Increased numbers of minorities in the allied health disciplines are sought for a number of reasons. One approach to increasing minority graduates in allied health sciences is to ensure that minority applicants have the learning behaviors necessary to succeed in the academic setting. In this study, we sought to determine if self-regulate d learning, assessed via a self-report inventory, was significantly related to Grade Point Average (GPA) in undergraduate students enrolled in a historically black college or university (HBCU). The Self Regulated Learning Inventory V. 5 (SRLI V.5) was distributed to undergraduate HBCU students enrolled in allied health majors. The inventory was completed by 134 undergraduate students who provided the data for the study. Results indicated that the SRLI was not significantly correlated with academic success (based on student GPA). Further investigation revealed that different methods used in calculating GPA and the inclusion of transfer students likely decreased the statistical power of the association between academic performance and self-regulation.


Alpine hydrology is particularly challenging due to the complexity of mountainous terrain and the spatial and temporal variability of meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature and evaporation. Yet improving our understanding of hydrological processes in alpine regions is critical for freshwater management and for protection against natural hazards. Since 2009, the upper Val Ferret watershed in the Swiss Alps is monitored with a large variety of instruments to measure hydrological, meteorological and pedological parameters at high temporal and spatial resolution. In this dissertation, the data collected during three consecutive summer field campaigns from 2011 to 2013 has been utilized. We deployed a wireless network of meteorological stations, continuously measured the stream discharge at three locations and made use of a one meter resolution Digital Elevation Model of the watershed. In particular, we focused on the influence of the geomorphology on several streamflow generation processes. The topographical and geomorphological complexity of the Val Ferret watershed is illustrated by the structure of the channel network, which was carefully mapped in the field. The spatial distribution of the channel network was particularly heterogeneous, with certain areas characterized by a high density of groundwater channel heads and perennial streams. This highly uneven drainage density had a significant impact on modeling storm hydrographs. Other channel networks, extracted from the Digital Elevation Model using classical methods, were not able to capture this spatial variability. More advanced extraction techniques relying on curvature and openness showed superior efficacy. Recession events are defined as periods without precipitation during which water stored in the watershed is released and the streamflow is in decline. Although they have been widely studied previously, we have analyzed their link to the basin geomorphology in detail. Based on a recent study, we propose a simple conceptual model in which the temporal variation of the river network is computed and linked to a classic power law parametrization of recession curves. Furthermore, we analyzed daily streamflow fluctuations that occurred during recession events in the upper Val Ferret watershed. In one of the monitored sub basins, we observed that evaporation from the perennial riparian area was inducing a diurnal streamflow cycle. In another sub basin, we observed a diurnal streamflow cycle induced by ice melt from a small glacier. Both cycles occurred at similar times of the day but with perturbations in opposite directions. However, the evaporation induced streamflow cycle was never observed at the outlet of the watershed as the amplitude of the glacier-fed ice cycle was larger than the one due to evaporation. The geomorphology of the riparian area contributing to the evaporation cycley was analyzed cautiously and linked to the ice melt diurnal cycle, given that it is damped by evaporation. In order to better understand streamflow generation during precipitation events, we analyzed threshold relations between antecedent soil water potential and runoff coefficients above which the latter ones were increasing and the response time of the catchment shortened. Unlike many recent studies, we did not observe threshold behaviors between antecedent soil moisture and runoff coefficients, pointing out the importance of hysteresis effects at the hillslope scale.


Using the CRPG‐CNRS Cameca 1270 ion microprobe facility, we have measured boron isotopic compositions (11B/10B) in different ultrastructural components of the deep‐sea aragonitic scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa. We observe a systematic difference in B isotopic composition between the Early Mineralization Zone (EMZ) and adjacent fibrous skeleton. In EMZ the measured δ11B values are consistently low. Fibrous aragonite is characterized by systematically higher δ11B values but also displays B isotopic heterogeneity associated with specific growth bands in the calyx wall. The magnitude of the observed B isotopic variations cannot be explained by changes in environmental conditions and is likely caused by biological processes involved in the biomineralization of new skeleton, i.e., "vital" effects. The observed B isotopic variations are opposite to the predictions of geochemical models for vital effects. These models are based on the idea that stable isotopic fractionations (including C and O) in coral skeleton are driven by changes in pH of the fluid from which the skeleton is presumed to precipitate. Our data indicate that pH variations are not responsible for the observed stable isotopic fractionations. Geochemical models therefore do not provide an adequate framework within which to understand coral skeletal formation. Without a better understanding of these processes the use of B isotopic composition to reconstruct paleo‐pH variations in the oceans must be considered problematic, at least as far as Lophelia pertusa is concerned.


Transport of slaughter animals has been intensified in the recent years in Sweden. In connection to rationalization and re-structuring, many abattoirs closed down in the last decades. This implies that the animals should be transported greater distances. During transport from farms to abattoirs, animals may be subjected to un-favourable conditions leading to a compromise of animal welfare and reduced meat quality. An increase of transport work also contributes to the environmental degradation in terms of air emission emanated from the vehicle. Hitherto little or no attention has been made to optimize the transport work. Important research works have been made to determine the effect of transport and handling on meat quality. However, limited attention has been paid to a comprehensive work to determine the main factors causing stress on animals by making continues measurement. The current paper reports the results of study made on transport of tied cows between farms and Scan Farmek' s abattoir in Uppsala region. The main purpose of the study was to gather pertinent information which may enable to assess the transport system in detail and to develop an effective transport and logistic system using information technology to promote economy, animal welfare and environment. The specific objectives were to identify main factors which may cause stress on animals during handling and transport, to simulate and optimize transport routes and to determine air emissions from the vehicle to estimate the environmental impact. The measured parameters were heart rate; pH, lactate concentration, muscle glycogen, vibrations (in tri-axial directions), temperature in the pens, vehicle's speed, transport route and locations of farms in relation to abattoirs using the satellite steered Global Position System (GPS). The alteration of animal behaviour was also recorded using a video camera mounted in the pen. The results indicated that loading of animals at the farms, transport on rough and curved roads, variation of vehicle's speed, mixing of animals with un-familiar animals from other farms and un-loading at the abattoir are the main events which caused significant increases of heart rate. Urination, defecation, exploration and mooing were the usual behaviour observed during loading and un-loading. The animals lost their balance and rocked during the initial motion of the vehicle and while driving on rough and curved roads. Samples for pH were taken at 45 minutes, 12 hours and 24 hours after slaughter. The result showed that pH decreased rapidly up to 12 hours and decreased slowly thereafter and maintained steady state before 24 hours. The measured pH values could be described using an exponentially decaying type of equation. About 20% of the animals had the final pH value (measured 24 hours after slaughter) above 5.8. Concentration of lactate was measured both in plasma and muscle. Blood samples were taken before and after transport and the concentration increased by the factor of 1.03 to 4.22 after transport. The measured vibration data was subjected to spectral data analysis to determine the main resonance frequencies. The identified resonance frequencies are at about 1.3, 3, 6, l2, 25 and 40 Hz. The first two frequencies are typical for animal transporting trucks. The variation of resonance frequencies depended on vehicle's speed and road type and further investigations should be made to scrutinize the effect of the identified frequencies on animals. Investigation on the effect of vibration magnitude on heart rate and pH-value showed that an increase of r.m.s acceleration by about 5 times caused an increase of heart rate by 80% and the meat pH-value of those animals transported on rough and curved roads was above 5.8. However, further comprehensive investigation is required to determine the effect of vibration on the final pH of meat. The route planning and optimization for each journey was made using a network software, DPS. Route optimization decreased the actual transport distance by 8% to 14%. Air emissions such as CO2, CO, HC and oxides of nitrogen from the vehicle were computed using MODTRANS, the model developed for food distribution and environmental research. Route planning could reduced air emissions by 10% to 18%. The current work recommends to carry out detailed investigations on the effect of transport length and vibration on heart rate and meat quality of various categories of animals. Application of route planning is also recommended to reduce the transport distance.


The Northern Soul scene involves the direct acquisition of rare, obscure 1960s black American soul records and the relocation of this music into an alien locality. The records - often poor emulations of the Motown sound - were disregarded, and subsequently discarded, by intended audiences. With a treasure trove of rare records laid forgotten, the Northern Soul record collector began his search for the ignored vinyl gems that would soon become Northern Soul classics. This search continues today, as does the scene. But while all else remains the same, the continuing participants age. Northern Soul is a unique fusion of borrowing authenticity and creating originality. This thesis explores the source of this authenticity and the performance of this originality as it occurs on dancefloors, at
record stalls and behind the disc jockey's decks. Fans perform their most authentic variant of Northern Soul to present a uniqueness of self. The result is a combination of competitive individualism and collective belonging. The manner in which participants display this dualism is the subject of the thesis. Stemming from a predominantly qualitative approach and based within interpretative sociology, this thesis incorporates theories of identity construction, the performance of identity, symbolic interactionism and the post-subcultural. Via an ethnographic methodology, the fan perspective, fan reception of music, and the processes, practices and performances of competency, skill and connoisseurship are examined as pathways to scene belonging, status and self. This thesis aims to shed light on an academically neglected aspect of popular music culture (the Northern Soul scene) while also expanding the growing body of work surrounding post-subcultural paradigms, popular dance and the feminine experience in music cultures. The
prioritisation of the master narrative of youth will be questioned in a bid to push the boundaries of popular music studies into an acknowledgement of ageing music scene participation.


