Exploring prospective materials for efficient energy production and storage is a big challenge in this century. Numerous research groups working in this field focus on novel materials for such applications and this is reflected in the large number of articles on the topic. At the same time, there has recently been increasing interest in fabricating entirely new types of devices and even exploring new physics, by structuring matter at the nanoscale. Nanostructured materials are acknowledged as viable materials to effectively replace conventional energy materials in such energy applications. Among these nanostructured materials, in this review article we focus on perovskite nanomaterials, such as perovskite oxides and halide perovskites, utilized in high performance energy technologies, including photovoltaics, supercapacitors and batteries. The various approaches used for the fabrication of perovskite nanostructures with centrosymmetric or non-centrosymmetric morphologies are particularly reviewed, while the impact of the structure, morphology, and composition on energy device performance is extensively discussed.


Management practitioners and students have always been interested and concerned about human resource behaviour in the organizations. Ideally, there should have been a positive correlation between accumulated knowledge from higher institutions and improved human resource behaviour in the organizations but this has not been so yet. Despite all the accumulated knowledge on behaviour, human problems have continued to pose a major challenge confronting organizations. Axiomatically, graduates turned out from Higher Institutions should be knowledgeable enough to carry the future organization to the next level. However, in a situation where the students have difficulty in their studies, they might turn out to be 'half baked' students who will not be able to have the adequate competences to give the organization of the future the competitive edge they need to succeed. The state of mental health of any student is vital in pursuance of excellent academic career. The co-occurrence of study difficulty, psychoactive substance use/abuse and psychiatric morbidity termed ('The Triad') in students definitely would have detrimental effects on their mental health.  The three pronged negative impact of' "The Triad" on mental health of the university students had led to school dropouts, and extra  years of studying in the university, with  the attendant economic burden and social consequences on their families and the society at large. The objective of this study is to provide information on the extent of the co-occurrence of study difficulty, psychoactive substance use and psychiatric morbidity among students in our universities and how it might after organizational competence and competitive edge in the future. Also, the study seeks to provide insight that may be useful in enhancing students' academic performance, reduction of psychoactive substance use/abuse among students and, the development of mental health hygiene conducive to academic work among students Key words : study difficulty, psychoactive substance use/abuse, psychiatric morbidity, organization of the future, TRIAD


This paper investigates three different technologies for solving a planning and scheduling problem of deploying multiple robots in a retirement home environment to assist elderly residents. The models proposed make use of standard techniques and solvers developed in AI planning and scheduling, with two primary motivations. First, to find a planning and scheduling solution that we can deploy in our real-world application. Second, to evaluate planning and scheduling technology in terms of the ``model-and-solve'' functionality that forms a major research goal in both domain-independent planning and constraint programming. Seven variations of our application are studied using the following three technologies: PDDL-based planning, time-line planning and scheduling, and constraint-based scheduling. The variations address specific aspects of the problem that we believe can impact the performance of the technologies while also representing reasonable abstractions of the real world application. We evaluate the capabilities of each technology and conclude that a constraint-based scheduling approach, specifically a decomposition using constraint programming, provides the most promising results for our application. PDDL-based planning is able to find mostly low quality solutions while the timeline approach was unable to model the full problem without alterations to the solver code, thus moving away from the model-and-solve paradigm. It would be misleading to conclude that constraint programming is ``better'' than PDDL-based planning in a general sense, both because we have examined a single application and because the approaches make different assumptions about the knowledge one is allowed to embed in a model. Nonetheless, we believe our investigation is valuable for AI planning and scheduling researchers as it highlights these different modelling assumptions and provides insight into avenues for the application of AI planning and scheduling for similar robotics problems. In particular, as constraint programming has not been widely applied to robot planning and scheduling in the literature, our results suggest significant untapped potential in doing so.


Abstract Background: The realization of fair access to health services is one of the essential goals of health systems. The regular monitoring of access is often consider as a weak component in many countries around the world. Objective: This study aimed to compare the availability of health services in Qazvin, Zanjan and Alborz provinces using service availability and readiness assessment model (SARA). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Qazvin, Zanjan and Alborz provinces in 2012. The questionnaire using components available in the SARA reference book has been prepared and further localized for our country. This questionnaire contains three main components including infrastructure, core health personnel and service utilization. The data is obtained from the ministry of health and statistics center of Iran. Findings: Availability of health service in Qazvin, Zanjan and Alborz province showed favorable situation (115, 167 and 59% respectively), infrastructure (383, 264 and 163% respectively), core health personnel (307, 223 and 96% respectively) and the outpatient utilization (24, 18 and 14% respectively) and in patient utilization (108, 44 and 72% respectively) in compare to SARA model. Conclusion: The results showed that the availability of health services in Zanjan is more qualificated than Qazvin and Alborz, so that Qazvin and Alborz should allocate more costs to provision of health services in both provinces.


The key problem of agriculture in Poland is the excessive employment in this sector. Activation of necessary structural changes is connected, inter alia, with limiting the population of persons employed in individual holdings. That is why an evaluation of changes in the professional activity of farming population and employment in family farms. The scale of unemployment among farming population constitutes an important element of the paper, especially hidden unemployment not only for social reasons, but also from the methodological point of view. Therefore the paper presents not only the scale of hidden unemployment, but also ways of estimating the range and impact of the phenomenon. The paper makes use mainly of the results of long-term field research of the IAFE-NRI conducted in the same 76 villages, in all individual farms located in these villages. It has been established that market processes of restructuring the economy have lead to the need to rationalise employment, and in consequence, to the regress of labour needs. Negative effects of these tendencies in individual farming include mainly ineffective employment and structural unemployment. These negative effects have gradually subsided as the processes of the adjustment of the economy to the requirements of a competitive market progressed and as the labour market changed for better. Still, despite the relatively high diversification of professional activity of farming population and rationalisation of employment in agricultural holdings, this segment is still characterised by excessive employment and high scale of unused labour resources (17% rate of unnecessary workers).


Bilingualism is the philosophy of choice for deaf education and literacy: deaf children should learn Sign Language for intellectual development, and the written form of the oral language. Unfortunately, educators are still influenced by the clinical view of deafness as a deficiency to be removed, and that view influences their pedagogical praxis that lack proper pedagogical tools. Additionally, there has been a political setback: special schools for the deaf in Brazil are being closed. Mainstream schools are not able to cope with the demands and the deaf are thus further marginalized. This research presents a pedagogical framework that educators have used successfully to prepare classroom-teaching materials. The framework was implemented into a system that guides educators in the design of Learning Objects.


The standard model of optimal growth, interpreted as a model of a market economy with infinitely long-lived agents, does not allow separation of the savings decisions of agents from the investment decisions of firms. Investment is essentially passive: the "one good" assumption leads to a perfectly elastic investment supply; the absence of installation costs for investment leads to a perfectly elastic investment demand. On the other hand, the standard model of temporary equilibrium used in macroeconomics characterizes both the savings-consumption decision and the investment decision, or, equivalently, derives a well-behaved aggregate demand which, in equilibrium, must be equal to aggregate supply. Often, however, we want to study the movement of the temporary equilibrium over time in response to a particular shock or policy. The discrepancy between the treatment of investment in the two models makes imbedding the temporary equilibrium model in the growth model difficult. This paper characterizes the dynamic behavior of the optimal growth model with adjustment costs. It shows the similarity between the temporary equilibrium of the corresponding market economy and the short-run equilibrium of standard macroeconomic models: consumption depends on wealth, investment on Tobin's q. Equilibrium is maintained by the endogenous adjustment of the term structure of interest rates. It then shows how the equivalence can be used to study the dynamic effects of policies; it considers various fiscal policies and exploits their equivalence to technological shifts in the optimal growth problem.


This paper, the second of two parts, presents an experimental investigation of the unsteady flow field evolving in a two-stage two-spool test turbine facility. The experimental setup, which was designed to reproduce the operating condition of modern commercial aero-engines, consists of a high-pressure turbine (HPT) stage followed by a turbine center frame (TCF) with non-turning struts, and a co-rotating low-pressure turbine (LPT) stage.
 Measurements carried out with a fast-response aerodynamic pressure probe (FRAPP) were post-processed to describe the unsteady evolution of the flow downstream of the HPT rotor, through the TCF duct, and at the exit of the LPT stage. The time-resolved results presented in the first part of this paper show that deterministic fluctuations due to both rotors characterize the flow field downstream of the LPT. In order to characterize the deterministic unsteadiness induced by all the components constituting the turbine facility (HPT, TCF and LPT) and their interactions, measurements were carried out in three different planes located downstream of the HPT, at the exit of the TCF and downstream of the LPT stage. The unsteady results obtained in the plane located at the exit of the LPT are discussed in more details in this second part of this paper, providing information about the interactions between the two rotors.
 A proper phase-average procedure, known as rotor synchronic averaging (RSA), which takes into account the rotorrotor interaction, was adopted to capture the unsteadiness due to both rotors. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was also applied to provide a characterization of the major contributors in terms of energy to the deterministic unsteadiness occurring in the test turbine facility. At the exit of the LPT rotor, the perturbations induced by the HPT stage and the interactions between the two rotors were found to dominate over the unsteadiness due to the LPT only.


