The Fort Worth basin (FWB) is one of the most fully developed shale gas fields in North America. Although there are hundreds of drilled wells in the basin, almost none of them reach the Precambrian basement. Imaged by perhaps 100 3D seismic surveys, the focus on the relatively shallow, flat-lying Barnett Shale objective has resulted in little published work on the basement structures underlying the Lower Paleozoic strata. Subtle folds and systems of large joints are present in almost all 3D seismic surveys in the FWB. At the Cambro-Ordovician Ellenburger level, these joints are often diagenetically altered and exhibit collapse features at their intersections. We discovered how the basement structures relate to overlying Paleozoic reservoirs in the Barnett Shale and Ellenburger Group. In support of our investigation, the Marathon Oil Company provided a high-quality, wide-azimuth, 3D seismic data near the southeast fringe of the FWB. In addition to the seismic volume, we integrated the seismic results with gravity, magnetic, well log, and geospatial data to understand the basement and subbasement structures in the southeast FWB. Major tectonic features including the Ouachita frontal thrust belt, Lampasas arch, Llano uplift, and Bend arch surround the southeast FWB. Euler deconvolution and integrated forward gravity modeling helped us extend our interpretation beyond the 3D seismic survey into a regional context.


EMBEDDED4 July – 29 August 2008Caroline Achaintre, Nick Crowe, Dan Hays, Woodrow Kernohan, Brighid Lowe, Caroline McCarthy, Johannes Maier, Suzanne Mooney, Abigail Reynolds, Dan Shipsides, Jeffrey Ty-LeeImages are built out of complex processes of engagement and use, made particularly visible through the impact of new technologies as they change attitudes towards surveillance, information gathering, pornography, celebrity and so on. This exhibition examines the systems that affect such change. The artists taking part can be compared to the embedded news reporter, in that they are working from within the processes of image manufacture. From this position, the work exhibited is able to provide revelatory and expansive commentary on the structures that bring images into being.This exposure of process is often in a different medium to that being examined. Typically, the intangible nature of digital and virtual space is explored through plastic, tangible methods such as installation and montage. In the work of Nick Crowe, for example, glass becomes a plane of convergence between disparate fields in digital space. In his Aer Lingus series, glamorised portraits of airhostesses are combined in glass with unsolicited email from contact agencies. In a new work for the exhibition, Nick Crowe utilises the interface provided by the gallery window, acknowledging its materiality while offering, via a website address, an additional engagement with a virtual scene.Brighid Lowes response to the structures found within systems of exchange is physically manifested in Each Long Second, which presents a model of aimless interconnectivity. Abigail Reynolds likewise utilises material processes to unlock information systems. In The Grand Mutator, a number-based crochet pattern is put through a series of mathematical sequences, based on genome sequencing, each producing a variant form. Physicality is fundamental to the working process of Dan Shipsides, which uses the climbers experience of the rock face to explore visual constructs. He collaborates with John McNamee, a visually impaired climber, in Dolerite / Solarized Pigmatosis 2, where tangible and visible merge as cameras attached to the climbers fingers seek their way across the rocks surface . Woodrow Kernohan, in Four Four, plays with variation between materiality and image, drilling his way out of screen-based representation. Caroline McCarthy cuts holes from coloured bin bags using the resulting dots to painstakingly reconstruct a traditional still life in the manner of mass printing. Caroline Achaintres carpets lend a chunky substantiality to the digital grid, but in the watercolours that inform them the structure of the downloaded image is dissolved.Presentational structures applied to the Internet image: the distortions caused, the selectivity of the search engine, inform the painting of Dan Hays. His internet journey has taken him to Colorado, to pixellated landscapes he will never otherwise see. Jeffrey Ty Lee is concerned with the hidden architecture of representation and investigates the picture plane for clues to the image it holds. For Make Love to the Camera Suzanne Mooney photographs diagrams from a manual on glamour photography, providing a record of image manufacture that critically examines the structures behind the final product. Meanwhile, an anatomy of news-based imagery is revealed through the films of Johannes Maier. His research into the embedded reporter interrogates the relationship between producer and image. It is territory which all of the works negotiate in examining the mechanics of image production from the inside.Embedded is curated by David Waterworth, who lectures at The University of Greenwich, where he is curator of the Stephen Lawrence Gallery. He curated Wandering Rocks for Gimpel Fils Gallery in 2006.[1. Dolerite / Solarized Pigmatosis 2 was supported by grants from the AHRC, University of Ulster and Landscape & Environment.]Dolerite, Solarized PigmatosisDVD 12minDolerite, Solarized Pigmatosis is a twin video art work which presents footage of a climb in Donegal at Dumore Head. The black and white footage is taken from just the finger cameras and is very abstracted because of the sunny day which solarized parts of the footage – making the sun itself appear black. It is in real-time and is approximately 12 minutes long. During this climb the cameras started to malfunction on the short descent poetically adding to the sense of visually trying to record a physical or tactile experience. Additional audio is added to the start and end of the video which discusses aspects of blindness and anatomy.


The best of Kalman-filter-based frameworks reported in the literature for rigid object tracking work well only if the object motions are smooth (which allows for tight uncertainty bounds to be used for where to look for the object features to be tracked). In this contribution, we present a new Kalman-filter-based framework that carries out fast and accurate rigid object tracking even when the object motions are large and jerky. The new framework has several novel features, the most significant of which is as follows: the traditional backtracking consists of undoing one-at-a-time the model-to-scene matchings as the pose-acceptance criterion is violated. In our new framework, once a violation of the pose-acceptance criterion is detected, we seek the best largest subset of the candidate scene features that fulfill the criterion, and then continue the search until all the model features have been paired up with their scene correspondents (while, of course, allowing for nil-mapping for some of the model features). With the new backtracking framework, our Kalman filter is able to update on a real-time basis the pose of a typical industrial 3-D object moving at the rate of approximately 5 cm/s (typical for automobile assembly lines) using off-the-shelf PC hardware. Pose updating occurs at the rate of 7 frames per second and is immune to large jerks introduced manually as the object is in motion. The objects are tracked with an average translational accuracy of 4.8 mm and the average rotational accuracy of 0.27deg.


The accuracy obtained in wind tunnel aerodynamic and aero-acoustic measurements is extremely demanding and it stillchallenges our current simulation technologies. It mainly challenges the capabilities of current mesh generationtechnologies used in flow simulations. The ground-breaking TESSERACT project addresses the challenge of studying howto generate computational meshes that enable the ability to obtain computer flow simulations that beat the predictivecapabilities of the wind tunnel experiments for a fixed accuracy, cost, and time scale. These important challengescorrespond to capabilities that have been considered essential to fulfil the European strategic goals of future transportation.The main objective is to generate optimal quality curved adapted meshes for space-time flow simulations by addressing thefollowing ambitious and beyond the state of the art 4-dimensional meshing research objectives: curved geometryrepresentation and approximation, mesh quality measures, adapted mesh resolution, and space-time flow simulation. Thisis a high risk project since it tackles meshing objectives in 4D while lower dimension versions of these issues have not yetbeen fully solved. However, providing the foundations and the methods to improve current space-time meshing algorithmswill suppose a high gain in the field of computational and aerospace engineering. This is so since in the near future, it willbe of major importance to conduct accurate, robust, and efficient parallel in space-time adapted flow simulations that exploitthe computational power of the exascale super-computing facilities to come. To enhance the feasibility of the project, thescientific approach considers different novel approaches to reach the same objectives and therefore, bear in mind the highrisk/ high-gain nature of this 4D meshing project.


Background and Objectives: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most efficient imaging modality for assessment of implant site. The efficacy of preoperative CBCT scans can be enhanced by the use of radiographic stent. This study sought to assess the differences in implant measurements made on CBCT scans taken with and without radiographic stent. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 CBCT sections available in the electronic files of five patients who had undergone CBCT with radiographic stent. Four oral and maxillofacial radiologists and three maxillofacial surgeons were requested to locate the site of teeth on original radiographs taken with stent and cropped images without the stent and record them in a form. A gold standard form was also filled out by an oral and maxillofacial radiologist. Results: Errors in selection of correct cut (>2 cuts from the gold standard cut) had a frequency of 6.1% and 41.1% in scans taken with and without radiographic stent, respectively. Selection of correct cut had a significant correlation with the use of radiographic stent and the observer's specialty (both Ps 0.05). Conclusion: Radiologists had higher odds than surgeons for selection of correct cut in presence and absence of stent. Also, the odds of selection of correct cut by both radiologists and surgeons were higher in presence of stent.


Diffusion limits of MCMC methods in high dimensions provide a useful theoretical tool for studying computational complexity. In particular, they lead directly to precise estimates of the number of steps required to explore the target measure, in stationarity, as a function of the dimension of the state space. However, to date such results have mainly been proved for target measures with a product structure, severely limiting their applicability. The purpose of this paper is to study diffusion limits for a class of naturally occurring high-dimensional measures found from the approximation of measures on a Hilbert space which are absolutely continuous with respect to a Gaussian reference measure. The diffusion limit of a random walk Metropolis algorithm to an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space valued SDE (or SPDE) is proved, facilitating understanding of the computational complexity of the algorithm.


