This manual provides methods for the development and evaluation of criteria and indicators (C&I) which can then be used to assess the sustainability of forest management. The manual is written primarily for researchers, people or groups interested in evaluating C&I for assessments of forests in new areas, or as a reference for readers wanting to know how CIFOR's Generic Template was produced. The methods presented are aimed at the development of sets of C&I for natural forest at the forest management unit level, especially in the tropics. Following an introductory chapter focusing on the overall purpose, specific objectives, and the C&I development process, three chapters explain how to prepare for C&I testing, how to conduct a test, and how to analyse the results. Subsequent chapters explain the conceptual basis of C&I development, with three case studies offered as examples, and suggested additional reading materials. Specific forms and tools that have been used in the course of CIFOR's testing are also presented, with examples of ways to present the results. The final chapter provides possible baseline sets of C&I, available to users for evaluation and testing in their own contexts.


This report provides information on the energy savings, costs, and carbon dioxide emissions reductions associated with implementation of a number of technologies and measures applicable to the cement industry. The technologies and measures include both state-of-the-art measures that are currently in use in cement enterprises worldwide as well as advanced measures that are either only in limited use or are near commercialization. This report focuses mainly on retrofit measures using commercially available technologies, but many of these technologies are applicable for new plants as well. Where possible, for each technology or measure, costs and energy savings per tonne of cement produced are estimated and then carbon dioxide emissions reductions are calculated based on the fuels used at the process step to which the technology or measure is applied. The analysis of cement kiln energy-efficiency opportunities is divided into technologies and measures that are applicable to the different stages of production and various kiln types used in China: raw materials (and fuel) preparation; clinker making (applicable to all kilns, rotary kilns only, vertical shaft kilns only); and finish grinding; as well as plant wide measures and product and feedstock changes that will reduce energy consumption for clinker making. Table 1 lists all measures in this report by process to which they apply, including plant wide measures and product or feedstock changes. Tables 2 through 8 provide the following information for each technology: fuel and electricity savings per tonne of cement; annual operating and capital costs per tonne of cement or estimated payback period; and, carbon dioxide emissions reductions for each measure applied to the production of cement. This information was originally collected for a report on the U.S. cement industry (Worrell and Galitsky, 2004) and a report on opportunities for China's cement kilns (Price and Galitsky, in press). The information provided in this report is based on publicly-available reports, journal articles, and case studies from applications of technologies around the world.


Wafer bonding technology was investigated to integrate active photonic devices on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate for highly compact photonic integrated circuits. A single-quantum-well (SQW) GaInAsP/InP membrane structure bonded onto an SOI substrate was successfully obtained by a direct bonding with thermal annealing at 300–450 °C in H2 atmosphere. The photoluminescence intensity of the SQW membrane structure did not degrade after this direct bonding and its spectral shape did not change. This wafer bonding technique can be applied to the realization of direct optical coupling using SOI passive waveguides from a membrane's active region.


Few ecosystem-level studies have experimentally determined the physicochemical and biological factors that mediate concentrations of off-flavor compounds in drinking water reservoirs. Consequently, the watershed-scale mechanisms determining production of these compounds are still poorly understood. In a recent study, the addition of both nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). Not surprisingly, MIB was correlated with cyanobacterial abundance (a well-known producer of off-flavor compounds); however, MIB was most strongly correlated with diatom abundance. To empirically test for differences in the production of two important off-flavor compounds, specifically MIB and geosmin, by either cyanobacteria or diatoms, we conducted a fully factorial experiment that manipulated two factors that typically promote cyanobacteria (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization) or diatoms (vertical mixing of the water column). As predicted, fertilization promoted cyanobacteria and vertical mixing favored diatoms. Interestingly, the production of geosmin was rapid and consistent with an increase in cyanobacteria while MIB production increased later in the experiment when cyanobacterial biovolume tended to decline and diatom biovolume increased. Based on our current and previous studies, MIB and geosmin production is associated with cyanobacteria, but the direct or indirect influence of diatoms on production should not be ignored.


This article summarizes key features of therapeutic social work from a psychodynamic perspective. The emphasis throughout is on the social worker's use of relationship. The article's starting point is that whatever their other concerns--welfare administration, advocacy, social action, practical assistance, or social control, for example--social workers have a core responsibility for outcomes which are therapeutic, empowering and developmental. The key components of relationship are analysed as attention to basic need, response to aggressive impulses and the lessening of punitive self-criticism. These are located within the conceptual framework (set out earlier in the article, with examples) of transference, countertransference and the punitive superego. Such work requires a managerial supervisory function which supports and enables this use of relationship. Core components are the provision of staff support and suitable work arrangements and expectations.


Two major events have affected the monetary regime in the United Kingdom in recent years, namely the introduction of inflation targeting, and the granting of operational independence to the Bank of England. In this paper we examine what impact, if any, these events have had on inflation expectations. A series of Granger causality tests are used in order to examine the causal relationship between a measure of prices and inflation expectations. We find evidence that the introduction of inflation targeting caused both the general public and professionals to anchor their expectations, rather than basing them on current RPI inflation.


We present a budget for lead, zinc, and copper in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, and use the results from this and seven other lakes in Europe and the United States to develop two simple, generic models for heavy metals in lake water. The models, based on retention coefficient and sedimentation coefficient, are assessed by comparing the modeled and measured steady‐state lake concentrations. The results show that deposition from the atmosphere is an important source of contamination of the lakes by Pb (56.3% of total inputs) and Zn (34.8%), but not Cu (8.3%). The mean retention coefficient in five of the lakes is 0.70 (RSD = 29%), 0.72 (24%), and 0.24 (133%) for Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively; mean total residence time is 0.21 (RSD = 64%), 0.36 (61%), and 0.77 (97%) yr; and mean sedimentation residence time 0.34 (RSD = 73%), 0.91 (99%), and 0.05 (95%) yr. The goodness of fit of the two models are similar, with root mean square error of prediction of ±0.14, 1.9, and 1.6 µg L−1 for Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively. The magnitude of the errors in relation to the ranges of concentration suggests that the models for Pb and Zn can be used as fate models for these metals in lake water.


Articulated human pose estimation is a fundamental yet challenging task in computer vision. The difficulty is particularly pronounced in scale variations of human body parts when camera view changes or severe foreshortening happens. Although pyramid methods are widely used to handle scale changes at inference time, learning feature pyramids in deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) is still not well explored. In this work, we design a Pyramid Residual Module (PRMs) to enhance the invariance in scales of DCNNs. Given input features, the PRMs learn convolutional filters on various scales of input features, which are obtained with different subsampling ratios in a multibranch network. Moreover, we observe that it is inappropriate to adopt existing methods to initialize the weights of multi-branch networks, which achieve superior performance than plain networks in many tasks recently. Therefore, we provide theoretic derivation to extend the current weight initialization scheme to multi-branch network structures. We investigate our method on two standard benchmarks for human pose estimation. Our approach obtains state-of-the-art results on both benchmarks. Code is available at https://github.com/bearpaw/PyraNet.


This paper explores the Greek economy since 1974, before and after joining the Economic and Monetary Union and some of the problems that the current global and European debt crises have created to Greek and to all European citizens. A social loss function and a partial equilibrium model are used to determine interdependence and social cost (or benefits) for the country. The most severe problems of Greece are the social chaos, which is increasing every day, due to the current financial crisis and the worst recession since the great depression of 1940s, the economic and political corruption, which are underrated by the officials, and the tremendous uncertainty that the Union has generated to its weak member-nations and their citizens. Europe has a seven thousand years old history, which comes from ancient Greek civilization and is complemented by Christianity. Greece experienced many difficulties, conflicts, and invasions by barbarians and other neighbouring countries, which had and continue to have tremendous negative effects on her economy. But at the same time, many good periods with tremendous contribution to the global scene are recorded. After World War II the nation and citizens enjoyed a huge growth, a stable development, a multiple improvement, and a preservation of their traditional social values. Lately, the European integration, the debt crisis, and the €110 billion loan from the Troika have destroyed the sovereignty of Greece and it is ruling undemocratically an entire continent and Greece, as a member of the EU and EMU. European Union's economic and social policies cannot satisfy the welfare functions for the Europeans, like justice, fairness, allocation, equity, stability, distribution, efficiency, full employment, homogeneity, security, sovereignty, independence, self-sufficiency, certainty, and democracy. Unfortunately, Greece has lost her public and trade policies, which have increased instability and reduced growth and sustainability inside the country.


Ioanna Theocharopoulou Builders, Housewives and the Construction of Modern Athens London: Artifice Books on Architecture, 2017, 176 pp., 154 illus. $39.95 (paper), ISBN 9781908967879

If the construction of Brasilia and Chandigarh has been explained—in James Scott's seminal work—as the outcome of "seeing like a state," then the twentieth-century transformations of Athens can best be understood, Ioanna Theocharopoulou tells us, from another point of view.1 As the title of her book Builders, Housewives and the Construction of Modern Athens hints, one must appreciate "seeing" like a builder, or a rural migrant, or a refugee—a person who is cash-short, in urgent need of shelter, and distrustful of a state whose officials, in turn, are eager to accommodate private initiatives and turn a blind eye to quasi-illegal urban developments. One must also understand, Theocharopoulou continues, "seeing" like a housewife who is coming to terms with her own modernity in the midst of these and other circumstances.

