This paper shows how two different publicly available epidemiological modelling packages (namely the Spectrum AIDS Impact Model and the ASSA 2003 model) predict very different impacts of rolling out highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on new HIV infections. Using South Africa as a case study, it shows that ASSA 2003 predicts a significant drop in new HIV infections as HAART is rolled out, whereas Spectrum assumes that HAART will not have a preventative impact (and in fact generates a small increase in new HIV infections). Users will thus draw different conclusions about the public health benefits of HAART depending on which modelling package they use. Despite being presented as a policyoriented modelling tool capable of exploring 'what if' questions about the impact of different policy choices, the Spectrum model is ill-equipped to do so with regard to a HAART rollout. Unlike Spectrum, the ASSA 2003 model is more flexible and transparent. Better modelling and more information (including about the relationship between HAART and risky sex) is required to develop appropriate public policy modelling for the HAART era.


The public has lacked convincing documentary evidence of a long-suspected drug company practice: promoting a new drug by sponsoring a randomized trial in which participating physicians use the drug as they follow the trial protocol. This practicea seeding trialis marketing in the guise of science. The apparent purpose is to test a hypothesis. The true purpose is to get physicians in the habit of prescribing a new drug. Why would a drug company go to the expense and bother of conducting a trial involving hundreds of practitionerseach recruiting a few patientswhen a study based at a few large medical centers could accomplish the same scientific purposes much more efficiently? The main point of the seeding trial is not to get high-quality scientific information: It is to change the prescribing habits of large numbers of physicians. A secondary purpose is to transform physicians into advocates for the sponsor's drug. The company flatters a physician by selecting him because he is an opinion leader and incorporates him in the research team with the title of investigator. Then, it pays him good money: a consulting fee to advise the company on the drug's use and another fee for each patient he enrolls. The physician becomes invested in the drug's future and praises its good features to patients and colleagues. Unwittingly, the physician joins the sponsor's marketing team. Why do companies pursue this expensive tactic? Because it works (1, 2). It works, but it may endanger the unwary physician. The tide is turning against the physician who accepts emoluments from drug companies. Academic institutions and professional organizations are issuing ethical guidelines that proscribe transactions in which drug companies pay physicians an amount that is disproportionate to the services that the physician provides (3, 4). The office of the U.S. Inspector General has issued guidance about which transactions are legal. Although its guidance focuses on gifts, it also states that payments for participation in research should be fair market values for legitimate, reasonable, and necessary services (5). Moreoverand most ominously for the future of seeding trialspostmarketing research activities should be especially scrutinized to ensure that they are legitimate and not simply a pretext to generate prescriptions of a drug (5). Several years ago, Annals published a seeding trial (6). Merck & Co. (Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) sponsored ADVANTAGE (Assessment of Differences between Vioxx and Naproxen To Ascertain Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Effectiveness), a large, community-based, randomized comparison of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (Vioxx [rofecoxib]) and a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (naproxen). At the end of the 3-month follow-up, the proportion of patients who discontinued naproxen was larger (8.1% vs. 5.9%) than that of those who discontinued Vioxx. We published the study because we thought that physicians would be interested in the low discontinuation rates for both drugs and the small difference between them. No one told Annals the true purpose of ADVANTAGE. We learned about it when we received a letter to the editor from Dr. David Egilman, who was a consultant to the plaintiffs' attorneys in the civil suits against Merck (7). He had access to publicly accessible trial documents, which included Merck employees' e-mail messages that disclosed the true intent of the ADVANTAGE trial. These messages are the meat of the article about seeding trials published in this issue by Hill and colleagues (8). To our knowledge, this article is the first to provide documentary evidence that proves the existence of seeding trials. Other than an excerpt from a single industry document cited in an article by Kessler and colleagues (9), we have not had smoking gun evidence, in which the perpetrators are on public record about why they conducted a trial like ADVANTAGE. The article provides clear evidence that the intent of ADVANTAGE was to increase prescriptions of Vioxx (the study outcome of greatest interest to Merck seems to have been Vioxx prescribing rates). However, despite the large body of documents searched by the authors, they discovered few details about exactly how Merck's marketing division carried out ADVANTAGE. The documents do tell us that deception is the key to a successful seeding trial. That informationonce it becomes general knowledgecould be the fatal blow for seeding trials. Institutional review boards, whose purpose is to protect humans who participate in research, would probably not likely approve an action that places patients in harms' way in order to influence physicians' prescribing habits. If they knew, few established clinical researchers would participate as coinvestigators. Few physicians would knowingly enroll their patients in a study that placed them at risk in order to provide a company with a marketing advantage, and few patients would agree to participate. Seeding trials can occur only because the company does not disclose their true purpose to anyone who could say no. It is also true that seeding trials exist only because physicians say yes to a deal that seems too good to be true. Academic physicians agree to be on the byline of an article that someone else wrote about a study that someone else designed and paid for because there is considerable prestige, little effort, and low risk (10). A practicing physician says, Why not? when he learns that he has been selected to participate in an important clinical trial and receives inducements designed to make it an offer he will not refuse. Our parents prepared us for this moment when they warned us to ask questions when someone offers us easy money. We owe it to them and especially our patients to ask if we are being recruited to participate in a seeding trial. How can people with decisional responsibilityinstitutional review boards, researchers, physicians, and patientsidentify a seeding trial? They could ask the about the intent of the trial. If the answer was It's a seeding trial, most would say no, and seeding trials would soon fade away; but this scenario is a fairy tale, because sponsors would probably ascribe a scientific purpose to the trial and proving otherwise would be difficult. Nonetheless, institutional review boards could routinely ask, Is this a seeding trial? Sponsors would think twice about lying to an institutional review board, an institution that has so much legal and public support, especially in an era in which e-mail messages seem to live on forever, awaiting discovery by a curious someone. Asking about intent may be the wrong approach. Does the goodness of a trial inhere in its intent or in something else? An adequately powered trial is good if it tries to answer an important scientific question on which patients should be in equipoise, even though participating physicians will become familiar with a new drug and be more likely to prescribe it. Is the same trial bad if its main purpose is to increase drug sales by habituating trial physicians to prescribing a new drug? Couldn't the answer to this question depend on the scientific importance of the question that it addresses? The trial would be bad if it addressed a question that lacked merit but good, despite its intent, if the question had intrinsic merit. Does the motivation for the trial make it wrong to participate in it, or does addressing an important, unsettled question make the study worthwhile, despite its intent? Perhaps physicians should focus less on intent and more on the scientific question. The ADVANTAGE physicians should have been asking whether the trial addressed an issue that previous trials had already answeredor should have answered. This line of reasoning suggests that institutional review boards, researchers, physicians, and patients should be asking about the study hypothesis and whether it addresses a settled question. Physicians have a fiduciary obligation to ask these questions on behalf of their patients, as do institutional review boards and researchers, which have the skill set and personnel to judge whether a trial is asking an already-answered question. They could look for other clues, such as a study with an open-label design, no control group, a very large projected enrollment relative to the importance of the question, a short-term study of a chronic disease, a study of an already approved drug, and so forth (1, 8, 9). None of these clues is highly specific, but institutional review boards should start asking questions when a study has several of them. A bureaucratic solution, such as relying on institutional review boards, could help to rid us of seeding trials, but simply shining a bright light on their existence may have already sown the seeds of their destruction. The next step would be a societal consensus that it is wrong to deceive institutional review boards and participants about the true purpose of a trial. Therein lies the importance of Hill and colleagues' article (8).


Sepsis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality as it can readily lead tosevere sepsis, septic shock, multiple organ failure and death. The onset can be rapid and difficult to define clinically. Despite the numerous candidate markers proposed in the literature, to date a serum marker for sepsis has not been found. The aim of this study was to assay the serum of clinically diagnosed patients with eithera Gram-negative or Gram- positive bacterial sepsis for elevated levels of nine potentialmarkers of sepsis, using commercially produced enzyme linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). The purpose was to find a test marker for sepsis that would be helpful toclinicians in cases of uncertain sepsis and consequently expose false positive BC'scaused by skin or environmental contaminants. Nine test markers were assayed including IL-6, IL-I 0, ILI2, TNF-α, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, procalcitonin, sE-selectin, sICAM -1 and a potential differential marker for Gram-positive sepsis- anti-lipid S antibody. A total of 445 patients were enrolled into this study from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Selly Oak Hospital (Birmingham). The results showed that all the markers were elevated in patients with sepsis and that patients with a Gram-negative sepsis consistently produced higher median/range serum levels than those with a Gram-positive sepsis. No single marker was able to identify all the septic patients. Combining two markers caused the sensitivities and specificities for a diagnosis of sepsis to increase to within a 90% to 100% range. By a process of elimination the markers that survived into the last phase were IL-6 with sICAM -1, and anti-lipid S IgG assays Defining cut-off levels for a diagnosis of sepsis became problematic and a semi-blind trial was devised to test the markers in the absence of both clinical details and positive blood cultures. Patients with pyrexia of unknown origin and negative BC were included in this phase (4). The results showed that IL-6 with sICAM-l are authentic markers of sepsis. There was 82% agreement between the test marker diagnosis and the clinical diagnosis for sepsis in patients with a Gram-positive BC and 78% agreement in cases of Gram-negative Be. In the PUO group the test markers identified 12 cases of sepsis and the clinical diagnosis 15. The markers were shown to differentiate between early sepsis and sepsis, inflammatory responses and infection. Anti-lipid S with IL-6 proved be a sensitive marker for Gram-positive infections/sepsis.


