Cell migration is a dynamic process that entails extensive protein synthesis and recycling, structural remodeling, and considerable bioenergetic demand. Autophagy is one of the pathways that maintain cellular homeostasis. Time-lapse imaging of autophagosomes and ATP/ADP levels in migrating cells in the rostral migratory stream of mouse revealed that decreases in ATP levels force cells into the stationary phase and induce autophagy. Pharmacological or genetic impairments of autophagy in neuroblasts using either bafilomycin, inducible conditional mice, or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased cell migration due to the longer duration of the stationary phase. Autophagy is modulated in response to migration-promoting and inhibiting molecular cues and is required for the recycling of focal adhesions. Our results show that autophagy and energy consumption act in concert in migrating cells to dynamically regulate the pace and periodicity of the migratory and stationary phases to sustain neuronal migration.


The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients who presented a gastric Non-Hodgkin's Malignant Lymphomas in absence and in the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This is a descriptive retrospective study. During the period 2000 and 2010, based on the records of inpatients in qui their biopsies made during the examination of their stomachs by fibroscopy in the department were consulted at Hepato-Gastroenterology at the University Hospital Center in Rabat, Morocco. A total of 70 cases of gastric Non-Hodgkin's Malignant Lymphomas were recorded with an average of 6 cases per years, which represents 23% of all gastric cancers identified. Male gender is most affected. The prevalence rate of gastric Non-Hodgkin's in the absence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is 55% and 56% in the presence of Helicobater pylori. Adults are mostly affected by this disease. Epigastric pain in the presence or absence of the Helicobacre pylori bacterium proves to be the main symptom of the gastric Non-Hodgkin's Malignant Lymphomas. Treatment at an early stage should be done to reduce the risks associated with this pathology.


In this thesis we focus on the lower domination parameters of a graph G, denoted π(G), for π ∈ {i, ir, γ}. For each of these parameters, we are interested in characterizing the structure of graphs that are critical when faced with small changes such as vertex-removal, edge-addition and edge-removal. While criticality with respect to independence and domination have been well documented in the literature, many open questions still remain with regards to irredundance. In this thesis we answer some of these questions. First we describe the relationship between transitivity and criticality. This knowledge we then use to determine under which conditions certain classes of graphs are critical. Each of the chosen classes of graphs will provide specific examples of different types of criticality. We also formulate necessary conditions for graphs to be ir-critical and ir-edge-critical.


A direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) can produce electricity with both superior electrical efficiency and fuel utilisation compared to all other types of fuel cells. Although the first DCFC prototype was proposed in 1896, there was, until the 1970s, little sustained effort to investigate further, because of technology development issues. Interest in DCFCs has recently been reinvigorated as a possible method of replacing conventional coal-fired power plants to meet the demands for lower CO2 emissions, and indeed for efficient utilisation of waste derived chars. In this article, recent developments in direct carbon conversion are reviewed, with the principal emphasis on the materials involved. The development of electrolytes, anodes and cathodes as well as fuel sources is examined. The activity and chemical stability of the anode materials are a critical concern addressed in the development of new materials. Redox media of molten carbonate or molten metal facilitating the transportation of ions offer promising possibilities for carbon oxidation. The suitability of different carbon fuels in various DCFC systems, in terms of crystal structure, surface properties, impurities and particle size, is also discussed. We explore the influence of a variety of parameters on the electrochemical performance of DCFCs, with regard to their open circuit voltage, power output and lifetime. The challenges faced in developing DCFCs are summarised, and potential prospects of the system are outlined.


The study aimed at identifying "Jordanians' trends in term of knowledge of social, economic, civil and political rights of women in Karak, Tafileh, Ma'an governorates, discovering the opportunities to exercise women's social, economic, civil, and political rights, and detecting the obstacles that prevent women from exercising these rights. A stratified sample of females and males between 18 and 65 years old, in total 1155 members of the community, were interviewed for the study. Data was collected between the period between Februay and July 2016. A questionnaire was designed by academics to collect data related to the study. In data analysis, the study relied on a descriptive analytical approach. The results have shown that: the percentage of knowledge of the study sample regarding women's social, economic, civil, and political rights is 71%, where the proportion of knowledge regarding social and economic rights is 73% and regarding the civil and political rights is 68%. The general average of the chances of women to exercise all of their rights whether social, economic, civil, and political reached a score of 3.68 out of ten. The questionnaire shows that the highest chances are related to exercising the civil and political rights (3.74), compared to social and economic rights (3.63). As for the obstacles that hinder women from exercising their rights, the most reported obstacle is "customs and traditions", then favoritism and nepotism, all in a cultural social context. Correlations demonstrated that practicing social, economic, civil, and political rights successfully depending on gender in favor of males, as well as the educational level in favor of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The study also found that persons working in the public sector were more likely to have better knowledge of rights This study highlights the importance of raising awareness in the fields of social and economic aspects of women's rights, as well as conducting further scientific studies related to the empowerment of women's rights in all fields.


This paper characterizes and proposes a method to correct for errors-in-variables biases in the estimation of rank correlation coeffcients (Spearman's ? and Kendall's t). We first investigate a set of suffcient conditions under which measurement errors bias the sample rank correlations toward zero. We then provide a feasible nonparametric bias-corrected estimator based on the technique of small error variance approximation. We assess its performance in simulations and an empirical application, using rich Swedish data to estimate intergenerational rank correlations in income. The method performs well in both cases, lowering the mean squared error by 50-85 percent already in moderately sized samples (n = 1,000).


The two purposes of this pilot study were: to classify fifth-grade students' verbal responses as
either Musical Term or Affective/Associative, and to determine if there was a significant difference
between subjects' verbal responses in written and spoken forms. Fifth-grade subjects (n = 40) completed the
"Listening and Thinking" measure, consisting of six open-ended questions based on two pairs of
instrumental musical examples. Half the subjects responded in written form while the other half responded
in oral form. In a Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a disordinal interaction was found (p = 0.01)
such that there were more spoken responses referring to musical terms, and more written responses
referring to affective/associative responses. The subjects provided significantly (p = 0.00 1) more musical
term than affective/associative responses. There were, however, no significant differences found in the
subjects' responses by musical example, by order of musical examples, or by form of data. For affective
and associative responses, written data may prove to be more useful than spoken data, and written
responses to music listening appear to be as effective as spoken data. These results have implications for
future investigations of cognitive and affective responses to music listening and evaluations of music
listening instruction.


Kaitianite, Ti3+2Ti4+O5, is a new titanium oxide mineral discovered in the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The type grain coexists with tistarite (Ti2O3) and rutile. Corundum, xifengite, mullite, osbornite, and a new Ti,Al,Zr‐oxide mineral are also present, although not in contact. The chemical composition of type kaitianite is (wt%) Ti2O3 56.55, TiO2 39.29, Al2O3 1.18, MgO 1.39, FeO 0.59, V2O3 0.08 (sum 99.07), yielding an empirical formula of (Ti3+1.75Al0.05Ti4+0.10Mg0.08Fe0.02)(Ti4+1.00)O5, with Ti3+ and Ti4+ partitioned, assuming a stoichiometry of three cations and five oxygen anions pfu. The end‐member formula is Ti3+2Ti4+O5. Kaitianite is the natural form of γ‐Ti3O5 with space group C2/c and cell parameters a = 10.115 Å, b = 5.074 Å, c = 7.182 Å, β = 112°, V = 341.77 Å3, and Z = 4. Both the type kaitianite and associated rutile likely formed as oxidation products of tistarite at temperatures below 1200 K, but this oxidation event could have been in a very reducing environment, even more reducing than a gas of solar composition. Based on experimental data on the solubility of Ti3+ in equilibrium with corundum from the literature, the absence of tistarite in or on Ti3+‐rich corundum (0.27–1.45 mol% Ti2O3) suggests that these grains formed at higher temperatures than the kaitianite (>1579–1696 K, depending on the Ti concentration). The absence of rutile or kaitianite in or on corundum suggests that any exposure to the oxidizing environment producing kaitianite in tistarite was too short to cause the precipitation of Ti‐oxides in or on associated corundum.


As the Minister of Transport, I must say that I am pleased with the work we are doing to reconstruct our road infrastructure which has suffered a lot of under-investment for many years. It is for this reason that our government has identified road infrastructure as one of the major priorities. For the first time in the history of South Africa, cabinet approved a document called the Road Infrastructure Framework for South Africa, which is a blueprint for the planning, development and maintenance of our road network. Government has also set aside R70 billion for the road infrastructure across all spheres of government - which demonstrates our seriousness to overhaul our road infrastructure network.


The positive and negative effects of playing video games have been actively discussed for as long as the games have existed. Until recently, game playing has been accused of having mostly negative effects on one's wellbeing, especially on health. However, the tone of the discussion has recently started to change. For example, healthcare professionals have praised Pokémon Go game for its positive impact on physical activity. The research, though, has largely focused on small subsets of wellness dimensions. The aim of this study is to find out if playing Pokémon Go can positively affect the player's wellness. We propose a conceptual model to assess the link between playing Pokémon Go and the theorized dimensions of wellness utilizing a dataset containing 370 active players. Contrary to the widely held expectations, our analysis does not indicate significant relationship between playing Pokémon Go and some of the wellness dimensions, such as social or physical wellness. However, we find that playing Pokémon Go positively influences the player's overall wellness through the dimension of emotional wellness.