Abstract. The water-soluble fractions of aerosol filter samples and cloud water collected during the Whistler Aerosol and Cloud Study (WACS 2010) were analyzed using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). This is the first study to report AMS organic spectra of re-aerosolized cloud water, and to make direct comparison between the AMS spectra of cloud water and aerosol samples collected at the same location. In general, the mass spectra of aerosol were very similar to those of less volatile cloud organics. By using a photochemical reactor to oxidize both aerosol filter extracts and cloud water, we find evidence that fragmentation of water-soluble organics in aerosol increases their volatility during photochemical oxidation. By contrast, enhancement of AMS-measurable organic mass by up to 30% was observed during the initial stage of oxidation of cloud water organics, which was followed by a decline at the later stages of oxidation. These observations are in support of the general hypothesis that cloud water oxidation is a viable route for SOA formation. In particular, we propose that additional SOA material was produced by functionalizing dissolved organics via OH oxidation, where these dissolved organics are sufficiently volatile that they are not usually part of the aerosol. This work demonstrates that water-soluble organic compounds of intermediate volatility (IVOC), such as cis-pinonic acid, produced via gas-phase oxidation of monoterpenes, can be important aqueous-phase SOA precursors in a biogenic-rich environment.


The recent resurgence of optimism regarding the role of legal reforms in promoting development seems to be based in part upon cross-country statistical analyses that purport to show causal relationships between variables measuring characteristics of legal institutions and variables measuring levels of various kinds of development. However, the persuasiveness of these analyses is limited by the quality of the legal data upon which they rely. As it turns out, many of the variables that are commonly used to measure respect for the rule of law, enforcement of property rights and contracts do not capture information capable of shedding light upon the potential impact of purely legal reforms. In some cases the variables capture the interaction between legal and non-legal features of society. In other cases they aggregate the effects of a large number of legal institutions. In still other cases they capture information about features of legal systems that are not amenable to reforms.


The Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) is the primary source for postmarketing pharmacovigilance. Though potentially highly useful, the database reflects reporting biases, stimulated reporting, and suffers from lack of standardization and the use of multiple drug synonyms. These biases can suggest adverse drug reactions (ADRs) where none exist, and can obscure others that do exist. To decrease the noise in FAERS, and to reinforce important associations, we mapped over 750,000 drug identifiers in FAERS to the normalized chemical structures of their ingredients. This illuminated associations that would not otherwise be apparent, and also allowed a time-resolved analysis of ADR reporting. It also revealed similarities between drugs and adverse events across therapeutic classes, enabling unbiased classification of adverse events, indications, and drugs with similar clinical profiles. For instance, comparison of two selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, celecoxib and rofecoxib finds distinctive FAERS profiles after time-resolved analysis. We also investigated key idiosyncrasies, such as confusion between drug indications and drug ADRs, which can tar a drug treating a life-threatening disease, like thalidomide9s use against myeloma, with a deadly ADR that is likely the result of the disease itself, multiplications of the same report, which unjustifiably increases its apparent importance, and the correlation of reported ADRs with public events, regulatory announcements, and with publications. Comparing the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical ADR profiles of methylphenidate, aripiprazole and risperidone, and of kinase drugs targeting the VEGF receptor (VEGF-R2), demonstrates how underlying molecular mechanisms can emerge from ADR co-analysis. The precautions and methods we describe may enable investigators to avoid confounding chemistry-based associations and reporting biases in FAERS, and illustrates how comparative analysis of ADRs can reveal underlaying mechanisms.


The geographic conditions of the Indonesian archipelago vary greatly, causing differences in climate, soil fertility, compatibility with plant species and productivity and its availability. Differences in cultivation techniques and staple food among regions also affect people's choices in meeting the dietary and food.Panel data from 33 provinces for 10 years (2007-2016) were analyzed by Path Analysis method. In the economics determinant, the decrease of Rice Prices, the decrease of Consumer Prices Indexed on Foodstuff, the increase of Government Expenditure will strengthen Food Security. In the non-economics determinant, the decrease of Food Availability will strengthen Food Security. Food Availability is the dominant factor to Food Security.The findings of this study are to reduce poverty need to strengthen food security. Government policies in spending budgets, rice price stability and inflation, and strengthening of domestic rice production need to be understood within the framework of Indonesia's geographical diversity. Keywords


We analyze scale-dependent statistics of correlated random hydrogeological variables and their extremes using neutron porosity data from six deep boreholes, in three diverse depositional environments, as example. We show that key statistics of porosity increments behave and scale in manners typical of many earth and environmental (as well as other) variables. These scaling behaviors include a tendency of increments to have symmetric, non-Gaussian frequency distributions characterized by heavy tails that decay with separation distance or lag; power-law scaling of sample structure functions (statistical moments of absolute increments) in midranges of lags; linear relationships between log structure functions of successive orders at all lags, known as extended self-similarity or ESS; and nonlinear scaling of structure function power-law exponents with function order, a phenomenon commonly attributed in the literature to multifractals. Elsewhere we proposed, explored and demonstrated a new method of geostatistical inference that captures all of these phenomena within a unified theoretical framework. The framework views data as samples from random fields constituting scale mixtures of truncated (monofractal) fractional Brownian motion (tfBm) or fractional Gaussian noise (tfGn). Important questions not addressed in previous studies concern the distribution and statistical scaling of extreme incremental values. Of special interest in hydrology (and many other areas) are statistics of absolute increments exceeding given thresholds, known as peaks over threshold or POTs. In this paper we explore the statistical scaling of data and, for the first time, corresponding POTs associated with samples from scale mixtures of tfBm or tfGn. We demonstrate that porosity data we analyze possess properties of such samples and thus follow the theory we proposed. The porosity data are of additional value in revealing a remarkable cross-over from one scaling regime to another at certain lags. The phenomena we uncover are of key importance for the analysis of fluid flow and solute as well as particulate transport in complex hydrogeologic environments.


A note on the translation of Jeremiah 2:37 ("With your hands on your head") In Jeremiah 2:37 God says to Israel: "You will leave that place (= Egypt) with your hands upon your head". In this article various Bible translations and commentaries are scrutinized to determine how modem exegetes interpret this phrase. Thereafter the author discusses Egyptian depictions of mourners in funeral processions with their hands on their heads. He shows how an exploration of Egyptian Art can contribute to a better understanding of Jeremiah 2:37. This study also shows that the two dynamic Afrikaans translations of the Bible ("Die Lewende Bybel" and "Die Nuwe Afrikaanse Vertaling") are wide off the mark in their interpretation of the phrase "with your hands on your head". The author also argues that exegetes should not only rely on written texts when they study the ancient world in which the Scriptures originated, but that they should also explore works of art.


Proteomics methodology has revolutionized by the arrival of computer programs which are used to study the structural and functional properties easily and feasibly. The H-Plot is the computer software which is used for the analysis of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acids of a protein. It also give you information about the possible structure of a protein and can indicate potential transmembrane or surface regions in proteins. The application program that was considered suitable for the program is C#.


The basis for this study was my own conception of a weakening of recreational activities in the Swedish secondary school. The aim of the study was to look into five school leaders' ideas of recreational activities. The school leaders' who participated came from various municipalities in two different counties, southern Varmland and northern Vastra Gotaland (former Skaraborg). In order to collect the school leaders' perceptions of the subject, qualitative interviews were conducted. Theoretical models produced by Pierre Bourdieu and his thoughts of habitus together with Abraham Malsows hierarchy of needs have left their mark on this study. The study showed that the school leaders perceived several positive qualities from recreational activities, such as fellowship, it´s relaxing effect, calmness and the physical aspect that comes from being in nature. Despite this, recreational activities occurred irregularly, which was mainly due to organizational reasons, such as the schedule involving several lessons with different teachers, which makes it hard to practice outdoor life for any great length of time. Costs and lack of equipment are also mentioned as limiting. Several school leaders mentioned the PE teacher's enthusiasm as an important factor affecting the amount of outdoor life in school.


We report on a two-channel magnetometer based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in a Cs glass cell with buffer gas. The Cs atoms are optically pumped and probed by free running diode lasers tuned to the D2 line. A wide frequency modulation of the pump laser is used to produce both synchronous Zeeman optical pumping and hyperfine repumping. The magnetometer works in an unshielded environment, and a spurious signal from distant magnetic sources is rejected by means of differential measurement. In this regime the magnetometer simultaneously gives the magnetic field modulus and the field difference. Rejection of the common-mode noise allows for high-resolution magnetometry with a sensitivity of 2 pT/sqrt Hz. This sensitivity, in conjunction with long-term stability and a large bandwidth, makes it possible to detect water proton magnetization and its free induction decay in a measurement volume of 5 cm3.


It has become internationally recognised that the right of access to water is fundamental to life and health. Furthermore, it is indispensable for leading a life of human dignity.The South African Constitution expressly recognises this right. This paper examines to what extent the South African government has met its obligation to provide access to sufficient water fit for human consumption. It also looks at recent judicial decisions on the right of access to  water, where courts have not only found that the minimum quantity of water prescribed by national legislation is insufficient but, controversially, have prescribed what a minimum quantity of water should be.It concludes by suggesting what should be done in South Africa in order to ensure access to sufficient water for everyone.