Theocharopoulou's meticulous analysis connects the Greek authorities' apparently erratic attitude toward planning with specific historical circumstances and cultural idiosyncrasies that produced the Athenian metropolis. Incorporating tools from social history, anthropology, and gender studies, her book provides a valuable historical perspective on Athens, one that highlights the entwinement of dwelling and urbanism and shows that the city's anonymous residential architecture has a distinctive character and historicity: it emerged in response to internal migration and refugee influx due to war, cash shortages, particular legislative frameworks, linguistic debates, entrenched gender roles, and deregulation tactics—all combined with canny actions by both residents and administrators (such as the notorious variances on building codes). All these disparate factors, Theocharopoulou shows, were bound up with issues of identity, nationhood, urbanization, and modernization. Even as these issues changed in nature and intensity from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, they created the conditions for the proliferation of the type of multistory apartment …


Urban sensing is a foundation of urban computing, collecting data in cities through ubiquitous computing techniques, e.g. using humans as sensors. In this paper, we propose a crowd-based urban sensing framework that maximizes the coverage of collected data in a spatio-temporal space, based on human mobility of participants recruited by a given budget. This framework provides participants with unobstructed tasks that do not break their original commuting plans, while ensuring a sensing program balanced coverage of data that better supports upper-level applications. The framework consists of three components: 1) an objective function to measure data coverage based on the entropy of data with different spatio-temporal granularities; 2) a graph-based task design algorithm to compute a near-optimal task for each participant, using a dynamic programming strategy; 3) a participant recruitment mechanism to find a portion of participants from candidates for a given budget. We evaluate our framework based on a field study and simulations, finding its advantages beyond baselines.


The diagnosis of asthma is currently based on clinical history, physical examination and lung function, and to date, there are no accurate objective tests either to confirm the diagnosis or to discriminate between different types of asthma. This consensus exercise reviews the state of the art in asthma diagnosis to identify opportunities for future investment based on the likelihood of their successful development, potential for widespread adoption and their perceived impact on asthma patients. Using a two‐stage e‐Delphi process and a summarizing workshop, a group of European asthma experts including health professionals, researchers, people with asthma and industry representatives ranked the potential impact of research investment in each technique or tool for asthma diagnosis and monitoring. After a systematic review of the literature, 21 statements were extracted and were subject of the two‐stage Delphi process. Eleven statements were scored 3 or more and were further discussed and ranked in a face‐to‐face workshop. The three most important diagnostic/predictive tools ranked were as follows: "New biological markers of asthma (eg genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) as a tool for diagnosis and/or monitoring," "Prediction of future asthma in preschool children with reasonable accuracy" and "Tools to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath."


Focused denudation and mid-crustal flow are coupled in many active tectonic settings, including the Himalaya, where exhumation of mid-crustal rocks accommodated by thrust faults and low-angle detachment systems during crustal shortening is well documented. New structural and (U-Th)/He apatite data from the Mount Everest region demonstrate that the trans-Himalayan Ama Drime Massif has been exhumed at a minimum rate of ~1 mm/yr between 1.5 and 3.0 Ma during orogen-parallel extension. The Ama Drime Massif offsets the South Tibetan detachment system, and therefore the South Tibetan detachment system is no longer capable of accommodating south-directed mid-crustal flow or coupling it with focused denudation. Previous investigations interpreted the NNE-SSW–striking shear zone on the west side of the Ama Drime Massif as the Main Central thrust zone; however, our data show that the Ama Drime Massif is bounded on either side by 100–300-m-thick normal-sense shear zone and detachment systems that are kinematically linked to young brittle faults that offset Quaternary deposits and record active orogen-parallel extension. When combined with existing data, these results suggest that the Ama Drime Massif was exhumed during orogen-parallel extension that was enhanced by, or potentially coupled with, denudation in the trans-Himalayan Arun River gorge. This model provides important insights into the mechanisms that exhumed trans-Himalayan antiformal structures during orogen-parallel extension along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.


On typical multi-robot teams, there is an implicit assumption that robots can be trusted to effectively perform assigned tasks. The multi-robot patrolling task is an example of a domain that is particularly sensitive to reliability and performance of robots. Yet reliable performance of team members may not always be a valid assumption even within homogeneous teams. For instance, a robot's performance may deteriorate over time or a robot may not estimate tasks correctly. Robots that can identify poorly performing team members as performance deteriorates, can dynamically adjust the task assignment strategy. This paper investigates the use of an observation based trust model for detecting unreliable robot team members. Robots can reason over this model to perform dynamic task reassignment to trusted team members. Experiments were performed in simulation and using a team of indoor robots in a patrolling task to demonstrate both centralized and decentralized approaches to task reassignment. The results clearly demonstrate that the use of a trust model can improve performance in the multi-robot patrolling task.


Understanding where, when, and how many people use reefs is imperative for their conservation and management. A multidisciplinary study, using geo-referenced aerial and coastal surveys along the length of Ningaloo Reef combined with 1200 visitor interviews, enabled spatio-temporal patterns in boat-based and coastal recreational activities to be determined. The use of Ningaloo Reef is markedly seasonal with a clear increase in the number of people, and expansion of their spatial extent, during the austral winter. Many recreational activities, including fishing, snorkelling, surfing, wild-life interaction (whale sharks and manta rays), relaxing on the beach and camping along the coast, take place at Ningaloo Reef. The relationship between types of recreational activity and spatial zoning of Ningaloo Marine Park was significant, with strong association between snorkelling and sanctuary zones. Although fishing generally took place in recreation zones, the spatially explicit nature of the study also enabled estimates of compliance with sanctuary zones to be made. Travel network analysis on utilization of coastal roads, tracks and boat launching areas adjacent to the reef highlighted node-based patterns of use as well as rapid decay with distance from access points. The results of this multi-disciplinary study are appropriate and well-suited to coral reef conservation, in particular, for systematic conservation planning. They also provide a robust bench mark and readily measurable indicators for ongoing monitoring, management and management strategy evaluation at Ningaloo Reef. The protocols developed during this study are readily transferable to other coastal areas, particularly those with linear fringing reefs.


Abrami et al. investigated the mechanism that leads to internalization of anthrax toxin and discovered that oligomerization-driven anthrax toxin receptor (ATR) clustering leads to its association with lipid rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane, and promotes toxin internalization. Anthrax toxin consists of three subunits: edema factor (EF), a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase; lethal factor (LF), which targets mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKKs); and protective antigen (PA), which enables EF and LF to gain access to the cell interior. PA is an 83-kD protein (PA83) that binds to the ATR and is then cleaved by cell surface proteases to a 63-kD form (PA63) that forms a ring-shaped heptamer. EF and LF associate with heptamerized PA63, and then the entire toxin-receptor complex is endocytosed. After endocytosis, the PA63 heptamer forms a channel, and EF and LF enter the cytoplasm. The authors used Western analysis to show that PA63, but not PA83 or an unbound epitope-tagged version of the ATR, was associated with a lipid raft fraction from the membranes of CHO cells. Clustering PA83-bound ATR through antibody cross-linking promoted its association with lipid rafts and rapid internalization of a mutant PA that cannot be cleaved and normally remains at the cell surface. Depleting the cells of cholesterol inhibited intracellular accumulation of P63, channel formation, and LF-dependent cleavage of a MAPKK. Internalization did not depend on caveolin, but occurred through a clathrin-mediated pathway. The authors describe how the physiology of the ATR--slow internalization of the unbound or monomerically bound form but rapid internalization of the clustered form--provides an ideal target for anthrax toxin. They suggest that lipid rafts may provide a therapeutic target against anthrax. L. Abrami, S. Liu, P. Cosson, S. H. Leppla, F. G. van der Goot, Anthrax toxin triggers endocytosis of its receptor via a lipid raft-mediated clathrin-dependent process. J. Cell Biol. 160, 321-328 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text] T. Kurzchalia, Anthrax toxin rafts into cells. J. Cell Biol. 160, 295-296 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


We present a novel method for information-theoretic exploration, leveraging recent work on mapping and localization. We describe exploration as the constrained optimization problem of computing a trajectory to minimize posterior map error, subject to the constraints of traveling through a set of sensing locations to ensure map coverage. This trajectory is found by reducing the map to a skeleton graph and searching for a minimum entropy tour through the graph. We describe how a specific factorization of the map covariance allows the reuse of EKF updates during the optimization, giving an efficient gradient ascent search for the maximum information gain tour through sensing locations, where each tour naturally incorporates revisiting well-known map regions. By generating incrementally larger tours as the exploration finds new regions of the environment, we demonstrate that our approach can perform autonomous exploration with improved accuracy.