The stigma attached to HIV/AIDS remains a pervasive problem, despite the
progress that has been achieved in the global response and the expectations that
universal access to treatment will reduce it. This thesis explores how HIV-related
discourses are shaped and how people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience and
manage stigmatization in Turkey, where HIV prevalence is low and the stigma
attached to HIV/AIDS is powerful and widespread.
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the social construction
and management of stigma, by offering an empirically informed discussion of the
management of the biological body and social identity in relation to broader
discursive power relations. Self-management of HIV and its stigma is considered in
this thesis as a process of identity construction in which actors are constantly
negotiating with the discursive power relations that exercise control over them. The
roles of patriarchal and medical discourses are discussed as the main components
of the power structure underlying HIV-related stigma in Turkey. Exploring the ways
in which PLHIV manage physical health, social relationships and social identity, the
thesis focuses on the potential of PLHIV as active agents, who react to, resist or
challenge HIV-related stigma.
Primary data were generated through biographical narrative interviews with PLHIV.
Participant observation in the networking activities of PLHIV and non-governmental
organisations provided additional data. Semi-structured interviews with key
informants were conducted, to explore the power structure underlying stigma
further. Additionally, HIV-related policy documents and statements were reviewed.
The research provides data to contribute to the development of HIV-related stigmareduction
policies in Turkey. Considering criticisms of the dominant
conceptualisation of stigma addressed in the existing literature, the main theoretical
contribution to the overall literature on chronic illness and stigma management is
the investigation of the link between social identity and discursive power relations,
with a specific focus on the active role of the individuals in negotiating and
challenging stigma.


Pollution from synthetic dyes, released by textile and paper pulping plants, draws
major concern. Textile effluents have negative impact both on the environment and
human health because they are toxic and some are carcinogenic. Apart from the
textile industry, dyes are also widely used in manufacturing industries for leather
products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods and beverages. It is known that white rot
fungi can decolourise and detoxify various industrial effluents through the production
of extracellular lignin modifying enzymes, a major class of which are laccases (EC
22.214.171.124).
Considering the above, three strains of white rot fungi, Coriolopsis polyzona
(MUCL 38443), Pleurotus ostreatus (ATCC no. MYA-2306) and Pycnoporus
sanguineus (MUCL 41582) were studied for their ability to produce laccases in liquid
media. The effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MO) as elicitor and ferulic acid as
inducer were studied using central composite experimental design in liquid cultures
of the three strains. The results showed that MO, either added alone or combined with
ferulic acid, enhanced laccase activity in the three different cultures and the
enhancement was species specific. The highest increase was in liquid cultures of
P. sanguineus (88-fold) followed by P. ostreatus (3-fold) and C. polyzona (2-fold),
among which C. polyzona resulted in the highest laccase activity. The combined
addition of 150 mg/l of MO and 1 mM ferulic acid resulted in the optimal laccase
activity by C. polyzona, whereas additions of 75 mg/l MO to the cultures of
P. sanguineus and P. ostreatus led to the optimal activity.
Extracellular laccase activity was considerably increased when C. polyzona was
grown in glucose-bactopetone based culture medium induced by ferulic acid. The
effect of inoculum conditions on laccase production was studied at reactor scales.
Laccase activity achieved with conidia inoculation was higher compared with
mycelium inoculation at the early stage of fermentation. However, the laccase levels
were similar after 23 days of fermentation (110 U/ml and 100 U/ml for the conidia
and mycelia pre-culture respectively). The conidia inoculation is preferred in scale-up
when time-cost is considered. The maximal laccase activity with conidia inoculation
in a 2 litre stirred tank reactor was 27% higher compared to that in shaken flasks.
This showed that C. polyzona cultures have the potential to be scaled-up for increased
laccase activity by applying conidia inoculum. The fermentation of C. polyzona was
scaled-up to 20 litre and 150 litre stirred tank reactors applying fed-bath strategy.
This resulted in 100 % enhancement of laccase activity.
Addition of oak wood powder in the culture medium increased total laccase activity
indicating the potential of lignocellulosic wastes as alternative substrates for
enhanced laccase production with reducing cost.
In order to investigate the application of laccases in dye decolourisation, two major
laccase isozymes (Lac I & II) from C. polyzona were purified to apparent
eletrophoretic homogenetity using hydrophobic interaction chromatography and ionexchange
chromatography. Both enzymes were found to be monomeric proteins with
the same molecular mass of 63 kDa, and isoelectronic point of 4.3. Their catalytic
activities were studied under various substrates, pHs and temperatures. The highest
enzyme affinity and efficiency were obtained with 2,2?-azino-bis-
(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Compared with other fungal
laccases, the laccases from C. polyzona have very low Km values with ABTS as a
susbtrate. The optimum pHs were 2.8, 3.0 and 5.0 on ABTS, 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol
(DMP) and syringaldazine, respectively. Both isozymes had acidic optimal pH
values. However, they were more stable in netural pH rather than at acidic pH.
Moreover, mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of tryptic digestion products of the two
isozymes was performed, which showed further similarity of these two isozymes.
As common physical or chemical methods for dye removal are expensive, have low
efficiency and sometimes generate other pollutants, the decolourisation of industrial
effluents containing single and mixed dyes was investigated using purified laccase
(Lac I) from C. polyzona as well as whole cell culture. The method appeared to be an
attractive alternative for dye removal. Anthraquinone dyes were found to be more
easily decolourised by Lac I compared to azo dyes. The addition of redox mediator
ABTS and violuric acid (VA) improved considerably the catalytic efficiencies of azo
dyes. Decolourisation, 40-50 %, was achieved for the reactive and the direct dye
baths. Response surface technology (RSM) was applied to optimise the
decolourisation of the diazo dye reactive black 5 (RB 5) by Lac I. Box-Behnken
experimental design with three variables including laccase activity (100, 200,
300 U/l), pH (5, 7, 9) and VA concentration (0, 1.25, 2.5 mM) was studied to identify
a significant correlation between the effect of these variables on decolourisation of
RB5. The experimental values were in good agreement with the predicted values with
the correlation coefficient of 97.4%.


Nowadays, the incidence of knee arthritis increases with the prolongation of human life and the increase in world population. As a result, total knee arthroplasty application rates increased and surgeons gained more experience. There have also been technical advances and total knee arthroplasty operations have been performed using better implants. However, despite these developments, the number and variety of complications are increasing. In addition to performing total knee arthroplasty correctly, it is now becoming more important to recognize complications that may or may develop. Variety of complications after total knee replacement; from minor skin problems to life-threatening complications. In this review article, we aimed to investigate early and late complications during and after total knee replacement surgery.


Received: 5 Mar 2017 Accepted: 5 Jul 2017 Human resource is an organizational capital and its mental health is one of the most important dimensions. The mental health has a significant effect on performance of staffs. The current research aimed to examine the mental health and its dimensions in librarians of Shahid Sadoughi university in 2016. This is a descriptive-analytical study with correlational design among librarians working in libraries of Shahid Sadoughi university. Goldberg & Hiller general health questionnaire was used to evaluate general health of librarians. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent T test, variance analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS software version 19. Results indicated that the mean score of librarians' general health was 22.8±10.38 which shows that participants were healthy. Furthermore, marital status was associated with health and its components so that married individuals were less healthy. Depression rate of librarians was low but most of them suffered from physical problems, anxiety, sleep disorders, and social conflicts. Therefore, librarians' authorities should consider such problems and develop strategic plans for them.


When A'la Hazrat [Maulana Ahmad Riza Khan] was born, his . . . paternal grandfather put him in his lap and said, 'This [grand]son of mine will be a great ' alim' ... And one day someone knocked on the door. A'la Hazrat, who was then ten years old, opened it and saw an elderly holy man (faqir) standing outside. . . . the man put his hand on A'la Hazrat's head and said, 'You are a great scholar.'Six months after [Maulana Mustafa Riza's] birth, Nuri Miyan Sahib [Shah Abu'l Husain Ahmad Nuri] came to Bareilly. Putting his finger into [the child's] mouth, [Nuri Miyan] entered him into [his] chain of spiritual authority, and gave him permission (ijazat) [to have disciples of his own] and investiture as his successor (khilafat), and he predicted that this child would be a great 'alim in his time as well as a perfect saint (wali). When Mutfi-e A'zam-e Hind [Mustafa Riza Khan] was nine years old, his father A'la Hazrat invited all the famous men and 'ulama to Bareilly and announced . . . this son of mine is a wali. Learn from him.This is an essay about a father and a son, who were individually revered as ' ulama (scholars) and pirs (spiritual preceptors), whose lives together spanned more than a hundred-year period, between 1856 and 1981. Both were leaders of the reform movement known to its followers as the Ahl-e Sunnat wa Jama'at (lit., 'people of the [prophetic] way and the [majority] community') and to others as the Barelwi movement.


The magnetic properties of individual Fe and Co atoms as well as of small Fe clusters adsorbed on two atomic layers of Al2O3 grown on Ni3Al(111) have been investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. We find ratios of the orbital over the effective spin magnetic moments of r=0.53 +/- 0.09 for Fe and r=0.91 +/- 0.06 for Co, which are both very close to the free-atom values of r=0.5 and 1, respectively. The magnetization curves acquired at the Fe and Ni edges demonstrate a distinctly different magnetization reversal of the transition-metal nanostructures and the substrate excluding magnetic dipolar or exchange coupling through the alumina film. Our data reveal an out-of-plane easy magnetization axis for Fe and Co originating from the spatially anisotropic hybridization of the 3d states of the adatom, with the 2p states of the oxygen terminated Al2O3 surface. We conclude that the alumina film effectively decouples the magnetic adatoms from the underlying metal substrate while providing a crystal-field environment giving rise to high magnetic anisotropy.