Stool ova and parasite examination using concentration methods remains the gold standard for the investigation of digestive parasitosis. Recently, single-use filtration devices have been marketed for stool concentration sedimentation methods such as MIF or Bailenger, which improve the analytical quality by avoiding contact with feces. In this study, the Parasep® device was adapted to the Faust technique flotation method. In addition, the performance between conventional techniques (MIF concentration and Faust) and techniques using this device was evaluated on 25 formalin-preserved stools and 3 fresh stools. With the Parasep device, the main parasites (protozoa or helminths) were isolated, and the technical requirements such as hygiene control for the operator and realization according to good laboratory practice were improved due to the filtration device.


This paper reviews the latest research in New Zealand surrounding the issues of sea-level rise and extreme sea levels in the context of global warming and variability in the Pacific-wide El Nino‐ Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Past records of climate, sea level (excluding tides) and sea and air temperatures have shown that they are continuously fluctuating over various long-term timescales of years, decades and centuries. This has made it very difficult to determine whether the anthropogenic effects such as increased levels of "greenhouse" gases are having an accelerating effect on global sea levels or an increased incidence of extreme storms. Over the past century, global sea level has risen by 10‐25 cm, and is in line with the rise in relative sea level at New Zealand's main ports of +1.7 mm yr ‐1 . What has become very clear is the need to better understand interannual (year-to-year) and decadal variability in sea-level, as these larger signals of the order of 5‐15 cm in annual-mean sea level have a significant "flow-on" effect on the long-term trend in sea level. The paper describes sea level variability in northern New Zealand—both long- and short-term—involved in assessing the regional trends in sea level. The paper also discusses the relative contributions of tides, barometric pressure and wind set-up in causing extreme sea levels during storm surges. Some recent research also looked at a related question—Is there any sign of increased storminess, and hence storm surge, in northern New Zealand due to climate change? The paper concludes that, while no one can be completely sure how sea-level and the degree of storminess will respond in the near future, what is clear is that interannual and decadal variability in sea level is inextricably linked with Pacific-wide ENSO response and longer inter-decadal shifts in the Pacific climate regime, such as the latest shift in 1976.


We propose an integrated framework in which local perception and close manipulation skills are used in conjunction with a high-level behavioral interface based on a "smart object" paradigm as support for a virtual agent to perform autonomous tasks. In our model, virtual "smart objects" encapsulate information about possible interactions between the agent and its environment, including sub-tasks defined by scripts that the agent can perform. We use the information provided by low-level sensing mechanisms to construct a set of local, perceptual features, with which to categorize at run-time possible target objects. Once objects are activated, based on their interactivity information and on the current task script, the agent can reparametrize its behavior, according to its mission goal defined in a global plan script. A challenging problem solved here is the construction (abstraction) of the mechanism to link individual perceptions to actions. As a practical result virtual agents are capable of acting with more autonomy, enhancing their performance.


Climate mitigation can markedly brighten the future of the world's food production systems. Climate change can alter conditions that sustain food production and availability, with cascading consequences for food security and global economies. Here, we evaluate the vulnerability of societies to the simultaneous impacts of climate change on agriculture and marine fisheries at a global scale. Under a "business-as-usual" emission scenario, ~90% of the world's population—most of whom live in the most sensitive and least developed countries—are projected to be exposed to losses of food production in both sectors, while less than 3% would live in regions experiencing simultaneous productivity gains by 2100. Under a strong mitigation scenario comparable to achieving the Paris Agreement, most countries—including the most vulnerable and many of the largest CO2 producers—would experience concomitant net gains in agriculture and fisheries production. Reducing societies' vulnerability to future climate impacts requires prompt mitigation actions led by major CO2 emitters coupled with strategic adaptation within and across sectors.


Many core chips are emerging as the architecture of choice to provide power efficiency and improve performance, while riding Moore's Law. In these architectures, on-chip inter-connects play a pivotal role in ensuring power and performance scalability. As supply voltages begin to level off in future technologies, chip designs in general and interconnects in particular will require specialization to meet power and performance objectives. In this work, we make the observation that cache-coherent many core server chips exhibit a duality in on-chip network traffic. Request traffic largely consists of simple control messages, while response traffic often carries cache-block-sized payloads. We present Cache-Coherence Network-on-Chip (CCNoC), a design that specializes the NoC to fit the demands of server workloads via a pair of asymmetric networks tuned to the type of traffic traversing them. The networks differ in their data path width, router micro architecture, flow control strategy, and delay. The resulting heterogeneous CCNoC architecture enables significant gains in power efficiency over conventional NoC designs at similar performance levels. Our evaluation reveals that a 4×4 mesh-based chip multiprocessor with the proposed CCNoC organization running commercial server workloads is 15-28% more energy efficient than various state-of-the-art single- and dual-network organizations.


The obsidian prismatic blade is one of the sharpest cutting implements ever produced in the prehistoric world. This volume explores the social and economic processes involved in its manufacture in ancient Mesoamerica. Contributors examine the variation in the way obsidian prismatic blades were manufactured across Mesoamerica and the causes behind this variation. The volume contributes to a broader understanding of prehistoric stone tool production and craft specialization in the ancient world.


The enigmatic Ina feature on the Moon was recently interpreted to represent extrusive basaltic volcanic activity within the past 100 m.y. of lunar history, an extremely young age for volcanism on the Moon. Ina is a 2 × 3 km D-shaped depression that consists of a host of unusual bleb-like mounds surrounded by a relatively optically fresh hummocky and blocky floor. Documentation of magmatic-volcanic processes from shield volcano summit pit craters in Hawai'i and new insights into shield-building and dike evolution processes on the Moon provide important perspectives on the origin of Ina. We show that the size, location, morphology, topography, and optical maturity of Ina are consistent with an origin as a subsided summit pit crater lava lake on top of a broad ~22-km-diameter, ~3.5-b.y.-old shield volcano. New theoretical treatments of lunar shield-building magmatic dike events predict that waning-stage summit activity was characterized by the production of magmatic foam in the dike and lake; the final stages of dike stress relaxation and closure cause the magmatic foam to extrude to the surface through cracks in the lava lake crust to produce the mounds. The high porosity of the extruded foams (>75%) altered the nature of subsequent impact craters (the aerogel effect), causing them to be significantly smaller in diameter, which could bias the crater-derived model ages. Accounting for this effect allows for significantly older model ages, to ~3.5 b.y., contemporaneous with the underlying shield volcano. Thus extremely young volcanic eruptions are not required to explain the unusual nature of Ina.


The message of this research is that meteorological data should be resolved first to obtain their
resultants. The resultants of the meteorological data, wind speed and direction are then used for
the evaluation of Pasquill-Gifford plume dispersion model for better accuracy. Air pollutants
dispersing in the atmosphere have another force acting on them. The force that is acting on the
air pollutants is the wind velocity, which has both magnitude and direction. The wind finally
succeeds in diverting and altering the normal speed and direction of the pollutant. Under still air,
air pollutants can disperse normally in the atmosphere at their own speed and direction. The
speed and force of the wind normally dominate the air pollutants. This is why resultant speed is
absolutely necessary in tracing air pollutants dispersion. The resultant speed and direction are
like the true speed and direction of the pollutant. The use of trigonometry in determination of
resultant speed and direction gives more accuracy in locating the true position of the pollutant in
the form of position vector. This research has used a geometric approach to trace air pollutants in
the form of position vectors. When the equation is resolved the resultant speed and direction usually come out. This resultant speed in turn is used to evaluate Pasquill-Gifford plume
dispersion model to get the accurate concentration of the pollutants. Observed CO data from
Kajang town of Malaysia has been used to validate the model. The research further enhances the
model with Geographic Information Systems. Dots density is used to represent distribution of
pollutant molecules, polygon to represent buildings and lines to represent roads or rails. This
research, having used a new method of simulating the movement of air pollutants with respect to
winds direction, applied geographical information systems (GIS) to display in a town map the
movement of air pollution.


