Different metal alloys are used for restoration in dental practice. As a result of electrochemical processes, metal objects in the oral cavity become electrically charged and can lead to generation of corrosion potential. This phenomenon can be manifested as pathogalvanism and is characterised by complaints of metallic taste, paraesthesia, tingling, burning, various inflammatory processes, etc. Its clinical manifestations are diverse and quite common. The corrosion potential of dental alloys in the oral cavity depends on their composition, the degree of polishing, the structural changes occurring during their placement and the time elapsed since their placement. In 42 patients with metal restorations, we found that dental amalgam predominates amongst the metals used to repair lost hard dental tissue, mainly in molars. 78.4% of the metal objects in the oral cavity are amalgam, as 78% of restorations are on molars, and 19% on premolars. The majority of metal restorations are in the upper jaw (57%), 41% of patients have only one metallic restoration, 14% have over three metal objects. Very few of the corrosion potential values exceed the norm only 4% of the samples tested, despite the presence of more than one metal in the same oral cavity 17% of the subjects. We found no patient with increased total corrosion potential. The presence of pathogalvanism with elevated values are seldom.


AbstractDuring Northern Hemisphere winters, the West Coast of North America is battered by extratropical storms. The impact of these storms is of paramount concern to California, where aging water supply and flood protection infrastructures are challenged by increased standards for urban flood protection, an unusually variable weather regime, and projections of climate change. Additionally, there are inherent conflicts between releasing water to provide flood protection and storing water to meet requirements for the water supply, water quality, hydropower generation, water temperature and flow for at-risk species, and recreation. To improve reservoir management and meet the increasing demands on water, improved forecasts of precipitation, especially during extreme events, are required. Here, the authors describe how California is addressing their most important and costliest environmental issue—water management—in part, by installing a state-of-the-art observing system to better track the area's most seve...


In 1995, the World Summit for Social Development identified social integration as one of the three overriding objectives for social and economic development. This priority arose following a century that ended with the collapse of many states and the sharpening of strife around the world. Social integration was seen as a pathway to reinforcing common identities, supporting cooperation and lessening the likelihood of violence and conflict. For the past 20 years, governmental, academic and third sector organisations – with the United Nations at the forefront – sought to improve social integration. However their methods and interventions have commonly been restricted to policymaking and dialogue practices.

Peacebuilding and reconciliation are affected by communication within and amongst different groups. Nonetheless, the potential for communication design to contribute towards social integration remains unexplored. This practice-led communication design research focuses on 18 to 30 year old youth in Lebanon – an extreme case of a politically, religiously, geographically, culturally and linguistically segregated post-conflict generation. The research adopts an innovative, interdisciplinary(1.) and collaborative(2.) approach, to explore the contribution of communication design methods towards social integration interventions.

The interdisciplinary and collaborative case study process spans seven stages of practice: Discover, Delve, Define, Develop, Deliver, Determine Impact and Diverge. I developed this process with Darren Raven in 2010, and have been testing and refining it over the past five years through the socially-focused design projects of BA Design for Graphic Communication students and staff at the London College of Communication. This process builds on the Design Council's Double Diamond design process by incorporating stages from the National Social Marketing Centre's process. Through these stages, the research developed several innovative communication design methods: Explorations, a cultural probes toolkit exploring young people's local context; Road Trip, an autoethnographic journey preparing the researcher; Connections, an effective method for recruiting stakeholders; Expressions Corner, a confidential diary room for understanding young people's experiences, attitudes and behaviours; Imagination Studio, a collaborative workshop series for developing social integration interventions; Imagination Market, an efficient platform for piloting these interventions; and a Social Impact Framework; to evaluate the impact of the interventions and research. These methods enhanced candid input from young people, reduced ethical tensions, and improved their engagement with the research. The methods also involved youth and wider stakeholders in understanding and reframing the problem, invited them to generate and deliver solutions, strengthened their sense of ownership and therefore the sustainability of the research outputs, and finally, built their capabilities throughout the process.

The social integration interventions developed and piloted through the case-study research ranged from a citizen journalism platform reducing media bias, to a youth-led internal tourism service encouraging geographic mobility. The evaluation of the 24-hour pilot interventions demonstrated a positive shift in young people's willingness to integrate. The social impact and social value assessment suggests that effective social integration interventions – such as the ones developed and piloted in the case study research – have higher chances of delivering positive social and economic outcomes for the communities involved.

This practice-led research presents a number of contributions, the most significant of which is a methodology, process and set of methods highly transferable across social integration challenges worldwide. The research also provides social integration theory and practice with a clear demonstration of the value and potential of communication design to advance interventions from replication to innovation. To communication design theory and practice, the research makes the case for the value of interdisciplinary and collaborative principles in enhancing rigour and social impact. Finally, to the Lebanese context, the research provides in-depth qualitative insights on social group dynamics, segments, and behaviours, which act as an evidence-base to underpin future local interventions.

Beyond this thesis, the knowledge gained from this research will be disseminated to the various relevant communities of practice – including researchers, designers, policy makers, and community development workers – in the form of Creative Commons licensed design guidelines, as well as presentations, capacity building workshops, and academic publications. The dissemination of knowledge hopes to inspire and enable these communities to adopt, adapt and build on communication design methods when addressing social segregation challenges within their varying contexts.

Notes in the text:
(1.) Drawing on disciplines such as social, political, behavioural, and psychological sciences.
(2.) Engaging multiple stakeholders including young people, civil society, institutions, topic experts and policy-makers.


Concrete is the most popular material used in the construction works in which cement is the main composite. The manufacturing of cement involves the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which are responsible for global warming. Hence the researches are currently focused on various materials to replace and reducing the cement utilization. Moreover, in this contribution the concrete Geo-polymer has been made with GGBS (granulated ground blast furnace) along with steel fibers mixing. GGBS is the by-product produced from steel industry. Steel fibers are added to increase the tensile strength of concrete. In this experimental investigation geo-polymer concrete containing GGBS and steel fiber (0.5%) with 8 Molar and 10 Molar alkaline activators are used. The ratio of these alkali activators is 1:2.5. The results showed that fiber can significantly enhance the Mechanical properties. The enhancement also increases with the increasing fiber volume fraction.


The growth of motorization and travel activity associated with India's rapid urban development has serious implications for global climate change. Effective mitigation action requires comprehension of the scale of the problem. Data limitations, however, have thus far constrained efforts to understand how changes in demographics, travel behavior, and policy might affect future emissions of greenhouse gases. This study uses recently available data on city-level travel patterns to forecast emissions from passenger transport for three metropolitan areas in India: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Surat. The forecasts compare carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for three scenarios by using various mode choice and trip length assumptions. The results predict dramatic increases in emissions under all circumstances. Travel in Surat is forecast to generate between 1.9 and 9.5 million tons of CO2; in Mumbai, travel could generate 10.3 to 49 million tons. Differences, however, between scenarios suggest the potential positive effects of policy interventions. While the results help convey the magnitude of the emissions problem, further analysis requires more complete data on individual travel behavior.


Part 2
The Fiduciary Duty Debate Insofar as fiduciary duties are concerned, it should be noted that although they are now statutorily entrenched, prior to the insertion of s7C(2)(f) into the Act (In terms of s9 of the Financial Services Laws General Amendment Act (45 of 2013), with effect from28 February 2014) there was debate among academics as to whether trustees in fact owed a fiduciary duty towards members and beneficiaries. Given that a Fund (unlike a Trust) is a legal person and that members of a Fund do not have rights to assets of the Fund, it was argued that the trustees only owed a fiduciary duty to the Fund and not to the members or beneficiaries.


The aim of the study is to design and optimization of crankshaft for a single cylinder four stroke over head valve (OHV) spark ignition engine. This paper used reverse engineering techniques, in order to obtain of an existing physical model. A three-dimensional crankshaft has been created with the help of SOLIDWORKS and, it is imported to ANSYS environment for the coupled steady-state thermal structural analysis. The material used for crankshaft is AISI 1040, AISI 1045, AISI 4140 and AISI 4615. The objective of this paper focuses the light weight crankshaft design through coupled steady-state thermal structural analysis, and to optimize the crankshaft design within the design domain using parametric optimization. The results obtained from finite element analysis and parametric optimization concluded, the modified design is safe along the selected materials for AISI 1045 and shows the maximum von-mises stresses 184.21 MPa, factor of safety (n) is 2.4428 and it is reduced weight of the crankshaft was 63 grams which is 4.04 % less as compared to existing crankshaft model without compromising the strength to weight ratio.


In Illinois, the "liberty interests of parents" are reflected in the "superior rights doctrine," which holds, as elsewhere, that parents have superior rights regarding the care of their children. This doctrine is necessitated by U.S. Supreme Court decisions, including Troxel v. Granville in 2000. The superior rights doctrine is incorporated into some Illinois statutes, as when childcare may be afforded to a nonparent "only if" the child "is not in the physical custody" of a parent and as when "reasonable visitation privileges" may only be afforded a stepparent who has lived with the child for at least five years. The Illinois superior rights doctrine was employed in 2012 to deny childcare opportunities to a former stepfather over maternal objection in the case of In re Marriage of Mancine. There, the stepfather allegedly assumed, with the mother, "a caregiving role over a significant period of time." There was an explicit rejection of the de facto parent doctrine. In reviewing Troxel and Mancine, as well as other American state precedents, this article urges broader stepparent childcare opportunities be recognized in Illinois, especially where there is only one parent under law. It prefers expansion via new special statutes on stepparents, but recognizes expansion could also come via new general statutes expanding the definitions of legal parenthood or of those nonparents who are eligible to seek childcare. Without imminent General Assembly action, the article urges incremental common law expansions of stepparent childcare opportunities in Illinois.


Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which has been characterised with genetic (apolipoproteins), protein (s-amyloid and tau) and lipid oxidation/metabolism alterations in its pathogenesis. In conjunction with the Dementia Research Group, Bristol University, investigation into genetic, protein and lipid oxidation in Alzheimer's disease was conducted. A large sample cohort using the double-blind criteria, along with various clinical and chemical data sets were used to improve the statistical analysis and therefore the strength of this particular study. Bristol University completed genetic and protein analysis with lipid oxidation assays performed at Aston University. Lipid oxidation is a complex process that creates various biomarkers, from transient intermediates, to short carbon chain products and cyclic ring structures. Quantification of these products was performed on lipid extracts of donated clinical diseased and non-diseased frontal and temporal brain regions, from the Brain Bank within Frenchay Hospital. The initial unoxidised fatty acids, first transient oxidation intermediates the conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides, the endpoint aldehyde biomarkers and finally the cyclic isoprostanes and neuroprostanes were determined to investigate lipid oxidation in Alzheimer's. Antioxidant levels were also investigated to observe the effect of oxidation on the defence pathways. Assays utilised in this analysis included; fatty acid composition by GC-FID, conjugated diene levels by HPLC-UV and UV-spec, lipid hydroperoxide levels by FOX, aldehyde content by TBARs, antioxidant status by TEAC and finally isoprostane and neuroprostane quantification using a newly developed EI-MS method. This method involved the SIM of specific ions from F-ring isoprostane and neuroprostane fragmentation, which enabled EI-MS to be used for their quantification. Analyses demonstrated that there was no significant difference between control and Alzheimer samples across all the oxidation biomarkers for both brain regions. Antioxidants were the only marker that showed a clear variance; with Alzheimer samples having higher levels than the age matched controls. This unique finding is supported with the observed lower levels of lipid oxidation biomarkers in Alzheimer brain region samples. The increased antioxidant levels indicate protection against oxidation which may be a host response to counteract the oxidative pathways, but this requires further investigation. In terms of lipid oxidation, no definitive markers or target site for therapeutic intervention have been revealed. This study concludes that dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids or antioxidants would most likely be ineffective against Alzheimer disease, although it may support improvement in other areas of general health.


Although Snyman was not an active publisher and his written heritage not impressive, one could argue that what he did publish, especially when his contribution on synodical level is considered, makes him one on the most influencial theologians, and especially ecclesiologians in the GKSA during the 20th century. In the first place, one could refer to his contribution with regard to the relation between the so-called 'younger' and 'older' churches in the GKSA. It was because of the insights of Snyman that the first General Synod of the Reformed Churches in Southern Africa met in 1965, after the 'older' Synod of the Reformed Churches in South Africa took that decision in 1964. This Synod, however, came to an end in 1992, but revived in 2009 with full status. Secondly, it was on the inisiative of Snyman that the intermediate commission of the three Afrikaans churches started communicating, because the Synod of the GKSA repeatedly decided that church disunity was sinful. Thirdly, Snyman stimulated the origin of the Reformed Ecumenical Synod (RES - later called Council) in 1946, because he was convinced that the unity of Reformed churches cannot be stopped by oceans. Snyman wanted this RES to function as synod , taking binding decisions and not only giving advice which should later be rectified by the different national synods. Although he rejected the volkskerk model and replaced it with a volkerekerk model, he was criticised that his ecclesiology was not free from volks elements. A second point of criticism was that he did not consider (enough) that church unity does not start from the 'top' (the synod), but from the 'bottom' (the local congregation). This last criticism was the main reason for the termination of the first General Synod in 1992. Judged within the context of his time, which was typified by radical political and church apartheid and viewed against the background of the separation model, which was dominant in the GKSA before 1950, we should really appreciate the ecclesiological contribution of Snyman. It was an effort to ground ecclesiology on Scripture and on Christ, in order to transform the church of Christ to be a servant in the coming of the kingdom of God in South Africa.


Language pervades every aspect of organizational life. Yet leaders of global organizations--where unrestricted multilingualism can create friction--often pay too little attention to it in their approach to talent management. By managing language carefully, firms can hire and develop the best employees, improve collaboration on global teams, and strengthen the company�s footing in local markets. Language proficiency--either in a lingua franca, or shared language, or in a local language--does not guarantee high performance. Recruiters may favor fluency over other capabilities. They may rely on external hires with language skills rather than grooming internal candidates with the capacity and motivation to learn new languages. And leaders may give expatriate assignments not to the best candidates but to people who speak certain languages. To hire and promote the best people, firms may need to provide training to meet global and local language needs. Fluency in a language also does not equal cultural fluency. For leaders, understanding the cultural background of each team member and customers is as essential as learning to conjugate new verbs. The same can be said for employees at all levels: Even when they are fluent in the lingua franca, a lack of cultural understanding can cause significant misunderstandings. To prevent such rifts, language training must include cross-cultural education. INSETS: Making It Easier to Acquire Language Skills;Idea in Brief;Consider a Lingua Franca If Your Company Is...;...And Roll It Out at the Right Place [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


More and more websites are allowing or requiring users to input their e-mail addresses to be used either as identities or for other purposes. Although username-based identity and password problems resulting from user behaviors have been a research focus for quite some time, the serious issues related to using e-mail address as an identity and the associated online behaviors of users have not been well investigated in the literature. In this paper, we discuss and analyze security and privacy problems resulting from the use of e-mail address as identity via well-designed user behavior survey and by investigating website's design schemes. Our results illustrate that using e-mail address as an identity poses high security and privacy risks. This is mainly because of the multiple usages of e-mail addresses and users' improper online habits. Moreover, we discuss the drawbacks of existing solutions for e-mail address as identity and related password problems, and present two potential solutions that may secure online identity management systems in future.


The prognosis of patients with large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung is extremely poor and the optimal treatment for these patients has yet to be determined. In this study, we described the clinicopathological characteristics of LCNECs and compared the prognoses of corresponding stages determined by the guidelines of the 6th and 7th editions of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. Clinical data from 42 patients diagnosed with primary LCNEC who underwent treatment at Kitasato University Hospital between 1991 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. On follow-up of 42 patients, 22 (52.4%) had confirmed recurrent tumors, including 8 patients with mediastinal lymph node recurrences and 19 with distant metastases. The sites of distant metastases included the brain in 8, bone in 8, liver in 7, lungs in 5 and adrenal glands in 4 patients. For all the patients, the 5-year overall survival rate was 34.7% and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 32.9%. The 5-year overall survival rates of patients with stage I cancers according to the 6th and 7th staging editions was 51.3% (6th n=18, 7th n=16). Thirteen of 42 patients (31.0%) also had metachronous or synchronous primary cancers. Patients with LCNEC had poor outcomes, even those with stage I tumors classified according to the 7th edition of the TNM classification. Therefore, frequent recurrences in addition to metachronous or synchronous primary cancers in patients with LCNEC should be treated.


In this chapter we consider the nature and origin of dawn-dusk asymmetries in the ionospheric convection pattern. We focus on asymmetries that are introduced via solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has a strong dawn-dusk component. In particular, we address the interplay between flows that are "directly driven" by dayside coupling processes and those driven over a variety of longer timescales by internal magnetospheric dynamics. This produces variability in the ionospheric convection and leads to an inherent time dependence in the development of dawn-dusk asymmetries. Our discussion focuses on the interpretation of observations made by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), which has provided measurements of the two-dimensional ionospheric convection pattern at 1 or 2 min resolution for the last two decades. We summarize the current state of understanding in this area and discuss unanswered questions.


A non-linear optimization model which maximizes total Ecuadorian social welfare, defined as the sum of consumers' and producers' surpluses for the four major crops (corn, bananas, rice and African palm) is developed to evaluate the tradeoff between welfare and environmental degradation in Ecuador. It was found that a total welfare loss of US$122 million (a 11 percent reduction - from US$ 1.112 billion to US$ 989.66 million) would be expected from a 30 percent reduction in the total pesticide load on the environment in the production of the four major crops. The distributional impacts of the welfare loss were found, however, to be significantly skewed toward the loss of consumers' surplus. Specifically, a 30 percent reduction of total pesticide load on the environment would result in a reduction of 3.86 percent of producers' total surplus while consumers would be expected to loose 19.46 percent of their total surplus.