This Thesis describes the concept, architecture, development and demonstration of a Smart Antenna Software Radio Test System (SASRATS). SASRATS was designed and developed as a functional and flexible system to facilitate the field testing of space-time processing architectures and algorithms. It is designed to facilitate the correlation of theoretical, simulated and measured performance. The SASRATS architecture has the capability of batch, pseudo-real and real time implementation of signal processing algorithms. It is used here to verify the work done by the author and others in the field of signal enumeration and blind beamforming. The Thesis develops a robust method to enumerate the incident signals impinging on a uniform but variable size linear array independant of the extent of their correlation in a Rayleigh flat fading channel environment. The method selfoptimizes the array size by minimizing the number of antennas with respect to the number of signals and adapts continously to maintain optimum performance in a mobile environment where users (signals) come and go. An algorithm is formulated with simulation and field results presented. A robust channel order estimation algorithm using multiple antennas is also presented. We show that the approach has better performance than the conventional information theoretic based channel order estimation algorithms. It operates over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios and is tolerant to correlation between channels. Algorithm performance is evaluated via computer simulation.


One of the most important nineteenth-century schools of thought, Utilitarianism propounds the view that the value or rightness of an action rests in how well it promotes the welfare of those affected by it, aiming for 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number'. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was the movement's founder, as much a social reformer as a philosopher. His greatest interpreter, John Stuart Mill (1806-73), set out to humanize Bentham's pragmatic Utilitarianism by balancing the claims of reason and the imagination, individuality and social well-being in essays such as 'Bentham', 'Coleridge' and, above all, Utilitarianism. The works by Bentham and Mill collected in this volume show the creation and development of a system of ethics that has had an enduring influence on moral philosophy and legislative policy.


According to the previous EU reports about Hungary: "the officially acknowledged 12 minorities integrated into the Hungarian society, the situation of the Hungarian gypsy minority remains difficult. The territorial layout of the gypsy population is more or less matched by the rural areas, where high rate of unemployment, segregation, inner peripherial situation, and limitless social conflicts are present. In order to meet the above mentioned social-economic challenges it is important that the channels of the improving of cultural capital should run parallel with the characteristics of the local societies. It is important, that with the help of the educational mobilisation programmes the difficulties surfacing due to the social coexistence can be decreaded and the exacerbating social and ethnic conflicts can be dealt with." An important aim of the educational projects is to broaden the possibility of obtaining knowledge concerning social issues and citizenship, prevent the conflicts among clusters due to the social coexistence, strengthen the institutional cooperation, division of labour and to provide a "lifelong-learning" perspective to the groups that fall behind.


This cutting-edge guide on the fundamentals, theory, and applications of biomechatronic design principles.Biomechatronic Design in Biotechnology presents a complete methodology of biomechatronics, an emerging variant of the mechatronics field that marries biology, electronics, and mechanics to create products where biological and biochemical, technical, human, management-and-goal, and information systems are combined and integrated in order to solve a mission that fulfills a human need. A biomechatronic product includes a biological, mechanical, and electronic part. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals and theory behind biomechatronic technology, this book describes how general engineering design science theory can be applied when designing a technical system where biological species or components are integrated. Some research methods explored include schemes and matrices for analyzing the functionality of the designed products, ranking methods for screening and scoring the best design solutions, and structuring graphical tools for a thorough investigation of the subsystems and sub-functions of products. This insightful guide also:Discusses tools for creating shorter development times, thereby reducing the need for prototype testing and verificationPresents case study-like examples of the technology used such as a surface plasmon resonance sensor and a robotic cell culturing system for human embryonic stem cellsProvides an interdisciplinary and unifying approach of the many fields of engineering and biotechnology used in biomechatronic designBy combining designs between traditional electronic and mechanical subsystems and biological systems, this book demonstrates how biotechnology and bioengineering design can utilize and benefit from commonly used design tools-- and benefit humanity itself.


The British population is getting older. In 1948, life expectancy was 68. Thanks to healthier lifestyles and medical advances, it is now 81 and is expected to rise to 87 by the end of the next decade. The rapid growth of the elderly population will put a strain on healthcare, social care and welfare provision. The Office for Budget Responsibility predicts that health spending in the UK will rise from 6.2 per cent of GDP in 2019/20 to 8.0 per cent of GDP in 2064-65. Spending on long-term care is expected to nearly double from 1.2 per cent of GDP to 2.2 per cent of GDP in the same period, and spending on state pensions will rise from 5.1 per cent of GDP to 7.3 per cent of GDP. Despite the costs associated with the ageing population, it is sometimes claimed that people who are at risk of premature mortality due to lifestyle factors are a 'drain on the taxpayer'. Smokers, drinkers and the obese, in particular, are blamed for rising costs to the general taxpayer. These claims do not stand up against evidence. If one looks at the lifetime costs to all public services, it is clear that the 'longevity-related' costs of healthier people are considerably higher than the 'lifestyle-related' costs of less healthy people. Acute healthcare costs are usually higher, long-term healthcare costs are invariably higher, and welfare costs (eg. pensions) are vastly higher. End-of-life costs are similar regardless of the age at which a person dies, but older people consume additional years of healthcare, thereby pushing up their lifetime costs at a time when they are economically inactive. In recent decades, healthier lifestyles and longer lifespans have been associated with a rise in the number of years spent in poor health. There has been a rise in the number of people suffering from chronic and non-fatal conditions which are often expensive to treat and manage. Medical science and healthier living do not eradicate the costs of disability and disease, they merely postpone them and pave the way for more expensive non-fatal conditions amongst very old people. Long-term healthcare and nursing home costs are strongly associated with age and cannot be driven down by healthier lifestyles. Pensions and social care costs dwarf the healthcare costs associated with ageing and are intractable in an ageing society. These costs cannot be mitigated by policies that encourage healthy lifestyles. On the contrary, healthy lifestyles directly lead to higher costs by increasing the size and age of the retired cohort. There is strong and consistent evidence that smokers incur less public expenditure than non-smokers. People who do not smoke have lower annual healthcare costs but higher lifetime costs due their longer lifespans. They also incur much higher social security costs as a result of their extra pensionable years. The general taxpayer therefore saves money if other people smoke. Evidence on the full costs and savings associated with obesity is scanty and mixed. If obesity reduces life expectancy by five to ten years, as some claim, it is likely to be cost-saving for the same reason as smoking is cost-saving. However, if it shortens lives by only a year or so, the healthcare costs associated with obesity probably outweigh the savings from premature mortality. Like smoking, obesity may be cost-saving. There is evidence that drinkers do not consume more healthcare than non-drinkers, but accurate statistics for the UK are not available. It is clear, however, that revenues from alcohol duty comfortably exceed all alcohol-related costs to public services. Long term planning of public finances should not be based on the fantasy that people can live longer lives without incurring additional costs, nor can it be based on the delusion that healthcare costs will fall if unhealthy lifestyles are stamped out. The reality is that it is healthy, not unhealthy, lifestyles that have driven up costs and they will continue to do so. It makes no sense to blame escalating public sector budgets on people whose lifestyle choices tend to be cost-saving.


Purpose: To compare two different methods of determining the post-operative position of the toric IOL and to calculate the alignment error with each method. Setting/Venue: Cataract and Intraocular Lens Implantation Service, Shroff Eye Center, New Delhi, India. Design: Case series Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine eyes of 61 patients with cataract and co-existing corneal astigmatism ranging from 1 to 4 diopters planned for toric IOL implantation were included. All eyes underwent pre-operative automated keratometry and biometry. Toric IOL cylindrical power, axis of implantation, and anticipated residual astigmatism were calculated using the web-based Acrysof Toric calculator. All eyes underwent pre-operative reference marking to denote the 0° and the 180° positions (using bubble marker) followed by digital slit-lamp photography. All eyes were operated by the same surgeon, at the same incision location. At 3 months, the achieved IOL alignment was analyzed by aligning the slit-beam of the slit-lamp with the pair of marks denoting the axis of the IOL after pupillary dilation. Additionally, the IOL position was determined after capturing a digital retro-illuminated slit-lamp photograph, which was superimposed on the pre-operative photograph using single prominent major episcleral vessel around the limbus as landmark. The axis of orientation of the toric IOL was determined using tools in Adobe Photoshop (version 7.0) by aligning a line through the marks denoting the IOL axis. The amount of alignment error (in degrees) by both methods induced with respect to the desired axis of alignment was calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: The mean pre-operative keratometry was 44.19 ± 1.51 D, and the mean corneal cylinder was 2.54 ± 0.90 D. The mean post-operative absolute cylinder was 0.57 ± 0.28 D. Toric IOL models used were T3(1.03 D): 28 eyes (31.5%), T4(1.55 D): 21 eyes (23.6%), T5(2.06 D): 18 eyes (20.2%), T6(2.57 D): 11 eyes (12.4%), T7(3.08 D): 4 eyes (4.5%), T8(3.60 D): 4 eyes (4.5%), and T9(4.11 D): 3 eyes (3.4%). Mean post-operative alignment error was 3.44 ± 2.60 D by the slit-lamp method and 3.89 ± 2.86 D by the Photoshop method with no significant difference seen between the two methods (P = 0.384). Fifty-six eyes (62.9%) by the slit-lamp method and 52 eyes (58.4%) by the Photoshop method had rotation error ≤ 5 degrees (P = 0.526), and 78 eyes (87.6%) by the slit-lamp method and 75 eyes (84.3%) by the Photoshop method had rotation error ≤ 10 degrees (P = 0.422). Conclusions: Both Adobe Photoshop method and slit-lamp observation were reliable and predictable methods of assessing IOL alignment. Although the sensitivity is more with the Photoshop method, the slit-lamp method is more accessible in an outpatient setup. The clinical outcome following toric IOL implantation can be refined by reducing the alignment error, which is dependent on an accurate keratometry and biometry, surgeon-specific SIA, reference and intra-operative marking, and finally, placement of IOL in the bag.