Throughout history, battlefields have placed a soldier's instinct for self-preservation in direct opposition to the army's insistence that he do his duty and put himself in harm's way. Enduring Battle looks beyond advances in weaponry to examine changes in warfare at the very personal level. Drawing on the combat experiences of American soldiers in three widely separated wars the Revolution, the Civil War, and World War II Christopher Hamner explores why soldiers fight in the face of terrifying lethal threats and how they manage to suppress their fears, stifle their instincts, and marshal the will to kill other humans. Hamner contrasts the experience of infantry combat on the ground in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when soldiers marched shoulder-to-shoulder in linear formations, with the experiences of dispersed infantrymen of the mid-twentieth century. Earlier battlefields prized soldiers who could behave as stoic automatons; the modern dispersed battlefield required soldiers who could act autonomously. As the range and power of weapons removed enemies from view, combat became increasingly depersonalized, and soldiers became more isolated from their comrades and even imagined that the enemy was targeting them personally. What's more, battles lengthened so that exchanges of fire that lasted an hour during the Revolutionary War became round-the-clock by World War II. The book's coverage of training and leadership explores the ways in which military systems have attempted to deal with the problem of soldiers' fear in battle and contrasts leadership in the linear and dispersed tactical systems. Chapters on weapons and comradeship then discuss soldiers' experiences in battle and the relationships that informed and shaped those experiences. Hamner highlights the ways in which the "band of brothers" phenomenon functioned differently in the three wars and shows that training, conditioning, leadership, and other factors affect behavior much more than political ideology. He also shows how techniques to motivate soldiers evolved, from the linear system's penalties for not fighting to modern efforts to convince soldiers that participation in combat would actually maximize their own chances for survival. Examining why soldiers continue to fight when their strong instinct is to flee, "Enduring Battle" challenges long-standing notions that high ideals and small unit bonds provide sufficient explanation for their behavior. Offering an innovative way to analyze the factors that enable soldiers to face the prospect of death or debilitating wounds, it expands our understanding of the evolving nature of warfare and its warriors. "


This research describes the managerial approaches that contractors follow to determine different types of contingencies in construction project management. Two large Spanish general contractors were selected for an in-depth analysis. Interviews and surveys were conducted with six additional companies to explore the external validity of the findings. Managers constrain time and cost buffers through project objectives, applying heuristics to determine inventory buffers. The management of capacity buffers is entrusted to subcontractors. The contractors take advantage of scope and quality buffers to meet project objectives but rarely share these buffers with the owner, unless the owner is an internal client.


Janet Swaffar and Katherine Arens offer a holistic approach to postsecondary language teaching that integrates the study of literature and culture into every level of the curriculum. By studying multiple genres ranging from popular to elite, students gain an understanding of multiple communicative frameworks - and develop multiple literacies. Swaffar and Arens propose the use of a sequence of template-generated exercises that leads students from basic grammar patterns to a sophisticated grasp of the interrelations among language use, meaning, and cultural context. One example of their approach is the teaching of Laura Esquivel's novel Como agua para chocolate ( Like Water for Chocolate ). From exercise to exercise, students consider use of tense, narrative strategy (the connection between recipes and plot), and the social codes in the novel compare the novel with the Hollywood film version (different imagery for different audiences) critique promotional descriptions of the film on the Internet examine a magazine interview of Esquivel (to expose the interviewer's assumptions) The authors combine theory and practice, research and personal experience, to present a new, interdisciplinary curriculum that should strengthen the teaching of foreign languages in junior colleges, four-year colleges, and universities.


The earthquake-alarm model developed by Chen and Chen (Nat. Hazards 2016) is investigated to validate its forecasting performance for the 2016/2/6, ML 6.6 Meinong, Taiwan earthquake. This alarm model is based on geoelectric field skewness and kurtosis anomalies. The model parameters, such as the detection range and predicted time window, allow us to estimate the empirical relationships between geoelectric anomalies and large earthquakes. As a result, the skewness and kurtosis anomalies are shown to appear before the Meinong earthquake on the four neighboring stations (LIOQ, WANL, KAOH, and CHCH). According to the model analysis a time lag exists between anomaly clusters and earthquakes, depending on local geological features, as well as the durations over which anomalies are continuously observed, which might also display time dependence. In conclusion, this alarm model is able to correlate earthquakes and geoelectrical anomalies, with promising usefulness in forecasting large earthquakes. Article history: Received 29 August 2016 Revised 31 October 2016 Accepted 1 November 2016


Although demand for midwifery services in Canada is increasing, research suggests that a low proportion of Canadians would consider midwifery care for their or their partner's pregnancy. There is still a significant gap in knowledge about why Canadians prefer physician or obstetrician based care over midwifery care. In order to further understand these preferences, the current research employed a qualitative exploration of young adults' commonly held beliefs about midwifery care and people who choose midwifery care. Discussions about midwifery care and people who choose midwives as their primary care provider during pregnancy and birth were elicited through seven focus groups consisting of 3-7 young adults each, for a total of 29 participants (20 women and 9 men). The discussions were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Our analyses of the data suggested that participants seemed to believe that people who choose midwifery care value "the natural", actively eschew the medical system, rebel against convention, value personal experience, and maintain alternative lifestyles. Midwifery care and midwife-assisted births were characterized as facilitating a positive prenatal and birth experience for the mother, but were also often characterized as risky for the pregnancy overall, and in particular for the baby, requiring a high degree of trust on the part of the mother. Midwifery care and midwife-assisted births were described as old-fashioned, and ultimately uncommon. Recommendations for marketing strategies, based on these findings, are suggested.


The American Tort Reform Association (ATRA) was founded in 1986 by the American Medical Association and American Council of Engineering Companies, and now has hundreds of corporate members. Every year, ATRA releases a list of Judicial Hellholes: court systems alleged to be unfair to defendants. The name is definitely catchy: the thought of a judicial hellhole invokes images of Kafka, Satan and the Queen of Hearts. No wonder ATRA's hellhole campaign has embedded itself in media vocabulary. And no wonder state courts and state legislatures bend over backwards to get out from under the hellhole label. Similarly, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce has a spin-off organization,the Institute for Legal Reform, that issues an annual report on each state's lawsuit climate, ranking states from 1 to 50 on their friendliness to business, based on a survey of general counsel of very large businesses and their outside lawyers. Since no state wants to be found near the bottom of the list, the ILR report also creates pressure for legal change.This essay uses West Virginia as a test case to examine the methodology of the Hellhole and Lawsuit Climate reports. It provides context by briefly tracing the earlier campaigns of tort reform advocates, highlighting some of the ways in which they have played fast and loose with numbers and stories. The essay describes the national Hellhole and Lawsuit Climate campaigns, and then focuses on ATRA's treatment of West Virginia in order to demonstrate the techniques of the hellhole reports. For example, the reports represent opinions as facts, use quotations and anecdotes in a misleading and manipulative way, omit bad facts, and misuse statistics. Reasonable scholars on all sides of the substantive and procedural issues involved in tort litigation have debated and will continue to debate difficult issues such as deterrence, insurance, proof of causation, procedural efficiency, the role of the courts, the limits of science, and best choice of decision maker. The hellhole reports add nothing to these thoughtful and nuanced debates; indeed, they debase that debate by misleading and misinforming citizens and lawmakers.


We provide a brief review of the techniques that are based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and used for evaluating capital asset pricing models. We first develop the CAPM and multi-beta models and discuss the classical two-stage regression method originally used to evaluate them. We then describe the pricing kernel representation of a generic asset pricing model; this representation facilitates use of the GMM in a natural way for evaluating the conditional and unconditional versions of most asset pricing models. We also discuss diagnostic methods that provide additional insights.


The objective of this qualitative study of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee was to evaluate the influence of different pain patterns on their quality of life and to investigate their interpretation and coping strategies for the disease using patient interviews. Patients were recruited by convenience sampling in a private general practice clinic in Hong Kong. Those screened positive for OA of the knee were asked to self-evaluate their average pain score and classify the severity of their OA before attending a semi-structured interview by a research assistant. Twenty patients were interviewed and 98 codes were identified. The content was analyzed independently by two researchers who were not doing the interviews. Codes and themes generated were analyzed based on the grounded theory. A wide range of symptoms was described by patients with OA of the knee, in which pain was the most prominent symptom. Most patients (80%) described two different types of pain, mechanical and inflammatory pain, each presenting with a different pain quality and onset pattern. Most patients self-graded their OA severity at a level higher than their corresponding pain score, indicating that there may be other variables that patients would consider during self-evaluation of severity. More than half of the participants seek medical assistance late because their health-seeking behavior was affected by their perception of the problem, concern, and expectation from treatment. The study findings can help healthcare providers to understand and be aware of the existence of two pain patterns, mechanical and inflammatory pain in knee OA, as well as to appreciate the great variations of symptoms, the different perspectives, and the different coping and health-seeking behaviors among knee OA patients during their management. Finally, this study also provides a useful basis for further research on topics like factors that affect patients' self-evaluated disease severity and efficacy of interventions specific for the two different pain patterns associated with knee OA.


Flying an airplane is a complex operation. Pilots must be able to manipulate the three-dimensional flight characteristics, maintain situational awareness, aircraft configurations, interpret charts, and handle communications with air traffic control. This requires maximum cognitive and psychomotor skills. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has added reducing fatigue-related accidents is on their top ten most wanted list. According to the NTSB (2019), fatigue "degrades a person's ability to stay awake, alert, and attentive to the demands of safely controlling a vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or train" (p.18). Additionally, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has called on stakeholders, including the academic community, to reduce the number of accidents in the general aviation sector (Federal Aviation Administration, 2018). After a review of extant literature, most fatigue research in aviation pertains to airline and military operations (Keller, Mendonca, & Cutter, 2019; Levin, Mendonca, Keller, & Teo, 2019; Mendonca, Keller, Lu, 2019). However, collegiate aviation students have differences such as class scheduling, maturity, and regulations. Thus, making collegiate aviation pilots a unique population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was threefold: 1) To investigate the causes and symptoms of fatigue among collegiate aviation students. 2) To investigate whether there is a statistically significant association between enrollment status and a participant's willingness to fly fatigued. 3) To investigate whether a participant's age and flight hours predict their willingness to fly while fatigued. The researcher used a mixed-methods online-based survey to answer the research questions. The researcher used convenience and judgment sampling to distribute the survey to eight collegiate aviation programs in the United States. A total of 248 (n = 248) participants participated in the survey. The results of the survey indicated that participants cited excessive workload, stress, and sleep-related issues (disturbances and poor quantity) as the most common causes of fatigue. Participants cited drowsiness, loss of concentration, and physical/mental discomfort, including irritation, as symptoms of fatigue. The results also indicated that there was a statistically significant association between enrollment status and a participant's willingness to fly while fatigued; students from higher enrollment statuses are more willing to fly fatigued. Lastly, the results indicated that age might be used as a predictor for a participant's willingness to fly while fatigued. Conversely, flight hours cannot be used as a predictor for a participant's willingness to fly while fatigued.


