The accounting for advance receipts or payments continues to vex those who administer, and advise on, federal income tax law. Under current income tax law, a taxpayer or tax advisor must generally make an initial threshold determination when addressing the tax treatment of an advance receipt: (i) is the amount received a loan or deposit, neither of which is generally required to be included in income; or (ii) is the receipt not a loan or deposit and, thus, includable in income as an "accession to wealth," such as salary or wage income. The U.S. Supreme Court has addressed the proper federal income tax treatment of various forms of advance receipts in numerous decisions over the last four decades, the most recent of which occurred in its 1990 decision in Commissioner v. Indianapolis Power & Light Co. In Indianapolis Power, the Court held that a public utility's receipt of a deposit was not includable in income at the time of receipt, finding there was a significant difference between a deposit and an otherwise "advance payment" for federal income tax purposes. Although practitioners and legal scholars hoped Indianapolis Power would provide some final clarity, it has nevertheless been criticized as lacking the necessary economic foundation and analysis on which income taxation should rely.Several federal circuit courts of appeal have applied Indianapolis Power subsequently with varying degrees of consistency. In Westpac Pacific Food v. Commissioner, the Ninth Circuit determined that advance trade discounts received by the taxpayer in consideration for committing to future volume purchases were akin to security deposits or loans and, thus, not includable in gross income in the year of receipt. On virtually identical facts to those in Westpac, the Third Circuit, in Karns Prime & Fancy Food, Ltd. v. Commissioner, openly disagreed with Westpac and the Ninth Circuit's application of Indianapolis Power, concluding that funds provided to the taxpayer by its food supplier in exchange for a promissory note and a supply agreement constituted taxable income to the taxpayer in the year of receipt. This article more closely analyzes Karns, and its impact, if any, on future applications of law in this area.Like other commentators, the article questions the validity of the loan versus other advance payment distinction. Accordingly, the article criticizes Indianapolis Power for perpetuating this distinction and for potentially misapplying its own-stated distinction by inaccurately viewing the deposits received by the taxpayer as loans rather than advance payments for future utility services. Because the Third Circuit in Karns limited its decision and discussion as to whether the cash advance received by the taxpayer constituted a loan, it missed an opportunity to further clarify the disparate tax treatment of other advance payments. Nevertheless, the article ultimately concludes that the Third Circuit correctly applied precedent and ultimately got it right in Karns. By utilizing Indianapolis Power and distinguishing Westpac, the clear import of Karns is that the more two parties to a transaction treat an advance payment (or an advance trade discount) as a loan from its inception, the more likely the recipient will prevail against the IRS in excluding that advance from income upon receipt.This article originally appeared in Vol. 12 No. 1 of the Delaware Law Review, published by the Delaware State Bar Association. Copyright © Delaware State Bar Association 2010. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.


In many robotic manipulation scenarios, robots often have to perform highly-repetitive tasks in structured environments e.g. sorting mail in a mailroom or pick and place objects on a conveyor belt. In this work we are interested in settings where the tasks are similar, yet not identical (e.g., due to uncertain orientation of objects) and motion planning needs to be extremely fast. Preprocessing-based approaches prove to be very beneficial in these settings—they analyze the configuration-space offline to generate some auxiliary information which can then be used in the query phase to speedup planning times. Typically, the tighter the requirement is on query times the larger the memory footprint will be. In particular, for high-dimensional spaces, providing real-time planning capabilities is extremely challenging. While there are planners that guarantee real-time performance by limiting the planning horizon, we are not aware of general-purpose planners capable of doing it for indefinite horizon (i.e., planning to the goal). To this end, we propose a preprocessingbased method that provides provable bounds on the query time while incurring only a small amount of memory overhead in the query phase. We evaluate our method on a 7-DOF robot arm and show a speedup of over tenfold in query time when compared to the PRM algorithm.


Introduction: Many serious neurological and ophthalmological diseases are reported in patients presenting to the emergency service with the complaint of diplopia. Near reflex spasm is a rare cause of diplopia, which may mimic abducens nerve palsy.Case Report: A 27-year-old female presented to the emergency service with the complaint of diplopia and blurred vision. There was no drug usage or exposure to toxic substances. In the physical examination, convergent strabismus was observed and the pupils were miotic. Ciliary spasm was detected in the ophthalmologic examination. The results of the examinations for organic etiologies were negative. The patient recovered after the application of cycloplegic drops and the arrangement of treatment after psychiatric examinations.Conclusion: Considering near reflex spasm in patients presenting with diplopia could save the emergency services, where time is important, from unnecessary further examinations. It should not be forgotten to pay attention to miosis because it is the most important clue evocative of this rare disease


The existence of discrimination and/or redlining in mortgage lending has been debated intensively for years. Traditionally, the lender's role in credit availability has been scrutinized. Yet other institutions, specifically mortgage insurers, often help determine whether a mortgage is granted; if the behavior of the mortgage insurers is not accounted for, their actions could be attributed to the lenders. This paper examines the determinants of the private mortgage insurance decision. Specifically, the roles of the applicant's race and of the racial characteristics of the neighborhood in which the property is located are examined. The analysis includes the most complete data set extant of the variables in the information set of these insurers. Little evidence is found that discrimination is occurring among insurers, but there is some evidence that redlining is.


Jaggery is the natural sweetener which is prepared by sugarcane juice. It is available in solid, liquid & powder form. It is also called as Non centrifugal sugar (NCS) and is known by many different names in the world like Panela, Kokuto, Muscovado. The sap collected from some palm trees such as palmyra-palm (Borassus flabellifer L.), coconut-palm (Cocos nucifera L.), wild date-palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) .The methods of converting sugarcane and manufacturing sugar, gur and khandsari are different but a great value is added in the manufacturing of these consumable final products. The micronutrients which are present in Jaggery has many nutritional & medicinal aspects like its anti carcinogenic & antitoxic activity. Jaggery has proved itself better as compared to white sugar. Jaggery is known to produce heat and give instant energy to a human body. More than 70% of Jaggery is produced in India and that day is not so far when it creates a huge revolution better than sugar.


SUMMARY Founded on the assumption that communicator style is situationally and contextually influenced, this study investigates the effects of job-related stress on communicator style. It was specifically designed to measure the effects of job-related stress factors on employee communicator style within the context of a medical centre organization. Three central research questions are posed: (1) what, if any, meaningful differences in communicator style can be found from general work conditions to stress-specific conditions; (2) do different stress conditions give rise to meaningful differences in communicator style; (3) what communicator style differences exist among three major medical centre employee ltierarchies in response to stress-specific situations. The results indicate that communicator style in the stress-specific sample was significantly more dominant, open, attentive but less dramatic and friendly. Multivariate analysis revealed that communicator style accounted for the greatest differences between employees who were experiencing stress due to being unprepared to perform their work role. All role-related stress variables were more powerfully discriminated by the communicator style variables than department/unit stress (stress at the work group level). Finally, communicator style variables provided statistically significant discrimination of three occupational groups: physicians, administrators/managers, and line employees. Physicians appeared to be more assertive and less supportive in their communication; administrators/managers were assertive but also supportive while line employees were both submissive and supportive in their communicator style. These three employee groups were also discriminated using the job-related stress variables. Although statistically significant findings were obtained, the discriminant functions were less powerful than the communicator style discriminant functions.


In this paper, we are interested in the computational complexity of computing (dis)simila-rity measures between two genomes when they contain duplicated genes or genomic markers, a problem that happens frequently when comparing whole nuclear genomes. Recently, several methods ([1], [2]) have been proposed that are based on two steps to compute a given (dis)similarity measure M between two genomes G 1 and G 2 : first, one establishes a one-to-one correspondence between genes of G 1 and genes of G 2 ; second, once this correspondence is established, it defines explicitly a permutation and it is then possible to quantify their similarity using classical measures defined for permutations, like the number of breakpoints. Hence these methods rely on two elements: a way to establish a one-to-one correspondence between genes of a pair of genomes, and a (dis)similarity measure for permutations. The problem is then, given a (dis)similarity measure for permutations, to compute a correspondence that defines an optimal permutation for this measure. We are interested here in two models to compute a one-to-one correspondence: the exemplar model, where all but one copy are deleted in both genomes for each gene family, and the matching model, that computes a maximal correspondence for each gene family. We show that for these two models, and for three (dis)similarity measures on permutations, namely the number of common intervals, the maximum adjacency disruption (MAD) number and the summed adjacency disruption (SAD) number, the problem of computing an optimal correspondence is NP-complete, and even APX-hard for the MAD number and SAD number.


Research is central to the life of the career academic.
 However, the framework in which academic research is conducted is
 not generally well understood and neither is it often articulated or
 discussed. The literature tends to rather focus on issues in
 relation to specific research methodologies and the evaluation
 thereof. Additionally, previous research argues that it is common
 for university academics to have little or no formal preparation for
 their role as teachers. This paper posits that the same applies to
 that of the academic's role as a researcher. It cannot be assumed
 that the mere obtaining of a Doctoral degree, prepares the novice
 academic for a research career. Early career academics are expected
 to acquire an understanding of how to survive as a researcher
 through a process more related to osmosis than to the principles of
 academic discourse. This paper commences with an overview of the
 origins of the academic career and the doctoral degree. Thereafter,
 it introspects the requirements to be a successful academic
 researcher. Aspects of the academic researcher's agency in relation
 to personal values, characteristics, integrity, research uptake
 skills, as well as the benefits and challenges of a research career
 are explored. By unpacking the salient elements of what is required
 to be a successful academic researcher, this paper provides a basis
 for those who are considering a career in academe to make an
 assessment if such a pursuit is feasible. In addition, the paper
 provides a yardstick by which early or even mid‑career academic
 researchers may judge their progress towards being a successful
 researcher, thereby identifying areas for improvement.


