Style shape, and pollen presenter morphology and anatomy, are similar in Banksia L.f. and Dryandra R.Br. There are four style shapes straight, bowed, s-shaped and hooked. However, in Dryandra, s-shaped and hooked styles are uncommon. The stigma in all cases is contained within the pollen presenter, but there is variation in the location of the stigmatic groove on the presenter, from truly apical (terminal), obliquely terminal to rarely located at the base of the presenter as in B. ericifolia. There is also variation in whether the pollen is deposited over the stigmatic groove in bud or the slit is free of pollen at anthesis. In Banksia, 73% of species studied have the groove covered with pollen, while in Dryandra, a somewhat lower proportion of species (50%) has this configuration. Pollen cohesion on the presenter varies from sticky to loose but is mostly slightly sticky. Similar pollen presenter forms occur in both genera, bul in Dryandra, the generally less elaborate shapes are more frequent than is the case in Banksia. Anatomically, the pollen presenters are quite complex, with several cell layers concentrically disposed around the central transmitting tissue. There is considerable variation in the epidermal cells of the presenters between species. In most, the cells are small and thick-walled, but in B. ilicifolia, they are very thin-walled and enlarged into elongated projections. Similar forms occur in other species. In B. tricuspis, the epidermal cells are enlarged, regularly rounded in shape and become smaller and thick-walled near the stigmatic groove. Underlying the epidermis, polyphenol-containing cells and sclerenchyma vary in proportion between species and also in their location within the presenter. The variation in wall characteristics of epidermal cells and the proportion of sclerenchyma in different species is likely to be related to maximising pollination success within an environment containing a variety of pollinator behaviours. Although vertebrates are important in pollinating many species, invertebrates are likely to be the primary pollinators of a significant number of the other species in both genera.


Brief outline of context
An improvement project was begun in a Primary Care Trust in Lincolnshire a large rural county in the East Midlands of the United Kingdom comprising almost 700,000 patients. The projects included patients, general practitioners and their primary care teams, pharmacists and research and audit teams.

Brief outline of problem
Hypnotic prescribing rates from general practice Prescribing Analysis and Cost Data was identified by the executive as high in Lincolnshire compared to the rest of the East Midlands and the United Kingdom. Published research has shown that the clinical benefits of hypnotic drugs are small with significant risks of complications from adverse cognitive, psychiatric or psychomotor effects which may persist for several months after stopping the drug. The extent of the problem, its nature and the barriers to improvement were not well understood given that previous attempts to improve prescribing rates in this area of practice had failed.

Assessment of problem and analysis of its causes
Previous efforts to improve this aspect of quality and safety in healthcare in Lincolnshire and nationally have been hampered because of practitioner and patient attitudes, lack of organisational support or systems for change and an emphasis on other areas of healthcare. To understand the barriers to improving prescribing more fully we used questionnaires to general practitioners and patients and measured variation in prescribing rates across practices. Unforeseen and hitherto invisible problems were revealed by the responses. In addition, the views of patients prescribed hypnotics in the previous six months exposed high rates of inappropriate long term prescribing (94.9%had taken benzodiazepine or Z drug hypnotics for four weeks or more), side effects (41.8%reported at least one side effect), a wish to stop taking drugs (Z-drugs vs. benzodiazepines: 22.7 vs. 12.3%; p=0.001) and previous attempts by patients to come off medication (Z-drugs vs. benzodiazepines: 52.4% vs. 41.0%; p=0.001). Potential barriers to improvement included attitudes of general practitioners which supported prescribing of newer (Z drug) hypnotics for the majority of indications. More positively, practitioners were aware of their practice prescribing rates to the extent that they were able to identify whether they were in a high, intermediate or low prescribing practice. Most doctors held a negative perception of hypnotics and were positive to the idea of reducing prescribing in this area. Practitioners' favoured methods for reducing prescribing helped inform potential strategies for change and will be presented. On the basis of these results it was felt that systematic efforts at implementation and improvement were likely to be successful given appropriate organisational support from the Primary Care Trust.

Strategy for change: How did you implement the proposed change? What staff or other groups were involved? How did you disseminate the results of your analysis and your plans for change to the groups involved with/affected by the planned change? What was the timetable for change?

A change project was developed, Resources for Effective Sleep Treatment (REST), with a number of stakeholders including partner organisation and patients. The aims of this project are to produce measurable improvements in the management of insomnia, specifically to:
a. Reduce rate and (costs) of z-drug prescribing by 50% in 3 years
b. Reduce the rate (costs) of benzodiazepine hypnotic prescribing by 25% in 3 years
c. Increase use of recorded non-pharmacological measures in insomnia by at least 100% in 3 years.
d. Improve the user experience of management of insomnia.
We will use evidence based methods to develop an effective spread and adoption strategy to effect a sustained and sustainable change in practice in relation to management of insomnia. We will initially work with 10 pilot practices (10% of the total) using rapid experimentation (plan, do, study, act) cycles. We plan to work with these willing adopter practices and practitioners to develop a network of good practice, measurement and improvement tools, opinion leaders and champions for good practice using rapid cycle of change.

We will also undertake focus groups with prescribing practitioners and patients to help understand more fully the barriers and facilitators, to identify good practice and to design appropriate improvement methods and interventions in this area of practice. Tailored interventions for practices involving clinician, pharmacy, secondary care and administrative support could help bring about change in clinical management.

Measurement of improvement
We will gather and analyse prescribing and improvement data from all practices in the county to enable systematic spread and adoption of improvements in prescribing and improvement methods more generally in the county.

Lessons learned
This project has emphasised the importance of gathering data at the onset of quality improvement initiatives to understand invisible barriers or facilitators for change and of involvement of patients and practitioners in their initial and ongoing development.

Message for others
Quality improvement projects benefit from research as well as quality improvement expertise in order to analyse, present and utilise information for their appropriate design.


Purpose: The colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of death in Korea. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is regarded as a risk factor of CRC. The aim of study is to confirm the incidence of CRC among subjects with and without a diagnosis of UC based on a sample of the Korean population. This study identified the effect of UC on incidence of CRC in Korea. Method: The data were from the population-based cohort containing National Health Insurance (NHI) claims from 2002 to 2013. We washed out first year (2002) for newly detected cases. Subjects who were under 20 years of age, diagnosed UC and CRC in 2002 development of CRC before diagnosis of UC since 2003, were excluded from analyses. Among 745,641 subjects during 11 years of follow-up (2003-2013), 7,448 patients with CRC were newly detected. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of UC for CRC incidence. Confounding variables including gender, baseline age, type of social security, income level, residence, Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were incorporated into the model. Results: Overall annual incidence of UC and CRC were 6.7 and 95.4 per 100,000 during 11 years (2003~2013), respectively. Among 522 of newly detected UC cases, CRC incident cases were 12 cases during 11 years. The effects were stronger for male. Advancing age and Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension and diabetes mellitus increased the risk of CRC. This study showed that the adjusted hazard ratio of UC in incidence of CRC is 1.92 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-3.38). Also, male patients with UC have more HR than female patients with UC. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that patients with UC are the high risk group in incidence of CRC. Furthermore, the effects of UC in male patients are higher than those in female. The future study is needed to identify the effect of UC on mortality of CRC.


Historic variation in the environment once served as a reliable guide to future behavior. Sustainability promised continuation of ecological and social structures and functions within the known envelope of historic variation. Now climate change and other environmental stressors are tipping systems into behaviors that no longer remain within the confines of precedent. Social-ecological systems are neither persistent nor predicable. Letting go of stability releases us from untenable expectations of steady maintenance of some natural order. Resistance to change will continue to play a role as environmental law suppresses disruptions and buys time. But resistance will eventually yield the stage to recovery and transformation. Recovery seeks to restore some social-ecological services after a disturbance. Transformation reorganizes systems entirely. Resilience provides a better framework than sustainability for considering the relative merits of these management approaches. Managing resilience as an environmental law objective will promise less but deliver more of what it promises. Environmental law is for people—provisioning their wants and resolving their disputes. Viewing it as a nested set of social-ecological systems gets us away from dualist notions of nature versus society that seldom help the environmentalist cause. Precaution will remain a defining attribute of environmental law, but it cannot promise certainty. Static law will yield to experimentation and moral imperatives for change. Resilient environmental law will need to be attentive to social, as well as ecological, transformations. It will clarify for citizens how they benefit from environmental law. This article synthesizes and assesses the legal scholarship on resilience. It suggests productive paths for law reform and more equitable tools for weighing consequences of natural resource management. Environmental law research in the coming years should explore specific, place-based approaches to managing resilience and safe-fail designs for adaptive governance.


Network organized structures can be stored and subsequently represented using spatial databases. They are used in areas where the aspects connected to maps and photos are very important: weather, management of natural calamities (earthquakes, fires, cyclones, volcanoes, floods), transportation and macroeconomic fluctuations. Studying side by side several such networks may reveal new aspects that will support making Big Decisions. For such solutions, the latest computer technologies are required, such as storing and processing huge volumes of data, Cloud storing, retrieving data from multiple sources and even using alert messages from social networks. Also, spatial databases are optimized to store and allow optimal access to data regarding various spatial localized objects. In this paper we propose a decision support system's prototype that uses macroeconomic indicators that are correlated with natural phenomena like cataclysm (flows, earthquakes, etc.) at regional level and using spatial representation. The data will be collected as social media from Google Trends with possible extension from social networks, forums, news, etc. We will show how Big Data leads to Big Decisions when processed in a decision support system.


