracellular ionized calcium concentration was increased and abolished when extracellular calcium was removed. Rings maintained in the presence of extracellular calcium for 1 hr became less responsive to changes in extracellular calcium than did rings maintained in calcium-free buffer. Serotonin produced oscillatory, quantal contractions in the presence of calcium; in the absence of extracellular calcium, it elicited only concentration-dependent graded contractions. In the presence of nifedipine or in the absence of extracellular calcium, nitroglycerin fully relaxed contractions elicited by serotonin. Thus, in HUA, extracellular calcium produces intrinsic tone that diminishes spontaneously with time.


This book presents the state-of-the-art in simulation on supercomputers. Leading researchers present results achieved on systems of the Gauss-Allianz, the association of High-Performance Computing centers in Germany. The reports cover all fields of computational science and engineering, ranging from CFD to Computational Physics and Biology to Computer Science, with a special emphasis on industrially relevant applications. Presenting results for large-scale parallel microprocessor-based systems and GPU and FPGA-supported systems, the book makes it possible to compare the performance levels and usability of various architectures. Its outstanding results in achieving the highest performance for production codes are of particular interest for both scientists and engineers. The book includes a wealth of color illustrations and tables.


We propose and discuss `quantum spin lenses', where quantum states of delocalized spin excitations in an atomic medium are `focused' in space in a coherent quantum process down to (essentially) single atoms. These can be employed to create controlled interactions in a quantum light-matter interface, where photonic qubits stored in an atomic ensemble are mapped to a quantum register represented by single atoms. We propose Hamiltonians for quantum spin lenses as inhomogeneous spin models on lattices, which can be realized with Rydberg atoms in 1D, 2D and 3D, and with strings of trapped ions. We discuss both linear and non-linear quantum spin lenses: in a non-linear lens, repulsive spin-spin interactions lead to focusing dynamics conditional to the number of spin excitations. This allows the mapping of quantum superpositions of delocalized spin excitations to superpositions of spatial spin patterns, which can be addressed by light fields and manipulated. Finally, we propose multifocal quantum spin lenses as a way to generate and distribute entanglement between distant atoms in an atomic lattice array.


This article presents a reading of the "epic novella" White Hawk by the Nenets writer Vasilij Ledkov, which was published in 1982, in the last decade of the Soviet Union. White Hawk is an epic reconstruction from a Nenets point of view of the historical events that are otherwise recorded only by the Russian colonisers. These events are known as "the century of wars" between the Nenets and the Russians prior to the subjugation of the Nenets to Russian rule. In other Soviet sources on the Nenets this century of wars has been passed over in silence. In the late Soviet period, in 1982, Ledkov attempted to loosen the constraints of what was permissible, while at the same time he sought to protect the text from condemnation by allowing for a number of divergent readings. He may have done this not least in order to avoid the accusations of nationalism to which he had previously been subjected. It is my contention that the text must have appealed to the particular type of Soviet reader who was aware of the practice of double coding as a way of loosening ideological constraints. Such a reader would be willing to disregard the elements of the text that gave it ideological legitimacy and would have a keen eye for innovative –or what were previously "nonpermissible" –elements. Not a few Soviet authors are known to have participated in the development of an increasingly more Aesopian language, and it would be a mistake to view writers from the Northern peoples as less capable in this respect.


Victims of disasters are disproportionately drawn from the marginalized segments of society. Disaster victims are marginalized geographically because they live in hazardous places, socially because they are members of minority groups, economically because they are poor, and marginalized politically because their voice is disregarded by those with political power. #e victims of the July 2000 Payatas trash slide in the Philippines show all these characteristics. Most of the victims of the disaster were urban migrants who came all the way from their poor provinces to settle on the lower slopes of the largest dumpsite of the country. #ey scavenged recyclable materials to sell as a way to make a living, but their limited incomes did not allow them to a$ord safer locations for their homes, farther removed from the slopes of the dumpsite. On the morning of 10 July 2000, 300 of them lost their lives when a large section of the dumpsite collapsed in a massive debris %ow which buried their houses. In the aftermath of the disaster, the survivors who used to live on the dumpsite, and who were the poorest victims, were also those who were relocated by the Philippine government. In the present case, the most vulnerable families in the face of the trash slide were eventually those who had to su#er again from life-disrupting relocation while being the less able to recover quickly from the disaster. Daily incomes of relocated families are today much lower than those who remained in the vicinity of the dumpsite. For the victims of the July 2000 Payatas tragedy, poverty thus acted as a vicious, worsening circle which ranged from vulnerability to poor recovery, or from marginality to further marginalization.