Third in the series of Aubrey-Maturin adventures, this book is set among the strange sights and smells of the Indian subcontinent, and in the distant waters ploughed by the ships of the East India Company. Aubrey is on the defensive, pitting wits and seamanship against an enemy enjoying overwhelming local superiority. But somewhere in the Indian Ocean lies the prize that could make him rich beyond his wildest dreams: the ships sent by Napoleon to attack the China Fleet...


Over the past century or more, one of the fundamental debates among statisticians has been
about the meaning of the concept of probability. Essentially, there is a general consensus on the
axioms of probability but its role in the process of reasoning is still questionable. It is where the
separation into two basic approaches begins - classical and Bayesian.
Bayesian analysis was dominant in the literature during the 19th century; however, in the 20th
century classical statistics gained popularity due to the rigorous interpretation of probability. The
last few years, interest in Bayesian methods has been growing again.
The controversies around the application of these two approaches in the specific circumstances
are still present today. It is the reason for the existence of two opposing schools. While some
believe that classical methods show better performance in solving problems, others find the
arguments in favor of Bayesian statistics. This duality contributes to the opinion that it is
necessary to explore the possibilities that both approaches provide in the data processing.
The subject of the doctoral dissertation research is the analysis of different methodological
approaches of statistical inference and the possibility of their use in the processing of specific
economic data. In order to respond to the subject of the study, this dissertation presents the
historical development of two different approaches to inference, perceived characteristics of
classical and Bayesian statistics, application possibilities of Bayesian methods in the processing
of economic data, and finally, conclusions regarding the feasibility of the selected methods and
models in economics. By evaluating the results of the applied maximum likelihood method- as
the classical method- and Bayesian method on the example of one company, as well as a
comparative analysis of the results obtained using both approaches in the analysis of trends of
key financial indicators in the Republic of Serbia and some macroeconomic indicators in the
European Union, the basic hypothesis that Bayesian approach to statistical inference has the
advantage over classical inference was confirmed, as well as was the fact that its application in
economics is justified.


BACKGROUND
The use of lasers for removal of unwanted hair has been shown to be effective in temporarily controlling hair growth. Several lasers are currently utilized for this purpose.

OBJECTIVE
This study evaluates the short-term effectiveness and discomfort levels of the long-pulsed alexandrite laser and the topical suspension-assisted Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in a side-by-side comparison.

METHODS
Fifteen subjects were treated in the bilateral hair-bearing axilla, using one treatment with the alexandrite laser for the right and two treatments with the topical suspension-assisted Nd:YAG laser for the left. Reduction in hair regrowth was measured at 2 and 3 months following the first treatment by comparing the terminal hair count to the baseline values. Patients rated their pain on a scale of 0-10 immediately following the first treatment at each site.

RESULTS
The mean percentage reduction in hair regrowth 2 months following alexandrite laser treatment was 55% and 73% for the Nd:YAG laser-treated regions. After 3 months, alexandrite laser-treated patients showed a reduction of 19%, while Nd:YAG laser-treated patients showed a 27% reduction. Patients reported average pain values of 8 and 4 for the long-pulsed alexandrite and Nd:YAG laser sites, respectively. All differences were significant.

CONCLUSION
While the design of this study makes it difficult to compare the relative effectiveness of the lasers, both systems evaluated were shown to delay hair growth and provide patients with a satisfactory treatment.


This paper explores a puzzle concerning the authority of certain images that increasingly find themselves at the center of legal disputes: surveillance or "real time" film images that purport to capture an event about which there is a dispute. Increasingly, this kind of "evidence verite" is used in United States courts of law as the best evidence of what happened. Film footage of arrests, criminal confessions, photographs of crime scenes (during and after) is routinely admitted into court as evidence. It tends to overwhelm all other evidence (e.g., testimonial or documentary) and be immune to critical analysis. Why would this be so?This paper situates this phenomenon in the current legal United States context, with a brief history of "evidence verite" and its treatment at law. It then compares side-by-side two cultural institutions, photography and law, as examples of institutions with power and influence over public and popular consciousness. How do these two institutions intersect? What patterns of influence and persuasion emerge from the partnership of photographic or filmic images and the role of law? The paper explores these questions by tracing the life of certain iconic public images in hopes that doing so will tell us something about how they came to be iconic: how their circulation and reception in the United States rendered the images meaningful beyond their textual existence. Studying the circulation and recirculation of these photograph images helps make sense of how "real time" images in culture and at law might shape our understanding of important, historic events beyond the facts these images depict. This paper is not a paper about how we understand images as a psychological or neurological matter. It is a paper about how law and legal processes frame images and how images – especially "real time" images – frame or shape the law. The photographs the paper examines include the "Migrant Mother" from the Great Depression, the bombing of Hiroshima, the flag raising at Iwo Jima during WWII, the Times Square Kiss on VJ day, the US landing on the moon, the first in utero photographs of a human fetus, and images of torture at Abu Ghraib prison.


Background:

Connexins are the channel forming constituents of hemichannels that facilitate cellextracellular communication, and gap junction (GJ) intercellular channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of interacting cells. The role of connexins in the brain is an area of growing interest. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current state of research and where future research might be headed, with particular attention to the role of connexins in psychology and psychiatric pharmaceuticals. The primary connexin isoforms in the brain include connexin45 (Cx45), Cx43, Cx36, and Cx30. These connexins display differential expression in the major neuronal cell types, and have functions including synchronization of neuronal oscillations, metabolite homeostasis, and release of gliotransmitters. Importantly, these processes utilize both GJ intercellular communication, and hemichannel cell-extracellular communication pathways. At the behavioral level, connexins in the brain have been shown to be involved in memory, alcohol indulgence, motor coordination, and anxiety.

Conclusions:

There are many compounds that broadly inhibit connexins, and a handful of targeted, isoform-specific, channel function agonists and antagonists. However, these compounds have primarily researched in areas other than the brain. Therefore, connexins potentially provide new pharmaceutical targets for psychiatric disorders.


The objective of this study is to develop a versatile vector system for the delivery and expression of transgenes in the chloroplast genome of N. benthamiana. The successful advent of such a system would vastly streamline the construction process of chloroplast transformation vectors for the expression of recombinant proteins, such as vaccine candidates, in the chloroplasts of N. benthamiana. Transgenes targeted to the chloroplasts of higher plants are expected to be expressed at considerably higher levels as compared to nuclear expression, resulting in more significant accumulation of recombinant proteins. In this study, a 2-part chloroplast transformation vector system was developed and two new GFP vector prototypes, pEXPR-G and pEXPR-UG were generated for preliminary evaluation of functionality. The aadA and GFP expression cassettes of pEXPR-G and pEXPR-UG were evaluated in E. coli prior to actual delivery into N. benthamiana via particle bombardment. Particle bombardment parameters were optimised with particular emphasis on minimising excessive damage to the target tissue in order to facilitate the recovery of antibiotic resistant shoots and calli following transformation. To further evaluate the versatility of the developed system for the expression of vaccine antigens, recombinant vectors, pEXPR-HA and pEXPR-NA were constructed for the delivery of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of avian influenza strain H5N1 into the chloroplast genome of N. benthamiana. Experimental results indicated that pEXPR-G and pEXPR-UG were fundamentally functional in E. coli and both the aadA and GFP expression cassettes were active, allowing the bacteria to withstand 500mg/l spectinomycin and express the transgene of interest at the protein level. Similar results were also observed in transplastomic N. benthamiana transformed with pEXPR-UG and pEXPR-NA. In essence, the developed 2-part chloroplast transformation vector system was found to be highly versatile and could be conveniently applied for the construction of transformation vectors for the delivery and expression of HA and NA in the chloroplast of N. benthamiana.


Abstract This paper critically examines the widespread belief that the early implementation of comprehensive land reforms prior to the industrialisation process, coupled with subsequent agrarian state policies channelling the intersectoral transfer of resources, has been a central determinant of East Asia's (mainly Taiwan's and South Korea's) outperformance of Latin America. We argue that, although those agrarian policies should certainly be part of any comparative investigation of the course of capitalist development in each of these two regions, they cannot explain their divergence. The paper contends that the respective scope and timing of agrarian policies has been an expression of the specific contradictions of the early industrialisation process in each region, rather than an autonomous determinant of the course of the latter. Based on insights derived from the Marxian critique of political economy, the paper shows that each region's respective agrarian policies have expressed the differential resolution of the opposition between the rate of profit (industrial capital) and ground-rent (landed property) in the import substituting industrialisation process. In so doing, the paper takes issue with the claim that timely land reforms in Taiwan and Korea have facilitated the subsequent successful turn to an export-oriented industrialisation strategy. An alternative account of the different developmental paths in East Asia and Latin America based on the unfolding of the Marxian 'law of value' on a world scale is also provided.