Field experiments were designed to explore the effects of vegetation on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in Franks Tract, a shallow water habitat in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Within this system, the mean currents are primarily driven by freshwater flow and diurnal tides, with some influence from wind. The dominant vegetation, Egeria densa, is buoyant and moves with the flow, yielding challenges for the experimental design and data analysis. Two types of physical observations were made: (1) Synopticsurveys of the flow field; and (2) high-resolution time series at two fixed locations within the tidal lake. The synoptic data was collected with a boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The fixed, insitu instrumentation consisted of an upward-looking ADCP to capture the water column dynamics at one station, with a nearby second station focused on the bottom boundary layer. The instrument grouping for boundary layer analysis included four acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADV), two optical backscatter sensors (OBS), and two conductivity and temperature (CT) probes. Preliminary results indicate the mean circulation is dominated by tidal forcing relative to freshwater flow and wind. Further analysis of the turbulent characteristics and near-bed turbulent structure allow us to estimate the bottom stress from several methods. Finally, determination of local sediment suspension and deposition is estimated from the mass flux. Although the experimental design allowed placement of each ADV point measurement very close to an OBS conical measurement volume, the difference in measurement volumes will yield an inaccurate mass flux. Therefore, a second estimate of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) is made using the backscatter intensity from the ADV acoustic signal. Direct comparison of SSC measured by the OBS and estimated from the ADV is complicated due to their slightly different location, different reactions to presence of vegetation, and different particle size classification recognition for acoustic and optical pulses.


We recently presented a statistical comparison between two models of latent dynamics in macaque lateral intraparietal (LIP) area spike trains—a continuous 'ramping' (diffusion-to-bound) model, and a discrete 'stepping' model—and found that a substantial fraction of neurons (recorded in two different studies) were better supported by the stepping model (Latimer et al., 2015). Here, we respond to a recent challenge to the validity of these findings that focuses primarily on the possibility of a lower bound on LIP firing rates (Zylberberg & Shadlen, 2016). The paper in question proposed alternate formulations of the ramping model, and argued (via indirect analyses) that half the neurons in the population were better explained by the new model; if correct, this would lead to an even split in the number of neurons better explained by each model. These analyses, while interesting, do not alter the conclusions of our original paper. Here, we review the criticisms raised by Zylberberg & Shadlen and report several new analyses using models with lower bounds. First, we show that the stepping model continued to provide a better description of LIP spike trains when fit using only an early period of each trial. Second, we performed a direct model comparison between our stepping model and a ramping-with-baseline model proposed by Zylberberg & Shadlen; we found that (in a pleasing moment of agreement) roughly half the neurons were better explained by each model. Interestingly, inspection of the cells that switched classifications revealed that many did not strictly exhibit the classical ramping PSTHs that motivated these analyses in the first place. We also examined two other issues raised in recent discussions of LIP: (1) We show that a non-integrating model is consistent with some core aspects of behavioral data previously offered as evidence for continuous integration; and (2) We examine analyses based on the response covariance ("CorCE"), and show that it does not reliably distinguish ramping and stepping dynamics for our dataset. Taken together, these discussions highlight the value of data-driven characterizations of both neural and behavioral dynamics with appropriate statistical tools.


Words help shape energy debates and thereby actively contribute to the direction of energy research and energy policy. Yet, words are used very differently across, and also within, different energy research communities, as well as different sectors (business, policy, media, etc.).

This SHAPE ENERGY Lexicon aims to explore and illustrate such differences, through comparing and contrasting definitions for 20 energyrelated keywords and phrases, primarily drawn from the Social Sciences and Humanities.

The range of definitions found within this SHAPE ENERGY Lexicon were sourced from an interdisciplinary group of leading European energy scholars that we brought together in a workshop in Cambridge (UK) on 24 February 2017.


Between 1650 and 1800, advertising for remedies became a standard strategy for all kinds of actors on the medical marketplace of the Netherlands. In digitized newspapers from this period, thousands of medical advertisements can be found. This period can be regarded as the first golden age of medical advertising, predating the era of mass media in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Eighteenth-century newspaper readers had their own 'pharmaceutical literacy' to understand and assess the contents of medical advertisements. This literacy was related to their world, in which most medical practice was still plant-based medicine. Many medicinal products became commodities before they were clearly understood in terms of ingredients, provenance or efficacy. Those who had a predominantly commercial interest in medicine (like producers, advertisers, brokers, merchants, and so on), were concerned about enlarging and consolidating their market, more than about quality assurance, proper usage of medical terminology, or the safety of the patient. Although the success of advertising is difficult to measure, it can be observed that the practice of advertising transformed from an occasional experiment into a structural, appealing strategy to promote remedies. Every local producer of remedies could advertise, to increase the visibility of his practice to a regional, national, even international level. Circumstances beyond the personae of advertisers could influence the availability of new remedies as well, like local epidemics, or international economic and political turmoil. Comparing the trajectories of various remedies over time reveals the dynamic, varying degree of success of new remedies. This is demonstrated in the dissertation by the interconnected histories of fever and fever remedies, especially Peruvian bark (the exotic plant product that yields the antimalarial substance quinine). A diachronic analysis of fever and fever remedies demonstrates the usefulness the shifting commercial and cultural importance of new medicinal products, and the bottom-up expansion of a globalizing medical market, in the early modern period.


This memo is a policy statement on the implementation of the Domain
Style Naming System in the Internet. This memo is an update of
RFC-881, and RFC-897. This is an official policy statement of the IAB
and the DARPA. The intent of this memo is to detail the schedule for
the implementation for the Domain Style Naming System. The explanation
of how this system works is to be found in the references.


In a period when access to fine paintings was restricted, Stubbs's reputation was spread chiefly through his engravings. This catalogue raisonne is the only single volume to contain all Stubbs's known engravings and provides a complete record of prints made by others after his works. Introductory essays consider Stubbs's relationships with other artists, particularly his engravers, and examine how the prints were originally marketed. Part 1 covers the more important prints issued during Stubbs's lifetime, some of which are published here for the first time. Each of the 218 entries is fully illustrated and accompanied by comparative material. Part 2 comprises 440 supplementary entries and indicates the nature and extent of Stubbs's posthumous reputation. This book also is the first substantial review of the work of a major 18th century British painter by reference to the important, but neglected, medium of reproductive prints.


The advancement of emerging technologies in the classroom is a reality, however, the vision that teachers may have of them is essential in order for these to be incorporated. Using this as a foundation, this article ' s main objective is to know the vision that secondary education (SE) teachers have of the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in teaching at that educational level. Through a descriptive correlational quantitative study, an ex-post facto design, and an ad-hoc questionnaire of 39 items, (N=350 teachers), this objective has been corroborated. The main conclusion that has been reached is that SE teachers consider AR as an element that will cause a change in the student ' s learning methodology making it more autonomous and experiential. In addition, the teachers will need more training with AR, lower costs, and greater availability of resources to carry out the teaching process with greater ease.


textabstractRepresenting the information in a data set in a concise way is an important part of data analysis. A variety of multivariate statistical techniques have been developed for this purpose, such as k-means clustering and principal components analysis. These techniques are often based on the principles of segmentation (partitioning the observations into distinct groups) and dimension reduction (constructing a low-dimensional representation of a data set). However, such techniques typically make no statistical assumptions on the process that generates the data; as a result, the statistical significance of the results is often unknown.

In this thesis, we incorporate the modeling principles of segmentation and dimension reduction into statistical models. We thus develop new models that can summarize and explain the information in a data set in a simple way. The focus is on dimension reduction using bilinear parameter structures and techniques for clustering both modes of a two-mode data matrix. To illustrate the usefulness of the techniques, the thesis includes a variety of empirical applications in marketing, psychometrics, and political science. An important application is modeling the response behavior in surveys with rating scales, which provides novel insight into what kinds of response styles exist, and how substantive opinions vary among respondents. We find that our modeling approaches yield new techniques for data analysis that can be useful in a variety of applied fields.


Bilingual lexicon induction, translating words from the source language to the target language, is a long-standing natural language processing task. Recent endeavors prove that it is promising to employ images as pivot to learn the lexicon induction without reliance on parallel corpora. However, these vision-based approaches simply associate words with entire images, which are constrained to translate concrete words and require object-centered images. We humans can understand words better when they are within a sentence with context. Therefore, in this paper, we propose to utilize images and their associated captions to address the limitations of previous approaches. We propose a multi-lingual caption model trained with different mono-lingual multimodal data to map words in different languages into joint spaces. Two types of word representation are induced from the multi-lingual caption model: linguistic features and localized visual features. The linguistic feature is learned from the sentence contexts with visual semantic constraints, which is beneficial to learn translation for words that are less visual-relevant. The localized visual feature is attended to the region in the image that correlates to the word, so that it alleviates the image restriction for salient visual representation. The two types of features are complementary for word translation. Experimental results on multiple language pairs demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, which substantially outperforms previous vision-based approaches without using any parallel sentences or supervision of seed word pairs.


A pilot study was conducted in the Russian city Novosibirsk during 2006–2007 with 40 participants sampled from clients admitted to health services for drinking-related problems to explore surrogates for alcoholic beverage drinking using semistructured interviews. Types of surrogates consumed and reasons for their consumption were investigated. Results revealed that the most prevalent reported surrogate used was industrial spirit. The main reasons for drinking surrogates were the high affordability and physical availability of surrogates combined with the need to relieve severe withdrawal symptoms. The study limitations are described, and suggestions for future research are made.