The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the police organizational culture in Sweden. Previous research on Police in Sweden has focused largely on Police Chiefs and police officers. It has ignored a major element in the organisational culture of the police – civilian employees. This thesis revisits the organisational culture of the Swedish Police Service in its entirety. The thesis reports the change, steering and management issues that arose from the introduction of 'planned change', via quality management, into the organisational culture of the police. To clarify these issues, it focuses on a recent reform initiative – community policing in the period between 1993 and 2004. Fieldwork and other data on a quality project were collected between 1995 and 1998. The results of this initiative were uneven. It was difficult to accomplish planned change. Much time was taken up with 'muddling through'. These results are then compared earlier accounts of planned change and 'muddling through', taken from the international literature on organisational cultures. Overall, the research suggests that the organisation of Police Chiefs, police officers, and civilian staff are not fully integrated, and boundaries between these groups are a source of internal, time-consuming discussion, all of which have an impact on the Swedish police service. In sum, organizational culture of the Swedish police service can be understood in terms of its relationships with different sub-cultures and in term of its relationship with the outside world. These features give the service a unique character.


Radiocarbon (14C) dating is a convenient and accurate method of absolute dating of organic materials. Radiocarbon is a cosmogenic isotope formed in the upper atmosphere and after oxidation to CO2 it becomes involved in the carbon cycle together with other carbon isotopes (12C, 13C). Equilibrium between radioactive 14C decay and its replenishment is established in all living organisms. After death the replenishment stops while the radioactive decay continues. By measuring the 14C remained in the organic material we can determine the time elapsed since the death of the organism. Various organic materials can be 14C dated, such as wood, charcoal, bone, seeds and grains, paper, parchment, hair, etc. Here we present details of two recent studies of the Croatian culture heritage dated in the Zagreb Radiocarbon Laboratory. Dating of several other cultural heritage objects from the neighboring countries will be also briefly described. All the results were obtained by AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) measurement technique [1] that enables analysis of very small samples containing a few milligrams of carbon, and is therefore applicable to various objects of cultural heritage. The conventional radiocarbon age expressed in years Before Present (BP) were calibrated by OxCal software using the IntCal13 calibration curve [2]. The calibrated ages and age spans are expressed as "cal AD". The Cathedral of St. Domnius in Split received a massive gilded wooden door on the Feast of St. George in 1214. The doors (Figure 1), made by the local craftsman Master Andrija Buvina, are 530 cm high and the two wings are 360 cm wide. The doors contain 28 scenes from the life of Jesus Christ. Five wood samples (oak and walnut) from the Buvina's door were taken, as well as 2 samples from the choir benches from the Cathedral [3]. At least two wooden pieces belong to the original doors from AD 1214 (Figure 2) with the calibrated age spans cal AD 1155 – 1210 (Z-5720) and cal AD 1054 – 1191 (Z-5721). Two samples (Z-5719, Z-6037) are somewhat younger (cal AD 1245 – 1272 and cal AD 1225 – 1266) and one sample is considerably younger (cal AD 1481 – 1650) indicating that they could not have been built into the original doors. The sample Z-6605 from the choir benches was dated to the second half of the 13th century (cal AD 1266 – 1281, Figure 2), as expected, while the other was probably placed into the benches during the repair in the second half of the 20th century. The Old olive tree (Olea europaea L.) on the Veli Brijun Island, National Park Brijuni, Istria, Croatia, was expected to be 1600 years old (Figure 3). However, the inner and oldest part of the trunk in olive trees usually rots, making the radiocarbon analysis of material from the first years of life of the tree impossible. The inside of the Old olive tree was hollow so that the central, older wood was missing. Five samples were taken from the inner side of the trunk. Four of them resulted in conventional radiocarbon ages of up to 150 BP. After calibration it was found that the wood was not older than 300 years. This is in agreement with most other radiocarbon dates of internal wood from living olive trees, rarely older than 300 years [4]. The last sample clearly indicated a younger branch dated to the period cal AD 1979 – 1981, showing thus the complexity of the olive trunk structure.


BACKGROUND
The use of administrative billing data may enable large-scale assessments of treatment outcomes for Chiari Malformation type I (CM-1). However, to utilize such data sets, validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM) code algorithms for identifying CM-1 surgery are needed.

OBJECTIVE
To validate 2 ICD-9-CM code algorithms identifying patients undergoing CM-1 decompression surgery.

METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed the validity of 2 ICD-9-CM code algorithms for identifying adult CM-1 decompression surgery performed at 2 academic medical centers between 2001 and 2013. Algorithm 1 included any discharge diagnosis code of 348.4 (CM-1), as well as a procedure code of 01.24 (cranial decompression) or 03.09 (spinal decompression, or laminectomy). Algorithm 2 restricted this group to patients with a primary diagnosis of 348.4. The positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity of each algorithm were calculated.

RESULTS
Among 340 first-time admissions identified by Algorithm 1, the overall PPV for CM-1 decompression was 65%. Among the 214 admissions identified by Algorithm 2, the overall PPV was 99.5%. The PPV for Algorithm 1 was lower in the Vanderbilt (59%) cohort, males (40%), and patients treated between 2009 and 2013 (57%), whereas the PPV of Algorithm 2 remained high (≥99%) across subgroups. The sensitivity of Algorithms 1 (86%) and 2 (83%) were above 75% in all subgroups.

CONCLUSION
ICD-9-CM code Algorithm 2 has excellent PPV and good sensitivity to identify adult CM-1 decompression surgery. These results lay the foundation for studying CM-1 treatment outcomes by using large administrative databases.


Abstract Norian–Rhaetian reef carbonates are exposed in several localities in Taurus Mountains. They predominately contain hypercalcified sponges, followed by scleractinian corals and other less numerous organisms. A coherent Norian–Rhaetian reef structure is exposed near the small town of Saklıkent, west of Antalya. Foraminifers occur in reef carbonates of Saklıkent by numerous genera as shown in this paper. Two species — Siculocosta taurica and Siculocosta sadati — are described as new. The foraminiferal association of Saklıkent is similar or almost identical to the associations known from the Norian–Rhaetian reefs of Sicily, Northern Calcareous Alps, and Greece but shows less similarity to the foraminiferal association from the Apennines, Italy. The most abundant foraminifers are milioliporoids, particularly galeanellids and cucurbitids. Some sessile and agglutinated foraminifers, including Alpinophragmium perforatum Flügel, which mostly occurs abundantly in the Norian–Rhaetian reef carbonates, could not be found in the Saklıkent reef. This association of foraminifera is reported for the first time from a Norian–Rhaetian reef in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey.


Gene-flow from an ancestrally differentiated group has been shown to be a powerful source of selectively advantageous variants. To understand whether recent gene-flow may have contributed to adaptation among humans in sub-Saharan Africa, we applied a novel method to identify deviations in ancestry inferred from genome-wide data in 48 populations. Among the signals of ancestry deviation that we find in the Fula, an historically pastoralist ethnic group from the Gambia, are the region that encodes the lactose persistence phenotype, LCT/MCM6, which has the highest proportion of Eurasian ancestry in the genome. The region with the lowest proportion of non-African ancestry is across DARC, which encodes the Duffy null phenotype and is protective for Plasmodium vivax malaria. In the Jola from the Gambia and a Khoesan speaking group from Namibia we find multiple regions with inferred ancestry deviation including the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Our analysis shows the potential for adaptive gene-flow in recent human history.


UNLABELLED
Some 30% of pre-weaning infants present problems of sleep during the night, especially those who are bottle-fed. The solution is for them to be breast-fed for as long as possible, or, if this is not possible, for the formula milk to reproduce breast-milk's natural circadian variations in the concentrations of tryptophan and those nucleotides which have a beneficial effect in consolidating the circadian sleep-wake cycle.

OBJECTIVE
To study in pre-weaning infants the effect on nocturnal sleep of the administration of formula milk dissociated into its day/night components.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective study was carried out on 30 pre-weaning infants of 4-20 weeks in age who preferentially showed sleep problems. The day dissociated formula, administered from 06:00-18:00, had lower levels of tryptophan and carbohydrates, and higher levels of proteins together with cytosine-5P, guanosine-5P, and inosine-5P. The night dissociated formula, administered from 18:00-06:00, had lower levels of proteins and medium-chain triglycerides, higher levels of tryptophan and carbohydrates, together with adenosine-5P and uridine-5P. In a random, double-blind, design, three one-week diets were administered: Diet A (Control): normal initiation milk; Diet B: 06:00-18:00 normal initiation milk, 18:00-06:00 dissociated night formula; and Diet C: day/night formulas with the schedule given above. The sleep patterns were analyzed by means of actimeters (Actiwatch). Statistical analysis consisted of an ANOVA with a Scheffe F-test, taking a value of p<0.05 to be statistically significant.

RESULTS
The children receiving the week of Diet C (with the day/night formulas in synchrony with the environment) showed increased hours of actual sleep (7.68 +/- 0.54 h vs. 6.77 +/- 0.12 h for the Diet A control) and improved sleep latency (0.44 +/- 0.04 h vs. 0.60 +/- 0.08 h for the Diet A control). The same children receiving the Diet B in another different week showed an improvement in sleep efficiency (76.43 +/- 3.4% vs. the Diet A control 69.86 +/- 0.94%) and sleep latency (0.45 +/- 0.04 h vs. the Diet A control 0.60 +/- 0.08h) The parents also reported, in response to follow-up questions, an improvement in the sleep of their infants during the Diet C week.

CONCLUSION
Day/night infant formula milks designed according to the principles of chrononutrition help to consolidate the sleep/wake rhythm in bottle-fed infants.