Photo-induced processes in self-assembled coordination cages were studied by femtosecond infrared pump-probe spectroscopy. Densely packed, interpenetrated double cages were constructed from eight bis-monodentate redoxactive ligands bound to four Pd(ii) nodes. Two types of ligands consisting of electron rich phenothiazine (PTZ) or electron deficient anthraquinone (ANQ) chromophores were used to assemble either homo-octameric or mixed-ligand cages. Upon photoexcitation the homo-octameric acceptor cage undergoes intersystem crossing to a long-lived triplet state, similar to the free acceptor ligand. Excitation of the free donor ligand leads to a fluorescent state with intramolecular charge transfer character. This fluorescence is completely quenched in the homo-octameric donor double cage due to a ligand-to-metal charge transfer followed by back electron transfer on a ps timescale. Only for the mixed-ligand cage irradiation produces a charge separated state with an oxidized PTZ radical cation and a reduced ANQ radical anion as proven by their vibrational fingerprints in the transient IR spectra. In dichloromethane the lifetime of this charge separated state extends from tens of ps to >1.5 ns which is attributed to the broad distribution of mixed-ligand cages with different stoichiometry and/or stereo configurations.


The Eph receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with
important roles during neuronal development. Unlike other RTKs, these receptors can be activated
by their membrane bound ligands, the ephrins. Recent evidence strongly suggests that
Eph receptors and their ligands also contribute to synapse formation and synaptic plasticity
in the postnatal brain. However, the details of the mechanisms still remain unclear.
In order to better understand the role of EphB2 receptors during these processes in living
cells, EphB2 receptors were visualized. Therefore, one variant of the enhanced blue, green,
or yellow fluorescent protein (E(C/G/Y)FP) was fused to the receptor. For this, ExFP was
inserted in one of three different positions of EphB2: the N-terminus (EphB2-N), a site close
to the juxtamembrane region (EphB2-C1) and between two functional relevant domains of
the cytoplasmic tail (EphB2-C2). The different EphB2-ExFP receptors, EphB2-N, EphB2-C1
and EphB2-C2, were exogenously expressed in cell lines and showed intense fluorescence at
the plasma membrane, comparable to other described transmembrane ExFP fusion proteins.
Biochemical methods were used to test functionality of the different EphB2-ExFP proteins
concerning tyrosine phosphorylation and interaction with known proteins, such as NR1 and
GRIP2, and showed no obvious impairment. Surprisingly, however, the cluster behaviour
of the EphB2-ExFP variants transiently expressed in neurons was different, only the EphB2-
C1 proteins revealed a proper cluster formation after ephrinB stimulation, indicating that the
ExFP insertion at the N- and C-terminus impaired the clustering.
In order to study the dynamics of trafficking, insertion and cluster behaviour of fluorescently
tagged EphB2 receptors in living neurons, hippocampal cultures were transfected with these
constructs. EphB2-C1 expressing neurons revealed two pools of fluorescent clusters, one pool
was static, representing EphB2 receptors at the plasma membrane, whereas the other pool was
trafficking along neurites, presumably reflecting EphB2 proteins in transport vesicles. In addition,
the subcellular distribution of these receptors was analyzed, revealing that e.g. EphB2
clusters are present at the tips of filopodia and in growth cones. Filopodia are highly dynamic
structures, which explore the environment and therefore have to extend and retract a lot. Our group recently described a new mechanism of how an adhesive Eph-ephrin interaction between
filopodia of immature growth cones and EphB2-expressing cell lines can be turned into
a retraction response by bi-directional EphB/ephrinB-triggered trans-endocytosis. Intrigued
by these findings, we were interested whether bi-directional transcytosis also exists in mature
hippocampal cultures, presumably being involved in the dynamics of filopodia. The present
thesis could show that after contact of mature neurons with cells, most-likely glial cells, the exogenous
expression of fluorescently tagged EphB2 receptors in neurons induces a retrograde
transcytosis into the interacting neighbouring cell. This reverse transcytosis of EphB2-C1 proteins
was often followed by persistent retraction of the neuronal protrusion. This could have
a potential role in axon pruning or in morphological plasticity in mature neurons, thereby adjusting
the proper connectivity.
In a second approach, thy1-EphB2-C1-EYFP transgenic mice were generated to gain insights
into the in vivo behaviour of these fluorescently tagged proteins and to have a closer look in
the dynamics and cluster behaviour of EphB2 receptors during synaptogenesis and in spines
of more mature neurons. Contrary to our expectations, both the fluorescent intensities and
the distribution of the EphB2-C1-EYFP proteins in these transgenic mice were not bright nor
sparse enough for conclusive imaging experiments.


Abstract Agates from a 430 Ma host at Stockdale Beck, Cumbria, England have been characterized. The crystallite size of the Stockdale Beck agates was found to be ~60% greater than any other agates from five regions aged 400-1100 Ma. Raman spectroscopy identified moganite in all agates tested except those from Stockdale Beck. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the silanol content of the Stockdale Beck agates was near zero. The properties of agates from Stockdale Beck and the 1.84-3.48 Ga metamorphosed hosts found in Western Australia were similar but different from agates found in other hosts aged 400-1100 Ma. Cathodoluminescence demonstrates further differences between agates from hosts aged 13-1100 Ma and those from Stockdale Beck and Western Australia. Agates from the latter areas have a lower proportion of defects causing a red emission band (~660 nm) but an increased proportion of defects causing blue (~470 nm) and orange (~640 nm) emission bands. Agates found in hosts aged 13-1100 Ma are also differentiated from the Stockdale Beck and Western Australian agates in a ternary plot of the relative intensities of violet to blue to orange emission bands. Single scans producing this combination of colours are only found in the Stockdale Beck and Western Australian agates. The properties shown by the Stockdale Beck and Western Australian agates demonstrate that an agate or chalcedony infill can be used to identify post-deposition palaeoheating within a host rock.


This thesis examines the European influences on the works of Paul Bowles and William S. Burroughs, focusing on the themes, styles, techniques and preoccupations derived from Existentialism, Surrealism and Primitivism. Their texts, informed by their interest in the transatlantic intellectual currents of the time and non-American influences, represent a dissenting voice against the commonly and officially held values of the post-World War II United States and Western ideological power structures, and offer an insight into the development of a twentieth century American cultural identity.
Examining Bowles and Burroughs in parallel gives a unique insight into their differences and striking similarities with regard to their experiences of expatriation and European sensibilities. Analysis of the historical context and material history of the publication, underlying influences, themes, techniques and preoccupations of their works reveals a deeper political engagement than has been previously shown. Bowles and Burroughs participated in a broad transatlantic dialogue of ideas, as reflected in the geopolitical and chronopolitical similarities of their works. The thesis focuses on their use of similar themes such as alienation, derived from Sartrean Existentialism, and their shared existential negativity toward life in the United States. It is argued that their style and method of indirect ideological expression, derived from Existentialism, enables a form of expression that can effectively and covertly interrogate American identity. Their use of experimental techniques drawn directly from the politically charged European based art movements of Dada and Surrealism, such as automatism, is shown to create a politically useful distance between the work and the author, while Surrealist preoccupations with shock, intoxication and violence evoke a closer relationship between the work and the reader. The notion of 'primitivism' and a persistent interest in 'primitive cultures' that intersects with representations of sexuality and a rejection of modernity in their works is examined as a reflection of their negative attitudes toward the modernism represented by the United States. Examining the parallels between their works and the development of film noir also reveals an engagement with a broad transatlantic exchange of ideas, styles and techniques across media. Their experimentation with the constructed nature of authorship, which developed through literary practice in their later works is shown to interrogate the concurrent poststructuralist theories of authorship.
The historical contexts, influences of European intellectual cross-currents and range of connections between Bowles and Burroughs combine to make a compelling case that their works are politically charged, transatlantic in style and technique, and stridently significant in the history of English language literature and our understanding of contemporary American and European cultures.


Neural machine translation is a recently proposed approach to machine translation. Unlike the traditional statistical machine translation, the neural machine translation aims at building a single neural network that can be jointly tuned to maximize the translation performance. The models proposed recently for neural machine translation often belong to a family of encoder-decoders and consists of an encoder that encodes a source sentence into a fixed-length vector from which a decoder generates a translation. In this paper, we conjecture that the use of a fixed-length vector is a bottleneck in improving the performance of this basic encoder-decoder architecture, and propose to extend this by allowing a model to automatically (soft-)search for parts of a source sentence that are relevant to predicting a target word, without having to form these parts as a hard segment explicitly. With this new approach, we achieve a translation performance comparable to the existing state-of-the-art phrase-based system on the task of English-to-French translation. Furthermore, qualitative analysis reveals that the (soft-)alignments found by the model agree well with our intuition.


Properties of pulsed optical range finders which are affected by the transmitter pulse waveshape have been analyzed. This was done by deriving the probability density functions of the random variable representing range delay time with respect to the start of the transmitter pulse. These functions were used to predict the calibration or bias time, random range errors, the probability that a range measurement is made, and its entropy, all vs signal energy. Noise and other important system properties are treated as parameters, and it is assumed that photoemission is Poisson-distributed. A number of experiments were performed, including a simulation of geodetic satellite conditions. Although more experimental work remains to be done, the agreement between these measurements and theoretical predictions tends to verify the theory, including the basic assumption that photoemission is accurately described by Poisson statistics under almost all likely conditions.