We present an analysis of CO spectroscopy and infrared-to-millimetre dust photometry of 11 exceptionally bright far-infrared (FIR) and sub-mm sources discovered through a combination of the Planck all-sky survey and follow-up Herschel-SPIRE imaging – "Planck's Dusty Gravitationally Enhanced subMillimetre Sources". Each source has a secure spectroscopic redshift z = 2.2–3.6 from multiple lines obtained through a blind redshift search with EMIR at the IRAM 30-m telescope. Interferometry was obtained at IRAM and the SMA, and along with optical/near-infrared imaging obtained at the CFHT and the VLT reveal morphologies consistent with strongly gravitationally lensed sources, including several giant arcs. Additional photometry was obtained with JCMT/SCUBA-2 and IRAM/GISMO at 850 μm and 2 mm, respectively. The SEDs of our sources peak near either the 350 μm or 500 μm bands of SPIRE with peak flux densities between 0.35 and 1.14 Jy. All objects are extremely bright isolated point sources in the 18′′ beam of SPIREat 250 μm, with apparent FIR luminosities of up to 3 × 1014 L⊙ (not correcting for the lensing effect). Their morphologies, sizes, CO line widths, CO luminosities, dust temperatures, and FIR luminosities provide additional empirical evidence that these are amongst the brightest strongly gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies on the sub-mm sky. Our programme extends the successful wide-area searches for strongly gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies (carried out with the South Pole Telescope and Herschel) towards even brighter sources, which are so rare that their systematic identification requires a genuine all-sky survey like Planck. Six sources are above the ≃600 mJy 90% completeness limit of the Planck catalogue of compact sources (PCCS) at 545 and 857 GHz, which implies that these must literally be amongst the brightest high-redshift FIR and sub-mm sources on the extragalactic sky. We discuss their dust masses and temperatures, and use additional WISE 22-μm photometry and template fitting to rule out a significant contribution of AGN heating to the total infrared luminosity. Six sources are detected in FIRST at 1.4 GHz, and the others have sensitive upper limits. Four have flux densities brighter than expected from the local FIR-radio correlation, but in the range previously found for high-z sub-mm galaxies, one has a deficit of FIR emission, and 6 are consistent with the local correlation, although this includes 3 galaxies with upper limits. We attribute this to the turbulent interstellar medium of these galaxies, rather than the presence of radio AGN. The global dust-to-gas ratios and star-formation efficiencies of our sources are predominantly in the range expected from massive, metal-rich, intense, high-redshift starbursts. An extensive multi-wavelength follow-up programme is being carried out to further characterize these sources and the intense star formation within them.


In a recent paper, M. Zubair et al . described a novel approach for fractional space generalization of the differential electromagnetic equations. A new form of vector differential operator Del and its related differential operators are formulated in fractional space. Using these modified vector differential operators, the classical Maxwell equations have been worked out for fractal media. In the meantime, there are other papers discussing fractional Maxwell equations. However, so far there is no derivation of Proca equations and GravitoElectroMagnetic Proca-type equations in fractional space. In this paper, I present for the first time a derivation of GravitoElectroMagnetic (GEM) Proca-type equations in fractional space. Considering that Proca equations may be used to explain some electromagnetic effect in superconductor, I suggest that fractional GEM Proca-type equations may be used to explain some gravitomagnetic effects of superconductor for fractal media. It is hoped that this paper may stimulate further investigations and experiments on gravitomagnetic effects.


Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel low-burden behavioral intervention (BI) for weight loss on changes in body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors when implemented with or without meal replacements (MR).

Methods
Twelve worksites (≥300 employees each) in the Greater Boston area participated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial, with 8 worksites (n = 259 participants) allocated to the intervention group (IG) and 4 worksites (n = 76) to a wait-listed control group (CG). IG participants were further randomized to receive the BI, which emphasizes hunger and craving management via diet composition, for 18 months without or with MR (BI + MR). Weight and cardiometabolic variables were measured at baseline and 6 months for all groups, and also at 12 and 18 months in the IGs. Linear mixed models compared 6-month changes in % weight loss, body mass index (BMI), body fat, and cardiometabolic risk factors for all groups. Similar analyses were conducted for the BI and BI + MR groups at 12 and 18 months. Estimated means and standard deviations were calculated. Statistical models were adjusted for age, sex, baseline measurement, and worksite.

Results
The study population was 83% female. The Mean ± SD for age and BMI were 47.9 ± 10.4 years and 32.9 ± 5.5 kg/m2, respectively. At 6 months, average weight loss was 9.2 ± 7.2% for BI and 8.3 ± 7.0% for BI + MR. Weight loss was significantly greater in both IGs than the CG (both P < 0.001), but not significant between IGs (P = 0.35). Similar results were observed for BMI and % body fat (both P < 0.01). BI and BI + MR had significant reductions in glucose and triglycerides (P < 0.05) compared to the CG. Changes in total cholesterol and LDL were significantly greater in BI + MR compared to BI alone (P < 0.05). Clinically significant reductions in weight and cardiometabolic risk factors were sustained in the IGs at 12 and 18 months.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, weight loss in this study was greater than previous scalable worksite-based interventions. Weight loss did not significantly differ between the BI and BI + MR groups, and MR use was associated with additional reductions in total and LDL cholesterol. These results demonstrate the feasibility of novel approaches to achieve clinically impactful weight management in worksite settings.

Funding Sources
Nutrient Foods LLC.


This thesis explores psychological mechanisms underlying the acquisition, interpretation and exploitation of information in complex criminal enquiries. Detective work is conceptualised as problem-solving and the importance of sense-making is highlighted. A model of investigative sense-making is presented, grounded in social-cognitive psychological and criminological research and bringing together several theoretical concepts within one coherent framework. Two studies explored aspects of this framework. First, 42 UK police officers gave written responses to four crime-related vignettes. Content analysis of the answers showed how sense-making about what had occurred varied according to the vignettes and between participants. Building on this pilot, a simulated investigation method was developed and tested with 22 UK detectives. Qualitative content analysis of 'think aloud' transcripts (using the qualitative analysis package N-Vivo) focused on how participants made sense of the victim's story, the characteristics of the offender and the plausibility of potential suspects. Participants spontaneously generated and tested multiple hypotheses about investigative information using mental simulation, tolerating high levels of uncertainty throughout the 'investigation' and paying particular attention to investigative opportunities. This research suggests that successful detectives need the ability to imagine multiple potential explanations for investigative data and the knowledge to identify the opportunities for action such data affords.


We generate over half a watt of tunable near-IR (1380-1830 nm) and several hundred milliwatts in the mid-IR (2.4-4.2 µm) as well as milliwatt level mid-IR (4.85-9.33 µm) femtosecond radiation by pumping an optical parametric amplifier directly with a 7.4 W Yb:KGW oscillator at 41.7 MHz repetition rate. We use 5 mm PPLN and 2 mm GaSe as downconversion crystals and seed this process by a supercontinuum from a tapered fiber. The system is extremely simple and very stable and could replace more complex OPOs as tunable light sources.


Hot spot contention on a network-based shared-memory architecture occurs when a large number of processors try to access a globally shared variable across the network. While multistage interconnection network (MIN) and hierarchical ring (HR) structures are two important bases on which to build large scale shared-memory multiprocessors, the different interconnection networks and cache/memory systems of the two architectures respond very differently to network bottleneck situations. In this paper, we present a comparative performance evaluation of hot spot effects on the MIN-based and HR-based shared-memory architectures. Both nonblocking MIN-based and HR-based architectures are classified, and analytical models are described for understanding network differences and for evaluating hot spot performance on both architectures. The analytical comparisons indicate that HR-based architectures have the potential to handle various contentions caused by hot spots more efficiently than MIN-based architectures. Intensive performance measurements on hot spots have been conducted on the BBN TC2000 (MIN-based) and the KSR1 (HR-based) machines. Performance experiments were also conducted on the practical experience of hot spots with respect to synchronization lock algorithms. The experimental results are consistent with the analytical models, and present practical observations and an evaluation of hot spots on the two types of architectures. >