"For a number of reasons, progress in improving child feeding practices in the developing world has been remarkably slow. First, complementary feeding practices encompass a number of interrelated behaviors that need to be addressed simultaneously. Child feeding practices are also age-specific within narrow age ranges, which add to the complexity of developing recommendations and measuring responses. Finally, the lack of clear international recommendations for some aspects of complementary feeding has prevented the development of universal indicators to define optimal feeding. Without appropriate measurement tools, the design and evaluation of programs to improve complementary feeding practices cannot move forward. The present paper is the first systematic attempt at filling this gap. It puts forth a framework for the development of indicators of complementary feeding practices and proposes a series of possible indicators to measure some of the most critical aspects of infant and young child feeding. The emphasis is on simple indicators for use in large surveys or in program contexts. Indicators for the following aspects of complementary feeding of 6-23-month-old children are discussed: (1) breastfeeding; (2) energy from complementary foods; (3) nutrient density of complementary foods; and (4) safe preparation and storage of complementary foods. Finally, possible approaches to validate the proposed indicators are discussed and research priorities are highlighted." Authors' Abstract"


This magisterial work chronicles the 350-year history of the Jewish religion in America. Tracing American Judaism from its origins in the colonial era through the present day, Jonathan Sarna explores the ways in which Judaism adapted in this new context. How did American culture--predominantly Protestant and overwhelmingly capitalist--affect Jewish religion and culture? And how did American Jews shape their own communities and faith in the new world? Jonathan Sarna, a preeminent scholar of American Judaism, tells the story of individuals struggling to remain Jewish while also becoming American. He offers a dynamic and timely history of assimilation and revitalization, of faith lost and faith regained.The first comprehensive history of American Judaism in over fifty years, this book is both a celebration of 350 years of Jewish life in America and essential reading for anyone interested in American religion and life.


This paper studies the Frequency Temperature Control mechanism and cold (heat) metering algorithm about central air-conditioning terminal installations. The temperature control and household metering management system for central air-conditioning terminal machine are developed. The system hardware, software design programs and key technologies are expatiated. The terminal machine is integrated with PIC microcontroller, user data acquisition, transmission and control. Delphi language is used in the accounting management system of the host computer. The results show that, the system is no need of new wire, the high performance-price ratio, easy assembly, stable operation and reasonable charge. It is of great significance to adopt the heat and cold metering for the energy conservation, environmental protection and property management. At the same time, it provides the property management with a new technology and channels for the modern intelligent building.


"In this book Lev Manovich offers the first systematic and rigorous theory of new media. He places new media within the histories of visual and media cultures of the last few centuries. He discusses new media's reliance on conventions of old media, such as the rectangular frame and mobile camera, and shows how new media works create the illusion of reality, address the viewer, and represent space. He also analyzes categories and forms unique to new media, such as interface and database.

Manovich uses concepts from film theory, art history, literary theory, and computer science and also develops new theoretical constructs, such as cultural interface, spatial montage, and cinegratography. The theory and history of cinema play a particularly important role in the book. Among other topics, Manovich discusses parallels between the histories of cinema and of new media, digital cinema, screen and montage in cinema and in new media, and historical ties between avant-garde film and new media." -- Publisher's website.


To verify chromium enrichment of the muscovite layer, a crystal chemical and XANES study on chromium-containing muscovite crystals from the South Island of New Zealand was carried out. The crystals studied differ from those of end-member muscovite in that they display variable levels of octahedral substitutions and homovalent and heterovalent substitution of K in interlayer sites. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected for three crystals in the space group C 2/ c to an agreement factor (R obs ) from 0.025 to 0.033. Tetrahedral cation disorder was found for each sample and the values of mean bond length for both tetrahedra do not depart significantly from that of the end-member muscovite-2 M 1 . Electron density at the M2 site is greater than that required for the ideal muscovite-2 M 1 structure, and a small excess of electron density is found for two crystals in M1. As the octahedral substitution of larger cations for Al increases in the octahedral sites, the match between tetrahedral and octahedral sheets improves and tetrahedral rotation angle, α, decreases. XANES spectra at the Cr K-edge in these chromium-containing muscovite samples exhibit octahedral symmetry. Moreover, a careful analysis of the pre-edge region shows at least two features. A qualitative fitting procedure of the pre-edge region indicates that no more than 0.5% of total Cr(III), if any, may occupy the tetrahedral site.


Abstract More than half of the Roma population in Slovakia lives in spaces that are segregated or separated from dominant non-Roma communities. The socio-spatial marginalization of Roma is both generated and reinforced through open and discrete social processes and measures largely orchestrated by local governments, enabled by an ineffective state; and reinforced by the general socio-economic policy framework. This article builds on extensive field research on predominantly Roma-occupied spaces (i.e., 'settlements') in Slovakia and focuses on the nature and function of Roma segregation and separation in Slovakia from an ecological socio-political, and economic standpoint. Based on Loi'c Wacquant's work on ethno-racial segregation and the concept of environmental justice, we discuss social and environmental discrimination as one of the constituent elements in understanding Roma socio-spatial marginalization and its functions, and employ the neologism, 'hyper-osada' as a tool to conceptually and analytically investigate the; new impetus and recent trajectory of Roma segregation and separation.


In the title compound, [Cr(CO3)(C16H36N4)]Br·H2O, the chromium cation has a distorted octahedral geometry with ligation provided by the four N atoms of the `folded' macrocyclic ligand and by two O atoms of the bidentate carbonate anion. Two neighbouring chromium complexes are bridged by two strong N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form dimeric units which, in turn, are constituents of infinite chains formed by virtue of three other types of hydrogen bonds (N—H⋯Br, N—H⋯Ow and Ow—H⋯Br).


In a recent paper by P.
 Wang
 [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A15, 684 (1998)] an analytic expression for calculating Fresnel diffraction is presented. Several mathematical problems with this analysis have been observed. In this comment, corrections to the analysis of Wang et al. are offered as well as an alternative view of this analysis. New formulas based on series of exponential polynomials that are everywhere convergent are derived. These new formulas eliminate the need to split the computational problem into two distinct regions. New series representations for two of the most important combinations of the Lommel functions of two variables are offered.


One degree of freedom (1DOF) linkages are persistent in mechanical systems. However, designing linkages to follow a desired path, known as path synthesis, is challenging due to non-linearities, combinatorial nature, and strict geometric constraints. Current state-of-the-art algorithms cannot scale well to linkages with higher-order linkage graphs. One reason for this is that state-of-the-art algorithms spend the majority of the time exploring constraint-violating designs. This work uses an Assur group 0DOF linkage as a graph grammar rule to modify both linkage graph and spatial parameters, ensuring all designs are valid 1DOF linkages. Using this graph grammar, this paper formulates linkage path synthesis as a tree search and uses a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent to search the space of kinematically feasible planar 1DOF linkages. This paper introduces a method using a Graph Convolution Policy for High-Order Linkage Graph Optimization called GCP-HOLO. An any-time algorithm, GCP-HOLO outputs linkages with 1-8 loops (4-16 bars) efficiently. When comparing the GCP-HOLO formulation to a recent state-of-the-art paper that solves a Mixed Integer Conic Program, GCP-HOLO generates sets of solutions of varying linkage complexities to 8 test trajectories in a quarter of the time. Extending GCP-HOLO with a global node optimization, such as Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy, the results quickly converge to finding better solutions for 4/8 tests, with the whole pipeline capable of a 13X speed increase.


Abstract We study the relation between escape rates and pressure in general dynamical systems with holes, where pressure is defined to be the difference between entropy and the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents. Central to the discussion is the formulation of a class of invariant measures supported on the survivor set over which we take the supremum to measure the pressure. Upper bounds for escape rates are proved for general diffeomorphisms of manifolds, possibly with singularities, for arbitrary holes and natural initial distributions, including Lebesgue and Sinai–Reulle–Bowen (SRB) measures. Lower bounds do not hold in such a generality, but for systems admitting Markov tower extensions with spectral gaps, we prove the equality of the escape rate with the absolute value of the pressure and the existence of an invariant measure realizing the escape rate, i.e. we prove a full variational principle. As an application of our results, we prove a variational principle for the billiard map associated with a planar Lorentz gas of finite horizon with holes.