The benthos of the high mountain Enol Lake (Picos de Europa National Park, Spain) was analyzed in order to understand the spatiotemporal factors and patterns controlling its current Chironomidae community. In total, more than 14,000 chironomid larvae were identified, belonging to 27 taxa. The results have pointed out the presence of 3 main chironomid assemblages in the lake: i) littoral community, which is mainly controlled by temperature and oxygen seasonal changes, ii) Chara -dominant community, which is mainly controlled by the presence and abundance of Characeae in the lake, and iii) profundal community, which is affected by low oxygen levels caused by sediment and organic matter discharge to the lake due to human pressures in the lake basin. We provide valuable insights for the managers to understand the current ecological status of Enol Lake and to evaluate which measures should be implemented to preserve or improve it. Moreover, our results constitute an essential step forward to improve the interpretation of the past changes of the lake by means of the subfossil chironomid community.


Despite my misgivings, I have acquiesced in some of the administration's proposals [on the Patriot Act] because it is important to preserve national unity in this time of national crisis and to move the legislative process forward. --Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT, U.S. Congress 2001, S. 10548) Five previous Presidents have had this {fast-track/trade promotion} authority. What has happened to us? Well, we import more and we export less and the trade deficit rises. We talk in this bill about displaced workers ... I am pretty sure they are some of the folks in my district who are losing their jobs. --Representative Charles Norwood (R-GA, U.S. Congress 2002, H. 5973) Virtually every problem we've encountered [in Iraq] was predicted before the war by this committee, by outside experts... The administration was dead wrong in its assumptions... But now what do we do? --Senator Joseph Biden (D-DE, U.S. Congress 2004a, 3) I don't trust this {Base Realignment and Closure} process. Some people say if you do the commission, it takes it out of politics. Who believes that? --Senator Trent Lott (R-MS, U.S. Congress 2004b, S. 5573) So ... we have a political gun at our heads that we can't afford to say that we know better [on the Troubled Assets Relief Program]. --Representative Charles Rangel (D-NY, U.S. Congress 2008a, H. 10756) Congress does not have a clear and consistent view of its role in the separation of powers system. Sometimes members describe their own institution as having a pathological inability to deal with an important national issue, but at other times, even regarding the same issue months or years later, members argue the opposite and say that Congress actually does have a key role to play. This article shows how and why Congress is particularly ambivalent about delegating authority on issues that address the national interest but have local consequences and on issues that pressure members to act quickly to stem a "crisis." This pattern, which I call the cycle of ambivalence, is reflected in a cycle that has different permutations in each area, but generally follows a rhythm of delegation of power, followed by expressions of regret, followed by more delegation. In the first part of the cycle, members of the House and Senate vote to give up member, committee, or majority party power over policy making, often in response to presidential calls for reform or quick action. During this time, which can be crisis driven or a response to perceived congressional paralysis on a long-standing issue, members openly discuss Congress's strengths and weaknesses in dealing with the policy dilemma at hand, as well as the merits of the traditional legislative process that allows Congress to delay, change, and deliberate over different alternatives. In the second part of the cycle, months or years later, after the delegation has expired or in a critical reaction to the president's or another entity's use of the delegated power, individual members launch a barrage of attempts to oversee, delay, or undermine the decisions stemming from the delegation, even if the members supported the original transfer of power. Yet these efforts to regain leverage over the policy usually have limited or temporary success. In the third part of the cycle, when a new iteration of the same policy problem resurfaces, members opt to delegate power again. This cycle has played out in different ways in recent decades. There are multiple forces driving each part of the cycle of ambivalence, as seen in the epigraphs at the beginning of this article. Debates for and against delegating power show that members of Congress, like the president, have different "hats" that are often at odds. Senator Patrick Leahy expressed hesitance in his support of the Patriot Act, pushed by an opposition-party president, but will go along with it in the best interest of the nation as he sees it. …


The basic reproduction number of an infection, R0, is the average number of secondary infections generated by a single typical infective individual in a totally susceptible population. It is directly related to the effort required to eliminate infection. We consider statistical methods for estimating R0 from age‐stratified serological survey data. The main difficulty is indeterminacy, since the contacts between individuals of different ages are not observed. We show that, given an estimate of the average age‐specific hazard of infection, a particular leading left eigenfunction is required to specify R0. We review existing methods of estimation in the light of this indeterminacy. We suggest using data from several infections transmitted via the same route, and we propose that the choice of model be guided by a criterion based on similarity of their contact functions. This approach also allows model uncertainty to be taken into account. If one infection induces no lasting immunity, we show that the only additional assumption required to estimate R0 is that the contact function is symmetric. When matched data on two or more infections transmitted by the same route are available, the methods may be extended to incorporate the effect of individual heterogeneity. The approach can also be applied in partially vaccinated populations and to populations comprising loosely linked communities. The methods are illustrated with data on hepatitis A, mumps, rubella, parvovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b and measles infection.


I am drawn to the quiet places, the empty mysterious places, where it seems civilization--with bindle in hand--jumped a boxcar to somewhere else. A mixed sense of desolation and apathy mingles with a small stubborn hope and a large wonderment in a place like Ravenswood, West Virginia where the American dream is dying, even as it is reborn in some other zip code. Fort Lonesome sits at a crossroad of barren fields and sprawling sky in South Central Florida, a place where time has more meaning in a potter's field. A small facet of the Florida Everglades once used by the U.S. military as a bombing range, Holey Land is as beautifully remote as it is harshly desolate. My work, String Quintet No.1, seeks to portray these places as they journey their final steps of the life cycle, from decay, to death, and finally the hereafter. The main focus of this thesis is the composition. The supporting narrative and documentation is intended to further illustrate my compositional narrative. Cartography is supplied to demonstrate geographic seclusion, as well as location in relation to populated areas. A photo journal of each location is included, to add visual representation of the sound world created by the composition. Demographic and historical archival information corroborate my findings. Lastly, I include a sound recording from the premiere of the work.


The term "topography" implies the study of numerous landforms that exist on or below the Earth and a detailed knowledge of topography is required to understand the most Earth processes. In the oceans, sea floor topography refers the geographic features of the sea floor including the configuration of a surface and the position of its natural and man-made features; and detailed nautical charts are fundamental for many sciences such as physical oceanography, biology and marine geology. The hydrographic offices, which use the Multi Beam Echo sounder (MBE) system for the establishment of nautical charts, have their own set of accuracy standards for hydrographic surveys, which generally comply with the standards defined by the International Hydrographic Organization. MBE systems include multiple measurement systems such as sonar head, positioning system, motion sensor that work in a synchronized manner. Before the measurements, the "Patch Test" is required to eliminate the systematic errors due to instrumental synchronization and installation. In this test, signal delay test (latency), Y -axis rotation (roll), X -axis rotation (pitch), Z -axis rotation (yaw) errors are calculated. Besides, the effects of the sound velocity measurement through water column and the sea level changes need to be taken into consideration especially in the multi-temporal data analysis and 3D modeling. In this paper, the seafloor of the Anamur -TRNC Drinking Water Pipeline route in the "Northern Cyprus Water Project" is selected as a study area. This project, a unique in the world, is an international water diversion project designed to supply water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey to Northern Cyprus via pipeline under Mediterranean Sea. Multi temporal multi beam echo sounder measurements are used in the change analysis and surface modeling and the efficiency of this system is outlined together with its limitations.


Nowadays, electromagnetic compatibility constitutes a serious problem for the design and operation of electronic and electrical components, devices or systems. The reason is that this physical phenomenon can affect the correct operation of all these facilities. It can cause the errors or failures leading to fatal consequences. Raspberry Pi 2 development platform which is becoming increasingly popular includes among influenced facilities. Many of scientist equipment is based on this platform because of low cost, relatively simple development and implementation. However, Raspberry Pi represents the fascinating device regarding electromagnetic compatibility. Therefore, it contains many potential sources of electromagnetic interference. A great number of things that can be realized by Raspberry should be able to resist to the electromagnetic disturbance which is also one of work outputs. The experiments with the device under test are performed using unique rooms, namely semi-anechoic chamber and gigahertz transverse electromagnetic chamber. Test chambers offer a practically perfect solution for electromagnetic compatibility because they are insulated from exterior sources of noise. Raspberry Pi is tested in near and far-field, and the results will help in the design recommendations to eliminate the interference level regarding electromagnetic compatibility. Currently, only several research publications are dedicated to electromagnetic compatibility of the development platform. It was the reason why the authors decided to create a paper provides information about this research field. The primary purpose of the paper reported here is to analyses the level of the electromagnetic interference and susceptibility in a near and far-field.