A98 This research describes the identification of a novel cellular structure, approximately 2 microns in diameter, that was isolated from normal and malignant human tumor cell lines, but has also been found to be present in diverse mammalian and even plant species, suggesting that this represents a ubiquitous cellular component of multicellular systems. These unique entities are comprised of membrane bound vesicles that incorporate genetic material that are either "budded" from the surface of the cell, or are released by cell lysis. These novel cell-derived structures have been given the name "Tissue Organizing Structures"* or "TOS" based on their observed properties, which include numerous functions associated with homotypic/heterotypic cell-to-cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that have been studied using an in vitro system to isolate and assess their biological properties by live imaging photomicroscopy, videography and histological staining procedures.
 >The biological activities of TOS structures documented in this research include:
 >• Central role in solid tumor development in vitro assessed in brain, colon and lung tumor cell lines;
 >• Exchange of genetic material by recombination with cells or other TOS;
 >• TOS/TOS fusions to generate tubular structures as connectors to link separate tumor masses;
 >• TOS fusion to cell membrane associated with rapid morphogenetic changes in host cell, including induction of masses of intracellular TOS , designated "TOS bags", released by cell lysis;
 >• Cell-free TOS generate complex tissue-like structures in vitro; >• Cell-free TOS isolated from lung carcinoma cells induce rapid malignant transformation of normal lung cells in vitro ;
 >• Cell-free TOS isolated from normal lung cells induce the rapid reversion of transformed malignant lung cells in vitro to a normal phenotype followed by the induction of cell death.
 >We propose a model suggesting that TOS may play a critical role in the following processes associated with solid tumor behavior:
 >• Role in producing genetic instability in tumors via novel forms of cell fusion and somatic recombination;
 >• Role in tumor spread via formation of tubules enabling tumor spread and increasing tumor network area;
 >• Role in somatic genetic exchange, tissue morphogenesis, intercellular communication;
 >• Role in metastasis as a vehicle of tumor spread and metastatic site tissue transformation;
 >• Role in altering tumor/stromal microenvironmental interactions associated with proposed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), and tumor/stem cell interactions.
 >In addition to these properties associated with solid tumor behavior, this research suggests that TOS isolated from normal tissue may have important potential preventive and therapeutic applications in clinical cancer research.
 >*Patent Pending, 2007


STEVENSON, D. W. (New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, USA). Chigua, a new genus in the Zamiaceae with comments on its biogeographic significance. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 57: 169-172. 1990.-Chigua a new genus in the Zamiaceae from Colombia is described and illustrated. This genus differs from all other cycad genera in having a prominent midrib with longitudinally dichotomous branched lateral veins in its pinnae and hexagonal sporophylls with raised mounds on the peltate face at the angles. Two species are described and illustrated: C. restrepoi sp. nov. and C. bernalii sp. nov. which differ from each other chiefly in leaflet width, length, and shape. The main biogeographic significance lies in this genus being the only endemic genus in the Cycadales for South America.


This article focuses on a quantitative method to identify financial system vulnerabilities, specifically, an imbalance indicator model (IIM) and its application to Canada. An IIM identifies potential vulnerabilities in a financial system by comparing current economic and financial data with data from periods leading up to past episodes of financial stress. It complements other sources of information - including market intelligence and regular monitoring of the economy - that policy-makers use to assess vulnerabilities.