Mass media campaigns can be used to communicate public health messages at the population level. Although previous research has shown that they can influence health behaviours in some contexts, there have been few attempts to synthesise evidence across multiple health behaviours.To (1) review evidence on the effective use of mass media in six health topic areas (alcohol, diet, illicit drugs, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health and tobacco), (2) examine whether or not effectiveness varies with different target populations, (3) identify characteristics of mass media campaigns associated with effectiveness and (4) identify key research gaps.The study comprised (1) a systematic review of reviews, (2) a review of primary studies examining alcohol mass media campaigns, (3) a review of cost-effectiveness evidence and (4) a review of recent primary studies of mass media campaigns conducted in the UK. A logic model was developed to inform the reviews. Public engagement activities were conducted with policy, practitioner and academic stakeholders and with young people.The amount and strength of evidence varies across the six topics, and there was little evidence regarding diet campaigns. There was moderate evidence that mass media campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour and influence sexual health-related behaviours and treatment-seeking behaviours (e.g. use of smoking quitlines and sexual health services). The impact on tobacco use and physical activity was mixed, there was limited evidence of impact on alcohol use and there was no impact on illicit drug behaviours. Mass media campaigns were found to increase knowledge and awareness across several topics, and to influence intentions regarding physical activity and smoking. Tobacco and illicit drug campaigns appeared to be more effective for young people and children but there was no or inconsistent evidence regarding effectiveness by sex, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. There was moderate evidence that tobacco mass media campaigns are cost-effective, but there was weak or limited evidence in other topic areas. Although there was limited evidence on characteristics associated with effectiveness, longer or greater intensity campaigns were found to be more effective, and messages were important, with positive and negative messages and social norms messages affecting smoking behaviour. The evidence suggested that targeting messages to target audiences can be effective. There was little evidence regarding the role that theory or media channels may play in campaign effectiveness, and also limited evidence on new media.Statistical synthesis was not possible owing to considerable heterogeneity across reviews and studies. The focus on review-level evidence limited our ability to examine intervention characteristics in detail.Overall, the evidence is mixed but suggests that (1) campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour, improve sexual health and contribute to smoking cessation, (2) tobacco control campaigns can be cost-effective, (3) longer and more intensive campaigns are likely to be more effective and (4) message design and targeting campaigns to particular population groups can be effective.Future work could fill evidence gaps regarding diet mass media campaigns and new-media campaigns, examine cost-effectiveness in areas other than tobacco and explore the specific contribution of mass media campaigns to multicomponent interventions and how local, regional and national campaigns can work together.This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015029205 and PROSPERO CRD42017054999.The National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.


To complement the theory of incomplete markets under perfect competition and anonymity, this paper examines the theory of incomplete markets under strategic bargaining. Households bargain over bilateral nominal contracts that specify transfers for all states of uncertainty. The lone institutional feature is the limit on the number of contracts that a household can agree to. These contract limits for all households determine whether or not the equilibrium allocations are first-best. Specifically, if all households can be linked via a series of contracts to all other households, then the equilibrium allocations will be first-best.


[1] Two recently developed methods for quantifying tropospheric ozone abundances based on Aura data, the Trajectory-enhanced Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TTOR) and an assimilation of Aura data into Goddard Earth Observing System Version 4 (ASM), are compared to ozone measurements from ozonesonde data collected in April–May 2006 during the INTEX Ozonesonde Network Study 2006 (IONS-06) campaign. Both techniques use Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. Statistics on column ozone amounts for both products are presented. In general, the assimilation compares better to sonde integrated ozone to 200 hPa (28.6% difference for TTOR versus 2.7% difference for ASM), and both products are biased low. To better characterize the performance of ASM, ozone profiles based on the assimilation are compared to those from ozonesondes. We noted slight negative biases in the lower troposphere, and slight positive biases in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS), where we observed the greatest variability. Case studies were used to further understand ASM performance. We examine one case from 17 April 2006 at Bratt's Lake, Saskatchewan, where geopotential height gradients appear to be related to an underestimation in the ASM in the UT/LS region. A second case, from 21 April 2006 at Trinidad Head, California, is a situation where the overprediction of ozone in the UT/LS region does not appear to be due to current dynamic conditions but seems to be related to uncertainty in the flow pattern and large differences in MLS observations upstream.


Evaluation of classifier performance is often based on statistical methods e.g. cross-validation tests. In these tests performance is often strongly related to or solely based on the accuracy of the classifier on a limited set of instances. The use of measure functions has been suggested as a promising approach to deal with this limitation. However, no usable implementation of a measure function has yet been presented. This article presents such an implementation and demonstrates its usage through a set of experiments. The results indicate that there are cases for which measure functions may be able to capture important aspects of the evaluated classifier that cannot be captured by cross-validation tests.


ABS (antilock brake system), EBA (emergency brake assist), ACC (adaptive cruise control)
and alternative examples of intelligent vehicle control systems aspire to support the driver in
controlling the vehicle and alleviate the incidents that would lead to collisions and injuries.
This paper considers some requirements for such systems based on a study of accidents
occurring in the real-world. While systems are rationally developed in the engineering
laboratory, on the test track and through use of simulations, the need for a through
understanding of the design needs as observed in the real-world of current day accidents is
increasingly recognized. This paper overviews the range of data available on the causes of
accidents in the UK. A fresh look is taken at some issues relating to braking by specific
reference to data from the On-The-Spot (OTS) accident research study in an attempt to
consider the necessary functionality of active safety systems pertinent to longitudinal control
failures. The road user interactions file from 3024 road accidents in Thames Valley and South
Nottinghamshire regions of the UK, as covered by OTS study, were analysed. Significant
contributory factors where "failure to stop the vehicle" was identified as the accident
precipitating factor were seen to be "following too close", "disobeyed automatic traffic signal", "careless/reckless/in a hurry", "failure to look" and "failure to judge other person's
path or speed". On the other hand, where "sudden braking" is identified as the accident
precipitating factor, contributory factors included "sudden braking" (as a contributor),
distraction, aggressive driving, failure to judge other person's path, "masked road markings",
"excessive speed", "following too close", and "road layout". Current systems address some of
these issues, while possibly overlooking others; recommendations for future safety
engineering designs are made accordingly.


The past 3 years of work in NLP have been characterized by the development and deployment of ever larger language models, especially for English. BERT, its variants, GPT-2/3, and others, most recently Switch-C, have pushed the boundaries of the possible both through architectural innovations and through sheer size. Using these pretrained models and the methodology of fine-tuning them for specific tasks, researchers have extended the state of the art on a wide array of tasks as measured by leaderboards on specific benchmarks for English. In this paper, we take a step back and ask: How big is too big? What are the possible risks associated with this technology and what paths are available for mitigating those risks? We provide recommendations including weighing the environmental and financial costs first, investing resources into curating and carefully documenting datasets rather than ingesting everything on the web, carrying out pre-development exercises evaluating how the planned approach fits into research and development goals and supports stakeholder values, and encouraging research directions beyond ever larger language models.


Over the past decade, there have been dramatic successes and clear failures in the fight against terrorism. Debate continues as to whether the successes have outweighed the failures, but what is beyond dispute is that the legal, political, and tactical landscapes have changed dramatically since September 11. Though discourse within the legal academy has focused on the legality of various policy approaches to the fight against terrorism, we should not lose sight of the broader policy and political questions. The most fundamental of these questions concern the ways in which the United States has approached the fight against terrorist forces: are we as a nation more secure because of the programs and resources in which the government has invested to combat terrorism? Indeed, how can we assess the effectiveness of these initiatives? In this essay, we suggest that, in order to begin to answer these questions, we must have some sense of what it is the government is doing in our name. Among the many challenges in assessing the effectiveness of these initiatives is that the war on terror has brought to the business of policymaking in the United States a historically unparalleled concern for secrecy. We consider this challenge in light of two recent books on secrecy, transparency, and national security. In the first, Necessary Secrets: National Security, the Media, and the Rule of Law, Gabriel Schoenfeld argues for greater secrecy and urges the government to take steps to curtail leaks to the media; in the second, Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State, Dana Priest and William Arkin explore the expansion of the national security apparatus since September 11. The picture these writers give us is one of a nation in which the democratic means by which the institutions of government may be kept in check appear to be imperiled.


In electricity markets, the choice of the right pricing regime is crucial for the utilities because the price they charge to their consumers, in anticipation of their demand in real-time, is a key determinant of their profits and ultimately their survival in competitive energy markets. Among the existing pricing regimes, in this paper, we consider ex-ante dynamic pricing schemes as (i) they help to address the peak demand problem (a crucial problem in smart grids), and (ii) they are transparent and fair to consumers as the cost of electricity can be calculated before the actual consumption. In particular, we propose an axiomatic framework that establishes the conceptual underpinnings of the class of ex-ante dynamic pricing schemes. We first propose five key axioms that reflect the criteria that are vital for energy utilities and their relationship with consumers. We then prove an impossibility theorem to show that there is no pricing regime that satisfies all the five axioms simultaneously. We also study multiple cost functions arising from various pricing regimes to examine the subset of axioms that they satisfy. We believe that our proposed framework in this paper is first of its kind to evaluate the class of ex-ante dynamic pricing schemes in a manner that can be operationalised by energy utilities.