This paper proposes a novel multi-resolution clustering (MRC) method that for the first time classifies end customers directly from massive, volatile and uncertain smart metering data. It will firstly extract spectral features of load profiles by multi-resolution analysis (MRA), and then cluster and classify these features in the spectral-domain instead of time-domain. The key advantage is that the proposed method will allow a dynamic load profiling to be flexibly re-constructed from each spectral level. MRC addresses three key limitations in time-series based load profiling: i) large sample size: sample size is reduced by a novel two-stage clustering, which firstly clusters each customers' massive daily profiles into several Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and then clusters all GMMs; ii) volatility: it avoids the interferences between different load features (e.g. magnitude, overall trend, spikes) by decomposing them onto different resolution levels, and then clustering separately; iii) uncertainties: as the GMM can give a probabilistic cluster membership instead of a deterministic one, an additive classification model based on the posterior probability is proposed to reflect the uncertainty between days. The proposed method is implemented on 6369 smart metered customers from Ireland, and compared with the load profiles used by the UK industry and traditional K-means clustering. The results show that the developed MRC outperformed the traditional methods in its ability in profiling load for big, volatile and uncertain smart metering data.


In this thesis, I examine the factors that influence the introduction of sustainable practice into university food services. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the ecological impact of the conventional agro-food system. Therefore, understanding how institutional practice either enables or hinders sustainable or 'alternative' food practice is critical because institutional food services could serve as a potential site for challenging conventional food geographies. Drawing upon a case study approach, my thesis explores the food service environment at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. Two smaller, less detailed food service cases studies (the University of Guelph and the University of Toronto) are used to compare the factors and indicators that determine how sustainability is incorporated into food services. Given the geographical variability within University institutions, I argue that university food services are a contested political space and an important site for challenging conventional food systems. They are also places to test alternative, more sustainable models. I outline some key variables that are currently preventing Queen's University from moving toward a more sustainable food service model. Furthermore, I discuss the implications of this research for the alternative food geography literature.


- Teaches the liberating technique of freewriting, which helps people produce breakthrough ideas and solve problems in minutes
 - Levy's witty ideation tips and techniques—seven new to this edition—make freewriting fun, easy, and enlightening
 - Includes a new section on using freewriting to generate material for books, articles, blogs and more

 When it comes to creating ideas, we hold ourselves back. That's because inside each of us is an internal editor whose job is to forever polish our thoughts, so we sound smart and in control, and so that we fit into society. But what happens when we encounter problems where such conventional thinking fails us? How to get unstuck?

 For Mark Levy, the answer is freewriting, a technique he's used for years to solve all types of business problems, and generate ideas for books, articles and blog posts.

 Freewriting is deceptively simple: Start writing as fast as you can, for as long as you can, about a subject you care deeply about, while ignoring the standard rules of grammar and spelling. Your internal editor won't be able to keep up with your output, and will be temporarily shunted into the background. You'll now be able to think more honestly and resourcefully than before, and will generate breakthrough ideas and solutions that you couldn't have created any other way.

 Levy shares six freewriting secrets designed to knock out your editor and let your genius run free. He also includes fifteen problem-solving and creativity-stimulating principles you can use if you need more firepower—seven of which are new to this edition—and stories of problems he and others have solved through freewriting.

 Also new to this edition: an extensive section on how to refine your freewriting into something you can share with the world. Although Levy originally taught freewriting as a private brainstorming technique, over the years he and his clients have found that, with some tweaking, it's a great way to generate content for books, articles, and other thought leadership pieces.


For commercial, military, and aerospace applications, low-cost, small, reliable, and lightweight gas and liquid hermetically sealed valves with post initiation on/off capability are highly desirable for pressurized systems. Applications include remote fire suppression, single-use system-pressurization systems, spacecraft propellant systems, and in situ instruments. Current pyrotechnic- activated rupture disk hermetic valves were designed for physically larger systems and are heavy and integrate poorly with portable equipment, aircraft, and small spacecraft and instrument systems. Additionally, current pyrotechnically activated systems impart high g-force shock loads to surrounding components and structures, which increase the risk of damage and can require additional mitigation. The disclosed mechanism addresses the need for producing a hermetically sealed micro-isolation valve for low and high pressure for commercial, aerospace, and spacecraft applications. High-precision electrical discharge machining (EDM) parts allow for the machining of mated parts with gaps less than a thousandth of an inch. These high-precision parts are used to support against pressure and extrusion, a thin hermetically welded diaphragm. This diaphragm ruptures from a pressure differential when the support is removed and/or when the plunger is forced against the diaphragm. With the addition of conventional seals to the plunger and a two-way actuator, a derivative of this design would allow nonhermetic use as an on/off or metering valve after the initial rupturing of the hermetic sealing disk. In addition, in a single-use hermetically sealed isolation valve, the valve can be activated without the use of potential leak-inducing valve body penetrations. One implementation of this technology is a high-pressure, high-flow-rate rupture valve that is self-rupturing, which is advantageous for high-pressure applications such as gas isolation valves. Once initiated, this technology is self-energizing and requires low force compared to current pyrotechnic-based burst disk hermetic valves. This is a novel design for producing a single-use, self-rupturing, hermetically sealed valve for isolation of pressurized gas and/or liquids. This design can also be applied for single-use disposable valves for chemical instruments. A welded foil diaphragm is fully supported by two mated surfaces that are machined to micron accuracies using EDM. To open the valve, one of the surfaces is moved relative to the other to (a) remove the support creating an unsupported diaphragm that ruptures due to over pressure, and/or (b) produce tension in the diaphragm and rupture it.


2 Abstract: Paper mill effluent while flowing, percolates through soil and slowly mixes with ground water bodies (Open well), water samples were collected from three stations (S1, S2 and S3) in and around paper mill. This paper represents the characteristics of ground water quality and the effect of paper mill effluent, which is using recycled water for irrigation and domestic purpose. Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scale plot (MDS) appear were employed to evaluate the tropic status of water quality for three monitoring stations. High pollution load was observed in the ground water bodies due to continuous flow of effluent near the ground water sources. Effluent water consists of 3400 mg/l suspended solids. However, pH varied from 5.5-7.6. The biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand ranged from 2-780 and 60 - 1520 mg/l respectively. SAR, RSC and SSP level was high from S2 and S3, both were unsuitable for both domestic and irrigation purposes. An elevated coliform bacterial count indicates that these water samples S2 and S3 were not suitable for domestic purpose. The dendrogram of the effluent water quality parameters evidently indicate that Maruthi Paper mill does not meet nominal National standard set by central pollution control board to discharge in agricultural field.


Unlike traditional art works, installation art has no autonomous existence. It is usually created at the exhibition site, and its essence is spectator participation. Installation art originated as a radical art form presented only at alternative art spaces; its assimilation into mainstream museums and galleries is a relatively recent phenomenon. The move of installation art from the margin to the center of the art world has had far-reaching effects on the works created and on museum practice. This is the first book-length study of installation art. Julie Reiss concentrates on some of the central figures in its emergence, including artists, critics, and curators. Her primary focus is installations created in New York City -- which has a particularly rich history of installation art -- beginning in the late 1950s. She takes us from Allan Kaprow's 1950s' environments to examples from minimalism, performance art, and process art to establish installation art's autonomy as well as its relationship to other movements. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the effects of exhibition space, curatorial practice, and institutional context on the spectator. The history of installation art -- of all art forms, one of the most defiant of formalist tenets -- sheds considerable light on the issues raised by this shift of critical focus from isolated art works to art experienced in a particular context.


Studies of trade unions in transformation economies have highlighted considerable problems and challenges for trade union revival. In the majority of cases in the countries
of central and east Europe, trade union membership and density has fallen in the transformation period. Unions have fragmented politically, often dividing between those unions with a legacy as 'official' unions from the past and those which have emerged as newly independent. Where union membership has held up it has more often than not been in the public sector or remaining state owned industries. Membership in greenfield sites and in many newly-privatised enterprises has been absent or difficult to sustain. Such problems are common to western-based unions as well, but in central and eastern Europe an added problem has been claimed by some to include a negative ideological legacy from the past, as unions have been associated with failed Communism. Unions, too, have been accused of continuing a practice of allying themselves with employers or the state rather than developing independence and mobilisation on an adversarial, or 'them and us', basis. This paper attempts to relate the central and east European experience to trade unions in Serbia. Particular reference is made to the emerging identities of the different Serbian trade union federations, and the problems and challenges for unions are placed within the framework of structure and agency by referring both to structural constraints within the economy and ideological barriers to union growth. Preliminary research data have been gathered from union documents, interviews with union officials and from an indicative survey of union activists and managers.


