In this paper a method for calculating inviscid three-dimensional flowfields in vaned diffusers of high-loaded centrifugal compressors will be considered. Following the classical theory of Wu different kinds of streamsurfaces have been introduced. The complete three-dimensional result is approximated by a combination of blade-to-blade streamsurfaces (S 1 surface) and S 2 surfaces between the side walls of the diffuser. The geometry of each of the stream sheets depends on the others. A special curvilinear coordinate system has been introduced to take into account the twisted shape of the surfaces. Because of the expected transonic flow pattern due to the high loading of the considered units, a time-marching procedure is applied for solving the conservative form of the governing equations in each kind of streamsurface. To demonstrate the capability of the described calculation procedure, the flow pattern in a radial diffuser with twisted vanes has been considered. The impeller speed is assumed to be so large that the flow may become transonic behind the impeller exit. Shock waves may therefore occur in front of the diffuser vanes. Pressure distributions have been calculated in several stream sheets and have been compared with available experimental data. Also integral results predicted by this theory have been compared with measured performance maps. A simple method to estimate a diffuser blockage factor will be given. As a conclusion it will be indicated that a good agreement between theory and experiment justifies the application of an inviscid three-dimensional method for calculating essential details of the pressure field in radial diffusers. However, a coupling of inviscid theory and boundary layer theory does not provide a sufficient prediction of the losses.


Author(s): Vivian, John | Advisor(s): Haussler, David; Paten, Benedict | Abstract: In terms of data acquisition, storage, and distribution, genomics data will soon become the largest "big data" domain in science and, as such, needs appropriate tools to process the ever-increasing amount of genomic data so researchers can leverage the power afforded by such enormous datasets. I present my work on Toil: a portable, open-source workflow software that supports contemporary workflow definition languages and can securely and reproducibly run scientific workflows efficiently at large-scale. Yet efficient computation is only one component of enabling scientific research, as data is not always accessible to researchers who can use it. Data barriers hinder scientific progress and stymie research collaboration by denying access to large amounts of biomedical information, due to the need for patient privacy and potential liability on behalf of data stewards. As such, research institutions and consortiums should prioritize making large datasets open-access to enable research teams to develop novel therapeutics and garner valuable insight into a wide variety of diseases. One such research group who benefits from both large open-access datasets is Treehouse, a pediatric cancer research group that investigates the role of RNA-seq in therapeutics. However, Treehouse also needs methods to extract rare pediatric cancer data from information silos. Treehouse uses RNA-seq to identify target drug candidates by comparing gene expression for individual patients to their own public compendium, which combines multiple open-access datasets with thousands of pediatric samples. I discuss a solution for extracting data from information silos by using portable and reproducible software that produces anonymized secondary output that can be sent back to the researcher for analysis. This computation-to-data method also addresses the logistical difficulty of securely sharing and storing large amounts of primary sequence data. Finally, I propose a robust Bayesian statistical framework for detecting gene expression outliers in single samples that leverages all available data to produce a consensus background distribution for each gene of interest without requiring the researcher to manually select a comparison set and provides posterior predictive p-values to quantify over- or under-expression.


In recent years, online audiovisual communication has become a key medium to circulate religious content. Videos have become an emergent platform for religious movements to connect far-flung publics with foundational tenets of the faith. Given religious videos' growing popularity, we focus on the centrality of holy places and ask, how do religious video makers construct the legitimacy and centrality of devotional sites via online videos? Investigating the entire production of a religious channel on Holy Land pilgrimage, and drawing on Umberto Eco's theory of indexicality, the study uncovered how the online mediation of holy sites is constructed as legitimate through four interlocking facets: scriptural, experiential, journalistic, and ritual. Findings shed light on contemporary Catholic discourse regarding the biblical landscape and highlight the emergent practice of religious videos to not only supplement the religious experience but also to reengage users to historically well-established foundations, in an ongoing struggle for religious prominence.


OBJECT
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) invasiveness is a complex process that involves recognition and attachment of GBM cells to particular extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules before migrating into proteolytically modified matrix and inducing angiogenesis. The CD44 molecule, which is a transmembrane adhesion molecule found on a wide variety of cells including GBM, has been suggested as the principal mediator of migration and invasion. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate whether an antibody specific to the standard form of CD44 (CD44s, 85-90 kD) might prevent invasion and thus disrupt progression of C6 GBM in vivo.

METHODS
Immunostaining demonstrated homogeneous expression of CD44s on the surface of C6 GBM cells and tumors. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated binding saturation of anti-CD44s monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the receptor at 1 microg/5 x 10(5) cells. Blocking of CD44s in vitro resulted in a dose-dependent progressive (up to 94+/-2.7%; mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) detachment of C6 cells from ECM-coated culture. Blocking of CD44s in vivo resulted in significantly reduced C6 brain tumors (3.6+/-0.4% [SD])--measured as the quotient: tumor surface (mm2)/brain surface (mm2) x 100--compared with untreated (19.9+/-0.9%) or sham-treated (19.2+/-1.1 to 19.3+/-2.5% [SD]) rats. Disruption of C6 GBM progression correlated with an improved food intake; treated rats were significantly less cachectic (166.6+/-16.4 g [SD]) than those that were untreated (83+/-2.7 g [SD]) or sham-treated (83.4+/-1.1 to 83+/-2.2 g [SD]) rats.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors conclude that CD44s-targeted treatment with specific mAb may represent an effective means for preventing progression of highly invasive GBMs.


The Free space optical communication technology tries to fulfill rising need for high bandwidth transmission capability link along with security and ease in installation. Due to their high carrier frequency in the range of 300 THz, it provides highest data rates of 2.5 Gbps which can be increased to 10 Gbps using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). FSO link is license free, secure, and easily deployable and offers low bit error rate link. These features motivate to use FSO as a solution to last mile access. Along with these attractive features of FSO, a well-known disadvantage of (FSO) is its sensitivity on local weather conditions which results in loss of optical signal power. In this paper we will discuss performance analysis of FSO in different weather conditions..


Abstract. This work develops a method to compare the radiometric calibration between a radiometer and imagers hosted on aircraft and satellites. The radiometer is the airborne Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP), which takes multi-angle, photo-polarimetric measurements in several spectral channels. The RSP measurements used in this work were coincident with measurements made by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), which was on the same aircraft. These airborne measurements were also coincident with an overpass of the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). First we compare the RSP and OLI radiance measurements to AVIRIS since the spectral response of the multispectral instruments can be used to synthesize a spectrally equivalent signal from the imaging spectrometer data. We then explore a method that uses AVIRIS as a transfer between RSP and OLI to show that radiometric traceability of a satellite-based imager can be used to calibrate a radiometer despite differences in spectral channel sensitivities. This calibration transfer shows agreement within the uncertainty of both the various instruments for most spectral channels.


To the Editor: Dr Stolarz-Skzypek and colleagues reported that lower urinary sodium excretion was associated with higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. These findings contradict a large body of evidence that established elevated sodium consumption as a risk factor for CVD and shed doubts on the worldwide efforts to implement population-based sodium reduction strategies. We have a number of concerns that suggest their findings should be interpreted cautiously. First, the volume of urine collected during 24 hours was significantly higher among people with high sodium excretion compared with those with low sodium excretion. It is not clear whether these differences reflect true urinary volume output or problematic completeness of urine collections. The authors assessed the accuracy of urine collection based on 24-hour urinary volume and creatinine excretion. However, these parameters are not reliable markers for completeness; instead, the proposed standard criterion in nutritional epidemiology studies is the use of paraaminobenzoic acid. Furthermore, the lowest levels of 24-hour urinary volume and sodium excretion were found in people with low educational attainment, which is in contradiction with observations from earlier studies that found sodium excretion to be higher in people with low educational level. Lower education level is also associated with unfavorable CVD risk profile and higher risk of developing CVD. Thus, although the authors adjusted for educational attainment, the findings may have been caused by misclassifying people with low socioeconomic status but higher CVD risk as having low 24-hour sodium excretion. Second, although the authors used the same study protocol, the baseline examinations in the cohorts that were combined for analysis were conducted in different time periods (a gap of roughly 10 years between recruitment) and in geographically and culturally different regions of Europe. In addition, nearly all cardiovascular deaths (81/84) occurred in FLEMENGHO (Flemish Study on Environment, Genes, and Health Outcomes; eTable 6 in the article), and mean sodium excretion was substantially lower in this cohort compared with the other study. Simple pooling of the FLEMENGHO cohort with the cohort in EPOGH (European Project on Genes in Hypertension) raises concern that ecological or temporal differences between cohorts may account for the observed association of sodium excretion with CVD mortality. It would be informative to see stratified results based on study-specific tertiles of sodium excretion. Krasimira Aleksandrova, MPH, PhD Tobias Pischon, MD, MPH Cornelia Weikert, MD, MPH