The intestinal transport of quinidine was characterized in rat small intestine, using the Ussing-type chamber under short-circuited conditions. In the short-circuited condition, quinidine transport was predominantly secretory and the transport rate in jejunum was 3.5 times larger in the secretory direction than that in the absorptive direction. The secretion of quinidine was found to be dependent upon its concentration and to be via a carrier-mediated system in both jejunum and ileum. Although the kinetic characteristic of the carrier-mediated secretion of quinidine was very similar in jejunum and ileum, its contribution was much greater in jejunum because of a higher passive diffusion component in ileum. The secretion of quinidine, well-known as an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, was inhibited significantly and its absorption was enhanced significantly by several substrates of P-glycoprotein including verapamil, diltiazem, and digitoxin in jejunum. These phenomena were also observed by the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Furthermore, the voltage-clamp studies indicated that the inhibition of quinidine secretion occurred in the transcellular pathway. On the other hand, neither tetraethylammonium nor p-aminohippuric acid affected the transport of quinidine. Quinidine was also recognized to inhibit the secretion and to promote the absorption of substrates of P-glycoprotein, chlorpromazine, and verapamil. These results strongly suggest that quinidine is not only an inhibitor but also a substrate of P-glycoprotein and that the P-glycoprotein-mediated secretory flux acts as a barrier to quinidine absorption in the small intestine, especially jejunum.


This thesis investigates aspects of the market microstructure of single stock futures (SSF) and equity options. The first empirical chapter studies the intraday patterns of time-weighted bid-ask spreads, volatility, and the number of quotes. For SSF contracts traded in London and Lisbon, the chapter reports statistical evidence of intraday features in the three variables. The overall results reveal U-shapes in spreads, volatility (except for the Lisbon market), and the number of quotes, implying a concentrated demand to trade and an increase in order execution costs at the open and close, as spreads are wider and volatility is higher. Moreover, the chapter's results suggest that the impact of US news announcements is evident in the London SSF market, causing it to be less liquid and more volatile.
The second investigation tests the hypothesis that traders use SSF as a substitute instrument for short-selling, in which case they will shift to SSF trading when short-sales are banned. A significant increase in the trading activity of SSF in the London market during the 2008-9 ban period is documented, accompanied by narrower spreads, i.e. higher liquidity. Volatility did not react to the ban which suggests that the increase in trading activity did not weaken SSF market quality. The quality of the underlying market in the presence of SSF is also assessed and the results suggest that SSF neither improve nor worsen the underlying assets' liquidity, volatility and volume over the ban period. The findings offer important insights into the effectiveness of regulatory interventions on short-selling.
The third empirical chapter investigates the existence of common aggregate factors driving liquidity across different markets. The evidence suggests that liquidity across different European equity options markets co-moves. Similar results are observed for commonality in liquidity across options and SSF markets, implying that liquidity in different derivative markets concurrently moves in the same direction. These findings are relevant to investors when timing their hedging, speculation, or arbitrage strategies.


Many bridges worldwide are approaching the end of their lifespan and it is necessary to assess their health condition in order to mitigate risks, prevent disasters, and plan maintenance activities in an optimized manner. The fracture critical bridges are of particular interest since they have only little or no load path redundancy. Structural health monitoring (SHM) recently emerged as a branch of engineering with a great potential to help the assessment of structural condition. Distributed optical fibre sensing technology has opened a new possibility in structural health monitoring. Distributed deformation sensor (sensing cable) is sensitive at each point of its length to strain changes and cracks. Such a sensor practically monitors one-dimensional strain field and can be installed over all the length of monitored structural members (suspension cables, girders, etc.), and therefore provide for integrity monitoring, i.e. for direct detection and characterisation (including recognition, localization, and quantification or rating) of local strain changes generated by damage. Integrity monitoring principle for bridges is developed and presented in this paper. Finally, a large scale real on-site application is briefly presented. Ključne reči • lom • most • praćenje integriteta konstrukcije • senzorski merni kabl


Education is one of the pillars of the welfare state in Spain, and one of the main ways of reducing inequalities and, potentially, integrating members of the immigrant population. Schools serve to promote social and cultural integration of foreign students and their families. Spain, although its history as a country of immigration has been short, has been quite efficient in integrating the emigrant population, especially at school. It is important to bear in mind that schools and the school environment are the main point of encounter between families of different cultures. There were significant difficulties incorporating foreign students in schools in the first decade of this century. The importance of integration in the process of normalizing relations between immigrant families and schools has been indisputable. However, one of the main difficulties with this integration has been the poorer performance and academic achievement of foreign students in the Spanish education system. Foreign students' performance is significantly different. For example, they achieve significantly lower grades in the different standardized tests (Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)), e.g., and higher rates of dropout, academic failure, and grade repetition. However, it is also true that these differences are significantly smaller for second-generation students born in Spain of immigrant parents. Faced with these facts, there have been numerous theoretical analyses and research projects that have tried to determine which variables affect this situation and which of them can be attributed to immigration, excluding any other socioeconomic factors.
 The results and the academic attainment of foreign- and immigrant-origin students in the Spanish education system are associated with some factors attributed to immigration. One of the most important is school segregation processes and their consequences for the educational and social integration of this group. Likewise, the financial crisis that has affected public policy and the Spanish welfare system, with the resulting budget cuts in education, has conditioned compensatory measures and attention to diversity.


The authors review the giant screen (GS) film literature to determine if the form has unique attributes that contribute to science learning. They find that four attributes are claimed to contribute to higher learning outcomes: the sense of immersion by reducing peripheral views to a minimum; first person perspective contributing to the sense of presence in the film; narrative structure; and sensory stimulation of mirror neurons that promote kinesthetic learning. They demonstrate that most claims are without support in empirical research but uncover some recent results that give reason to believe these claims may be supportable. The authors conclude with a recommendation for a research agenda to support these claims as necessary, in order to defend the high production cost of GS film over conventional film.


BACKGROUND
Injuries in Jamaica are a major public health problem as demonstrated by a hospital based computerized injury surveillance system established in 1999 that provides a risk profile for injuries.

SUBJECTS AND METHOD
Injury data from 2004 were selected to provide an annual profile, as comprehensive injury data were available from nine public hospitals. These nine public hospitals provide care for 70% of the Jamaicans admitted to hospitals annually.

RESULTS
Data are presented on unintentional injuries where falls caused 44%, lacerations 27% and accidental blunt injuries were 17% of these. For motor vehicle related injuries, 55% were sustained while commuting by motorcars, 17% while riding motorbikes/bicycles and 16% of those injured were pedestrians. Most violence related injuries were due to fights (76%) with acquaintances (47%) who used sharp objects (40%) to inflict the injury.

CONCLUSION
The Jamaica Injury Surveillance System (JISS) data, augmented by data collected on injuries from the health centres and the sentinel surveillance system, give a measure of the magnitude of the impact of injuries on the health services. The JISS provides data on the profile of injuries seen and treated at health facilities in Jamaica. In collaboration with police data and community-based surveys, it can be used to complete the risk profiles for different types of injuries. The data generated at the parish, regional and national levels form the basis for the design and monitoring of prevention programmes, as well as serve to support and evaluate policy, legislative control measures and measures that impact on interventions.


The software of a commercially available digital radio receiver has been modified to make the receiver function as a two-channel low-noise phase meter. This phase meter is a prototype in the continuing development of a phase meter for a system in which radiofrequency (RF) signals in the two channels would be outputs of a spaceborne heterodyne laser interferometer for detecting gravitational waves. The frequencies of the signals could include a common Doppler-shift component of as much as 15 MHz. The phase meter is required to measure the relative phases of the signals in the two channels at a sampling rate of 10 Hz at a root power spectral density <5 microcycle/(Hz) and to be capable of determining the power spectral density of the phase difference over the frequency range from 1 mHz to 1 Hz. Such a phase meter could also be used on Earth to perform similar measurements in laser metrology of moving bodies. To illustrate part of the principle of operation of the phase meter, the figure includes a simplified block diagram of a basic singlechannel digital receiver. The input RF signal is first fed to the input terminal of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). To prevent aliasing errors in the ADC, the sampling rate must be at least twice the input signal frequency. The sampling rate of the ADC is governed by a sampling clock, which also drives a digital local oscillator (DLO), which is a direct digital frequency synthesizer. The DLO produces samples of sine and cosine signals at a programmed tuning frequency. The sine and cosine samples are mixed with (that is, multiplied by) the samples from the ADC, then low-pass filtered to obtain in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signal components. A digital signal processor (DSP) computes the ratio between the Q and I components, computes the phase of the RF signal (relative to that of the DLO signal) as the arctangent of this ratio, and then averages successive such phase values over a time interval specified by the user. The specific commercially available two-channel digital receiver includes a dual-channel, 65-MHz, 14-bit peripheral component interface (PCI) bus data-acquisition card with a daughter board that contains a pair of narrow-band tuner integrated-circuit chips. The input stage of the card consists of two ADCs. In the tuner chips, input signals having frequencies up to 35 MHz can be translated to zero frequency, then digitally low-pass filtered to a bandwidth between 1 kHz and 1 MHz. The output samples of the tuner chips are fed to a two-part swap buffer. When each half of the swap buffer becomes filled up to a limit (e.g., 1M sample) specified by the user, the contents of the buffer are transferred, via PCI interface, to an external computer for further analysis. The factory-supplied receiver software includes basic driver components and provides many options to control tuning frequencies, sampling rates, and other operational parameters. The phase-meter version of the software incorporates many of the basic driver components, but a significant effort was made in modifying other parts of the software to make the receiver function as a dedicated two-channel phase meter. In essence, the net effect of the modification is to cause the external computer to calculate differences between the phases in each successive pair of buffered samples from tuner chips and calculate the average phase difference over the time interval represented by the buffer contents. This work was done by Martin Marcin and Alexander Abramovici of Caltech for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For more information, contact email@example.com. NPO-43928 BASIC SINGLE-CHANNEL DIGITAL RECEIVER


