This dissertation examines the transnational
realities of Russian immigrants in the United States. Drawing insights from
personal accounts, I discuss immigrants' motives to immigrate to the United
States and to stay connected to their homeland. I illustrate that political and
economic factors, as well as the goals to enhance professional and personal
lives, have shaped immigrants' decisions to come to the United States. At the
same time, I show that determined to fulfill their social and civic
responsibilities, Russian immigrants maintain ties to their families and
friends back in Russia and also remain civically engaged in Russian society.

This dissertation also illustrates that a
more intricate understanding of Russian immigrants today cannot be achieved in
isolation from the political relations between Russia and the United States
that have been rapidly deteriorating since 2014. There are different ways that
Russian immigrants respond to the geopolitical divide between the two nation-states.
Some Russian immigrants, for example, condemn Russia's foreign policy and
global political behavior. Their criticism is often met with hostilities from
Russians who have not emigrated. Other Russian immigrants, on the other hand,
disapprove U.S. actions toward Russia and Russian society and consequently
encounter antagonisms in the United States. These immigrants recount their
experiences of exclusion from the U.S. social fabric. There are also those
Russian immigrants who question international acts of the political leaders of both
countries. Coping with antagonistic attitudes from Russian and U.S. societies toward
their political views and/or ethnic background, these individuals emphasize a
growing detachment from both nations. Based on individual accounts, I argue
that the contemporary tensions that have emerged between the two nations-states
create a barrier to the development of a transnational identity among Russian
immigrants. Specifically, living in a hostile political environment, Russian immigrants
do not share a simultaneous sense of belonging in relation to Russia and the
United States.

By focusing on Russian immigrants'
experiences with U.S.-Russia relations, this dissertation also brings to light individual
efforts to contest confrontations that shape the political landscape between
Russia and the United States. As transnational subjects with cross-border ties
and lives, Russian immigrants utilize their transnational positions and
cultural competencies to impact international views of Russian and U.S.
nationals. They frequently resort to transnational dialogues and socio-cultural
acts to raise social awareness and sympathies between their home and host
nations. By developing and investing their efforts into improving U.S.-Russia
ties, the ultimate goal that Russian immigrants seek to achieve is to
discourage members of Russian and U.S. societies from seeing each other as
enemy nations.


The relationship between physician and patients in medical treatment creates legal relationship between them. The agreement between physician and patients in therapeutic transaction is giving appropriate treatment toward the patient curement. This therapeutic treatment could be in the form of expanding medical treatment by practitioner toward its patients. The therapy done by physicians in increasing medical treatment is an effort to cure the patients. Yet, during the process, it may be erroneous treatment or mistakes which may impacts on legal violation. Consequently, it can be drawn that how is the physician responsibility toward the expanding medical treatment (surgery) which disadvantage patients related to regulation, and what are the legal prosecution that can be taken by patients if there are disadvantages on expanding medical treatment.
This research uses nonnative jurisdiction method, where data collection techniques in the form of primary and secondary acts which may then be analyzed through qualitative -descriptive method.
The physician responsibility toward expanding medical treatment (surgery) which causes disadvantageous toward patients, viewed from the existing jurisdiction are: Property Acts where physician makes erroneous/mi stake and results in disadvantage toward patients then it is considered that physician has conducted law violation (oncrehtmatigedaad) which contains in chapter 1365 KUHPerdata. In this case, the physician must pay the disadvantage on patient. Criminal Law where in the operation of medical expansion, physician make mistakes which may cause death, then it can be prosecuted with chapter 359 KUHP that is five years enprisontment and entrapment for about a year, and which causes injury/lesion toward patients, then physician is prosecuted with chapter 360 with caveats physician five years enprisontment related to a year entrapment. Indonesian medical code ethics. If only physician has made mistakes/maladjustment, then the physician could be punished with administrative sanction. In medical law toward medical expansion (surgery) it may happen mistaken/maladjustment which cause disadvantage on patients then the physician obliged to get disciplinary sanction sufficient to chapter 54 and should repay related to chapter 55 Act No 23 1992 on Medical. In Permenkes'No.585/Men.Kes/Per/IX/1989 stated that if any mistaken in medical treatment expansion (surgery) then the physician should be responsible to its fault, which may be given administrative sanction such as the quittance of its practice related to chapter 13 PerMenKes/No.585/Men.Kes/P/IX/1989. Only if there is maladjustment on its medical treatment expansion (surgery) then related to Acts UURI No. 29 2004 on Medical Practices then physician should be responsible toward his faults which can be sanctioned with disciplinary sanction. In case of repayment which should be payed by physician containing in chapter 1371 KUHPerdata, where repayment should not beyond physician capacity to pay and adjusted to physician condition. The law efforts which can be done by patients are courts/litigation, where on property, patients propose a prosecution on court. The criminal law procedurs are, patients arrange prosecutions by the assistance of advocates which can be submitted to police department, then proceed to court, where legal efforts in medical acts, medical code ethics and I'erMcnKes/No.585/Men.Kes/Per/IX/1989 that is making a report to Health Department then proceeded by experts (IDI, MKEK) and if it is approved by Indonesian Medical Disciplinary Honour Committee (MKDKI) then it directs to court of justice, where as related to Indonesian Acts No 29 2004 on Medical Practices, patients could proclaim to MKDT, and if it is evidenced then directly proceeds to court based on chapter 66 on Medical Practices Acts.
In taking medical expansion (surgery) which arranged in chapter 7 PerMenKes/No.585/Men.Kes/Per/IX/1989 should be based on medical profession standards (SPM), in case of death/failure toward patients then physician cannot be blamed by legal acts, yet in taking medical expansion (surgery) physicians do not obey or violate or malad just medical profession standards then he/she obliges to take the responsibility. The researcher suggest to Indonesian Medical Disciplinary Honour Committee, Medical Ethics Honour Committee, Indonesian Physicians United and Health Department improve and implement the legal acts on medical expansion treatment (surgery) and monitor the work of physician to prevent maladjustment or disadvantage on patients.