Author(s): Schiller, Steven R; Schwartz, Lisa C; Murphy, Sean | Abstract: This SEE Action Network report explains basic concepts and fundamental considerations for assessing the actual demand flexibility performance of buildings participating in demand flexibility programs and responding to time-varying retail rates. Demand flexibility is the capability of distributed energy resources (DERs) to adjust a building's load profile across different timescales. Assessments determine the timing, location, quantity, and quality of grid services provided. The results can be used for financial settlements and to improve performance of demand flexibility, support its consideration in resource potential studies and electricity system planning, and contribute to cost-effectiveness evaluations. While practitioners and regulators regularly find opportunities to improve performance assessments of demand-related services, to a large degree current best practices are sufficient for basic service offerings as demand flexibility is implemented today. However, advances in assessment practices will be required in a future with grid-interactive efficient buildings (GEBs) that provide continuous demand flexibility by integrating multiple DERs and flexibility modes (load shed, load shift, modulate, and generate). Example practices include using new baseline constructs—including whether baselines are even required for certain building flexibility modes or configurations, deploying more advanced metering and analytics, further developing cybersecurity standards, improving communication standards for increased interoperability, and establishing performance metrics and assessment procedures for load modulation as it is more fully defined and implemented. This report provides information on prioritizing and designing performance assessment elements for demand flexibility programs and time-varying retail rates, assessment protocols, and research and development needs. Additional research sponsored by DOE's Building Technologies Office offers more detailed technical information on assessing performance of demand flexibility, including definition of performance metrics.


Planetary remote sensing images are the primary datasets for high-resolution topographic mapping and modeling of the planetary surfaces. However, unlike the mapping satellites for Earth observations, cameras onboard the planetary satellites generally present special imaging geometries and configurations, which makes the stereo photogrammetric process difficult and requires a large number of manual interactions. At the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, we developed a unified photogrammetric software system, namely Planetary3D, for 3D topographic mapping modeling of various planetary bodies using images collected by various sensors. Planetary3D consists of three modules, including: (1) the pre-processing module to deliver standardized image products, (2) the bundle adjustment module to alleviate the inconsistencies between the images and possibly the reference frame, and (3) the dense image matching module to create pixel-wise image matches and produce high quality topographic models. Examples of using three changeling datasets, including the MRO CTX, MRO HiRISE and Chang'E-2 images, have revealed that the automatic pipeline of Planetary3D can produce high-quality digital elevation models (DEMs) with favorable performances. Notably, the notorious jitter effects visible on HiRISE images can be effectively removed and good consistencies with the reference DEMs are found for the test datasets by the Planetary3D pipeline.


This book explores how to make globalization work better in the interest of the workers of the world. It discusses active labor market policies (ALMPs) that have to be put in place to combat some of the negative effects of globalization and introduce more security and decent work for workers. Comprising an array of measures, ALMPs can take the form of special support for job searching, training and education for the unemployed, and various other subsidies and job creation activities. While providing a valuable overview of the nature of ALMPs, the book examines some of the pitfalls and challenges countries face when evaluating these programs. It also provides a policy framework for designing policies that are a permanent, yet adaptable, instrument to cope with change linked to globalization and discusses different ways of financing these.


In a study of the effects of complainers' sex, age, perceived situational seriousness, and social class on the use of conversational strategies in their complaining behavior, 465 subjects of varying age, sex, and social class were observed and tape recorded in spontaneous conversation by 25 field workers. The field workers also filled out a checklist that provided the data of the study, which were then input into two nonparametric tests: (a) Mann-Whitney U Test, and (b) Kruskal Wallis H Test. The results of data analysis showed that 'repetition of complaint' was an important strategy in connection to the 'perceived situational seriousness' of the topic of complaint. Sex was found to cause the differential use of three conversational strategies, social class to cause the differential use of two conversational strategies, and perceived situational seriousness and age each to cause that of only on conversational strategy. A cline of significance is suggested for each of the independent variables in question. Suggestions are made for further research.


While the rate of cigarette smoking has steadily declined over the last three decades, the rate of cigar consumption has increased by 66% (Baker, et al. 2000, p. 737; Satcher, 1999). (1) While most cigar smokers are wealthy, well-educated white males (National Cancer Institute, 1998, p. 52; Rigotti et al., 2000, p. 699), (2) adolescents are also picking up the habit. A Robert Wood Johnson Foundation national survey reported that 37% of males and 16% of females between the ages of 14 and 19 have smoked a cigar during the previous year. In fact, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse indicated that 5.6% of adolescents said that they were regular cigar users (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999), and the number of adolescents who have ever smoked cigars is 39% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000). With this growing popularity of cigar smoking in America, public health officials have been earnestly trying to convince the public that this seemingly benign fad carries with it many of the dangers associated with cigarette use. Nonetheless, millions of cigar smokers continue to light up, seemingly impervious to the threats of cancer, emphysema, and death. While a myriad of methods and approaches have been adopted to understand why such prevention efforts have been unsuccessful, a textual analysis of Cigar Aficionado-America's leading cigar magazine--provides some overlooked explanations into the role played by one mainstream commercial periodical. Consequently, it is the purpose of this paper to examine Cigar Aficionado's use of a progressive conspiratorial storyline designed to discredit anti-smoking advocates and their messages. We argue that this conspiracy logic calls into question the authenticity and motives of most of the anti-tobacco advocates in America (scientists, politicians, journalists, lawyers, etc.). This conspiracy storyline, like the pro-smoking arguments previously found by DeSantis (2002) and DeSantis and Morgan (2003), serves to relieve the cognitive dissonance commonly present during at-risk behavior, and, as such, frees Cigar Aficionado patrons to think only about the joys of cigar smoking, rather than the health consequences of smoking. Throughout the remainder of this paper, we will discuss 1) conspiracy theories; 2) narrative theory; 3) the rise, effects, and promotion of cigar smoking in America; 4) the four major components of Cigar Aficionado's conspiracy; 5) the functions of conspiracy theory in reducing cognitive dissonance; and 6) some implications for health prevention research. CONSPIRACY THEORY Conspiracy theories in America--i.e., an agreement between two or more people to perform an illegal, wrongful, or subversive act-are as old as America itself. Since its colonial beginning, conspiracy theories have circulated in what Astier (1992) has called the "margins of American political life" (p. 169). This is not to imply, however, that America has a monopoly on conspiratorial thinking. One needs only to remember the genocidal consequences of Hitler's "Jewish plot," or Stalin's obsession with "fascist spies" to realize that the need to blame one group for the evil of another is "rooted in the rich soil of human intolerance" (Astier, 1992, p. 170). What seems to set American conspiracies apart from their international counterparts, however, is that they rarely pit one ethnic group against another and are never the "paranoia of a ruler against his [or her] people" (Astier, 1992, p. 171). Instead, American conspiracies cast political and economic leaders as the greatest threats to egalitarian democracy. It is this cynicism, according to Hofstadter (1965) and Davis (1971), that has created fertile ground for conspiratorial theories to germinate and take root throughout America's history. As America enters into the new millennia, one of the most well funded conspiracy theories to gain national attention accuses the tobacco industry writ large of waging a secret campaign to inculcate America's youth to their addictive product. …


HIV/AIDS-related stigma is a recognised problem for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) yet little research on experiences of stigma has been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, the epicentre of the disease. This paper employs quantitative analysis to measure the extent and nature of stigma experienced by 242 people on antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha (an urban African community in Cape Town, South Africa). This research draws an important distinction between experienced stigma and perceived stigma (i.e. perceptions of stigma in the community). The results show that while relatively few respondents (17%) reported experiencing a lot of stigma, the majority (75%) had experienced some stigma. Experiences of stigma within households were found to be rare (thus adding to the emerging evidence of general support for PLWHA from family members). Although some reported no experiences of stigma, almost all individuals reported perceived stigma (i.e. believed they lived in a stigmatising environment). Both experienced stigma and perceived stigma were related to inconsistent condom use, fear of disclosure, depression/anxiety and lack of self-efficacy/confidence. As expected, experienced stigma influenced perceived stigma and those affiliated to a religious organisation were shown to manifest more perceived stigma. Health-related problems and the clinic where treatment was obtained (which could be a proxy for different social contexts) were significant determinants of experienced stigma. This indicates the importance of the biophysical manifestations of HIV/AIDS and community-level variables in shaping PLWHA's experiences and fears of stigma.


Mobile agent technology raises significant security concerns and requires a thorough security framework, with a wide range of strategies and mechanisms, for the protection of both agents and agent hosts, against possibly malicious reciprocal behaviour. Researchers have identified several security attacks. These are mainly from one host to another, from an agent to a host, from a host to an agent, and from one agent to another. Agent itineraries must also be made secure and robust in order to ensure secure agent behaviour. Unless the above issues are addressed properly, mobile agent technology cannot be used to implement real-world applications. The security infrastructure should have the ability to flexibly and dynamically offer different solutions, to achieve different qualities of security service, depending on application requirements. The authors report on mechanisms for providing security of agent itineraries, based on an identified security architecture. They present three protocols, which provide both security and robustness to agent itineraries, in a separate middleware layer that is flexible because it can be suitably modified as per requirements. The proposed techniques have been implemented and tested on the PMADE system; this work reports the results of a comparison of these techniques with some existing ones.


Alexandre Lenoir, painter, playwright and dilettante at large, is best known as the creator of the Museum of French Monuments, the 'other' museum project of the French Revolution. Less famous than the Louvre but no less significant in the trajectory of the modern museum, this fascinating project is long overdue a revisit. This chapter proposes to do so, in order to analyse and interpret the fusion of art history, national history and heroic personal histories to be found at this museum, enhanced with the flair and idiosyncrasy of Lenoir's own personality and his highly creative curation.