REMEDIATION OF CHROMIUM CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH COLLOIDAL SILICA By Netnapid Yossapol The low-viscosity stabilizer, colloidal silica, is extensively used as a grouting material in the construction of grout curtains. It has low viscosity and is non-toxic, which is suitable for injection to stabilize fine-grained soils. It is also applied as a stabilizer in the in-situ treatment of hazardous waste. Once the colloidal silica solution is injected into contaminated soil, it moves through the pores inside the soil matrix, initiating the stabilization process. The viscosity of the colloidal silica mixture increases while it moves until solidifications. This process is called gelation and results in the creation of a gel barrier around contaminated soil particles, causing a substantial reduction of fluid flow in the soil, this will minimize the movement of water and hence movement of contaminants through the gel mass. In this research, the stabilization process of chromium contaminated soils using colloidal silica were investigated. The transport of colloidal silica during injection was simulated at the microscopic level to further understand the gelation process. Diffusion of chromium through colloidal silica gel was modeled to evaluate the effectiveness of the technology. A new optical method to estimate the diffusion coefficient of chromium in gel was purposed. The diffusion coefficient obtained using the above optical method was used to evaluate the long term effectiveness of colloidal silica grouting technology. The movement of colloidal silica during the injection was modeled using the change in gel viscosity with time. The simulation showed that during the grouting process, solidification starts at the soil surface and expands to fill the void space within 1.2 hours. The different soil geometries resulted in the different velocity contours and different colloidal silica solidification patterns. The greater the ellipsoid axial ratio of soil resulted in faster solidification. The measured diffusion coefficients of chromium in the colloidal silica gel, NYACOL DP5110® from Eka Chemical Inc., ranges from 1.76 to 8.48 x 10-10 m2/sec depending mainly on the concentration of silica in the gel and initial concentration of chromium. Higher silica concentrations yielded greater diffusion coefficients due to the obstruction to the free movement of chromium. The adsorption isotherm of chromate to colloidal silica gel was found to be linear at pH 7; partition coefficient was calculated to be 0.549 liter/gm. Mass balance calculations were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method and the error was less than 6.5%. Therefore, the optical method using digital imaging is an effective and reliable technique for measuring the diffusion coefficient of metal contaminated colloidal silica gel. Using the measured diffusion and partition coefficients, a simulation was performed for worse case scenario, where chromium is continuously dissolved from soil into the water interface between soil and gel, and moves to groundwater without obstruction from soil particles. The thickness of the gel barrier used in this simulation was 5 cm (Heisher, 1997). The solubility of chromium in water was 109 mg/liter (Rock et al, 2001). The results showed that it would take approximately eight days before the groundwater would exceed the USEPA standard for chromium (0.1 mg/liter). Based on these initial test results, the use of NYACOL DP5110® to treat chromium contaminated soil appears to be ineffective due to high diffusion. The diffusion of contaminant in gel will be a major concern when applying this technology. Further research of more realistic simulation of diffusion and refined gel formulation with capacity to convert the chromium to immobile form is recommended. REMEDIATION OF CHROMIUM CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH COLLOIDAL SILICA by Netnapid Yossapol A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering


Over the years, the privacy-based tort of appropriation has become eclipsed by its flashier cousin, publicity. Such is perhaps to be expected in a world where seemingly everything has been turned into a saleable commodity. When celebrities are perpetually trading on their names and images in the open market, it may seem quaint, at best, to invoke a dignity as a basis for protecting personal identity. But this is exactly what happens. In case after case, even as they demand restitution for the converted monetary value of their names and images, celebrities also invoke dignitary concerns as a prime motivation in their attempt to protect and vindicate the integrity of their identities before the law. Moreover, for average citizens, the power to control the use of their name or image can be critical to maintaining the integrity of their identities. The courts recognize this, but all too frequently they subsume all such claims under the rubric of publicity. Even when acknowledging the privacy interest involved, courts tend to confuse and blur the boundary between the two causes of action, with the inevitable result being that the more prominent and tangible property-based right of publicity comes to eclipse the privacy based concerns for identity. I say eclipsed quite deliberately, because while these latter concerns persist throughout and animate much of the courts' reasoning, they remain obscured. Thus, never fully articulated, their implications are never fully explored. In this article I aim to bring the tort of appropriation back into the light. My task is to disentangle publicity and privacy, the conjoined twins of our modern media-saturated society. By examining their origins and development I will show how courts have consistently, if often obliquely, granted legal recognition to identity as a dignitary interest. In bringing such interests to the fore, I hope to revitalize our concern for and examination of intangible, noncommercial values as they inform and guide the legal management of identity. Indeed, the legal recognition of dignitary interests manifested in the jurisprudence of appropriation has created and maintained a legally sanctioned space that places control over the self beyond the reach of the market. As we choose our legal values, we locate power to interpret and enforce the law. While both publicity and appropriation involve fairly straightforward methods to determine whether someone's name or image has been used without her consent, they call upon significantly different sources of authority to assess the nature and degree of harm caused by such misuse. Publicity rights demand accountants and other relevant experts from the realm of celebrity and marketing to determine damages. Appropriation calls upon the local community to consider whether an outrage or affront to relevant social norms has occurred. The former involves the virtues and vices of expert management, the latter, the virtues and vices of local majoritarian control. My examination of the relationship between publicity and appropriation illuminates the tensions between democracy and management, even as it provides new insights into the legal relationship between the fungible and non-fungible aspects of our identities. I argue that in assessing the legal status of identity it is imperative to articulate and engage the tradition of concern for such intangible values as dignity and integrity as integral parts of our legal system. The jurisprudence of publicity and appropriation provide a unique and powerful avenue to explore such issues.


The moist chamber technique, as it is used in myxomycete research, is an extremely useful method to optimize project resources. However, as it occurs with any laboratory-based protocol, the usefulness of this technique should be evaluated using contextual elements, most of which, are lacking in the literature. The present study evaluated the results obtained using the moist chamber technique with the same substrate material, synchronously, in two different laboratories in Costa Rica. Using climate data obtained at both isolation localities and microclimate data obtained directly from the moist chambers, an analysis of differences in results was attempted. Even though variations in results are intrinsic to biological surveys, the results presented herein suggested that some recorded differences could have been linked to the air humidity and the temperature of the moist chamber culture. Even though the two laboratories were only 30 km apart, an average difference of 8.5% in the values of the diversity indices was observed. Also, between 15% and 19% of the species recorded in the total dataset were only observed in one laboratory. In this manner, the present study is useful to keep in mind that myxomycete results using the moist chamber technique, can be extremely influenced by variables that are usually not considered in the general application of the protocol. Perhaps it is time to work on an optimized version of such useful technique.


Existing research maintains that governments delegate extreme, gratuitous, or excessively brutal violence to militias. However, analyzing all militias in armed conflicts from 1989 to 2009, we find that this argument does not account for the observed patterns of sexual violence, a form of violence that should be especially likely to be delegated by governments. Instead, we find that states commit sexual violence as a complement to—rather than a substitute for—violence perpetrated by militias. Rather than the logic of delegation, we argue that two characteristics of militia groups increase the probability of perpetrating sexual violence. First, we find that militias that have recruited children are associated with higher levels of sexual violence. This lends support to a socialization hypothesis, in which sexual violence may be used as a tool for building group cohesion. Second, we find that militias that were trained by states are associated with higher levels of sexual violence, which provides evidence for sexual violence as a "practice" of armed groups. These two complementary results suggest that militia-perpetrated sexual violence follows a different logic and is neither the result of delegation nor, perhaps, indiscipline.