Explore the mysteries of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with SAS with an applied and user-friendly approach. Exploratory Factor Analysis with SAS focuses solely on EFA, presenting a thorough and modern treatise on the different options, in accessible language targeted to the practicing statistician or researcher. This book provides real-world examples using real data, guidance for implementing best practices in the context of SAS, interpretation of results for end users, and it provides resources on the books author page. Faculty teaching with this book can utilize these resources for their classes, and individual users can learn at their own pace, reinforcing their comprehension as they go. Exploratory Factor Analysis with SAS reviews each of the major steps in EFA: data cleaning, extraction, rotation, interpretation, and replication. The last step, replication, is discussed less frequently in the context of EFA but, as we show, the results are of considerable use. Finally, two other practices that are commonly applied in EFA, estimation of factor scores and higher-order factors, are reviewed. Best practices are highlighted throughout the chapters. A rudimentary working knowledge of SAS is required but no familiarity with EFA or with the SAS routines that are related to EFA is assumed. Using SAS University Edition? You can use the code and data sets provided with this book. This helpful link will get you started: http://support.sas.com/publishing/import_ue.data.html


A new sequential data assimilation method is discussed. It is based on forecasting the error statistics using Monte Carlo methods, a better alternative than solving the traditional and computationally extremely demanding approximate error covariance equation used in the extended Kalman filter. The unbounded error growth found in the extended Kalman filter, which is caused by an overly simplified closure in the error covariance equation, is completely eliminated. Open boundaries can be handled as long as the ocean model is well posed. Well-known numerical instabilities associated with the error covariance equation are avoided because storage and evolution of the error covariance matrix itself are not needed. The results are also better than what is provided by the extended Kalman filter since there is no closure problem and the quality of the forecast error statistics therefore improves. The method should be feasible also for more sophisticated primitive equation models. The computational load for reasonable accuracy is only a fraction of what is required for the extended Kalman filter and is given by the storage of, say, 100 model states for an ensemble size of 100 and thus CPU requirements of the order of the cost of 100 model integrations. The proposed method can therefore be used with realistic nonlinear ocean models on large domains on existing computers, and it is also well suited for parallel computers and clusters of workstations where each processor integrates a few members of the ensemble.


Trace Explosive Sensor Devices Based on Semiconductor Nanomaterials Danling Wang Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Lih Y. Lin Department of Electrical Engineering This dissertation discusses an explosive sensing device based on semiconductor nanomaterials. Here, we mainly focus on two kinds of materials: titanium dioxide nanowires and silicon nanowires to detect explosive trace vapor. Herein, methods for the synthesis, fabrication, design of nanostructured sensing materials using low-cost hydrothermal process are present. In addition, the nanomaterials have been systemically tested on different explosive. The first part of dissertation is focused on the fabrication of TiO2(B) dominant nanowires and testing the response to explosives. It was found that the high porous TiO2(B) nanowires when mixed anatase TiO2, exhibit a very fast and highly sensitive response to nitro-containing explosives. The second part of dissertation has studied the basic sensing mechanism of TiO2(B) nanowire sensor to detect explosives. It shows the specific surface characteristics of TiO2 responsible for the nitrocontaining explosives. This information is then used to propose a method using UV illumination to reduce the effect of water vapor on TiO2(B) nanowires. The third part discussed an explosive sensor based on silicon nanowires. We analyzed the mechanism of silicon nanowires to detect nitro-related explosive compounds. In order to further investigate the sensing mechanism of TiO2, the fourth part of dissertation studies the effect on sensor performance by using different crystal phases of TiO2, different microstructure of TiO2, surface modification of TiO2, and different kinds of nanostructured semiconductors such as ZnO nanowires, TiO2 coated ZnO nanowires, V2O5 nanowires, and CdS nanowires to detect explosives. It is found that only TiO2 related semiconductor shows good response to explosives.


SCOPE
This study explored the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of black rice anthocyanin extract (BRAE) on cholesterol metabolism and gut dysbiosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS
C57BL/6J mice were grouped into the normal chow diet group (NCD), the high-fat and cholesterol diet group (HCD), and three treatment groups feeding HCD supplemented with various dosage of BRAE (BAL, BAM, BAH) for 12 weeks. Results revealed that BRAE alleviated the increased body weight, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels, and increased fecal sterols excretion and caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration in HCD-induced hypercholesterolemic mice. Moreover, BRAE decreased hepatic TC content through elevated hepatic AMPKα, LXRα, CYP7A1 and decreased FXR, SHP, HMGCOA-R mRNA levels. Meanwhile, BRAE depressed NPC1L1, ACAT2, MTTP, and preserved CYP7A1, ABCG5/8 mRNA expression, and the relative abundance of gut microbiota. Additionally, the antibiotic treatment experiment indicated that the beneficial effects of BRAE in reducing hypocholesterolemia risk largely depended on the gut microbiota homeostasis (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus).

CONCLUSION
BRAE supplement could be a beneficial treatment option for preventing HCD-induced hypocholesterolemia and related metabolic syndromes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


So you consider yourself a fan of basketball. You have a favorite college team and player as well as a favorite professional team and player. You've been to tons of professional and college basketball games in your lifetime, but have you ever stopped to notice the differences between the two? For example, why do college players foul out of the game after five fouls and pros after six? If a professional player behaves in a negative manner, he gets a fine. If a college player does the same, there's no fine, he gets suspended. Are the punishments equal? If you think hard enough, you'll come up with some things that you never took the time to notice before. Here is one question that I've been wondering for a while. Why are some coaches always so active, excited and in-your-face, while others rarely leave their seat on the bench? What's the difference between the two and does it really matter if a coach is animated or calm and laid back? The following study will investigate these questions and uncover some of the factors leading to a coach's behavior, choices, communication style and leadership. Peters and Austin (1985 p. 326) had this to say about coaching: "Coaching is face-to-face leadership that pulls together people with diverse backgrounds, talents, experiences and interests, encourages them to step up to responsibility and continued achievement, and treats them as full-scale partners and contributors. Coaching is not about memorizing techniques or devising the perfect game plan. It is about really paying attention to people ---really believing them, really caring about them, really involving them." Comm., Leadership & Basketball 3


WHO has recommended the treatment of malaria with Artemisia annua L. in combination with another drug called Artemisinin Combination based Therapy (ACT), to overcome multiple drug resistance malaria. Artemisinin is very effective against P falciparum . Artemisinin has problems like short plasma half-life, limitation of bioavailability, less solubility in both oil and water and it is obtained in small amounts from natural sources. This research aims to study the effectiveness of a drug in-silico with docking approach and in-vitro antimalarial test against hemin bioavailibilitas. Due to the chemical structures, physical-chemical properties, chemical reactivity and the ability of drugs to interact with the receptor depends on the electronic structure, composition and interactions of all electrons with molecules. From this study, interaction between hemin with antimalarial in-silico by docking approach indicates that artemisinin derivatives group artesunat (ARTS) has the lowest binding energy compared with other derivatives, and also the level of hydrogen bonding. The interaction of hemin with antimalarial through UV-Vis test showed that at a wavelength of 400 nm, ARTS has a lower free energy of interaction compared with other ligands artemether (ARTE) and artemisinin (ARTM). Analysis interactions of artemisinin compounds or their derivatives with hemin in in-vitro by spectrophotometric method are consistent with molecular mechanical calculations using molecular docking. This indicates that the interaction artesunat has a lower free energy compared with other ligands artemether and artemisinin (Arte and ARTM). The existence of a significant interaction between hemin with antimalarial artemisinin derivatives showed no different between in-silico and UV-Vis identification. Keywords : Artemisinin; In-silico (docking); Hemin; Antimalarial; In-vitro


Under the World Trade Organization (WTO) legal framework, when a violation is deemed to occur, Members have recourse to a quasi-automatic dispute settlement system. If the breach persists after the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) has adopted a ruling, Members hurt by the illegal measures can be authorized to retaliate against the scofflaw Member. Rights and obligations are, thus, centrally enforced within the WTO. The object of this article is the decentralized enforcement of WTO law, and more precisely of DSB rulings through the ECJ. The aim is to explore whether it is in the Community (EC) as well as in the WTO's interests to ensure that these acts are enforced before the Luxembourg Courts. Notoriously, the European Courts have been resistant to Community enforcement of DSB' rulings. Unlike many legal commentators that have criticized the European Courts, we conclude that the approach of the Courts is justified both from a purely legal standpoint and from a Law and Economics perspective. In relation to the latter, we develop a theoretical framework, building on Calabresi and Melamed's 'Cathedral', and show that the Community enforcement of DSB's decisions bears costs that outweigh the benefits.