This dissertation aims at reducing the dose and the acquisition time in medical and in industrial
Computed Tomography (CT).
Since X-rays carry enough energy to free electrons from atoms, they are extremely harmful to human cells and therefore the dose in X-ray CT should be as low as possible. For industrial CT, short acquisition and reconstruction times decrease the availability time of the X-ray machine and therefore increase the sales, due to a higher throughput. As a matter of principle, there are three strategies to reduce the dose, defined as the product of the tube current and the pulse length of the CT system: (1) Lowering the X-ray exposure by reducing
the X-ray tube current; (2) lowering the pulse length of the industrial CT system which allows for
a shorter acquisition process as well and (3) acquiring less projection views per full rotation of the
source around the object, which enables both, a faster acquisition and reconstruction. However,
all of these strategies have a strong negative impact on the resulting image quality, especially when
they are combined. (1) and (2) introduce additional noise and (3) leads to streaking artifacts in
the reconstructed images. Therefore, efficient reconstruction algorithms have to be found which
can compensate the resulting image quality degradation.
The X-ray model can be solved analytically by Filtered Backprojection (FBP) or iteratively by
solving (regularized) objective functions. Up to now, commercial scanners still employ analytical
FBP due to its fast execution times. However, the aforementioned strategies of dose reduction
are not suitable for this method: The images are heavily corrupted by noise and artifacts and are
therefore not suitable for medical inspection or industrial CT quality control. Total Variation
(TV) is the current state of the art method for the regularization term of iterative algorithms in
X-ray CT. It can remove the noise and the streaks in the images at the cost of over-smoothing of
small-scaled image features and those of small intensity. Furthermore, the images suffer from a
loss of contrast and spatial resolution and "stair-casing" artifacts are introduced in image regions
which should be homogeneous.
This dissertation presents three new regularization functions for low-dose, under-sampled, iterative
CT which successively improve the reconstruction results of the current state of the art techniques:
FBP and Total Variation.
The first method is called the Anisotropic Total Variation (ATV). We propose a gradient re-definition so as to overcome TV's problem of over-smoothing fine structures. The re-definition is accomplished by multiplying the gradient in the definition of TV by an exponential function.
We include a parameter in this function and this parameter acts like a threshold of the noise and
controls which structures (noise and prominent edges) to penalize during the reconstruction.
The second method focuses on the main drawbacks of TV: The production of stair-casing artifacts in regions which should be homogeneous and the over-smoothing of fine structures. To reduce the stair-casing effect of TV and at the same time to reconstruct high resolution images, we
combine first and second order derivatives and we create a new regularization function. The first
order Anisotropic Total Variation can separate noise and prominent edges up to a certain noise
magnitude and the second order Total Variation better penalizes undesired edges than first order
TV. The resulting method is called ATV+TV².The third method discusses a novel generalization of TV. It is called Generalized Anisotropic Total
Variation (GATV). GATV uses a priori information about the Gradient Magnitude Distribution (GMD) of the underlying object for the reconstruction. By efficient parameterization, this method can separate noise and prominent image features and it can therefore overcome the problems of TV and reconstruct high quality CT images.
We reconstruct real patient data and digitally simulated phantom data. We evaluate the efficiency of our proposed regularization methods based on a large experiment with 560 measurements where different numbers of projections, noise levels and 10 different realizations of the noise random
variable were selected. We judge the results from a qualitative point of view by analyzing the
reconstructed images in terms of edge sharpness and accuracy, image homogeneity and image
details, like small structures and features. Furthermore, we apply quantitative measures to assess
the image quality: The Relative Root Mean Squared Error (RRMSE), the Contrast to Noise
Ratio (CNR), the Kullback-Leibler distance and a measure to rate the spatial resolution and the
homogeneity of the image.
The main findings of this dissertation indicate that all of the three methods successively improve
the visual impression of the reconstruction results in terms of preservation of small-scaled image
features and features of small intensity. Furthermore, they can improve the edge sharpness and
accuracy, spatial resolution, image contrast and homogeneity and each method, ATV, ATV+TV²
and GATV, thereby improves the reconstruction results of its preceding method.
In case of noise-free projections, GATV can accurately reconstruct digitally simulated data from
20 projections and it can achieve a RRMSE which is up to 1770 times smaller than the RRMSE
of TV. In case of noisy projections, all of the three methods can achieve an extreme dose reduction
factor of approximately 16 compared to the results of TV. Furthermore, at this reduction factor,
ATV, ATV+TV² and GATV can still lower the RRMSE by approximately 11%, 20% and 33%
compared to the results of TV, obtained from a high dose and many view setting.
From previous publications (Xun Jia et al., Medical physics, 37:1757, 2010) we know that a 72 times dose reduction can be achieved for a TV
regularized iterative reconstruction compared to FBP. Combining this information with the dose
reduction potential of the proposed methods, ATV, ATV+TV² and GATV, reveals the potential
to decrease the dose and acquisition time in CT by a factor of approximately three orders of
magnitude (1000), compared to conventional FBP.


Background Despite high ferritin level, HDCKD patients may have functional iron deficiency even after intravenous iron (iv) therapy. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that lowered serum transferrin level may contribute to functional anemia and erythropoietin hypo responsiveness by the failure to transport accumulated tissue iron to the relevant target tissue. Materials and methods The study subjects were divided into four groups. Group-A: HDCKD Patients receiving iv iron (n=290). Group-B: Patients not initiated on to hemodialysis (NDCKD), and received oral iron (n=38). Group-C: HDCKD patients with erythropoietin hypo responsiveness (n=9). Group-D: Healthy controls (n=36). The group-A, patients were sub-divided into five groups (A-1 to A-5) based on their serum ferritin levels. Results Serum ferritin and tissue iron levels in group-A and C patients were significantly greater than the group-D(p<0.0001) and group-B patients(p<0.001). Transferrin level of group-A and C showed lowered values and consequently a higher %TSAT when compared to group-D. The percent of patients with iron overload was 2.6%, 31%, and 44% in group-B, group-A and group-C respectively. Serum transferrin level significantly correlated with TIBC in group-A and B patients (p<0.0001;p<0.05 respectively). Transferrin level significantly correlated with TIBC in all subgroups of HDCKD(p<0.05) with the exception in subgroup-A2 and with hemoglobin in subgroups A3 (p<0.05) and A5(p<0.01) respectively. Conclusions The lowered transferrin level prevents the proper transport of the iron to the hematopoietic sites, which may be a reason for the low hemoglobin synthesis and also for the development of erythropoietin hypo responsiveness in some of the dialysis patients.


An important contribution to the multi-disciplinary study of literacy, narrative and culture, this work argues that literacy is perhaps best described as an ensemble of socially and historically embedded activities of cultural practices. It suggests viewing written language, producing and distributing, deciphering and interpreting signs, are closely related to other cultural practices such as narrative and painting. The papers of the first and second parts illustrate this view in contexts that range from the pre-historical beginnings of tracking signs' in hunter-gatherer cultures, and the emergence of modern literate traditions in Europe in the 17th to 19th century, to the future of electronically mediated writing in times of the post-Gutenberg galaxy. The chapters of the third present results of recent research in developmental and educational psychology. Contributions by leading experts in the field make the point that there is no theory and history of writing that does not presuppose a theory of culture and social development. At the same time, it demonstrates that every theory and history of culture must unavoidably entail a theory and history of writing and written culture. This book brings together perspectives on literacy from psychology, linguistics, history and sociology of literature, philosophy, anthropology, and history of art. It addresses these issues in plain language - not coded in specialized jargon - and addresses a multi-disciplinary forum of scholars and students of literacy, narrative and culture.


One approach to improving the running time of kernel-based methods is to build a small sketch of the kernel matrix and use it in lieu of the full matrix in the machine learning task of interest. Here, we describe a version of this approach that comes with running time guarantees as well as improved guarantees on its statistical performance. By extending the notion of statistical leverage scores to the setting of kernel ridge regression, we are able to identify a sampling distribution that reduces the size of the sketch (i.e., the required number of columns to be sampled) to the effective dimensionality of the problem. This latter quantity is often much smaller than previous bounds that depend on the maximal degrees of freedom. We give an empirical evidence supporting this fact. Our second contribution is to present a fast algorithm to quickly compute coarse approximations to these scores in time linear in the number of samples. More precisely, the running time of the algorithm is O(np2) with p only depending on the trace of the kernel matrix and the regularization parameter. This is obtained via a variant of squared length sampling that we adapt to the kernel setting. Lastly, we discuss how this new notion of the leverage of a data point captures a fine notion of the difficulty of the learning problem.


Clusterin (CLU) is a potent extracellular chaperone that inhibits protein aggregation and precipitation otherwise caused by physical or chemical stresses (e.g. heat, reduction). This action involves CLU forming soluble high molecular weight (HMW) complexes with the client protein. Other than their unquantified large size, the physical characteristics of these complexes were previously unknown. In this study, HMW CLU-citrate synthase (CS), HMW CLU-fibrinogen (FGN), and HMW CLU-glutathione S-transferase (GST) complexes were generated in vitro, and their structures studied using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ELISA, SDS-PAGE, dynamic light scattering (DLS), bisANS fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectrophotometry (CD). Densitometry of Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE gels indicated that all three HMW CLU-client protein complexes had an approximate mass ratio of 1:2 (CLU:client protein). SEC indicated that all three clients formed complexes with CLU ≥ 4 × 107 Da; however, DLS estimated HMW CLU-FGN to have a diameter of 108.57 ± 18.09 nm, while HMW CLU-CS and HMW CLU-GST were smaller with estimated diameters of 51.06 ± 6.87 nm and 52.61 ± 7.71 nm, respectively. Measurements of bisANS fluorescence suggest that the chaperone action of CLU involves preventing the exposure to aqueous solvent of hydrophobic regions that are normally exposed by the client protein during heat-induced unfolding. CD analysis indicated that, depending on the individual client protein, CLU may interact with a variety of intermediates on protein unfolding pathways with different amounts of native secondary structure. In vivo, soluble complexes like those studied here are likely to serve as vehicles to dispose of otherwise dangerous aggregation-prone misfolded extracellular proteins.


Fe-W amorphous alloy films were prepared on an iron substrate by an electroplating method. The hardness of the heat-treated film was greater than 2, 000 (Hv/50g), according to the Vikers hardness test. By coating the surface of a conventional end-mill with this Fe-W plating film, a cutting tool with very high anti-wear properties can be obtained. This hardening mechanism may be explained by the changes in the crystallographic structure of the plated Fe-W alloy film. The structure changed from crystalline to amorphous as the concentration of W in the film increases. At W concentrations of above 50wt%, the film becomes amorphous. This concentration is in agreement the concentration of an intermetallic compound that become very hard by heat-treatment.