The Museum of French Monuments begun life as a temporary depot of the French Revolution, but under Lenoir's guardianship, it acquired permission to open to the public as a permanent exhibition in 1795. The collection consisted mostly of religious and otherwise commemorative sculptures from France. These pieces were not considered 'high art' of the kind that was consistently claimed by the Louvre. They were, rather, legitimised as public exhibits through their historical relevance and their role as the new category of 'national patrimony' – this being a place and time where the great inventive project of history was beginning its modern acceleration. Lenoir arranged the collection as a chronological panorama of the development of French art and the garden was also transformed for exhibition with funerary pieces composing a picturesque landscape. In order to 'stage' his museum according to his vision, Lenoir invested as much in further acquisitions of original pieces as he did in the construction of new 'monuments', most of which were collages of fragments from various other pieces. He radicalised the fusion between exhibits and exhibition, in an attempt to convey 'character' rather than archaeological accuracy, appealing equally to reason and imagination, spirit and sentiment. Central to the narrative of the exhibition and its emotional impact was the role of historical personalities commemorated in the exhibits, the biographical details of which, infused with much anecdote and creative writing, Lenoir communicated to the visitors in the museum's catalogue – a document of enormous importance to the whole project.

This chapter argues that it is the unique combination of narrative strands and attitudes towards history, biography and art, centred on Lenoir's own personality, that render this early museum project seminal to the history of the institution as a whole. The era of the Great Museums, which follows soon after the enforced closure of Lenoir's project in 1815, presents another kind of museum model to the world, where order and 'scientific' principles prevail over imaginative interpretation. However, the Museum of Monuments may have a lot to offer yet as part of that history of 'alternative' collections by charismatic individuals, which seems to propose a different reading of the role of the museum in the context of modernity.


Recently the world of the web has become more social and more real-time. Facebook and Twitter are perhaps the exemplars of a new generation of social, real-time web services and we believe these types of service provide a fertile ground for recommender systems research. In this paper we focus on one of the key features of the social web, namely the creation of relationships between users. Like recent research, we view this as an important recommendation problem -- for a given user, UT which other users might be recommended as followers/followees -- but unlike other researchers we attempt to harness the real-time web as the basis for profiling and recommendation. To this end we evaluate a range of different profiling and recommendation strategies, based on a large dataset of Twitter users and their tweets, to demonstrate the potential for effective and efficient followee recommendation.


We have demonstrated an efficient speckle reduction method for laser illumination using a micro-vibrated paper screen along the projection direction. Using this method, a micro-vibrated amplitude of 0.532 μm, or a 2π phase change is sufficient to de-correlate the generated speckle pattern for a static SHG green laser beam image. When the measured speckle contrast is lowered to about 5.0%, and comparable with an LED source, a speckle-free image can be achieved. This technique will be suitable for compact and portable laser illumination equipment, image display, signal sensing devices, and so forth. Wearable and near-to-eye laser display applications are also included.


Literature review shows that cosmetic surgery demand is often a consequence of psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being in women who undergo cosmetic surgery versus normal women. This was a causal-comparative study in which, the statistical population included all individuals intended to have cosmetic surgery reffered to private clinics of the city of Arak for six months in late 2014 and early 2015 (N=1000). Among them, 40 women was selected as the experimental group. A control group matched with the experimenta group consisted of 40 women of normal subjects was also selected according to the convenience sampling. Data were collected using scales of early maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups of surgical patients and normal participants in terms of maladaptive schemas .In addition, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of psychological well-being. The women who undergo cosmetic surgery had more early maladaptive schemas probably deu to psychological problems and negative attitudes toward their physical conditions. They had low levels of psychological well-being because of the attitude toward their appearance.


In New York City, where almost 14% of elementary school pupils are foreign-born and roughly half of these are "recent immigrants," the impact of immigrant students on school resources may be important. While immigrant advocates worry about inequitable treatment of immigrant students, others worry that immigrants drain resources from native-born students. In this article, we explore the variation in school resources and the relationship to the representation of immigrant students. To what extent are variations in school resources explained by the presence of immigrants per se rather than by differences in student educational needs, such as poverty or language skills, or differences in other characteristics, such as race? Our results indicate that, while schools resources decrease with the representation of immigrants, this relationship largely reflects differences in the educational needs of immigrant students. Although analyses that link resources to the representation of foreign-born students in 12 geographic regions of origin find some disparities, these are again largely driven by differences in educational need. Finally, we find that some resources increase over time when there are large increases in the percentage of immigrants in a school, but these results are less precisely estimated. Thus, elementary schools appear not to be biased either against or for immigrants per se, although differences in the needs of particular groups of immigrant students may lead to more (or fewer) school resources.


A global drift-fluid model is employed to study plasma discharges in linear devices including self-consistent treatment of electric fields. Numerical results on plasma rotation and turbulent scales are found to be very similar to experimental observations. Also a pronounced intermittent plasma transport in radial direction is observed for particular conditions. Extended filaments are expelled from the plasma column. In the simulations numerical probes have been implemented for detailed statistical analysis of the plasma fluctuations suitable for comparison with experimental data. In this contribution particular attention is paid to the impact of the plasma source on the intermittencies in the plasma column. It is found that even slight modifications in the shape of the plasma source can strongly change the plasma dynamics.


[1] The distances over which localized radiative forcing influences surface temperature have not been well characterized. We present a general methodology to analyze the spatial scales of the forcing/response relationship and apply it to simulations of historical aerosol forcing and response in four climate models. We find that the surface temperature response is not strongly sensitive to the longitude of forcing but is fairly sensitive to latitude. Surface temperature responses in the Arctic and the Southern Hemisphere extratropics, where forcing was small, show little relationship to local forcing. Restricting the analysis to 30°S–60°N, where nearly all the forcing was applied, shows that forcing strongly influences response out to ∼4500 km away examining all directions. The meridional length of influence is somewhat shorter (∼3500 km or 30°), while it extends out to at least 12,000 km in the zonal direction. Substantial divergences between the models are seen over the oceans, whose physical representations differ greatly among the models. Length scales are quite consistent over 30°S–60°N land areas, however, despite differences in both the forcing applied and the physics of the models themselves. The results suggest that better understanding of regionally inhomogeneous radiative forcing would lead to improved projections of regional climate change over land areas. They also provide quantitative estimates of the spatial extent of the climate impacts of pollutants, which can extend thousands of kilometers beyond polluted areas, especially in the zonal direction.


This paper contributes to the research project on the OSCE Legal Framework led by the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law. It deals with the OSCE's international responsibility by distinguishing three different but correlated phenomena: (1) its capacity to develop a legal system; (2) its possession of legal personality, whether international or domestic, does not compromise the existence of the institution as such; and (3) how its international responsibility is dependent upon the fact that the OSCE is either considered as founded by an instrument of international law or by an act of creation not based on international law. The introduction sets the scene describing the work of the International Law Commission. Section 2 further discusses the interaction between legal personality and the development of an 'original' or 'derivative' legal system. Section 3 then discusses four possibilities: (1) the OSCE possesses a derivative legal system and does not have international legal personality; (2) the OSCE possesses a derivative legal system and does have international legal personality; (3) the OSCE possesses an original legal system and does not have international legal personality; and (4) the OSCE possesses an original legal system and does have international legal personality. This paper does not define once and for all what the OSCE is and how its legal responsibility is to be assessed, but instead discusses the potential consequences that different legal constructions would have on its responsibility.The paper contributes to the law of international organizations analyzing how their international responsibility is affected by the adoption of one or another concept of legal system.


In this paper, numerical simulation of FRP composite cylinder tubes progressive crushing processes is conducted using LS-Dyna. Details on the numerical modeling strategy are given and discussed. It is found that triggers introduced in the numerical simulation can effectively model the bevel trigger at the end of the tubular specimens. It is also found that two-layer finite element model based on the TsaiWu failure criteria is effective in representing the crushing failure mode of the tubular composite specimens and energy absorption characteristics. Employing GEvoM software, two meta-models are then obtained for modeling of both the absorbed energy (E) and the peak crushing force (Fmax) with respect to geometrical design variables using input output data obtained from the finite element modeling. Comparison between obtained meta-models and numerical results in both of training and testing sets show good approximation by using obtained polynomial models.


The Lord of the Rings is a multilingual trilogy which includes texts and lexical units of eight languages that are represented by means of the Roman alphabet and diacritics. This study scrutinizes the problem with translations of proper names. This includes an analysis of Tolkien's languages and their phonetic system. The results obtained embrace sound value of graphemes as well as pronunciation rules and are used to compare proper names in the original with interpretations by Ukrainian and Russian translators, raising the question of phonetic correspondence in translation. The novel suffered much in translations because of various alternations and substitutions. Many proper names were misunderstood and therefore rendered incorrectly.


This document is the final report for the SICS project Virtualizing the Trusted Execution Environment
(VETE). This project was carried out in close collaboration with Ericsson Research and with support
from ST-Ericsson.

In this project, we desig an dimplement a hypervisor for the U8500 NovaThor platform that operates inside the Secure world of the main CPUs. The hypervisor will virtualize the underlying hardware in such way that the Trusted Execution Environment either directly or with the help of the
hypervisor can provide secure isolation between the Trusted Applications, and between Trusted Applications and normal applications.