Estimates of epipelic algal primary production using 14C are sensitive to whether the presumptive source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is the overlying water, the interstitial water, or both. To determine the source of DIC, we compared 14C uptake among intact sediment cores exposed to different 14C ratios between interstitial and overlying water. In addition, we evaluated the effect of varying time between addition of 14C and light incubation (preincubation time) and the effect of photosynthetic uptake on final distribution of 14C. Both preincubation time and photosynthetic uptake affected final 14C distribution, but the magnitude of the photosynthesis effect was larger. Estimates of primary production ranged between 50 and 200 mg C m−2 h−1, depending on the presumed DIC source and whether we accounted for differential photosynthetic depletion of 14C and DIC. Using nonlinear regression, our best estimate of epipelic production was 114 mg C m‐2 h‐1, and the fraction of DIC sequestered from overlying water was 0.5 (R2 = 0.84). Similar assessments should be applied in other systems for accurate 14C estimates of epipelic algal production.


Beyond a brief review of the economic integration process among the states of the ASEAN region, the authors of the present study aimed to examine and analyze the main economic, social and political characteristics of the Hungaro-ASEAN relations. The importance of the topic of this research is underlined by the fact that the Hungarian government considers big importance to the improvement of the foreign economic relations with Asian economies. This intention was expressed by a new foreign economic strategy "Eastern opening" announced by the government in 2012, even though the foreign trade statistical figures did not justify its success by now. The authors believe that increasing opening towards Asia serves Hungarian economic interests. Therefore, it is a right and desirable direction to proceed, they consider that in the background of the modest results there might be the insufficient knowledge of the market mechanisms, the actors of the local supply chains and the potential partners. They believe that in order to make the Hungarian foreign economic endeavours in this direction more successful a more thorough examination of the local characteristics – including the actual demand arising at the targeted markets - is necessary. This opinion is prevalent to not only the Asian "Giants", like China, India and Japan, but also to smaller states, like the ASEAN members, which – together - in terms of population and economic performance – reach the dimensions of an economic great power as well. Furthermore, the integration of the ten Southeast Asian countries develops rapidly, which is coupled by their increasing weight in the world trade. The dynamic economic and social development in the ASEAN region – and in parallel with this the growing demands and purchasing power - may encourage the Hungarian ventures in theory. However, there are still very few Hungarian entrepreneurs, who are ready to enter the market in the region and able in long run to operate there successfully. It is a well-known fact that the since the regime has changed in Hungary, foreign trade became strongly concentrated towards the EU members. The ASEAN countries – because of the geographic distance and by other reasons - definitely cannot mean an alternative of the EU market, however in a certain extent they can relieve this one-sided concentration and may provide additional opportunities for the Hungarian export of goods, and rather to the export of Hungarian services and know-how. The ratio of the ASEAN region within the entire Hungarian foreign trade turnover is small nowadays, furthermore – according to the statistical figures – this region is rather an import resource for Hungary than being an export market. This fact – just itself – is should not be considered as problem. When the amount of the import exceeds the amount of exports, that means that it is more worthwhile to do business with suppliers from there countries than with others. By and large all this is prevalent to the field of the agricultural trade as well: Hungary imports a range of commodities which cannot be produced by domestic farmers or in Europe (spices, tropical fruits, etc.). It is obvious that the ASEAN region cannot be the major market for the Hungarian agricultural export, not even in long run. However, there are still a lot of opportunities to enlarge the turnover of goods and services and enhance the co-operation in this geographic region. In the last chapter, the authors outlined an example in case of Vietnam – co-operation of joint public warehousing of agricultural commodities – which may be a good example for the promising potential opportunities. In contrast with the majority of the ASEAN countries, the Hungaro-Vietnamese political and economic relations had started much earlier than the regime was changed in Hungary. However, the potential advantages arose from this fact – the network of connections and the sympathy of Vietnamese professionals graduated in Hungary, the reputation and popularity of Hungarian agricultural products and technologies, the achievements of R&D in the field of agriculture – could not be utilized from Hungarian side. Vietnam, however still preserved its socialist political establishment, but in terms of its economic development strategy and economic policy has gradually been standing on the basis of market orientation. Vietnam, with its population of ninety million shows a rapid and successful development and it means good opportunities even for Hungarian entrepreneurs. It would be a mistake to leave these potentials unused.


A progressive addition lens (or "PAL") is a type of multifocal lens that employs a surface with a continuously smooth increase in addition (Plus) power. The curvature of the surface increases from its minimum value in the distance zone to its maximum value in the near zone (Figure 1). The total increase in surface power between these two zones is equal to the specified Add power of the lens. This gradual increase in power also results in a variable focus intermediate zone.


Objectives Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the mainstream treatment for delaying cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Low vitamin B12 is associated with cognitive dysfunction, and its supplementation has been applied as the treatment for certain types of reversible dementia. The present study hypothesized that baseline serum vitamin B12 is associated with the deterioration of cognitive function in people with AD undergoing ChEI treatment. Materials and methods Between 2009 and 2016, medical records from 165 Taiwanese with mild to moderate AD who underwent ChEI treatment for at least 2 years were reviewed. Their baseline serum vitamin B12 levels were measured before treatment initiation. Their cognitive function was assessed using the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). Student's t test and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze the association between cognitive decline and vitamin B12 level. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0. Results Overall, 122 participants were women. Their median age was 76 years (ranging from 54 to 91). For people with optimal baseline vitamin B12 (above the median level of 436 ng/L), the rates of MMSE and CASI decline were 0.78 ± 1.28 and 2.84 ± 4.21 per year, respectively, which were significantly slower than those with suboptimal vitamin B12 (1.42 ± 1.67 and 4.94 ± 5.88 per year; p = 0.007 and 0.009, respectively). After adjustment for age, sex, education level, hypertension, diabetes, history of stroke, and baseline cognitive function, the baseline serum vitamin B12 level was negatively associated with MMSE and CASI decline. Conclusion Suboptimal baseline serum vitamin B12 level is associated with cognitive decline in people with AD undergoing ChEI treatment.


Erwahlung erinnern: Literatur als Medium judischen Selbstverstandnisses, by Almuth Hammer: Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004. 229 pp. euro49.60. Hammer's study of literature as a medium of Jewish identity was written at the research center "Erinnerungskulturen" (Cultures of Memory) at the University of Giessen, where the author serves as coordinator and editor of the series "Formen der Erinnerung" (Forms of Memory). Her book is divided into two parts of equal length. The first deals with Jewish identity and how enlightenment and secularization led to estrangement from Jewish tradition. Acculturation as well as antisemitism undermined Jewish identity. Hammer gives a concise summary of Jewish reactions to this development, from Zionism to the so-called Jewish self-hatred, with an intelligent rebuttal of Sander Gilman's book on the latter. Around 1900, Judaism had become accepted as one of several religious denominations. Jewish identity was less a collective experience than a private one. At the same time, however, renewed interest in this tradition manifested itself in the works of writers and intellectuals. In a "close reading" of three biblical "court stories," Hammer shows Daniel, Esther, and Joseph as forerunners of Jews living in the modern diaspora. They were accepted but also endangered and finally saved, i.e., chosen not only for their own sake but for that of their people. Hammer chose two writers who turned to Jewish tradition in this era. They could not be more different. Joseph Roth (1894-1939) grew up in a Galician shtetl. Else Lasker-Schuler (1869-1945) came from an assimilated family in the Rhineland. Roth produced a great number of stories and novels such as "Radetzky March," one of the best in 20th-century German literature, as well as a vast amount of journalistic writing. Lasker-Schuler left a comparatively slender work. She is best known for her poems, among them her "Hebrew Ballads." In "Der Leviathan" Roth tells the story of Nissen Piczenik, a dealer in corals who lives in a small Russian town. Nissen feels a deep relationship to his corals and an irrepressible desire to go to the ocean where the Leviathan guards them. The story of Nissen's "estrangement" from Jewish ways, his buying and selling plastic corals, his trip to Odessa where he finally sees the ocean, his renounciation of the false corals, and his death on the high seas on his way to Canada has been read in different ways: as parable of assimilation gone wrong, as example of Roth's pessimism, and as shretl nostalgia. Hammer demonstrates that, in his "Leviathan," Roth renews tradition with tradition. Nissen overcomes his dissatisfaction-he follows the law rather automatically-by creating a new tradition. He sees the positive aspects of Leviathan, who is usually depicted as a monster. Nissen believes him to be the guardian of the corals, and he identifies with him. Nissen finally turns from his bad ways and in the end of the story jumps from the ship before it goes down, to be united with the Leviathan. Compared to the lucid and equally simple language of the "Leviathan," which has been compared to that of a legend, Lasker-Schuler's story "Der Wunderrabbiner von Barcelona" (The Miraculous Rabbi of Barcelona) contains highly poetic passages and others whose language is wracked by pain. …