A series of well-defined diblock copolymers consisting of 2-(N-carbazolyl)ethyl methacrylate (CbzEMA) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA) (CbzEMAx-b-HFBMAy) was synthesized by Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization. All polymers were characterized in terms of molecular weights, molecular weight distributions and chemical compositions using Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The thermal properties (glass transition and decomposition temperatures) of the CbzEMAx and HFBMAx homopolymers and the CbzEMAx-b-HFBMAy diblock copolymers were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). As demonstrated by photoluminescence measurements, immobilization of the dithioester-ended functionalized CbzEMAx-b-HFBMAy chains onto Au-coated silicon surfaces has been accomplished via anchoring of the sulfur-containing end-groups onto the Au surfaces. The presence of the low-surface energy fluorinated block, combined with the electro-active carbazole-containing segment within CbzEMAx-b-HFBMAy diblock copolymers imparts to these immobilized thin layers useful properties towards their potential applicability in gas sensing technologies.


Trust-busting is once again a subject of national attention. And the attention is well-deserved: unprecedented levels of corporate concentration, firm dominance, and inequality demand robust debate about how antitrust solutions can ensure that our economy works for everyone. One simple remedy to "bigness" has stolen the spotlight within that debate—"breaking up" big firms into smaller ones to decrease corporate power and lower prices. But calls to break up firms from Big Tech to Big Ag have focused on how breakups could benefit consumers and, in some cases, small businesses. Absent from these debates is how breakups benefit or harm the workers and labor markets affected by firm dismantling. This Article is the first to focus on how firm breakups—and antitrust enforcement and remedial design more generally—can and have significantly impacted workers' countervailing power and earning potential. Firm structure matters for worker power. Dismantling dominant firms can result in more firms competing for workers' services, which can lift their wages. But it can also dismantle structures of worker power that have arisen to successfully counter dominant employers. A leading example, as this Article documents, is the devastating effect of the breakup of the Bell System in the 1980s on the Communications Workers of America, gutting union density within the telecommunications industry from 56% pre-breakup to 24% by 2001. Breakups, much like workplace "fissuring", can decimate labor market institutions that advocate on workers' behalf, but also have and can result in layoffs, increased obstacles for worker coordination, lower overall wage rates, and dramatic reductions in earned benefits, job security, and the quality of working conditions. The Article fills the gap in antitrust scholarship and policy debates that have ignored the effects of antitrust remedies on workers. It offers the first comprehensive scholarly treatment of these effects and argues that, for historical, theoretical, and empirical reasons, antitrust enforcers and scholars must attune their prescriptions and remedial mechanisms to ensure that antitrust remedies do not perpetuate the long history of antitrust's alternating hostility or disregard for worker welfare. It begins by summarizing the debates around firm breakups and reveals their disregard for labor market competition and worker welfare. It then unearths case studies and social scientific analyses to assess the effects of breakups and offers both a theoretical and empirical overview of when breaking up firms can benefit or harm labor market competition and workers' countervailing power against dominant employers. It concludes by proposing alternative remedies to monopolization and corporate consolidation that better secure worker welfare.


Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular brain imaging modality with a wide range of use in clinical research. A major problem with fMRI signals is the presence of systemic physiological fluctuations in the low frequency range (<0.15 Hz), which significantly lowers detection power for task induced hemodynamic responses to neuronal activation. In the present study, we evaluate a parsimonious and computationally efficient method for removing systemic low frequency oscillations (sLFOs) from task fMRI signals by taking into account a recently well established physiological phenomenon: their dynamic passage throughout the cerebral vasculature. We utilize fingertip HBO signal concurrently recorded with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a dynamic systemic noise modeling regressor in a general linear model and will examine improvements in a) functional contrast to noise ratio (CNR), b) sensitivity and c) specificity of the resulting fMRI activation maps at the single subject and group level. Our preliminary results suggest that a preprocessing pipeline utilizing dynamic fingertip HBO signal denoising after standard fMRI preprocessing steps explains variance to a greater extent, and provides improved activity localization with less false positives.


Background: Food allergy is a major problem in westernized societies and the prevalence has been shown to have increased over the years. Peptide molecules have been known to be implicated in food allergy, however, peptides are not the only molecules recognized by T cells in relation to food allergy. Lipids have been shown to stimulate an allergic response via certain pathways and this study aims to assess food allergy from phospholipids obtained from cypress grains. Method: Investigation was focused on profiling lipids and comparing them based on their fatty acid and phospholipid composition by combinatorial analysis of peptides and proteins using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) and Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and also to create a phylogenetic relationship between samples and see if their overlap account for any known report of allergy. Results: Here, we report that regardless of the classification system of samples (i.e. seed, nuts, and legumes), in terms of fatty acid and phospholipid compositions, some samples with similar origin differ from one another and unrelated families were closely related in the cluster that cause food allergy. Phospholipids were observed to be predominant in the nut species compared to fatty acids and this may have roles in stimulating an allergic response. Conclusion: Food allergy may certainly be linked to lipid molecules.


Abstract The present article examines the processes of inequality reproduced inside the MST-run rural encampments; specifically the ones affecting women the most, and in particular women heads of households. This examination leads to the related consideration of the relationship between the MST, its liderancas, and women settlers. Although women are the ones most affected by these processes of inequality, their disadvantaged position is ignored by the movement, in theory an organisation on the Left. This relationship between the MST and women or 'women's issues' mirrors the old question of the 'failed marriage' between women, feminism and the Left in Latin America. Finally, it is argued that two main obstacles prevent women who remain inside the MST-run encampments and settlements from organising autonomously: the lack of community and/or the institutional weight of the social movement. Hence, either the MST drops its reluctance to deal with 'women's issues' and acts upon them, or women will have to effectively join outside women's organisations that provide them the support and information needed to fight for their emancipation, against inequality, as well as against the social movement's phobia of approaching all things deemed class divisive. Keywords: Brazil, women's movements, rural social movements, MST Preamble I got off the bus and looked around for a man wearing a red cap with the MST logo. Not a difficult task since the bus stop was in the middle of nowhere; any other human being on sight would have been hard to miss. Antonio approached me even before I realised that there were not just one but three men wearing the MST cap. Antonio and Luis were both liderancas, Januario, I was told, was the encampment's best rower. Why we needed a rower it puzzled me, but only until we had to jump on a tiny canoe to cross the river. The Itatiaia encampment was just on the other side. The land which made up the occupied fazenda, or encampment, was set on a small mountain. From afar the makeshift shacks made from wood and rusted zinc blended with the intense green of the landscape. Already ashore, I was lead into the communitarian kitchen/canteen, which was still being built. It was lunch time. Men were having lunch. Women were nowhere to be seen. Over lunch and coffee, I was bombarded with questions: about Portugal, Europe, the world. When men went back to work, women finally came out of the communitarian kitchen. I realised then that it was there where they were 'hiding', in the kitchen. Before I could even engage in a conversation with them, Antonio came back for me to tour me around the encampment: the plots, the school, the planned irrigation system. After this informative guided tour I decided to just wander around the encampment, to see, feel and, talk to the people, the settlers. The designated communal area was deserted. Settlers were either ploughing the land or at home. Correction: male settlers were ploughing the land; female settlers were in or around their shacks. Few days later I hit the road again to Campos de Goytacazes, where I spent some time in the occupied fazendas of Dores, Saquarema, and Mergulhao. Nelson picked me up at the bus station. We had the same arrangement: I would identify him from the MST cap. No canoe this time. Only an old red car equipped with powerful sound boxes blaring Lula's campaign songs, and literally wrapped in Lula's campaign posters. The fazendas were actually a complex rather than separate and individual landholdings. The sum of the three amounted to the land refereed to as the Oziel Alves encampment. The vastness of land was impressive. The land was so plain that in the horizon it met the sky in a perfectly horizontal straight line. It was sparse of trees and left brown/grey-coloured by the successive fires: cane fields are burnt in pre-harvest to remove the unnecessary green leaves, dead leaves, top growth, and to kill any vermin. …


The Faria gold mine, here interpreted as a stratiform deposit associated to a volcano-sedimentary complex, is located in the south of Nova Lima, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, within the well known Quadrilatero Ferrifero area. Lens of carbonate facies iron formation, which is part of a metassedimentary sequence. Graphitic phyllite is a rock commonly associated with the iron formation beds. Two metavolcanic sequence of basic affiliation delimite, both in the base and in the top, the metassedimentary sequence where locally occur tuffaceous rocks. The mineralized zones are biologically controlled by the carbonatic facies of the iron formation, where the sulphide minerals are preferentially distributed in the carbonatic rich horizons, resulting in a banded structure to the ore. Local tectonic deformations indicated by breccia and shearing zones are interpreted as the probable cause of the formation of the massive ore. The main opaque minerals in the ore are pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite in that order, with less amounts of chalcopyrite, cubanite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, magnetite, ilmenite, hematite and native gold .It is suggested a primary sedimentary concentration of the ore, including the gold, which was simultaneous to the deposition of the chemical sediments of the iron formation. This hypothesis is based in local and regional aspects of the geology observed in the district and in the geochemical properties of the gold, according to the experimental results which has been published about the subject. As a result of this postulation, the iron formations within the Nova Lima Group appear to be the regional stratigraphic and paleogeographic controls of possible mineralized zones for gold. The knowledge which we have at the present do not permit to conclude that the basic volcanism was the only source of the ore, although it could have been an important process which caused the enrichment of the ore materials in the sedimentary environment. Tectonic deformation and metamorphism of the previously enriched sediment may be responsible for some of the epigenetic aspects of the ore.