In 2015, the Canadian government announced a plan to resettle 25,000 Syrian refugees (Government of Canada, 2017b). With involvement from community agencies, private sponsors and government support, the initiative resulted in the resettlement of 40,000 Syrian refugees (Government of Canada, 2017b). In this context, many Canadian universities became involved in initiating programs to support the education, sponsorship and settlement of Syrian refugees (WUSC, 2017), with the premise that education plays a role in the settlement of refugees and their economic and social integration (Adamuti-Trache & Sweet, 2010; Brouwer, 2002; Ferede, 2010). What remains unknown are the experiences of these refugees in their transitional period while they are university students. This qualitative case study examines the perspectives of five Syrian refugee women about their university experiences at one university in Ontario through semi-structured interviews. The findings highlight academic, social and emotional challenges that they experienced, with a focus on participants' needs for referral services, representation of their issues and social support.


This paper outlines the quality inspection strategies in a supplier–buyer supply chain under a customer return policy. This paper primarily focuses on product quality and quality inspection techniques to maximize the actors' and supply chain's profits using game theory approach. The supplier–buyer setup is described in terms of textile manufacturer–retailer supply chain where quality inspection is an important aspect and the product return from the customer is generally accepted. Textile manufacturer produces the product, whereas, retailer acts as a reseller who buys the products from the textile manufacturer and sells them to the customers. In this context, the former invests in the product quality whereas the latter invests in the random quality inspection and traceability. The relationships between the textile manufacturer and the retailer are recognized as horizontal and vertical alliances and modeled using non-cooperative and cooperative games. The non-cooperative games are based on the Stackelberg and Nash equilibrium models. Further, bargaining and game change scenarios have been discussed to maximize the profit under different games. To understand the appropriateness of a strategic alliance, a computational study demonstrates textile manufacturer–retailer relation under different game scenarios.


This study was designed to examine the job-related, psychological, and physical outcomes of sexual harassment in the workplace. Using a meta-analytic approach, we analyzed findings from 49 primary studies, with a total sample size of 89,382, to obtain estimates of the population mean effect size of the association between sexual harassment and job-related outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction and organizational commitment), psychological outcomes (e.g., well-being and distress), and physical outcomes (e.g., health satisfaction and physical symptoms). Moderator analyses were also conducted to examine whether gender, age (below 40 years vs. greater than or equal to 40 years), and type of measure (a "direct question" approach vs. "behavioral list" approach) moderate the strength of these associations. Meta-analytic results confirm that sexual harassment experiences are negatively associated with job-related outcomes, psychological health, and physical health conditions. In addition, our moderator analyses reveal that the strength of these associations was moderated by the mean age of the samples and the type of measure used in the primary studies. Conceptual and applied implications of these findings are discussed.


A primary challenge to building reliable and secure computer systems is managing the persistent state of the system: all the executable files, configuration settings and other data that govern how a system functions. The difficulty comes from the sheer volume of this persistent state, the frequency of changes to it, and the variety of workloads and requirements that require customization of persistent state. The cost of not managing a system's persistent state effectively is high: configuration errors are the leading cause of downtime at Internet services, troubleshooting configuration problems is a leading component of total cost of ownership in corporate environments, and malware— effectively, unwanted persistent state—is a serious privacy and security concern on personal computers. In this paper, we analyze how computer systems dynamically interact with files and configuration settings in an attempt to gain insights into the problem of persistent state management. We analyze over 3648 machine days of these persistent state interactions, collected over an 8 month period from 193 machines. These machines are under real workloads and include Internet servers, corporate desktops, and home machines. We characterize the scope and magnitude of the persistent state management problem today, measuring not only the gross characteristics of persistent state, but also analyzing how it is used by applications, and when administrators and users modify it. We find that monitoring persistent state interactions provides important visibility and show how it can be used as a foundation for building better persistent state management tools.


Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins is used in the food industry to improve their techno-functional properties such as solubility, emulsification or to prepare extensively hydrolyzed proteins for nutritional properties (sports-, infant-, diet-nutritions…). Protein hydrolysate properties are determined by the structure of peptides produced. These depend on i) the nature of native proteins hydrolysed, ii) the specificity of the enzyme or enzymes cocktails and on iii) the hydrolysis conditions (pH, temperature, hydrolysis time). One of the main problems of protein hydrolysis is that it affects the flavour and taste (especially bitterness of the hydrolysates). The aim of our project is to highlight the link between analyses characterizing the hydrolysates in terms of peptide composition (mainly mass spectrometry data) and sensory analysis of these hydrolysates. Sixteen hydrolysates of milk caseins (varying in terms of bitterness) were carried out for this study. Sensory characterization of hydrolysates was done using a trained panel (15 people trained for 9 months to quantify bitterness and off flavours) while analytical characterization was made by peptidomic approach using RP-UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS device. Firstly, the first dimension of PCA on the mass spectrometry data is uncorrelated with the descriptors acid, bitter, acid persistence and bitterness persistence and correlated with sweet, milk and milk persistence. Secondly, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of sensory data combined with the multiple comparison test (Duncan) allowed to highlight a group of 4 products significantly less bitter (p<0.05) than the other. This study demonstrates that the proteomic approach is promising for revealing the sensory characteristics of protein hydrolysates.


We used 15NH4 tracer additions to determine travel distances of ammonium (NH4 ) and suspended particulate organic nitrogen (SPON) in six streams ranging from second to fifth order located within a single watershed on the North Slope of Alaska. Based on the distribution of 15N stored in stream bottom compartments (primary producers or grazers), we estimated NH4 travel lengths. We used a two‐compartment model to estimate the travel length of SPON based on the distribution of source 15N on the stream bottom and SPO 15N in the water column. Both NH4 and SPON travel lengths (Sw and Sp, respectively) increased with discharge primarily due to changes in depth and velocity. Variation in the vertical mass transfer coefficient (vf) of both NH4 and SPON did occur among the streams but was not related to stream size and was relatively small compared to the change in physical characteristics. Thus, in the Kuparuk watershed, physical gradients outweighed biological or chemical changes as controls on NH4 and SPON travel length. The one exception was the Kuparuk fertilized reach, where phosphorus fertilization greatly increased biological activity and NH4 processing compared to unaltered streams. Longitudinal gradients in major biological driving variables such as litter inputs, debris dams, and shading are absent in the Arctic, perhaps explaining the relatively uniform NH4 ‐ vf. Watersheds in other biomes may show differing degrees of physical versus biological/chemical controls. A conceptual model is presented for comparing the relative strength of these controls among different watersheds. Strong relationships between discharge and travel length should greatly aid development of watershed models of nutrient dynamics.


Abstract. Despite recent research suggesting that relationally aggressive behaviors occur frequently and may lead to physically aggressive actions within urban school settings, there has been little prior research to develop and evaluate relational aggression prevention efforts within the urban schools. The current article describes the development and preliminary evaluation of the Preventing Relational Aggression in Schools Everyday (PRAISE) Program. PRAISE is a 20-session classroom-based universal prevention program, designed to be appropriate and responsive to the needs of youth within the urban school context. Results suggest strong acceptability for the program and feasibility of implementation. Further, the program was especially beneficial for girls. For instance, girls in classrooms randomly assigned to the PRAISE Program demonstrated higher levels of knowledge for social information processing and anger management techniques and lower levels of relational aggression following treatment as compared to similar girls randomly assigned to a no-treatment control condition. Further, relationally aggressive girls exhibited similar benefits from the program (greater knowledge and lower levels of relational aggression) plus lower levels of overt aggression following treatment as compared to relationally aggressive girls within the control classrooms. In contrast, the program was not associated with improvements for boys across most measures. The significance and implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.


Medical education is not exempt from the increasing societal expectations of accountability and this is evidenced by an increasing number of litigation cases by students who are dissatisfied with their assessment. The time and monetary costs of student appeals makes it imperative that medical schools adopt robust quality assured assessment processes. The success of these processes depends on the ability of faculty to determine the necessary changes required and manage the change process. Openness to change is critical; therefore, identifying the processes that facilitate staff openness constitutes an important step in better understanding how higher education institutions can ensure that staff members are willing to support and engage in change initiatives. This paper examines the contribution of the three attributes of the change model (content, process and context) in relation to staff openness to the quality assurance processes of assessment changes that were implemented at the University of Tasmania's School of Medicine.


A co-teaching online environment has the potential to help more efficiently meet the needs of online learners and provide greater satisfaction for instructors. A well-trained pair of instructors can complement each other, meeting student needs in a timely manner, as well as providing students with the opportunity to view topics from different perspectives, and to gain more in-depth feedback about their work. Specific strategies for a successful online co-teaching experience, including: how to create a successful online learning community; achieve effective course management; provide systematic, in-depth assessment of student learning; and providing timely feedback will be addressed. Methods to improve upon one-another's teaching strengths will be introduced as well as building community between your peer co-teacher and students.


This paper presents an architecture for the development of software for smartphones. It explains the advantages of web application development with respect to native applications those installed on mobile devices that were developed using a programming language compatible with the operating system used by the device. It also describes frameworks and software development kits currently available under the free software paradigm. Alternatives are presented for developing the user interface with support for HTML5 and cloud computing through which we can expose the data service and application. It explains the contributions of HTML5 for mobile applications and platforms that currently Android, iPhone OS and BlackBerry as a distinguished group based on the number of devices and network traffic.


A simple dichroic beam splitter capable of separating extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation from high-powered visible and UV laser beams is demonstrated. The device has high XUV reflection efficiency (R approximately 44%) and high damage resistance to intense laser radiation and is therefore applicable to laser-generated XUV radiation sources, including harmonic generation, sum-frequency mixing, and anti-Stokes Raman scattering.