This thesis presents an effort to miniaturize conventional optical microscopy to a chip level using microfluidic technology. Modern compound microscopes use a set of bulk glass lenses to form magnified images from biological objects. This limits the possibility of shrinking the size of a microscope system. The invention of micro/nanofabrication technology gives hope to engineers who want to rethink the way we build optical microscopes. This advancement can fundamentally reform the way clinicians and biologists conduct microscopy. Optofluidic microscopy (OFM) is a miniaturized optical imaging method which utilizes a microfluidic flow to deliver biological samples across a 1-D or 2-D array of sampling points defined in a microfluidic channel for optical scanning. The optical information of these sampling points is collected by a CMOS imaging sensor on the bottom of the microfluidic channel. Although the size of the OFM device is as small as a US dime, it can render high resolution images of less than 1 μm with quality comparable to that of a bulky, standard optical microscope. OFM has a good potential in various biological applications. For example, the integration of an OFM system with high-speed hydrodynamic focusing technology will allow very large scale imaging-based analysis of cells or microorganisms; the compactness and low cost nature of OFM systems can enable portable or even disposable biomedical diagnostic tools for future telemedicine and personalized health care.


The biochemical characteristics of 213 isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from patients with melioidosis and 140 isolates from the soil in central and northeastern Thailand were compared. Whereas the biochemical profiles of all the clinical isolates were similar, all soil isolates from the central area and 25% of isolates from northeastern Thailand comprised a different phenotype. This was characterised by the ability to assimilate L-arabinose (100%), adonitol (100%), 5-keto-gluconate (90%) and D-xylose (84%), but failure to assimilate dulcitol (0%), erythritol (0%) and trehalose (10%). Compared with clinical isolates, these organisms had similar antibiotic susceptibility profiles and were also recognised by a specific polyclonal antibody against B. pseudomallei. As melioidosis is rare in central Thailand, but common in the northeast, this raises the possibility that this biochemical phenotype may be less virulent, or may even represent a different species.


A question of interest in children's savings research asks whether there are unique effects on children's later savings when savings accounts are opened in their names earlier in life, either independently from and or simultaneously with accounts in which parents save on children's behalf. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study created a combined measure of children's (ages 12-19) and parents' savings account ownership to predict savings outcomes in young adulthood (ages 20-25). All possible combinations of children's and parents' account ownership were significantly related to young adults' savings account ownership; however, only children's savings account ownership was significantly related to savings accumulation. Implications for the independent effects of savings accounts in children's names are discussed.


This thesis develops an Hegelian philosophy of education by presenting
the concept as the comprehension of the dialectic of enlightenment. It
begins by examining recent critical theory of education which has
employed Habermas's idea of communicative action in order to reassess
the relationship between education and political critique. It goes on
to expose the flaws in this approach by uncovering its uncritical use
of critique as the method of enlightenment. Enlightenment as overcoming
presupposes enlightenment as absolute education. The philosophical
issues raised here are then substantially examined by returning to
Habermas in order to trace the presupposition of critique as method in
his theorizing. It is argued that Habermas also presupposes critique as
absolute enlightenment, or overcoming, in both the emancipatory
knowledge-constitutive interest and in The Theory of Communicative
Action, and further, that it is this presupposition which returns as
the contradiction of the dialectic of enlightenment in his work.
Horkheimer and Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment is then itself
examined along with Adorno's Negative Dialectics. Here it is argued
that although this work marks an educational and philosophical
development over Habermas, nevertheless its authors also presuppose the
identity of enlightenment, this time in the claim that the dialectic of
enlightenment, and negative dialectics, are not a determinate negation.
The thesis shows how Habermas and Adorno, in their respective views of
the dialectic of enlightenment, repeat but do not comprehend the selfdetermination
which is the actual in Hegelian philosophy. The final
chapter of the thesis employs Hegelian philosophy to re-examine the
aporia of education as method. It argues that the dialectic of
enlightenment is actual when it is recognized as the self-education of
philosophical consciousness, and is the identity and non-identity which
is the concept. The implications of Hegelian philosophy of education as
the recognition of misrecognition are then explored, first with regard
to rethinking the identity of the teacher in civil society and
developing the concept as ethical pedagogy; and then to recognizing
critique as comprehensive education with regard to the state in civil
society.


This paper describes our approach to developing the Turkish PropBank by adopting the semantic role-labeling guidelines of the original PropBank and using the translation of the English Penn-TreeBank as a resource. We discuss the semantic annotation process of the PropBank and language-specific cases for Turkish, the tools we have developed for annotation, and quality control for multiuser annotation. In the current phase of the project, more than 9500 sentences are semantically analyzed and predicate-argument information is extracted for 1330 verbs and 1914 verb senses. Our plan is to annotate 17,000 sentences by the end of 2017.


Abstract Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, ┘hiIh eマe�ged iミ the Ca�pathiaミ Basiミ, iミ toda┞げs Huミga�┞. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis has not been revealed yet. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from MesolithiI, NeolithiI "ta�ce┗o aミd LBK sites (7 th /6 th millennium BC) from the Carpathian Basin and south-eastern Europe. We detect genetic continuity of both maternal and paternal elements during the initial spread of agriculture, and confirm the substantial genetic impact of early farming south-eastern European and Carpathian Basin cultures on Central European populations of the 6 th -4 th millennium BC. Our comprehensive Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA population genetic analyses demonstrate a clear affinity of the early farmers to the modern Near East and Caucasus, tracing the expansion from that region through south-eastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin into Central Europe. Our results also reveal contrasting patterns for male and female genetic diversity in the European Neolithic, suggesting patrilineal descent system and patrilocal residential rules among the early farmers.


PURPOSE
To investigate whether intravitreal Kenalog (IVTK; Bristol Meyers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) produces histologic or electroretinographic changes in the rabbit retina up to 3 months after injection.

METHODS
Ten Dutch-belted rabbits were injected with 4 mg/0.1 mL Kenalog in one eye and 0.1 mL physiologic salt solution (PSS) in the fellow eye. Simultaneous bilateral dark-adapted electroretinography was performed 2 weeks and 12 weeks after injection in 10 and 6 rabbits, respectively. Saturated a-wave amplitude, maximal scotopic b-wave amplitude, and individual a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of IVTK-injected and control eyes were compared at 2 and 12 weeks after injection. Light microscopy was performed on both eyes of three animals 3 months after injection. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies recognizing vimentin and human alveolar macrophage (HAM)-56, markers of glial cells and macrophages, respectively.

RESULTS
No significant difference was observed in the saturated a-wave or maximal scotopic b-wave amplitudes between the PSS-injected eyes and the IVTK-injected eyes at 2 weeks (P = 0.95 and P = 0.56, respectively) and 12 weeks (P = 0.82 and P = 0.17) after injection. Light microscopy and immunohistochemistry disclosed only rare macrophages in the vitreous of IVTK-injected eyes. Retinal layers, retinal pigment epithelium, and choriocapillaris in treatment and control eyes were unremarkable.

CONCLUSIONS
No demonstrable electroretinographic or histologic changes occurred to suggest immediate or delayed widespread retinal toxicity of IVTK.


We studied parasitism rate by the terrestrial mite Leptus killingtoni Turk (Acari: Erythraeidae) on asexual parthenogenetic damselflies, Ischnura hastata (Say), and sexual Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) on Pico island (Azores, Portugal). We sampled 52 water bodies on the island and recorded whether Ischnura specimens were parasitized. Half of the water bodies had either dried up or were almost dry or did not have Ischnura populations. In the remaining 23 ponds, mite parasitism was extremely low, with only 3.6% of I. hastata females bearing one or more mites. Ischnura pumilio was rare on the island (61 specimens examined) and had also very few parasites (9.8% parasitism). We examined the biology of the mite and its effects on the host, by studying mite attachment behavior and seasonal abundance, in an intensive study of one pond (Lagoa do Landroal). At this pond, mite prevalence peaked at the start of the sampling period, with 32% of females of I. hastata parasitized and decreased continuously until the end of the study, when only 2% were parasitized. The analysis of mark–recapture histories of 1 748 females of I. hastata indicates that mites did not affect female survival or recapture rate. Our results suggest that L. killingtoni is unlikely to represent a significant selective factor for odonates on the island of Pico, if its density is as low as during the period of our study, although it could be relevant when it is locally abundant or during periods of outbreak.


Introduction: Although there are several studies in the international literature regarding hepatic steatosis, few large-scale studies of risk factors are available. Objective: To verify potential risk factors associated with hepatic steatosis, such as: alcohol consumption, overweight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This is a case series study including a control group (without hepatic steatosis), carried out at the gastroenterology outpatient clinic in Northeast Brazil. The sample was composed of 219 patients with hepatic steatosis and 82 without the disease. Results: There was an association between hepatic steatosis and socioeconomic status. Prevalence Ratio (PR) for family income ≤ 2 minimum wage was (PR = 1.35 CI 95%, 1.18-1.54) and education level < primary education (PR = 1.44, CI 95%,1.27-1.64). Regarding anthropometric and clinical characteristics and lipid profile, there was an association with overweight (PR = 1.59, CI 95%, 1.38-1.83), abdominal circumference in the range of very high risk (PR = 2.28, IC 95%,1.68-3.09), hypertension (PR = 1.30, CI 95%, 1.15-1.48) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.23, CI 95%, 1.07-1.64), low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 1,96, CI 95%, 1.55-2.48), hypertriglyceridemia (PR = 2.10, CI 95%, 1.64-2.68). In the regression model three variables remained independently associated to hepatic steatosis, abdominal circumference in the range of very high risk (PRadjusted = 1.74), low HDLcholesterol (PRadjusted = 1.39) and overweight (PRadjusted = 1.28). Conclusion: The results showed an association of hepatic steatosis with some risk factors, being abdominal circumference (very high risk) the most strongly associated, followed by low HDL-cholesterol and overweight.