This paper explores the nature of relations between public officials and community workers, drawing on empirical data from a study on Indigenous patrols in New South Wales, Australia. Patrol workers interact with public officials from various state entities who are tasked with overseeing funding, carrying out evaluations and, to varying degrees, monitoring the 'effectiveness' of local patrol operations. These interactions illuminate several issues regarding the ways in which knowledge about patrols is created, contested and communicated between Indigenous and non-Indigenous domains. The emergent patterns of these relations can be described as 'seagull syndrome', which involves the privileging of some types of knowledge over others in decision-making regarding Indigenous affairs, often with disastrous consequences for Indigenous organisations and communities. The paper documents the core features of seagull syndrome with respect to the discrete practices, everyday decision-making and mundane communication between public officials and patrol workers in New South Wales. It considers the implications of seagull syndrome for policy-makers and academics working in the Indigenous justice space and suggests ways to resist or challenge this tendency


A detailed study of the performance of compressively strained p-type III-V quantum-well infrared photodetectors (p-QWIPs) is presented in this work. Three device structures composed of InGaAs-GaAs, InGaAs-AlGaAs, and InGaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs for normal incidence absorption have been fabricated and analyzed, with the results being compared with similar reported unstrained p-QWIPs. In all three QWIP structures, the quantum-well layers are under biaxial compressive strain ranging from -0.8% to -2.8%, while the barrier layers are lattice-matched to the substrate. The detection peaks of the quantum-well infrared photodetectors ranged from 7.4 to 10.4 /spl mu/m. The detectors utilized the bound-to-continuum, bound-to-quasi-bound, and step bound-to-miniband intersubband transitions for infrared detection. The results showed that responsivities of up to 90 mA/W and detectivities from 10/sup 9/ to over 10/sup 10/ cm/spl radic/Hz/W are achieved under moderate applied bias and at reasonable operating temperatures (from 60 to 80 K), demonstrating the viability of the strained-layer p-doped quantum-well infrared photodetectors for staring focal plane array applications.


For the development of control algorithms and functions of industrial robots, test and verification with real robot system is an essential stage, and always requires not-ignorable and time-consuming implementation process. Implementing control algorithms directly on the ready-to-sell robot system from the beginning is never productive work, because the commercial robot control system has too many restrictions to be used as a design and test platform. Especially the shortage of calculation capability, memories and I/O devices and the complexity of the software structure are major barriers of direct coding on it. Previously, we had developed the HyRoHILS (Hyundai Robot Hardware In the Loop Simulation) system, as a rapid control prototyping platform for the fast development of industrial robot control algorithms. This system drastically reduced the development lead-time through automatic code generation of control algorithms on the RCP(Rapid Control Prototyping) device and also through provision of the powerful test automation and real-time monitoring environment. It provided us with powerful computing capability and convenient development environments, so it enabled us to concentrate on control algorithm design and test without concerning on any other annoying stuffs related to implementation. However, the software and hardware of the previous HyRoHILS system such as trajectory planner, motor driver were different from those of real commercial robot controller. It may cause that the experimental results of the HyRoHILS system are somewhat different from those of the real robot control system. Thus for developing a reliable robot control algorithm, additional verification test with real robot controller is required. In this paper, the novel HyRoHILS system is introduced. It is composed of a host PC, a commercial robot controller including the internal DSP board, and the RCP device. To the RCP device, control algorithms and functions to be tested are downloaded from the host PC. The RCP device shares the memory with the internal DSP board of the robot controller through DPM(dual port memory). It enables the RCP device to receive the position information from the encoders of a robot manipulator and also send the control signals generated by designed control algorithms and functions to the motor drivers of the robot controller in real time. In other words, all software and hardware of the novel HyRoHILS system are identical to those of the commercial robot controller except control algorithms and functions. As a result, we can evaluate only the effect of control algorithms and functions with more reliable experimental results through the novel HyRoHILS system. Finally, as an example to use the novel HyRoHILS system, the application to identify the parameters of a multi-axis industrial robot is presented. Identification of parameters (e.g. the motor and load inertia, stiffness, damping and so on) is time-consuming work with the commercial robot control system, but it can be easily accomplished with this novel HyRoHILS system. The results show the usefulness of the novel HyRoHILS system as a control design and test platform of the industrial robot. We believe that the novel HyRoHILS system is a better solution to a rapid control prototyping platform of the industrial robot than the previous one.


We analyzed the elemental composition (C, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo, and Ni) of five marine phytoplankton species representing the four major marine phyla grown over a range of growth irradiances. We found substantial variability in the elemental composition between different species, which is consistent with previously reported differences associated with evolutionary history. We found that many elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, and Mo) are enriched relative to phosphorus by about two to three orders of magnitude under irradiances that are limiting for growth, and net steady‐state uptake of element : P is often elevated under lower irradiances. For most elements, the variability in element : P due to irradiance is comparable to the variability due to phylogenetic differences at any irradiance, but often the interaction between genetic differences and the phenotypic response to irradiance amplifies the differences in elemental composition between species. The fractionation of trace elements relative to phosphorus into phytoplankton biomass under low light is consistent with depleted levels of Cu2+ and Mn2+ in deep chlorophyll maxima, suggesting that the export of lowlight‐ acclimated phytoplankton is a major source of trace element flux to the deep ocean and an important factor in the biogeochemical cycles of many of the biologically limiting elements in the oceans.


To meet today's time-to-market demands, catching bugs as early as possible during the design of a system is essential. In electronic system level design where SystemC has become the de-facto standard due to transaction level modeling (TLM), many approaches for verification have been developed. They determine an error trace that demonstrates the difference between the required and the actual behavior of the system. However, the subsequent debugging process is very time-consuming, in particular due to TLM-related faults caused by complex process synchronization and concurrency. In this paper, we present an automatic fault localization approach for SystemC TLM designs. We target typical TLM faults, such as accidentally swapped blocking and nonblocking transactions, erroneous event notification, or incorrect transaction data. The approach determines parts of the design that can be changed such that the intended behavior of the design is obtained by removing the contradiction given by the error trace. Single, as well as multiple faults, is considered. Techniques based on bounded model checking are used to find the faulty parts. We demonstrate the quality of our approach by several experiments. As shown in the experiments, the fault locations are identified very fast and hence a significant acceleration for the design of SystemC TLM models is achieved.


Increasingly, law school bar passage rates are an important concern for faculty and administration, as well as students. The July 2014 bar exam saw a precipitous drop nationally in bar passage rates, including declines ranging from four to over twenty percentage points. At the same time, there have been declines in applications to law schools, declines in admissions statistics (LSAT and undergraduate GPA), and an empirically demonstrable decline in student preparedness for law school. The confluence of these events portends even greater declines in bar passage if law schools do not rethink how they prepare students for the bar exam. This Article examines developments in academic support and bar preparation programs with an eye toward suggesting models for effective in-house bar preparation programs. Specifically, this Article examines: (1) the evolution of academic support programs in law schools to include bar passage programs, with a brief description of the types of programs that traditionally have been available; (2) the particular difficulty posed by the California Bar Exam; (3) the existing types of supplemental programs, and concerns posed by programs that are limited to "bar tips" or even limited practice exams or substantive lectures, given the increased numbers of "at risk" students due to the increase in underpreparedness; (4) the supplemental program at Chapman University's Fowler School of Law, including the intensity of effort required of both faculty and students in a comprehensive program applicable to all students; and finally, (5) the bar passage results at Chapman University's Fowler School of Law since adoption of a comprehensive supplemental bar passage program, that have been significantly better than would be expected by some commentators, given its ranking and relative youth as a law school. This Article suggests that the traditional focus of academic support programs, including bar preparation programs, that focus largely on perceived "at risk" students, is insufficient in light of the increased numbers of underprepared students. In order to avoid further calamitous declines in bar passage rates, law schools will have to move from traditional academic support models to models that encourage the entire cohort of students to work together, cooperatively, and that apply extensive time and effort to ensure that all students receive the benefit of these programs.