The paper refutes claims made by Melbourne University classicist Andrew Turner in 1994 by focusing on the available epigraphical, literary, legal and even archaeological evidence to demonstrate that Roman collegia were not just clubs which organised funeral funds but were actually industrial organisations that were more akin to modem trade unions than to simple superannuation funds. A comparison of Roman collegia, particularly the collegium fabrum tignuarum and the collegium fullonum, against classic and modem definitions of trade unions representing thoughts from both sides of the Atlantic and also Australia demonstrates that the Roman organisations definitely fulfilled industrial, political, social, and economic roles that are met by modem trade unions. Even if the polemical and largely outdated argument that there is a thread of continuity from collegia through to medieval guilds and then to trade unions is discounted, there is enough evidence to prove that the collegium was the Roman version of the trade union.


Cost-effective energy saving in the building sector is a high priority in Europe; The European Union has set ambitious targets for buildings' energy performance in order to convert old energy-intensive ones into nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs). This study focuses on the implementation of a collective self-consumption nZEB concept in Mediterranean climate conditions, considering a typical multi-family building (or apartment block) in the urban environment. The aggregated use of PVs, geothermal and energy storage systems allow the self-production and self-consumption of energy, in a way that the independence from fossil fuels and the reliability of the electricity grid are enhanced. The proposed nZEB implementation scheme will be analyzed from techno-economical perspective, presenting detailed calculations regarding the components dimensioning and costs-giving emphasis on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) indexes—as well as the energy transactions between the building and the electricity grid. The main outcomes of this work are that the proposed nZEB implementation is a sustainable solution for the Mediterranean area, whereas the incorporation of electrical energy storage units—though beneficial for the reliability of the grid—calls for the implementation of positive policies regarding the reduction of their payback period.


Abstract This paper is an update of the thermal and hydrodynamic simulations of cryogenic target for the laser MegaJoule (LMJ). Depending on the kind of study, 2-D axi-symmetric or 3-D models are used for those numerical simulations with FLUENT, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. Results show the response of the hohlraum assembly and the DT ice layer profile to sinusoidal modulation of the temperature of the cooling rings. aWe have also calculated that no change in the DT ice was observed with variations up to +/-2 mK on thermal shroud. Results of flux absorption during laser alignment are reported here. Taking in account the cavity real geometric configuration, the seven gas-areas cavity appears to be the most effective to counteract convection effects. Other ways to counteract those effects have been explored like heating modulation in the central area on the outer surface of the gold cavity, or uniform heating in this area with auxiliary heating on the lower cooling ring. More, the thermal response of DT ice when it is submitted to a quenching (in order to obtain the LMJ target gas density specification) is shown here.


IMPORTANCE
It is estimated that lost productivity related to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) costs society in excess of $13 billion per year in the United States. Given this tremendous cost to society, it is important to evaluate the effect of current interventions on improving this productivity loss.

OBJECTIVE
To define the change in productivity costs in patients with refractory CRS who select continued medical therapy.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Observational cohort study. Thirty-eight patients with a guideline-based diagnosis of CRS whose initial appropriate medical therapy failed were enrolled from 4 tertiary-level rhinology clinics. The study was conducted from December 6, 2010, to April 23, 2013, and data analysis was performed from December 6, 2010, to June 1, 2015.

INTERVENTIONS
Continued medical therapy for CRS.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The human capital approach was applied to quantify productivity costs. Absenteeism, presenteeism, and lost leisure time were quantified to define annual lost productive time, which was measured at enrollment (baseline) and at a minimum of 6 months after treatment. Lost productive time was monetized using the annual daily wage rates obtained from the 2012 US National Census and the 2013 US Department of Labor statistics.

RESULTS
Thirty-eight patients with refractory CRS who selected continued medical therapy had a mean (SD) baseline annual productivity cost of $3464 ($4900) per patient. After continued medical therapy for a mean of 12.8 (4.8) months, productivity costs were $2730 ($3720) (before vs after continued medical therapy productivity cost, P = .74). Mean annual absenteeism was reduced from 5 (12) days to 2 (8) days (P = .02). Mean annual presenteeism (17 [27] days reduced to 15 [23] days; P = .93) and mean annual household days lost (7 [7] days reduced to 6 [6] days; P = .51) were maintained at baseline levels. There were no significant differences in productivity outcomes based on endoscopy, the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test score, age, or polyp status (all P ≥ .11).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Patients with refractory CRS often make treatment decisions based on the degree of quality-of-life and productivity impairment. Outcomes from this study suggest that productivity in patients with refractory CRS who have minor reductions in baseline productivity can remain stable with continued medical therapy. Physicians can use this information to inform appropriate patients with CRS of their expected outcomes from continued medical therapy.


Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), defined as pneumonia occurring >48 - 72 hours after endotracheal intubation, is the most common and fatal nosocomial infection of intensive care. Risk factors include both impaired host immunity and the introduction of an endotracheal tube, which contributes to the development of VAP in the critically ill patient. VAP is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, increased duration of mechanical ventilation, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay, and increased cost of hospitalisation. Both the Centers for Disease Control Guidelines and Pugin's Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) criteria note that diagnosing VAP requires a combination of clinical signs, impaired gas exchange, radiological changes and positive microscopy to differentiate an episode of VAP from mere colonisation. In a resource-strapped environment, semi-quantitative analysis of specimens obtained utilising a non-invasive sampling technique is an acceptable option. Specific guidelines have been developed to both prevent VAP and treat it appropriately as soon as possible. The guidelines provide targeted strategies, while additional management of VAP includes the provision of essential care, psychosocial support, ventilatory support, enteral feeding and relevant medication including deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis, and the prevention of complications. The Care Bundle approach offers an interventional tool to implement strategies specifically directed to the prevention of VAP and the facilitation of a team approach to improving its clinical management. The evidence available presents a strong argument to consider a team approach to reducing the incidence of VAP in our own critical care units.


Many Indonesian infants have an inadequate nutritional status, which may be due in part to inadequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy. This study was designed to investigate whether infant nutritional status could be improved by maternal vitamin A and Fe supplementation during gestation. Mothers of these infants from five villages had been randomly assigned on an individual basis, supervised and double-blind, to receive supplementation once weekly from approximately 18 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Supplementation comprised 120 mg Fe and 500 μg folic acid with or without 4800 retinol equivalent vitamin A. Mothers of infants from four other villages who participated in the national Fe and folic acid supplementation programme were also recruited; intake of tablets was not supervised. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters of infants and their mothers were assessed approximately 4 months after delivery. Infants of mothers supplemented with vitamin A plus Fe had higher serum retinol concentrations than infants of mothers supplemented with Fe alone. However, the proportion of infants with serum retinol concentrations <0·70 μmol/l was >70 % in all groups. Maternal and infant serum retinol concentrations were correlated. Fe status, weight and length of infants were similar in all groups. Fe status of girls was better than that of boys, but boys were heavier and longer. We conclude that supplementation with vitamin A in conjunction with Fe supplementation of women during pregnancy benefits vitamin A status of their infants. However, considering the large proportion of infants with marginal serum retinol concentrations, it may still be necessary to increase their vitamin A intake.


This study compares the extraposition of subject clauses in two samples of English and Swedish original texts and their translations from the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus. It finds a more frequent usage of extrapositions in the Swedish sample. This is due to formal, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic differences between the two languages (e.g. the existence of a gerund -ing form in English but not in Swedish, the V2 constraint in Swedish, and the greater semantic scope and tolerance of new information in English subjects), all of which make it possible for more information to be placed in preverbal position in English than in Swedish. The study also finds that subject clauses are more frequent in general in the Swedish sample, both when they are extraposed and when they are retained in preverbal position. This appears to be due to a greater tendency for process meanings to be nominalised in English.


Participation in a physically demanding team sport, such as Australian football (AF), can result in
post-exercise physical performance decrements as well as increases in psychometric measures,
muscle damage and inflammation. The use of both cold water immersion (CWI) and contrast water
therapy (CWT) as a means of post-exercise recovery is becoming more prevalent in the team sport
environment. Both modalities are utilised in an attempt to enhance physical performance recovery
while reducing perceived muscle soreness and fatigue. Although increasing in popularity,
conflicting evidence exists regarding their effectiveness. Comparisons within the same team sport
population are lacking, while little information on the efficacy of either intervention exists in AF.
Therefore, the effects of a single 14 min exposure of both CWI and CWT on restoring repeat 20 m
sprint time, jump performance and psychometric measures was investigated following AF training
(Study 1) and an AF match (Study 2). The effects of both modalities post-match on moderating the
appearance of markers of muscle damage and inflammation was also investigated (Study 3).
Australian football training and match participation reduced repeat sprint, countermovement and
squat jump performance and increased perceptions of fatigue and muscle soreness. Match
participation also greatly increased inflammatory and muscle damage markers. Both CWI and
CWT were more successful than a passive recovery at attenuating decrements in physical
performance and reducing exercise induced increases muscle soreness, fatigue and markers of
muscle damage, with CWI being the most effective. Neither CWI nor CWT altered the postexercise
inflammatory response and therefore most likely had no effect on blunting the
inflammatory pathways involved in muscle repair.
Results demonstrate that AF participation leads to post-exercise declines in physical performance,
an acute phase inflammatory response, muscle damage and heightened perceptions of soreness and
fatigue. It was established that in well trained AF players, both modalities were more effective at
attenuating these changes than a passive recovery with CWI being more effective. These findings
add to the body of knowledge regarding the use and efficacy of CWI and CWT in team sport and
would be of benefit to team sport athletes/coaches in decreasing any confusion regarding their use
and in helping them to determine the best modality for their recovery needs.