Libraries frequently turn to new technologies to improve the user's experience. This could be something as simple as a macro that speeds up data entry for catalogers to implementing a new discovery system. New technologies can result in a positive transformation for the organization or unit, but the process of implementing a new technology across an organization can be challenging. The Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the special collections library at the University of Kansas, has implemented Aeon, an online circulation system that not only gets rid of the need for paper call slips, but also facilitates data-driven management decisions for all areas of the library. Aeon has improved our users' experience and transformed our workflows. This case study will address the reasons why we chose Aeon, how we developed new workflows, staff training and our plans for encouraging more data driven decisions. Unique Needs of Special Collection


Brilliantly illuminating one of the least-understood areas of American history, best-selling author Eric Jay Dolin now traces our fraught relationship with China back to its roots: the unforgiving nineteenth-century seas that separated a brash, rising naval power from a battered ancient empire. It is a prescient fable for our time, one that surprisingly continues to shed light on our modern relationship with China. Indeed, the furious trade in furs, opium, and beche-de-mer-a rare sea cucumber delicacy-might have catalyzed America's emerging economy, but it also sparked an ecological and human rights catastrophe of such epic proportions that the reverberations can still be felt today. Peopled with fascinating characters-from the "Financier of the Revolution" Robert Morris to the Chinese emperor Qianlong, who considered foreigners inferior beings-this page-turning saga of pirates and politicians, coolies and concubines becomes a must-read for any fan of Nathaniel Philbrick's Mayflower or Mark Kurlansky's Cod.


With the growth in international trade, business and industry, ethics has emerged as a challenge to the business community. Trust is an important theoretical stand, but the concepts of trust are still ambiguous. A quantitative and explanatory study was conducted to assess the relationships between trust and unethical negotiation. AMOS software was used to test both the measurement and the structural models that related to the research hypotheses listed. All the values of the standardized parameter estimates were negative, and the t-values were significant which indicate that trust has a negative relationship with traditional competitive bargaining, false promises, and inappropriate information gathering. For long-term relationship built, trust will be an important and significant factor for both parties. Future studies could employ a qualitative method to add value to the current findings, and the sampling plan could be expanded to other industries.


We examine the injection of electron spins from ferromagnets (F) into quasi-two-dimensional electron systems (2DES's) of semiconductors and employ the transfer-matrix formalism to obtain the carrier-density dependence of the conductances across F/InAs(2DES) single as well as F/InAs(2DES)/F double junctions in the ballistic limit. The Rashba spin-orbit interaction in the semiconductor and oblique modes in devices of finite widths are taken into account. We distinguish between spin-valve and spin-transistor geometry, in which the in-plane magnetization vectors in the ferromagnetic electrodes point perpendicular and parallel to the current direction, respectively. In case of the spin-transistor geometry, we find optimum coupling with the Rashba spin-precession state for injection straight along the channel. The distinct mismatch of majority and minority spin subbands in the ferromagnet to the band structure of the semiconductor causes spin-dependent scattering at the interface. This results in spin filtering. Within a Stoner model for ferromagnets spin filtering is stronger for iron than for Permalloy parameters and can be enhanced by an additional elastic scattering potential at the interface. In F/InAs(2DES)/F double junctions Fabry-Perot-type interferences are obtained. In case of spin-valve geometry they are due to particle interference, whereas in spin-transistor geometry spin itself is involved.


How well does your organization respond to changing market conditions, customer needs, and emerging technologies when building software-based products? This practical guide presents Lean and Agile principles and patterns to help you move fast at scaleand demonstrates why and how to apply these methodologies throughout your organization, rather than with just one department or team.Through case studies, youll learn how successful enterprises have rethought everything from governance and financial management to systems architecture and organizational culture in the pursuit of radically improved performance. Adopting Lean will take time and commitment, but its vital for harnessing the cultural and technical forces that are accelerating the rate of innovation.Discover how Lean focuses on people and teamwork at every level, in contrast to traditional management practicesApproach problem-solving experimentally, by exploring solutions, testing assumptions, and getting feedback from real usersLead and manage large-scale programs in a way that empowers employees, increases the speed and quality of delivery, and lowers costsLearn how to implement ideas from the DevOps and Lean Startup movements even in complex, regulated environments


Abstract For the past several years, many have viewed wikis as useful tools for community building and collaboration. A number of free Web services such as PBwiki have claimed convenience and ease of use as part of their overall packages. A review of the literature reveals a great deal of anecdotal support for wiki use in the workplace. However, few studies have been conducted to determine whether wikis are useful collaborative tools for employees within an organization. This case study will examine the use of a wiki by library employees during the strategic planning process at San Jose State University.


Spatio-temporal feature encoding is essential for encoding the dynamics in video sequences. Recurrent neural networks, particularly long short-term memory (LSTM) units, have been popular as an efficient tool for encoding spatio-temporal features in sequences. In this work, we investigate the effect of mode variations on the encoded spatio-temporal features using LSTMs. We show that the LSTM retains information related to the mode variation in the sequence, which is irrelevant to the task at hand (e.g. classification facial expressions). Actually, the LSTM forget mechanism is not robust enough to mode variations and preserves information that could negatively affect the encoded spatio-temporal features. We propose the mode variational LSTM to encode spatio-temporal features robust to unseen modes of variation. The mode variational LSTM modifies the original LSTM structure by adding an additional cell state that focuses on encoding the mode variation in the input sequence. To efficiently regulate what features should be stored in the additional cell state, additional gating functionality is also introduced. The effectiveness of the proposed mode variational LSTM is verified using the facial expression recognition task. Comparative experiments on publicly available datasets verified that the proposed mode variational LSTM outperforms existing methods. Moreover, a new dynamic facial expression dataset with different modes of variation, including various modes like pose and illumination variations, was collected to comprehensively evaluate the proposed mode variational LSTM. Experimental results verified that the proposed mode variational LSTM encodes spatio-temporal features robust to unseen modes of variation.


With the recent change of government in Georgia, which has led to a reduction of tension between Russia and Georgia, Yerevan and Tbilisi are in a better position to improve their relations. Armenia and Georgia are also coming closer together through their efforts to continue and deepen the process of EU integration. In Georgia's case, this means a readiness to conclude an Association Agreement with the European Union that include a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), set to be initialized at the EU's Eastern Partnership (EaP) summit in Vilnius this November. In the case of Armenia, which Russia recently forced to abandon taking a similar step and instead to declare an intention to join the Russian-led Eurasian Customs Union, this means being on constant standby to resume the process of integration with the EU in a more favorable external environment. Regardless of this latest hiccup, the latest developments are promising for a breakthrough in Armenian-Georgian relations. If such a breakthrough occurs, it will have significant regional implications.


This article examines the effect of historical transgressions associated with individuals' in-group on attribution of responsibility for the attack on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo . While the capacity of media frames to induce emotional states is well documented, the current study expands the understanding of the underlying processes associated with the framing effect by highlighting the ability of frames to induce collective-level emotions. Through an online experiment, we suggest that framing the attack in reference to American transgressions (abuses at the Abu Ghraib prison) initiated collective guilt, resulting in less attribution of responsibility for the attack to Islam and less support for anti-immigration policy in the United States. Conversely, framing the event in terms of American victimization (9/11 attack) engendered high levels of collective victimization, subsequently heightening the perceived responsibility of Islam in the attack and harnessing support for anti-immigration policy. Relevant moderators are considered, and practical and theoretical implications are discussed.


The focus of this thesis is an exploration of how musical talent is developed. It also considers the usefulness of the terms gift and talent. The research examines contemporary issues relating to the recognition and musical development of gifted and talented young musicians in Scotland. While the terms gift and talent are applied regularly to describe the abilities of learners, they are societal constructs (Borland 2005) used to categorise children's learning behaviours. These constructs can therefore influence an individual's self-concept and approach to tasks (Dweck 2000) leaving the individual to believe that he/she possesses ability or not.

Although this thesis does not attempt to re-conceptualise the construct of musical gift or talent, it aims to provide a greater understanding of how musical talent is developed in young people. It does this through literature analysis and empirical data collection. The thesis begins by analysing research literature to explore constructs of gift and talent, before relating this analysis to music-specific literature and to the empirical data collected during the course of the doctoral research. The empirical data was collected from four sources: professional musicians, current music students, teaching staff (music instructors/teachers and project co-ordinators/course leaders) and from pupils at a National Centre of Excellence (NCE).