The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires coordinated actions by and across different sectors. Increasing attention at the global and national levels has led to different strategies to tackle the challenge. The diversity of possible actions to address AMR is currently not well understood from a One Health perspective. AMR-Intervene, an interdisciplinary social-ecological framework, describes interventions to tackle AMR in terms of six components: (i) core information about the publication; (ii) social system; (iii) bio-ecological system; (iv) triggers and goals; (v) implementation and governance; and (vi) assessment. AMR-Intervene provides a broadly applicable framework, which can inform the design, implementation, assessment and reporting of interventions to tackle AMR and, in turn, enable faster uptake of successful interventions to build societal resilience to AMR.


Laparoscopy is abdominal surgery performed with long tools inserted through small incisions. The use of small incisions reduces patient trauma, but also eliminates the surgeon's ability to view and touch the surgical environment directly. These limitations generally restrict the application of laparoscopy to procedures less complex than those performed during open surgery. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of miniature, wheeled, in vivo robots to support laparoscopy. The objective is to develop a wireless mobile imaging robot that can be placed inside the abdominal cavity during surgery. Such robots will allow the surgeon to view the surgical environment from multiple angles. The motion of these in vivo robots will not be constrained by the insertion incisions. Simulation and experimental analyses have led to a wheel design that can attain good mobility performance in in vivo conditions


A great deal of effort in digital evolution research is invested in developing experimental tools. Because each experiment is different and because the emphasis is on generating results, the tools that are developed are usually not designed to be extendable or multipurpose. Here we present MABE, a modular and reconfigurable digital evolution research tool designed to minimize the time from hypotheses generation to hypotheses testing. MABE provides an accessible framework which seeks to increase collaborations and to facilitate reuse by implementing only features that are common to most experiments, while leaving experimentally dependent details up to the user. MABE was initially released in August 2016 and has since then been used to ask questions related to Evolution, Sexual Selection, Psychology, Cognition, Neuroscience, Cooperation, Spatial Navigation and Computer Science.


Learn Linux debugging and optimization-at kernel and application levels-hands-on!This is the definitive guide to Linux software debugging and performance optimization at both the kernel and application levels. Using extensive Linux code examples, Steve Best systematically introduces open source tools and best-practice techniques for delivering bug-free, well-tuned code.Drawing on his exceptional experience optimizing Linux systems for IBM, Best covers issues ranging from memory management and I/O to system processes and kernel bug messages. You'll walk through real debugging sessions, discovering the strategies experts use to debug even the most complex application- and kernel-related problems. You'll master sophisticated profiling techniques for identifying and resolving bottlenecks more quickly and learn how to capture the right data in the event of trouble. Coverage includes Bottleneck identification Code coverage Debuggers: gdb, kgdb, and KDB Memory management /proc kernel data analysis System process monitoring Network performance Oops bug messages Syslog and event logging Execution traces Profiling kernel behavior Cache misses User-Mode Linux Dynamic probes Crash dump analysis And more... Linux® Debugging and Performance Tuning will be indispensable for every developer who needs to supercharge the Linux kernel and applications, and for every administrator and support specialist who must resolve Linux reliability or performance issues.© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory consequences of left and right displacement of the abomasum (LDA and RDA), short- and long-term survival after surgery and the findings in cows, that could not be cured by omentopexy. Data from 564 cases of displaced abomasum (466 LDA, 98 RDA) were analysed retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between the two manifestations of DA. Survival was assessed after 10 days and after 15 months. Necropsy was carried out on cows that died or were killed. On arrival at the clinic, left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) cows had been recognized as diseased for longer. LDA occurred earlier in lactation, and more cows with right displacement of the abomasum (RDA) were pregnant. Overall clinical symptoms were more severe in RDA than in LDA cows. Heart rate was higher, body temperature was lower, inanition, abnormal faeces and ruminal stasis were more frequent in RDA cows. Leucocyte counts were higher, and potassium and chloride levels were lower in RDA cows. Acetonuria was more frequent in LDA cows. More LDA than RDA cows were released from the clinic as cured (82.0% versus 74.5%). However, survival after the early post-surgical period was similar for RDA and LDA cows. At necropsy, diseases of the gastrointestinal system were the predominant finding in RDA cows, while in LDA cows, diseases of the liver and other concurrent diseases were more important.


In the area of full duplex (FD)-enabled small cell networks, limited works have been done on consideration of cache and mobile edge communication (MEC). In this paper, a virtual FD-enabled small cell network with cache and MEC is investigated for two heterogeneous services, high-data-rate service and computation-sensitive service. In our proposed scheme, content caching and FD communication are closely combined to offer high-data-rate services without the cost of backhaul resource. Computing offloading is conducted to guarantee the delay requirement of users. Then we formulate a virtual resource allocation problem, in which user association, power control, caching and computing offloading policies and resource allocation are jointly considered. Since the original problem is a mixed combinatorial problem, necessary variables relaxation and reformulation are conducted to transfer the original problem to a convex problem. Furthermore, alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm is adopted to obtain the optimal solution. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted with different system configurations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


In this paper, we examine the impact of enforcement of the U.S.-Mexico border on wages in U.S. and Mexican border regions. The U.S. Border Patrol polices U.S. boundaries, seeking to apprehend any undocumented entrants. It concentrates its efforts on the Mexican border. We examine labor markets in border areas of California, Texas, and Mexico. For each region, we have high-frequency data on wages and person-hours the U.S. Border Patrol spends policing the border. For a range of empirical specifications and definitions of regional labor markets, we find little impact of border enforcement on wages in U.S. border cities and a moderate negative impact of border enforcement on wages in Mexican border cities. These findings are consistent with two hypotheses: border enforcement has a minimal impact on illegal immigration, and illegal immigration from Mexico has a minimal impact on wages in U.S. border areas.


Background Air pollution from traffic has been associated with cardiorespiratory diseases in children and adults, but there is little information on its potential neurotoxic effects. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as a marker of traffic-related air pollution, and cognitive development in children. Methods A population-based birth cohort from southern Spain was followed from the age of 4 years for 1 year. Complete data for analyses were gathered on 210 children living in urban and rural areas. NO2 exposure was predicted by means of land use regression models. A standardised version of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) was used to assess children's motor and cognitive abilities. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relation between exposure to NO2 and MSCA outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders. Results A negative effect of NO2 was found across all MSCA subscales, despite low predicted NO2 exposure levels (5–36 μg/m3). Children exposed to higher NO2 (>24.75 μg/m3) showed a decrease of 4.19 points in the general cognitive score and decreases of 6.71, 7.37 and 8.61 points in quantitative, working memory and gross motor areas, respectively. However, except for gross motor function, associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion Although results were not statistically significant, the associations found between exposure to NO2 and cognitive functions suggest that traffic-related air pollution may have an adverse effect on neurodevelopment, especially early in life, even at low exposure levels.


We are given a Boolean function f : {-1,1}n → R that can be written as a sparse linear combination of s polynomials. The Junta problem cf. [1] is an instance of such a setting. Our goal is to learn the function f by accessing its values at randomly sampled m elements from {-1, l}n. In this paper, we draw connections between the sparse polynomial learning problem and compressed sensing. As a result we provide a convex program that learns an s-sparse polynomial with high probability using m = O(s2n) observations. We contrast this result with the worst case sample-complexity which requires O(n2n) random samples to learn the entire function f. Our results naturally extend to the setting where the data is noisy or f is well approximated by an s-sparse polynomial. Our results also show that the solution adapts to the number of observations and finds a natural approximation given the available information.


A View from the Bottom offers a major critical reassessment of male effeminacy and its racialization in visual culture. Examining portrayals of Asian and Asian American men in Hollywood cinema, European art film, gay pornography, and experimental documentary, Nguyen Tan Hoang explores the cultural meanings that accrue to sexual positions. He shows how cultural fantasies around the position of the sexual "bottom" overdetermine and refract the meanings of race, gender, sexuality, and nationality in American culture in ways that both enable and constrain Asian masculinity. Challenging the association of bottoming with passivity and abjection, Nguyen suggests ways of thinking about the bottom position that afford agency and pleasure. A more capacious conception of bottomhood—as a sexual position, a social alliance, an affective bond, and an aesthetic form—has the potential to destabilize sexual, gender, and racial norms, suggesting an ethical mode of relation organized not around dominance and mastery but around the risk of vulnerability and shame. Thus reconceived, bottomhood as a critical category creates new possibilities for arousal, receptiveness, and recognition, and offers a new framework for analyzing sexual representations in cinema as well as understanding their relation to oppositional political projects.


In this paper we model the evolution of a system of corruption. We assume a fixed population of players that play a series of supergames with randomly chosen opponents. Each stage game in the supergames is a prisoner's dilemma. We show the conditions under which an equilibrium of corruption exists and is stable. We assume there are two types of players, adaptive and nonadaptive ones. Among the nonadaptive players, there is a small proportion that always chooses to be conditionally honest in every new supergame. Furthermore, we assume that corruption generates small but cumulative social costs. We show that the joint presence of a small group of "honest" players and of cumulative social costs is sufficient to drive the system to a critical (i.e., catastrophic) point in which the stable equilibrium of corruption suddenly becomes unstable. When the system has reached such a catastrophic point, a small perturbation is enough to drive it towards a different equilibrium. We show that the new equilibrium is cooperative, in that all players choose to be conditionally honest, and that a cooperative equilibrium is always stable under our model's conditions.