Nitrification is a significant concern for drinking water systems employing chloramines for secondary disinfection. Utilities have implemented a range of disinfection strategies that have varying levels of effectiveness in the prevention and control of nitrification events, including optimizing the chlorine-to-ammonia ratio, maintaining chloramine residual throughout the distribution system, controlling pH, and temporal switching to free chlorination. Annual or semi-annual application of free chlorination is practiced by 23% of chloraminating systems on a temporary basis as a preventative measure, even though it has the undesirable consequences of temporarily increasing disinfection byproducts, facilitating coliform detachment, and altering water taste and odor. Although temporal free chlorination and other nitrification control methods have been widely studied in the field and in pilot-scale systems, very little is known about the stress responses of nitrifying bacteria to different disinfection strategies and the role physiological state plays in the resistance to disinfection. It is well known that many commonly studied bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are able to better resist disinfection by free chlorine and chloramines under nutrient limitation through regulation of stress response genes that encode for DNA protection and enzymes that mediate reactive oxygen species. We compared the genomes of E. coli and the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea, and found that many of the known stress response mechanisms and genes present in E. coli are absent in N. europaea or not controlled by the same mechanisms specific to bacterial growth state. These genetic differences present a general susceptibility of N. europaea to disinfection by chlorine compounds. Using an experimental approach, we tested the hypothesis that N. europaea does not develop increased resistance to free chlorine and monochloramine during starvation to the same degree as E. coli. In addition, N. europaea cells were challenged with sequential treatments of monochloramine and hypochlorous acid to mimic the disinfectant switch employed by drinking water utilities. Indicators of activity (specific nitrite generation rate) and viability (LIVE/DEAD® BacLight membrane-integrity based assay) were measured to determine short-term effectiveness of disinfection and recovery of cells over a twelve day monitoring period. The results of disinfectant challenge experiments reinforce the hypothesis, indicating that the response of N. europaea to either disinfectant does not significantly change during the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase. Exponentially growing N. europaea cells showed greater susceptibility to hypochlorous acid and monochloramine than stationary phase E. coli cells, but had increased resistance compared with exponential phase E. coli cells. Following incubation with monochloramine, N. europaea showed increased sensitivity to subsequent treatment with hypochlorous acid. Complete loss of ammonia-oxidation activity was observed in cells immediately following treatment with hypochlorous acid, monochloramine, or a combination of both disinfectants. Replenishing ammonia and nutrients did not invoke recovery of cells, as detected in activity measurements during the twelve day monitoring period. The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of both free chlorine and chloramines in the inhibition of growth and ammonia-oxidation activity in N. europaea. Furthermore, comparison of viability and activity measurements suggest that the membrane integrity-based stain does not serve as a good indicator of activity. These insights into the responses of pure culture nitrifying bacteria to free chlorine and monochloramine could prove useful in designing disinfection strategies effective in the control of nitrification.


Background HIV-1 replication depends on a delicate balance between cellular co-factors and antiviral restriction factors. Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) benefits HIV, whereas apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G), tripartite motif 5alpha (TRIM5α), and tetherin exert anti-HIV activity. Expression levels of these proteins possibly contribute to HIV-1 resistance in HIV-1-exposed populations. Methodology/Principal Findings We used real-time PCR and flow cytometry to study mRNA and protein levels respectively in PBMC and PBMC subsets. We observed significantly reduced LEDGF/p75 protein levels in CD4+ lymphocytes of HIV-1-exposed seronegative subjects relative to healthy controls, whereas we found no differences in APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, or tetherin expression. Untreated HIV-1-infected patients generally expressed higher mRNA and protein levels than healthy controls. Increased tetherin levels, in particular, correlated with markers of disease progression: directly with the viral load and T cell activation and inversely with the CD4 count. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that reduced LEDGF/p75 levels may play a role in resistance to HIV-1 infection, while increased tetherin levels could be a marker of advanced HIV disease. Host factors that influence HIV-1 infection and disease could be important targets for new antiviral therapies.


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] "The great temptation in Washington with every financial panic is to play around with the regulatory boxes, said Wayne Abernathy, ABA executive vice-president for financial institutions policy and regulatory affairs at a recent association event. "Government officials want to do something, they feel that's what they were sent here to do, and since they are not in the financial business themselves, they work with what they have, the government agencies." It's the rare financial debacle that hasn't resulted in a revision to the regulatory scheme. Abernathy reeled off a series of such shifts. Among examples he cited: The Panic of 1907 which led to creation of the Federal Reserve Board, the Great Depression, which spawned the FDIC, and the 1980s S&L crisis that created the Office of Thrift Supervision. Will the crisis of 2008 lead to a Consumer Financial Protection Agency? The Administration's far-reaching regulatory reform blueprint was introduced in late June. Of its many parts and pieces, ABA supports some in whole, some in part. But one of several elements that ABA does not support is the creation of a new regulatory body, the proposed CFPA. While the Administration's plan covers many areas, Abernathy said that the CFPA proposal "is the one that will most likely affect the on-the-ground business of banking more than any of the other proposals currently being offered." He added that CFPA "is the worst, most intrusive legislative proposal that I have ever seen, and I've been here working on these issues since 1978." Two very different views In the words of Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, the Administration supports the CFPA because: "There is broad agreement that consumer protection needs to be stronger. Achieving this objective requires mission focus, market-wide coverage, and consolidated authority, none of which exist in today's system. That is why we are proposing one agency for one marketplace with one mission-protecting consumers." ABA President and CEO Ed Yingling testified against the idea in mid-July before the House Financial Services Committee, saying: "We believe that a separate consumer regulator should not be enacted, and, in fact, is in direct contradiction with an integrated, comprehensive approach that recognizes the reality that consumer protection and safety and soundness are inextricably bound. Consumer protection is not just about the financial product, it is also about the financial integrity of the company offering the product. Simply put, it is a mistake to separate the regulation of the banking business from the regulation of banking products." Yingling has also made this point in testimony: "Financial integrity is at the core of good customer service. Banks can only operate safely and soundly if they are treating customers well." Two very different schools of thought on meeting the same goal. Here is a summary of the key issues of the CFPA debate. What would the Consumer Financial Protection Agency do? Quite literally, for most purposes, the regulation of banking products would be separated from the banking business. As introduced, in somewhat amended form from the Administration's draft by House Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank (D.-Mass.), the proposed agency would take up the consumer financial regulatory powers of the Federal Reserve, FDIC, the Comptroller's Office, the Office of Thrift Supervision, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission, as well as part of what is presently handled by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. This would include existing rulemaking, research, data collection, examination, and enforcement powers. …


In this study, the authors examined the effects of different annealing schemes on crystallinity in atomic layer deposition (ALD) grown Ti-containing metal gates and ultrathin ALD HfO2 high-k dielectric layers, and corresponding electrical results in metal oxide semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) devices. The authors investigated the effect of a postmetal deposition anneal (PMA) on the underlying HfO2, which was deposited using either a standard ALD process or a process which utilized a cyclical deposition and annealing scheme (termed DADA). The effect of the starting substrate surface, either chemically grown SiO2 or H-terminated Si, on HfO2 crystallinity was also studied. For 40 cycle ALD HfO2 (∼32 A) with a TiN overlayer, a transition from an amorphous state to a cubic phase was observed with the application of a PMA treatment. Evidence of the orthorhombic phase of HfO2 with some level of texturing was observed for 40 cycle DADA processed films annealed with a TiN cap. Concomitantly a cubic (111) texture was observed for TiN deposited on DADA processed HfO2 and subjected to a PMA. Suppression of crystallinity for HfO2 deposited on H-terminated Si and annealed with a TiN layer was observed which illustrates the need for an adequate nucleation layer for uniform grain growth and increased atomic ordering. The authors also investigated metal gate stacks with a bilayer of TiN overlying Ti which showed reflections from both cubic TiN and hexagonal TiN0.3 in the as-deposited state and after annealing clear evidence of silicidation (TiSix) was observed. In MOSCAP structures with 40 cycle ALD HfO2 and a TiN overlayer subjected to a PMA, although the cubic phase of HfO2 was stabilized, there was no associated improvement in device scaling. This study highlights the importance of the initial crystalline state and nucleation of HfO2 as well as the thermal stability of the capping metal layer material when engineering dielectric layer crystallinity by means of a postmetal cap anneal. For ultrathin HfO2 integrated in advanced metal oxide semiconductor structures, the benefits of the stabilization of a higher-k phase through postmetal gate anneal may not be fully realized due to increased leakage along grain boundaries or decrease in effective k due to changes in the lower-k interfacial layer.


The performance of parallel processing for test generation depends on the method of communication among processors. This paper presents two types of parallel processing which differ in communication methods, and analyzes their performance. We formulate the number of test vectors obtained in parallel processing, and analyze the costs of test generation, fault simulation and interprocessor communication and the speedup ratio. Further, we consider a method which minimizes the cost of interprocessor communication.<<ETX>>


A study was carried out to design, construct and test the performance of the angular
reflective panel solar cooker. The reason study on solar cooker was conducted is
because Malaysia receives abundant solar radiation throughout the year which is
important for solar cooking. In addition to that, solar cooker is also seen as being
able to provide a healthier and environmental friendlier alternative to cooking as
oppose to cooking using firewood which is still practice by some rural communities.
The design of the solar cooker was done with the aid of computer-aided design
programs. The solar cooker was constructed from stainless steel with the aid of
templates made with the aid of the computer-aided design programs. The
performance test was done according to American Society of Agricultural Engineers'
standard of testing and reporting solar cooker performance. In addition, test on the
effect of the solar cooker under different configuration and the cooking performance
of the solar cooker was also carried out. Test result according to the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers' standard shows that the solar cooker lack proper
insulation as the rate of heat loss was found to be high, viz 4.04 W/°C. The lack of
proper insulation would dampen the solar cooker's performance especially when slow
cooking, viz cooking at consistent temperature over a long period of time, is
required. The test of the solar cooker under different configuration showed that the
rate of heat gain would decrease with the increase in load volume. The test also
concluded that out of all the cooking vessels used, the beaker provided the best
performance. This is because the beaker allowed most of the wavelength that is
emitted by the Sun to penetrate it thus heating the water directly. In terms of
cooking performance of various foods, it was found that a meal of six dishes can be
cooked within the 4h of the 1000 hr to 1400 hr solar time. Further improvement can
still be made on the solar cooker especially in terms of its lack in proper insulation.