Harvesting solar energy can potentially be a promising solution to the energy crisis now and in the future. However, material and processing costs continue to be the most important limitations for the commercial devices. A key solution to these problems might lie within the development of bio-hybrid solar cells that seeks to mimic photosynthesis to harvest solar energy and to take advantage of the low material costs, negative carbon footprint, and material abundance. The bio-photoelectrochemical cell technologies exploit biomimetic means of energy conversion by utilizing plant-derived photosystems which can be inexpensive and ultimately the most sustainable alternative. Plants and photosynthetic bacteria harvest light, through special proteins called reaction centers (RCs), with high efficiency and convert it into electrochemical energy. In theory, photosynthetic RCs can be used in a device to harvest solar energy and generate 1.1 V open circuit voltage and ~1 mA cm-2 short circuit photocurrent. Considering the nearly perfect quantum yield of photo-induced charge separation, efficiency of a protein-based solar cell might exceed 20%. In practice, the efficiency of fabricated devices has been limited mainly due to the challenges in the electron transfer between the protein complex and the device electrodes as well as limited light absorption. The overarching goal of this work is to increase the power conversion efficiency in protein-based solar cells by addressing those issues (i.e. electron transfer and light absorption). This work presents several approaches to increase the charge transfer rate between the photosynthetic RC and underlying electrode as well as increasing the light absorption to eventually enhance the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of bio-hybrid solar cells. The first approach is to decrease the electron transfer distance between one of the redox active sites in the RC and the underlying electrode by direct attachment of the of protein complex onto Au electrodes via surface exposed cysteine residues. This resulted in photocurrent densities as large as ~600 nA cm-2 while still the incident photon to generated electron quantum efficiency was as low as %3 × 10-4. 2- The second approach is to immobilize wild type RCs of Rhodobacter sphaeroides on the surface of a Au underlying electrode using self-assembled monolayers of carboxylic acid terminated oligomers and cytochrome c charge mediating layers, with a preferential orientation from the primary electron donor site. This approach resulted in EQE of up to 0.06%, which showed 200 times efficiency improvement comparing to the first approach. In the third approach, instead of isolated protein complexes, RCs plus light harvesting (LH) complexes were employed for a better photon absorption. Direct attachment of RC-LH1 complexes on Au working electrodes, resulted in 0.21% EQE which showed 3.5 times efficiency improvement over the second approach (700 times higher than the first approach). The main impact of this work is the harnessing of biological RCs for…


Title of dissertation: A PROGRAM FOR EXPERIMENTAL SYNTAX: FINDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCEPTABILITY AND GRAMMATICAL KNOWLEDGE Jon Sprouse Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Dissertation directed by: Professor Howard Lasnik Department of Linguistics There has always been interest in the methodology of acceptability judgment collection, as well as the reliability of the results. It seems, though, that the past several years have seen an increase in the number of studies employing formal experimental techniques for the collection of acceptability judgments, so much so that the term experimental syntax has come to be applied to the use of those techniques. The question this dissertation asks is whether the extent of the utility of experimental syntax is to find areas in which informal judgment collection was insufficient, or whether there is a complementary research program for experimental syntax that is more than just a methodological footnote to the informal judgment collection of theoretical syntax. This dissertation is a first attempt at a tentative yes : the tools of experimental syntax can be used to explore the relationship between acceptability judgments and the form or nature of grammatical knowledge, not just the content of grammatical knowledge. This dissertation begins by identifying several recent claims about the nature of grammatical knowledge that have been made based upon hypotheses about the nature of acceptability judgments. Each chapter applies the tools of experimental syntax to those hypotheses in an attempt to refine our understanding of the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge. The claims investigated include: that grammatical knowledge is gradient, that grammatical knowledge is sensitive to context effects, that the stability or instability of acceptability reflects underlying differences in grammatical knowledge, that processing effects affect acceptability, and that acceptability judgments have nothing further to contribute to debates over the number and nature of dependency forming operations. Using wh-movement and Island effects as the empirical basis of the research, the results of these studies suggest that the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge is much more complicated than previously thought. The overarching conclusion is that there is a program for experimental syntax that is independent of simple data collection: only through the tools of experimental syntax can we achieve a better understanding of the nature of acceptability, and how it relates to the nature of grammatical knowledge. A Program for Experimental Syntax: Finding the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge


On the morning of 28 May 1998, a mesoscale convectively-generated vortex (MCV) was observed over the Southern Plains. This MCV was evident in the GOES-8 visual satellite imagery resulting in a spectacular picture. An analysis of this event is offered using many data sources, including products available now via the World Wide Web (WWW), the NOAAINWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) re-analyses, and Eta model initializations. This MCV developed out of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that existed during 26 and 27 May over Texas. This MCV was associated with reports of severe weather and heavy precipitation over southern Arkansas. While the MCV is shown to have characteristics similar to other MCV events documented, this event is unique in that it maintained its character, while propagating further east than other events. A dynamical analysis using potential vorticity diagnostics (PV) shows that the mid-latitude vorticity field strengthened at least partially as a result of diabatic heating. Also, the most severe weather was associated with high values of integrated 500 300 hPa PV values over the Southern Plains.


By examining the relationship of the iambic tradition with ritual, this book studies how Horace's Epodes are more than partisan (consolidating Octavian's victory by projecting hostilities onto powerless others) but a meta-partisan project (forming fractured entities into a diversified unity).


Man's coat of raccoon fur. Full length, with shawl collar. Two outer pockets trimmed with raccoon tails. Double-breasted center front opening with 8 round 1 1/2" leather covered buttons with loop closures. Long sleeves, with inner ribbed knit(?) cuffs. 51" from center back neckline to hem line. Upper lining of brown silk (?), and lower section lined with plaid wool. Inner pocket on left side.

No labels in garment. Name inked inside inner pocket: "Ellison"


For the first time this paper presents strip lines fabricated using SU-8 as the dielectric material. It shows the complete fabrication process of micromachined strip lines with a total height of 35.5 um as well as their characterization by on-wafer S-parameter measurements with frequencies up to the mm-wave range. Strip lines with a a strip thickness of 2.5 um , a line length of 3mm and variations of strip width between 6 and 30 um were manufactured and measured. The characteristic impedance, the phase constant, the phase velocity and the attenuation constant of the lines were determined from the measured S-parameters. Characteristic impedance values between 86 Ohm and 38 Ohmwere measured and on the 48 Ohmstrip line an attenuation constant of 1.9 dB and 0.58 dB at 10 GHz and 48 GHz respectively were determined. Since the fabricated strip line is totally shielded and its dielectric consists solely of SU-8, determination of the relative dielectric constant and the loss tangent of SU-8 was performed from microwave measurements on the strip lines. A relative dielectric constant of 3.1 and a loss tangent of 0.043 for SU-8 was determined.


PURPOSE
Despite substantial progress in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), fewer than 25% of patients survive free of leukemia for more than 5 years without allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this study we analyzed the results of one or more cycles of high-dose cytarabine-based consolidation chemotherapy as compared with allogeneic BMT in first remission.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The results in 28 adult patients, aged 16 to 45 years, who underwent a closely HLA-matched BMT for AML in first remission were compared with those in 54 consecutive, age-matched, adult patients treated with one or more cycles of high-dose, cytarabine-based consolidation chemotherapy.

RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 4 years, the actuarial risk of leukemic relapse was considerably lower in the transplant group than in the group treated with consolidation chemotherapy (32% +/- 26% v 60% +/- 14%; P = .05). Treatment-related mortality, however, was much higher in the group treated with BMT (32% v 6%, P = .002). The actuarial disease-free survival at 5 years was not significantly different for the two groups (45% +/- 24% v 38% +/- 14%).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that BMT in first remission AML did not offer a disease-free survival advantage over intensive postremission consolidation chemotherapy. Larger studies are needed to identify patients who might benefit most from BMT.


We here report the synthesis of bifunctional catalysts that can be assembled using simple, cheap and accessible building blocks based on resorcinarenes, and their application as efficient, one-component homogeneous catalysts in the coupling of both terminal and internal epoxides with carbon dioxide affording their cyclic carbonate products. Furthermore, a heterogeneous version was also prepared that combines the activity of these bifunctional systems with excellent stability and recycling potential, allowing for a turnover of >1250. This newly prepared organocatalyst obviates the use of any metal, solvent or additives marking it as an attractive catalyst for CO2 valorization.


This book brings together almost all of the known interviews Elizabeth Bishop gave over a period of thirty years. Included also are a few selected pieces based on conversations with her. All together they allow her ardent and admiring readers a rewarding, close-up encounter with one of America's great writers. In this collection of conversations Bishop expresses her opinions about various types of poetry, describes her view of the geography of the imagination in the writing process, defends her often criticized feminist views, and discusses her role as teacher and poet. Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979) won many prizes for poetry, including a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. She was graduated from Vassar, where she knew Mary McCarthy. She taught at Harvard, New York University, and the University of Washington and was a long-time resident in Brazil.