When robots are driven by the negative gradient of a potential field that consists of the sum of an attractive and a repulsive term, convergence to the desired configuration cannot be guaranteed by traditional Lyapunov techniques. In this paper, sufficient conditions for convergence of such systems are provided instead with the use of Rantzer's dual Lyapunov theorem. In particular, a condition that involves the trace of the Hessian matrix of the potential function is derived and then applied to the cases of navigation of a single robot and of multi-robot formation stabilization. The main result of the paper states that a sufficient condition for convergence to a desired configuration in both cases is that the attractive potential admits a sufficiently large gain. A lower bound on the attractive potential is computed. Computer simulations that support the new results are provided.


Invited Talks.- Research Issues for the Next Generation Spoken Dialogue Systems.- Data-Driven Analysis of Speech.- Towards a Road Map for Machine Translation Research.- The Prague Dependency Treebank: Crossing the Sentence Boundary.- Text.- Tiered Tagging and Combined Language Models Classifiers.- Syntactic Tagging: Procedure for the Transition from the Analytic to the Tectogrammatical Tree Structures.- Information, Language, Corpus and Linguistics.- Prague Dependency Treebank: Restoration of Deletions.- Some Types of Syntactic Ambiguity How to Treat Them in an Automatic Procedure.- Semantic Annotation of (Czech) Corpus Texts.- The General Principles of the Diachronic Part of the Czech National Corpus.- Performing Adaptive Morphological Analysis Using Internet Resources.- Automatic Text-to-Speech Alignment: Aspects of Robustification.- Czech Translation of G. Orwell's '1984': Morphology and Syntactic Patterns in the Corpus.- Handling Word Order in a Multilingual System for Generation of Instructions.- Text Structuring in a Multilingual System for Generation of Instructions.- Leveraging Syntactic Information for Text Normalization.- Automatic Structuring of Written Texts.- Implementation of Efficient and Portable Parser for Czech.- Word Sense Disambiguation of Czech Texts.- The Acquisition of Some Lexical Constraints from Corpora.- Run-Time Extensible (Semi-)Top-Down Parser.- Enhancing Readability of Automatic Summaries by Using Schemas.- Use of a Weighted Topic Hierarchy for Document Classification.- Speech.- Remarks on Sentence Prosody and Topic-Focus Articulation.- Speech Recognition Using Elman Neural Networks.- Use of Hidden Markov Models for Evaluation of Russian Digits Pronunciation by the Foreigners.- Allophone-Based Concatenative Speech Synthesis System for Russian.- Intonation Questions in English and Armenian: Results of the Perceptual Study.- Methods of Sentences Selection for Read-Speech Corpus Design.- Speaker Identification Using Discriminative Centroids Weighting - A Growing Cell Structure Approach.- Speech Analysis and Recognition Synchronised by One-Quasiperiodical Segmentation.- Spanish Phoneme Classification by Means of a Hierarchy of Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps.- Information Theoretic Based Segments for Language Identification.- Fast and Robust Features for Prosodic Classification?.- A Segment Based Approach for Prosodic Boundary Detection?.- Speech Recognition and Syllable Segments.- Text Preprocessing for Czech Speech Synthesis.- MLPs and Mixture Models for the Estimation of the Posterior Probabilities of Class Membership.- A Simple Spanish Part of Speech Tagger for Detection and Correction of Accentuation Error.- Slovene Interactive Text-to-Speech Evaluation Site - SITES.- Developing HMM-Based Recognizers with ESMERALDA.- Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition for Read and Broadcast Czech.- Rules for Automatic Grapheme-to-Allophone Transcription in Slovene.- Speech Segmentation Aspects of Phone Transition Acoustical Modelling.- Context Dependent Phoneme Recognition.- State-Space Model Based Labeling of Speech Signals.- Very Low Bit Rate Speech Coding: Comparison of Data-Driven Units with Syllable Segments.- Storing Prosody Attributes of Spontaneous Speech.- Dialogue.- An Overview of the State of the Art of Coding Schemes for Dialogue Act Annotation.- Structural and Semantic Dialogue Filters.- A Retrieval System of Broadcast News Speech Documents through Keyboard and Voice.- Situations in Dialogs.- Components for Building an Automatic Voice-Dialogue Telephone System.- Modeling of the Information Retrieval Dialogue Systems.- Improvement of the Recognition Rate of Spoken Queries to the Dialogue System.- Analysis of Different Dialog Strategies in the Slovenian Spoken Dialog System.- Posters.- Dispersion of Words in a Language Corpus.- Corpus-Based Rules for Czech Verb Discontinuous Constituents.- Automatic Modelling of Regional Pronunciation Variation for Russian.- Experiments Regarding the Superposition of Emotional Features on Neutral Korean Speech.- Modeling Cue Phrases in Turkish: A Case Study.- Speaker Identification Based on Vector Quantization.- Robustness in Tabular Deduction for Multimodal Logical Grammar - Part 1.- Classifying Visemes for Automatic Lipreading.- Semantic Inference in the Human-Machine Communication.- Playing with RST: Two Algorithms for the Automated Manipulation of Discourse Trees.- Another Step in the Modeling of Basque Intonation: Bermeo.- Electronic Dictionaries: For Both Humans and Computers.- Statistical Evaluation of Similarity Measures on Multi-lingual Text Corpora.- Document Title Patterns in Information Retrieval.- Statistical Approach to the Automatic Synthesis of Czech Speech.- Language Model Representations for the GOPOLIS Database.- Recognition of Alkohol Influence on Speech.- Recording of Czech and Slovak Telephone Databases within SpeechDat-E.- Pragmatic Features of the Electronic Discourse in the Internet.


Recently, it has become increasingly difficult for only a single metallic material to meet the demand, which asks for the effective characteristics, such as corrosion-resistance, high strength and electric conductivity, at the same time. The development of clad material, which consists of two or more metals, has arisen, in which the clad material has developed advanced functional properties by utilizing the property of each metal. Clad bars have been manufactured by swaging, hydrostatic extrusion, groove rolling methods and so on. However, it is difficult to produce the clad bar with a high dimensional accuracy efficiently. The development of a method for manufacturing a clad bar with diffusion bonding interface by hot rolling has been highly sought. In this paper, first, the diffusion bonding methods by hot working, such as hydrostatic extrusion, groove rolling and rotary rolling methods, are studied comparatively. Next, in the diffusion bonding method by rotary rolling, the combination of metallic material, the feature of diffusion bonding, the metal flow at bonding portion and the thickness of the diffusion layer are investigated in detail. This diffusion bonding method can be carried out by the heavy reduction rolling which is a symmetric working method.


Protection of critical information infrastructures from cyber-attacks is becoming an acute problem for nation states. Cybersecurity has become a national policy priority while 'sovereignty considerations' appear as increasingly important. National cybersecurity strategies seek to drive economic and social prosperity and protect cyberspace-reliant societies against cyber-threats. The US and the EU are among the first regulatory powers that have adopted important initiatives in the cybersecurity field. However, cybersecurity is nowadays very high on the international agenda so that important efforts have also been undertaken by international fora like the G8, the UN, the OECD and the ITU.


In this article, I build upon research in one arena of global private law, the production of legal documentation for the global swap markets, to challenge the way both the utopic and the dystopic accounts describe private law beyond the State. I argue that these accounts stand on a set of anthropological assumptions or claims assertions about what this private law actually is, from insiders' point of view, about how it is interpreted and experienced in the real world - which for the most part go unexamined, untheorized, and undefended empirically. This matters because they also turn out to be, at the very least, seriously incomplete. In particular, I want to complicate three views of the source of private law legitimacy that figure prominently in both defenses and critiques of private law: the view that law is an artifact of state power, the view that law enshrines a set of norms, and the view that law is a coherent system of one kind or another. In contrast, I will suggest that if one approaches these debates from the standpoint of the deceptively naive question, 'what is collateral, really, in the derivatives markets?', one begins to grasp a view of law as something very different from a body of norms. Global private law is also, I want to suggest, a routinized but highly compartmentalized knowledge practices. I will shorthand this description of global private law as the Anti-Network in order to contrast it to celebrations of global private law as a kind of networked knowledge, and an artifact of global social networks of various kinds. From this perspective, debates about the threat of global private law to the legitimacy of the nation state need to be redirected to contend with a more accurate picture of global private law. If one understands private law beyond the State as a set of institutions, actors, doctrines, ideas, material documents of knowledge practices, one begins to see remarkable similarities between the technical workings of global private law and the nature of state work. The threat, if any, of global private law inheres therefore in the way it replicates and hence supercedes the state in practical, mundane, routine ways.


We investigate the money-market impact of the reform of the operational framework of the European Central Bank that took place in March 2004. We estimate a structural bivariate GARCH model with the overnight rate and 1-year swap rate, where identifying restrictions are imposed on the conditional variances. Differently from previous studies, we use a measure of structural correlation to study the linkages between the short end and the longer end of the term structure of money market swaps. Our results indicate that the 1-year swap segment has decoupled from the overnight rate as the two rates do not co-vary any longer.