Through analysing literature on high ability from both general high ability studies and music-specific studies, it became apparent that there has been a development in thinking over the course of the 20th century, with a move away from ability being associated with IQ scores towards a more broadly-based consideration of the needs of the individual learner. However, the research literature indicates that teachers and society seem to focus more on the negative aspects of labelling children as gifted and talented and on the implications for the learner as well as those around them. In terms of the original data gathered from professional musicians, teachers, programme leaders/coordinators, students and school pupils, a more contemporary concept of musicianship has emerged. While the terms 'gifted' and 'talented' were used by the participant groups, the terms were not solely associated with music. Technical ability and proficiency were identified as desirable for music talent development by some participants. Equally important were more general skills such as interest, communication, people- and self-management and team work. Therefore the gifted, talented or highly able musician, to these participants, not only possess a high level of musical skill but a ratio of musical, general and transferable skills.

The findings from this thesis suggest that the development of musical ability is not purely reliant on musical technique, but consists of a variety of different 'general' transferable skills. In addition to this, the doctoral research argues for the importance of the role of self-efficacy and resilience in attaining learning goals and achieving learning aims for pupils and students. The participants in this research were able to identify particular events which they consider either enhanced or delimited their experiences, noting how they managed each situation in order to manage their development. From this it would appear that if a learner can achieve a high level of self-efficacy they might be more likely to successfully develop their ability, regardless of the subject area in which the ability is shown.


A centralized multiechelon, multiproduct supply chain network is presented in a multiperiod setting with products that show varying demand against price. An important consideration in such complex supply chains is to maintain system performance at high levels for varying demands that may be sensitive to product price. To examine the price-centric behavior of the customers, the concept of price elasticity of demand is addressed. The proposed approach includes many realistic features of typical supply chain systems such as production planning and scheduling, inventory management, transportation delay, transportation cost, and transportation limits. In addition, the proposed system can be extended to meet unsatisfied demand in future periods by backordering. Effects of the elasticity in price demand in production and inventory decisions are also examined. The supply chain model is formulated as a convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. Reformulations are presented to make the problem tractable. The differential equations are reformulated as difference equations, and unbounded derivatives in the nonlinear objective function are handled with an approximation, with guaranteed bounds on the loss of optimality. The approach is illustrated on a multiechelon, multiproduct supply chain network.


The tourism industry is strongly influenced by the perception and satisfaction of tourists towards a destination. Perception is considered in conjunction with dynamic tourist expectations and perceptions. They are changing, so it is important to measure the tourist perception routinely. Perception is used as a base by travellers for assessing the quality of services rendered to them. This study aims at assessing the perception of tourists to some of the attributes of the Nusa Dua Tourism area and measuring tourist satisfaction against some of these attributes. The attributes to be measured are: environment and food. This research is a quantitative research. It employs questionnaires to collect data. Data were collected from 280 respondents who were selected through random sampling. The descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and average) and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) are employed to determine the perception and satisfaction of tourists towards the attributes of environmental and food at the Nusa Dua Tourism area. The result showed that Nusa Dua area management had provided excellent service to the two attributes and had considered them as important components in delivering satisfaction with their visit in Nusa Dua tourism area. The findings, from a marketing perspective is as a basis for the management of the Nusa Dua Tourism area in making policies for the improvement of the region, especially in meeting the tourists' perception and satisfaction.


ABSTRACT Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae Pavlic, T.I.Burgess & M.J.Wingf. and P. ardesiacum Pavlic, T.I.Burgess & M.J.Wingf. were collected from branches and twigs of Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg. in Phayao Province, northern Thailand. Pseudofusicoccum Mohali, Slippers & M.J.Wingf. is known only by its asexual morph. Here, we report the sexual morph of P. adansoniae based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS, LSU, TEF1 and β-tubulin dataset. The sexual morph is characterized by immersed, uniloculate ascomata, cylindric-clavate asci with a long pedicel, a well-developed ocular chamber and short clavate, hyaline, aseptate ascospores, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Descriptions, illustrations and molecular data are provided for the taxa.


Thematic interviews with around twenty executives working in five multinational companies (located in Alsace) have allowed us to reveal their representations and perceptions about their linguistic practices at work, about their multilingual skills and, finally, about the actions or measures that the companies (implicitly or explicitly) advocate on language management. Discourse analysis has highlighted certain widely-shared representations, both within a company or among different companies, which indicate the support or the submission to a dominant ideology that is at the base of group identity. However, during interactions, this collective monophony contrasts with more personal positions (individual representations) which modify the agents' relations to established representations (support, detachment or rejection). Our focus is thus placed on these differences or tensions, in order to identify more accurately the problematic aspects of multilingualism and of linguistic and cultural diversity management in companies.


This article analyses a specific part of the actions taken to improve the quality of Swedish education, namely the expectations formulated in national policy documents for the quality work that local authorities, schools and teachers are supposed to undertake. For the empirical analysis of how these expectations have changed over the last two decades, two sets of theoretical concepts have been combined: management of placement and management of expectation and autonomy and control. The specific research question is: How can local systematic quality work be understood in an age of accountability and what are the implications for teachers' practices? The results show that expectations for local quality work have changed radically during the studied period. There has been a significant change in the language used, the content of education has been recontextualised and there are obvious changes in the relation between local autonomy and national control. It is argued that these changes are a consequence of the changed design of the education system, rather than an answer to a content-related question of what is educationally desirable. As a consequence, paradoxical expectations land at the local level and have to be resolved by teachers.


Taking the UK as a case study, this paper describes current energy use and a range of sustainable energy options for the future, including solar power and other renewables. I focus on the area involved in collecting, converting and delivering sustainable energy, looking in particular detail at the potential role of solar power. Britain consumes energy at a rate of about 5000 watts per person, and its population density is about 250 people per square kilometre. If we multiply the per capita energy consumption by the population density, then we obtain the average primary energy consumption per unit area, which for the UK is 1.25 watts per square metre. This areal power density is uncomfortably similar to the average power density that could be supplied by many renewables: the gravitational potential energy of rainfall in the Scottish highlands has a raw power per unit area of roughly 0.24 watts per square metre; energy crops in Europe deliver about 0.5 watts per square metre; wind farms deliver roughly 2.5 watts per square metre; solar photovoltaic farms in Bavaria, Germany, and Vermont, USA, deliver 4 watts per square metre; in sunnier locations, solar photovoltaic farms can deliver 10 watts per square metre; concentrating solar power stations in deserts might deliver 20 watts per square metre. In a decarbonized world that is renewable-powered, the land area required to maintain today's British energy consumption would have to be similar to the area of Britain. Several other high-density, high-consuming countries are in the same boat as Britain, and many other countries are rushing to join us. Decarbonizing such countries will only be possible through some combination of the following options: the embracing of country-sized renewable power-generation facilities; large-scale energy imports from country-sized renewable facilities in other countries; population reduction; radical efficiency improvements and lifestyle changes; and the growth of non-renewable low-carbon sources, namely 'clean' coal, 'clean' gas and nuclear power. If solar is to play a large role in the future energy system, then we need new methods for energy storage; very-large-scale solar either would need to be combined with electricity stores or it would need to serve a large flexible demand for energy that effectively stores useful energy in the form of chemicals, heat, or cold.


In this dissertation I present my approach and findings regarding the development of a simulation model for a small scale renewable energy system. A brief introduction provides the reader with the background as to why there is a need for such a simulation package. The project objectives, research methodology and the research contributions originating from the project is also described. A literature study was done on all the relevant technologies constituting the renewable energy system as well as the techniques required to model the system. A system breakdown identified the various sub modules as well as how they interface with each other. The simulation model was tested by using Alexander bay, South Africa, as a case study. The results obtained from the various modules were discussed and found to correlate with what was expected. Although not contained within the project's scope, an additional analysis of the effect of the wind data's resolution on the probable power output of a wind turbine was performed leading to a hypothesis regarding the estimation of a more accurate probable power output extrapolation from data with a coarse resolution.


We study the problem of ride sharing in road networks. Current approaches to this problem focus on simple bulletin board like services or on algorithms that do not allow to transfer. In this work, we present a solution with an arbitrary number of transfers that respects personal preferences of the users. We engineer the ride sharing problem by searching a graph that represents a timetable network similar to those used for train networks. Our experimental analysis shows that our solution provides good performance and that it is significantly faster than a naive search. The algorithm achieves about an order of magnitude higher speedups over Dijkstra's algorithm than what could be expected from previous work.


This collection of essays in and on recent critical theory and its backgrounds attempts to clarify what is probably one of the most complex situations in the history of literary criticism. The classifier of methodologies can look back only with nostalgia at the simplicity of his problems with the limited warfare among New Critics, biographical and historical scholars, neo-humanists, neo-Aristotelians, and old-style Freudians and Marxists. Much more confusing these days are the challenges not only to critical method but to the very assumption that there is an object or language for criticism. The baffling array of structuralisms, post structuralisms, and phenomenologies, as well as the still-lingering versions of older positions now modified to confront these revolutionary alternatives, largely continental, calls for whatever light can be shed by knowing and intelligent observer-participants. The contributors to this volume, which appeared originally as the Summer 1976 issue of "Contemporary Literature," have varying commitments and interests, but all are distinguished commentators on and makers of theory. The occasion, created to simulate them to produce studies that reflect on one another, was an imagined symposium on a half-dozen representative anthologies of recent criticism. These authors also formed the Board of Senior Fellows of the first session of the School of Theory and Criticism at the University of California, Irvine, where the journal edition was much discussed and debated."