A hero to many, Polish writer Adam Michnik ranks among today's most fearless and persuasive public figures. His imprisonment by Poland's military regime in the 1980s did nothing to quench his outpouring of writings, many of which were published in English as "Letters from Prison". Beginning where that volume ended, "Letters from Freedom" finds Michnik briefly in prison at the height of the 'cold civil war' between authorities and citizens in Poland, then released. Through his continuing essays, articles, and interviews, the reader can follow all the momentous changes of the last decade in Poland and East-Central Europe. Some of the writings have appeared in English in various publications; most are translated here for the first time. Michnik is never detached. His belief that people can get what they want without hatred and violence has always translated into action, and his actions, particularly the activity of writing, have required his contemporaries to think seriously about what it is they want. His commitment to freedom is absolute, but neither wild-eyed nor humorless; with a characteristic combination of idealism and pragmatism, Michnik says, 'In the end, politics is the art of foreseeing and implementing the possible'. Michnik's blend of conviction and political acumen is perhaps most vividly revealed in the interviews transcribed in the book, whether he is the subject of the interview or is conducting a conversation with Czeslaw Milosz, Vaclav Havel, or Wojciech Jaruzelski. These face-to-face exchanges tell more about the forces at work in contemporary Eastern Europe than could any textbook. Sharing Michnik's intellectual journey through a tumultuous era, we touch on all the subjects important to him in this wide-ranging collection and find they have importance for everyone who values conscience and responsibility. In the words of Jonathan Schell, 'Michnik is one of those who bring honor to the last two decades of the twentieth century'.


Research on the cognitive activities that underlie text processing has revealed a variety of influences on and consequences of our reading experiences. To date, though, cognitive psychologists who study reading processes have mainly focused on how people perceive and comprehend written text.  We discuss herein some of the ways in which comic book comprehension might align with, and differ from, text-only comprehension. We use Watchmen (Moore & Gibbons, 1986-1987) as a case example to highlight how cues in the graphic novel, readers' background knowledge, and inferences derived from the interactions of those cues and knowledge serve to support and enhance comic reading experiences. Such an analysis helps extend the purview of models of comprehension by considering how readers process materials that include both texts and graphics, of which comic book materials are an important exemplar.


Whilst take-up of open access (OA) in the UK is growing rapidly due partly to a number of funder mandates, managing the complexities of balancing compliance with these mandates against restrictive publisher policies and ingrained academic priorities, has resulted in UK higher education institutions (HEIs) often struggling with confused researchers, complex workflows, and rising costs. In order to try to address this situation, the UK Scholarly Communication Licence (UK-SCL) was formulated to bypass the root causes of many of these challenges by implementing a licensing mechanism for multiple-mandate compliance in one single policy. This is the first empirical study to focus on the genesis of the UK-SCL and how its implementation has been conceived thus far. A qualitative research method was used, taking the form of 14 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from the initiative across the UK. The results indicate that those working within UK HEIs are concerned with the complexity of the current OA policy landscape and are frustrated with the inertia within the current system, which has resulted in higher costs, further publisher restrictions, and has not addressed the underlying tensions in academic culture. The UK-SCL is seen by its initiators as a way to achieve further transition towards OA and take back some element of control of the content produced at their institutions. The study concludes by modelling the ways in which the UK-SCL is intended to impact relationships between key stakeholders, and discussing possible implementation futures.


The electrical resistivity of praseodymium-cerium (Pr-Ce) and lanthanum-cerium (La-Ce) alloys has been studied in the temperature range 1.3 - 1100 K and 0 - 900 C respectively. The present data have confirmed the existence of a conventional Kendo divergence at T = 0 K in double-hexagonal close packed Pr-Ce alloys. In addition to this, evidence has been found of structure at about 20 K and 90 K. This is tentatively ascribed to the presence of Kondo sidebands of the type discussed by Maranzana. These Kondo sidebands are related to the cerium crystalline electric field levels expected in the Pr-Ce alloys on the basis of Rainford's (1971) crystalline electric field parameters for pure praseodymium. Evidence has also been obtained, under certain conditions, for the existence of antiferromagnetic ordering in the alloys at around 26 K. In connection with the structural properties, the dhcp →← fee phase transition in the Pr-Ce alloys and the absence of this transition in pure praseodymium have been discussed on the basis of electrical resistivity and X-ray powder diffraetion data. At high temperatures, a hysteresis loop for the dhcp →← fcc transition in the Pr-Ce alloys has been observed which decreased in size with increasing praseodymium content and vanished in the Ce Pr alloy .(_10)Pr(_.90) alloy. No hysteresis was observed with alloys of higher praseodymium content. The similarity between the atomic volumes of the dhcp - Pr and the hypothetical fce-Pr phases and the disappearance of the dhcp →← fee transition in the Pr-Ce alloys containing more than 90 at.% Pr have indicated the possibility that there is a delicate relationship in favour of the dhcp phase towards the praseodymium end. The observed positive deviation from the line connecting the atomic volumes of the dhcp-Pr and dhcp-Ce has been attributed to the change of the effective valency of cerium from 3.1 to 3. A tentative phase diagram for the Pr-Ce system has been presented which is similar to the La-Nd phase diagram proposed by Gschneidner (1961).


International attention on the People's Republic of China PRC Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) has mostly focused on merger control and abuse of dominance. Enforcement against restrictive agreements and concerted practice seems to have been overlooked so far. This article examines how the Chinese courts and enforcement authorities have analysed restrictive agreements. Specifically, it focuses on how the courts and the authorities have applied the concept of restriction of competition in monopolistic agreement cases. With respect to horizontal cases, one largely unanswered question is whether anticompetitive effects need to be proved even in cartel cases or a proof of the mere existence of the agreement suffices. With respect to vertical cases, there remains much confusion as to the appropriate analytical framework for resale price maintenance (RPM), the per se rule or the Rule of Reason, and whether Article 14 of the AML applies to agreements beyond RPM. This article attempts to shed light on these important questions.


A testing technique has been developed for measuring the tensile properties of ceramic matrix composite laminates at temperatures up to 1500°C in air. Using this technique, the tensile properties of unidirectional silicon carbide (SiC) fiber reinforced reaction bonded silicon nitride (SiC/RBSN) composite specimens were measured at 25, 1300, and 1500°C. The composite consists of nearly 30 vol % of aligned 142 μm, chemically vapor deposited SiC fibers (Textron SCS-6). The specimens used were straight section flat specimens with bonded end tabs. A specially designed gripping system was used to minimize bending moment and assured that failure always occurred in the gage section. The specimen extension was measured using a high-temperature capacitive extensometer. The material displayed metal-like stress-strain behavior at 25, 1300, and 1500°C and failed in a noncatastrophic manner. Final fracture at 25 and 1300°C was always preceded by matrix cracking at approximately 0.10% strain. At 1500°C the material was more ductile than at 1300°C, and there was no definite indication of matrix cracking before final fracture. The mechanical properties of the composite decreased considerably with increasing test temperature. The modulus values at 1300 and 1500°C were 20 and 26% lower than that measured at 25°C. The ultimate strengths were 70% lower. The failure mechanisms in the material were examined by use of the scanning electron microscope. The roles of matrix, fiber, and interfacial cracking were determined by examining the fracture surfaces. Strong fiber bonding was seen at 25 and 1500°C, with cracks running through the fibers, rather than circumventing them. At 1300°C the fiber/matrix interface was weaker, with cracks running both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. Also at 1300°C, the matrix contained many secondary cracks.


This paper engages with the work of Catharine MacKinnon to consider three ways of understanding the phrase "judging women." First, when is it acceptable or necessary to make judgements about what women do? The paper argues that feminist analysis urges compassion and empathy for women, but also highlights the ways that choices are limited and shaped by patriarchy. Thus we cannot and should not avoid all judgment of women's—and men's—choices. Second, when can women engage in the act of judging? It is sometimes claimed that it is anti-feminist to engage in such judgment, and that feminists must above all else avoid being judgmental. The paper rejects this idea and argues instead that feminism should insist on women's right to exercise judgment: women's voices matter. Third, how are we to judge who counts as a woman? MacKinnon's work offers profound, sustained, rich analysis of these questions, but does not fully resolve them.


The modelling of web-based applications can assist in capturing and understanding their behaviour. The development of such applications requires the use of sound methodologies to ensure that the intended and actual behaviour are the same. As a verification technique, model checking can assist in finding design flaws and simplifying the design of a web application, and as a result the design and the security of the web application can be improved. Model checking has the advantage of using an exhaustive search of the state space of a system to determine if the specifications are true or not in a given model. In this thesis we present novel approaches in modelling and verifying web applications' properties to ensure their design correctness and security. Since the actions in web applications rely on both the user input and the server status; we propose an approach for modelling and verifying dynamic navigation properties. The Spin model checker has been used successfully in verifying communication protocols. However, the current version of Spin does not support modelling time. We integrate discrete time in the Spin model to allow the modelling of realistic properties that rely on time constraints and to analyse the sequence of actions and time. Examining the sequence of actions in web applications assists in understanding their behaviour in different scenarios such as navigation errors and in the presence of an intruder. The model checker Uppaal is presented in the literature as an alternative to Spin when modelling real-time systems. We develop models with real time constraints in Uppaal in order to validate the results from the Spin models and to compare the differences between modelling with real time and with discrete time as in Spin. We also compare the complexity and expressiveness of each model checker in verifying web applications' properties. The web application models in our research are developed gradually to ensure their correctness and to manage the complexities of specifying the security and navigation properties. We analyse the compromised model to compare the differences in the sequence of actions and time with the secure model to assist in improving early detections of malicious behaviour in web applications.