Traditionally, snowmelt modelling has been governed by the operational need for runoff forecasts. Parsimony in terms of model complexity and data requirements was a major concern. More recently, the increased importance of analyzing environmental problems and extreme conditions has motivated the development of distributed snow models.

Unfortunately, the use of this type of models is limited by a number of factors including a) the extreme heterogeneity of the hydrologic environment, b) the mismatch of scales between observed variables and model state variables, c) the large number of model parameters, and d) the observability/testability problem.

This paper discusses the implications of these constraints on the use of site and catchment scale concepts, regionalisation techniques, and calibration methods. In particular, the point is made that in many cases model parameters are poorly defined or not unique when being optimized on the basis of runoff data. Snow cover depletion patterns are shown to be vastly superior to runoff data for discriminating between alternative model assumptions. The patterns are capable of addressing individual model components representing snow deposition and albedo while the respective parameters are highly intercorrelated in terms of catchment runoff.

The paper concludes that site scale models of snow cover processes are fairly advanced but much is left to be done at the catchment scale. Specifically, more emphasis needs to be directed towards measuring and representing spatial variability in catchments as well as on spatially distributed model evaluation.


Cooperatives have been widely supported as vehicles for community-based conservation and development. However, these organizations are often developed around specific income-generating projects rather than broader considerations of how relations of power and ecological exploitation might be transformed. This article uses the case of AmazonCoop—a cooperative dedicated to the supposedly fair trade of Brazil nuts between Amazonian indigenous people and the multinational corporation The Body Shop—to illustrate how historical political ecology might facilitate the design of more radically transformative cooperatives. Contextualizing AmazonCoop within the history of Amazonian extractivism, and particularly the extraction of wild rubber, reveals the specific mechanisms and processes through which indigenous people have gained and lost power. This analysis thus creates opportunities for thinking more creatively about how contemporary conservation–development schemes might pursue ecologically sustainable and socially just social transformations. Keywords: cooperatives, fair trade, conservation, development, indigenous people, Brazil


Strategies have become important in companies in recent years to improve their companies performance this strategy has create a worthy interest on Public listed companies. Whereas previous research on the relationship between these strategies and company performance has largely been based on international data, this paper reviews the relationship between the adoption of the dimensions of corporate social responsibility, reputation and the companies' performance of Malaysian public listed companies. 200 questionnaires were received from a population that had already worked in Malaysian public listed companies. Using the partial least squares equation modeling as the approach to examine the model. Furthermore, this paper found a significant relationship between CSR, reputation and company performance. The findings imply the need for public listed companies to improve their performance.


Young People and the Struggle for Participation rethinks dominant concepts and meanings of participation by exploring what young people do in public spaces and what these spaces mean to them, individually and collectively. This book discusses how different spaces and places structure and are in turn structured by young peoples' activities. Drawing on findings from a comparative study in eight European cities, insights into different styles of youth participation emerging from formal, non-formal and informal settings are presented. The book provides a comparative analysis of how transnational discourses, national welfare states and local youth policies affect youth participation. It also investigates how it comes about that young people get involved in different forms of participation in the course of their biographies. This book will appeal to academics, researchers and post-graduate students in the fields of youth studies, community studies, sociology of education, political science, social work, psychology and anthropology


This text is a transcript of a keynote held at the conference: Economy, people and planet – Towards a new economic paradigm. The conference is an annual joint venture between Copenhagen Business School and the Danish network of transition activists Omstilling.Nu. The stated goal of the conference is 'to qualify the economic thinking and discourse in the light of the current sustainability challenge.' The transcript has been lightly edited for readability but the verbal style of the text is retained:


Previous research has shown that gastric acid suppression by antacid drugs can promote allergic reactions to acid‐labile food proteins. No data are available about whether antacid drugs can promote drug hypersensitivity reactions. The most potent and longer lasting inhibition of gastric secretion is provided by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). We hypothesized that gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors could be causative of drug hypersensitivity reactions during hospitalization.


The aim of this study was to establish a link between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a view to identifying the major periodontal disease bacteria (Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and/or bacterial components in brain tissue from 12 h postmortem delay. Our request matched 10 AD cases for tissue from Brains for Dementia Research alongside 10 non-AD age-related controls with similar or greater postmortem interval. We exposed SVGp12, an astrocyte cell line, to culture supernatant containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the putative periodontal bacteria P. gingivalis. The challenged SVGp12 cells and cryosections from AD and control brains were immunolabeled and immunoblotted using a battery of antibodies including the anti-P. gingivalis-specific monoclonal antibody. Immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated the SVGp12 cell line was able to adsorb LPS from culture supernatant on its surface membrane; similar labeling was observed in four out of 10 AD cases. Immunoblotting demonstrated bands corresponding to LPS from P. gingivalis in the SVGp12 cell lysate and in the same four AD brain specimens which were positive when screened by immunofluorescence. All controls remained negative throughout while the same four cases were consistently positive for P. gingivalis LPS (p = 0.029). This study confirms that LPS from periodontal bacteria can access the AD brain during life as labeling in the corresponding controls, with equivalent/longer postmortem interval, was absent. Demonstration of a known chronic oral-pathogen-related virulence factor reaching the human brains suggests an inflammatory role in the existing AD pathology.


Cultural Action for Change began in 2000 as a joining of artists, educators, and student-researchers to assess sustainability and address the impact of HIV within Phumani Paper; a government-funded poverty alleviation program, establishing hand papermaking and craft enterprises across South Africa. Inspired by ideals of empowerment and self-determination, a series of qualitative, Participatory Action Research (PAR) interventions for HIV awareness and action were introduced at six Phumani papermaking workshop sites. Student researchers and participants, with the collaboration of academics from the University of Michigan, were trained in Photovoice methodology to document with photographs and personal narrative the participants' struggles for economic independence. Through iterative processes of reflection and sharing, participants identified shared social action objectives. Cultural Action for Change (also termed AIDS Action) consisted of arts-based, multi-disciplinary community interventions conducted over five years, and adopted a PAR framework as an approach that seeks to enhance the lives of the participants. The goal of the AIDS Action Intervention was to provide support to, and increase the agency of, participants of the Phumani Paper craft enterprises affected by the HIV pandemic. The aim was to enable the participants to break the silence, to confront the fear and stigma of HIV, and to seek voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), thereby contributing to reducing the number of deaths in their projects and communities. An additional objective was to achieve an increase in productivity and income for the enterprises as a result of greater group trust, information, networking and agency. The creative strategies that the research teams used for the AIDS Action intervention were Photovoice and Paper Prayers. The impact assessment conducted revealed that members of the Phumani Paper groups see themselves as individuals who have acquired skills that can transform waste into objects of beauty and have understood their own sense of agency to effect personal and organizational change.


Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs in the lung-draining mediastinal lymph node and requires transport of M. tuberculosis by migratory dendritic cells (DCs) to the local lymph node. The previously published observations that 1) neutrophils are a transiently prominent population of M. tuberculosis -infected cells in the lungs early in infection and 2) that the peak of infected neutrophils immediately precedes the peak of infected DCs in the lungs prompted us to characterize the role of neutrophils in the initiation of adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis . We found that, although depletion of neutrophils in vivo increased the frequency of M. tuberculosis -infected DCs in the lungs, it decreased trafficking of DCs to the mediastinal lymph node. This resulted in delayed activation (CD69 expression) and proliferation of naive M. tuberculosis Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in the mediastinal lymph node. To further characterize the role of neutrophils in DC migration, we used a Transwell chemotaxis system and found that DCs that were directly infected by M. tuberculosis migrated poorly in response to CCL19, an agonist for the chemokine receptor CCR7. In contrast, DCs that had acquired M. tuberculosis through uptake of infected neutrophils exhibited unimpaired migration. These results revealed a mechanism wherein neutrophils promote adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis by delivering M. tuberculosis to DCs in a form that makes DCs more effective initiators of naive CD4 T cell activation. These observations provide insight into a mechanism for neutrophils to facilitate initiation of adaptive immune responses in tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology , 2011, 186: 7110–7119.


Abstract This paper proposes a feedback law capable of swinging up and stabilizing the cart-pendulum system. The approach uses an iterative algorithm that is typically used to construct a locally linearizing output for nonlinear control-affine systems. However, rather than computing the linearizing output, the algorithm iteratively constructs an approximate feedback form of the original system. The resulting feedback law has a large domain of attraction, which however does not extend over the upper half circle of the pendulum plane. A larger domain of attraction can be obtained by sampling the input and keeping it constant during a short sampling interval. The performance of the proposed strategy is illustrated both in simulation and experimentally on a laboratory-scale setup.


The rapid spread of Islam into three continents in the seventh and eighth centuries was followed by the diffusion of an equally remarkable but less well documented agricultural revolution. Originating mainly in India, where heat, moisture and available crops all favored its development and where it had been practiced for some centuries before the rise of Islam, the new agriculture was carried by the Arabs or those they conquered into lands which, because they were colder and drier, were much less hospitable to it and where it could be introduced only with difficulty. It appeared first in the eastern reaches of the early-Islamic world—in parts of Persia, Mesopotamia and perhaps Arabia Felix—which had close contacts with India and where a few components of the revolution were already in place in the century before the rise of Islam. By the end of the eleventh century it had been transmitted across the length and breadth of the Islamic world and had altered, often radically, the economies of many regions: Transoxania, Persia, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Egypt, the Maghrib, Spain, Sicily, the savannah lands on either side of the Sahara, parts of West Africa and the coastlands of East Africa. It had very far-reaching consequences, affecting not only agricultural production and incomes but also population levels, urban growth, the distribution of the labor force, linked industries, cooking and diet, clothing, and other spheres of life too numerous and too elusive to be investigated here.