ABSTRACT
Pauline G. M. Bansept-Basler, 2013
A genome wide association study of resistance to the yellow rust
pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in elite UK wheat germplasm
Identification of marker-trait associations (MTA) in germplasm relevant to
breeding program via association mapping (AM) can be an effective way to identify
loci useful for selection. This approach does not require the generation of specific
mapping populations and takes advantage of historical phenotypic data. In the
present study, an association panel of 327 bread wheat varieties have been assembled
and genotyped with 1806 DArT markers. Genetic structure analysis revealed a low
stratification of the panel based on geographical origin (UK versus mixed European
varieties) and a close relatedness between lines, which is confirmed by pedigree
information. Historical evaluations against the yellow rust pathogen (Puccinia
striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst)) carried in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 2009,
as well as de novo evaluations against recent Pst races have been collected and
analysed for MTAs.
Association scans considering historical data focused on specific Pst
pathotypes and de novo seedling tests identified markers linked to known racespecific
Yr genes Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17 and Yr32.
When evaluated against current Pst races in the field, 35% of the lines from
the panel presented repeatedly a high level of resistance (Area Under the Disease
Progress Curve relative<0.2) which is due to the presence of seedling resistances as
well as adult plant resistances within the lines. AM with de novo phenotypes
revealed 23 MTA groups pointing to potential resistance loci, 14 of them were also
identified with historical data and six seemed to point to adult plant resistance loci on
chromosomes 2A, 2B, 3A, 6A, 6B and 7A.
These results confirm the value of AM using historical data for QTL
discovery and suggest the availability of diverse sources of yellow rust resistances
within wheat elite UK germplasm.


We provide a methodology for the study of a photonic crystal microcavity and a quantum well (QW) in the strong coupling regime by finite difference in the time domain. Numerical results for an InP L7 photonic crystal microcavity coupled to an ideal QW are provided. A comparison of the time analysis processed by the discrete Fourier transform, the Pade approximant, and harmonic inversion is presented to optimize the computation time. We present a method to solve the uncertainty of the frequency spectrum depending on the starting time used in the spectral analysis. The influence of polarization anisotropy on strong coupling is studied. The Rabi splitting is exactly zero only when the induced polarization in the QW is aligned with a field component incompatible with the symmetry of the mode.


Behavior analysis, once a promising approach to understanding and treating severe mental disorders, has been obscured by the biomedical model of mental illness and its ubiquitous psychotropic drugs. The present paper gives a brief overview of behavioral research on psychotic disorders followed by a critical review of the prevailing biomedical model including psychiatric diagnoses, anti-psychotic medications, clinical outcomes, and adverse effects of drug treatment. This paper also examines ideological, political, and economic mechanisms of control that have blocked the application of behavior analysis with severe mental disorders.


We determine the PSL2(ℂ) and SL2(ℂ) character varieties of the once-punctured torus bundles with tunnel number one, i.e. the once-punctured torus bundles that arise from filling one boundary component of the Whitehead link exterior. In particular, we determine "natural" models for these algebraic sets, identify them up to birational equivalence with smooth models, and compute the genera of the canonical components. This enables us to compare dilatations of the monodromies of these bundles with these genera. We also determine the minimal polynomials for the trace fields of these manifolds. Additionally, we study the action of the symmetries of these manifolds upon their character varieties, identify the characters of their lens space fillings, and compute the twisted Alexander polynomials for their representations to SL2(ℂ).


This paper looks at improving resource productivity at global value chains. Resource flows from its extraction through the manufacturing and use phase towards its end-of-life – increasingly crossing national boundaries. Effective improvement in resource productivity requires actions beyond a country's territory. This article focuses on non-renewable resource flows and analysis how developed countries are involved in four distinct phases of global value chains, and how this involvement links to changes in resource efficiency. Resource extraction and associated early processes activities have been increasingly moved from developed to developing countries. Offshoring manufacturing activities also becomes a common phenomenon. Throughout these activities, lower rates of resource productivity during extraction and manufacturing are frequently observed, leading not only to international burden shifting, but most likely letting these burdens grow. If appropriate international measures across the global divides are applied, resource efficiency potentials could be realised through offshoring and global consumption and recycling could also offer opportunities for resource productivity. International actions to improve resource productivity can help to meet economic and environmental objectives at the same time over a global value chain. It could also safeguard countries against unintended indirect and side effects from the relocation of resource flows and help the private sector to benefit from opportunities in global markets for resource efficiency.


Martial law is one of the most controversial periods in the post-WWII history of Poland. Introduced on December 13, 1981 it ended the 16-month-long "festival of Solidarity". Official reasons for its imposition were to prevent further degradation of Poland's economy and social structures, but a threat of Soviet military intervention was also suggested. The opposition activists perceived it as an attempt of the totalitarian regime to save its falling position with the use of most brutal methods, unknown in Poland since the Stalinist period. The article is based on the analysis of contemporary Polish school history textbooks for all levels of education. It aims to present the strategies adopted by the textbook authors to deal with this controversial issue. The author will attempt to find answers to the following questions: Do the text book authors notice the controversies? Do they show one or more points of view? Do they ask students about their own opinions or about the opinions of their friends or relatives? Are the textbooks open for different interpretations or do they, explicitly or implicitly, prefer only one? How emotional is the text and other materials? How have the textbooks changed since the collapse of the communist regime in 1989?


The interaction of the Pacific-Farallon spreading centers with the North American convergent margin off Baja California, Mexico, supposedly ceased at 12 Ma, when plate convergence and seafloor spreading stopped. We propose a new geodynamic evolution based on full bathymetry coverage and magnetic profiles from 23°N to 27°N (Famex cruise of the R/V L9Atalante , April 2002). The data unveil a major clockwise rotation of the Pacific-Farallon spreading direction, starting ca. 14 Ma, that formed a series of short spreading centers that became extinct ca. 8–7 Ma. We suggest that the transcurrent motion between the Pacific and North America along Baja California was accommodated by seafloor spreading and oblique convergence along the trench. This change in spreading direction was followed by a concomitant progressive demise of both Pacific-Farallon seafloor spreading and Farallon–North America subduction that are attributed to the break-off of the Farallon slab. This also resulted in the opening of a trench-parallel slab window beneath Baja California.


We consider practices that sustain social and physical environments beyond those dominating sustainable HCI discourse. We describe links between walking, sociality, and using resources in a case study of community-based, solar, cellphone charging in villages in South Africa's Eastern Cape. Like 360 million rural Africans, inhabitants of these villages are poor and, like 25% and 92% of the world, respectively, do not have domestic electricity or own motor vehicles. We describe nine practices in using the charging stations we deployed. We recorded 700 people using the stations, over a year, some regularly. We suggest that the way we frame practices limits insights about them, and consider various routines in using and sharing local resources to discover relations that might also feature in charging. Specifically, walking interconnects routines in using, storing, sharing and sustaining resources, and contributes to knowing, feeling, wanting and avoiding as well as to different aspects of sociality, social order and perspectives on sustainability. Along the way, bodies acquire literacies that make certain relationalities legible. Our study shows we cannot assert what sustainable practice means a priori and, further, that detaching practices from bodies and their paths limits solutions, at least in rural Africa. Thus, we advocate a more "alongly" integrated approach to data about practices.


Fears exist that social media use by news media and journalists may affect basic journalistic tenets such as objectivity, gatekeeping, and transparency. As a result, more and more news media organizations are issuing guidelines to manage employee use of social media. In this article we discuss the complex relationship of a selection of market-leading news media organizations with prescribed use of social media. Applying content analysis to 12 existing social media guidelines, we elaborate on the various types of rules linked with the basic principles of journalism. A key intention of this research is to provide insights for media management and journalism scholars to better understand the use of social media by journalists and the implementation of guidelines by media organizations. More practically, this article can aid media organizations who are shaping their own set of rules regarding use of social media by their staff.


The last two years we measured the amounts of leaf litter and ascospore production per unit of leaf litter area in 7 organic pear orchards throughout the Netherlands. In one of the orchards, adapted managements strategies were implemented two years ago, being grass/clover that is grown as ground cover on the tree-strip, and organic cattle-manure that replaces chicken manure pellets, in order to stimulate the earthworm population and change the palatability of the leaf litter. First results indicate large differences between orchards in percentage of ground covered by dead leaves at the time of major ascospore infections, but also in number of ascospores per cm 2 leaf litter and in resulting potential ascospore dose. We used these data, together with weather data (temperature, rainfall), in a simple multivariate analysis to gain insight in the dynamics of the system. In 2010, 85 % of the variation in pear scab was explained with a model with rainfall during summer and the amount of asco sores per unit of leaf area. In 2011, 81 % of the variation was explained by a model with the amounts of ascospores per unit leaf area and the potential ascospore dose. In the adapted management experiment we measured no changes in leaf litter in the treatments yet. We discuss that our first results show that, to a limited degree, leaf litter was indeed important for the scab epidemic in 2011, whereas in 2010 the high amount of rainfall in the second part of the growing season must have led to a high conidial infection pressure. Surprisingly, in both years ascospore number per unit leaf area was of more importance than leaf litter area or potential ascospore dose. This raises questions on for example the correlation with branch-lesions that we did not measure, and whether the number of ascospores per unit of leaf litter is a direct or an indirect factor that steers the scab incidence in the orchards.