In addressing how to evaluate online discussions, this paper will describe several concepts, tools, or frameworks that have been used in evaluations and discuss differences in approach based on instructor purpose, be it research, assessment, or learning. Then several common problems are described, including use of content analysis, identification of latent content, inadequate training of coders, lack of reliability, and choosing the correct unit of analysis. Two examples are provided of coding decisions made on portions of student discussions; these examples use two different frameworks to elucidate the process and its difficulties. Conclusions focus on the importance of following standard good research or assessment practice and preparing for a time-consuming and often frustrating coding process.


The taxonomy of the freshwater crabs of Madagascar is revised and the num ber of genera raised from five to six. Two new genera are erected and one genus is synonymised. Hydrothelphusa is revised with four species: H. agilis A. Milne-Edwards , 1872, H. madagascarien sis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1872), H. bombetokensis (Rathbun, 1904) and H. goudoti (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) n. comb. Malagasya n. gen. is established to accommodate two species, M. antongilensis (Rathbun, 1905) and M. goodmani (Cumberlidge, Boyko & Harvey, 2002); Marojejy Cumberlidge, Boyko & Harvey, 2002 and Madagapotamon Bott, 1965 are recognised as monotypic genera, Skelosophusa remains unchanged, and Boreas n. gen. is established for one species B. uglowi n. sp. The genus Gecarcinautes Bott, I960 is here synonymised with Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 and its former taxa are referred to other genera. All six genera of freshwater crabs found in Madagascar are endemic and all are here referred to the Potamonautidae. A new diagnosis for each of the 12 species is provided, many are redescribed, and most are figured from the type. Keys to the genera and species of the Madagascan freshwater crabs are provided, together with species distribution maps and a gazetteer.


Steven Ratner's The Thin Justice of International Law offers a timely, comprehensive and theoretically rich interdisciplinary theory of international law's relationship with global justice. Ratner argues that the justice of legal norms that constitute our international legal order should be determined according to two criteria: the degree to which they causally bring about international and intrastate peace; and the degree to which they causally bring about a state of affairs in which basic human rights are respected. This Essay explores three features of The Thin Justice of International Law: its commitment to rule consequentialism; its treatment of the state system as a fixed attribute of our international legal order; and its embrace of a political conception of human rights. Its commitment to rule consequentialism leads to the possibility that its two pillars of global justice might give way to more fundamental moral concerns relating to the attainment of human welfare and human flourishing, in which case another pillar — one directly that tests the justice of legal norms in terms of their proximity to human welfare — comprises another dimension to international law's relationship to global justice. Its commitment to state system as a fixed attribute of our international legal order results in a thick conception of a just international legal system. Questions relating to international law's distribution of sovereignty — its origins, the episodic recalibrations to which it is subject, especially during and after times of war, and its distributional consequences remain outside the normative sphere of global justice. One such question concerns the relationship between a system of sovereign states and global economic inequality. Its endorsement of a political conception of human rights does not protect interests from the adverse consequences of the distribution of sovereignty performed by international law in its aspiration to organize global politics into an international legal order. Human rights that speak to mitigate some of these consequences — the right to development in particular — seek to protect interests associated with human welfare and human flourishing in the face of both the distribution and exercise of sovereign power, and thus merit recognition on the list of human rights that a theory should seek to instantiate as a matter of global justice.


Abstract This paper argues that Indian farmers' suicides may fruitfully be described as public deaths. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in the South Indian district of Wayanad (Kerala), it shows that farmers' suicides become 'public deaths' only via the enumerative and statistical practices of the Indian state and their scandalization in the media. The political nature of suicide as public death thus depends entirely on suicide rates and their production by the state itself. But the power of representations complicates the ethnographic critique of statistical knowledge about suicide. In a context like Wayanad, which had been declared a suicide-prone district by the Indian state, public representations of suicides have taken on a life of their own; statistical categories and the media interpretations of these statistics have had a curious feedback—mediated by development encounters—onto the situated meanings of individual suicides. Local interpretations of individual suicides mostly commented on personal failures of the suicide and on the perils of speculative smallholder agriculture. Ethnography of farmers' suicide based on case studies alone, however, would soon encounter limitations equally grave as the limitations of statistical analysis. Not only is the meaning of suicide (intentions, causes, motives) at the actor level off limits for ethnography, but in addition to that the (public) meaning of suicide is co-determined by state practice including statistical accounting.


Subsidence resulting in sinkholes within dissolution mine fields in and around the city of Hutchinson, Kansas, USA (Figure 1) has been reported for more than 90 years. Salt dissolution and the resulting unpredictable upward migration of the dissolution voids can be observed both in proximity to well bores (dissolution mining, brine disposal, and oil wells; seismic shot holes, etc.) and in areas known to experience natural dissolution with no apparent anthropogenic influences. One potential outcome of the upward migration of these long-inactive dissolution voids in the city of Hutchinson is significant structural damage to facilities, infrastructure, or traffic areas. Monitoring the condition of a void's roof is key to determining and managing this risk. Drilling is expensive for this investigative application in part because of the number of potential targets. At a depth of approximately 120 m, most surface geophysical methods have neither the sensitivity nor resolution necessary to detect these voids, mu...


Puckett takes a new look at the relationship between language, society, and economics, by examining how people talk about work in a rural Appalachian community. Through careful analysis of conversations in casual yet commercial contexts, she finds that the construction and maintenance of this discourse is essential to the community's socio-economic relationships. The volume will appeal to linguists, anthropologists, and scholars in communications and Appalachian studies.


We study how migration affects education of girls in Tajikistan—the poorest post-Soviet state and one of the most remittance-dependent economies in the world. Using data from a threewave household panel survey conducted in 2007, 2009, and 2011, we find that the effect of migration on girls' school attendance differs markedly by age. School attendance of young girls (ages 7–11) improves when either parents or sibling migrate, as well as when the household starts receiving remittances. In contrast, school attendance of teenage girls (ages 12–17) falls when siblings migrate, while parental migration and remittances have no effect. Having a grandmother as the head of household after parents (typically fathers) migrate improves school attendance of young and teenage girls, but reduces school attendance of young women (ages 18–22). We also find that in localities where the share of migrants is already high, an increase in the share of migrant households is associated with an increase in the marriage rate. Our results support various channels through which emigration of household members may affect girls' and young women's education: relaxation of budget constraints, increase in household work, change in the head of household, and pressure to marry early. Overall, our study suggests that the net effect of migration on girls' schooling turns from positive to negative with girls' age; this implies that migration may be detrimental to women's empowerment in Tajikistan and casts doubts on whether migration is an appropriate long-term development strategy for this country.


Fifty years following the first U.S. Surgeon General's Report on Smoking there have been significant decreases in national prevalence of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. However, tobacco use and exposure remains a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Community strategies, such as voluntary and legislative smoke-free policies, have been effective tools for protecting the health of people exposed to smoke in public and private spaces. To date these strategies have been less successful at protecting children and others in private homes. Biological evidence suggests that more than fifty percent of children are exposed to toxic and hazardous secondhand smoke, primarily at home, with a disproportionate amount of exposure among children in low-income families. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has prioritized reduction of children's exposure to secondhand smoke by identifying it as a leading health indicator and creating a specific Healthy People 2020 objective to address this problem. There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke and home-based interventions to protect children from secondhand smoke are needed. The present n-of-1 clinical trial investigated a real-time intervention to reduce secondhand smoke exposure among young children. A total of 14 families with at least one smoker and one child under the age of five living in the home were recruited. The single case design with repeated measures and group design each provided enough power to detect statistically significant negative differences in cumulative daily geometric mean particle counts and cumulative hours of particle counts above 60[mu]g/m3 in experimental homes using visual analyses, generalized additive models, and multi-levels models with fixed effects. Urine cotinine was positivity and strongly correlated with average log mean particle counts and thus a marker of SHSe. Real-time and delayed real-time feedback resulted in overall and individual home decreases in daily geometric mean fine particle counts thus improving household air quality including probable SHSe reduction


Pulmonary magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been put forward as a new research and diagnostic tool mainly to overcome the limitations of computed tomography and nuclear medicine studies. However, pulmonary MR imaging has been difficult to use because of inherently low proton density, a multitude of air-tissue interfaces, which create significant magnetic field distortions and are commonly referred to as susceptibility artifacts; diminishing signal in the lung; and respiratory and/or cardiac motion artifacts. To overcome these drawbacks of pulmonary MR imaging, technical advances made during the last decade in sequencing, scanner and coil, adaptation of parallel imaging techniques, and utilization of contrast media have been reported as being useful for functional and morphologic assessment of various pulmonary diseases including airway diseases. This review article covers (1) pulmonary MR techniques for morphologic and functional assessment of airway diseases, and (2) pulmonary MR imaging for cystic fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary MR imaging provides not only morphology-related but also pulmonary function-related information. It has the potential to replace nuclear medicine studies for the identification of regional pulmonary function and may perform a complementary role in airway disease assessment instead of nuclear medicine study. We believe that the findings of further basic studies as well as clinical applications of this new technique will validate the real significance of pulmonary MR imaging for the future of airway disease assessment and its usefulness for diagnostic radiology and pulmonary medicine.