We derive and analyze the low-energy theory of superconductivity in carbon nanotube ropes. A rope is modelled as an array of metallic nanotubes, taking into account phonon-mediated as well as Coulomb interactions, and arbitrary Cooper pair hopping amplitudes (Josephson couplings) between different tubes. We use a systematic cumulant expansion to construct the Ginzburg-Landau action including quantum fluctuations. The regime of validity is carefully established, and the effect of phase slips is assessed. Quantum phase slips are shown to cause a depression of the critical temperature Tc below the mean-field value, and a temperature-dependent resistance below Tc. We compare our theoretical results to recent experimental data of Kasumov {\sl et al.} [Phys. Rev. B {\bf 68}, 214521 (2003)] for the sub-$T_c$ resistance, and find good agreement with only one free fit parameter. Ropes of nanotubes therefore represent superconductors in the one-dimensional few-channel limit.


Data Structures Using C++ is designed to serve as a textbook for undergraduate engineering students of computer science and information technology as well as postgraduate students of computer applications. The book aims to provide a comprehensive coverage of all the topics related to data structures. The book begins with a discussion on the fundamentals of data structures and algorithms, and moves on to the concepts of linear data structures, stacks, recursion, queues, and searching and sorting. All the elements of data structures, such as linked lists, trees, graphs, hashing, heaps, and indexing, are covered in separate chapters in detail. The chapter on files explains file management and organization using C++ and the chapter on the standard template library provides detailed coverage of entities such as containers and iterators. A chapter on algorithm analysis and design is provided towards the end that discusses the various algorithmic strategies required to solve a problem effectively and efficiently. Written in a simple manner with strong pedagogy including numerous multiple choice and review questions, the book also provides programming problems at the end of every chapter.


Abstract Objective: The objective was to increase the understanding of vascular access in hemodialysis and evaluate hemodialysis-related anticoagulation treatments and the associated hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. Materials and Methods: In this study, an epidemiological investigation was conducted in 1175 patients who underwent hemodialysis in seven blood purification centers in northern Chinese. The patients were divided into two groups based on the vascular access they used: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) group and central venous catheter (CVC) group. The similarities and differences of anticoagulation and hemorrhagic, thrombotic complications were compared between two groups. Results: Arteriovenous fistula was the most frequently used vascular access, and heparin was the most commonly used anticoagulant. Patients in CVC group experienced significantly greater rates of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration and had a higher rate in achieving thrombotic complications than those in AVF group. There were no significant differences in LMWH dosages in patients with thrombotic complications, as well as the proportion of patients who received anti-platelet drugs. Heparinized catheter lock solutions were excessively high in this study, which may lead to a risk of hemorrhage. Conclusion: Hemodialysis-related anticoagulation treatments in China require additional improvements, especially for the patients using CVC as vascular access. There is an urgent need to develop clinical evaluation studies of anticoagulation treatments for achieving more standardized and targeted treatments.


An Assessment of Gadonanotubes as Magnetic Nanolabels for Improved Stem Cell Detection and Retention in Cardiomyoplasty by Lesa A. Tran In this work, gadolinium-based carbon nanocapsules are developed as a novel nanotechnology that addresses the shortcomings of current diagnostic and therapeutic methods of stem cell-based cardiomyoplasty. With cardiovascular disease (CVD) responsible for approximately 30% of deaths worldwide, the growing need for improved cardiomyoplasty has spurred efforts in nanomedicine to develop innovative techniques to enhance the therapeutic retention and diagnostic tracking of transplanted cells. Having previously been demonstrated as a high-performance T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, Gadonanotubes (GNTs) are shown for the first time to intracellularly label pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Without the use of a transfection agent, micromolar concentrations of GNTs deliver up to 10 9 Gd 3+ ions per cell, allowing for MSCs to be visualized in a 1.5 T clinical MRI scanner. The cellular response to the intracellular incorporation of GNTs is also assessed, revealing that GNTs do not compromise the viability, differentiation potential, or phenotype characteristics of the MSCs. However, it is also found that GNT-labeled MSCs exhibit a decreased response to select cell adhesion proteins and experience a nonapoptotic, non-proliferative cell cycle arrest, from which the cells recover 48 h after GNT internalization. In tandem with developing GNTs as a new stem cell diagnostic agent, this current work also explores for the first time the therapeutic application of the magnetically-active GNTs as a magnetic facilitator to increase the retention of transplanted stem cells during cardiomyoplasty. In vitro flow chamber assays, ex vivo perfusion experiments, and in vivo porcine injection procedures all demonstrate the increased magnetic-assisted retention of GNT-labeled MSCs in the presence of an external magnetic field. These studies prove that GNTs are a powerful 'theranostic' agent that provides a novel platform to simultaneously monitor and improve the therapeutic nature of stem cells for the treatment of CVD. It is expected that this new nanotechnology will further catalyze the development of cellular cardiomyoplasty and other stem cellbased therapies for the prevention, detection, and treatment of human diseases.


Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus (Yizhi in Chinese) have been widely used as an
herbal medicine for the treatment of diuresis, enuresis and diarrhea in China. Many studies have deciphered
some potential underlying mechanisms for its anti-diarrheal effects. However, tissue distribution
of Yizhi constituents is warranted because pharmacological receptors are frequently located in tissues.
Moreover, it is also interesting to know about the potential correlation between behavior in drug distribution
and the observed pharmacological response. The aim of this study is to investigate tissue distribution
behaviors of Yizhi constituents after oral administration of Yizhi extract to rats, focusing on 10
active principles.

 Twenty four male Sprague Dawley rats were given orally the Yizhi extract and fourteen tissue
samples were collected after being killed by bleeding from the abdominal aorta under ether anesthesia
at different time-points. The resulting tissues were excised and homogenized. Based on our previous
reports, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify
the target analytes, as well as phase II metabolites, in the various biosamples.

 Almost all the targeted Yizhi active principles and some glucuronidated metabolites were
qualitatively measured in rat stomach, small intestine, large intestine, as well as liver. Nootkatone,
yakuchinone A and tectochrysin were observed in the rat brain. In other rat tissues, these analytes had
lower exposure or could not be detected. Consistently, quantitative analysis revealed that the Yizhi active
principles dominantly distributed into gastrointestinal tissues followed by liver, the overall exposure
levels ranking as follows: stomach > small intestine > large intestine > liver. Tissue concentrationtime
profiles of the test active principles in rat stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were bimodal
with two concentration peaks occurring at 0.5 and 4h after oral administration, respectively. The
exposure levels in rat kidney and bladder were quite low.

 The active principles of Yizhi were specially distributed into gastrointestinal tissues after
oral administration of its ethanol extract to rats. The tissue distribution behaviors partly supported its
anti-diarrheal effects from a pharmacokinetic opinion. This paper will be useful as the starting point for
studying the pharmacological activities of this traditional herb.


This study examines the simulated temperature over Southeast Asia (SEA) using the Regional Climate Model version 4.3 (RegCM4.3), and its sensitivity to selected cumulus and ocean surface flux schemes. Model simulations were conducted for the SEA domain at 36 km spatial resolution for the period of 1989–2008, as part of the Southeast Asia Regional Climate Downscaling/Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment‐Southeast Asia (SEACLID/CORDEX‐Southeast Asia) project. A total of 18 sensitivity experiments were conducted with a combination of six cumulus parameterization schemes and three ocean surface flux schemes. The model's skill in representing mean, maximum and minimum temperatures is evaluated against observed gridded data sets. Results indicate a predominant cold bias in all simulations, particularly over mainland SEA (Indochina) during the season of December to February. Nevertheless, the seasonal correlation is highest over this region. The cold bias of the model is also evident in the temperature distributions, such that there are more cold months than observed, which may be associated with the underestimation of the daily maximum temperature. A few simulations also reveal a warm bias over some areas in the Maritime Continent. Further examination shows that both radiative and surface fluxes influence the simulated temperature, which may also have effects that partially offset each other in some areas. Comparison of the sensitivity experiments reveals differences in model performance, and underlines the importance in choosing the appropriate configuration for RegCM4.3 before it is used to downscale climate projections, particularly for the SEA region. This study also shows a strong influence of the choice of cumulus scheme on temperature. Based on performance metrics for temperature among the schemes tested, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Emanuel cumulus scheme and the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme version 1e (BATS1e) ocean surface flux scheme can be used in future simulations for the region.


While most survey research on immigration attitudes routinely excludes respondents with an immigrant background, empirical justifications for doing so are rarely provided. Yet it is crucial to examine whether respondents with an immigrant background can be included in the analysis, as excluding them with no further consideration would ignore the opinion of a considerable share of multicultural societies. With multigroup analyses on Swiss data we illustrated how to evaluate whether both the measurement and the prediction of immigration attitudes are invariant across natives and individuals with an immigrant background. The slight revealed differences did not justify the exclusion of respondents with an immigrant background. The paper concludes by discussing ways of addressing these differences in measurement and prediction.