Anti-phishing detection solutions employed in industry use blacklist-based approaches to achieve low false-positive rates, but blacklist approaches utilizes website URLs only. This study analyses and combines phishing emails and phishing web-forms in a single framework, which allows feature extraction and feature model construction. The outcome should classify between phishing, suspicious, legitimate and detect emerging phishing attacks accurately. The intelligent phishing security for online approach is based on machine learning techniques, using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and a combination sources from which features are extracted. An experiment was performed using two-fold cross validation method to measure the system's accuracy. The intelligent phishing security approach achieved a higher accuracy. The finding indicates that the feature model from combined sources can detect phishing websites with a higher accuracy. This paper contributes to phishing field a combined feature which sources in a single framework. The implication is that phishing attacks evolve rapidly; therefore, regular updates and being ahead of phishing strategy is the way forward.


RFC 3777 defines the Nominations and Recall Committee's
(NomCom's) operation, and includes a sample timeline for major
steps in the NomCom process that meets the minimum normative
requirements for the process. Recent NomComs have been scheduling
based on the sample timeline, and the chairs of the last three NomComs
-- Danny McPherson (2004-2005), Ralph Droms (2005-2006), and Andrew
Lange (2006-2007) -- have all reported that this timeline is very
aggressive and suggested starting earlier. This document restructures
the sample timeline, but makes no normative process changes. This memo
provides information for the Internet community.


This paper investigates the relationship between the main features of business cycles and the institutional and structural characteristics of countries of up to 62 industrial, emerging and formerly centrally planned economies from all continents. We derive the business cycle characteristics using the nonparametric Harding-Pagan approach. Our analysis reveals that institutional factors have significant associations with the duration and amplitude of business cycles. Examining the determinants of business cycle synchronization for the countries in our sample, we also demonstrate that the bilateral proximity of institutional and policy environments matters in addition to the gravity arguments, trade intensity and bilateral financial linkages used in earlier studies.


AIMS
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) are considered among the most serious adverse events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency and timing of CVA after TAVI and to investigate the impact on clinical outcomes within 30 days of the procedure.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Between August 2007 and October 2011, 389 high-risk elderly patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis underwent TAVI via transfemoral, transapical or subclavian access. A total of 14 patients (3.6%) experienced at least one CVA within 30 days of follow-up and most events (74%) occurred within the first day of the procedure. Patients with CVA had an increased risk of all-cause (42.3% vs. 5.1%, ORadjusted 11.7, 95% CI 3.4-40.3, p<0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (38.4% vs. 4.6%, ORadjusted 10.5, 95% CI 2.9-37.8, p<0.001) compared to patients without CVA at 30 days of follow-up. Repeated device implantation attempts (ORadjusted 8.3, CI 2.1-33.3, p<0.003), chronic pulmonary disease (ORadjusted 4.7, CI 1.3-16.8, p=0.02) and body mass index <25 kg/m2 (ORadjusted 0.8, CI 0.7-0.9, p<0.01) emerged as independent predictors of periprocedural CVA.

CONCLUSIONS
Cerebrovascular accidents among patients undergoing TAVI occur predominantly during the periprocedural period, are associated with multiple implantation attempts of the bioprosthesis and significantly impair prognosis.


Much recent work in automated contracting in multi-agent environments has focused on the design and analysis of protocols that encourage customers and suppliers to negotiate fairly, and that attempt to reduce unproductive strategic counterspeculation. Most of these studies focus on how the static structure of the protocol may result in strategic behavior on the part of the participants. In this paper, we show that the timing of various protocol elements can also encourage or curtail counterspeculation. We first present a general and flexible negotiation protocol for a market domain in which a group of heterogeneous, selfinterested agents formulate, or are given, goals to accomplish for which they may lack resources or capabilities. Therefore, they must enter into contracts with each other in order to accomplish these goals. We then show how selection of the timing elements within our protocol can affect the behaviors of the agents involved in the negotiation. We also show how placing limits on the values of some of these timing elements can reduce or eliminate some types of time-based counterspeculation.


Rights Management Services (RMS) are used to enforce access control in a distributed environment, and to cryptographically protect companies' assets by restricting access rights, for example, to view-only, edit, print, etc., on a per-document basis. One of the most prominent RMS implementations is Microsoft RMS. It can be found in Active Directory (AD) and Azure. Previous research concentrated on generic weaknesses of RMS, but did not present attacks on real world systems.