This thesis aims to contribute to recent discussions in media and cultural studies and political communication about reconceptualising the relationships between politics, media and public engagement. It will do so by articulating the context and processes in which private citizens form political publics and the ways in which media genres beyond conventional news and public affairs encourage or enable civic engagement. It explores these issues in the context of the ongoing democratisation of South Korea since 1987, a nation with a particularly dynamic digital culture.
The thesis critiques the conventional binaries between the private (emotion/entertainment/fans) and the public (reason/news/publics), and articulates the mediating contexts and processes in which the private shifts to the public. It seeks to situate affect and entertainment (popular culture) as key agents in mobilising and sustaining citizens' political interest and participation.
The key research questions are therefore: in what context do media offer a discursive space to connect people's everyday lives to the public world as well as to recruit and sustain political interest?; how does affect play a critical part in making sense of the public world, and mobilising political participation?; and in what ways do private individuals come to shape the public?
These questions are examined in the context of ICT-based media environments and in relation to three empirical studies: 1) OhmyNews - a global icon of citizen journalism - in which the 'feminised' news produced by citizens (re- )contextualised private interests into public concerns, and allowed the public to make a real change in the 2002 Presidential election and the 2010 local elections; 2) online political satire, in which politics is situated in an entertainment mode through citizens' creative reinterpretation, and which helped mobilise citizens' political interest and action during the 2004 Presidential impeachment and general election; and 3) the politicisation of teen fandom, in which music fans were mobilised as political actors in the 2008 anti-US beef protest.
The thesis employs a wide range of research methods including participant observation, interpretive textual analysis, and semi-structured and in-depth interviews. In this way the thesis identifies a complex linkage of traditionally separated spheres, such as reason and affect, news and entertainment media, and expert and common knowledge.


Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometers using transverse forces have higher sensitivity but lower resonant frequency than ones using axial forces. By shortening the distance between the two fixed ends of the FBG, the resonant frequency can be improved without lowing the sensitivity. Here, a compact FBG accelerometer using transverse forces with a slightly pre-relaxed FBG and 25mm distance between the two fixed ends has been demonstrated with the crest-to-trough sensitivity 1.1nm/g at 5Hz and the resonant frequency 42Hz. It reveals that making the FBG slightly pre-relaxed rather than pre-stretched also improves the tradeoff between the sensitivity and resonant frequency. Full Text: PDF References: Kawasaki, B. S. , Hill, K. O , Johnson, D. C. , & Fujii, Y. , "Narrow-band Bragg reflectors in optical fibers", Optics Letters 3, 66 (1978) [CrossRef] K. O. Hill, and G. Meltz, "Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview", Journal of Lightwave Technology 15, 1263 (1997) [CrossRef] B. Lee, "Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors", Optical Fiber Technology, 9, 57-79 (2003) [CrossRef] Laudati, A. , Mennella, F. , Giordano, M. , D"Altrui, G. , Tassini, C. C. , & Cusano, A., "A Fiber-Optic Bragg Grating Seismic Sensor", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 19, 1991 (2007) [CrossRef] P. F. Costa Antunes, C. A. Marques, H. Varum, and P. S. Andre, "Biaxial Optical Accelerometer and High-Angle Inclinometer With Temperature and Cross-Axis Insensitivity", IEEE Sens. J. 12, 2399 (2012) [CrossRef] Guo, Y. , Zhang, D. , Zhou, Z. , Xiong, L. , & Deng, X., "Welding-packaged accelerometer based on metal-coated FBG", Chinese Optics Letters, 11, 21 (2013). [CrossRef] Zhang, Y. , Zhang, W. , Zhang, Y. , Chen, L. , Yan, T. , & Wang, S. , et al., "2-D Medium–High Frequency Fiber Bragg Gratings Accelerometer", IEEE Sensors Journal, 17, 614(2017) [CrossRef] Xiu-bin Zhu, "A novel FBG velocimeter with wind speed and temperature synchronous measurement", Optoelectronics Letters, 14, 276-279 (2018) [CrossRef] Li, K. , Yau, M. H. , Chan, T. H. T. , Thambiratnam, D., "Fiber Bragg grating strain modulation based on nonlinear string transverse-force amplifier", & Tam, H. Y. , Optics Letters, 38, 311 (2013) [CrossRef] Li, K. , Chan, T. H. T. , Yau, M. H. , Nguyen, T. , Thambiratnam, D. P. , & Tam, H. Y., "Very sensitive fiber Bragg grating accelerometer using transverse forces with an easy over-range protection and low cross axial sensitivity", Applied Optics, 52, 6401 (2013) [CrossRef] Li, K. , Chan, T. H. T. , Yau, M. H. , Thambiratnam, D. P. , & Tam, H. Y., "Biaxial Fiber Bragg Grating Accelerometer Using Axial and Transverse Forces", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 26, 1549 (2014). [CrossRef] Li, K. , Chan, T. H. , Yau, M. H. , Thambiratnam, D. P. , & Tam, H. Y., "Experimental verification of the modified spring-mass theory of fiber Bragg grating accelerometers using transverse forces", Applied Optics, 53, 1200-1211(2014) [CrossRef]


Background: We demonstrated that mekabu fucoidan obtained from Undaria pinnatifida (Up) sporophylls augments the type 1 T-helper (Th1) cell response in normal BALB/c mice. In this study, we examined the effects of the fucoidan of mekabu on the type 2 T-helper (Th2) response in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after ovalbumin (OVA) aerosol challenge. Methods: Mekabu fucoidan (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice for 4 days, and then the mice were sensitized with 50 µg/mouse of OVA plus alum (1 mg/mouse) 1 and 8 days later. The mice were challenged with OVA delivered using a nebulizer 7, 8 and 9 days after the second challenge with OVA plus alum. After 24 h, we assessed T cell responses in BALF by measuring the amount of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and γ-interferon (IFN-γ) produced by Th1 cells. Results: The production of Th2 cytokines was suppressed (p < 0.05), and the amount of IFN-γ was not increased in the mice treated with mekabu fucoidan. Anti-OVA immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgE levels in serum determined after challenge with aerosolized OVA at the end of the experiment were lower (p < 0.05) in the treated than in the control mice. Conclusions: The pulmonary inflammation was relieved by mekabu fucoidan, which also downregulated Th2-dominated responses. These results indicate that mekabu fucoidan modulates Th2 responses and might be useful for treating allergic inflammation.


Ambrose Bierce is one of the most colorful figures in American literary history. A writer whose Devil's Dictionary remains the delight of misanthropes and fans of satire throughout the English-speaking world, he was also a master of the short story form. From the late 1860s through the early 1900s, he worked as a journalist, gaining wide renown in the 1890s and 1900s as a satirical columnist for William Randolph Hearst's chain of newspapers. In 1913 Bierce traveled to Mexico and joined Pancho Villa's army as an observer. He disappeared late that year and his fate has been a matter of dispute ever since. The poems that Bierce wrote throughout his career are less well known than his stories, journalistic pieces, and aphoristic observations on human folly. Nevertheless, his work as a poet, as critic Donald Sidney-Fryer has argued, "clearly merits the attention of the discriminating lover and student of poetry." Varied in form and subject matter, most of his poems are (not surprisingly) satires. This volume contains a generous selection of Bierce's poems; they are alternately ironic, melancholy, bitter, and wickedly amusing. There are also fifteen essays and letters on poetry, poets, and such topics as "Wit and Humor" and "The Passing of Satire." Certainly there have been few authors more intimately familiar with wit and satire than the brilliant, iconoclastic Bierce. As editor M. E. Grenander makes plain in her introduction, both are abundantly present in this collection of "some of the most remarkable verse in American literary history." M. E. Grenander is a Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Internationally recognized as a leading Bierce scholar, she is the author of Ambrose Bierce. Her articles on Bierce have appeared in the Western Humanities Review, American Literary Realism, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, and other publications.


This book offers a mathematical introduction to non-life insurance and, at the same time, to a multitude of applied stochastic processes. It gives detailed discussions of the fundamental models for claim sizes, claim arrivals, the total claim amount, and their probabilistic properties. Throughout the book the language of stochastic processes is used for describing the dynamics of an insurance portfolio in claim size space and time. In addition to the standard actuarial notions, the reader learns about the basic models of modern non-life insurance mathematics: the Poisson, compound Poisson and renewal processes in collective risk theory and heterogeneity and Buhlmann models in experience rating.The reader gets to know how the underlying probabilistic structures allow one to determine premiums in a portfolio or in an individual policy. Special emphasis is given to the phenomena which are caused by large claims in these models. What makes this book special are more than 100 figures and tables illustrating and visualizing the theory. Every section ends with extensive exercises. They are an integral part of this course since they support the access to the theory. The book can serve either as a text for an undergraduate/graduate course on non-life insurance mathematics or applied stochastic processes. Its content is in agreement with the European "Groupe Consultatif" standards. An extensive bibliography, annotated by various comments sections with references to more advanced relevant literature, make the book broadly and easiliy accessible.