Scholars have long argued about the degree to which objectivity is possible in the writing of history. In 1988 Peter Novick published a wonderful chronicle of this dispute, a summary of which history graduate and law students might find useful. Novick's book concludes with work by legal historians affiliated with the Critical Legal Studies movement. Critical Legal History developed a distinctive understanding of its subject matter that, through the concepts of contingency and constitutiveness, seemingly managed to avoid questions about objectivity. A summary of how this was accomplished might also be found useful by history and legal history graduate and law students interested in the development of Critical Legal History and its subsequent path.


The design of high density digital optical storage systems requires a thorough understanding of the various interactions affecting the integrity of both data and servo signals under various readout conditions. Here, a 2-D Fourier optic model of the readout system is presented along with an efficient calculational procedure based on 2-D fast Fourier transforms (FFT). The model is utilized to examine the effects of data density, focus errors, tracking errors, lens fill conditions, phase pit depth, etc. on the quality of the readout signal. The derivation of servo signals is also studied through the modeling of a simple diffraction based scheme. It is shown that a reasonably constant servo signal (small variations with focus errors, track depth, or added amplitude data) can be generated by this technique provided that a λ/8 phase groove is present. The same technique can be shown to be unacceptable if an amplitude or λ/4 phase groove is utilized.


Prefrontal cortex is frequently linked to dual-task gait performance; however, its
precise role is unknown. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the role of
prefrontal cortex in the control of dual-task gait. Using transcranial direct
stimulation (tDCS) to alter prefrontal cortex activity, the influence of prefrontal
cortex on dual-task gait performance and the corticospinal system was examined
across four experiential studies using the guided activation framework of prefrontal
cortex function (Miller and Cohen, 2001).
The first study examined the role of cognitive task type and walking speed on stride
time variability and trunk range of motion during dual-task walking. Results
revealed the greatest dual-task cost on gait occurred when walking at a slow speed
whilst simultaneously performing a serial subtraction task, compared to performance
of a working memory task, providing a rationale for the use of this paradigm in later
studies.
The second study examined the effect of prefrontal tDCS on dual-task gait
performance during both normal and slow walking. Anodal tDCS reduced the dualtask
cost on both gait and cognitive task performance, and these effects were not
dependent on walking speed. These results indicating that prefrontal tDCS may alter
the allocation of cognitive control across tasks during dual-task gait, in accordance
with established models of prefrontal cortex function.
The third study examined the effect of prefrontal tDCS on corticospinal excitability
and working memory performance. Results revealed that cathodal tDCS reduced
corticospinal excitability. However, there was no effect of tDCS on working
memory performance. Because prefrontal tDCS altered the activity in remote motor
networks, these results indicated a possible mechanism by which prefrontal cortex
exerts control over gait performance. In addition, because this study failed to
replicate previous reports of working memory improvement following tDCS, these
results also suggested a degree of inter-individual variability in response to tDCS.
The final study examined the influence of walking modality and task difficulty on
the effects of prefrontal tDCS on dual-task gait performance. tDCS altered the
allocation of cognitive control during over-ground dual-task gait performance, and
3
these effects were mediated by task difficulty. In contrast to the second study, there
was no effect of tDCS on treadmill dual-task gait. A secondary aim of the final study
was to examine whether cognitive and walking task performance were coordinated.
Results revealed that participants articulated answers during the initial swing phase
of the gait cycle more frequently than other phases, indicating a degree of
coordination between the performance of these tasks.
Overall the finding of this thesis indicate that prefrontal cortex is involved in the
allocation of cognitive control processes during dual-task walking, in accordance
with the guided activation and flexible hub accounts of frontal cortex function
(Miller and Cohen, 2001; Cole et al., 2013). These findings may have implications
for the design and validation of strategies aimed at improving the cognitive control
of gait.


The present work reports the synthesis of some enaminone derivatives bearing the biologically active 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl (3) or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl moieties (5 and 7), respectively. The trimethoxybenzene moiety has been previously reported to confer cytotoxic activity. However, we found that, at high micromolar concentrations, the new compounds have the ability to weak-ly induce the cytoprotective enzyme NQO1. This is most likely due to their electrophilic cyclo-hexenone functionality, a well-established structural feature of NQO1 inducers. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra.


We prepare CdS/CdSe/ZnS thin films by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. Results show a wider photoresponse range of TiO2 mesopores from the ultraviolet region to the visible light region. Sequentially assembled CdS/CdSe/ZnS quantumdots exhibit significantly improved light-harvesting ability and photocurrent efficiency. A high efficiency of 1.059354% is obtained.


Smallholder pig farmers in East Africa report that lack of feed, seasonal feed shortages, quality and cost are key constraints to pig rearing. Commercially prepared pig diets are too expensive and people and pigs compete for food. Smallholder farmers typically feed nutritionally unbalanced diets, resulting in low average daily gain (ADG) and poor farmer profits. Our objective was to compare the ADG of Ugandan pigs fed forage- or silage-based or commercial diets. Ugandan weaner-grower pigs were randomly assigned to forage- or silage-based diets or commercial diet. Pigs were weighed every 3 weeks from 9 to 32 weeks of age. Pen-level ADG and feed conversion were compared across diets using multiple linear regression. The ADG of pigs fed forage- or silage-based diets was lower than those fed commercial diets between 9 and 24 weeks of age ( p  < 0.05). Between 28 and 32 weeks, pigs fed forage-based diets had lower ADG than those on other diets ( p  < 0.05). Least squares mean ADG (g/pig/day) for pigs fed forage- or silage-based diets or commercial diet were 36, and 52, and 294 respectively at 9–15 weeks; 163, 212, 329 at 15–19 weeks; 112, 362, 574 at 20–24 weeks and 694, 994, and 1233 at 28 to 32 weeks of age. It was concluded that forage- and silage-based diets are unsuitable for small, newly weaned pigs. Feeding forage- or silage-based diets to finishing pigs is more suitable. Forage- and silage based diets are year-round low-cost pig-feeding strategies that will improve the growth performance of East African pigs, thereby increasing pig farmer income and food security.


Ultrafast dynamics of molecules at solid-liquid interfaces are of outstanding importance in chemistry and physics due to their involvement in processes of heterogeneous catalysis. We present a new spectroscopic approach to resolve coherent, time-resolved, 2D vibrational spectra as well as ultrafast vibrational relaxation dynamics of molecules adsorbed on metallic thin films in contact with liquids. The setup is based on the technique of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, which is used at interfaces between materials that exhibit different refractive indices. As a sample molecule, we consider carbon monoxide adsorbed in different binding configurations on different metals and resolve its femtosecond vibrational dynamics. It is presented that mid-infrared, multidimensional ATR spectroscopy allows for obtaining a surface-sensitive characterization of adsorbates' vibrational relaxation, spectral diffusion dynamics, and sample inhomogeneity on the femtosecond time scale.


Temperature discrimination in optical and radiation pyrometers using photoelectric detectors is discussed and analyzed for the two cases where the discrimination is limited by noise in the detector and by the fundamental fluctuations in the radiation stream reaching the detector, respectively. The design of amplifiers consistent with these limits and the limits imposed by reference source instability is also discussed briefly. Graphical data are given for the calculation of detection limits for each of the two cases for both broad-spectral-bandwidth pyrometers with various long-wavelength cutoffs and for narrow-bandwidth pyrometers at various wavelengths.The data are especially relevant to pyrometer design when the measurement of transients, small sources, or low temperatures is involved, and also in the design of narrow-spectral-bandwidth pyrometers for realizing temperature scales. For this last case an analysis is given for estimating the optimum spectral bandwidth required to obtain the maximum scale accuracy. It is shown that it should be possible to realize the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) with an accuracy of about 0.01°C near 1063°C and 0.1°C near 1769°C by using a special trialkali photosurface photomultiplier or a silicon photodiode at a 1.0-μ wavelength. The accuracy of realization of a radiation scale of temperature below 1063°C is also discussed.


In order to alleviate the environmental crisis and improve energy structure, countries from all over the world have focused on the hot dry rock geothermal resources with great potential and with little pollution. The geothermal heat production from Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) comes with complex multi-field coupling process, and it is of great significance to study the temporal and spatial evolution of geothermal reservoir. In this work, a practical numerical model is established to simulate the heat production process in EGS, and the comparison of thermal-hydraulic (TH), thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) and thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupling in geothermal reservoir is analyzed. The results show that the stable production stage of the three cases is approximately 5 years; however, compared with TH and THMC coupling, the service-life for THM coupling decreased by 1140 days and 332 days, respectively. The mechanical enhanced effects are offset by the chemical precipitation, and the precipitation from SiO2 is much larger than the dissolution of calcite. Cited as : Chen, S., Ding, B., Gong, L., Huang, Z., Yu, B., Sun, S. Comparison of multi-field coupling numerical simulation in hot dry rock thermal exploitation of enhanced geothermal systems. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2019, 3(4): 396-409, doi: 10.26804/ager.2019.04.07.