This report contains an overview of the world wooden furniture industry, where for wooden furniture we refer to finished furniture in both wood based panel and solid wood. Part I reviews the world market, the major producing countries and the status and prospects of world trade of wooden furniture including a world trade matrix. CSIL forecasts of growth of demand in 2015 and 2016 by country are also included. Part II includes the Wooden Furniture Indicators (divided into World Tables and Country Tables, covering the 50 most important countries for wooden furniture production, consumption and trade). The country tables include a ten-year series of data on production, exports, imports, consumption, import penetration and export ratio for wooden furniture, a table with the main economic indicators, prospects of world consumption of wooden furniture for the years 2015 and 2016. Countries considered in the report: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam.


Transcriptional gene silencing is mediated by various epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications and recruitment of binding proteins that reads the methyl and other modification marks. The order in which these modifications occur followed by repressor protein recruitment remains contentious. Here, using purified protein components, we show that mammalian RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) is involved in DNA methylation control. DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) colocalizes, directly interacts and binds to the phosphorylated Cterminal repeat domain (CTD) of Rpb1, a major structural subunit of RNA Pol II. The association of RNA Pol II with DNMT1 during transcription enhances DNA methylation, and methylated DNA doesn't affect in vitro transcription. Addition of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), inhibited in vitro transcription of DNA in a methylation dependent manner, suggesting a possible mechanism for RNA Pol II coupled transcriptional silencing mediated by DNMT1 and


OBJECTIVE: To characterise patterns of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation among older adults in the United States. DESIGN: Data from the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) 1965-94 were analysed. The NHIS is a cross-sectional survey using a representative national sample. SETTING: In most cases interviews were conducted in the home; telephone interviews were conducted when respondents could not be interviewed in person. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were from a representative sample of the American civilian, non-institutionalised population aged 18 and older. Sample sizes for the years analysed ranged from n = 19,738 to n = 138,988 overall, and n = 3806 to n = 12,491 for those aged 65 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using the NHIS data from 1965-94, trends in current smoking and the prevalence of smoking cessation by demographic characteristics among older adults (65 years and older) were assessed and compared with trends among younger adults. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the demographic characteristics of former smokers compared with current smokers among those aged 65 and older. RESULTS: The prevalence of current smoking among 65 year olds and older declined from 1965 to 1994 (17.9% to 12.0%). Although smoking prevalence was lower among older adults than younger adults (aged 18-64), the rate of decline in smoking was slower among older adults. Among older adults, the prevalence of cessation rose with increasing educational attainment, and was consistently higher for men than for women and for whites compared with blacks. After adjustment for demographic factors among older adults who had ever smoked, increasing age and educational attainment were strongly related to the likelihood of being a former smoker. Although there were no racial differences among women, older white (OR = 2.6) and Hispanic (OR = 3.67) men were significantly more likely to be former smokers than older black men. Also, the gender difference in smoking cessation was noted only for whites. CONCLUSIONS: Given the projected increase in the elderly population, the medical and economic consequences of smoking will become a greater burden in the next decades. Therefore, focusing attention on cessation among the elderly is an immediate and urgent priority for public health professionals and clinicians.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the independent associations of a broad range of early life risk factors and adult obesity with adult insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 1,394 women, aged 60-79 years, from 23 British towns.

RESULTS
There was a strong (independent of confounding factors, other early life factors, and adult waist-to-hip ratio) inverse association between birth weight and insulin resistance in women in the highest third of BMI (>28.77 kg/m2): -0.12 (95% CI -0.19 to -0.04) log homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score per 1 SD birth weight, but no association between birth weight and insulin resistance in women in the two lowest thirds of BMI (P for interaction = 0.04). Offspring birth weight, own leg length, and childhood manual social class did not interact with adult obesity and were all independently inversely associated with insulin resistance: -0.05 (-0.09 to -0.01) log HOMA score per 1 SD offspring birth weight, -0.09 (-0.12 to -0.06) log HOMA score per 1 SD leg length, and a -0.07 (-0.14 to 0.00) difference in log HOMA score between manual and nonmanual childhood social class. Childhood manual social class and shorter leg length were both independently associated with adverse lipid profiles. BMI and waist-to-hip ratio were independently positively associated with insulin resistance and with all other components of the insulin resistance syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Our results suggest that genetic factors, intrauterine environment, early childhood, and adult environmental factors are all relevant in determining adult insulin resistance.


Volcanoes and fault zones are areas of increased heterogeneity in the Earth crust that leads to strong scattering of seismic waves. For the understanding of the volcanic structure and the role of attenuation and scattering processes it is important to investigate the distribution of heterogeneity. We used the signals of air-gun shots to investigate the distribution of heterogeneity around Mount Etna. We devise a new methodology that is based on the coda energy ratio which we define as the ratio between the energy of the direct P-wave and the energy in a later coda window. This is based on the basic assumption that scattering caused by heterogeneity removes energy from the direct P-waves. We show that measurements of the energy ratio are stable with respect to changes of the details of the time windows definitions. As an independent proxy of the scattering strength along the ray path we measure the peak delay time of the direct P-wave. The peak delay time is well correlated with the coda energy ratio. We project the observation in the directions of the incident rays at the stations. Most notably is an area with increased wave scattering in the volcano and east of it. The strong heterogeneity found supports earlier observations and confirms the possibility to use P-wave sources for the determination of scattering properties. We interpret the extension of the highly heterogeneous zone towards the east as a potential signature of inelastic deformation processes induced by the eastward sliding of flank of the volcano.


Abstract The developments after 9/11 and the rise of neo-conservative thinking in United States accelerated a process that culminated in the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. The rapid collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime marked a defining moment in international relations. 'Operation Iraqi Freedom' and its aftermath created an entirely new geopolitical context not only in Iraq but also in the wider West Asia. Huge challenges have emerged as a result of the invasion of Iraq, regime change, and the political reconstruction in Iraq. The dethroning of Saddam Hussein from power was comparatively an easier task than the construction of a democratic and federal post-Saddam Iraq. The US is facing a tougher challenge in the phase of occupation than the military invasion itself, primarily because its pre-war calculations failed to appreciate the likely post-war realities. While regime change has been widely popular among most segments of the Iraqi people, the externally driven process of reconstruction and democratization may ultimately drive Iraq towards civil war. If Iraq's three principal communities — the Shias, Sunnis and Kurds — do not come to an agreement on the constitutional order and sharing of power, serious de-stabilisation may engulf the whole region with wider impact on energy markets and global security.


Notch and Delta are transmembrane proteins that interact as receptor and ligand. Signaling by Notch involves the cleavage of the intracellular domain, which acts with the primary Notch signal transducer Suppressor of Hairless to regulate transcription in Drosophila. Parks et al. found that signaling through Notch was dependent on endocytosis of Delta complexed with the Notch extracellular domain into the Delta-expressing cell. They analyzed the function and subcellular distribution of Delta and Notch intracellular and extracellular domains in flies with mutations in genes involved in endocytosis. Binding to Delta appeared not to be sufficient to initiate Notch cleavage and signaling, because mutations in Delta that disrupted endocytosis without affecting Notch binding were blocked in Delta-Notch signaling in the developing eye and wing vein. Thus, proper processing of Notch is dependent on both the binding and endocytosis of Delta. Parks, A.L., Klueg, K.M., Stout, J.R, and Muskavitch, M.A.T. (2000) Ligand endocytosis drives receptor dissociation and activation in the Notch pathway. Development 127: 1373-1385. [Online Journal]


Corporate speech is out of balance. Corporations now enjoy expanded speech rights, but the ability to speak about corporations is restricted. This situation must change. That corporations are people for First Amendment questions is a fait accompli. We can debate the merits or wisdom of that fact, but the fact remains. I argue that under current Supreme Court jurisprudence, corporations are not only people for speech purposes, but corporations are often public figures. Corporations no longer exist in a purely commercial world. Like other public figures, corporations affect public affairs, take political positions, engage in matters of public concern and controversy, and have reputations. A host of political issues from fair trade to gay rights to organic farming to children's development to gender bias to labor and more intersect with and are shaped by corporate policies. Thus Google urges countries to embrace gay rights; Mattel launches a girl power campaign; activists question Nike's labor practices, McDonald's food processing, and Shell Oil's business practices; and bloggers police the Body Shop's claims about its manufacturing practices. The social, political, and commercial have converged, and corporate reputations rest on social and political matters as much, if not more, than commercial matters. A foundational commitment of free speech law, perhaps the foundational commitment, is that public figures don't and can't own their reputations. Yet, through trademark and commercial speech doctrines corporations have powerful control over their reputations. If corporations are people for free speech purposes, as a constitutional matter, their control over their reputations can be no greater than the control other public figures have. Corporations cannot have it both ways. Corporations want and receive many of the legal rights natural persons receive. They should be subject to the same limits as other powerful, public figures.