The 3.13 m long bathyal piston core En20-2 from the northern Leeward Islands (17°49.9′N, 63°02.4′W, water depth 680 m) was sampled every 20 cm. The Pleistocene-Holocene boundary occurred at 107 cm, and the base of the core lay above the Atlantic extinction of Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (34 ka BP). The core yielded throughout both (a) a deep-water association (DWA) of middle bathyal benthonic foraminifera and (b) a shallow-water association (SWA; up to 56% of total recovery) comprising back-reef, epiphytal species. The environmental trends suggested by the two groups are compared. Although sea-levels during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene rose abruptly, there was no abrupt change in the DWA at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, but a gradual change from a higher-productivity fauna (Bulimina spp., Uvigerina spp.) at the base of the core to a lower-productivity fauna (Cassidulina spp., Globocassidulina spp.) at the top. Microhabitat preference changed from shallow-infaunal at the core base to primarily epifaunal at the top. Diversity and species dominance did not differ significantly between the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. Percentage abundances of species were calculated separately for the DWA and SWA. Seventy significant correlations were found between the percentage abundances of individual DWA and SWA species, the two strongest correlations - both positive - being between (a) Neoconorbina terquemi and Uvigerina laevis, and (b) Amphistegina gibbosa and Cassidulina curvata. The percentage abundance of U. laevis decreased up-section, whereas the percentage abundance of A. gibbosa increased up-section, reflecting a change in the nutrient flux over time that impacted on both the DWA and the SWA. Positive correlations between the DWA low-productivity indicator Globocassidulina subglobosa and the SWA species Asterigerina carinata, Elphidium discoidale, Peneroplis bradyi and P. proteus suggests that these four SWA species comprise a guild.


The applications of systems biology approaches have greatly increased in the past decade largely as a consequence of the human genome project and technological advances in genomics and proteomics. Systems approaches have been used in the medical and pharmaceutical realm for diagnostic purposes and target identification. During this same period, the use of mode of action (MOA) for risk assessment has been increasing and there is a need for quantitative risk assessments on an ever-growing number of environmental chemicals. Genome-wide (i.e., global) measurements provide both a discovery engine for identifying MOA and an information base for subsequent evaluation of MOA when conducting a risk assessment. These genome-wide measurements are not chosen based on the hypothesized MOA and therefore represent an unbiased check of the comprehensiveness of an MOA. In addition, optimal design for MOA studies is critical to provide the time and dose dependent data required for quantitative model building. Finally, identification of biomarkers and bioindicators of disease in humans provides a viable way to extrapolate from disease outcomes measured at high exposure levels to those at low exposure levels and thus provide the opportunity to reduce or perhaps eliminate in vivo animal testing. To realize the full potential of these approaches, larger integrated projects which include all these individual components are necessary.


Wood is often combined with other materials such as thermoplastics, adhesives and coatings. In general, combinations of wood and polymers especially in outdoor exposure have poor long-term durability. This behaviour can be related to an insufficient wood-polymer adhesion due to the low intrinsic compatibility between the wood substance and the polymers used. Another source for woodpolymer de-bonding is the high hygroscopicity of wood and great difference in hygro-thermal properties between the components. The basic conceptual idea related to this work is to reduce the hygrosensitivity of wood by applying different wood modification methods, in particular, acetylation, furfurylation and heat treatment. The effects of such chemical modifications of wood, also accompanied with ageing effects, on its adhesion properties with commonly used synthetic polymers are, however, not well understood. In this context, the over-all purpose of this thesis is to achieve a better understanding of wood-polymer adhesion and interfacial forces which also may guide us to tailor the interaction between modified wood and e.g. thermoplastics and adhesives. The main focus of this thesis is therefore to apply contact angle analysis based on the Chang-Qin-Chen (CQC) Lewis acid-base model in order to estimate the work of adhesion (Wa) between the wood, modified wood and certain polymers. Contact angle measurements on wood samples were performed based on the Wilhelm plate principle. Related to this, an effort was also made to characterize the studied modified wood surfaces according to morphology and chemical composition. The methods that have been used are low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Results show that so-called interaction parameters can be successfully estimated for prediction of Wa between wood and polymers using the applied CQC model. Furthermore, such wetting analysis was successfully related to spectroscopic findings of the chemical composition of the wood samples surface. Ageing effects, i.e. the time after preparation of the wood surface, play a central role for the surface characteristics. In most cases, ageing resulted in a significant decrease of Wa between wood and water and a moderate decrease between wood and thermoplastics. The surface characteristics of acetylated wood were, however, more stable over time compared to unmodified, furfurylated and heat treated wood. The predicted Wa with the adhesives for heat treated and acetylated wood was increased due to ageing. Future work is planned to involve studies in order to relate such predicted adhesion properties with the actual performance of various wood-polymer systems.


Responsive Communications missions typically require "persistent communications," i.e., repeat coverage that lasts for an extended period or the entire day. LEO orbits cannot provide this coverage without a large number of satellites and GEO satellites are typically large and expensive, with a long development time. The solution has traditionally been thought of as moderate altitude elliptical orbits, such as Magic or Cobra orbits. However, recent IR&D work by Microcosm suggests that this may be the wrong answer. This paper compares moderate altitude elliptical and circular orbits in terms of coverage, coverage flexibility, constellation size, ASAT vulnerability, the environment, impact on spacecraft design, and overall system cost. The conclusion reached is that circular MEO orbits are a better choice than elliptical MEO orbits for supplementary or persistent communications.


The updated edition of a contemporary approach to merging traditional hand drawing methods with 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional digital visualization tools. Jim Leggitt?s Drawing Shortcuts shows how communicating with hand drawings combined with digital technology can be ingeniously simple, and this new edition makes an already popular technique even better. Completely expanded with new chapters and a wealth of supporting images, this Second Edition presents practical techniques for improving drawing efficiency and effectiveness by combining traditional hand drawing methods with the latest digital technology, including 3-D modeling with SketchUp. This book?s step-by-step approach will sharpen and streamline your techniques whether you draw for pleasure, school or your design profession. Easy-to-follow instructions cover every aspect from the basics of drawing?such as composition, color, shading, hatching, and perspective?up to the most current technologies Incorporates Google SketchUp, Google Earth, computer generated renderings, digital scanners and printers Features new visuals from accomplished drawing experts Special new ?Gallery? section highlights the creative process with step-by-step examples of drawings Complete coverage of the ?Overlay and Trace Method,? ?Simple Composite Method,? ?Advanced Composite Method,? and ?Digital Hybrid Drawings? New matrices show alternative drawing techniques for specific visual effects such as Linework and Shading, Selecting the Right Views, Perspectives and Paraline Drawings, Drawing Detail, Camera Lenses, and Drawing Tools Generously enriched with detailed process drawings, examples, and more than 500 full-color images, Drawing Shortcuts, Second Edition will have you creating top-quality drawings faster and more effectively.


The tax code allows taxpayers to deduct amounts donated to an extremely broad variety of organizations deemed to create societal benefits — that is, positive externalities. But many organizations that may receive tax-deductible contributions also cause harms. Both the tax code and subsidy theory, one of the most utilized scholarly theories developed to analyze the deduction from an economic and morally neutral perspective, fail to properly account for these negative externalities. In order to do so, one needs to look beyond the economic models utilized by subsidy theorists. For instance, there should be some limit to the types of harms organizations can cause while retaining their subsidy (that is, their ability to receive deductible contributions), something not adequately provided by the tax laws or the Kaldor–Hicks model used by subsidy theorists. As a starting point, this Article suggests the government should not subsidize organizations that impinge on an individual's ability to live a full and meaningful life as a fair and equal member of society. If this (or some version of this) principle is accepted, taxpayers should not be able to deduct amounts donated to organizations that do so. Additionally, the government should not subsidize the efforts of organizations to promote their views of societal issues upon which there is reasonable disagreement. If one accepts this principle, donors should not be able to deduct amounts given to organizations advancing any particular conception of "the good," since allowance of the deduction would result in disparate subsidization of certain competing viewpoints over others, often favoring the majority view. If one applies these suggested principles, it seems clear that the current law's disallowance of deductions made to lobbying organizations and to certain organizations which have race-based exclusion policies is appropriate. However, an application of these same principles would question whether the deduction is appropriate in other situations in which it is currently allowed. For instance, current law allows donors to deduct amounts contributed to certain tax-exempt organizations that engage in limited lobbying; to organizations that are sibling organizations of lobbying groups, which seek to change public opinion through educational efforts; and to groups that have exclusion policies based on criteria other than race. An application of the suggested principles creates questions as to whether this is appropriate. This Article aims to act as a starting point to stimulate further discussion about whether and to what extent donors should be able to deduct amounts donated to charities that not only provide societal benefits but also cause harm.


In this study, we developed a technique for estimating soil C sequestration from crop production with detailed spatial differences in production practices, tillage effects, and soil textures often overlooked when modeling state-level implications of climate change policies. The model also tracks C equivalent (CE) emissions from fertilizer, fuel, and agricultural chemical use. Using Arkansas as an example, a model that maximizes crop returns to producers in conjunction with C offset payments allowed estimation of probable changes in county-level cropping patterns and income as a result of varying C prices. While income ramifications of a C-offset climate change policy are positive, significant uncertainty about resultant greenhouse gas (GHG) effects are demonstrated. Crops included were corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum spp.). As a result of this detailed analysis, two caveats are that (i) policy recommendations hinge on a baseline scenario that would change with changes in input and output price levels, with these interactions not modeled within, and (ii) monitoring costs of a C-offset market could be significant.