We examine the relationship between women's representation on corporate boards and fraud. Drawing on a discussion of existing studies, we hypothesise that increasing women's representation on boards can help mitigate fraud. We provide validation to our conjecture through an empirical analysis of 128 publicly listed companies in Australia. We show that the increase in women's representation on company boards is associated with a decreased probability of fraud. We demonstrate the consistency of this result across different robustness checks. We believe that our findings could be of interest to policy makers interested in enhancing board governance and monitoring.


We propose a very simple, and well principled way of computing the optimal step size in gradient descent algorithms. The on-line version is very efficient computationally, and is applicable to large backpropagation networks trained on large data sets. The main ingredient is a technique for estimating the principal eigenvalue(s) and eigenvector(s) of the objective function's second derivative matrix (Hessian), which does not require to even calculate the Hessian. Several other applications of this technique are proposed for speeding up learning, or for eliminating useless parameters.


Abstract Hypnosis is known to be effective in the treatment of pediatric pain. To better understand which strategies might be most useful, more knowledge is needed regarding the strategies that are actually used by experienced clinicians and the factors that influence their use. To address this knowledge gap, 35 health care professionals completed an online survey on the use of hypnosis in the management of pediatric chronic pain. The findings indicate that clinicians vary their use of hypnotic strategies primarily as a function of a patient's age but not as a function of theoretical orientation or amount of experience. The findings may be useful for guiding clinicians in their selection of strategies and suggestions when working with children with pain.


The use of a single off-axis holographic lens for Fourier transformation results in phase errors that degrade its performance. A configuration of two identical off-axis holographic elements is proposed for performing Fourier transformation without phase errors. Such a configuration can be readily folded to form a compact and cascadable element that can be conveniently incorporated into optical correlators. The grating functions of the holographic elements needed for performing the desired transformation were used to record the planar configuration, which was then experimentally evaluated. The results reveal that phase errors were indeed eliminated, in close agreement with the calculations.


Semi-Active suspension systems aim to improve the stability and comfort of vehicles. Although, they offer better performance than passive suspensions, the actuators such as magneto-rheological dampers are more susceptible to failure. Oil leakage is the most common fault, and its effect is a reduction of the damping force. The estimation of suspension faults can be used with a Fault Tolerant Control system to prevent handling and comfort deterioration. However, fault estimation schemes introduce additional challenges due to the damper non-linear dynamics and the strong influence of the disturbances (i.e the road profile). One of the first obstacles for appropriate damper fault detection is the modeling of the fault, which has been shown to be of multiplicative nature. However, many of the most widespread fault detection schemes consider additive faults due to mathematical convenience. Two model-based fault estimation schemes for semi-active dampers are proposed: an observer-based approach, which is intended to estimate additive faults; and a parameter identification approach, which is intended to estimate multiplicative faults. The performance of these schemes is validated and compared through simulations using a commercial vehicle model. Early results shows that a parameter identification approach is more accurate in fault estimation, whereas an observer-based approach is less sensible to parametric uncertainty.


From debates on Capitol Hill to the popular media, Mexican immigrants are the subject of widespread controversy. By 2003, their growing numbers accounted for 28.3 percent of all foreign-born inhabitants of the United States. Mexican Immigration to the United States analyzes the astonishing economic impact of this historically unprecedented exodus. Why do Mexican immigrants gain citizenship and employment at a slower rate than non-Mexicans? Does their migration to the U.S. adversely affect the working conditions of lower-skilled workers already residing there? And how rapid is the intergenerational mobility among Mexican immigrant families? This authoritative volume provides a historical context for Mexican immigration to the U.S. and reports new findings on an immigrant influx whose size and character will force us to rethink economic policy for decades to come. Mexican Immigration to the United States will be necessary reading for anyone concerned about social conditions and economic opportunities in both countries.


As society increasingly relies on digitally stored and accessed information, supporting the availability, integrity and confidentiality of this information is crucial. We need systems in which users can securely store critical information, ensuring that it persists, is continuously accessible, cannot be destroyed and is kept confidential. A survivable storage system would provide these guarantees over time and despite malicious compromises of storage node subsets. The PASIS architecture flexibly and efficiently combines proven technologies (decentralized storage system technologies, data redundancy and encoding, and dynamic self-maintenance) for constructing information storage systems whose availability, confidentiality and integrity policies can survive component failures and malicious attacks.


We prove sharp pointwise t−3 decay for scalar linear perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole without symmetry assumptions on the data. We also consider electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations for which we obtain decay rates t−4, and t−6, respectively. We proceed by decomposition into angular momentum l and summation of the decay estimates on the Regge-Wheeler equation for fixed l. We encounter a dichotomy: the decay law in time is entirely determined by the asymptotic behavior of the Regge-Wheeler potential in the far field, whereas the growth of the constants in l is dictated by the behavior of the Regge-Wheeler potential in a small neighborhood around its maximum. In other words, the tails are controlled by small energies, whereas the number of angular derivatives needed on the data is determined by energies close to the top of the Regge-Wheeler potential. This dichotomy corresponds to the well-known principle that for initial times the decay reflects the presence of complex resonances generated by the potential maximum, whereas for later times the tails are determined by the far field. However, we do not invoke complex resonances at all, but rely instead on semiclassical Sigal-Soffer type propagation estimates based on a Mourre bound near the top energy.


A new type of multiferroic polymer nanocomposite is presented, which exhibits excellent ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously at room temperature. The multiferroic nanocomposite consists of a ferroelectric copolymer poly(vinylindene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] and high aspect ratio ferromagnetic nickel (Ni) nanowires (NWs), which were grown inside anodic aluminum oxide membranes. The fabrication of nanocomposite films with Ni NWs embedded in P(VDF-TrFE) has been successfully carried out via a simple low-temperature spin-coating technique. Structural, ferromagnetic, and ferroelectric properties of the developed nanocomposite have been investigated. The remanent and saturation polarization as well as the coercive field of the ferroelectric phase are slightly affected by the incorporation of the NWs as well as the thickness of the films. While the former two decrease, the last increases by adding the NWs or increasing the thickness. The ferromagnetic properties of the nanocomposite films are found to be isotropic.


Research shows that undergraduate students struggle with the initial stage of the research process, mainly identifying and defining a topic. Little current research addresses how undergraduates engage in this process, including how and where they seek help. The results of focus groups indicate that students have individual and varied methods for topic selection, but that many of them choose topics based on their perception of a few major characteristics, mainly perceived ease, pleasing the instructor/following the assignment, personal relatability and/or interest, and the ability to locate sufficient resources to research a topic. Many students identified their instructor as a person to ask for assistance, but fewer recognized a librarian's role in this process. This article identifies how embedded librarians might better assist students with this difficult piece of the research process.


This publication presents an overview of the aggregate shortage of the dental labour force and considers the policy directions to close the supply-demand gap. While both short-term and long-term directions are presented, the focus is on longer term directions for Australia to develop a sustainable self-sufficiency in its dental labour force.


In the context of the ongoing debate on land acquisition in India and its relationship to development, this article presents an in-depth investigation of the characteristics of special economic zones (SEZs) in India. This includes the nature of exports and economic activity, their use of land and their location. It finds that a large majority of the SEZs are less than 1 sq. km, their exports focused on the information technology/information-technology-enabled service (IT/ITES) sector and refined petroleum, and located in a limited number of relatively advanced districts in a few states. Further, it is not the new SEZs, but the seven erstwhile EPZs and the 12 SEZs established between 2000 and 2005, which account for 90 per cent of the manufacturing exports from SEZs. Crucially, SEZs occupying 3 per cent of the land are responsible for 81 per cent of the total non-petroleum exports from SEZs. The nature of governance in these SEZs, which are also often seen as incipient urban settlements, is tenuous and non-representative. The article concludes with a discussion on the nexus of land, development and urbanization. It argues that the resistance to land acquisition is related to both acquisition processes and the relative costs and benefits of recent development initiatives, of which SEZs are an integral part.