The chemical properties of pine needle litter cause slow decomposition, which results in an accumulation of highly lignocellulosic material on the forest floor. Decomposition of organic matter is important for the nutrient turnover in pine forests on nutrient‐poor soils. We studied the biodegradation of needles in an organic layer focusing on the various stages of lignin degradation by fungi. Samples were obtained from pine needle litter and a stratified organic layer over nutrient‐poor sand under a 60‐year‐old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris forest stand. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) were used to characterize the chemical composition of the needles and the soil. The pyrolysis data show that diterpenoid acids are a main component in fresh needles, but rapidly decrease in the organic layer of the soil, as a result of decomposition. The chemical composition of the soil profile is dominated by guaiacyl lignin and polysaccharides from needle litter. The hexose/pentose ratio increases with depth in the soil profile. The partial preservation of hexose polymers is the result of the preferential decomposition of pentose polymers by white‐rot fungi, and points to the input of microbially synthesized polysaccharides. Indications for the degradation of guaiacyl lignin are also found in the soil profile. Oxidative reactions by soil fungi result in a shortening of the side chain of the guaiacyl lignin derivatives and an increase of carbonyl and carboxyl groups. These degradational patterns of lignin in the soil profile under Scots pine are similar to those observed in lignin model compounds and wood lignin degraded by fungi under controlled laboratory conditions.


In Malaysia, almost 80% of its land is covered with residual soils, especially
sedimentary and granitic residual soils. It is believed that these types of soil
have a high possibility to collapse when wetted. The high rate of
collapsibility is influenced by the climatic tropical factor, hot and high humidity
throughout the year. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify
the effect of wetting on the collapsibility and shear strength of the tropical
residual soils. Two major tests employed in the study were the Double
Oedometer and Double Shear Box tests. For each test, two different
samples were tested; the first samples were the soils in their natural moisture
condition and the second were inundated in water. The samples tested
using the double oedometer test were allowed to be inundated in water for a
few days under applied load until they achieved a steady state (the dial
gauge reading remained constant) before another load was added. There were 20 samples in the situation before and after the inundated condition for
the two major tests. Other than the rate of collapsibility and shear strength of
these soils, other parameters such as void ratio, porosity, particle size
distribution, dry density and bulk density were also observed. Other test such
as the Scanning Electron Microscopic and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis were
also carried out. From the result obtained, both type of soil collapse due to
wetting however, calculated collapse potential indicates that the granitic
residual soil is higher and having wider range as compared to sedimentary
residual soil. After collapsing due to wetting, result from SEM analysis
indicate that the soils sample structure become more compacted and voids
between structure become smaller. On the other hand, result from shear
strength test showed shear strength reduced vigorously after inundated
especially in Granitic residual soil because the cohesion and friction angle
reduced to more than 50% whereas much lesser in Sedimentary residual soil
i.e. in the range of 30% to 40%.


This paper presents a part of the work being done at the Research Staff of General Motors Corporation to determine the applicability of recent scientific information to the procedures of spectrographic analysis of low alloy steel under conditions of receiving inspection. The desired method is one which makes use of the point-to-plane technique and gives accurate results even though the submitted samples have wide variations in size, shape, and metallurgical history. A previous paper described the selection of line pairs. This paper describes our investigations as to the function of an air jet blown through the analytical gap and its value in increasing the reproducibility and accuracy of analytical results.


This study aimed to understand the client's experience of explicitly expressing anger towards their therapist. This research developed from there being little existing knowledge about these experiences from the client's perspective, even though they are seen to present some of the most challenging experiences in the therapeutic setting.
The research was conducted through interviewing 9 female therapy clients using semi-structured interviews and carrying out the analysis using constructivist grounded theory.
The research found there were different processes at play that were present within the therapeutic relationship leading up to the explicit expression. The anger was experienced in relation to other emotions and was expressed in several different ways, resulting in mixed outcomes to the expression of anger.
Different responses from both the therapist and the client that were facilitative in enabling or disabling them to try to work through these anger events were identified. At moments of the explicit expression of anger, the therapist and client could get caught up in detrimental negative interactional cycles, which served to close down the therapeutic space or lead to a lack of connection through withdrawal. Consequentially there was little space for affective attunement and reflective dialogue, shaped by a rigid and detached stance, lack of humility, distancing interpretations and uncontained emotional or personal responses. However, in contrast, if the therapist and client were able to remain emotionally connected to one another during the explicit expression of anger and contain the process and engage in a reflective dialogue this could open up the therapeutic space to beneficial effect.


Sacred spaces are, and have always been, places of reception: hospitality is in fact a precept of God. Many biblical passages remind us of this, such as the one (Gen 18, 4-5) in which Abraham welcomes three guests, washes their feet and offers them a piece of bread and a place to rest under a tree. Saint Benedict too, in chapter 53 of the Rule, insisted on the need to honour pilgrims and travellers, who should be welcomed with a charitable service ready for devotion and stated that all guests who entered the monastery should be received as if they were Christ, washing their hands and feet. The reception of travellers, the sick, and pilgrims in religious centres in the Middle Ages has been one of the cornerstones of the life of many monastic and convent communities scattered throughout the territory. The growing number of domus hospitals and xenodochii, recorded from the early centuries of the Middle Ages until the 15th century, demonstrates the need for them and their widespread dissemination in Italy and Europe. It seems to be possible to identify some phases of this development linked to the different monastic and convent orders that dedicated themselves to relieving the suffering of travellers and the sick. An initial significant presence along the road axes was followed by a subsequent phase of settlement in the major urban centres. Each community had its rules which also influenced the choice of where the sites were positioned, the buildings in which to receive pilgrims and the architectural typologies, often clearly designed to identify the place immediately. The research findings presented here derive from research aimed at identifying religious hospitality architectures through a study of the documentary sources and an analysis of the buildings still preserved in the territory of Northern Italy. In particular, the analysis of the main cases linked to monastic hospitality, such as the Sacra di San Michele - the centre of worship of Archangel Michael, an essential step in the pilgrimage between Mont-Saint-Michel in Normandy and San Michele del Gargano in Puglia - Novalesa and Staffarda constitute the main theme of this investigation (Figure 1). Even today these cases represent places of pilgrimage and reception of great interest and inflow; the long tradition of hospitality that has characterized the Christian world since the Middle Ages until the present day seems to be continuing, and is indeed revitalized and reaffirmed by recent pastoral guidelines. Religious tourism in the contemporary era has seen a significant increase linked to a form of spirituality that rediscovers the history of the oldest monasteries as a place of meditation and prayer. The tourism of major religious events and shrines that represent an attraction for millions of people is increasingly witnessing more intimate visits aimed at rediscovering the historical values of the journey, which is often undertaken on foot in the footsteps of the pilgrims as modern homines viatores on the trail of ancient experiences and spirituality


A formulation is proposed in which an AC-DC system is modeled as a combination of AC grids, DC grids, injectors, AC two-ports and AC/DC converters, respectively. This modular modelling facilitates the dynamic simulation of future complex AC/DC systems. Furthermore, it can be exploited by the solver, which performs less operations on components with lower dynamic activity, and offers parallel processing of the time simulation. This approach is illustrated on a test system in which a multi-terminal DC grid connects two asynchronous AC systems, allows frequency support between them, and acts as emergency control against AC voltage instability.


Cellulosic fibers in aqueous suspensions are subject to flocculation effects that involve two contrasting scales of dimension. The net effect of flocculation determines how uniformly fibers can become formed into a sheet during the manufacture of paper. At a macroscopic level, the highly elongated shape of typical wood-derived fibers in agitated sus-pensions can give rise to frequent inter-fiber collisions and the formation of fiber flocs. At a submicroscopic scale, surfaces of suspended materials can become joined by macromolecular bridges. Although such bridges tend to reduce paper's uniformity, polyelectrolyte flocculants are used in most paper machine systems to achieve relatively high retention efficiencies of fine particles as paper is being formed. By adjusting the papermaking equipment, judiciously selecting points of addition of chemicals, and by managing chemical dosages, papermakers employ a variety of strategies to achieve favorable combinations of retention and uniformity. This review considers scholarly work that has been directed towards a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms.


Abstract Predictions of high-energy hadron activation of liquid argon in the calorimeter of A Thoroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS) were carried out by folding particle flux spectra with the radionuclide production cross sections. Calculations were performed with a wide array of input data. Six sets of cross sections were folded with two sets of particle flux spectra, and the results were compared. The particle fluxes were obtained from simulations with the Monte Carlo radiation transport codes FLUKA and GCALOR. The cross-section sets were calculated according to the Rudstam and the Silberberg-Tsao formulas; taken from the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (JENDL) and the Medium Energy Nuclear Data Library (MENDL); obtained from the Large Hadron Collider air activation studies; and compiled from various, predominantly experimental, sources.


The second half of the fourteenth century saw a large uptick in the production of literature in English. This essay frames metrical variety and literary experimentation in the late fourteenth century as an opportunity for intellectual history. Beginning from the assumption that verse form is never incidental to the thinking it performs, the essay seeks to test Simon Jarvis's concept of "prosody as cognition", formulated with reference to Pope and Wordsworth, against a different literary archive. The essay is organized into three case studies introducing three kinds of metrical practice: the half-line structure in Middle English alliterative meter, the interplay between Latin and English in Piers Plowman , and final -e in Chaucer's pentameter. The protagonists of the three case studies are the three biggest names in Middle English literature: the Gawain poet, William Langland, and Geoffrey Chaucer.