Restriction of HIV-1 replication in elite controllers (ECs) is frequently attributed to T cell-mediated immune responses, while the specific contribution of innate immune cells is less clear. Here, we demonstrate an upregulation of the host long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MIR4435-2HG in primary myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from ECs. Elevated expression of this lncRNA in mDCs was associated with a distinct immunometabolic profile, characterized by increased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis activities in response to TLR3 stimulation. Using functional assays, we show that MIR4435-2HG directly influenced the metabolic state of mDCs, likely through epigenetic mechanisms involving H3K27ac enrichment at an intronic enhancer in the RPTOR gene locus, the main component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Together, these results suggest a role of MIR4435-2HG for enhancing immunometabolic activities of mDCs in ECs through targeted epigenetic modifications of a member of the mTOR signaling pathway.


Economic activity in the euro area is recovering. In the second half of 2003, real GDP grew at an annualized rate of roughly 1½ percent. In contrast with other large industrialized countries, economy-wide capacity utilization has not yet increased. Private consumption has remained the major weak point. However, private investment has increased for the first time since 2½ years and exports have risen rapidly, stimulated by the strong upswing in the rest of the world. A number of leading indicators suggest that the recovery in Euroland has gained some momentum since the turn of the year. Despite an expansionary monetary policy and the dynamic world economy, real GDP in the euro area will rise only moderately in comparison with earlier upswings. This is due to two factors. First, potential output growth in the euro area has apparently decelerated. Second, fiscal policy especially in the large euro-area economies is not sustainable. As governments do not have a credible consolidation strategy, the tax burden is likely to increase in the coming years. Against this background private households? income prospects are subdued and, as a consequence, private consumption will remain comparatively weak. The appreciation of the euro has had a considerable effect on economic activity, but it will not stop recovery. The results of our macroeconometric model imply also that the effects will be small in 2005 if, as we assume, the euro/ dollar exchange rate remains unchanged. Some observers urge the ECB to react to the strength of the euro by cutting interest rates. Whether the ECB should do so depends solely on the way in which the appreciation of the euro impacts the targets embedded in its monetary policy strategy. The main issue is whether the appreciation of the euro will push the inflation rate considerably below the target value. Past experience suggests that it would be unwise to assume it will have a strong dampening effect on consumer prices. Since the beginning of monetary union inflation forecasts have usually been too optimistic. All in all, the ECB is well advised not to cut interest rates in response to recent exchange rate developments. Interest rates in the euro area are already unusually low and stimulate economic activity. The Stability and Growth Pact requires the governments in euro-area countries to achieve a balanced budget or a budget surplus in the medium run. The main problem at present is not that budget deficit to GDP ratios are higher than 3 percent in some countries, but that structural deficits are also very high. Seven years after the adoption of the Pact the large countries still have made no progress on the way to a balanced budget. In Germany and France the structural deficits are even higher than before the monetary union. The recent Stability Programs of these countries suggest that the balanced- budget target has been given up altogether. This is eroding the credibility of fiscal policy and constitutes a heavy blow to economic stability in the euro area. Unsound fiscal policy negatively affects expectations in the private sector and is likely to result in a further deceleration of potential output growth.


Compared to business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce, business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce is larger, growing faster and has less unequal geographical distribution globally. In this paper, we examine the current stage of B2B e-commerce development across four global regions and propose a model to explain the magnitude and global distribution of B2B e-commerce activities. Our analysis indicates that increase in the freedom of the movements of goods, services, capital, technology and people coupled with rapid technological development resulted in an explosion of global B2B e-commerce. The share of the global B2B e-commerce a country is likely to receive, on the other hand, depends upon country level factors such as income and population size, the availability of credit, venture capital, and telecom and logistical infrastructure, tax and other incentives, tariff/non-tariff barriers, government emphasis on the development of human capital, regulations to influence firms' investment in R&D, organizational level politics, language and the activities of international agencies.


The U.S. academic research fleet is an essential national resource, and it is likely that scientific demands on the fleet will increase. Oceanographers are embracing a host of remote technologies that can facilitate the collection of data, but will continue to require capable, adaptable research vessels for access to the sea for the foreseeable future. Maintaining U.S. leadership in ocean research will require investing in larger and more capable general purpose Global and Regional class ships; involving the scientific community in all phases of ship design and acquisition; and improving coordination between agencies that operate research fleets.


Background: Myofascial pain is the most common cause of persistent regional pain such as back pain, shoulder pain, tension-type headaches and facial pain. A variety of therapeutic modalities are proposed in the treatment of myofascial pain including massage. A variety of massage oils are available on the market, each claiming therapeutic efficacy. Most of these claims, however, have not been verified through clinical trials. Methods: A double-blinded placebo controlled study in which 80 subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups of twenty. Subjects in Group 1 received unscented mineral oil, those in Group 2 received scented mineral oil. Subjects in Group 4 received Arnica Massage oil while those in Group 4 received Blue Steel Arnica Massage oil. Results and Conclusions: The use of Arnica Massage oil or Blue Steel Arnica Massage oil resulted in almost 50 % pain reduction in the subjects after five days of self-administered treatment. Both these products can be recommended for the treatment of myofascial pain syndromes but one cannot be placed in preference to the other, as the results were similar with regards to their effectiveness.


There are currently several injury severity scores, such as the LSI, MESI, MESS, and PSI that are used in the United States to form recommendations for limb amputation or reconstruction. These scores are based on data from adults, yet they are used for patients of all ages. Because parents with limited health literacy tend to make less informed medical decisions for their children regarding amputations, a pediatric version of a current injury severity score would help to guide these medical decisions. The pediatric version would be created from a pre-existing score by redesigning the variables used within the score. The Predictive Salvage Index (PSI) was the most viable score for pediatric use. This was due to its levels of sensitivity, specificity, and its simplicity when compared to other scores such as the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) and Mangled Extremity Score Index (MESI). After examining data based on children that correlated with the variables used in the PSI (level of arterial injury, degree of bone injury, degree of muscle injury, and interval of time from injury to operating table), suggestions were made to shift the amount of points patients were assigned by the PSI, creating a more accurate recommendation for pediatric patients. Using this pediatric version of the PSI, a decision-making protocol could then be implemented into health care systems as a way to help parents when making medical decisions for their children regarding amputations. Since one in four parents are found to have limited health literacy of some kind in the United States, this protocol is recommended to address low health literacy.


Chromatic Fields is a collaborative project between Duncan Bullen and Jamie Crofts. The project centres around a limited edition book work, which explores their shared interests in composition, notation, drawing, music and silence. Repetition and near–repetition, rotation and permutation are also of importance, as is accuracy and inaccuracy of the human hand, resulting in fluctuations in touch and pulse. The book contains a drawing and a score: The drawing consists of points of colour arranged in patterned formations, which is rotated throughout the book by means of screen print, each time with the points of colour in a different position. The score is shown with all performance indications, staves and stems removed leaving only the notes. The book incorporates performance scores and a DVD of 10 Chromatic Fields for piano; compositions consisting of 176 single notes. These are the 88 notes of a piano played once through and then repeated; the difference between each piece being the order of the notes. What remains is contour and reflection. An exhibition of the book and related drawings took place at Art at Wharepuke Gallery, New Zealand in September 2012 The book was also exhibited at part of the Soundwaves Festival, University of Brighton and at the Friends Meeting House, which included a promenade performance of Chromatic Fields 51 to 59. A further exhibition is due to take place at Ian Rastrick Fine Art, St Albans, UK in June/July 2012. Alongside this there will be a performance of piano music selected by Duncan Bullen and Jamie Crofts and performed by Jamie Crofts at the Maltings, St. Albans 9th June 2012.


Some real-time electricity markets use a rolling horizon approach to clear supply and demand. Using a model of a rolling horizon market, this paper analyzes the incentives of market participants to place bids for future time-periods that are consistent with what they intend to bid for the same time-period in later market clearings. We show that a market participant with market power has financial incentives to bid inconsistently, and that some inconsistencies persist even if the outcomes from all time-periods are financially settled in every market clearing.


Characterization of native skin or cultured 3D skin models with respect to permeability plays an important role for the development and testing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Extensive efforts have been dedicated to determining the key parameters describing permeability and diffusion. Whereas respective methods are well established for native skin biopsies, only few are available for 3D skin models, as these have usually much lower dimensions. In this chapter, some fundamentals about permeation and diffusion as well as state of the art of measurement methods used for skin biopsies are summarized. An alternative method for the determination of the permeation in a membrane insert system and the use of a modular simulation to support permeability studies is presented and discussed.


OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare the performance of 4 operational definitions of sexual activity by using data electronically abstracted from electronic health records (EHRs) and examine how documentation of Chlamydia screening and positivity vary according to definition of sexual activity. METHODS: Extracts were created from EHRs of adolescent females 12 to 19 years old who had ≥1 visit to a primary care practice during 2011 at 4 US pediatric health care organizations. We created 4 definitions of sexual activity derived from electronically abstracted indicator variables. Percent sexually active, documentation of Chlamydia screening, and rate of positive Chlamydia test results per 1000 adolescent females according to the sexual activity definition were calculated. RESULTS: The most commonly documented individual indicator of sexual activity was "patient report of being sexually active" (mean across 4 sites: 19.2%). The percentage of adolescent females classified as sexually active varied by site and increased as more indicator variables were included. As the definition of sexual activity expanded, the percentage of sexually active females who received at least 1 Chlamydia test decreased. Using a broader definition of sexual activity resulted in improved identification of adolescent females with Chlamydia infection. For each sexual activity definition and performance item, the difference was statistically significant (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Information about sexual activity may be gathered from a variety of data sources, and changing the configurations of these indicators results in differences in the percentage of adolescent females classified as sexually active, screened for Chlamydia infection, and Chlamydia infection rates.