Farmers and gardeners have long appreciated a wide variety of plants and have nurtured them for meals, healing, and exchange. But diversity too often has been surrendered to monocultures of fields and spirits, predisposing much of modern agriculture to uniformity and, consequently, vulnerability. Today it is primarily at the individual level such as growing and saving a strange old bean variety or a curious-looking gourd that any lasting conservation actually takes place. As scientists grapple with the erosion of genetic diversity of crops and their wild relatives, old-timey farmers and gardeners continue to save, propagate, and pass on folk varieties and heirloom seeds. Virginia Nazarea focuses on the role of these seedsavers in the perpetuation of diversity. She thoughtfully examines the framework of scientific conservation and argues for the merits of everyday conservation one that is beyond programmatic design. Whether considering small-scale rice and sweet potato farmers in the Philippines or participants in the Southern Seed Legacy and Introduced Germplasm from Vietnam in the American South, she explores roads not necessarily less traveled but certainly less recognized in the conservation of biodiversity. Through characters and stories that offer a wealth of insights about human nature and society, Heirloom Seeds and Their Keepers helps readers more fully understand why biodiversity persists when there are so many pressures for it not to. The key, Nazarea explains, is in the sovereign spaces seedsavers inhabit and create, where memories counter a culture of forgetting and abandonment engendered by modernity. A book about theory as much as practice, it profiles these individuals, who march to their own beat in a world where diversity is increasingly devalued as the predictability of mass production becomes the norm. Heirloom Seeds and Their Keepers offers a much-needed, scientifically researched perspective on the contribution of seedsaving that illustrates its critical significance to the preservation of both cultural knowledge and crop diversity around the world. It opens new conversations between anthropology and biology, and between researchers and practitioners, as it honors conservation as a way of life.


In this article we present new results for the pricing of arithmetic Asian options within a Black-Scholes context. To derive these results we make extensive use of the local scale invariance that exists in the theory of contingent claim pricing. This allows us to derive, in a natural way, a simple PDE for the price of arithmetic Asians options. In the case of European average strike options, a proper choice of numeraire reduces the dimension of this PDE to one, leading to a PDE similar to the one derived by Rogers and Shi. We solve this PDE, finding a Laplace-transform representation for the price of average strike options, both seasoned and unseasoned. This extends the results of Geman and Yor, who discussed the case of average price options. Next we use symmetry arguments to show that prices of average strike and average price options can be expressed in terms of each other. Finally we show, again using symmetries, that plain vanilla options on stocks paying known cash dividends are closely related to arithmetic Asians, so that all the new techniques can be directly applied to this case.


Purpose This research studies the relationship between transfer of learning and motor movement on how a skill can be transferred, retained and produce consistency in performance by applying the theoretical principle in Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP).
Methodology: Subjects selection based on the convenient sampling method. This method was used, as subjects in Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) were the least experience group in netball compared to other universities in Malaysia, thus satisfies the specific criteria that the researcher had set. Subjects was interviewed and involved in a shooting test before the researcher determines the grouping. Subjects were n= 40 (female) with age ranged between 20 - 25 years old, heights between 1.50m - 1.75m and weights between 40kg - 75kg. To ensure that useful and reliable data are collected, certain procedures are necessary in the collecting the data. The procedures was strictly adhered during the entire course of the study and classified as an experimental research. Subject was asked to perform two (2) tests. Pre and post-tests was conducted on every subject to determine their performance. The tests are specific visual aid training vs no specific visual aid training and specific verbal training instruction vs no verbal training instruction. The experimental group undergoes training (with a pre-determined training procedures) prior to the post-tests while the control group was not undergoing any predetermined training procedures.
Results Paired Sample T-Test results showed that there was a significant difference in achievement for the treatment tests. In Test 1 (specific visual aid training test), the result was p-value (0.00), medium effect size (ES) of 0.5 and omega squared at 80%. In Test 2 (specific verbal training instruction test), the result was p-value (0.00), low effect size (ES) of 0.1 and omega squared at 80%. Therefore, all of the tests null hypotheses were rejected without creating Type 1 and Type 2 error.
Findings The findings indicated that ESP had affected the performance of the subjects. These finding was consistent with the past studies, which indicates the transfer of learning principles in ESP were consistently able to show successful transfer rate. However, for future study purpose, studies in this area need to be conducted on athletes at high competitive level.


Background CONS are the major nosocomial pathogens. These undoubtedly need more recognition. Susceptibility testing should be done on any isolate considered to be a pathogen as multidrug resistance is common among them. Aims • Isolation, identification and speciation of CONS. • To identify their pathogenicity markers, antibiogram with special emphasis on methicillin resistance. Settings and Design This cross sectional study was conducted at a government tertiary healthcare teaching center for a period of one year. Material and Methods Totally 2361 clinical specimens were processed. All specimens were subjected to gram's staining and cultured for isolation. The organisms were identified and speciated by standard biochemical reactions. Antibiogram was formed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Statistical Analysis The data entry was carried out using Microsoft office Excel worksheet and was statistically analyzed by WINKS SDA6 software. Results A total of 150 strains of CONS were isolated from 2361 clinical specimens. Majority of CONS were isolated from urine (44.67%), followed by exudates (33.33%), and blood (22%). Most common species isolated was S.epidermidis (50.67%), followed by S.saprophyticus (22%) and S.hemolyticus (18%). Slime production (38.67%) and methicillin resistance (54.67%) was detected respectively. Vancomycin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics. Conclusion S.epidermidis can cause a number of human infections and should no longer be considered as a harmless commensal. S.saprophyticus is proven pathogen in man. The antibiotic resistance pattern in CONS is a great threat to clinicians combating such infections.


This paper deals with the impact of domestic price volatility on acreage, yield and production of wheat, rice and maize for a set of 66 developing countries. We exploit a dataset ranging from 2005 to 2012 of domestic prices collected from FAO-GIEWS, WFP and FEWS.NET. The resulting system is estimated with a one-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-sys). We show that farmers respond negatively to price instability reducing production, acreage allocation and yield. According to our estimates high expected prices determine an increase of the quantity produced and a raise in maize acreage and rice yields. Non-price factors have also a significant role on supply response. Among all, we show that climate shocks, agricultural inputs and macroeconomic variables such as the financial deepening, influence the ability of farmers to cope with price risks. Financial deepening in part mitigates the negative effect of price instability on the producers' welfare, suggesting that policy reforms aimed at favouring implementation of developing countries' financial sector can help farmers to respond more efficiently to prices changes.


We investigated the distribution of bioluminescent dinoflagellates in the Patagonian Shelf region using "universal" PCR primers for the dinoflagellate luciferase gene. Luciferase gene sequences and single cell PCR tests, in conjunction with taxonomic identification by microscopy, allowed us to identify and quantify bioluminescent dinoflagellates. We compared these data to coincidental discrete optical measurements of stimulable bioluminescence intensity. Molecular detection of the luciferase gene showed that bioluminescent dinoflagellates were widespread across the majority of the Patagonian Shelf region. Their presence was comparatively underestimated by optical bioluminescence measurements, whose magnitude was affected by interspecific differences in bioluminescence intensity and by the presence of other bioluminescent organisms. Molecular and microscopy data showed that the complex hydrography of the area played an important role in determining the distribution and composition of dinoflagellate populations. Dinoflagellates were absent south of the Falkland Islands where the cold, nutrient-rich, and well-mixed waters of the Falklands Current favoured diatoms instead. Diverse populations of dinoflagellates were present in the warmer, more stratified waters of the Patagonian Shelf and Falklands Current as it warmed northwards. Here, the dinoflagellate population composition could be related to distinct water masses. Our results provide new insight into the prevalence of bioluminescent dinoflagellates in Patagonian Shelf waters and demonstrate that a molecular approach to the detection of bioluminescent dinoflagellates in natural waters is a promising tool for ecological studies of these organisms.


The influence of implantation of ectopic pituitary grafts (PGs) under the kidney capsule in male rats on the sex differences in response to promotion with a choline-deficient (CD) diet was studied in the livers of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated Wistar rats. Growth of enzyme-altered foci, liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy (PH) and hepatic c-myc expression were studied. The area per enzyme-altered focus was significantly larger in initiated males fed a CD diet for 10 weeks when compared with the corresponding females. The sex difference was more pronounced 1 week after a PH performed following 10 weeks on the diet. In males carrying PGs the area per focus was reduced to the same size as in females. Liver weight gain after PH was reduced in males, but not in females, by the CD diet, and the level in PG-bearing males was intermediary, significantly different from that of males without grafts. A significantly lower labeling index in surrounding, but not in focal, hepatocytes was observed in initiated, CD-treated males than in the corresponding females 1 week after PH. In initiated as well as in uninitiated males on a CD diet the expression of the c-myc gene was 3- to 4-fold higher when compared with males fed a choline-supplemented diet at the time of PH. The mRNA level in females fed a CD diet was approximately 2.5-fold lower than in males, but still significantly above the level in females without the dietary treatment. A significant decrease in male c-myc expression was observed as a result of implantation of ectopic pituitaries. In conclusion, sex-differentiated promotion of DEN-initiated lesions with a CD diet is regulated by a pituitary influence on rat liver, in analogy with results previously obtained in the resistant hepatocyte model and with dietary deoxycholic acid promotion. This might suggest that pituitary factors are major determinants of sex-differentiated promotion in rat liver.


An irreversible $k$-threshold process (also a $k$-neighbor bootstrap
percolation) is a dynamic process on a graph where vertices change color from
white to black if they have at least $k$ black neighbors. An irreversible
$k$-conversion set of a graph $G$ is a subset $S$ of vertices of $G$ such that
the irreversible $k$-threshold process starting with $S$ black eventually
changes all vertices of $G$ to black. We show that deciding the existence of an
irreversible 2-conversion set of a given size is NP-complete, even for graphs
of maximum degree 4, which answers a question of Dreyer and Roberts.
Conversely, we show that for graphs of maximum degree 3, the minimum size of an
irreversible 2-conversion set can be computed in polynomial time. Moreover, we
find an optimal irreversible 3-conversion set for the toroidal grid,
simplifying constructions of Pike and Zou.