In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised clustering approach exploiting the hidden information that is indirectly introduced through a pseudo classification objective. Specifically, we randomly assign a pseudo parent-class label to each observation which is then modified by applying the domain specific transformation associated with the assigned label. Generated pseudo observation-label pairs are subsequently used to train a neural network with Auto-clustering Output Layer (ACOL) that introduces multiple softmax nodes for each pseudo parent-class. Due to the unsupervised objective based on Graph-based Activity Regularization (GAR) terms, softmax duplicates of each parent-class are specialized as the hidden information captured through the help of domain specific transformations is propagated during training. Ultimately we obtain a k-means friendly latent representation. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the chosen transformation type impacts performance and helps propagate the latent information that is useful in revealing unknown clusters. Our results show state-of-the-art performance for unsupervised clustering tasks on MNIST, SVHN and USPS datasets, with the highest accuracies reported to date in the literature.


: This paper argues that the crisis facing the development effectiveness agenda is fundamentally derived from limited collective commitment to a singular model of development, one where a developed North serves as model and funder for a developing South. This is partly the reason for the lacklustre political support received by the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (GPEDC) that emerged from the 2011 Busan High Level Forum. The discrediting of this North/South binary and the arrival of an era of multistakeholder-ism has generated a pluralism of development narratives better suited to 21st century geographies and global challenges. In this paper, I unpack three of these narratives, each framed by either supranational, nationalist, and solidaristic understandings of development. Building a political consensus around development effectiveness requires, as a first step, an awareness of these alternative framings of what global development currently stands for, including its objectives, modalities, financing channels, and stakeholders. This analysis foregrounds the ways each narrative holds different sets of actors accountable for conforming to effectiveness principles and empowers distinctive rights holder to hold these duty bearers to account. How far narrative pluralism can be accommodated within the universalist logic of development effectiveness remains to be seen.


This study presents a novel, quantitative tool for design decision-making for products designed for human variability. Accommodation, which describes the ability of a user to interact with a device or environment in a preferred way, is a key product performance metric. Methods that offer a better understanding of accommodation of broad user populations would allow for the design of products that are more cost-effective, safer, and/or lead to greater levels of customer satisfaction. Target user populations are often characterized by measures of anthropometry, or body dimensions. A methodology is proposed that uses a visual analysis method for understanding and exploring accommodation across the variability in anthropometry of a target user population. This is achieved by assessing binary accommodation of individuals using a "virtual fit" method and examining trends in binary accommodation across the range of anthropometric variability, referred to as the "anthropometry space". Various factors influencing accommodation, such as user preference independent of anthropometry and the quality of a design, are also discussed and are an important contribution of the work. Two demonstration studies are presented that illustrate the methodology and provide opportunity for discussion of its impact. The first study investigates the simple univariate problem of dimensionally optimizing the seat height and range of adjustability of an exercise cycle. The second study investigates the more complex problem of optimally configuring the driver package of a commercial truck.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


In this paper we propose a new variance estimator for OLS as well as for nonlinear estimators such as logit, probit and GMM, that provcides cluster-robust inference when there is two-way or multi-way clustering that is non-nested. The variance estimator extends the standard cluster-robust variance estimator or sandwich estimator for one-way clustering (e.g. Liang and Zeger (1986), Arellano (1987)) and relies on similar relatively weak distributional assumptions. Our method is easily implemented in statistical packages, such as Stata and SAS, that already offer cluster-robust standard errors when there is one-way clustering. The method is demonstrated by a Monte Carlo analysis for a two-way random effects model; a Monte Carlo analysis of a placebo law that extends the state-year effects example of Bertrand et al. (2004) to two dimensions; and by application to two studies in the empirical public/labor literature where two-way clustering is present.


Efficient CO2 scrubbing without a significant energy penalty remains an outstanding challenge for the fossil fuel-burning industry where aqueous amine solutions are still widely used. Porous materials have long been evaluated for next generation CO2 adsorbents. Porous polymers, robust and inexpensive, show promise as feasible materials for the capture of CO2 from warm exhaust fumes. We report the syntheses of porous covalent organic polymers (COPs) with CO2 adsorption capacities of up to 5616 mg g−1 (measured at high pressures, i.e. 200 bar) and industrially relevant temperatures (as warm as 65 °C). COPs are stable in boiling water for at least one week and near infinite CO2/H2 selectivity is observed.


Exact statistical comparability is difficult to attain given that law, practice and methods of data compilation vary between the Nordic countries. Even though present and former members of the Nordic group of statisticians have tried to establish a high level of comparability by carefully working out common definitions over the years, any differences between the countries shown in this report still need to be interpreted with caution. The reader is therefore requested to note carefully the definitions and the footnotes to the tables. The collection and quality assurance of national data published in this edition is a cooperation between Susanne Hildebrandt and Ragnar Kristoffersen. A major part of the
definitions and tables were originally written in Swedish. Ragnar Kristoffersen has authored the English text in this publication, with some assistance from his Nordic colleagues. The group of statisticians listed below provided the national data in the tables. Any questions concerning the national figures should be addressed to them:
Denmark: Susanne Hildebrandt: email@example.com
Finland: Marja-Liisa Muiluvuori: firstname.lastname@example.com
Iceland: Hafdis Guðmundsdottir: email@example.com
Norway: Ragnar Kristoffersen: email@example.com
Sweden: Marie Gabrielsson: firstname.lastname@example.com


Image retrieval method utilizing texture information which is derived from Discrete Wavelet Transformation: DWT together with color information is proposed. One of the specific features of the texture information extracted from portions of image is based on Dyadic wavelet transformation with forming texture feature vector by using energy derived from Gabor transform on 7 by 7 pixel neighbor of significant points. Using the Wang`s dataset, the proposed method is evaluated with retrieval success rate (precision and recall) as well as Euclidian distance between the image in concern (Query image) and the other images in the database of interest and is compared to the other method. As the result through the experiments, it is found that the DWT derived texture information is significantly effective in comparison to the color information.


The salient question of the twenty-first question may turn out to be religion, and its relationship to secular norms such as international human rights law. In this paper, I explore a Rawlsian strategy for effecting a principled reconciliation of Islamic law and international human rights law. The need for effecting such reconciliation is pressing, as is evidenced by first, the large number of Muslim-majority states that adopt Islamic law-based reservations to international human rights conventions, and second, the distrust that non-Muslim majorities often exhibit to their Muslim minorities which is in part fueled by suggestions that Muslims are insufficiently committed to human rights norms. Rawls' framework for analyzing how incompatible theories of the good may nevertheless co-exist within one constitutional regime under conditions that give rise to an overlapping consensus suggests that advocates of Islamic law and international human rights law should seek to articulate both the norms of international human rights law and their justifications in a manner that could reasonably result in the good faith acceptance by Muslims of such norms, and the good-faith acceptance of Islamic law by international human rights law as a legitimate interlocutor. I propose a framework for effecting this reconciliation through various strategies: first, revision of non-conforming substantive rules of Islamic law wherever possible to do so without engaging in controversial moral or theological interpretation so as to render them in conformity with norms of international human rights law; second, where there is a genuine contradiction between Islamic religious doctrine and the norms of international human rights law, by the more robust recognition within international human rights law of the right of Muslims (as well as other religiously-motivated citizens) to continue to observe voluntarily Islamic law (or other religiously-motivated norms) - even where adherence to such norms results in discrimination - as a matter of their human right to religious freedom, while Muslim states would agree not to impose such religiously-motivated rules as part of its positive legislation; and third, requiring Muslim states to disavow restrictions on freedom of conscience, including laws penalizing apostasy, even in civil law.


: High-potential molecules derived from biomass sources may suitably replace or supplement traditional nonrenewable hydrocarbon fuels to reduce pollution and fuel processing cost. Experimental property testing of these bioproducts is usually conducted years after initial bench-scale experiments, due to high experimental costs and/or high volume requirements. However, neglecting to conduct property testing early in the pathway development cycle can lead to investments spent on scaling-up production of bioproducts and biofuels that do not perform as expected. Instead, machine-learning techniques can be used to develop quantitative structure–property relationships for molecules using a relatively large training set of molecular descriptor data. For this study, we compiled measured properties, IR spectra, and molecular descriptors of bio-based molecules from databases and published studies for training models of bioproduct properties. We trained regression models with molecular descriptors and will compare results of different estimators. This study describes the first steps towards a performance prediction tool for bio-based alternative fuels.


Women in Saudi Arabia are often described as either victims of patriarchal religion and society or successful survivors of discrimination imposed on them by others. Madawi Al-Rasheed's new book goes beyond these conventional tropes to probe the historical, political, and religious forces that have, across the years, delayed and thwarted their emancipation. The book demonstrates how, under the patronage of the state and its religious nationalism, women have become hostage to contradictory political projects that on the one hand demand female piety, and on the other hand encourage modernity. Drawing on state documents, media sources, and interviews with women from across Saudi society, the book examines the intersection between gender, religion, and politics to explain these contradictions and to show that, despite these restraints, vibrant debates on the question of women are opening up as the struggle for recognition and equality finally gets under way.