Aims. We present an inversion method based on Bayesian analysis to constrain the interior structure of terrestrial exoplanets, in the form of chemical composition of the mantle and core size. Specifically, we identify what parts of the interior structure of terrestrial exoplanets can be determined from observations of mass, radius, and stellar elemental abundances. Methods. We perform a full probabilistic inverse analysis to formally account for observational and model uncertainties and obtain confidence regions of interior structure models. This enables us to characterize how model variability depends on data and associated uncertainties. Results. We test our method on terrestrial solar system planets and find that our model predictions are consistent with independent estimates. Furthermore, we apply our method to synthetic exoplanets up to 10 Earth masses and up to 1.7 Earth radii, and to exoplanet Kepler-36b. Importantly, the inversion strategy proposed here provides a framework for understanding the level of precision required to characterize the interior of exoplanets. Conclusions. Our main conclusions are (1) observations of mass and radius are sufficient to constrain core size; (2) stellar elemental abundances (Fe, Si, Mg) are principal constraints to reduce degeneracy in interior structure models and to constrain mantle composition; (3) the inherent degeneracy in determining interior structure from mass and radius observations does not only depend on measurement accuracies, but also on the actual size and density of the exoplanet. We argue that precise observations of stellar elemental abundances are central in order to place constraints on planetary bulk composition and to reduce model degeneracy. We provide a general methodology of analyzing interior structures of exoplanets that may help to understand how interior models are distributed among star systems. The methodology we propose is sufficiently general to allow its future extension to more complex internal structures including hydrogen- and water-rich exoplanets.


Background Hearing impairment is common in later life and associated with morbidity. However few population-based studies have investigated the impact of hearing impairment on frailty in older adults. We examined the association between hearing impairment and the risk of incident frailty over 4 years. Methods 2836 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing were followed up from 2004 (baseline) to 2008. Hearing impairment was defined as reporting poor self-experienced hearing. Frailty was defined using the Fried Phenotype based on self-reported questionnaires and nurse assessments. A score of 0 out of 5 frailty components (slow walking gait speed, grip strength, self-reported exhaustion, weight loss and low physical activity) was defined as having no prevalent frailty, 1–2 pre-frailty and ≥3 was defined as being frail. Participants without prevalent frailty at baseline were followed up for pre-frailty and frailty, and participants who were pre-frail at baseline were followed up for subsequent frailty. Results At follow-up, there were 367 new cases of pre-frailty and frailty among those without prevalent frailty at baseline (n = 1396), and 133 new cases of frailty among those who were pre-frail at baseline (n = 1178). Compared to participants with no prevalent frailty at baseline who reported good hearing, participants with no prevalent frailty who reported poor hearing had an increased risk of becoming pre-frail at follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05–1.95). However the association was attenuated after further adjustment for wealth and education. Compared to pre-frail participants with good hearing, pre-frail participants with poor hearing were associated with an increased risk of becoming frail at follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.07–2.51) and the association remained after further adjustment for wealth, education, CVD, cognitive function and depression. Conclusion Older adults with pre-frailty who experience poor hearing have an increased risk of becoming frail over 4 years. In contrast, those with no prevalent frailty who experienced poor hearing did not have an increased risk of becoming pre-frail or frail. This suggests that hearing impairment in older adults may be a particular problem in those who are starting to experience other health and functional concerns. Identifying and actively managing hearing impairment in pre-frail older adults may have potential to delay the development of frailty. Further research is warranted on the possible mechanisms of frailty in hearing impaired older adults.


Most agree that when it comes to so-called 'first-order' normative ethics and political philosophy, constructivist views are a powerful family of positions. When it comes to metaethics, however, there is serious disagreement about what, if anything, constructivism has to contribute. In this paper I argue that constructivist views in ethics include not just a family of substantive normative positions, but also a distinct and highly attractive metaethical view. I argue that the widely accepted 'proceduralist characterization' of constructivism in ethics is inadequate, and I propose what I call the 'practical standpoint characterization' in its place. I then offer a general taxonomy of constructivist positions in ethics. Since constructivism's standing as a family of substantive normative positions is relatively uncontested, I devote the remainder of the paper to addressing skeptics' worries about the distinctiveness of constructivism understood as a metaethical view. I compare and contrast constructivism with three other standard metaethical positions with which it is often confused or mistakenly thought to be compatible: realism; naturalist reductions in terms of an ideal response; and expressivism. In discussing the contrast with expressivism, I explain the sense in which, according to the constructivist, the distinction between substantive normative ethics and metaethics breaks down. I conclude by distinguishing between two importantly different debates about the mind-dependence of value. I argue that a failure to make this distinction is part of what explains why the possibility of constructivism as a metaethical view is often overlooked.


The implementation of the United States military surge in Iraq coincided with a significant reduction in ethnic violence. Two explanations have been proposed for this result: The first is that the troop surge worked by increasing counterinsurgent capacity, whereas the second argument is that ethnic unmixing and the establishment of relatively homogenous enclaves were responsible for declining violence in Baghdad through reducing contact. We address this question using an agent-based model that is built on GIS-coded data on violence and ethnic composition in Baghdad. While we cannot fully resolve the debate about the effectiveness of the surge, our model shows that patterns of violence and segregation in Baghdad are consistent with a simple mechanism of ethnically motivated attacks and subsequent migration. Our modeling exercise also informs current debates about the effectiveness of counterinsurgency operations. We implement a simple policing mechanism in our model and show that even small levels of policing can dramatically mitigate subsequent levels of violence. However, our results also show that the timing of these efforts is crucial; early responses to ethnic violence are highly effective, but quickly lose impact as their implementation is delayed.


This conversation is about research highlighted in Editors' Choice titled "Looking After Polysialic Acid". The highlighted article is G. Di Cristo, B. Chattopadhyaya, S. J. Kuhlman, Y. Fu, M.-C. Bélanger, C. Z. Wu, U. Rutishauser, L. Maffei, Z. J. Huang, Activity-dependent PSA expression regulates inhibitory maturation and onset of critical period plasticity. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1569-1577 (2007). (Length: 9 min; file size: 4.22 MB; file format: mp3; location: http://stke.sciencemag.org/rss/podcast.xml)


BACKGROUND
To lessen anastomotic stricture after biliary-enteric anastomosis, we developed a new biliary-enteric anastomosis that uses a single layer of interrupted serosubmucosal sutures without T-tube drainage.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and reliability of this new technique in a canine model of choledochoduodenostomy.

METHODS
In 10 beagles, the common bile duct (2 to 3 mm in diameter) was ligated close to the duodenum with 3-0 polyglactin. On the fifth day after operation, the serum bilirubin level was elevated (137 to 205 mumol/L [8 to 12 mg/dL]) and the bile duct was dilated. The anastomosis between serosubmucosal layers of the dilated bile duct (8 to 10 mm in diameter) and duodenum was accomplished with interrupted sutures of 6-0 polyglactin with two needles. Stitches were inserted in the submucosal plane at the cut edge of the duct and duodenum to appose the mucosa accurately and to avoid accidental perforation of the entire thickness of the duct and duodenum. A T tube was not placed.

RESULTS
There was no anastomotic leakage and the bilirubin level was normalized (14 to 17 mumol/L [0.8 to 1.0 mg/dL]) 7 days after operation for anastomosis. Histologic examination of specimens removed 6 or 12 months after operation showed good connective-tissue union and good mucosal continuity between the bile duct and the duodenum. There was no mucosal scarring and contracture or stricture formation.

CONCLUSION
This new technique is simple and reliable and is recommended as an alternative method for restoring the continuity between the bile duct and intestinal tract after operation for obstructive jaundice caused by benign and malignant stricture of the bile duct.


Visual overviews of tables of numerical and categorical data have been proposed for tables with a single value per cell. In this paper we address the problem of exploring tables including columns consisting of distributions, e.g. the distributions of movie ratings or trust ratings in recommender systems, age distributions in demographic data, usage distributions in logs of telephone calls etc. We propose a novel way of displaying and interacting with distribution data, and present the results of a usability study that demonstrates the benefits of the interface in providing an overview of the data and facilitating the discovery of interesting clusters, patterns, outliers and relationships between columns.


We develop an acceptance sampling approach for surveillance of the emerald ash borer (EAB), a harmful forest pest, in Winnipeg, Canada. We compare sampling strategies computed with two different management objectives. The first objective maximizes the expected area with detected infestations and the second objective minimizes the expected number of undetected infested trees in sites that were not inspected or where inspection did not find an infestation. The choice of the management objective influences the survey strategy: achieving the first objective involves selecting sites with high infestation rates proximal to the infested area, whereas the second objective requires inspecting sites with both high infestation rates and high host densities. Adding uncertainty prescribes inspecting a larger area with lower sampling rates and extending the surveys to farther distances from the infested locations. If a decision maker wants to minimize the worst-case damage from failed detections, the optimal strategy is to survey more sites with high host densities at farther distances, where EAB arrivals could cause significant damage if not detected quickly. Accounting for the uncertainty addresses possible variation in infestation rates and helps develop a more diversified survey strategy. The approach is generalizable and can support survey programmes for new pest incursions.


In 1978, fourteen-year-old technology prodigy V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai invented email. From there, he would go on to manage email for the Clinton administration and create email-sorting software that would be used by some of the largest companies in the world, including Nike, AT&T, Toyota, and JC Penny. He discovered that incoming emails offered countless opportunities to mine data and solidify relationships with citizens and customersopportunities of which organizations everywhere were failing to take advantage.Through a series of case studies, this fascinating book demonstrates how organizations of all types and sizes can realize the infinite potential of email to strengthen their brands and reach their audiences in incredibly creative ways. From facilitating more effective and courteous customer service to mining useful information about their clients, from averting disaster by catching product defects early to understanding and managing their public image, companies will discover new and innovative uses for the contents of their inboxes.Dont miss another opportunity to connect with your clients. Let one of the great innovators of our time show you how to transform your [email protected] email account into a goldmine.