This article is a preliminary case study of legal and normative entanglement in Spanish West Florida — which stretched across the Gulf Coast of present-day Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida — between 1803-1810. Between the time of the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the annexation of Westernmost part of West Florida by the United States (1810), the laws and norms of the Territory criss-crossed in various ways those of Spain and the United States. Indeed, the territory was, in turn, French, British, and Spanish before being annexed, in part, by the Americans. For the period under study here, and decades before, its settlers were largely Anglophone, while its laws were a variant of the Spanish colonial ius commune. West Florida had an especially close relationship with the area that would become the new American Territory of Orleans (1805), especially the city of New Orleans. Carved out of the vast Louisiana Territory purchased from France, the Territory of Orleans had its own complex history. Its population was still largely Francophone. In its first decade, its laws were already a gumbo of continental and Anglo-American ingredients. Together, the two territories sat at the precipice of the modern nation-state, of nationalism and popular sovereignty, of legal positivism and legal formalism. In both territories, the diffusion — direct and indirect, formal and informal, ongoing and sporadic — of the various laws and norms of natives and newcomers created intricate legal and normative hybrids.


This article traces the German church struggle form 1933 to 1945 with particular emphasis on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's role. Although Bonhoeffer's status in the world today is that of a great theologian and courageous opponent of the Nazi regime, he did not have much of an impact on the direction of the Confessing Church during the church struggle. Bonhoeffer's striking albeit marginal role in the German church struggle and his inability to affect significantly the direction of the Confessing Church was due to many factors, including his young age, his liberal-democratic politics, his absence from Germany from October 1933 to April 1935, his vacillating and at times contradictory positions on central issues, his radical theological critique of the Nazi state, his friendship with and family ties to Christians of Jewish descent, and ultimately his willingness to risk his life to destroy Hitler's regime.


As the population ages, falls are becoming a major health problem, not only for those with some degree of balance/mobility impairment, but also among healthy active seniors. Previous studies suggest that the degradation of human sensorimotor function related to age contributes to falls. The aim of this research was to develop a practical solution for quantifying the age-related sensori-motor degradation. Therefore, a new testing apparatus, the Dynamic Balance Testing Platform (DBTP), was developed for quantifying sensori-motor decline using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. The DBTP consists of two layers – an immobile base and a mobile perturbation layer. The perturbation layer is balanced on a single center pivot; each of the four corners is supported by an air cylinder, with vertically downwards by a maximum of 2.5 cm. The platform was designed to reflect the natural oscillations in a subject's center of gravity (COG). Shifts in COG positions altered the load on each of the four supporting air cylinders, leading to measurable vertical displacements. The DBTP captures the subject's ability to balance dynamically on a single point of support. An ANN model, trained by 60 subjects' data (age: 18–65+), was developed for the DBTP. Seniors with and without Tai-Chi training were used to contrast any influence from Tai-Chi on the sensori-motor aging. The result demonstrated that Tai-Chi slowed down the effects of sensori-motor aging. This study validated that DBTP is a feasible tool in aging exercise studies.


The coupled dynamics of soil moisture, transpiration, and assimilation are studied at the daily time scale by temporally upscaling the hourly time scale results obtained in a companion paper. The effects of soil and vegetation characteristics on soil moisture dynamics at the daily time scale and the parameters characterizing the dependence of transpiration and assimilation on soil water content are analyzed and discussed. The daily leaf carbon assimilation is then coupled to a stochastic soil moisture model to obtain a probabilistic description of the carbon assimilation during a growing season. The rainfall regime, in terms of both frequency and amount of precipitation, controls the mean assimilation during a growing season that reaches a maximum for an intermediate range of daily rainfall probabilities, indicating the existence of a rainfall regime that is most effective for plant productivity. The analysis of the duration and frequency of periods of no assimilation provides a measure of plant water stress as a function of the soil, vegetation, and climate characteristics. The results are in good agreement with the dynamic water stress defined in Porporato et al. on the basis of the crossing properties of the stochastic soil moisture dynamics.


The electro-optic properties of a multi-domain in-plane switching liquid crystal display (IPS LCD) are investigated through a three-dimensional (3-D) simulator, which combines the finite element and finite difference methods for fast solutions. The bending angle between the chevron-shaped electrodes makes an important contribution to the operating voltage and response time, and suppresses the color shift. Using optimized uniaxial compensation films, the viewing cone of the multi-domain IPS LCD is widened to /spl plusmn/80/spl deg/ at 100:1 contrast ratio. These properties are especially desirable for LCD TV and computer monitor applications.


Lung cancer is one of the death threatening diseases among human beings. Early and accurate detection of lung cancer can increase the survival rate from lung cancer. Computed Tomography (CT) images are commonly used for detecting the lung cancer.Using a data set of thousands of high-resolution lung scans collected from Kaggle competition [1], we will develop algorithms that accurately determine in the lungs are cancerous or not. The proposed system promises better result than the existing systems, which would be beneficial for the radiologist for the accurate and early detection of cancer. The method has been tested on 198 slices of CT images of various stages of cancer obtained from Kaggle dataset[1] and is found satisfactory results. The accuracy of the proposed method in this dataset is 72.2%


In the past, very little work has been reported on the phosphates of the tervalent metals, and the present work was undertaken to improve the position regarding these. The phosphates of iron, chromium, and aluminium have been studied from two points of view; firstly to elucidate the type and number of compounds formed in the systems metal oxide, phosphoric oxide, and water by use of the tertiary phase-diagram, and secondly, to study the type of ionic complex present by use of ion-exchange resins. The ferric phosphate system was studied at 25°C. and a complete phase-diagram given for a range of solutions containing up to 66% of phosphoric oxide. A route by which the stable tertiary phosphate is obtained via a metastable primary salt and a compound characterised by a series of parallel tie-lines has been established end, in the more concentrated regions, the existence of a tetraphosphate of iron, Fe2P4O13,has been confirmed. On the basis of ion-exchange studies with acidic and basic exchangers, the main complex species in solution has been shown to be [Fe(HPO4)3]3-. At 0°C., chromic phosphate has been shown to give a range of purple solutions and solids in which the chromium is in the form of the hexaquochromic ion ([Cr(H2O)6]3+); a complete phase-diagram has been given for the range of solutions containing up to 52% of phosphoric oxide. The corresponding system at 40°C. has been studied and shown to be complex-containing. All solutions and solids are green and the existence of the ions [Cr(PO4)2(H2O)2]3- and [Cr(HPO4)(H2O)4]+ has been postulated on the evidence obtained from ion-exchange experiment carried out on stable solutions containing up to 25% of phosphoric oxide. The aluminum phosphate system has been studied at 25°C., both on the basis of the ternary phase-diagram and ion-exchange experiments carried out on stable solutions containing up to 20% of phosphoric oxide. On the basis of the results thus obtained, the existence of the ion [AL(HPO4)3]3- has been postulated, as has also that of a cationic complex of indeterminate composition. All three systems have been shown to exhibit a negative solubility coefficient in the more dilute regions of the system, namely that corresponding to the region of stability of the tertiary phosphate. A discussion has been given of the behavior of phosphate-groups as ligands and also of the possible formation of salts of polyphosphoric acids in the more concentrated solution.


The proclaimed aim of agricultural inheritance law in Germany and its preferential treatment of the farm successors is to maintain sustainable agricultural enterprises. To clarify this situation, this contribution exemplifies the financial assistance obtained through the legal situation and analyses a farm survey of about 1000 farms larger than 30 ha. As a result, it is noted that not only sustainable but also unsustainable farms are protected from division – an effect which causes delay in structural change. It is therefore suggested that the agricultural inheritance law be changed in such ways that only the so-called BGB land value law and the allocation rights included in the land trade laws are maintained. As a consequence, the incentive of the farm owner or his successor is required if special inheritance laws are to be implemented.


Abstract This paper explores commodity exchange as a morally inflected practice, one that mediates competing tensions of greed and generosity, the sacred and profane, and affection and estrangement through the fairtrade flower. Using the UK–Kenya fairtrade flower commodity chain to examine the cultural economy of fairtrade, I suggest that like the charity business and the international development industry, fairtrade complicates the distinction between the sacred and secular and the gift and commodity as Northern consumers and NGOs weave webs of obligation through the medium of the market. Further, I argue that while fairtrade is predicated on values of partnership and interdependence, it also operates within commodity chains that advance liberal ethics as a mode of 'governmentality' over African producers, translating consumers' sympathy-based humanism into new technologies of regulation and surveillance.


Synthetic aperture focusing consists of warping and adding together the images in a 4D light field so that objects lying on a specified surface are aligned and thus in focus, while objects lying of this surface are misaligned and hence blurred. This provides the ability to see through partial occluders such as foliage and crowds, making it a potentially powerful tool for surveillance. If the cameras lie on a plane, it has been previously shown that after an initial homography, one can move the focus through a family of planes that are parallel to the camera plane by merely shifting and adding the images. In this paper, we analyze the warps required for tilted focal planes and arbitrary camera configurations. We characterize the warps using a new rank- 1 constraint that lets us focus on any plane, without having to perform a metric calibration of the cameras. We also show that there are camera configurations and families of tilted focal planes for which the warps can be factorized into an initial homography followed by shifts. This shear-warp factorization permits these tilted focal planes to be synthesized as efficiently as frontoparallel planes. Being able to vary the focus by simply shifting and adding images is relatively simple to implement in hardware and facilitates a real-time implementation. We demonstrate this using an array of 30 videoresolution cameras; initial homographies and shifts are performed on per-camera FPGAs, and additions and a final warp are performed on 3 PCs.


Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to hydrophilic regions of the human Rhesus (Rh) IX cDNA-encoded polypeptide predicted to be extracellularly or intracellularly exposed in the topologic model of the Rh blood group protein. Four antibodies encompassing residues 33-45 (MPC1), 224-233 (MPC4), 390-404 (MPC6), and 408-416 (MPC8) were characterized and compared with a polyclonal anti-Rh protein obtained by immunization with purified Rh proteins. All antibodies had specificity for authentic Rh polypeptides and reacted on Western blot with Rh proteins immunoprecipitated with human monoclonal anti-RhD, -c, and -E. MPC1, but not the other antibodies, agglutinated all human erythrocytes except Rhnull and Rhmod cells, which either lack totally or are severely deficient in Rh proteins, respectively. Immunoblotting analysis with membrane proteins from common and rare variants showed that MPC1 and MPC8 reacted in Western blot with 32-Kd Rh polypeptides from all common red blood cells except those from Rhnull and Rhmod, indicating that peptide regions 33-45 and 408-416 may be common to several if not all Rh proteins, whatever the Rh blood group specificity. MPC4 reacted only with membrane preparations from cells carrying the E antigen, whereas MPC6 recognized preferentially the Rh proteins from E and Ee preparations, suggesting that the protein encoded by the RhIXb cDNA carries the E and/or e antigen(s). Immunoadsorption experiments using inside-out or right-side-out sealed vesicules from DccEE red blood cells as competing antigen showed that the MPC6 and MPC8 antibodies bound only to the cytoplasmic side of the erythrocyte membrane, thus providing evidence for the intracellular orientation of the C-terminal 27 residues of the Rh polypeptides. Attempts to transiently or stably express the Rh polypeptides. Attempts to transiently or stably express the Rh cDNA in eukaryotic cells were largely unsuccessful, suggesting that Rh antigen expression at the cell surface requires correct transport and/or folding of the Rh proteins, possibly as a complex with one-membrane proteins of the Rh cluster that are lacking in Rhnull cells.


BACKGROUND
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is a successful treatment modality for patients with end-stage renal disease. Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is the most critical complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD).

AIMS
In our study, we aimed to compare the effects of colchicine and sirolimus on PF induced by hypertonic peritoneal dialysis solutions in rats.

STUDY DESIGN
Animal experiment.

METHODS
Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups. The control group received an intraperitoneal injection (ip) of saline. The sirolimus group received the PD solution, plus 1.0 mg/kg/day Rapamune®. The colchicine group received the PD solution ip plus 1.0 mg/kg/day of colchicine. Blood samples were taken to measure the serum levels of VEGF, TGF-β, and TNF-α. Peritoneal tissue samples were taken for histopathological evaluation.

RESULTS
TGF-β and TNF-α values in the sirolimus group were found to be statistically significantly lower than in the control and colchicine groups, but the differences between the control and colchicine groups were not statistically significant. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups regarding the VEGF values. Vascular neogenesis and peritoneal thickness were compared; the values in the sirolimus group were statistically reduced compared to the values in the control group. Mild fibrosis developed in 75% of all animals in the sirolimus group; there was no moderate or severe fibrosis observed. Fibrosis developed to varying degrees in 100% of the animals in the control and colchicine groups.

CONCLUSION
The present study demonstrates that sirolimus might be beneficial for preventing or delaying the progression of PF and neoangiogenesis. These alterations in the peritoneal membrane may be connected with reduced TNF-α and TGF-β levels.


The need to be able to take a representative sample of a hydrocarbon product is necessary to ensure proper accounting for transactions and efficient product processing. Sampling can be accomplished by primarily three techniques; spot, continuous composite or continuous on-line sampling systems. The various spot sampling methods that are available and the implementation of these methods are briefly investigated in this paper, as well as the most appropriate equipment to use.


Fast and Efficient Context-Aware Services gives a thorough explanation of the state-of-the-art in Context-Aware-Services (CAS). The authors describe all major terms and components of CAS, defining context and discussing the requirements of context-aware applications and their use in 3rd generation services. The text covers the service creation problem as well as the network technology alternatives to support these services and discusses active and programmable networks in detail. It gives an insight into the practical approach followed in the CONTEXT project, supplying concrete guidelines for building successful context-aware services. Fast and Efficient Context-Aware Services: Provides comprehensive and in-depth information on state-of-the-art CAS technology. Proposes a system architecture for CAS creation and delivery, discussing service management and active network layers. Describes the service lifecycle functional architecture, covering service authoring, customization, invocation, and assurance. Explains system design considerations and details, system evaluation criteria, test-bed requirements, and evaluation results. Fast and Efficient Context-Aware Services is an invaluable resource for telecommunications developers, researchers in academia and industry, advanced students in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, telecoms operators, as well as telecommunication management and operator personnel. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The need to address global energy issues, i.e. energy security and climate change, is more urgent than ever. Road vehicles dominate global oil consumption and are one of the fastest growing energy end-uses. This paper studies policies and measures to improve on-road fuel efficiency of vehicles by focusing on energy efficiency of automobile components not generally considered in official fuel efficiency test, namely tyres, cooling technologies and lightings. In this paper, current policies and industry activities on these components are reviewed, fuel saving potential by the components analysed and possible policies to realise the potential recommended.


The 2008 election rekindled debate about whether US multinationals shift technology across borders and relocate production in ways that might harm workers and communities at home. President Obama now pledges to end tax breaks for corporations that ship jobs overseas. The preoccupation about the behavior of American multinationals takes three forms: (1) that US-based multinational corporations may follow a strategy that leads them to abandon the home economy, leaving the workers and communities to cope on their own with few appealing alternatives after the multinationals have left; (2) worse, that US-based multinational corporations may not just abandon home sites but drain off capital, substitute production abroad for exports, and "hollow out" the domestic economy in a zero-sum process that damages those left behind; and (3) worst, that US-based multinational corporations may deploy a rent-gathering apparatus that switches from sharing supranormal profits and externalities with US workers and communities to extracting rents from the United States. Each contains a hypothetical outcome that can be compared with contemporary evidence from the United States and other home countries. This working paper shows that multinational corporations do not locate their operations in a zero-sum manner that favors host economies at the expense of the home economy. The two-way flow of inward and outward investment does not create an outcome that can be reasonably characterized in any way as "hollowing out" the home economy. The evidence consistently shows that the expansion of MNC operations abroad and the strengthening of MNC operations in the home country are complementary, and the answer to the counterfactual--would the home country be better off, or would workers in the home country be better off, if home-country MNCs were prevented from engaging in outward investment?--is indisputably negative. Making it more difficult to engage in outward investment would not strengthen the home economy in the United States. Quite the contrary, placing obstacles in the way of US multinationals using the United States as the center for conducting their global operations would leave them, their suppliers, their workers, and the communities where they are located worse off and less competitive in the world economy.


Little research has examined how and why institutional context and framing dynamics shape the institutionalization of movement claims into the state's formal policies, and what the implication of these processes might be for movements attempting to mobilize on the same conceptual terms after institutionalization. In this study, I explore the role institutional context and framing play in the institutionalization of movement claims in a case: the implementation of environmental justice policy in the California Environmental Protection Agency from 2002 to 2007. I ask: How and why were aspects of the environmental justice frame institutionalized into regulatory policy while others were not? I use ethnographic field methods and content analysis of archival data to answer this question and offer two contributions to previous research. First, I add to previous scholarship on the environmental justice movement by identifying the character of newer problems faced by movement actors as they engage in regulatory policy processes with opponents in the United States. Second, I extend social movement framing theory by developing the notion of "state resonance" to understand how and why a collective action frame is institutionalized and implemented in regulatory policy.


The main objective of this paper is to establish models of measured real-time data that are obtained in a frontal impact of a vehicle into the rigid barrier. When it tcomes to modeling the vehicle crash we can distinguish two approaches. The first one utilizes CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software including FEA (Finite Element Analysis) while the second one is based on the System Identification Toolbox , which provides MATLAB® functions, Simulink® blocks, and an app for constructing the models of dynamic systems from measured inputoutput data. The toolbox also provides algorithms for embedded online parameter estimation.


Several compounds of relatively rigid molecular structure have been found to exert strong blockade of monoamine uptake by synaptosomal preparations of rat corpus striatum (dopamine and serotonin) and hypothalamus (norepinephrine). These include CP-24,441 (1R, 4S-N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine), EXP-561 (4-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-amine), nomifensine and nefopam. The well-defined molecular geometry of the potent inhibitor EXP-561 is a fundamental structural/conformational requirement for uptake blocking activity for the large family of phenylbutylamine- and phenoxypropylamine-related inhibitors. The tubular configuration of EXP-561 may be the most appropriate for blocking serotonin uptake. The requisite conformation for blocking dopamine uptake appears to be defined by the combination resulting from superimposition of the CP-24,441 and nomifensine structures. The conformation defined by the combination resulting from superimposition of the CP-24-441 and desipramine structures is apparently optimal for blocking norepinephrine uptake. The conformational requirements for diphenylpropylamine-related uptake blockers may be defined by the rigid compound CP-39,332 (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine). The actual potency of any given inhibitor is probably modulated by additional structural and stereochemical factors.