This project explores the possibilities of reimagining the Santa Monica Pier in Los Angeles, USA as an interactive public artwork that generates clean electricity and drinking water. Ralf Sander envisaged a proposal for Wind-power-generator design that solves two major critique points of HAWT`s. As energy generation necessarily comes in closer proximity with the real estate that it powers. Issues of aesthetics that drive acceptance are becoming more and more emotionally debated. Wind power generators are seen as: "A sore in the eye" by many. In his research about the art of disappearance he observed the possibility to design objects that become literally invisible through rotation. This could become an application for VAWT design. Two major issues around wind energy generation can be solved or improved the machines will generate less noise and their presence in landscape will be reduced.This wind-power-sculpture becomes temporary invisible trough fast rotation. The design was accepted for the exhibition and publication of the Powering Places: Land Art Generator Initiative after an international, blind peer reviewed competition. The fourth Land Art Generator Initiative design competition. Entrants were challenged to create a piece of civic art that also acts as sustainable and renewable energy infrastructure for the city of Santa Monica, California.


Environment Canada (EC) is anticipating, in the near future, a review of the EIS document released by AECL which addresses the performance of their HLNW disposal concept. This paper presents a summary of recently completed scoping calculations by the Subsurface Advisory Team (SAT) for EC using a waste package computer model to assess the likely performance of engineered barriers and potential releases from the waste package. A relatively sophisticated model was constructed with the waste package code, WAPPA. Included were corrosion of the metal container affected by radiation and heat, instant release (of I, Cs, Tc, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)) and slow leaching (of Pu, Np, and U) of the waste fuel, transport of leachate through the breached container, buffer layer and into a damaged region of rock surrounding the package. Radioactive decay and buildup in the unleached fuel was considered but decay and buildup of transported elements was not. Results are reported for a titanium container with in-borehole emplacement geometry and in-room geometry.


: Shipwrecks can be considered island-like habitats on the seafloor. We investigated the fauna of 8 historical shipwrecks off the US east coast to assess whether species distribution patterns on the shipwrecks fit models from classical island theory. Invertebrates on the shipwrecks included both sessile (sponges, anemones, hydroids) and motile (crustaceans, echinoderms) species. Invertebrate communities were significantly different among wrecks. The size and distance between wrecks influenced the biotic communities, much like on terrestrial islands. However, while wreck size influenced species richness (alpha diversity), distance to the nearest wreck influenced community composition (beta diversity). Alpha and beta diversity on the shipwrecks were thus influenced by different abiotic factors. We found no evidence of either nested patterns or non-random co-occurrence of morphotypes, suggesting that the taxa on a given shipwreck were randomly selected from the available taxon pool. Species present on the shipwrecks generally had 1 of 2 reproductive modes: most motile or solitary sessile species had long-duration planktotrophic larvae, while most encrusting or colonial sessile species had short-duration lecithotrophic larvae and underwent asexual reproduction by budding as adults. Short-duration larvae may recruit to their natal shipwreck, allowing them to build up dense populations and dominate the wreck sur-faces. A high degree of dominance was indeed observed on the wrecks, with up to 80% of the fauna being accounted for by the most common species alone. By comparing the shipwreck communities to known patterns of succession in shallow water, we hypothesize that the shipwrecks are in a stage of mid-succession.


Author(s): Maddock, D. R.; Schoof, H. F. | Abstract: Federal Urban Rat Control Program grants were awarded to cities in different areas of the United States. Severe problems of rat infestations have been detected in many of the cities by the Environmental Health Service. Approximately 20% of 3.8 million people in the project areas were occupying homes infested with rats. Control operations are now in effect in all cities, and the living conditions of the people have been substantially improved. An increase in interest in rodent control also is evident in countries outside of the United States. The Technical Development Laboratories of the National Communicable Disease Center are participating in the World Health Organization program of research on new rodenticides. The evaluation program involves five steps which carry a candidate toxicant from laboratory phase through field testing. Acceptability and suitable concentrations of both acute and accumulative rodenticides are determined. Observations are made on the hazard of the compound to pets and to other nontarget vertebrates. Laboratory and field studies have been completed on a new, promising stabilized scilliroside glycoside which has given excellent control of the Norway rat in 16 out of 19 premises. Another new coded compound has shown a unique specificity for roof rats as compared to Norway rats. Although anticoagulant resistant rat populations have occurred in several countries in Europe, as yet no evidence has been noted of such resistance in rats in the United States. (Note: This paper was originally presented at the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference in 1970.)


High tension cable guardrail is becoming increasing popular in median and roadside applications due to the promise of reduced deflections upon impact and reduced maintenance. As the performance of these systems is observed in service, there is a growing concern over the end anchorage foundation performance of current systems. Foundations for high tension systems must not only be capable of restraining the impact load of a vehicle but must also restrain the initial pretension on the cable system as well as temperature induced loads. While it may be acceptable for many roadside safety devices to require foundation repair after impact, foundation failure due to environmentally induced loads would be a serious maintenance problem. As initial tension and temperature induced loads can be greater than those loads applied during impact, this type of loading must be considered in foundation design. Foundation deflection can reduce cable tension, increasing deflection of the system during impact and letting the cables sag after impact. The soil conditions in which these foundations are placed vary significantly. This report considers the potential impact, tension, and temperature loads and develops a set of suggested foundation designs to accommodate a range of in situ soil conditions. These designs will vary significantly in different areas around the nation due to variations in both weather and in situ soil conditions. Deflection during full-scale crash tests may not accurately represent the foundation deflection that will be experienced in the field.


ABSTRACT Copyright is inherently intertwined with the development of technology and none more so than the advent of the Internet and sharing technologies. More recently, social media platforms have become the latest challenge for copyright law and policy. This article builds on the literature that recognises the underlying conflict between copyright and social networking sites (SNSs); namely that the basic implication of copyright is the restriction of copying, whereas the ethos of social networking is the promotion of sharing. In particular, this article focuses on the disparity between the restricted acts of copying and communication to the public under copyright law and the encouragement of sharing on SNS Instagram. In doing so, it contextualises the debate surrounding copyright and social media and provides an understanding of the legal implications of using Instagram. As such this paper analyses (1) the infringement of copyright protected work on Instagram, and (2) the user-agreement and licensing of copyright material on Instagram. This study concludes that the disparity between the principles of copyright and social media lead to confusion and vulnerability of users. Therefore, it is suggested that Instagram should better inform its users of the implications of sharing third-party content as well as the terms of its user agreement. This could be done by implementing a copyright strategy, which includes a notice and takedown system as well as investing in producing educational content for users. Perhaps SNSs, such as Instagram might be more motivated to take steps to recognise intellectual property rights if they were considered Internet Services Provides such as YouTube.


Artifacts made from volcanic glass have been found in archaeological contexts dating from the Late Palaeolithic (ca. 20,000 yr B.P.) through to the end of the Bronze Age (ca. 2700 yr B.P.) in the southern Primorye region of Far East Russia. A geoarchaeological survey of volcanic glass outcrops assessed the various potential sources to determine their potential for sustained exploitation. A characterization study of source samples and artifacts from 27 spatially and temporally dispersed sites using a combination of PIXE‐PIGME and relative density identified which sources had actually been exploited and a technological analysis of the assemblages described patterns of use. The combination of these three approaches shows the impact of a relatively stable geological environment on patterns of procurement and exchange. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The CEO behind Rakuten and Kobo reveals how his unique approach to empowerment and collaboration defy conventional wisdom, and are the future of growth and globalization strategy.If Web 2.0 described the shift from static to interactive life on the Web, then 3.0 is the next sea change driven by personalization, intelligent search, and user behavior. And that evolution has huge implications for everything we see, buy and do online. Rejecting the zero-sum, vending-machine model of ecommerce practiced by other leading internet retailers, who view the Internet purely as a facilitator of speed and profit, Hiroshi Mikitani argues for an alternate model that benefits merchants, consumers, and communities alike by empowering players at every step in the process. He envisions retail "ecosystems," where small and mid-sized brick-and-mortar businesses around the world partner with online marketplaces to maximize their customer bases and service capabilities, and he shows why emphasizing collaboration over competition, customization over top-down control, and long-term growth over short-term revenue is by far the best use of the Internet's power, and will define the 3.0 era. Rakuten has already pioneered this new model, and "Marketplace 3.0" offers colorful examples of its success in Japan and around the world. Mikitani reveals how the company enforces a global mindset (including the requirement that all its employees speak English, even in Tokyo); how it incorporates new acquisitions rather than seeking to completely remake or sell them for a quick profit; and how it competes with other retailers on speed and quality, without sacrificing the public good. "Marketplace 3.0" is an exciting new vision for global commerce, from a company that's challenging all the accepted wisdom."