Abstract. The image orientation (or Structure from Motion – SfM) process needs well localized, repeatable and stable tie points in order to derive camera poses and a sparse 3D representation of the surveyed scene. The accurate identification of tie points in large image datasets is still an open research topic in the photogrammetric and computer vision communities. Tie points are established by firstly extracting keypoint using a hand-crafted feature detector and descriptor methods. In the last years new solutions, based on convolutional neural network (CNN) methods, were proposed to let a deep network discover which feature extraction process and representation are most suitable for the processed images. In this paper we aim to compare state-of-the-art hand-crafted and learning-based method for the establishment of tie points in various and different image datasets. The investigation highlights the actual challenges for feature matching and evaluates selected methods under different acquisition conditions (network configurations, image overlap, UAV vs terrestrial, strip vs convergent) and scene's characteristics. Remarks and lessons learned constrained to the used datasets and methods are provided.


Mobile learning has moved in the last decade from being a small, scattered research interest to being viewed by many international agencies as a way of delivering their humanitarian missions to the developing contexts of the global South.  This paper explores and documents fundamental concepts and concerns that characterize or perhaps jeopardise the relationships between the 'old' research communities and 'new' policy maker communities working to improve the nature and scope of learning in the developing contexts of the global South using personal mobile digital technologies. As becomes apparent, these concepts and concerns are relevant and interesting across a broader range of domains, touching perhaps under-privilege and access to education and technology in both the global North and the global South, the uses of technology to extend, enhance and transform learning and the various pressures and determinants of policy-making and of the public funding of research.


pH is a profound regulator of cellular function. It is, therefore, often important to assess intracellular pH. Given the small size of individual cells and their sensitivity to perturbation, measurement of intracellular pH requires sensitive, indirect measurement approaches. These include equilibration of weak acids/bases, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, pH microelectrodes, fluorescent pH indicator dyes and pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins. Presently, the use of fluorescence techniques predominates, as these permit sensitive detection and the possibility to discretely measure pH in different cellular compartments. The selection of intracellular pH measurement technique is guided by consideration of their strengths and weaknesses, in addition to technical considerations. Cells resist changes of pH through pH buffering molecules, including proteins and bicarbonate, which together are called the cell's buffer capacity.

Key Concepts

Cellular processes are highly sensitive to pH, so cells have redundant mechanisms to control their pH.
Buffer capacity is the ability of cells to control pH by absorbing or releasing H+ from chemical pH buffering molecules.
Cell membranes contain embedded transport proteins able to move H+, or pH-buffering HCO3− in order to tightly control cytosolic and organellar pH.
pH of the cytosol and other intracellular compartments can be measured.
Certain molecules will absorb light and release a photon of light at a longer wavelength, a process known as fluorescence.
Fluorescent dyes and proteins are the most common means to report on intracellular pH.

Keywords:

cytosolic pH;
organellar pH;
pH indicator dye;
fluorescent protein;
nuclear magnetic resonance;
ionophore;
buffer capacity;
microelectrode;
fluorescence spectroscopy


Clustering is the subject of active research in several fields such as operations research, statistics, pattern recognition, and machine learning. The range of applications is very wide: scheduling, vehicle routing, pattern recognition, etc. Depending on the specific needs of the community, the methods used to solve these problems vary from heuristics of rather primal nature (improving of clustering iteratively by relocation moves for instance) to exact methods of a rather dual nature where we generally solve the continuous relaxation by releasing the integrality constraints and restoring it by implicit enumeration (branch and cut or branch and cut and price). In this paper, we propose the integral simplex, an exact primal method that could be suitable for both major classes. More interestingly, it could be distributedly solved better than the dual approach. Consequently, this work aims to propose a distributed version of the integral simplex, called DISUD, using some decompositions and multiple agents. Each agent dynamically splits the overall set partitioning (clustering) problem into sub-problems and solve them in parallel on a single machine. The new algorithm DISUD improves at each iteration the current clustering until (near) optimality is reached. It works much better on real set partitioning instances from the airline industry than DCPLEX, the distributed version of the state of the art commercial solver CPLEX.


Optical switching represents the next step in the evolution of optical networks. This thesis describes work that was carried out to examine performance issues which can occur in two distinct varieties of optical switching networks.

Slow optical switching in which lightpaths are requested, provisioned and torn down when no longer required is known as optical circuit switching (OCS). Services enabled by OCS
include wavelength routing, dynamic bandwidth allocation and protection switching. With network elements such as reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) and
optical cross connects (OXCs) now being deployed along with the generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) control plane this represents the current state of the art in commercial networks. These networks often employ erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) to boost the optical signal to noise ratio of the WDM channels and as channel configurations change, wavelength dependent gain variations in the EDFAs can lead to channel power
divergence that can result in significant performance degradation. This issue is examined in detail using a reconfigurable wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) network testbed and results show the severe impact that channel reconfiguration can have on transmission
performance.

Following the slow switching work the focus shifts to one of the key enabling technologies for fast optical switching, namely the tunable laser. Tunable lasers which can switch on the nanosecond timescale will be required in the transmitters and wavelength converters of optical packet switching networks. The switching times and frequency drifts, both of commercially available lasers, and of novel devices are investigated and performance issues which can arise due to this frequency drift are examined. An optical packet switching transmitter based on a novel label switching technique and employing one of the fast tunable lasers is designed and employed in a dual channel WDM packet switching system. In depth
performance evaluations of this labelling scheme and packet switching system show the detrimental impact that wavelength drift can have on such systems.


Kenneth Williams was the stand-out comic actor of his generation. Beloved as the manic star of Carry On films and as a peerless raconteur on TV chat shows, he was also acclaimed for serious stage roles. Born Brilliant will include much previously unseen material from Williams's candid daily journal and also draw on rare in-depth interviews with friends and colleagues. Since the publication of edited extracts from his diaries, much controversy has surrounded Williams's personal and professional lives. This biography traces the complex contradictions that characterised an extraordinary life and presents the first full portrait of a star who was born brilliant.


Large experimental research projects for isolators for both civil structures and nuclear reactor applications have been conducted at the Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC) over the past few years. These programs have involved shake table testing and the testing of full-scale and model elastomeric isolators. A wide variety of isolators have been tested, including low shape factor, moderate shape factor, and very high shape factor elastomeric bearings. The test results show that properly designed and manufactured isolators can sustain levels of loading beyond any possible seismic input and demonstrate that failure of an isolation system will not occur before failure of the isolated structure. Thus, the use of isolation can only have beneficial contributions to the protection of buildings with critical non-structural components and equipment, such as data centers and hospitals.


The quest for African poverty alleviation has become a global issue and governments of rich nations have registered their commitment to the task both through the Millennium Development Goals and other international programs. While poverty is endemic in Africa, extant policies that continue to dictate proceedings in the land sectors of most African nations have been constructed in a way that concentrate benefits and wealth on a few while spreading costs and poverty on a larger segment of the African population. These policies which continue to impose greater restrictions on poverty alleviation have emanated from the peculiar political and economic history of Africa. An understanding of how these political events continue to shape the performance of land markets in these countries within the context of contemporary economic learning is thus key to understanding the policy directions required for success. This paper thus employs public policy and transaction costs insights to explicate the historical political events that have led to the promulgation of such policies together with a conceptual view of their social cost implications.


Doubling method is the technical barriers in maize haploid breeding. It was very important to establish the independent intellectual property rights for doubling method. In this experiment, the maize haploid inducer, TG15, was used for producing maternal haploids. Also, haploids were obtained from two kinds of maternal genotypes involved in the experiment, including high-oil type and common type. Significant differences were observed among offspring of various genotypes in the recovery of haploid fertilization. In 21 hybrid offspring haploids, the average powder rate was 8.28%, and the seed setting rate was 4.98%. The experimental results showed that when the hybrids were treated with 0.08% colchicine, the average powder rate and seed setting rate of offspring haploids were 35.53 and 20.30%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the hybrids with natural recovery ability. This study primarily established the doubling method of haploids called "bud seedling method" in China which was very practicably in maize doubled haploid breeding.


BACKGROUND
The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence and average cost of nerve injuries in patients presenting with upper extremity trauma.

METHODS
The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database was queried using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes specific to peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremity. Data on the incidence, patient demographics, average number of associated diagnoses, Injury Severity Scale (ISS) score, mechanism of injury, and average cost of care were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS
Of 1.58 million upper extremity traumatic injuries, there were 5244 nerve injuries, resulting in an annual incidence of 16.9 per 100,000 persons with an average age of 38.42 years. Ulnar nerve injuries were the most common (3.86 per 100,000) followed by digital nerve (2.96 per 100,000), radial nerve (2.90 per 100,000), and median nerve (2.01 per 100,000). Injuries to the brachial plexus had the highest average ISS score (9.79 ± 0.71) and number of presenting diagnoses (8.85 ± 0.61) while having a lower than average emergency department (ED) cost. Patients with digital nerve injuries had the highest average ED cost ($8931.01 ± $847.03), whereas their ISS score (2.82 ± 0.19) and number of presenting diagnoses (4.92 ± 0.22) were the lowest. The most commonly reported mechanism of injury in this study population was from a laceration (29.2%) followed by blunt injury, fall (14.8%), and being struck (7.20%). Males were 2.14 (2.01-2.28) times more likely to have an injury to an upper extremity nerve and 3.25 (2.79-3.79) times more likely to injure a digital nerve.