PurposePredictive analytics and artificial intelligence are perceived as significant drivers to improve organizational performance and managerial decision-making. Hiring employees and contract renewals are instances of managerial decision-making problems that can incur high financial costs and long-term impacts on organizational performance. The primary goal of this study is to identify the Major League Baseball (MLB) free agents who are likely to receive a contract.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the design science research paradigm and the cognitive analytics management (CAM) theory to develop the research framework. A dataset on MLB's free agents between 2013 and 2017 was collected. A decision support tool was built using artificial neural networks.FindingsThere are clear links between a player's statistical performance and the decision of the player to sign a new offered contract. "Age," "Wins above Replacement" and "the team on which a player last played" are the most significant factors in determining if a player signs a new contract.Originality/valueThis paper applied analytical modeling to personnel decision-making using the design science paradigm and guided by CAM as the kernel theory. The study employed machine learning techniques, producing a model that predicts the probability of free agents signing a new contract. Also, a web-based tool was developed to help decision-makers in baseball front offices so they can determine which available free agents to offer contracts.


This work aims to forecast rain locally in Tambarga, Burkina Faso, to be able to fight against a worm inducing the disease called schistosomiasis. The chosen approach relies on a machine-leaning technique called Artificial Neural Networks, which simulates the synapses of a brain, with climatic parameters as inputs, activation functions and outputs in the form of rain prediction. A special case of Neural Networks using Bayesian Computations is used, along with as a transform allowing to capture the changes in climatic conditions, called Wavelet Transform. The precipitation is forecasted in different manners: binary forecast on the presence or absence of rain, linear forecast on the daily and weekly intensity, as well as a rain-class forecast. The most successful predictions have been found to be the binary forecast, as well as the weekly windowed cumulative rain forecast. The daily cumulative rain, as well has the classes forecast have not produced satisfying results, mainly because of the high temporal variability of the observations, as well as the very unequal distribution of observations in the different rain classes. In the end, it has been shown that it is possible to use Bayesian Networks to forecast precipitation in some extent, and that the wavelet transform of the inputs has a positive impact on the accuracy of the prediction.


Breast cancer has had, and will continue to have, a devastating impact on the lives of many Australian women, their families, friends and the wider community. The concomitant treatment of this disease places a considerable burden on the health care system and the supporters of the person diagnosed with this disease. While there are many government and non-government organisations that provide treatment and support services for the person with breast cancer, these services are usually provided in person either in the home or at the organisation's offices. This study extended the information advice and support aspects of these services to the online or Internet based realm via the design and development of a breast cancer focused online support community www.breastcancerclick.com.au and explored the role of the expert nurse through the employment of a specialist breast care nurse as a member, moderator and health professional within this online community. This study used an ethnonetnographic approach, including online (on the Internet) and offline (face-to-face) methods, to explore the role of the specialist breast care nurse within the online, breast cancer support, community. The study was comprised of three phases, Phase One, the offline and online identification of the information, advice and support needs of Western Australian women with breast cancer and their Internet use; development of a website designed to meet those needs and to foster the development of an online support community; Phase Two, the employment and introduction of a specialist breast care nurse as a member and provider of evidencebased information, advice and support for online community members; Phase Three, the online and offline collection of data relevant to the role of the specialist breast care nurse within the online support community. The identification of the expert nurse as a linchpin in the patient's care and communication has implications for future nursing practice and curricula as well as consumers of health care. Recommendations arose from the findings in relation to further research, nursing practice, education these recommendations indicate an innovative extension to expert nursing practice and together the elementary guidelines for health professional when developing an illness specific online support community foreshadow a future direction for nursing, in line with the digital age.


"Quasi-memories," necessarily presupposing a distinction between an "experiencing" and a "remembering" person, are considered by Parfit and Shoemaker as necessary and/or sufficient criteria for personal identity. However, the concept of "q-memories" is rejected by Schechtman since, according to her, neither "content" and "experience" can be separated from each other in "q-memories" ("principal inseparability") nor can they be distinguished from delusions/confabulations ("principal indistinguishability"). The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate that, relying on a neurophilosophical approach, both arguments can be rejected. Neuropsychological research shows that "contents" of memories are classified according to the accompanying psychological state such that the same "content" can be classified either as auto- or heterobiographical by the respective "experience." Since "content" and "experience" can be separated from each other, the argument of "principal inseparability" must be rejected on empirical grounds. In addition, as demonstrated in an example of a schizophrenic patient, "q-memories" can be distinguished from delusions/confabulations considering the ability to distinguish between different sources of autobiographical memories as a differential criterion. In conclusion, both arguments by Schechtman against the concept of "q-memories" have to be rejected on the basis of neurophilosophical considerations. Consequently, the concept of "q-memories" can be considered as compatible with current empirical knowledge.


Data hiding is one technique by which system perpetrators store information while reducing the risk of being detected by system administrators. The first major section of this article structures and compares existing data hiding methods for UNIX file systems in terms of usability and countermeasures. It discusses variant techniques related to advanced file systems. The second section proposes a new technique that stores substantial amounts of data inside journaling file systems in a robust fashion with low detectability, which is demonstrated by means of a proof-of- concept implementation for the ext3 journaling file system.


Based on a real-life love triangle and later made into Francois Truffaut's famous New Wave film, Henri-Pierre Roche's Jules et Jim is a paean to youth set in free-spirited Paris before the First World War. Jules and Jim live a carefree, bohemian existence: they write in cafes, travel when the mood takes them, and share the women they love without jealousy. Like Lucie, flawless, an abbess, and Odile, impulsive, mischievous, almost feral. But it is Kate - with a smile the two friends have determined to follow always, but capricious enough to jump in the Seine from spite - who steals their hearts most thoroughly. Henri-Pierre Roche was in his mid-seventies when he wrote this, his autobiographical debut novel. The inspiration for the legendary film directed by Francois Truffaut, it captures perfectly with excitement and great humour the tenderness of three people in love with each other and with life. This Penguin Modern Classics edition is translated by Patrick Evans with an introduction by Agnes C. Poirier and an afterword by Francois Truffaut. Henri-Pierre Roche (1879-1959) was born in Paris. After studying art at the Academie Julian, he became a journalist and art dealer, mixing with the avant-garde artistic set; his friends and acquaintances included the artists Michel Duchamp and Francis Picabia, and in 1905 he introduced Gertrude Stein to Pablo Picasso. In 1916, following his discharge from the French army, Roche went to New York and set up a Dadaist magazine, The Blind Man, with Duchamp and the artist Beatrice Wood. It wasn't until his seventies that he wrote the semi-autobiographical Jules et Jim (1953); his second novel, Les deux anglaises et le continent, was published in 1956. If you enjoyed Jules et Jim, you might like Raymond Radiguet's The Devil in the Flesh, also available in Penguin Modern Classics. "A perfect hymn to love and perhaps to life." (Francois Truffaut, director of Jules et Jim and The 400 Blows).


Within the duration of three projects (J7-0363, L1-0437, L1-4280), in the period from 2008 to 2013, measurements of tritium (3H), 40K and γ-ray emitters of uranium (238U, 226Ra and 210Pb) and thorium (228Ra and 228Th) decay series in groundwaters of Slovenia were carried out. Tritium was also measured in precipitation at selected locations. Groundwater sampling sites were selected in order to cover the most representative lithological units that are found in Slovenia and were at the same time evenly distributed throughout the country. In total, 281 samples were measured from 120 different locations.
Measurements in the period 2009-2013 have shown that tritium concentrations in precipitation in Ljubljana are for about 30% lower compared to those in Vienna, however they are in line with seasonal fluctuations observed in Vienna. This was an important information in the process of the reconstruction of past tritium concentrations in precipitation in Ljubljana (tritium curve) for the missing period between 1953 and 1981. Tritium curve represents the input data when determining the average age of water.
In determining the influence of various parameters on the final interpretation of the groundwater age it has been found that the greatest uncertainty contribute the measurements of the tritium curve and the measurements of tritium in groundwater samples. Also, the interaction of other factors (continental effect, rainfall regime, infiltration) and the lack of knowledge of them may have a major impact on the misinterpretation of groundwater age.
Based on tritium concentration, groundwaters were divided into 4 major categories, into groundwaters that are older than 100 years (tritium concentration was below the detection limit), groundwaters, where the older component prevails (concentration of tritium was between 0 and 2.5 TU), groundwaters with the age between 30 and 60 years (the concentration of tritium was on average 8 TU) and recent groundwaters with age up to 15 years (tritium concentration of about 6 TU).
The natural background of γ-ray emitters was determined for each lithological unit. The most represented radionuclide was 40K with concentrations always above the detection limit. A dependency of 40K concentrations on nitrate was observed, especially in the recharge areas, where limestone prevailed. Other γ-ray emitters revealed some dependence on nitrate concentration, especially both radium isotopes (226Ra and 228Ra). The concentration of 210Pb in groundwaters is mainly due to the connection with the surface and consequently with atmospheric 210Pb. The highest concentrations of 238U and 228Ra were measured in groundwaters from recharge areas in clastic rocks with a clay component. In contrast to the expected, concentrations for all γ-ray emitters (except 210Pb) were the lowest or even not detectable, in groundwaters from recharge areas in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Among γ-ray emitters and categorization based on tritium concentrations, elevated concentrations of 238U were observed in groundwaters with prevailing older component. Elevated concentrations of 40K were also observed in them. The largest scattering of 210Pb and 40K concentrations was observed in recent waters, which indicates a connection with the surface and application of fertilizers.