In this paper, we investigate the unwanted scattering that exists within the multipath simulator (MPS) array antennas employed in over the air (OTA) testing of mobile terminals. The impact of scattering is evaluated in terms of the measurement uncertainty of the average received power and the Ricean K-factor. The maximum ratio combining diversity is investigated for a generic device under test comprising two half-wavelength dipole antennas. We provide closed-form expressions for the uncertainties of the average received power and the Ricean K-factor for a uniform circular array of MPS antennas and a 2-D uniformly distributed angle-of-arrival spectrum. We also derive the maximum number of MPS antennas and the minimum ring radius of the MPS system as a function of the separation between the most distant antenna elements if the device under test employs a uniform linear array. As a result, we provide design guidelines for MPS array in terms of the number antennas, the radius of the MPS array and the wavelength of the carrier frequency.


This article analyses the results of an empirical study on the 200 most popular UK-based websites in various sectors of e-commerce services. The study provides empirical evidence on unlawful processing of personal data; it comprises a survey on the methods used to seek and obtain consent to process personal data for direct marketing and advertisement, and a test on the frequency of unsolicited commercial emails (UCE) received by customers as a consequence of their registering and submitting personal information to websites. Part One of the article presents a conceptual and normative account of data protection, it discusses the ethical values on which data protection is grounded and outlines the elements that have to be in place to seek and obtain valid consent to process personal data under European Union law. Part Two discusses the outcomes of the empirical study, which unveils a significant departure between EU legal theory and practice in data protection. Although a wide majority of websites (69%) has in place a system to ask separate consent for engaging in marketing activities, it is only 16.2% of them that obtain a consent which is valid under the standards set by EU law. The test with UCE shows that only less than one out of three websites (30.5%) respects the will of the data subject not to receive commercial communications, and that, when submitting personal data in online transactions, there is a high probability (50%) of incurring in a website that will ignore the refusal of consent and will send UCE. The article concludes that there is either lack, or inappropriate standard, of implementation, information or supervision by the UK authorities, especially in light of the clarifications provided at EU level.


Resistin is an adipocyte-secreted protein that circulates at increased levels in obesity. Acute administration of resistin impairs glucose tolerance, but the effects of chronic hyperresistinemia have not been established. Here we describe the generation and characterization of transgenic mice that have high circulating levels of resistin in the setting of normal weight. Fasted blood glucose was higher in resistin-transgenic mice than in their nontransgenic littermates, and glucose tolerance was impaired in the hyperresistinemic mice. Metabolic studies in the setting of a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp protocol revealed that chronically hyperresistinemic mice have elevated glucose production. This increase in glucose production may be partly explained by increased expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Thus, chronic hyperresistinemia impairs normal glucose metabolism.


A substantial number of studies on mental models have examined spatial accessibility in mental models during narrative comprehension. Accessibility of objects was dependent on how close they were to the current protagonist's location with closer objects being more accessible than further objects. This gradient of accessibility was conceptualized as the spatial distance effect (Morrow, Greenspan, Bower, 1987). Previous studies had used artificial designs and measures that made it difficult to generalize the results obtained. These included: memorizing a visual map before reading the narrative, using short or simple narratives and interrupting the natural reading process of a narrative for probing to occur. Furthermore, these studies focused on mental models constructed from written text. Few had attempted to explore mental models constructed from an audio narrative. The purpose of the present study was to use a naturalistic audio narrative to demonstrate the spatial representations in mental models. The setting of the narrative was on a deserted island and consisted of nine separate episodic events (episodes). The nine episodes were used to create prime-target word pairs that were used for probing during the lexical decision task. Forty participants from Murdoch University participated in a computerized go/no-go lexical decision task (LDT) where reaction time was documented to measure spatial proximity in mental models. Participants were assessed on reading enjoyment prior to the LDT. The findings showed evidence of the spatial distance effect, faster reaction times were observed for episodes that were located closer together than those further apart. There was unexpected sex differences observed. The spatial distance effect was observed for male participants but not for female participants. Interpretation and implications for future research were discussed.

Keywords: Mental models, spatial distance effect, spatial dimension, lexical decision task, sex


Adaptations in maternal carbohydrate metabolism are particularly important in pregnancy because glucose is the principal energy substrate used by the fetus. As metabolic homeostasis is intricately linked to the circadian system via the rhythmic expression of clock genes, it is likely that metabolic adaptations during pregnancy also involve shifts in maternal circadian function. We hypothesized that maternal adaptation in pregnancy involves changes in the hepatic expression of clock genes, which drive downstream shifts in circadian expression of glucoregulatory genes. Maternal liver and plasma (n = 6-8/group) were collected across 24-h periods (0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 0000, 0400) from C57Bl/6J mice under isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia prior to and on days 6, 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy (term = day 19). Hepatic expression of clock genes and glucoregulatory genes was determined by RT-qPCR. Hepatic clock gene expression was substantially altered across pregnancy, most notably in late gestation when the circadian rhythmicity of several clock genes was attenuated (≤64% reduced amplitude on day 18). These changes were associated with a similar decline in rhythmicity of the key glucoregulatory genes Pck1, G6Pase, and Gk, and by day 18, Pck1 was no longer rhythmic. Overall, our data show marked adaptations in the liver clock during mouse pregnancy, changes that may contribute to the altered circadian variation in glucoregulatory genes near term. We propose that the observed reduction of daily oscillations in glucose metabolism ensure a sustained supply of glucose to meet the high demands of fetal growth.


The choice of case in Gothic absolute constructions is not random, but systematic. Its determining factors are the semantic relationship between the matrix clause and the absolute construction, the tense/aspect of its participle, and the thematic role of its subject. The nominative absolute has main clause semantics, while absolutes in the oblique cases have subordinate clause semantics. The bare dative is the default for absolute constructions in Gothic, while secondary meanings such as durativity or iterativity are linked with other cases. Additionally, the preposition at can be used with either the dative or the accusative as a temporal marker or a focussing device.


Abstract
 <ABSTRACT>Neoliberal urban environmental governance is premised in part on the development of collaborative arrangements between state and non-state actors through which residents in informal settlements are encouraged to participate in their own governance. The neoliberal rationality of participation is implemented through governmental techniques such as responsibilization, whereby residents are rendered responsible for provision of basic environmental services previously seen as the responsibility of government authorities. However, neoliberal urban governance is incomplete, fragmented and fractured, affording room for maneuvering and innovative social agency whereby residents mimic, reinterpret, negotiate, and contest neoliberal subject formations. In this article, we discuss how engaged scholarship can facilitate such alternative productions of neoliberal subjectivities through the development of 'knowledge encounters'. We draw on cases of solid waste management and environmental risk governance in the informal settlements of Los Platanitos, Santo Domingo Norte, Dominican Republic, and Gaviotas Sur, Villahermosa, Mexico, to suggest that knowledge encounters facilitated through engaged ethnography furnish stages for alternative conceptions of responsibility, whereby residents negotiate neoliberal techniques of governance through diverse forms of acquiescence, reconfiguration and contestation.</ABSTRACT>


Several methods have been proposed to simulate large breast compressions such as those occurring during X-ray mammography. However evaluation of these methods against real data is rare. We acquired magnetic resonance images of eleven breasts before and after applying a relatively large in-vivo compression in the medial direction. Using non-rigid registration we observed an anisotropic deformation behaviour, with a reduced elongation in the anterior-posterior direction and an increased stretch in inferior-superior direction for all but one subject. Higher anisotropy was observed for larger compressions and in the central breast region. Using finite element simulations, we assessed the optimum performance of isotropic and transverse isotropic material models to predict the displacement of internal landmarks. We found that isotropic materials reduced the mean displacement error from 23.3mm to 4.3mm on average. Smaller errors were achieved with transverse isotropic materials (3.8mm). For large compressions (≫35%) the difference (5.2mm vs. 4.1mm) was statistically significant (p=0.04). Of the parameters varied, the amount of skin stiffness and anisotropy had the greatest influence on the results.


Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) were coated on either side of a commercially available Celgard 2320 membrane by a simple doctor blade method. This trilayer membrane (TLM) was subjected to ionic conductivity, thermal stability and contact angle measurements. Each layer of the TLM functions for a specific purpose: the MWCNTs provide electronic conductivity while the pores of the Celgard 2320 membrane facilitate lithium-ion transport and MgAl2O4 suppresses the shuttling of polysulfides due to the electrostatic attractive force. The TLM exhibited superior thermal stability and ionic conductivity than the uncoated Celgard 2320 membrane. The Li–S cell with a TLM offered a higher discharge capacity than the one with an uncoated membrane. The results are compared with earlier reports.


OBJECTIVES
To describe demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with hospital-onset seizure (HOS) and to explore current practices in their management.

DESIGN
Retrospective medical record review.

SETTING
Academic, tertiary care, private (New York University Langone Medical Center) and municipal (Bellevue Hospital Center) medical centers.

PATIENTS
Patients aged at least 18 years with HOS from January 1 through December 31, 2007. Patients admitted for evaluation of seizures or epilepsy were excluded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Hospital-onset seizure patterns, medication use, and outcomes.