CONCLUSIONS
While there was a low incidence of upper extremity nerve injuries associated with upper extremity trauma, the ulnar nerve was most frequently injured. Males were twice as likely to sustain a traumatic upper extremity nerve injury, with laceration being the most common mechanism of injury. The average ED cost associated with upper extremity nerve injuries in the United States was determined to be approximately $5779.


Gyroresonant wave‐particle interactions with very low frequency whistler mode chorus waves can accelerate subrelativistic seed electrons (hundreds of keV) to relativistic energies in the outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms. In this study, we conduct a superposed epoch analysis of the chorus wave activity, the seed electron development, and the outer radiation belt electron response between L* = 2.5 and 5.5, for 25 coronal mass ejection and 35 corotating interaction region storms using Van Allen Probes observations. Electron data from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope instruments are used to monitor the storm‐phase development of the seed and relativistic electrons, and magnetic field measurements from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science instrument are used to identify the chorus wave activity. Our results show a deeper (lower L*), stronger (higher flux), and earlier (epoch time) average seed electron enhancement and a resulting greater average radiation belt electron enhancement in coronal mass ejection storms compared to the corotating interaction region storms despite similar levels and lifetimes of average chorus wave activity for the two storm drivers. The earlier and deeper seed electron enhancement during the coronal mass ejection storms, likely driven by greater convection and substorm activity, provides a higher probability for local acceleration. These results emphasize the importance of the timing and the level of the seed electron enhancements in radiation belt dynamics.


Mr. Brooke himself has already been described by the narrator as having a "neutral physiognomy," and that neutrality itself identified as one of few "striking points in his appearance" (503). Part of the effigy's menace, clearly, is its uncanny similarity to the original. As described, however, the effigy is unlikely to be a piece of skilled imitative craftsmanship; indeed, it is the very shoddiness of the thing that makes it eerie. Unlike the banality and apparent harmlessness of this vaguely empty caricature, a rag-doll in waistcoat and monocle, the "parrot-like, Punch-voiced echo of [Mr. Brooke's] words" threatens because it offers no legible meaning, instead forcing interpretive agency onto the reader. Indeed, the "neutral physiognomy" must foreground interpretive agency, otherwise it would be impossible for a non-trait such as neutrality, either in Brooke or in his effigy, to be a "striking point" at all.


Stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) are important tools in modeling complex phenomena, and they arise in many physics and engineering applications. Developing efficient numerical methods for simulating SPDEs is a very important while challenging research topic. In this thesis, we study a numerical method based on the Wiener chaos expansion (WCE) for solving SPDEs driven by Brownian motion forcing. WCE represents a stochastic solution as a spectral expansion with respect to a set of random basis. By deriving a governing equation for the expansion coefficients, we can reduce a stochastic PDE into a system of deterministic PDEs and separate the randomness from the computation. All the statistical information of the solution can be recovered from the deterministic coefficients using very simple formulae. We apply the WCE-based method to solve stochastic Burgers equations, Navier-Stokes equations and nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations with either additive or multiplicative random forcing. Our numerical results demonstrate convincingly that the new method is much more efficient and accurate than MC simulations for solutions in short to moderate time. For a class of model equations, we prove the convergence rate of the WCE method. The analysis also reveals precisely how the convergence constants depend on the size of the time intervals and the variability of the random forcing. Based on the error analysis, we design a sparse truncation strategy for the Wiener chaos expansion. The sparse truncation can reduce the dimension of the resulting PDE system substantially while retaining the same asymptotic convergence rates. For long time solutions, we propose a new computational strategy where MC simulations are used to correct the unresolved small scales in the sparse Wiener chaos solutions. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the WCE-MC hybrid method can handle SPDEs in much longer time intervals than the direct WCE method can. The new method is shown to be much more efficient than the WCE method or the MC simulation alone in relatively long time intervals. However, the limitation of this method is also pointed out. Using the sparse WCE truncation, we can resolve the probability distributions of a stochastic Burgers equation numerically and provide direct evidence for the existence of a unique stationary measure. Using the WCE-MC hybrid method, we can simulate the long time front propagation for a reaction-diffusion equation in random shear flows. Our numerical results confirm the conjecture by Jack Xin that the front propagation speed obeys a quadratic enhancing law. Using the machinery we have developed for the Wiener chaos method, we resolve a few technical difficulties in solving stochastic elliptic equations by Karhunen-Loeve-based polynomial chaos method. We further derive an upscaling formulation for the elliptic system of the Wiener chaos coefficients. Eventually, we apply the upscaled Wiener chaos method for uncertainty quantification in subsurface modeling, combined with a two-stage Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling method we have developed recently.


Rates of diagnosis of autism have risen since 1980, raising the question of whether some children who previously had other diagnoses are now being diagnosed with autism. We applied contemporary diagnostic criteria for autism to adults with a history of developmental language disorder, to discover whether diagnostic substitution has taken place. A total of 38 adults (aged 15–31y; 31 males, seven females) who had participated in studies of developmental language disorder during childhood were given the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ‐ Generic. Their parents completed the Autism Diagnostic Interview ‐ Revised, which relies largely on symptoms present at age 4 to 5 years to diagnose autism. Eight individuals met criteria for autism on both instruments, and a further four met criteria for milder forms of autistic spectrum disorder. Most individuals with autism had been identified with pragmatic impairments in childhood. Some children who would nowadays be diagnosed unambiguously with autistic disorder had been diagnosed with developmental language disorder in the past. This finding has implications for our understanding of the epidemiology of autism.


Previous studies have shown that a heterozygous mutation in the fibrinogen Aα chain gene, which results in an Aα R16C substitution, causes fibrinolytic resistance in the fibrin clot. This mutation prevents thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A from mutant Aα R16C chains, but not from wild‐type Aα chains. However, the mechanism underlying the fibrinolytic resistance is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the biophysical properties of the mutant fibrin that contribute to fibrinolytic resistance. Fibrin clots made from the mutant fibrinogen incorporated molecules containing fibrinopeptide A into the polymerised clot, which resulted in a 'spiky' clot ultrastructure with barbed fibrin strands. The clots were less stiff than normal fibrin and were cross‐linked slower by activated FXIII, but had an increased average fiber diameter, were more dense, had smaller pores and were less permeable. Protein sequencing showed that unclottable fibrinogen remaining in the supernatant consisted entirely of homodimeric Aα R16C fibrinogen, whereas both cleaved wild‐type α chains and uncleaved Aα R16C chains were in the fibrin clot. Therefore, fibrinolytic resistance of the mutant clots is probably a result of altered clot ultrastructure caused by the incorporation of fibrin molecules containing fibrinopeptide A, resulting in larger diameter fibers and decreased permeability to fibrinolytic enzymes.


Background: For many years in England, the teaching of reading to children in the early-to-middle stages of primary schooling (5-11 years) was accomplished primarily by way of an individualised 'reading-tothe- teacher' routine, coupled with a system of 'taking books home' to read with family members. By the 1990s, this practice faced strong criticism, notably from Ofsted. The perceived need for change by policy-makers contributed to the conditions leading to the creation of the National Literacy Strategy (NLS) in 1998, which established an expectation that teachers would adopt instructional (guided) practices based on reading in group contexts, rather than relying on individualised approaches. The very limited research literature available, however, suggests that the imposed shift towards the teaching of reading in a social context may have been implemented very unevenly by teachers; in particular, the opportunities for pupil learning inherent in the social group context appear to have been under-exploited. Research Questions: The focus of this paper is therefore a theoretically and empirically informed discussion of issues in the transition from individualised reading tuition to group instruction which may have contributed to tensions and difficulties for those obliged to alter their practices. Methods: The discussion which features in this paper derives from, and is illustrated by, in-depth case study research which explored how three teachers, all positively positioned towards guided group reading, conceptualised their practice. Data analysis focused on the teachers' commentary on videorecordings of their own lessons, complemented by data from interviews in which each participant reconstructed her own biography as a 'reading teacher'. All had experienced their own primary education in the era of individualised reading, and so had experienced the transition to group tuition at some point in their careers. The empirical data therefore illustrates how these individuals experienced and understood the pedagogic change, and what they saw as its challenges and its opportunities. Frame: Moving beyond the empirical research base, the individual-to-group reading shift is analysed more broadly in terms of constructs derived from the social reproduction theory of Basil Bernstein (1996). Bernstein's conceptual partnership of 'classification' (concerning power relations) and 'framing' (concerning relations of control) provides a useful mechanism for considering principles of pedagogic interaction which operate at a less visible, more abstract, level than the observable behaviours of the discourse through which they are revealed. Importantly, these apply at multiple levels; teachers, as well as their pupils, are repositioned as pedagogic subjects in relation to the altered discourse. Reconfiguration of the discourse of the teaching of reading alters classification and framing relations, requiring a shift in what is understood to be normal - or even natural - by teachers: the 'rules' have changed, for teachers as well as their pupils. A Bernsteinian examination of typical features of individualised and guided reading practices, pre- and post-NLS, can be helpful in exploring the nature of the invisible tensions which may have created barriers for teachers required to jettison familiar practices in favour of others. Clearly this was not the case for all teachers, and insights from case study data demonstrate how some teachers adapted successfully to new ways of teaching. It is suggested that the nature of teachers' engagement in such a change impacts not merely on their practice - whether gauged 'effective' or otherwise - but on how they reconstruct their identities as teachers of reading. Research findings: Although the individual-to-group-reading transition occurred in most schools some twelve years ago, and may now appear historic, discussion of the associated issues has ongoing relevance. Firstly, anecdotal evidence suggests that many teachers remain unsure of their own role during guided group reading. Secondly, as policy-makers continue to spin the wheels of change in curriculum and pedagogy, in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, it is essential that they consider the relationship between teachers' established practices, underpinned by often implicit ideological assumptions, and the intended innovations, with a view to some form of mediation which extends beyond mere 'training' or procedural guidance to scaffold at a deeper level teachers' reconstructions of pedagogy and their own positioning in relation to the altered discourse. Bernstein, B. (1996) Pedagogy, identity and control. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield


Despite some notable and vocal objections, the claim that Christians bear a responsibility toward the environment is now more or less a truism. In this article, I seek to strengthen, rather than prove, that commitment by an argument ex convenientia (from aptness). I analyze the Petrine epistles' imagery of water and fire. I make explicit the connections between these images and the sacrament of baptism as well as their connection to creation, redemption, and the eschatological consummation. By this analysis, I aim to forge reinforcing symbolic links between biblical interpretation, sacramental practice, and the created order, thereby solidifying and foregrounding Christian commitments to ecological engagement. My primary theological interlocutors are Karl Barth and Sergius Bulgakov, whom I consult to make sense of the imagery of water and fire, respectively. My treatment of Barth and Bulgakov allows me to use their respective theologies to supplement what I perceive as one another's weak points. This gives an ecology that is concretely rooted in the Christ event (from Barth), and which demands human participation and sacramentality (from Bulgakov).


A description is given of the features of the AASHO road test that are relevant to the issue of the damaging power of wheel loads and to the derivation of the widely used fourth-power relationship between the magnitude of a wheel load and its damaging power. The results of the road test are then re-analysed to give more logical damage relationships that take into account the fact that an in-service road deteriorates to failure under the action of a wide spectrum of wheel loads applied in a random sequence. The relations obtained do not fit simple power laws; effective exponents range from about 3 to over 6 with the highest values occurring on weak pavements trafficked by heavy wheel loads, at or above the present legal limit.(a) (TRRL)


The purpose of this article is to evaluate the role that colonization played in language education policy and illustrate the need for first language instruction. Using postcolonial scholar Franz Fanon, the reasons for and consequences of using a second language medium of instruction in postcolonial nations are explored. Colonial languages were used to reinforce the imperialistic goals of colonizing nations and this language policy was rarely reversed after decolonization. Many nations have instated pilot mother tongue programs into their school systems, but they rarely move past this stage. This article deconstructs how colonization and decolonization affect the language of instruction and language education policy in developing nations (with a focus on francophone nations). Haiti is used as an example to illustrate the difficulties and complexity that decolonization brings to education policy. It is important that as we start to face new global forces that hinder first language instruction (globalization, westernization) we do not forget the historical oppressions that have a current impact on policy.


Aim: To investigate the prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions in primary healthcare clinics in the George subdistrict. Objectives included: To investigate and quantify the following risk factors: patient age, poly-pharmacy, gender, multiple prescribers and recorded diagnoses, as well as to identify and quantify the drugs involved, including the level of any drug-drug interactions.

Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed at four primary healthcare clinics in George from 400 randomly selected patients' files for patients who attended these clinics from 1 February to 30 April 2010. Demographics, recorded diagnoses and all concurrently prescribed drugs were recorded and analysed. The level of drug-drug interaction was classified using the OpeRational Classification of drug-drug interactions designed by Hansten and Horn.

Results: The prevalence for moderate interactions was 42%, severe interactions 5.25% and contraindicated combinations was 0.5%. The most common drugs involved in potential drug interactions were: enalapril, aspirin, ibuprofen, furosemide and fluoxetine. The most common drugs involved in potentially severe interactions were: warfarin, aspirin, fluoxetine, tramadol and allopurinol. Two contraindicated combinations were found: verapamil plus simvastatin, and hyoscine butyl bromide with oral potassium chloride. Increasing age and poly-pharmacy were associated with an increased risk for potential drug-drug interactions. Input from the regional hospital specialist departments greatly increased the risk of being prescribed a potential drug-drug interaction. Eighty one per cent (17/21) of severe interactions were from this group. The majority of patients in the sample were female (65.5%) but there was no differences in the percentage of drug interactions between males (43.4%) and females (43.1%).

Conclusion: Potential drug-drug interactions are commonly prescribed in primary healthcare clinics in the George subdistrict. Drug interactions are predictable and preventable. It would seem prudent to put into place a method of reducing the risk. Further research is needed to identify effective interventions suitable for resource constrained centres. The risk factors identified in this study may assist in designing such an intervention.


Welcome to Game Coding Complete, Fourth Edition, the newest edition of the essential, hands-on guide to developing commercial-quality games. Written by two veteran game programmers, the book examines the entire game development process and all the unique challenges associated with creating a game. In this excellent introduction to game architecture, you'll explore all the major subsystems of modern game engines and learn professional techniques used in actual games, as well as Teapot Wars, a game created specifically for this book. This updated fourth edition uses the latest versions of DirectX and Visual Studio, and it includes expanded chapter coverage of game actors, AI, shader programming, LUA scripting, the C# editor, and other important updates to every chapter. All the code and examples presented have been tested and used in commercial video games, and the book is full of invaluable best practices, professional tips and tricks, and cautionary advice.


The value of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan (BALF-GM) in diagnosing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) remains unclear. Here, we study the diagnostic efficacy of GM in the diagnosis of CPA. ABSTRACT The value of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan (BALF-GM) in diagnosing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) remains unclear. Here, we study the diagnostic efficacy of GM in the diagnosis of CPA. We included consecutive treatment-naive subjects with CPA. For calculating the specificity of serum GM, we enrolled diseased controls (minimally symptomatic subjects previously treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, not meeting the criteria for CPA). To calculate the specificity of BALF-GM, subjects with pulmonary disorders other than CPA who underwent bronchoscopy were included. We determined the cutoff of serum and BALF-GM levels using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We enrolled 243 consecutive treatment-naive subjects (53.5% males) of CPA with a mean (standard deviation) age of 43.6 (14.7) years. Forty-five (60% males; age, 46.7 [15.7] years) and 27 (59.3% males; age, 52.6 [12.8] years) subjects served as controls for serum and BALF-GM, respectively. The best cutoff value for serum and BALF-GM was 0.55 (area under the ROC curve [AUROC], 0.605; sensitivity, 38%; specificity, 87%) and 1.375 (AUROC, 0.836; sensitivity, 68%; specificity, 93%), respectively. At a cutoff value of 2.5, BALF-GM had a sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 100%, respectively. BALF-GM performs better than serum GM and may be helpful in the diagnosis of CPA in selected patients. More studies are required to confirm our findings.


Calculations were performed to investigate the supersonic flow of a turbulent boundary layer over short regions of concave surface curvature. The freestream Mach number was 2.9 upstream of each curved surface. Three different constant radii of curvature wind-tunnel models were investigated to cover a range of curvature and turning angles. The numerical technique solved the full, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using two different turbulence models: an algebraic eddy-viscosity model, and a one-equation model. The calculations were compared with recent experimental data, and the agreement with the mean-flow results was surprisingly good, especially for the computations using the one-equation model. The computed Reynolds shear stress results tended to fall below the experimental values as the radius of curvature decreased, demonstrating the shortcomings of the turbulence models for rapidly perturbed flows. Some limiting cases for zero radius of curvature (compression corner flows) were also investigated, and the results appear to show a periodic unsteadiness similar to that observed in recent experiments.


The authors' objectives are threefold. First, they explain how to estimate transport costs and the geographic concentration of industries using trucking microdata and geocoded plant-level data. Second, they document that transport costs explain 25 percent to 57 percent of the observed relationship between trade and distance across Canada's economic regions. Last, they show that changes in transport costs have a substantial impact on geographic concentration patterns for vertically linked industries, depending on the strength of the links. A one standard deviation increase in transport costs leads to a 0.02 standard deviation decrease in geographic concentration for industry pairs at the bottom decile of the input–output coefficient distribution, whereas the corresponding effect at the top decile is a 0.02 standard deviation increase. This gap between weakly and strongly linked industries stands up to a wide range of specifications and is robust to instrumental variables estimations.


The outreach of macroprudential policies is likely limited in practice by imperfect regulation enforcement, whether due to shadow banking, regulatory arbitrage, or other regulation circumvention schemes. We study how such concerns affect the design of optimal regulatory policy in a workhorse model in which pecuniary externalities call for macroprudential taxes on debt, but with the addition of a novel constraint that financial regulators lack the ability to enforce taxes on a subset of agents. While regulated agents reduce risk taking in response to debt taxes, unregulated agents react to the safer environment by taking on more risk. These leakages undermine the effectiveness of macruprudential taxes but do not necessarily call for weaker interventions. A quantitative analysis of the model suggests that aggregate welfare gains and reductions in the severity and frequency of financial crises remain, on average, largely unaffected by even significant leakages.