We initiated a field study to investigate the relative reproductive success of artificially reconditioned kelt steelhead. Prior to an implementation of a largescale steelhead kelt reconditioning program, it is important to evaluate the reproductive success of reconditioned kelts relative to hatchery and natural first time spawners. To assess kelt reproductive success, three sites (Satus Creek,WA; Omak Creek, WA: and Shitike Creek, OR) have been chosen to replicate studies of relative reproductive success of each variant of steelhead. Technological advances in DNA-typing make direct measurement of reproductive success using pedigree analysis practical. Employing these new techniques, our study will measure the reproductive success of natural-origin, hatchery-origin, and reconditioned kelt steelhead in natural stream settings. This will yield quantitative data replicated geographically and temporally that will add resolution to the issue. The 2005 field season was the initial year of capturing, reconditioning, and analyzing kelts in the three subbasins. While we were successful in capturing and reconditioning kelts, the numbers and condition of kelts was unusually poor presumably due to lower than normal precipitation and flows. Physical evaluation and the collection of genetic material from first time spawning adults resulted in the capture of 113 adults at Omak Creek, 57 in Shitike Creek, and 68 from Satus Creek (retained steelhead destined for Section Corner and South Fork Logy Creeks). We detected 34 kelts attempting to outmigrate from Omak Creek, 39 kelts from Shitike, and 3 from Section Corner Creek. Kelts collected at Omak Creek did not survive to be reconditioned so post spawn steelhead from the localized broostock program were used and three were released in October of 2005. Ten kelts were collected for reconditioning from Shitike Creek and one survived to release in February 2006. None of the post spawn steelhead from Section Corner Creek survived to be reconditioned. In 2005 we were able to collect parentage data in Section Corner Creek, because reconditioned kelt steelhead were available and the experiment site is analogous to a field laboratory. We released 16 steelhead into Section Corner Creek on March 9, 2005. This release was composed of five reconditioned female kelts, six female first time spawners, and five male first time spawners. Parentage analysis of 159 juveniles indicated that production was from first-time spawning females only. We believe that the reconditioned kelts were over ripe and did not spawn. These fish were held on well water with water temperatures that exceeded the river's, likely accelerating their maturation. We are implementing procedures to more closely synchronize maturation levels from the two groups for future experiments. Parentage analysis for Omak and Shitike Creek will begin in 2006.


Objective: Hand washing with soap and regular application of hand sanitising gel are simple and effective methods for reducing transmission of hospital acquired infections (HAIs) in health settings. However, such practices are generally poor amongst health care workers (HCW) globally. This study documents hand hygiene practices and their determinants amongst HCWs in four peri-urban health facilities in Zambia. Methods: Eighteen observation sessions, nine semi-structured interviews and three focus group discussions with health care providers in four high patient-load public health facilities were conducted. Framework analysis helped identify predominant themes which were pre-categorised using the determinants provided by the Behaviour Centred Design (BCD) framework. Results: Of the 780 hand hygiene opportunities observed across all four health facilities, HCWs washed their hands with soap only 8 times (1%). Hand washing was especially motivated by the fear of infection with apparently, or potentially, infectious patients and especially of more deadly conditions like cholera. Barriers included the large patient load which heightened HCWs' sense of urgency and fairness in seeing clients quickly rather than spending time washing hands and, the discomfort of standing up to reach the hand washing station. Limited, inconveniently located or broken sinks and the absence of soap were additional barriers to hand washing with soap. Conclusions: A holistic approach including communication on risk to patients, provision of hardware, resource allocation for hand hygiene and regular monitoring of hand hygiene practices are all needed to address barriers to good practice.


Musculoskeletal conditions are an extremely common presentation to general practitioners, emergency departments and hospitals. Although the clinical examination for each joint involves a similar approach (the 'Look, Feel, Move' format), be it the shoulder, hip or knee, many students can find the subtle differences between each examination difficult. They may also struggle to generate an appropriate differential diagnosis, based upon the history and examination. Commonly presenting musculoskeletal conditions in general practice and orthopaedics are presented in the form of clinical vignettes in this document. Each vignette starts by summarising the typical history and examination findings for each condition. The main positive clinical examination findings are outlined in bold and other possible findings in normal font. A list of differential diagnoses are then given followed by sub-headings illustrating why one diagnosis is more likely and others less so for each case. Appropriate investigations and management for the general practitioner or orthopaedic surgeon are listed to complete each vignette


This paper addresses the systematic approach to optimize series inductance in the inductively peaked pin photodiode for high speed operation beyond 100 Gb/s. For this end, peak distortion analysis is introduced in addition to group delay dispersion technique. Through analytical analysis and comprehensive numerical simulations, inductance values are calculated to optimize vertical eye-opening and signal-to-noise ratio. For verification, an optical waveguide integrated pin photodiode with optimized inductance is fabricated and measured. Using the optical pulse measurement setup, its pulse response is measured, and a full-width at half maximum of 7.34 ps is obtained. The fabricated module is tested using 107 Gb/s return-to-zero signal and shows excellent eye-opening.


Testimony by Urban Institute Senior Fellow Marilyn Moon before the Senate Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Moon argues in her testimony that privatization of Medicare can be disadvantageous to beneficiaries of the program, failing to achieve all or most of the three advantages usually cited for using the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP) as a model for reform. Such an approach also would create additional risks. In addition to looking at the issues surrounding the economic incentives that are the heart of the argument for privatization, Moon considers experience both with the current Medicare+Choice program and the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP). Moon ends her testimony by advocating a go-slow approach to revising the role of private plans in Medicare; and offers a set of recommendations aimed at protecting the interests of beneficiaries.


The authors have been developing anthropomorphic head-eye robots, in order to elucidate the human vision system from an engineering point of view, and to develop a new head mechanism and function for a humanoid robot having the ability to communicate naturally with a human. We developed the anthropomorphic head-eye robot "WE-3RII" (Waseda Eye No.3 Refined II), with eyes, eyelids, eyebrows, lips, jaw and a neck. The robot has the ability to express an autonomous facial expression using three independent parameters of a psychological model. With the robot, the mechanism of changing eye movement from smooth pursuit eye movement to saccadic, and the control of scanning eye movement like that of a human's can be achieved. The robot is also able to express more human-like motion in pursuing a target by changing its eyeball control parameters, rather than that of WE-3R which we developed in 1996. Therefore, the authors have confirmed that WE-3RII has the ability to realize a pursuing motion in three dimensional space with its autonomous facial expression adapting to the target position and brightness like a human.


Sports policy makers often assume that sport may act as an arena for integration, citizenship, democracy, exchange of intercultural knowledge, and formation and consolidation of social networks. However, sports research has seldom confirmed this view; rather, the research often challenges these assumptions. This text aims to provide a better understanding of participation in sport among girls and young women with a minority background. specifically, we investigate the factors behind their participation (or lack thereof), their feelings about participating, and the ways in which participation in sport can lead to positive or negative life changes, not only in the sports context, but also in a wider societal sense.


In the companion (Part I) paper, we have described and evaluated a new versatile optical particle counter/sizer named LOAC (Light Optical Aerosol Counter), based on scattering measurements at angles of 12 and 60 •. That allows for some typology identification of particles (droplets, carbonaceous, salts, and mineral dust) in addition to size-segregated counting in a large diameter range from 0.2 µm up to possibly more than 100 µm depending on sampling conditions (Renard et al., 2016). Its capabilities overpass those of preceding optical particle counters (OPCs) allowing the characterization of all kind of aerosols from submicronic-sized absorbing carbonaceous particles in polluted air to very coarse particles (> 10–20 µm in diameter) in desert dust plumes or fog and clouds. LOAC's light and compact design allows measurements under all kinds of balloons , on-board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and at Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3674 J.-B. Renard et al.: LOAC: a counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements – Part 2 ground level. We illustrate here the first LOAC airborne results obtained from a UAV and a variety of scientific balloons. The UAV was deployed in a peri-urban environment near Bordeaux in France. Balloon operations include (i) tethered balloons deployed in urban environments in Vi-enna (Austria) and Paris (France), (ii) pressurized balloons drifting in the lower troposphere over the western Mediter-ranean (during the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment – ChArMEx campaigns), (iii) meteorological sounding balloons launched in the western Mediterranean region (ChArMEx) and from Aire-sur-l'Adour in southwestern France (VOLTAIRE-LOAC campaign). More focus is put on measurements performed in the Mediterranean during (ChArMEx) and especially during African dust transport events to illustrate the original capability of balloon-borne LOAC to monitor in situ coarse mineral dust particles. In particular, LOAC has detected unexpected large particles in desert sand plumes.