RESULTS
We identified 218 patients with HOS; 139 (64%) had no history of seizure. Hospital-onset seizures were recurrent in 134 patients (61%) during the inpatient stay and were more likely to recur in those with new-onset seizure vs those with a history of seizure (43% vs 32%, P = .09). The most commonly described HOS in patients with a history of seizure and patients with new-onset seizure was a generalized tonic-clonic seizure (72 [33%]). Metabolic derangements were the most common identifiable cause of HOS (43 of 218 [20%]) and new-onset seizures (35 of 139 [25%]) and were more likely to recur. Phenytoin was the most common antiepileptic drug prescribed de novo (61%). Death during hospitalization or discharge to hospice was more common in patients with new-onset seizures compared with those with a history of seizure (19% vs 5%, P = .004). Among surviving patients discharged with a prescription of antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin and levetiracetam were prescribed most often.

CONCLUSIONS
Hospital-onset seizures commonly occur as new-onset seizures, are typically recurrent, and are associated with a high mortality. Older antiepileptic drugs are often prescribed at seizure presentation and at discharge.


Nigeria is currently classified by the World Bank as a 'blend' country, making it the poorest country in the world that does not have 'IDA-only' status. This paper uses the World Bank's own IDA eligibility criteria to assess whether Nigeria has a case for reclassification. Given that the country has not borrowed from IBRD for the past eleven years, such a change would merely recognize what is already de facto the case. Based on our analysis, Nigeria clearly qualifies as IDA-only based on its low income level and lack of creditworthiness. Its record of policy performance appears to be the final barrier, but we show it is no worse on performance than three African comparator groups: the current IDA-only pool, previous reverse-graduates, and the IDA-only oil producers. We also question the logic of this criterion for IDA-only 'eligibility' (though not of course for actual allocation or disbursements). Certainly, Africa's three previous reverse-graduates and Angola's current IDA-only status suggest that Nigeria is facing a double-standard. We thus conclude that Nigeria does have a strong case for reclassification. Nigeria has good reason to request such a change as it would allow it more equal consideration of its access to IDA grants (restricted to IDA-only countries) including for HIV/AIDS programs and its allocation of IDA loans. Reclassification would also strengthen the case for Nigeria receiving an immediate write-down of a large portion of its debt to bilateral donors (along the lines of concessional Naples terms for IDA-only countries), which we argue is critical to any hope that the current government's economic and political reform efforts can be sustained. The creditors have good reason for supporting such a change as part of a broader strategy for encouraging progress in Africa's most populous country, and one that is key to stabilizing a region where internal conflict and Islamic radicalism create threats to global security.


Abstract Whereas epistemological debates raged in educational administration during the Theory Movement, or inspired by intervention from Thom Greenfield, Richard Bates or Colin Evers and Gabriele Lakomski, epistemology and the quest for the scientific study of educational administration has somewhat diminished in the era of managerialism and the pursuit of research that has a direct impact on practice. Theoretically informed by the work of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, I seek to re-engage with the epistemological preliminaries of scholarship in educational leadership, management and administration. In doing so, I argue that administration is central to our way of seeing the social world and raise questions about the embedded and embodied nature of the educational administration scholar and what this means for scholarship. A social 'scientific' approach to educational administration, as advocated for in this article, must break free of the ambition of grounding in (rational) reason, the arbitrary division of the social world (e.g. administrators/non-administrators) and instead, take for its object, rather than getting itself caught up in, the struggle for the monopoly of the legitimate representation of the social world.


The Adaptation Fund, established under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), has now been approving funding for adaptation projects for more than two years. Given its particular institutional status and specific focus on concrete adaptation, it is particularly relevant to study the initial experiences of it for any future upscaling of international adaptation finance, despite the fact that its own resources are getting scarce. Alternative rationales for allocating funds, based on equity and efficiency concerns at both international and subnational levels, are here tested against the criteria and priorities of the Fund and decisions made on project approval. It is concluded that equity concerns appear to be the primary motivation and that allocation is de facto made between states rather than by considering inequity between subnational communities. However, the currency of vulnerability for determining equitable outcomes in allocation decisions has not been formalized, despite its central importance to the Fund. Instead, uniform national caps have been introduced. Such an equality approach can be considered inequitable. Finally, it is noted that although the Adaptation Fund Board has continuously developed its proposal review practices and adopted a learning-by-doing approach, it should provide both a further specification of the evaluation criteria and a compilation of best practices from approved proposals, and moreover enhance the transparency of the review process, all of which would clarify its core priorities for current and future project proponents.


Debris disks are gas-poor evolved circumstellar disks that show decreased nearto midinfrared thermal excess emission because of lack of material close to the star. Regarded as massive analogues to the Main Asteroid or Kuiper Belts in the Solar System, these often young dust-rich disks comprise second-generation dust created by disruptive collisions of planetesimals and the decay products of asteroids and comets. Of the dozen or so directly imaged planets to date many share a distinctive characteristic: they reside in stellar systems known to also possess circumstellar dust. High-angular resolution characterization of debris disks, whose morphology is thought to be affected by embedded orbiting planets, offers an important offers an important pathway for probing planet-disk interaction. I used polarimetric differential imaging (PDI) to characterize debris disks at 0.042" resolution with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) on the Gemini South 8 m telescope. For the first project, I determined the photometric response of polarimetric observations with the GPI leading to the flux calibration of the instrument. In my second and third project, I demonstrated the utility of PDI with radiative transfer modeling tools to characterize the morphology and grain properties of two debris disks at solar system scales. I reported the first PDI observations of the inner Kuiper Belt-analog HD 141569A disk and revealed the presence of an spiral arm. I also determined the existence of a putative unseen innermost disk inwards of 30 AU around HD 141569A through the analysis of the predicted thermal emission of the disk. Finally, I mapped the structure of the 82 AU ring-shaped HD 157587 debris disk. Our multi-wavelength high-contrast polarimetry reveals that even this unusually old (> 1 billion years) debris disk contains short-lived small grains: evidence of an active collisional cascade in this system. The combined power of extreme contrast (∼ 1 : 1, 000, 000 at 1 arc second), high angular resolution, and differential polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager reveals previously unseen disk structures, and is of great value for studying dynamically perturbed disks.


A STUDY OF HOME BUILDER ADVERTISING FOR SMART HOME TECHNOLOGIES Jared Don Bingham School of Technology Master of Science The purpose of this research is to discover if home builders along the Wasatch Front in Utah are advertising smart home technologies. Research was conducted by a review of the display advertisements placed in the Saturday and Sunday editions of The Deseret Morning News/Salt Lake Tribune from March 4, 2006 through April 1, 2006. An internet search for smart home terminology was performed on the web sites of home builders advertising in The Deseret Morning News/Salt Lake Tribune. A review of the display advertisements for the Deseret Morning News/Salt Lake Tribune revealed that home builders are not using that medium of advertising for smart home technology. A review of the usage of smart home terminology on the home builders' websites showed similar results. Although there was some usage of smart home terminologies on the websites, the vast majority were found on only two of the home builders' websites.


Background Concurrent use of lithium and ECT is suspected to increase neurotoxicity. Method A retrospective case-control study over an eight-year period was conducted to investigate the adverse effects of a combined lithium/ECT treatment Thirty-one subjects with combined lithium/ECT treatment were compared with a control group (ECT only) of 135 cases matched for age and sex. Results Most cases in both groups had no adverse effects. Three (10%) study group subjects and 15 (11 %) controls experienced brief delirium. Three controls and none of the subjects developed a prolonged confusion. There were no significant differences in the profile of other adverse effects between the two groups. Conclusion Prescription of lithium together with ECT was not associated with higher frequency of adverse effects.


Recognizing different types of savings allows for a more fruitful analysis of the business cycle. Sustainable investment activities must be financed by an equivalent amount of savings, both in length of availability and quantity. Upward sloping yield curves are a feature of the unhampered loanable funds market. Interest rates differ along this curve depending on the investment community's demand for funds. While free market maturity mismatching can be successful and advance intermediation, the existence of either a central bank or a fractional reserve banking system skew the yield curve, resulting in malinvestment fueled boom-bust cycles. Credit expansion alone fails to explain the full extent of these cycles. Additional causes of the business cycle are found via excessive maturity mistmatched borrowing driven by three banking sector interventions: credit expansion, the provision of a lender of last resort, and government bailout guarantees.


This paper concerns the practical design and implementation of professional tool using GPS in tracking and fleet management, the GPS is the premier satellite navigation system in the world. Not only is it used for military navigation but also it has become a major commercial and benefit as new applications have been found and lowcost GPS radios have become available, required for operation of all installed navigation equipments, aircrafts, ships, cars, trains, and most of tracking systems, etc. . A small system containing GPS receiver is installed in each vehicle of the fleet supported by GPRS communication module. This unit will allow the fleet manager to control all the vehicles' movements: present, previous positions, start of the journey, and non movement periods. Using the proposed designed system we can track all the ships, cars, trains, vehicles all time, with GPS positions and sensor data being received every minute. Optional add-ons include cost management, integrated navigation module for drivers, two-way text communication, fuel control and automatic driver identification. Data collected from the vehicles is processed, to get reports. Those reports can be sent automatically to the assigned position mailboxes by email in right time. Difficult situations are also immediately detected and reported by email and SMS as an alarm. All you need to access system is an internet connection and a web browser at anywhere. In our design, GPS Module was utilized with the SkyNav SKM53 Series has embedded GPS antenna enable high performance navigation in the most stringent application and solid fix even in harsh GPS visibility environment, and microcontroller 16F877. For programming of the microcontroller, software PIC Basic pro was used, a window based Software. The complete designed system has basic and optional features as we operate in real time GPS tracking solution, GPS positioning, and use GPRS communication which is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM), vehicle status report, two way communication, automatic reports and alarms. Other optional features are SMS massages for mobile phone, cost management, anti –theft vehicle protection, and can be integrated for fuel status. More over the designed system will be demonstrated as anti crash or anti collision system.