Prior research shows that topical application of free, nonfatty acid–conjugated vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol) prevents skin cancer in mice, as well as immunosuppression induced by UVB radiation. This study investigated the chemopreventive potential of dl-α-tocopherol in humans through monitoring surrogate end point biomarkers in sun-damaged skin. Contralateral arms of healthy human volunteers with actinic keratoses (AK) were randomly assigned to receive either 12.5% dl-α-tocopherol or placebo in a crème base for 6 months. Changes in number of AKs, levels of p53 protein expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and polyamines were assessed along with skin and systemic vitamin E levels. Following treatment, plasma concentration levels of dl-α-tocopherol were unchanged, but skin levels were highly elevated (P < 0.001). Levels of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen did not change significantly, whereas number of AKs declined insignificantly in both placebo and treatment arms. Regression models showed significant decreases in putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and total polyamine concentrations following treatment. Topically applied dl-α-tocopherol was substantially absorbed in skin, but the 6-month application did not significantly reduce numbers of preexisting AKs on moderately to severely sun-damaged forearms. Increases in polyamine synthesis are expected during tumor initiation and promotion; conversely, the significant reductions in polyamine levels resulting from the topical dl-α-tocopherol application are consistent with reductions in tumorigenesis potential. Topical tocopherol did not normalize established sun-induced lesions, but dl-α-tocopherol–induced reductions in polyamine metabolism are consistent with the inhibition of skin squamous cell carcinogenesis as seen in previous human trials and animal models.


A graph is connected if there is a path between any two of its vertices and k-connected if there are at least k disjoint paths between any two vertices. A graph is k-edge-connected if none of the k paths share any edges and k-vertex-connected (or k-connected) if they do not share any intermediate vertices. We examine some problems related to k-connectivity and an application.
We have looked at the k-edge-connected spanning subgraph problem: given a k-edge-connected graph, find the smallest subgraph that includes all vertices and is still k-edge-connected. We improved two algorithms for approximating solutions to this problem. The first algorithm transforms the problem into an integer linear program, relaxes it into a real-valued linear program and solves it, then obtains an approximate solution to the original problem by rounding non-integer values. We have improved the approximation ratio by giving a better scheme for rounding the edges and bounding the number of fractional edges. The second algorithm finds a subgraph where every vertex has a minimum degree, then augments the subgraph by adding edges until it is k-edge-connected. We improve this algorithm by bounding the number of edges that could be added in the augmentation step.
We have also applied the idea of k-connectivity to protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, biological graphs where vertices represent proteins and edges represent experimentally determined physical interactions. Because few PPI networks are even 1-connected, we have looked for highly connected subgraphs of these graphs. We developed algorithms to find the most highly connected subgraphs of a graph. We applied our algorithms to a large network of yeast protein interactions and found that the most highly connected subgraph was a 16-connected subgraph of membrane proteins that had never before been identified as a module and is of interest to biologists. We also looked at graphs of proteins known to be co-complexed and found that a significant number contained 3-connected subgraphs, one of the features that most differentiated complexes from random graphs.


The global food system is in a state of profound crisis. Decades of misguided aid, trade and production policies have resulted in an unprecedented erosion of agrobiodiversity that renders the world's food supply vulnerable to catastrophic crop failure in the event of drought, heavy rains, and outbreaks of pests and disease. Climate change threatens to wreak additional havoc on food production by increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, depressing agricultural yields, reducing the productivity of the world's fisheries, and placing pressure on scarce water resources. Furthermore, the climate crisis and the biodiversity crisis are occurring at a time of rising global food insecurity. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reports that the number of chronically undernourished people in the world reached a peak of 1.02 billion people in 2009 – a figure that represents one sixth of humanity. This article examines the underlying causes of the crises in the global food system, and recommends specific measures that might be adopted to address the distinct but related problems of food insecurity, loss of agrobiodiversity, and climate change. The article concludes that the root cause of the crises confronting the global food system is corporate domination of the food supply and the systemic destruction of local food systems that are healthy, ecologically sustainable, and socially just. The article argues that small-scale sustainable agriculture has the potential to address the interrelated climate, food, and agrobiodiversity crises, and suggests specific measures that the international community might take through law and regulation to promote the transition to a more just, resilient, and sustainable food system.


Scheduling dialogs, during which people negotiate the times of appointments, are common in everyday life. This paper reports the results of an in-depth empirical investigation of resolving explicit temporal references in scheduling dialogs. There are four phases of this work: data annotation and evaluation, model development, system implementation and evaluation, and model evaluation and analysis. The system and model were developed primarily on one set of data, and then applied later to a much more complex data set, to assess the generalizability of the model for the task being performed. Many different types of empirical methods are applied to pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. Detailed annotation instructions were developed and an intercoder reliability study was performed, showing that naive annotators can reliably perform the targeted annotations. A fully automatic system has been developed and evaluated on unseen test data, with good results on both data sets. We adopt a pure realization of a recency-based focus model to identify precisely when it is and is not adequate for the task being addressed. In addition to system results, an in-depth evaluation of the model itself is presented, based on detailed manual annotations. The results are that few errors occur specifically due to the model of focus being used, and the set of anaphoric relations defined in the model are low in ambiguity for both data sets.


The focus of this thesis is to analyze the popular culture in Poland during the 1970s and 1980s. The 1970s and 1980s were a crucial time for Poland which contained many political and cultural changes. For the citizens of Poland, the 1970s represented a time of economic prosperity and a time of adherence to the government. This contrasts the political unrest that occurred during the 1980s. The popular culture of the 1970s and 1980s reflects this shift. The popular culture of Poland during the 1970s will be analyzed by using music, magazines and comedy skits. It will portray propaganda that was in circulation to the people and how performers overcame it. The popular culture of Poland during the 1980s will be analyzed using music and comedy skits and how it reflected the tensions between Poles and the government. This shift in actions by entertainers will be shown to have aided the criticism of the Party.


The rapid growth of golf course development in South Carolina's coastal zone presents new challenges in protecting coastal water and wetlands. While filling or dredging of wetland resources for golf course development is a practice of the past, golf course designers make every effort to maximize their proximity to wetland resource areas. Coastal zone management concerns associated with golf course development include the protection of adjacent wetland resources from (1) nutrient and chemical laden storm water runoff, (2) aerosol from 'fertigation,' a mixture of fertilizer and irrigation water, and treated effluent irrigation systems, and (3) physical impacts associated with wetland crossings, play-through areas, and player intrusion. This paper first provides a brief overview of current literature associated with the use of chemicals on golf courses and their impacts on man and the coastal environment. The paper then focuses on best management practices which can be utilized in the physical design and management of golf courses to minimize impacts on coastal resources, drawing upon examples from golf courses recently constructed or currently under development in coastal South Carolina.


Objective To clarify the effects of the suspension vehicle on the properties of an extemporaneously compounded nifedipine oral suspension (1 mg/ml) prepared from ground-up commercial nifedipine tablets. Methods Oral suspensions of nifedipine were compounded with six different vehicles: commercial vehicles Suspension Diluent A, Ora-Plus/Ora-Sweet, Ora-Plus/Ora-Sweet SF and SyrSpend SF Cherry, and extemporaneously prepared Methylcellulose 1%/Syrup NF and Hypromellose 1%. The suspensions were stored at room temperature and analysed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The effect of mixing on the content uniformity was studied by evaluating two mixing protocols: inverting the bottle manually 10–15 times or inverting it three times. The concentration of nifedipine, the uniformity of mass and the sedimentation volume were determined. Results The content uniformity of all the suspensions complied with the Pharmacopoeia test at all time points when they were mixed by inverting the bottle 10–15 times. Bottles inverted three times did not comply with the test at 1 week when Methylcellulose 1%/Syrup NF or Hypromellose 1% were used. The uniformity of mass was within acceptable limits in all suspensions. The sedimentation volume of the unmixed Methylcellulose 1%/Syrup NF and Hypromellose 1% was higher than that of the commercial vehicles. Conclusions In order to comply with the Pharmacopeia test for content uniformity, suspensions compounded with Methylcellulose 1%/Syrup NF or Hypromellose 1% require mixing by inverting the bottle 10–15 times. In contrast, the commercial suspension vehicles passed the test if the bottle was inverted only three times.


Improvements in main memory speeds have not kept pace with increasing processor clock frequency and improved exploitation of instruction-level parallelism. Consequently, the gap between processor and main memory performance is expected to grow, increasing the number of execution cycles spent waiting for memory accesses to complete. One solution to this growing problem is to reduce the number of cache misses by increasing the effectiveness of the cache hierarchy. In this paper we present a technique for dynamic analysis of program data access behavior, which is then used to proactively guide the placement of data within the cache hierarchy in a location-sensitive manner. We introduce the concept of a macroblock, which allows us to feasibly characterize the memory locations accessed by a program, and a Memory Address Table, which performs the dynamic reference analysis. Our technique is fully compatible with existing Instruction Set Architectures. Results from detailed simulations of several integer programs show significant speedups.