Condensation of benzylamine and glyoxal in a 2:1 molar ratio in acetonitrile containing a catalytic amount of acid is found to give the cage compound 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexabenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo [184.108.40.206(^5,9).0(^3,11)] dodecane (hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane). The yield of the isowurtzitane cage compound was optimised by varying the temperature and the acid catalyst. Eight phenyl ring substituted benzylamines were also found to give the isowurtzitane cage structure. Yields were found to be lower for benzylamines carrying electron-withdrawing ring substituents. A tetra-acetylated isowurtzitane derivative was also prepared and the NMR spectra were examined showing it to consist of a mixture of isomers due to restricted rotation about the N-acetyl bonds. (^1)H and (^13)C spectral assignments were aided by the use of deuteriated isowurtzitane cage compounds in which all the benzyl methylene hydrogens had been replaced by deuterium. N,N'-dibenzyl-l,2-ethane diimine and l,2-bis(benzylamino)- 1,2-ethanediol which are thought to be intermediates in the formation of the cage compounds were prepared and the mechanism of formation of the hexabenzylhexa- azaisowurtzitanes is discussed. The reaction mixture left after the precipitation of the cage compounds was examined by HPLC and NMR to ascertain if any other products could be isolated. Results indicated a complex mixture from which the diimine, protonated benzylamine and the diol could be identified. In acidic solution the cages are found to exist in either the monoprotonated or diprotonated forms. The monoprotonated species is found to be fairly stable whereas the diprotonated species is found to decompose fairly rapidly. (^1)H and (^13)C NMR show that the proton is held strongly in a position between the two nitrogen atoms in the two five-membered rings on one side of the molecule. The diprotonated species has two protons, one incorporated on each side of the molecule. Kinetic results show that decomposition of the isowurtzitane cages in acidic media occurs via an acid or water catalysed pathway. An approximate value of the K(_a) for hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane of ≥4 has been calculated. The decomposition of some 3,7 di-substituted bicyclononanes in acidic media has been investigated. Kinetic results indicated two decomposition pathways involving reaction of the monoprotonated forms of DPTDNPT and DAPT with either water or acid. In the case of DNPT there was also evidence for reaction via a diprotonated species. The reaction of 2-aminobenzylamine with glyoxal is found not to give the expected cage structure but a novel cyclisation product 2,2' -bis( 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- quinoxaline). Formation is thought to involve intramolecular cyclisation of the diimine intermediate. Reaction of 4-aminobenzylamine with glyoxal gave an unidentified solid which does not possess an isowurtzitane cage structure.


Metaphysics of Consciousness opens with a development of the physicalist outlook that denies the need for any explanation of the mental. This "inexplicability" is demonstrated not to be sufficient as refutation of physicalism. However, the inescapable particularity of modes of consciousness appears to overpower this minimal physicalism. This book proposes that such an inference requires either a wholly new conception of how consciousness is physical or a deep and disturbing new kind of physical inexplicability.


The word 'citizen' evokes a particular legacy that is inexorably associated with 'European' values that define especially Euro-American states, such as secularism, democracy, law, and rights. However, since 1945, these very values have been increasingly placed under question from various perspectives, so much so that to call them solely European values is to encounter skepticism. This edited volume takes as its subject the vexed relationship between citizenship and orientalism, each author contemplating ways of re-articulating or re-imagining this relationship. It explores the ways in which we may begin to think differently about citizenship as political subjectivity by presenting the research outcomes of studies conducted at the Open University as part of the Citizenship after Orientalism (Oecumene) project (2010-2014). Collectively, these chapters constitute a critique of citizenship as exclusively and even originally a European institution.


Decision-making in product quality is an indispensable stage in product development, in order to reduce product development risk. Based on the identification of the deficiencies of quality function deployment (QFD) and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), a novel decision-making method is presented that draws upon a knowledge network of failure scenarios. An ontological expression of failure scenarios is presented together with a framework of failure knowledge network (FKN). According to the roles of quality characteristics (QCs) in failure processing, QCs are set into three categories namely perceptible QCs, restrictive QCs, and controllable QCs, which present the monitor targets, control targets and improvement targets respectively for quality management. A mathematical model and algorithms based on the analytic network process (ANP) is introduced for calculating the priority of QCs with respect to different development scenarios. A case study is provided according to the proposed decision-making procedure based on FKN. This methodology is applied in the propeller design process to solve the problem of prioritising QCs. This paper provides a practical approach for decision-making in product quality. Copyright © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.


Abstract. As highlighted by Bacquet and Gauthier (2011), the shift from government of cities to urban governance "results in much greater variety of project scales, stakeholders and forms of public-private partnership. For the last two decades, it has contributed to fundamentally transforming the work of urban planners." The foundations of this multi-stakeholder construction of urban projects must be addressed in the training of future city planners. But this training is difficult as part of a traditional education as it has to lead students to become aware of the multitude of direct, indirect and induced effects of involving multiple stakeholders with sometimes contradictory needs.Games, be they or not serious, digital or cooperative, have often been used in urban planning projects (Poplin, 2011) and their learning benefits are widely recognized (Cohard P. 2015; GEE JP 2003). Fun, more or less complex learning materials have been developed to address the complexity of the decision-making process in urban planning (Cools 2014; Vilmin 2018; etc.)As part of the "Urb'Act" project, selected in Sorbonne Université's FORMINNOV call for projects, we have sought to draw on the potential offered by digital tools and touchscreen technologies to develop innovative teaching materials. To begin with, the game seeks to raise generalist urban engineers' awareness of the complexity of urban projects.Urb'Act thus aims to help non-specialists to understand the interactions between the various stakeholders of an urban project. As a key aspect of an inverted pedagogy, Urb'Act also introduces notions of the construction of an overall plan, balancing of a budget and the sustainability of projects (Molines N. et al., 2018).


This article argues that the classification of adult fiction according to 'genre' in public libraries causes more confusion than clarification. Whilst the system purports to model itself on bookstore design the reality is that the actual arrangement is quite different. In the bookstore model, genre is a marketing category and not a literary category as it is currently used in many Western Australian public libraries. The use of a genre system also alienates many readers, with good reason, as the nature of the system is ambiguous. The adoption of a 'reader-centred' method for adult fiction classification would mean that the library collection was more accessible because the underlying principles are easier to understand.


Purpose: To study the impact of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) on stage distribution and survival for patients with newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We searched the Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University School of Medicine database for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosed between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2004. Since the use of FDG-PET increased in our institution in the year 2000, patients were subdivided into those diagnosed before or after January 1, 2000. We compared the stage distribution of NSCLC before and after the year 2000. We also compared the survival for patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2004 staged with or without FDG-PET. Results: We identified 6118 patients diagnosed with NSCLC, with 3765 (61%) diagnosed before the year 2000 and 2362 (39%) thereafter. The use of FDG-PET was significantly increased after the year 2000 (37% versus 7%, p < 0.001) and there was a significant increase in the proportion of stage IV patients (30–37%, p < 0.001) with an associated decrease in stages I and III. Median overall survival was increased in all patients with stage IV disease diagnosed after the year 2000 (5.8 months versus 4.5 months). Patients with stage III or IV disease staged with FDG-PET scan also had improved survival compared with those undergoing conventional staging Conclusion: The increased use of FDG-PET was associated with a stage migration in patients with NSCLC, which may partially account for improvements in survival as compared with historical controls.


Smart City applications often use event processing techniques to detect coarse-grained events and situations from fine-grained events of the physical and social world. They operate in dynamic environments in which the properties of underlying resources and streams need to be constantly updated according to changes and events in the real world (e.g. sensor readings, network availability, weather conditions, and temperature). In most of the existing solutions matchmaking between the requirements expressed by event consumers and available event providers is carried out at design-time. This approach is often far from optimal and its deficiencies become even more obvious in smart city scenarios due to their inherently dynamic stream properties. In this paper we discuss a solution for quality-aware adaptive complex event processing using a service-oriented approach. We detail the automatic adaption strategies and evaluate them in a smart city scenario with both real and synthesised datasets.


Käesolev artikkel tutvustab kirjanduslike linnauuringute (Literary Urban Studies, LUS) uuemaid suundi, visandab olulisemad uurimismeetodid ja eristab neid teistest võimalikest käsitlusviisidest linnakultuuridele, ruumilisusele ja kehalisele kogemusele. Kirjanduslikud linnauuringud seisavad vastu varasemate linnauuringute katsetele teha üldistusi mingil hetkel kuulsaimate või suurimate linnade põhjal. Kirjanduslikud linnauuringud varustavad humanitaarteaduste uurijad vahendite, sealhulgas mõistetega, mis on rakendatavad mistahes perioodi kirjandusele ükskõik millises keeles.