We provide a security analysis of Microsoft RMS and present two working attacks: (1.) We completely remove the RMS protection of a Word document on which we only have a view-only permission, without having the right to edit it. This shows that in contrast to claims made by Microsoft, Microsoft RMS can only be used to enforce all-or-nothing access. (2.) We extend this attack to be stealthy in the following sense: We show how to modify the content of an RMS write-protected Word document issued by our victim. The resulting document still claims to be write protected, and that the modified content was generated by the victim. We show that these attacks are not limited to local instances of Microsoft AD, and can be extended to Azure RMS and Office 365.

We responsibly disclosed our findings to Microsoft. They acknowledged our findings (MSRC Case 33210).


A geometric graph is a graph G = (V, E) drawn in the plane, such that V is a point set in general position and E is a set of straight-line segments whose endpoints belong to V. We study the following extremal problem for geometric graphs: How many arbitrary edges can be removed from a complete geometric graph with n vertices such that the remaining graph still contains a certain non-crossing subgraph. The non-crossing subgraphs that we consider are perfect matchings, subtrees of a given size, and triangulations. In each case, we obtain tight bounds on the maximum number of removable edges.


Abstract. The Mount Johns (MJ) ice core (79°55′ S; 94°23′ W) was drilled near the Pine Island Glacier ice divide on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the 2008–2009 austral summer, to a depth of 92.26 m. The upper 45 m of the record covers approximately 125 years (1883–2008), showing marked seasonal variability. Trace element concentrations in 2137 samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In this study, we reconstruct mineral dust and sea salt aerosol transport and investigate the influence of climate variables on the elemental concentrations at the MJ site. The ice core record reflects changes in emissions as well as atmospheric circulation and transport processes. Our trajectory analysis shows distinct seasonality, with strong westerly transport in the winter months and secondary northeasterly transport in the summer. During summer months, the trajectories present slow-moving (short) transport and are more locally influenced than in other seasons. Finally, our reanalysis correlations with trace element suggest that marine-derived trace element concentrations are strongly influenced by sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature anomalies. The results show that seasonal elemental concentration maxima in sea salt elements correlate well with the sea ice concentration winter maxima in the west Amundsen and Ross seas. Lastly, we observed an increased concentration of marine aerosols when sea surface temperature decreased.


Controlling neuronal activity with high spatial resolution using multifunctional and minimally invasive neural interfaces constitutes an important step towards developments in neuroscience and novel treatments for brain diseases. While infrared neuromodulation is an emerging technology for controlling the neuronal circuitry, it lacks soft implantable monolithic interfaces capable of simultaneously delivering light and recording electrical signals from the brain while being mechanically brain-compatible. Here, we have developed a soft fibre-based device based on high-performance thermoplastics which are >100-fold softer than silica glass. The presented fibre-implant is capable of safely neuromodulating the brain activity in localized cortical domains by delivering infrared laser pulses in the 2 μm spectral region while recording electrophysiological signals. Action and local field potentials were recorded in vivo in adult rats while immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue indicated limited microglia and monocytes response introduced by the fibre and the infrared pulses. We expect our devices to further enhance infrared neuromodulation as a versatile approach for fundamental research and clinically translatable therapeutic interventions.


In this paper, an explanation is given of the lift force of an airplane during horizontal flight. It is shown that during a flight, five vertical forces act on the airplane: gravity; pressure gradient with a minus sign; Archimedes force; potential force and the vortex force obtained from the action minimum. The first three forces were known before. The potential force was also known from the Bernoulli equation, but its effect on the airfoil from the air had not previously been taken into account. The vortex force obtained from the minimum action in the application to a continuous medium was not taken into account in aerodynamics. In horizontal flight the vortex force is directed upwards, it compensates for the gravity of the airplane at high speed commensurate with the speed of sound. The paper provides an explanation of the vortex trail behind the airplane, mentioned in the Millennium problem Navier-Stokes equation.