Polycomb Group (PcG) and Trithorax Group (TrxG) genes were originally identified in Drosophila as repressors and activators of Hox genes, respectively (Schuettengruber et al., 2007). In PcG and TrxG mutants, the expression of Hox genes is mis-regulated, leading to homeotic transformation phenotypes of body segments (Lewis, 1978, 1982). In addition, PcG and TrxG proteins are found to be regulators of numerous genes involved in cell fate decision, stem cell identity and cancer (Aloia et al., 2013; Kohler and Hennig, 2010; Martinez et al., 2006; Sparmann and van Lohuizen, 2006); At the molecular level, PcG and TrxG proteins form multiple complexes that silence and activate chromatin, respectively (Pirrotta, 1998). A hallmark of PcG proteins activity is tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3), which is associated with a repressed transcriptional state (Cao et al., 2002). In contrast, tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K27me4) is a product of TrxG activity, and is associated with transcriptional activation (Byrd and Shearn, 2003; Cao et al., 2002).
A class of genes known as Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) genetically interacts with both PcG and TrxG. Additional sex combs (Asx) of Drosophila is a member of the ETP group because Asx mutations enhance both PcG and TrxG mutant phenotypes (Milne et al., 1999). A recent study has shown that a newly characterized Drosophila PcG protein, Calypso, forms a complex with Asx (Scheuermann et al., 2010). This new PcG complex is named Polycomb Repressive Deubiquitinase (PR-DUB). Biochemical analysis has shown that recombinant Calypso interacts with the Asx-N terminus (aa2-337), and this interaction enhances deubiquitination of nucleosomal H2A by Calypso in vitro. The enzyme activity of Calypso is required for repression of the Hox gene Ubx in Drosophila.
Three mammalian homologs of Asx, named Asx-like 1, 2, and 3, have been identified in mice and humans (Fisher et al., 2003; Katoh, 2003, 2004). Like Drosophila Asx and Calypso, mammalian ASXL1 and BAP1, the mammalian homolog of Calypso, form a stable PR-DUB complex in vitro (Scheuermann et al., 2010).
We have generated an Asxl2 -/- mouse line to study Asxl in a mammalian system by taking advantage of a gene-trapped ES cell line from the Gene Trap Consortium [www.genetrap.org] (Baskind et al., 2009). The ES cell gene trap line contains a β-geo cassette with a polyadenylation site at the 3' end which is integrated into the first intron of Asxl2 (Baskind et al., 2009). The truncated mRNA encodes a protein product that is missing all the conserved domains of ASXL2.
Asxl2 is highly expressed in embryonic and adult hearts (Baskind et al., 2009). In collaboration with Dr. David Geenen's laboratory, we have conducted a series of physiological and biochemical assays of Asxl2-/- mice in the B6/129 F1 background to assess the role of ASXL2 in heart function. Our results show that Asxl2-/- mice can survive to adulthood but gradually develop ventricle dysfunction. Microarray analysis shows more than 753 cardiac genes are mis-regulated in the absence of Asxl2. These results suggest that Asxl2 functions to maintain normal cardiac function and gene expression in postnatal stages.
The axial skeletons of Asxl2-/- mice exhibit both posterior and anterior transformations, which are classic PcG/TrxG phenotypes, respectively (Baskind et al., 2009). This indicates that Asxl2 has ETP function. Furthermore, Asxl2 deficiency results in a reduction in the level of bulk H3K27me3, a repressive mark generated by the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) (Baskind et al., 2009). Our goal is to determine the mechanism by which ASXL2 regulates H3K27me3 level. I show that ASXL2 interacts with PRC2 in the adult heart. The loss of Asxl2 results in loss of H3K27me3 as well as loss of PRC2 enrichment surrounding the de-repressed target promoters. The loss of PRC2 and H3K27me3 enrichment at these loci is not due to degradation of PRC2 core components or a failure of these components to form the PRC2 complex in Asxl2-/- hearts. In addition, we tested whether PR-DUB function is conserved in ASXL2. Our results show that ASXL2 interacts with BAP1 and is required for mono-deubiquitination of H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1) in the heart.
In summary, I have made several contributions to further our understanding of ASXL2's biological and functional mechanisms. Specifically, I have shown that (1) ASXL2 is required for normal ventricular function in adult heart; (2) ASXL2 is required for the homeostasis of two important histone marks, H3K27me3 and uH2A; (3) ASXL2 specifically affects the conversion of H3K27me2 to H3K27me3; (4) ASXL2 maintains the repression of select cardiac genes by facilitating the binding of PRC2 to target loci. Taken together, these data show that ASXL2 is a novel epigenetic regulator in the adult heart. In-depth studies of mouse ASXL2 will provide valuable insight on the diagnostic and/or therapeutic value of human ASXL2 in heart disease.


In describing tools for internet security, this title focuses on understanding the system architecture of existing security and on developing architectural changes for new security services. Topics include security threats in wireless networks, security services for countering those threats, and the process of defining functional architecture for network systems. Kempf also discusses examples of wireless Internet security systems such as wireless network access control, local IP subnet configuration and address resolution, and location privacy. Each chapter describes the basic network architecture and protocols for the system under consideration, security threats, functional architecture, and the important internet protocols that implement the architecture. This is an ideal resource for graduate students of electrical engineering and computer science, as well as for engineers and system architects in the wireless network industry.


In order to asses the predictive value of serial electrophysiologic studies in the selection of an effective long-term effective antiarrhythmic regimen, we studied 16 patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), resistant to conventional medical treatment. (group 1) Eleven patients in this group had chronic chagas myocarditis, and several hospitalizations and cardioversions had been required for therapy of VT. In addition, 35 patients (group 2: control) underwent electrophysiological studies to evaluate rhythm disturbances differences to TV. Ventricular Tachycardia was successfully initiated and terminate with programmed electrical stimulation of the right ventricle only in the group 1. After control studies, the effects of several drugs (ajmalin, amiodarone, carbamazepine, disopyramide, diphenilhydantoin, mexiletine, procainamide, propranolol, quinidine and verapamil on the ability to initiate VT were assessed. A drug was considered effective only if it prevented the initiation of VT and allowed long-term suppression o clinical VT. All the patients of group 1 were placed on chronic oral therapy with the effective agent and were followed for an average period of 16 months (range 5 to 47 months). In all 16 patients we could document complete long-term prophylaxis against VT. This method offers advantage in terms of morbidity, mortality, duration of therapy, and promptness of choosing an effective drug add expense to the patient over traditional empirical methods of drug selection.


Blood cockle is one of the major marine products in the community but the resource is encountering the risk of stocks degradation mainly due to destruction of the fisheries habitats from rampant illegal fishing by dredgers and over-exploitation. Considering this as a very critical issue, the Fisheries Administration of Cambodia and Community Fisheries Prey Nub 2 in collaboration with SEAFDEC agreed and established the Blood Cockle Refugia. Since the project supported by SEAFDEC ended in 2009, a research was conducted in 2014 to evaluate the effectiveness of the blood cockle refugia. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate the current status of the refugia management and improve the blood cockle resources in the Community Fisheries. The study used quantitative approach to collect data including key informant interviews with key stakeholders such as fishers, fisheries officers and commune councils, focus group discussion and field observation. Documents from the Integrated Coastal Resources Management Project: Sihanoukville, were reviewed. The report findings indicated that blood cockle refugia is still working under the guidance of the Provincial Fisheries Administration which modified the management approach. The regulation established on blood cockle size to be harvested was no longer enforced because local fishers complained about its negative impact on their daily catch. Other concerns of the Provincial Fisheries Administration included the relatively big proposed site for refugia which was difficult to manage; members of the Community Fisheries seemed not to be actively participating in the management scheme although the concerned local fisheries officers were working hard to implement the said scheme. Nevertheless, the daily catch of blood cockle was significantly stable indicating the effectiveness of the refugia. In general, the blood cockle refugia in Community Fisheries Prey Nub 2 brought a significant impact not only on blood cockle harvest but also on the habitats that this species rely on such as mangroves and sea grass beds that had been well protected. Anyhow, the management approaches of the refugia should be revised to reflect the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the local people in the area. Few suggested recommendations should be taken into account, such as (1) the restriction on size of blood cockle to be harvested should be modified, (2) the coverage area should be reduced, (3) the current Blood Cockle Team of the Community Fisheries should be restructured, and (4) a scientific research on blood cockle biology should be conducted using the baseline data from ICRM-SHV supported by SEAFDEC.


Creativity has seen a surge of interest in education in recent years and this, combined with an 'increased emphasis on creativity in society, has been greeted by educators and 'creative partners' as a positive move' (Craft, 2006, p. 337). It is then something academics going into schools need to be aware of and, if possible, utilise. In order for young people to exist and flourish in the twenty first century, creativity is a widespread attribute needed by all (Craft, 2002). In the revised National Curriculum (for England) for Key Stage Three (KS3) (eleven to fourteen years of age) there are bold statements referring to creativity for all as an essential skill for the future and one that pervades all of the school curriculum and life of the school. Furthermore, employers now require their workforce to be able to adjust to new circumstances, be innovative, possess strong communication skills and be able to work as part of a team (National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education, 1999). This chapter focuses on relevant literature about creativity in education, followed by the
project outline and suggestions as to how this will help academics going in to schools. The project involved secondary school teachers across KS3 subjects completing questionnaires and being observed in their use of creativity within the classroom. Pupil interviews were also conducted on their understanding and effects of learning through creative engagements. Although creativity in science was a key aim, links to arts and humanities subjects are addressed in the conclusions and recommendations. The findings also suggest different ways for staff development in this area along with suggestions of caution when working alongside practicing secondary school teachers. Also, the chapter suggests that creativity be an additional topic to be addressed by outreach schemes.