Recent and otherwise unrelated Supreme Court opinions take a peculiar approach to defining constitutional norms. According to these opinions, government acts unconstitutionally when it reduces pre-existing protection of some favored interest, but not when it arrives at the same place via a different route. The direction of movement takes precedence over the substantive content of the law. We call this general approach "non-retrogression." In its purest form, the non-retrogression principle holds that government may extend protection beyond what the Constitution requires, but it cannot retreat from that extension once made. While variations on non-retrogression have been sensibly employed in statutory contexts--most prominently, under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act -- the article questions non-retrogression as a principle of constitutional law. After locating the birth of non-retrogression as a constitutional principle in Warren Court race cases, we describe its renaissance in recent constitutional cases, most prominently Romer v. Evans and the litigation over California's Proposition 209. The article proceeds to explore the doctrinal, conceptual, and jurisprudential weaknesses of non-retrogression as a principle of constitutional law. It compares non-retrogression to other constitutional doctrines that confuse procedure and substance and juxtaposes it to the jurisprudence of traditionalism. Finally, we suggest that the recent reemergence of non-retrogression is symptomatic of broader problems with the current Supreme Court's approach to constitutional law. While the Rehnquist Court borrowed from the Warren Court both the non-retrogression principle and the habit of judicial activism, the authors argue, it lacks a comparable agenda that would give direction to non-retrogression by pointing to which way is forward.


The notion of a dual memory system involving implicit and explicit processing has been sufficiently examined for visual and auditory tasks, although it still lacks founding in the haptic modality. Typically, implicit priming is found only for tasks that require structural encodings of a stimulus and explicit memory is found only for elaborative tasks, thus demonstrating a dissociation between the two systems. The present study explored the effects of these tasks for the processing of differently textured shapes on haptic memory. Explicit memory was clearly demonstrated; however results show no evidence of an implicit memory system for touch. Several explanations for these findings are discussed, including the possible existence of a separate memory system for the haptic modality or the necessity of a pre-existing representational system. Recent research has indicated the presence


This article discusses current trends in corporate governance and theorizes on the likely impact of those trends for the twenty-first century. Part II focuses on an overview of four current trends in the areas of technology, globalization, shareholder activism, and private ordering. Part III assesses the likely impact of those trends on corporate governance in the twenty-first century. A successful corporation will need to seamlessly integrate technology to act effortlessly across international time zones, and it will need to raise capital quickly and efficiently in different global capital markets. The authors posit that these needs will lead to the emergence of a universal entity, affording its creators maximum flexibility.


Electronic decision-support tools may help to improve management of hyperlipidemia and other chronic diseases. This study examined the impact of lipid management tools integrated into an electronic medical record (EMR) in primary care practices. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a national network of physicians who use an outpatient EMR. Adult primary care physicians were randomized by office to receive an electronic form that was embedded in the EMR. The form contained prompts regarding suboptimal care based on Adult Treatment Panel-III (ATP-III) guidelines, as well as reporting tools to identify patients outside of office visits whose lipid management was suboptimal. All active patients, ages 20-79 years, whose physicians participated in the study, were categorized as high, moderate, or low cardiovascular risk, and the proportion who were tested for hyperlipidemia, at lipid goal, and on lipid-lowering medications if not at goal were measured according to ATP-III guidelines. A total of 105 physicians from 25 offices and 64,150 patients were included in the study. Outcomes improved for most measures from before to 1 year after the intervention (November 1, 2005 to October 31, 2006). However, after controlling for confounding variables and for clustering in multilevel modeling, only up-to-date lipid testing for high-risk patients was statistically better in the intervention group as compared to the control group (adjusted odds ratio 15.0, P < 0.05). This study showed few differences in quality of lipid management after implementing an EMR-based disease management intervention in primary care settings. Future studies may need to examine more comprehensive interventions that include office staff in a team approach to care.


Social capital, in the form of relationships among teachers, results in sharing information and resources, which leads to improved student academic achievement. As schools continue to seek out ways to improve performance, social capital is often overlooked in favor of development of human capital in the form of professional development and training. Schools that have implemented collaborative groups have the potential to increase social capital, but often fail to structure the groups intentionally or evaluate their outcomes. School librarians in secondary schools often face challenges when it comes to collaboration. The job of a school librarian is inherently collaborative. To effectively serve the school's population, school librarians must understand the needs of their community. To teach information literacy skills, they must have access to students, typically via classroom teachers. Not surprisingly, collaboration between teachers and librarians is a major focus of both professional and research literature, yet librarians report it is one of their biggest challenges. Librarians are urged to start small, work with the teachers who are willing, and hope that others in the school will see the value of collaboration; in other words, build it and they will come. This research sought to determine if school librarians could use social network analysis as an evaluative and strategic planning tool. This study used a mixed-methods approach in a three-phase process to collect social network survey data in two secondary schools, develop the Social Network Analysis for School Librarians (SNASL) Process, and pilot test the process with the school librarians in the pilot schools using participatory analysis. Analysis revealed that the SNASL Process has the potential to enable school librarians to evaluate and improve upon the collaborative network of their school by identifying individuals in specific role positions and producing generative insight regarding the structure of the school network.


Parisian Scholars in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Social Portrait. By William J. Courtenay. [Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, Fourth Series, 41.1 (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1999. Pp. xix, 284. $64.95.) This is William J. Courtenay's third book on medieval universities, students, and masters. It is definitely his most unusual; in its mix of urban topography, prosopography, university financial records, and a criminal law case, it is even a path-breaking book. The genesis of the book came about with Courtenay's recovery or re-discovery of a document from the University of Paris, a computus (financial record) from 1329-30. Written on the last quire of the oldest surviving register of the proctors of the English-German nation at Paris, it is a list of university faculty and students who contributed money for a special legal fund for the defense of a student accused of rape. Part I consists of three chapters describing the computes (its text is contained in App. 1), how such collections were made, and the precipitating event: the rape of a woman named Symonette. The quire containing the computes had been folded incorrectly when it was inserted into its codex; by rearranging it Courtenay could, for the first time, ascertain its meaning and significance. It is a document that lists students, faculty, and university associates residing near the university who contributed between December 29, 1329, and March, 1330, to a legal defense fund for the appeal of the case of Jean le Fourbeur. It begins with a street-by-street survey of the Latin quarter. As an individual contributed to the fund, his name and the amount of the donation were noted. Later sections of the document simply record names and amounts donated, with no location. Courtenay surmises these might be individuals missed during the house-tohouse collection. Symonette, a jongleuse (singer/entertainer), accused Jean le Fourbeur (John the Rascal) of raping her in the summer of 1329 somewhere in the diocese of Meaux, to the east of Paris. A student at Paris, Jean had since returned to Paris, where he was arrested and imprisoned by the Bishop of Paris, Hugh of Besanqon, who released him into the custody of his master. Although Jean denied the charges, he was re-imprisoned until he could pay a substantial fine of 400 pounds. After Jean paid the fine and was released, he pointed out that the fine was actually illegal because the university and its members enjoyed papal immunity from monetary fees. …


The comfort properties of newly developed 100% nylon and 100% polyester fabrics are compared with materials that are currently used in nuclear protective apparel, including a 100% cotton and a polyester/cotton fabric. TheKawabata Evaluation System provided a highly sensitive measure of fabric mechanical and surface properties. A sweating skin model measured heat and moisture transfer properties under various conditions of heat and humidity. Laboratory screening tests were followed by extensive studies to determine actual human reactions to the comfort of the new nylon and control materials and garments. Results of controlled climate chamber wear trials confirmed the overwhelming importance of environmental and work levels on comfort ratings. Before sweat generating exercise and in a moderate environment (21'C, 65%RH), the comfort of nylon coveralls was clearly preferred over identically designed garments made with 100% polyester, and with heavier weight 100% cotton or polyester/cotton fabrics. The comfort rating of all test garments dropped dramatically as wearers were put through an exercise routine, and as test conditions were changed to produce a hot and humid environment (32'C, 90%RH). However, even under more stressful conditions, the comfort of the light weight nylon coverall was preferred over the controls in most cases. The higher absorption capacity of the cotton fabrics was beneficial in comfort comparisons made by the evaluators in a hot and humid environment.


These guidelines assist researchers in conducting their field-based research or fieldwork in hazardous, remote or complex environments as safely and securely as possible. Fieldwork comes with risks, ranging from the mundane risks of car accidents to more exceptional risks of encountering violence. These risks may affect the security of the researcher and the research outcomes, as well as the security of the respondents, local assistants and interpreters, the home and host organizations, and research sponsors. Taking into account the risk environment should be an integral part of the methodological and ethical choices researchers make.

The first section of the publication deals with the particular security considerations posed by field-based research and suggests a set of ethical guidelines for field-based research. Section two is about field work and details how to conduct context analysis and risk assessment as well as how to plan and stay healthy during the course of field research. The final section is largely comprised of checklists and key considerations to assist researchers in managing their own personal security, both in terms of preventive and reactive measures.