The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to the problem of blind parameter estimation of frequency hopping signals. For this target, one Time Frequency representation such as Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution (SPWVD) is computed firstly. Then, the peaks on TF plane are searched using multi- species PSO. Each particle moves around two dimension time and frequency plane and will converge to different species, which seeds represent the centers of frequency hopping components. A numerical study is carried out for signals which are embedded in a very low SNR ratio noise. Results show that the new method is feasible and much more robust than some existing estimation algorithms.


Atherosclerotic and medial vascular calcifications are frequent in chronic renal failure patiens and predict their increased cardiovascular mortality. Experimental models for mice have been recently developed in order to study these disorders. The aim of this paper is to present the morphological image processing algorithms developed for the semi-automated measurement of calcification from sections of aorta stained using von Kossa's silver nitrate procedure and acquired at low magnification power ( 2 5) on colour images. The approach is separated into two sequential phases. First, the segmentation is aimed to extract the calcification structures and on the other hand to demarcate the region of the atherosclerotic lesion within the tissue. The segmentation yields the image data which is the input to the second phase, the quantification. Calcified structures are measured inside and outside the lesion using a granulometric curve which allows the calculation of statistical parameters of size. The same operator computes the shape of the lesion. The relative proportion of the area of calcification is also calculated respectively for the atherosclerotic lesion area and the area outside such lesions. In conclusion, the here developed method allows quantification of vascular calcified deposits in mouse aorta. This method will be useful for the quantitative assessment of pathological vascular changes in animals and man.


Turn your iPhone or iPad into the hub of a distributed sensor network with the help of an Arduino microcontroller. With this concise guide, youll learn how to connect an external sensor to an iOS device and have them talk to each other through Arduino. Youll also build an iOS application that will parse the sensor values it receives and plot the resulting measurements, all in real-time. iOS processes data from its own onboard sensors, and now you can extend its reach with this simple, low-cost project. If you're an Objective-C programmer who likes to experiment, this book explains the basics of Arduino and other hardware components you needand lets you have fun in the process.Learn how to connect the Arduino platform to any iOS device Build a simple application to control your Arduino directly from an iPad Gather measurements from an ultrasonic range finder and display them on your iPhone Connect an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch to an XBee radio network Explore other methods for connecting external sensors to iOS, including Ethernet and the MIDI protocol


Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising paradigm for learning optimal control. Although RL is generally envisioned as working without any prior knowledge about the system, such knowledge is often available and can be exploited to great advantage. In this paper, we consider prior knowledge about the monotonicity of the control policy with respect to the system states, and we introduce an approach that exploits this type of prior knowledge to accelerate a state-of-the-art RL algorithm called online least-squares policy iteration (LSPI). Monotonic policies are appropriate for important classes of systems appearing in control applications. LSPI is a data-efficient RL algorithm that we previously extended to online learning, but that did not provide until now a way to use prior knowledge about the policy. In an empirical evaluation, online LSPI with prior knowledge learns much faster and more reliably than the original online LSPI.


The 2:1 mica layer is composed of two opposing tetrahedral (T) sheets with an octahedral (M) sheet between to form a "TMT" layer (Fig. 1a⇓). The mica structure has a general formula of A M2–3 T4 O10 X2 [in natural micas: A = interlayer cations, usually K, Na, Ca, Ba, and rarely Rb, Cs, NH4, H3O, and Sr; M = octahedral cations, generally Mg, Fe2+, Al, and Fe3+, but other cations such as Li, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn can occur also in mica species; T = tetrahedral cations, generally Si, Al and Fe3+ and rarely B and Be; X = (OH), F, Cl, O, S]. Vacant positions (symbol:□) are also common in the mica structure (Rieder et al. 1998). In the tetrahedral sheet, individual TO4 tetrahedra are linked with neighboring TO4 by sharing three corners each (i.e., the basal oxygen atoms) to form an infinite two-dimensional "hexagonal" mesh pattern (Fig. 1b⇓). The fourth oxygen atom (i.e., the apical oxygen atom) forms a corner of the octahedral coordination unit around the M cations. Thus, each octahedral anion atom-coordination unit is comprised of four apical oxygen atoms (two from the upper and two from the lower tetrahedral sheet) and by two (OH) or F, Cl, O and S anions [the X anions, usually indicated as the OH or O(4) site]. The OH site is at the same level as the apical oxygen but not shared with tetrahedra. In the octahedral sheet, individual octahedra are linked laterally by sharing octahedral edges (Fig. 1c⇓). The smallest structural unit contains three octahedral sites. Structures with all three sites occupied are known as trioctahedral, whereas, if only two octahedra are occupied [usually M(2)] …


Coined the "trial of the century" in sovereign debt litigation, NML v. Argentina involves a radical departure from the traditional unenforceability of sovereign debt contracts in favor of the opposite extreme: enforcement through potent injunctive remedies applicable to third parties. Problems with the NML precedent could extend far beyond Argentina's immediate situation. NML is the latest landmark in a trend that creates serious uncertainties for sovereign debt markets — a major concern for sovereigns, their creditors, and financial institutions around the world.This article contends that NML creates "bad law" by overcompensating for unenforceability problems with an ambitious reading of the pari passu clause and supercharged injunctive remedies. As a practical matter, the milk is spilled; "rogue" precedent now exists. But until broader solutions for problems in sovereign debt are available, there are compelling grounds for other courts to apply the NML precedent as narrowly as possible. In addition to extraordinary factual circumstances of NML, the Second Circuit provided a starting point for distinguishing NML from future cases.


The availability of research data through digital repositories has made data reuse a possibility in a growing number of fields. This paper reports on the results of interviews with 27 zoologists, 43 quantitative social scientists and 22 archaeologists. It examines how data reuse contributes to the apprenticeship process and aids students in becoming full members of scholarly disciplines. Specifically, it investigates how data reuse contributes to the processes by which novice researchers join academic communities of practice. We demonstrate how projects involving data reuse provide a unique opportunity for advisors to mentor novices through the process of creating knowledge. In these situations, senior researchers model general reuse practices and impart skills for their students to use in the future when selecting, evaluating, and analyzing data they did not collect. For novices, data reuse constitutes a form of legitimate peripheral participation, a way for them to enter the community of practice by analyzing data that has been previously collected and reflecting on others' methodologies. Our study findings indicate that reuse occurs across each target community studied. They also suggest how repositories can help foster a reuse culture by providing access to data and building trust in research communities.


This research examined the overlap of four key domains of schools according to multiple perspectives. The four domains (the macro-framework) were leadership, teaching, organization, and social contexts (B. Rowen, 1995). The "micro-framework" emerged from the paradigm theory and consisted of three perspectives, were the functionalist, constructivist, and critical, which were grounded in the work of G. Burrel and G. Morgan. Using "meta-ethnography" (G. W. Noblitt, R. D. Hare) as the methodology, this two-part framework was applied to four existing case studies in an attempt to synthesize results. The four ethnographies, from which the case studies were derived, are entitled : (1) "Elementary Schooling for Critical Democracy" (J. Goodman); (2) "After the School Bell Rings" (C. Grant and C. Sleeter); (3) "Making Multicultural Education Work" (S. May); and (4) "The Fate of an Innovative School: The History and Present Status of the Kensington School" (L.M. Smith, J.P. Prunty, D.C. Dwyer, and P. F. Kleine). The four study schools fell into two categories: those which were succeeding in their efforts to reform teaching, and those which were not. Results indicated that successful schools were those in which the dominant perspectives, functionalist, constructivist, and/or critical, were consistent in all four domains. In unsuccessful schools, dominant perspectives differed in one or more domains. The most powerful and redundant key descriptors throughout the study depicted successful schools as those with visions which inflamed members of the school community. Leaders had strong visions, teachers had commitment, and both were congruous with each other and the needs and expectations of the local context. (Contains 43 references.) (SM) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************************************************************


The recent U.S. Supreme Court case of Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (SWANCC) has had profound implications on the legal status of isolated wetlands. As a result, policymakers need ecological information on the definition and functions of isolated wetlands to respond to this decision. The term "isolated wetlands" is of fairly recent usage and has been poorly defined. In response, I recommend Tiner's (2003b) definition as wetlands "that are completely surrounded by upland." Isolation needs to be considered with respect to specific processes and functions. I suggest that isolation not be viewed discretely but be considered within an isolation-connectivity continuum. Isolation has a fundamental influence on the way water enters and leaves a wetland. This consequently affects any wetland function that depends on water as a vector (e.g., pollutant transport and certain types of dispersal). These wetlands can also have a high level of endemism, extensive plant zonation, and high biodiversity. Isolated wetlands, however, do not represent ecologically isolated habitat for many organisms. I conclude that the effect of isolation may not be as significant as the term "isolated wetlands" suggests: many of the biological features of isolated wetlands may result from environmental conditions that also occur in nonisolated wetlands. As a result of SWANCC, assessment methods are needed that can help regulators distinguish between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional isolated wetlands. I propose that the merger of simple, source-sink-transport vector concepts with landscape-level assessment methods could be useful in this regard. I point to the need for documented examples of organisms that spend most of their lives in waters of the U.S. but also require isolated wetlands. I conclude that wetland science would benefit from the development of a comprehensive view of isolation as a formative process across different regional wetland types.


Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) during August 2003 was measured by using eddy covariance above 17 forest and 3 peatland sites along an east-west continental-scale transect in Canada. Measured sites included recently disturbed stands, young forest stands, intermediate-aged conifer stands, mature deciduous stands, mature conifer stands, fens, and an open shrub bog. Diurnal courses of NEP showed strong coherence within the different ecosystem categories. Recently dis- turbed sites showed the weakest diurnal cycle; and intermediate-aged conifers, the strongest. The western treed fen had a more pronounced diurnal pattern than the eastern shrub bog or the Saskatchewan patterned fen. All but three sites were clearly afternoon C sinks. Ecosystem respiration was highest for the young fire sites. The intermediate-aged conifer sites had the highest maximum NEP (NEPmax) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEPmax), attaining rates that would be consis- tent with the presence of a strong terrestrial C sink in regions where these types of forest are common. These results sup- port the idea that large-scale C cycle modeling activities would benefit from information on the age-class distribution and disturbance types within larger grid cells. Light use efficiency followed a pattern similar to that of NEPmax and GEPmax. Four of the five recently disturbed sites and all three of the peatland sites had low water use efficiencies. 800


Using combinations of H and T reflexes, spatial summation has been studied in the human soleus motoneurone pool. With certain assumptions, mathematical treatment of the results yielded estimates of the thresholds of motoneurones to monosynaptic activation by Ia nerve fibres. It was found that, on average, about 62 EPSPs were required to discharge a motoneurone and that a single Ia fibre supplied about 139 neurones.


In this thesis, an independent power flow control of different energy sources connected to a single electric machine with a multitude of three-phase winding sets has been investigated. These machines are highly suitable for high power and critical applications. Additionally, these machines utilise the well-established three-phase power electronics technologies. The interest towards electrification of the transportation systems makes having multiple energy source a viable solution in the near future. Independent power flow control will enable the integration of hybrid energy storage systems on electrical vehicles such that the regenerative power can be directed to a super-capacitor while the cruising power is consumed from a battery bank. Nevertheless, this technique can be envisaged for different applications, from wind turbines to microgrids. In order to make all of this possible, the current amplitude of each winding set needs to be controlled first. Therefore, the control of the individual winding set's currents' amplitude and direction for multiple three-phase machines is the main subject of this thesis. The developed control schemes are based on vector space decomposition (VSD) rather than multi-stator (MS) approach. The former approach has a unique harmonic mapping and a single flux and torque producing subspace. Primarily in the thesis, current sharing strategy has been developed for both symmetrical and asymmetrical multiple three-phase machines with a common mode of operation for all the winding sets (motoring or generation). The strategy is based on the correlation of the xi-yi currents of the VSD and the αi-βi currents of the MS approach. These links enable the control of the current amplitude of the winding sets separately while maintaining the same torque and speed. The correlations between these modelling approaches combine good features of both modelling methods, the ability of the MS approach to control each winding set individually, and the VSD feature to perform the control in a completely decoupled subspace. Afterwards, the same strategy is employed to change the power flow direction as well as the amplitude of the multiple three-phase winding sets currents such that concurrent motoring and generation mode of operation is established. Two novel power sharing schemes have been proposed and analysed in this thesis. Both are based on VSD. The first scheme is sharing the flux and torque producing currents equally, while the second one is controlling the power by the torque producing current while preserving the same flux producing current. The transferred power efficiency has been improved significantly using the second approach. The same power sharing technique has been applied to an unorthodox type of machine – a twelve-phase machine implemented as a six-phase machine with double winding (hence, consisting of two six-phase sub-machines). The proposed power sharing scheme here is using a hybrid control approach combining two vector control schemes, based on MS and VSD. The control based on MS is controlling the power transfer from one six-phase sub-machine to the other one, while the control based on VSD, and with auxiliary current control, is sharing and directing power to a specific three-phase winding set within each sub-machine. Last but not least, two novel regenerative test methods have been proposed for multiple three-phase machines. The first approach is based on utilising a modified power sharing control strategy to operate the machine with iv rated current while maintaining the speed and circulating the power among the winding sets. The approach can be implemented differently based on the number of winding sets. With an even number of neutral points, half of the winding sets will be in motoring while the other half are in generation mode. However, when there is an odd number of winding sets, one of the winding sets will be in no-load mode of operation. The second approach is implementing the motoring and generation of the winding sets using a unique y-current component of the VSD. This method is only applicable to multiple three-phase machines with an even number of neutral points. The regenerative test can be applied to induction and synchronous machines equally but with a completely different outcome. For synchronous machines, the test can be used for efficiency evaluation and temperature rise test while for the induction machines the test can provide a straightforward experimental approach to segregate constant losses (core and mechanical losses) from load dependent losses (copper losses). All the proposed control methods have been validated by simulation and experimentally, except for the double winding machine where experiments were not done.


In this study, an all-optical tunable time delay in optical fiber using wavelength conversion stage and dispersion stage is designed, simulated, evaluated and optimized. A noticeable optical tunable time delay is achieved at 40-Gbps bit rate system. An optimization process is carried out targeting a remarkable system performance based on bit error rate (BER) and Eye diagram analysis. This design successfully achieves 740-ps tunable optical time delay with pulse width (PW) of 2.5-ps at 40-Gbps delay system and a maximum relative delay (MRD) of 296. This system represents a step towards an integrated optical buffer to be used in communication systems.


Comparing the Korean labour productivity growth in the last two decades with the Japanese and US labour productivity growth, data confirm a process of catching up in several important manufacturing sectors. The paper investigates its determinants using a non-neoclassical model. Investments in skills and capabilities are found to be crucial in explaining this trend. Important policy implications for developing countries are then discussed. In the long run, a targeted education policy with government intervention and a strong emphasis on technical education can give high pay-offs. This conclusion holds in particular when the aim of the country is to compete in the international markets, not along the low road to competitiveness, based on squeezing wages and profit margins, but along the high road (i.e. improving productivity, wages and profits).


Natural resources are generally considered to be very important for development of any country. Sachs and Warner (1995) empirical study initiated a new debate in the field of economics that countries where natural resources are in abundance have slow growth than the countries which are resource deficient, called the resource curse hypothesis. Many studies have empirically tested this hypothesis and found mixed results. Most of the studies in literature have used primary products exports as a measure of resource abundance which is not very appropriate. This study extends the literature by using various proxies of resource abundance and has decomposed the total natural resource rent to oil, gas, and mineral rents. The study further includes various regions in the empirical analysis to find whether resource curse is region specific or not? Almost all possible channels of resource curse have been investigated. Empirical estimates by using panel data technique (within effect model) have also been provided. The results indicate that natural resources do not adversely affect economic growth directly in the large sample of 170 countries for the period 1991 to 2011. Regional analysis of resource curse hypothesis revealed that South Asia is the only region where resource curse exists with all types of resources because of low level of institutions. In all other regions, natural resource rents positively impact the economic growth.


Aphasia is a relatively common language disorder, occurring in about 25% of all stroke patients. The ultimate aim of aphasia treatment is to improve patients oral and written language abilities and to facilitate their participation in everyday communication. Over the last decades, a range of approaches in aphasia therapy have been introduced, based on cognitive neuropsychological models, psycholinguistic theories, and socio-pragmatic approaches. In view of the range of different approaches and findings of therapy studies, the challenge for therapists is to decide which approach is the most appropriate one for an aphasic individual at a specific stage of recovery. The Findings showed that, therapy plan for aphasic individuals involves selecting the therapeutic approach most appropriate for dealing with a particular type of disorder, degree of severity, stage of recovery and the extent of the patient's participation in social life. A framework of aphasia treatment is outlined which considers the rehabilitation process at the various stages of recovery, and Different approaches are combined into a comprehensive treatment regimen which differentiates three stages of recovery: the acute, post-acute, and chronic stage. Also ,The intensive therapy in the treatment of language disorders have a great effect, and Brain imaging studies have shown that the linguistic reorganization of a damaged brain is aided by intensive speech therapy even in the chronic phase.


For people to live together in pluralistic communities, they must find someway to cope with the practices of others that they abhor. For that reason, tolerance has always seemed an appealing medium of accommodation. But tolerance also has its critics. One wing charges that the tolerant are too easygoing. They are insensitive to evil in their midst. At the same time, another wing attacks the (merely) tolerant for being too weak in their sentimentsof respect. "The Christian does not wish to be tolerated," as T. S. Eliot said; and by this he meant to claim, presumably, that the Christian desires respect and acceptance, and not merely the forbearance suggested by "tolerance." To make the case for tolerance, we must engage in a three-front campaign: first, against intolerance; second, against the moral failing of indifference; and third, against the desirability of respecting and accepting everyone. The central claim in making this case will be that unlike these three competing sentiments, tolerance is a complex attitude toward the behavior and beliefs of others. Its complexity consists in both moral disapproval (or atleast cultural rejection) and the avoidance of interference. If there is a case to be made for tolerance, it must derive from this peculiar complexity. After surveying its alternatives, I will argue that the complex sentimentof tolerance is more readily praised than its alternatives.