This thesis demonstrates the value of integrating electrical distribution engineering analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The 37-Node IEEE Feeder model was used as the base distribution system in this study. It was modeled separately, both in software capable of unbalanced load-flow and in an industry-standard GIS environment. Both tools utilized were commercially available, off-the shelf products indicative of those used in academia and in basic GIS installations. The foundational data necessary to build these models is representative of information required by a variety of utility departments for a multitude of applications. It is inherent to most systems within an enterprise-level, business-wide data model and therefore can be used to support a variety of applications. In this instance, infrastructure information is assumed to be managed and housed with the GIS. This data provides the required information as input for load-flow calculations. The engineering analysis is performed within DistributionSystem 4.01 and its output is passed back to the GIS in tabular format for incorporation. This thesis investigates the transfer of information between GIS and DistributionSystem 4.01 and demonstrates the extended display capabilities in the GIS environment. This research is implemented on a small scale, but is intended to highlight the need for standardization and automatic integration of these systems as well as others that are fundamental to the effective management of electrical distribution systems.


This cross-sectional study examined 804 adolescents, boys and girls, aged from 14 to 19 years, attending different types of high schools in the northwest of Italy; the questionnaire "Me and My Health" (Bonino, 1996) was used to collect data. The main goals were: (i) to investigate the relationship between active and passive forms of sexual harassment and violence and the relationship between pornography (reading magazines and viewing films or videos) and unwanted sex among adolescents; (ii) to explore the differences in these relationships with respect to gender and age; and (iii) to investigate the factors (pornography, gender and age) that are most likely to promote unwanted sex. The findings showed that active and passive sexual violence and unwanted sex and pornography were correlated. However, reading pornographic material was more strongly linked to active sexual violence, while being a boy was found to be protective against passive sexual violence. Nevertheless, some effects of viewing pornographic films on passive unwanted sex were also found, especially among girls.


Any study of Rushdie remains incomplete, indeed deficient, if not seen through the literature of migration and cinema. To read Rushdie through these - demographic shift and artistic form - simply means that we are more likely to get our understanding of him right than if we do not. The fact of diaspora, of the trauma of migration, explains many facets of Rushdie's reading of culture: his emphasis on the mongrelisation of our lives, delight in the chutnification of history, and importance given to the moment when 'newness' enters the world. Indeed, some, like Timothy Brennan, have found Rushdie's anti-nationalist, non-foundational reading of the nation state particularly prescient. The fact of cinema explains a number of matters of representation in the Rushdie corpus which without an understanding of cinema would be lost. Given the brief of this chapter, though, we may want to set aside the theme of migration and diaspora, referring to it only in as much as it impinges on our reading of Rushdie's engagement with cinema, in particular Bollywood/Bombay cinema.

When Rushdie writes about Indian urban culture as a culture 'full of fakery and gaudiness and superficiality and failed imaginations' but also full of 'high vitality, linguistic verve' and metropolitan excitement, he reads Indian urban culture through the eyes of his beloved Bombay and its dominant art form, the Bollywood cinema. The homage to Bombay and its cinema began early as is evident from Rushdie's tribute to The Wizard of Oz. We note that Rushdie saw the film at the Metro Cinema in 1957 at the age of ten, a crucial age at which he also saw, as it seems from his novels, two Bollywood films which had a decisive influence on him: Shree 420 ('Mr 420', 1955) and Funtoosh ('The Madhatter', 1956). Metro Cinema, now decrepit, is at the corner of First Marine Street (Anandilal Podar Marg) and the Esplanade (Mahatma Gandhi Road), next to Cinema Lane and not too far away from the Dhobi Talao area.


A history of the Jewish presence in Venice and in the Serenissima Republic before the establishment of the Venice Ghetto had not yet been written, because there was no relevant investigation into the documentary sources of archives and libraries. On the occasion of the celebrations for the five hundred years of the Ghetto, it was still maintained that only from 1516 did the Jews settle in the city. This book, the result of twenty years of systematic research, intends to controvert that myth, which is an integral part of the larger myth of Venice. The documentary scope covers almost three hundred years (between the midthirteenth century and the second decade of the sixteenth century), that is, from the first ascertained presence of Jews to their definitive settlement in the urban area called the Ghetto, in a particularly troubled period of Venetian history. In this historical context, Mestre had special importance, becoming, close to the fifteenth century, the capital of Venetian Judaism: not only did the loan banks operate there, but there were also the only official synagogue (with relative cult and rabbinate), the hostel for those who had business to see to in the capital, and the cemetery. Unfortunately, none of these testimonies was preserved, and the very memory of that community was soon erased. A very similar story took place in Treviso, a primary Ashkenazi centre, which disappeared at the end of the fifteenth century, unlike Padua that was the only one, among the largest and oldest Jewish communities, to overcome the centuries, without ever being able to contend for primacy with the Venice Ghetto.


The European Documentation Centers EDCs are considered to be the voice of the official Documents in the European Union. Each EDC has its own priorities depending on its structure, but they all serve the information needs of the European Community.
The particularity of these documents is their editorship which comes directly from official European Institutions representing the official information of various European subjects. As most EDCs in European Union are hosted by Academic Institutions, it is important to indicate and promote the role of EDCs in Educational Institutions and particularly to point out some important practices which aim to emerge the usefulness of EDCs in various educational processes.
This project aims to present effective ways of promoting EDCs in Academic Institutions by emphasizing the methodology of providing European Information in various Academic Institutions through the EDCs' services.


Most of the literature on returns to languages is concerned with immigrants. The authors' study, which uses the European Community Household Panel Survey for the period 1994–2001, infers returns to non-native languages by native workers in nine countries of the European Union. The study differs from other studies that deal with the same issue in three respects. First, instead of using a dummy for each language, they use the ratio of the population not proficient in a given country's national language and compare the results with the more traditional approach using dummies. Second, they correct for time-independent measurement errors in self-reporting and find that the resulting IV estimates are much larger than those obtained by OLS. They also suggest that there is little room for time-persistent errors and heterogeneity and that therefore their estimates should suffer ostensibly little from unobserved ability biases. Finally, they estimate IV quantile regressions to illustrate how returns to languages vary at different points of the distribution of earnings.


AIMS
Cue exposure treatment (CET) has shown promise in preliminary studies with alcoholics, and Communication Skills Training (CST) has been found beneficial, especially in intensive treatment programs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CET and CST in a larger controlled study when both were added to intensive treatment programs.

DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS
A 2 x 2 design investigated the effects of CET with urge coping skills training compared to a meditation-relaxation control, and CST compared to an education control when all were added to intensive treatment programs for alcoholics.

SETTING
The sites were the inpatient or partial hospital substance abuse treatment programs at a private psychiatric hospital, a state-funded residential facility and a VA medical center.

PARTICIPANTS
Patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence without active psychosis were eligible.

MEASUREMENTS
Participants were assessed for quantity and frequency of drinking, alcohol cue-reactivity, responses to high risk simulations and urge specific coping skills.

FINDINGS
Of 100 treated patients, 86% provided 6-month and 84% provided 12-month follow-up data. Patients who received either CET or CST had fewer heavy drinking days in the first 6 months than control patients. In the second 6 months, CET continued to result in fewer heavy drinking days among lapsers and interacted with CST to decrease quantity of alcohol consumed. CST resulted in fewer alcohol-related problems reported at 12 months. CET resulted in greater reductions in urge to drink in a measure of simulated high-risk situations. CET also resulted in greater reports of use of coping strategies during the follow-up, and many of the urge-specific strategies taught in CET were associated with reduced drinking.

CONCLUSIONS
Both CET and CST continue to show promise as elements of comprehensive alcohol treatment programs. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.


In the paper, by applying irregular discretization of the axisymmetrical plane source, an optimal piston model was obtained. An asymmetrical function of the vibration velocity, with regard to its zeros was assumed on vibrating surface. The vibration velocity of the single piston was calculated as an integral mean value of the vibration velocity of the vibrating surface. Then the model of the source consists of an array of driving pistons. In order to select the optimal position of the boundary between the pistons, the measure of the divergence/convergence between directivity function of the model and exact was analysed. The least squares distance and uniform distance were taken as a measure of deviation of the directivity function of the model from the exact one. Numerical calculations showed that the irregular discretization gives particularly good results for asymmetrical function of vibration velocity. It was also proved that the least squares distance is a better measure of directivity functions of the model and exact one the uniform distance. Its variation, as a function of vibration velocity or position of the vibrating surface in the baffle or nondimensional wave number, is more regular than the variation of uniform distance.


Generic qualitative research studies are those that refuse to claim allegiance to a single established methodology. There has been significant debate in the qualitative literature regarding the extent to which rigour can be preserved outside of the guidelines of an established methodology. This article offers a starting place for researchers interested in entering the literature on generic qualitative approaches and offers some guidance to help researchers appreciate the advantages of using a generic approach and navigate the potential pitfalls. Given that generic approaches are, by definition, less defined and established, this article begins by defining generic qualitative approaches, including the descriptive qualitative approach and interpretive description subcategories. It then outlines key critiques of generic studies present in the literature, describes the benefits of generic approaches, and suggests ways in which the issues raised in critiques might be mediated.


The use of metallic biomaterials for replacement of biomedical implants has been traced back from the nineteenth century. These metallic biomaterials have been declared as clinical success as their mechanical properties that satisfy the prerequisite of the human bone. Nevertheless, critical issues of the materials when they are utilised as implants; including the releasing toxic and harmful metal ions through wear and corrosion processes after longer implantation. Besides that, the bonding strength between bone and implants itself is considered weak due to the different components of human bone and metal implants. Hence, developing hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on metallic biomaterials is expected to overcome the problems faced by biocompatible metallic biomaterials. As far as this, various commercial techniques have been introduced to develop the HAp coating on metallic biomaterials. The techniques are including plasma-spraying method, sol-gel dip-coating, electrochemical deposition and high-velocity suspension plasma-spraying. The formation of HAp coating on metallic biomaterials improved the corrosion resistance together promoting its load-bearing ability and enhanced substrate-coating adhesion.