Adhesives are extensively used in modern structural engineering as they can deliver
specific benefits over other joining methods. For example, adhesives allow more flexibility
in component design and eliminate the weight and space penalties of other joining methods
such as riveting and bolting. The removal of the requirement to drill the structure for
joining improves the stress distribution in the joint and thereby increase fatigue resistance
and service life. Adhesives are extensively used in the manufacture of high strength to
weight ratio components such as the honeycomb structures used in aerospace applications.
Even in some miniature components, adhesives have been employed to increase reliability
and performance and reduce the number of assembly components. In order to ensure
reliable in-service performance, it is vital that the long term behaviour of bonded joints
should be understood. In terms of loading the two distinct, but related, features of a joint
that determine its long-term performance are its fatigue and creep behaviour. Recent work
[1.1-1.8] has shown that creep can be significant in adhesive materials, even at ambient
temperatures, and the accumulation of creep strain under normal service loading conditions
can lead to premature failure in adhesively bonded structures. Creep-fatigue interaction is
an important problem that must be addressed in the design of many bonded structures. It is
generally believed that when there is creep-fatigue interaction, such as under low
frequency fatigue or high frequency fatigue combined with extended hold periods, a crack
will grow faster than under either fatigue or creep loading alone. This is a practical
consideration in many industrial areas such as the aerospace and automotive sectors. The
aims of the current project were therefore to investigate the creep and fatigue performance
of adhesively bonded joints and to evaluate any creep-fatigue interactions.
An extensive range of experimental data has been generated in this work to provide the
information required for the development and assessment of creep and fatigue failure
criteria. A creep rig has been designed to collect creep data and tensile tests have been
conducted to obtain the mechanical properties of the adhesive.
Adhesively bonded double-cantilever beam (DCB) samples have been tested in fatigue at
various frequencies (0.1-10 Hz) and temperatures (22 ±I -120°C). The adhesive used in
this work was a toughened epoxy (FM300-2M) and the substrates used were a carbon fibre
reinforced polymer (CFRP) and mild steel. Results showed that the crack growth per cycle
increases and the fatigue threshold decreases as the test frequency decreases. The locus of
failure with the CFRP adherends was predominantly in the adhesive layer whereas the
locus of failure with the steel adherends was in the interfacial region between the steel and
the adhesive. The crack growth was faster, for a given strain energy release rate, and the
fatigue thresholds lower for the samples with steel adherends. Increasing the temperature
to 120°C drastically reduced the threshold fatigue value. Tests with variable frequency
loading were also carried out at a range of temperatures.
The effects of creep, fatigue and creep-fatigue were investigated through a series of
experiments using steel-epoxy DCB samples. This entailed testing under quasi-static,
fatigue and creep loading and an investigation of the effects of test frequency and
temperature on the fatigue life and the crack growth rate. The experimental work was
supported by linear and non-linear finite element analysis of the joints and an investigation
of elastic, elastic-plastic and time dependent fracture mechanics parameters. Various
correlations between the fracture parameters and crack growth for time and frequency
dependent fracture have been explored.
Four methods to predict crack growth under creep-fatigue conditions have been
investigated. The first method assumed that crack growth can be described by an empirical
crack growth law and the crack growth law constants can be determined experimentally as
functions of frequency and temperature. The Second method assumed creep and fatigue
crack growth are competing mechanisms and the crack growth rate is determined by
whichever is dominant. The third method assumed that crack growth can be partitioned
into cyclic dependent (fatigue) and time dependent (creep) components. The fourth method
was used to treat the effect of creep/fatigue interaction. The predicted crack growth using
these methods agreed well with the experimental results. Each of these methods was shown
to be useful in predicting crack growth and the selection of the most appropriate method is
dependent on the data available and the loading /environmental conditions.


Using data from the CPS this paper examines the role of birth-country networks on immigrants' unemployment duration from 2001 to 2013. We find that networks significantly lower unemployment duration for all immigrants. Varying the effect of networks over duration categories we find that networks are more effective in lowering duration for immigrants unemployed for 1-2 months than immigrants who are unemployed for longer periods and this effect is further strengthened during the post recession period. This supports the Calvo-Armengol and Jackson hypothesis which posits that longer the agent is unemployed, less effective are her social networks in job search. Our findings are robust to different specifications.


As in other African countries, pupils in Malawi perform more poorly in science subjects than in other subjects on national examinations. Factors such as the quality of teachers, pupils' prior knowledge, cognitive ability and learning strategies, school environment, home environment and government policies may affect the performance of pupils in science and other subjects. Shayer and Adey (1981), using results from a national survey in England based on Piaget's cognitive development theory, have suggested that much of the science taught in secondary school requires formal operational thinking, yet only a minority of pupils have this ability. This study explored the effects of cognitive ability, age and gender on the performance in science of secondary school pupils in Malawi. The pupils' cognitive ability was assessed using science reasoning tasks and this correlated with their age, gender and performance in four subjects on the Malawi School Certificate of Education (MSCE) examinations. The results showed that girls were on average one year younger than boys and had lower cognitive ability than boys in the same class. There was a negative correlation between age and cognitive ability in Form 3 boys and girls, as there was between age and performance on MSCE, which was higher for boys than girls. There was a larger positive correlation between cognitive ability and performance on MSCE for boys than for girls. Possible explanations for poorer performance of older boys and girls are discussed.


Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) tools for air-conditioning application may perform well or poorly, but it is difficult to characterize this performance in a meaningful way. Some recently proposed evaluation techniques have provided various statistics to characterize FDD performance, but these results can be difficult for a potential adopter of FDD to understand. A new method of characterizing FDD performance by predicting the overall economic value of the FDD tool is proposed in this paper. It is applicable to FDD tools intended for air-cooled unitary airconditioners, such as rooftop units (RTU) and split systems. The method gives an estimated dollar value, normalized per nominal ton of capacity, for a specific FDD tool when applied in a typical scenario. This is accomplished by considering a large set of variables that affect the tool's value: probabilities of fault occurrence (both type and intensity) and operating conditions during FDD deployment; energy impact of each fault scenario; fault-induced loss of equipment life, and costs associated with addressing faults. Some case studies of FDD tools currently in use are presented to demonstrate the method. These tools have a surprising range of value.


Using numerical simulations we investigate the properties of the dynamic phase transition that is encountered in the three-dimensional Ising model subjected to a periodically oscillating magnetic field. The values of the critical exponents are determined through finite-size scaling. Our results show that the studied non-equilibrium phase transition belongs to the universality class of the equilibrium three-dimensional Ising model.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between school-wide gender equity efforts and seventh grade girls' and boys' educational outcomes and psychological functioning. In this paper, we detail the components of the study, which included documenting that this school did in fact have a gender equitable environment; measuring students' perceptions of gender equity in their school experience, academic achievement, self-esteem, and gender ideologies; and conducting classroom observations, focus groups, and individual interviews with a subset of this sample. Our findings from these efforts yielded an unexpected and intriguing contradiction. Overwhelmingly, teachers and students reported in surveys that they perceived their school to be gender fair. Yet classroom observations and interviews with students bring into view serious differentials in how boys and girls experienced, behaved and were treated in their classrooms. The students read these differences in classroom behaviors as reflecting inherent or natural differences between boys and girls; thus, these differences were experienced as equitable. The article concludes with a discussion of how these findings raise questions about, and issue challenges for, current conceptions of gender equity in schools.


Symbolic execution has attracted significant attention in recent years, with applications in software testing, security, networking and more. Symbolic execution tools, like CREST, KLEE, FuzzBALL, and Symbolic PathFinder, have enabled researchers and practitioners to experiment with new ideas, scale the technique to larger applications and apply it to new application domains. Therefore, the correctness of these tools is of critical importance. In this paper, we present our experience extending compiler testing techniques to find errors in both the concrete and symbolic execution components of symbolic execution engines. The approach used relies on a novel way to create program versions, in three different testing modes—concrete, single-path and multi-path—each exercising different features of symbolic execution engines. When combined with existing program generation techniques and appropriate oracles, this approach enables differential testing within a single symbolic execution engine. We have applied our approach to the KLEE, CREST and FuzzBALL symbolic execution engines, where it has discovered 20 different bugs exposing a variety of important errors having to do with the handling of structures, division, modulo, casting, vector instructions and more, as well as issues related to constraint solving, compiler optimisations and test input replay.