In the 2010s, a new Literary Urban Studies (hereafter LUS) has developed. It combines spatial humanities scholarship with activism and other public concerns. The Association for Literary Urban Studies (ALUS) has been a key player in developing the new LUS. Publications produced by scholars connected to ALUS have been geographically wide-ranging. They have also developed interests in specific conceptual areas of LUS, including second cities and 'citiness', or the cultural elements that are specific to the city and the urban condition. Key issues arising from contemporary 'citiness' include the operation of networks, scales and hierarchies in urban cultures. Walter Benjamin called Paris the 'capital of the nineteenth century', but LUS looks beyond cities judged the most primary or alpha-level. Studies in the new LUS so far produced engage with and practice urban history and urban planning studies, applying literary reading techniques to texts not commonly judged literary (incuding policy and planning texts, or trial transcripts). Literature has a particular potential for urban planners and activists as a means of staging possibilities for one city or all cities.
Despite these boundary-crossing inclinations, LUS is coherent and distinctive. This can be shown by contrasting it with several other activities that somewhat resemble it. LUS belongs in the academic humanities not, with urban studies, in the interdisciplinary social sciences. It is in part an outgrowth of the 'spatial turn' associated with names like Lefebvre, de Certeau and Anglophone critical geographers, but it does not consider cities as mere instances of spatiality, however socially produced. It draws on phenomenological accounts of placed human experience but juxtaposes individuals' perspectives with larger-scale ones. It is multidisciplinary and focused on real-world objects, and cannot be classed as a type of literary geography, which applies geographical methods to literary objects. Nor, as outlined in this article, is LUS to be confused with other areas of spatial investigation, from geocriticism and Deep Locational Criticism to psychogeography and deep topography. It is more multi-polar and more systematic than these approaches focused on the individual human or the individual city over time tend to be. LUS functions in tandem with but not as part of the current mobilities paradigm of the social sciences (recognising the non-static nature of cities). It retains a belief in literature as a primary material which distinguish it from urban cultural studies and other multimedial methods in city investigation.
After outlining the emergence of the new LUS and distinguishing it from these alternative approaches, the article examines another account of the relationship between literature and the city, Franco Moretti's. For Moretti, city literature is essentially modern and a literature of social (more than physical) mobility. The work of Moretti shares with earlier research for example by Benjamin, or the Chicago School in sociology, a belief that in the words of Bart Keunen 'an impression of magnitude' was central in twentieth-century views of city cultures. LUS contrasts with this by emphasizing relatively neglected cities, literatures and neighbourhoods, often focusing on the more culturally underdetermined areas in which populations live everyday lives and work. Contra Moretti the image of the city varies across literary forms and genres, and its later expressions are not just 'a hollowing out' of that found in classics of nineteenth-century realism. Despite later work foundational to literary spatial studies, the 1980s, at least, Moretti seems now surprisingly unconfident about LUS as a discipline. In the late 2010s, emergent disciplines fuel LUS in new ways, among them the radical urban scholarship of AbdouMaliq Simone and Ananya Roy, and advances in digital humanities research (including those with which Moretti has been involved).
Next, the article glances at some foundational figures for LUS from the personal perspective of the author: Jane Jacobs, Doreen Massey, Jeff Malpas and Eric Prieto. Working in urban studies, critical human geography, place philosophy and spatial literary phenomenology respectively, all humanize actual city environments and challenge simplistic conclusions about 'the city'. Jacobs's notion of 'adventuring in the real world' could help form a manifesto for LUS. The conclusion of the article emphasizes the capaciousness of LUS. This goes beyond individuals of the artist and writer class, and the districts where they have tended to live, opening up textual and experiential equivalents of what Simone calls 'urban majority' areas. It may not be at all clear to us what settlements appeared urban in earlier historical eras. LUS enables comparisons between cities of different magnitudes, and the restoration of personhood to city-dwellers and city areas that have had it stripped from them.


ABSTRACT A trio of British films depicting the era of Punk deal in different ways with the idea of escape and rebellion against social norms. This essay compares the way the visual aesthetics, narrative, and music combine to depict youth subcultures in Control, Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten, and This Is England .


Despite the Malaysian government's efforts to increase the use of ICT in school, teachers' uptake of the technology remains slow and dismal. In this study, teachers' perceptions of the barriers that inhibited their use of ICT in the science classroom were explored. One hundred and fifty-one (N = 151) science teachers from selected secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor took part in the survey. Teachers' perceptions of the barriers were captured using a self-developed questionnaire consisting of 27 Likert-type items. The questionnaires were administered with the help of school principals. Principal components analysis (PCA) with Promax rotation extracted four underlying dimensions of barriers to ICT use, namely teachers' self-handicapping thoughts, school support, attitude toward ICT use, and negative beliefs about ICT use. Three of these factors were teacher related. Self-handicapping thoughts emerged as the largest inhibitor, explaining about 38.2% of teachers' lack of ICT utilization in the science classroom. The results corroborated previous findings that teacher factors tend to outweigh school factors in hampering teachers' uptake of technology.


Upper Cretaceous strata exposed as outliers near Roy in Harding County, New Mexico, are assigned to the Graneros Shale and the overlying Greenhorn Formation. The Greenhorn Formation locally consists of three members (in ascending order): Lincoln, Hartland, and Bridge Creek. The Lincoln Member is 8.3 m thick and dominated by yellowish gray and very pale orange calcareous shale and characteristic persistent beds of calcarenite. The Hartland Member is 11.D m thick and consists mostly of medium and brownish gray bentonitic shale. The Bridge Creek Member here is erosionally truncated by the Neogene Ogallala Formation 4. l m above its base and consists of interbeds of ledgeforming limestone and calcareous shale. Fossils from the Lincoln Member include numerous specimens of the bivalve Ostrea beloiti Logan and
of the selachian Plychodus anonyms Williston. The Hartland Member lacks biostratigraphically significant fossils. The Bridge Creek Member produces the ammonites Euomphaloceras sp. and Sciponoceras gracile (Shumard) near its base and Walinoceras coloradoense (Henderson) and Vascoceras birchbyi Cobban and Scott near its top. These fossils can be assigned to the upper Cenomanian Sciponoceras gracile ammonite zone and the lower Turonian Vascoceras birchbyi ammonite zone. Younger ammonite zones normally present in the Bridge Creek Member are not present at Roy, having been stripped off by Neogene erosion.


In this paper we describe the properties of organic material in strong coupling with plasmon, mainly based on our work in this field of research. The strong coupling modifies the optical transitions of the structure, and occurs when the interaction between molecules and plasmon prevails on the damping of the system. We describe the dispersion relation of different plasmonic systems, delocalized and localized plasmon, coupled to aggregated dyes and the typical properties of these systems in strong coupling. The modification of the dye emission is also studied. In the second part, the effect of the microscopic structure of the organics, which can be seen as a disordered film, is described. As the different molecules couple to the same plasmon mode, an extended coherent state on several microns is observed.


Two design methods of a filter in a frequency-spatial frequency (f-k) domain have been developed for bistatic ground penetrating radar. The proposed methods suppress the direct wave, which causes significant artifacts in radar images, and are evaluated by laboratory measurements. Because the geometric positions of a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna are not fixed, the suppression of a direct wave is an important issue. Then, we propose an f-k filtering approach for the solution, and present two methods to design the f-k filter. Both methods use a difference of an apparent horizontal velocity between a direct wave and a reflection from a target, and work automatically from position information of a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. One method is to mask an f-k spectrum in a region where a spectrum of the direct wave is distributed. The region is defined from the maximum and the minimum apparent horizontal velocity of the direct wave, which are calculated from the location of the transmitting antenna and the scanning area of the receiver. As for the other method, the most essential point is applying a time shift to eliminate a difference of an arrival time of a direct wave, where the time shift is calculated beforehand from the location of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. Then, an apparent horizontal velocity of the direct wave becomes infinitely large due to the time shift. Thus, the f-k spectrum of the direct wave concentrates around a frequency axis because its slope is infinitely large. Then, a filter to reject the dc component in the spatial frequency direction is applied. Both methods are applied to an experimental data set which is acquired by a bistatic radar measurement to detect a buried landmine model with a depth of 10 cm. In addition, it is confirmed that they can suppress the undesired fluctuation of the images nearly one-tenth and help the reliable detection of a buried object.


Design of a Low-Cost Capillary Electrophoresis Laser-Induced Fluorescence System: Lessons Learned When Trying to Build the Lowest Possible Cost System Steven James Perry Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Master of Science Capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) is widely used to detect both the presence and concentration of fluorescently labeled b iomolecules. In CE-LIF, a plug of sample fluid is electrophoretically driven down a microchannel using a high voltage applied between the opposite ends of the microchannel. Molecules of different sizes and charge states travel at different velocities down the channel. Laser light with a wavelength in the excitation band of the fluorophores is focused near the end of the c hannel. As each species of molecule passes through the laser spot, the fluorophores emit a fluorescence signal which is measured with an optical detector. Commercial CE-LIF systems are available as a complete, expensive package. Custom CE-LIF systems are a collection of commercially available components that meet the specific needs of the end user. Using the custom system in Dr. Woolley's lab as the standard, we hypothesized that 3D printed parts in conjunction with low-cost components could be used to significantly reduce costs and simplify the system, which in turn would make such systems more widely available with a lower barrier to entry. Testing this hypothesis began with five semesters of small teams of senior undergraduate students trying to design and assemble a low-cost CE-LIF system as part of their mandatory onesemester senior project. I was one of the seniors who worked on the system. Although none of the senior project teams were successful, a partially functioning system was ultimately produced. I reference this system as the starting point system throughout this thesis, which is focused on identifying and solving the system's obstacles in order to reach a working state. I re-designed and re-built each sub-system of the starting point system as needed if within the available budget to create a system that was functional. Budgetary constraints were included in evaluating potential improvements. The end goal was to compare the improved system's performance with that of an expensive conventional system (hereinafter referred to as the standard system) available in Dr. Adam Woolley's laboratory on the Brigham Young University campus. The ultimate conclusion of my masters' thesis work is that a low-cost CE-LIF system based on 3D printed and low-cost components results in a system that does not offer repeatable performance. In the course of my work, many lessons were learned as to what would reduce overall system costs while maintaining a user-friendly experience. My analysis is given on a subsystem basis to explain what limited the ability of the system to run consistently or what caused it to fail altogether. Details and methodology of my contributions including circuits designed, code written, components used, and 3D models printed in order to test the hypothesis are documented. Attribution of the work prior to mine is laid out when each subsystem is broken down in detail for the failure modes that prevented consistent operation. Future work is suggested to correct the problems encountered and provide a path forward to implement a next-generation system that can be achieved at a lower cost compared to a conventional system, and yet which does not suffer from the performance problems associated with the version explored in this thesis in which maximum cost reduction was aggressively pursued.