The Porcupine Basin, part of the frontier petroleum exploration province west of Ireland, has an extended history that commenced prior to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Lithospheric stretching factors have previously been estimated to increase from 6 in the south of the basin. Thus, it is an ideal location to study the processes leading to hyper-extension on continental margins. The Porcupine Median Ridge (PMR) is located in the south of the basin and has been alternatively interpreted as a volcanic feature, a serpentinite mud diapir or a tilted block of continental crust. Each of these interpretations has different implications for the thermal history of the basin. We present results from travel-time tomographic modelling of two approximately 300 km-long wide-angle seismic profiles across the northern and southern parts of the basin. Our results show: (1) the geometry of the crust, with maximum crustal stretching factors of up to 6 and 10 along the northern and southern profiles, respectively; (2) asymmetry of the basin structures, suggesting some simple shear during extension; (3) low velocities beneath the Moho that could represent either partially serpentinized mantle or mafic under-plating; and (4) a possible igneous composition of the PMR.


This guide provides technical information, which repair professionals need to diagnose and fix the most common problems in today's compact-disc players. It covers all circuits found in table-top, portable and car CD players, presenting precise information which enables readers to pin down exactly what is wrong and repair it quickly and easily. Schematic diagrams, photographs and illustrations demonstrate how to: remove and replace defective laser heads; make critical adjustments to laser head assemblies; locate defective slide, load and disc motors; service signal circuits with a scope; build an infrared tester; repair servo systems; replace power-supply circuits; test laser-pickup assemblies; and use signal-flow and troubleshooting charts. The author shows how to troubleshoot and repair all of today's popular CD models, such as: Radio Shack; Onkyo; Alpine; Clarion; and Dennon.


We present and interpret Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988–1994 at 54 sites extending east-west from the Caucasus mountains of southern Russia, Georgia, and Armenia to the Aegean coast of Turkey and north-south from the southern edge of the Eurasian plate (Pontus block) to the northern edge of the Arabian platform. Viewed from a Eurasia-fixed reference frame, sites on the northern Arabian platform move N38±13°W at 20±3 mm/yr, roughly consistent with the velocity implied by NUVEL 1A circuit closure (N23±7°W at 24±2 mm/yr). The motion of Arabia appears to be transferred directly to the region of Turkey north of the suture. However, eastern Turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central/western Turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the Anatolian plate. Internal deformation within the central part of the Anatolian plate is less than 2 mm/yr. The Anatolian plate is decoupled from Eurasia along the right-lateral, strike-slip North Anatolian fault (NAF). This different response in eastern and western Turkey to the collision of Arabia may result from the different boundary conditions, the Hellenic arc forming a "free" boundary to the west and the Asian continent and oceanic lithosphere of the Black and Caspian Seas forming a resistant boundary to the north and east. We derive a best fitting Euler vector for Anatolia-Eurasia motion of 29.2±0.8°N, 32.9±0.4°, 1.3±0.1°/m.y. The mapped surface trace of the NAF corresponds well to a small circle about this pole. The new Euler vector implies an upper bound for NAF slip rate of 30±2 mm/yr (i.e., assuming all relative motion is accommodated along the NAF). Using the NUVEL 1A Euler vector for Arabia-Eurasia and the GPS Euler vector for Anatolia-Eurasia, we determine an Arabia-Anatolia Euler vector of 31±2°N, 45±2°E, 0.9±0.1 °/m.y. and an upper bound on the East Anatolian fault slip rate of 15±3 mm/yr. The Aegean Trough region of western Turkey deviates significantly from coherent plate rotation. In addition to rotating with Anatolia, this region shows roughly N-S extension at a rate of 14±5 mm/yr. Taken together with satellite laser ranging results along the Hellenic arc, the contemporary pattern of deformation indicates increasing motions toward the arc, suggesting that the westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of Anatolia is driven both by "pushing" from the Arabian plate and by "pulling" or basal drag associated with the foundering African plate along the Hellenic subduction zone.


The carbohydrate (CHO) reserve physiology of Chardonnay grapevines growing in the cool climate of New Zealand was examined in relation to subsequent flowering and fruiting using defoliation treatments. Vines were defoliated by removing all but the four basal leaves from shoots at monthly intervals starting at four weeks postbloom. Throughout the following season, CHO reserves in the roots and trunks were measured and detailed assessments of vine flowering and yields were recorded. Previous season's vine defoliation decreased concentrations of overwintering CHO reserves (mostly starch) in both roots and trunks, with earlier defoliation times resulting in the largest reductions. Roots were most sensitive, with early defoliation reducing starch concentrations at budburst to 1.5% DW compared with 17% DW in non-defoliated vines. Reductions in root and trunk CHO reserves were closely associated with significant decreases in inflorescence number per shoot and flower number per inflorescence (up to 50% less than in control vines). Differences in CHO concentrations in both the root and trunk were maintained to veraison, but at flowering had no effect on the percent fruit set in the first season after defoliation. Therefore, lower yields in the following season were caused by fewer inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence. Shoot growth and total vine pruning weight were also decreased in vines where CHO reserves were reduced. These findings suggest that restricted CHO reserve accumulation as a consequence of defoliation may have a negative impact on subsequent grapevine flowering and productivity, particularly so in a cool-climate environment where there is no postharvest CHO reserve accumulation period.


A scanning Hartmann test method is proposed and its measurement principle is described. The scanning Hartmann test setup is formed by modifying the Hartmann screen of the conventional Hartmann test setup. With the rotation of the scanning Hartmann screen and the improved hole arrangement, the whole information of the lens to be tested in the full aperture can be obtained. The measurement accuracy of the aberration is improved and the local error of the lens can be got. In the method, no change of the Hartmann screen is needed for measuring the lenses of different aperture sizes. Experimental results of aberration measurements of two lenses are given to verify the usefulness of the setup.


This paper develops a theoretical model of optimal effort in consumer choice. The model extends previous consumer choice models in that the consumer not only chooses a product, but also decides how much effort to apply to a given choice problem. The model yields a unique optimal level of effort, which depends on the consumer's cost of effort, the expected utility gain of a correct choice, and the complexity of the choice set. We show that the relationship between effort and cost of effort is negative, whereas the relationships between effort and product utility difference and choice task complexity are undetermined. To resolve this theoretical ambiguity and to explore our model empirically, we investigate the relationships between effort and cost of effort, product utility difference and choice task complexity using data from a conjoint choice study of two-alternative consumer restaurant choices. Response time is used as a proxy for effort and consumer involvement measures capture individual differences in (relative) cost of effort and perceived complexity. Effort is explained using the (estimated) utility difference between alternatives, the number of elementary information processes (EIP's) required to solve the choice problem optimally and respondent specific cost of effort and complexity perceptions. The predictions of the theoretical model are supported by our empirical findings. Response time increases with lower cost of effort and greater perceived complexity (i.e. higher involvement). We find that across the range of choice tasks in our survey, effort increases linearly with smaller product utility differences and greater choice task complexity.


Forty years ago, at a time when the media was experiencing enormous professional change and a surge of subpoena activity, First Amendment scholar Vincent Blasi investigated the perceptions of members of the press and the impact of subpoenas within American newsrooms in a study that quickly came to be regarded as a watershed in media law. That empirical data is now a full generation old, and American journalism faces a new critical moment. The traditional press once again finds itself facing a surge of subpoenas and once again finds itself at a time of intense change - albeit on a different trajectory - as readership and public reputation plummet. As the dialogue on this complicated topic once again reaches full volume, intensified by a series of hotly contested federal reporter's privilege bills, the question of the appropriate legal rule again is inextricably intertwined with the question of the real-world impact of subpoenas on the operations of the media. This 'law-in-action' article aims to offer the legislators and policymakers of today what Blasi offered them four decades ago. It reports the results of a large-scale empirical study, presenting both quantitative and qualitative assessments of the effects that subpoenas have on daily newspapers and local television news operations, and re-explores the questions of changing legal climate and media awareness of legal protection. The article concludes that media subpoenas have a substantial impact on newsgathering, warranting federal legislative attention. But it also concludes that the traditional press is ill-informed of the contours of its own legal protection, which may compound the difficulties the media experiences in this area.


Antitrust laws are concerned with controlling market power. In the course of history, the development of antitrust systems of market power control in the US and in the European Union (EU) has not followed a straight path. Legal practice, political ideology, and developments in economics have shaped an overcomplicated and undertheorized body of doctrine in relation to market power. Substantial ambiguity surrounds the definition, proof, and prevention of market power that deserves to be subject to antitrust law. By comparison and historical analysis, the present study seeks to shed some clarity on the issue.


As part of a specific focus upon masculinity during this chapter, there exists a wider analysis concerning the relationship between sport, gender and identity in Northern Ireland that requires detailed, indeed initial, consideration for the reader. This is because during a period of intense inter-ethnic violence, as was the case in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 1994 and sporadically out with these years, men and women performed, for the most part, quite different socio-political roles, amid a wider struggle over that country's contested sovereignty waged between Britain and those who would prefer to see a united, sovereign and independent Ireland. Nowadays, in a post-conflict setting, the fall-out from these behavioural patterns has proved significant, meaning that an examination of men and the activities of males require contextualising against the practices of women, female roles and responsibilities.