Securities litigation is a hotbed of junk science concerning market efficiency. This Article explains why and suggests a way out. In its 1988 decision in Basic v. Levinson, the Supreme Court endorsed the fraud on the market presumption for securities traded in an efficient market. Faced with the task of determining market efficiency, courts throughout the nation embraced the ad hoc speculations of a first-mover district court that proclaimed, in Cammer v. Bloom, how to allege (and presumably prove) facts that would do just that. The Cammer court's analysis did not rely on financial economics for its notions, but instead regurgitated the assertions of a single plaintiff's expert affidavit – from a securities law professor, not a financial economist – and a securities law treatise equally uninformed by the relevant field. The result has been 30 years of junk science in securities adjudication. This Article traces the development of the fraud on the market theory from its pre-efficient-markets-hypothesis roots through a brief "gilding the lily" phase where an appeal to social science results on market efficiency was only an ancillary, bolstering argument for already-sufficient precedent for the fraud on the market presumption, to the requirement that litigants plead and prove efficiency using indicia with no support in financial economics. The way out of this embarrassing state of affairs is to return to the roots of fraud on the market in the non-technical notion of "a free and open public market" that inquires only whether the market for the security at issue is open to active buyers and sellers and is not subject to substantial seller lockups or bans on short selling. It is reasonable to presume that prices in such free and open public markets can be distorted by fraud, a presumption that is then rebuttable by establishing (1) that the alleged fraud in fact had no price impact; (2) that there are substantial limits on the ability of active investors to buy and sell in the market, such that the market is not a "free and open public" one; or (3) that the plaintiff would have made their purchase or sale at the affected price even knowing of the falsity of the alleged misrepresentation. This formulation is consistent with all controlling Supreme Court opinions.


Improved understanding of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) biology has led to better distinction and subtyping of these diseases with the hope of exploiting the molecular characteristics of each subtype to develop appropriately targeted treatment regimens. In the care of patients with extremity STS, adjunctive radiation therapy (RT) is used to facilitate limb and function, preserving surgeries while maintaining five-year local control above 85%. In contrast, for STS originating from nonextremity anatomical sites, the rate of local recurrence is much higher (five-year local control is approximately 50%) and a major cause of death and morbidity in these patients. Incorporating novel technological advancements to administer accurate RT in combination with novel radiosensitizing agents could potentially improve local control and overall survival. RT efficacy in STS can be increased by modulating biological pathways such as angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, cell survival signaling, and cancer-host immune interactions. Previous experiences, advancements, ongoing research, and current clinical trials combining RT with agents modulating one or more of the above pathways are reviewed. The standard clinical management of patients with STS with pretreatment biopsy, neoadjuvant treatment, and primary surgery provides an opportune disease model for interrogating translational hypotheses. The purpose of this review is to outline a strategic vision for clinical translation of preclinical findings and to identify appropriate targeted agents to combine with radiotherapy in the treatment of STS from different sites and/or different histology subtypes.


The aim of this research is to adopt aggregate performance analyses to measure the performance of English public sport facilities and examine the practicability of these analyses. Based on the National Benchmarking Service for Sports Halls and Swimming Pools (NBS), provided for Sport England by the Sport Industry Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University, four dimensions of performance are measured in this thesis, i. e. operational efficiency, sport equity, service quality and customer segmentation. First, two aggregate performance analyses data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) are conducted to provide an insight into the industry's overall performance. Second, based on the two approaches above, an aggregate performance analysis framework is developed and tested at the individual facility level. Then its practicability is evaluated. The contributions of this research are twofold: (1) to present the value and critically evaluate the practicability of aggregate performance analysis; and (2) to expand the theoretical literature on performance measurement in the public leisure sector. The research findings demonstrate that the `convergence' strength of aggregate analysis can complement the `inclusiveness' strength of partial measures adopted by
the NBS, particularly in efficiency measurement and customer segmentation analysis. In addition, for practitioners in the public leisure sector, `inclusiveness' and `simplicity' are the most important criteria of a good performande measurement system. That is, not only does performance data need to be inclusive, the analytical
process also needs to be simple and understandable. Finally, facility managers' analytical skills and motivations for benchmarking are two factors which determine the feasibility of aggregate performance analysis in the public leisure sector.


Introduction: Nigeria is a country with diverse weather conditions supporting the substantial breeding of mosquitoes resulting in high malaria transmission. Mapping of malaria prevalence in areas with ongoing trans-mission is critical for effective distribution of control interventions. In this study, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in two different (rural and urban setting) endemic communities within a hypo-endemic state (Lagos) of Nigeria.
Methodology: The study targeted patients visiting clinics in both Ijede and Gbagada General Hospital between September and November 2017. All patients visiting each of the two hospitals with febrile complaints were recruited into the survey. Blood samples collected were examined using the standard thick and thin films stained with Giemsa.
Results: A total of 342 participants were screened out of which 108 (31.6%) were positive for P. falciparum by microscopy in both centers (Ijede centre 90 [43.9%]; Gbagada 18 [13.1%]). Children aged 1-10 years had the highest prevalence (43.6%) in both locations and this rate was significantly higher (P=0.001) in Ijede (63%) than in Gbagada (17%). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in infection rate between male (31.9 %) and female (31.3%) participants in both sites.
Conclusion: These findings give an overview of the "freedom of establishment" of malaria in an under-resourced area where all conditions serve as motivation for the breeding of malaria vectors. Distribution of control measures should strategically target rural areas where the burden of infection is high, and inhabitants of such areas have a disproportionate access to health care.


At Virginia Tech, an autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) has been developed for use in indoor propagation measurements and for a research/teaching tool in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing Laboratory. The AGV design strategy, navigation methodology, and a calibration technique used to minimize path errors caused by unequal wheel radii in dead-reckoning navigation are described. The basic geometry of dead-reckoning navigation is developed, with a particular emphasis on the use of a calibration run to yield exact wheel radii and steering correction factors for use in navigation. These techniques were used on an actual AGV, and measurements were taken under operating conditions to determine navigation accuracy. The major limitation in dead reckoning comes from improper estimates of wheel radii. This can be compensated for with a calibration run, but the tire radius may still change due to dynamic conditions such as redistribution of vehicle weight during cornering, and inexact manufacturing of the tires themselves. Measurements of vehicle position through use of calibrated dead reckoning show accurate vehicle position to within a few cm along a 10 m path.<<ETX>>


In order to monitor and understand the temporal variations of sound speed due to the changes of soil physical properties under natural conditions, a long‐term field soil survey has been conducted. Measurements of sound speed, soil temperature, soil moisture content, and water potential were performed continuously, along with the measurements of surface temperature and precipitation over a period of 2 years. The effects of water potential, moisture content, soil temperature, and depth on sound speed were assessed. Analysis of the data shows that there is a power law relationship between the sound speed and water potential. It is also found that the water potential is the dominant influence on the sound speed, whereas the moisture content and temperature have relatively minor impacts. Brutsaert and Luthin's theory was employed to calculate the sound speed as a function of the effective stress. The theoretical predictions were compared with the experimental data and they are in good agreement. The study sugg...


Urbanisation has an important impact on biodiversity, mostly driving changes in species assemblages, through the replacement of specialist with generalist species, thus leading to biotic homogenisation. Mobility is also assumed to greatly affect species' ability to cope in urban environments. Moreover, specialisation, mobility and their interaction are expected to greatly influence ecological processes such as metacommunity dynamics and assembly processes, and consequently the way and the spatial scale at which organisms respond to urbanisation. Here we investigate urbanisation impacts on distinct characteristics of species assemblages – namely specialisation degree in resource use, mobility and number of species, classified according to both characteristics and their combination – for vascular plants, butterflies and birds, across a range of spatial scales (from 1 × 1 km plots to 5 km-radius buffers around them).

We found that the degree of specialisation, mobility and their interaction, greatly influenced species' responses to urbanisation, with highly mobile specialist species of all taxonomic groups being affected most. Two different patterns were found: for plants, urbanisation induced trait divergence by favouring highly mobile species with narrow habitat ranges. For birds and butterflies, however, it reduced the number of highly mobile specialist species, thus driving trait convergence. Mobile organisms, across and within taxonomic groups, tended to respond at larger spatial scales than those that are poorly mobile. These findings emphasize the need to take into consideration species' ecological aspects, as well as a wide range of spatial scales when evaluating the impact of urbanisation on biodiversity. Our results also highlight the harmful impact of widespread urban expansion on organisms such as butterflies, especially highly mobile specialists, which were negatively affected by urban areas even at great distances.


This paper presents a diachronic formal morphosyntactic analysis of the role of the functional projection Pl/Pl* in Romance indefinite nominals, responsible for number and the countability distinction. Reinterpreting the complex system of indefinite nominal determination in two central Romance languages, viz. French and Italian, which both feature an indefinite article and a 'partitive article' as a device of 'nominal classification' in a broad sense in contrast to Romance languages without such an element, viz. Spanish, it argues that this 'classification system' arose when nominal declension in Latin was partially or completely lost. The application of the latest minimalist assumptions on agreement processes in the syntax both to modern Romance languages and to (Late) Latin allows us to describe and explain the obvious differences between French, Italian and Spanish and to relate them to the interaction of gender and number marking in Romance indefinite nominals.


The temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL) model provides a computational framework for describing how future rewards are valued, how current choices are made, and how differences between what is received and what is expected are fed back into updated calculations of future rewards. In TDRL, the difference signal between receipt and expectation is carried by neurons that use the transmitter dopamine. Redish (see the Perspective by Ahmed) applies this model and develops an explanation, in neural computational terms, for some aspects of behavior in the context of addictive substances. The key point is that cocaine induces, via pharmacologic pathways, a dopamine signal that does not accurately reflect or respond to the difference in actual and expected reward; cocaine is always valued as being more rewarding than originally thought. A. D. Redish, Addiction as a computational process gone awry. Science 306, 1944-1947 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. H. Ahmed, Addiction as compulsive reward prediction. Science 306, 1901-1902 (2004). [Summary] [Full Text]


MetaEdit+ is an environment that allows building modeling tools and generators fitting to application domains, without having to write a single line of code. The capability to define modeling tools and generators is relevant as it provides the ability to raise the abstraction of design work from code to domain concepts, and a raise in abstraction leads to an imminent raise in productivity, as illustrated by the past years' experiences.In domain-specific modeling and MetaEdit+, one expert defines a domain-specific language as a metamodel containing the domain concepts and rules, and specifies the mapping from that to code in a domain-specific code generator. For the method implementation, MetaEdit+ provides a metamodeling language and tool suite for defining the method concepts, their properties, associated rules, symbols, checking reports, and generators. Once the expert defines a modeling method, or even a partial prototype, the rest of the team can start to use it in MetaEdit+ to make models with the modeling language and the required code is automatically generated from those models. Based on the metamodel, MetaEdit+ automatically provides CASE tool functionality: diagramming editors, browsers, generators, multi-user/project/platform support, etc.The MetaEdit+ demo will focus on showing how the domain-specific languages and generators are made; complete with several examples of domain-specific methods and related code generators.


RELIGION David H. Brown. Santeria Enthroned: Art, Ritual, and Innovation in an Afro-Cuban Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. xx + 413 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $38.00. Paper. Santeria Enthroned opens in the mid-1980s as the author begins fieldwork for his dissertation by visiting a botanica in Union City, New Jersey. He can make no sense of the heterogeneous items displayed: It would be ethnocentric to dismiss them as "urban kitsch," he figures, but they certainly don't look African to him. It is a false start; when he visits house-temples in the region, he is at last on the right track, one that leads him to comparable venues in New York, Miami, and eventually, Havana. For years, most Sundays find him present at Middle Day celebrations in which new initiates "gorgeously dressed in regal satin clothes and pasteboard crowns appeared under grand canopied 'thrones' before 'the people"' (2). What are the stylistic origins of these thrones? An admired costurera insists they are purely Cuban-her godmother's tradition creatively extemporized. On the other hand, "Louis XV-all the Luises" serve as an inspiration for a highly regarded throne-maker. Still another expresses disapproval of all this high-falutin' garb and urges a return to African sources. Thus is a colorful investigation introduced, although readers, alas, have to wait until the second half of the book to hear the rest of the story. Meanwhile, the concatenation of objects viewed in the botanica is followed by an exasperating run-down of all the theories of tradition and innovation, to say nothing of a tangle of references, stubborn metonymies, and nit-picking. Academe at its worst, one might say. Herskovits gets his comeuppance from Andrew Apter; even the Thompson school of "Black Atlantic Cultural Currents" takes a hit, as Brown validates his own performance in advocating "hard-won struggles" over "passive survivals." Somewhat indelicately he makes much of the fact that Sidney Mintz and Richard Price quote his dissertation with approval in the 1992 reprinting of their 1976 essay, "The Birth of African-American Culture." With part 2, Brown's genius for descriptive presentation of handwork is finally allowed to arise from the clutter in which it has been mired. Here his imagination takes off on wings provided by Lydia Cabrera, Cuba's outstanding ethnofolklorist of La Regla de Ocha. During early phases of fieldwork in her native Havana, Cabrera accompanied two elderly priestesses, Omi Tomi and Oddedei, to a Middle Day celebration of a newly initiated daughter of Cabrera's own tutelary santo, Yemaya. Was this the occasion, Brown wonders (210), when Oddedei famously observed that "to make a sanlois to make a king, and kanocha is a ceremony of kings, like those of the palace of the Oba Lucumi"? …


Deregulation of normal cell cycle control is essential for malignant transformation. The Cdc25A dual-specificity phosphatase promotes cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating the cyclin-dependent kinases. Cdc25A has oncogenic and anti-apoptotic activity and is overexpressed in many human tumors. The mechanisms by which Cdc25A is overexpressed in human cancer are unknown. Cdc25A protein levels are downregulated by cell cycle checkpoints in response to genotoxic stress; cell cycle checkpoints are frequently compromised in tumor cells. In addition, under normal physiologic conditions, the half-life of Cdc25A protein is short. Alterations to physiologic Cdc25A regulatory mechanisms could be sufficient to result in oncogenic overexpression of this cell cycle regulatory protein. While Cdc25A downregulation in response to genotoxic stress occurs through defined signal transduction pathways, regulation of Cdc25A protein levels in non-stressed cells is poorly understood. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the physiological regulation of Cdc25A protein levels in human tumor cells. The goals of our studies were: 1) to investigate regulatory mechanisms of Cdc25A protein levels in non-stressed human tumor cells; 2) to understand how Cdk2 kinase activity regulates Cdc25A protein levels; and 3) to explore the mechanism by which Cdk2 kinase activity regulates Cdc25A protein turnover. The results of our studies revealed that Cdc25A protein half-life in non-stressed interphase cells is regulated, in part, by Cdk2 kinase activity, and that Cdk2 does not regulate Cdc25A turnover by affecting several known signal transduction pathways that control Cdc25A protein stability. Recent reports on the role of ubiquitin ligases in physiologic Cdc25A turnover have identified several phosphorylation sites that are necessary for efficient Cdc25A recruitment to ubiquitin ligases. The kinase(s) responsible for phosphorylating these serine residues remain to be identified, although Cdk2 could be one prime candidate. While initial reports of the interactions between Cdc25A and Cdk2 focused on an auto-amplification feedback loop that results in increased catalytic activity of both proteins, it now appears that Cdk2 also regulates Cdc25A stability and plays an important role in regulating Cdc25A protein levels during interphase progression.


All through my essay runs a tale, a folktale from back home. It's told by my aunt and registered by her brother. In this folktale, in how it got to me here, lies a story about who I am. As an elderly Palestinian woman, illiterate, housewife, bearer of 20 children, mother of 11 survivors, as an asexual mature female, my aunt, like her mother and her mother's mother before her, tells tales. As she speaks, her grandchildren sit around and listen. She upholds an old tradition among Palestinian women, one of struggle to present their knowledge through oral art. As a Palestinian man, educated, professor, head of a household of four, my uncle writes down my aunt's words and publishes them in a book. As copies of his book are sold, my uncle upholds a newer Palestinian (mostly men's) tradition of struggle to protect their culture from "moder" colonial occupation. This story is about me because I am a woman and I am Palestinian. Like my uncle, I am concerned about a group of people, Palestinians, and our right to life, to art, to land, to speak. Like my aunt, I am female and I am concerned about a group within a group, Palestinian women, and our right to life, to art, to land, to speak. This is a concern that many uncles might not share or might see as secondary to the first concern. Unlike my aunt, I am from a younger generation. She speaks from her knowledge of coping. I speak from my knowledge that coping is not enough. So I take my aunt's tale and retell it. When my uncle asks me why, I say I too want to preserve our cultural traditions, but I want those traditions to be traditions of hope and triumph, not submission. Uncle, your book is entitled Speak Bird, Speak Again. Well, let me speak. We'll talk later. But I am afraid to say what I say, not because of uncle's angry glares or shaking finger, for I have been accustomed to that all my life. But because of my reader. More likely than not, you are not a Palestinian woman. Are you situated close to ideas about an outpost of Western Democracy and Civilization, that shining star in the midst of darkness-Israel? Well, once I went to a "Women in Black" demonstration in Boston, of Palestinian and Jewish women protesting Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. There were coun-


The objective of this study was to determine the effect of piperine as a phytogenic feed additive on quail performances and egg quality. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications and used ten quails with one week of age in each replication. The piperine was added to the diets at concentrations of 0 (T0), 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), and 60 mg/kg body weight (T4) for 8 consecutive weeks. The results showed that addition of 60  mg/kg body weight (T4) of piperine significantly (P<0.05) reduced feed consumption, egg production, egg mass, income over feed cost (IOFC), and increased water consumption as compared to the other treatments. The addition of 15-60 mg piperine/kg body weight significantly (P<0.05) reduced eggshell weight and increased egg yolk color score. The conclusion of this experiment was that the addition of piperine at 15-45 mg/kg body weight could be used as phytogenic feed additive to improve performance, IOFC, haugh unit, and yolk color. Key words: egg, feed additive, phytogenic, piperine, quail


The present paper reports the results of an ongoing project aimed at providing statistical information on slugs in two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe. To this end, the flow was examined experimentally and numerically. On the experimental side, three non-intrusive optical techniques were combined and employed to determine the velocity field and bubble shape: particle image velocimetry (PIV), Pulsed Shadow Technique (PST) and Laser-Induced Fluorescence technique (LIF). Statistical information was provided by photogate cells installed at two axial positions. The flow was numerically determined based on the one-dimensional Two-Fluid Model. The tests were conducted on a specially built transparent pipe test section, using air and water as the working fluids. The velocity fields were obtained for flow regimes where the slugs were slightly aerated to facilitate the utilization of the optical methods employed. The main parameters for characterizing the statistically steady flow regime such as slug length and velocity obtained numerically were compared with the experimental data and good agreement was obtained.