This paper describes a mixed-platform framework dedicated to Dynamic Stability Assessment of power systems. DSA refers to tools capable of characterizing the dynamic stability of the system. Time domain simulation is critical for DSA analysis and is done by algorithms known as TD engines. In this work, operations are shared between a software platform and a hardware one. TD simulation is handled by a dedicated mixed-signal electronics implementation. Data flow control, user interfacing, configuration, result post-processing and other auxiliary operations are realized in software. This architecture combines the flexibility of the software with the high-performance of dedicated hardware. Results of a multi-contingency analysis and a critical clearing time determination analysis for sample test cases are presented. It is demonstrated that an increase in speed of almost three orders of magnitude can be achieved, compared to single-platform solutions.


The present study investigates what policy mixes are the most effective in fostering biotechnology innovations. An input-output approach has been used with a mix of biotechnology policy instruments at the input side and biotechnology performance in science and commercialisation at the output side. Policy mixes that include both generic and biotech-specific policy instruments which support both the science base and commercialisation activities correlate with higher performance levels. Countries that ascribe limited importance to the creation of generic and biotech-specific instruments for the stimulation of biotechnology also perform more weakly. Only generic research stimulating instruments in place is less effective; biotech-specific instruments seem to be more beneficial. All highly performing countries in commercialisation had both generic and biotech-specific instruments in place. The overall conclusion is that a well-balanced mix of generic and biotech-specific measures seems to be superior.


A carbon support was treated with HNO3 to create surface functional groups (e.g. –COOH, –OH), which were then characterized by TGA, TPD, CNS elemental analysis, and Boehm titration. HNO3 modified the carbon surface properties by adding a high amount of carboxylic groups, improved the thermal stability of the carbon support, and reduced ca. 50% of the ash. The thermal pre-treatment (723 K under He) following the HNO3 pre-treatment successfully removed the carboxylic groups. 4% Ru/C catalysts were synthesized using the surface-modified carbon supports and characterized by H2-TPR, CO pulse chemisorption, N2-physisorption and HAADF-STEM. The Ru dispersion was increased in the presence of the carboxylic groups. Catalytic supercritical water gasification (CSCWG) of 10 wt.% isopropanol over the 4% Ru/C catalysts was carried out at 723 K and 30 MPa for 50 hours to assess the performance of the catalysts. It was found that the Ru/C catalyst prepared involving a pre-treatment with HNO3 did not exhibit a higher catalytic activity than the catalyst whose carbon support was not pre-treated with HNO3. Hence, the activity and the selectivity during CSCWG were not influenced by the pre-treatment of the catalyst support with HNO3.


Microscopic deformation processes lie at the origin of defect formation on glass surfaces, thus determining the material's resistance to scratching and mechanical failure. While the macroscopic strength of most glasses is not directly depending on material composition, local deformation and flaw initiation are strongly affected by chemistry and atomic arrangement. Aside empirical insight, however, the structural origin of the fundamental deformation modes remains largely unknown. Experimental methods which probe parameters on short or intermediate length-scale such as atom-atom or super-structural correlations are typically applied in the absence of alternatives. Drawing on recent experimental advances, we now probe spatial variations in the low-frequency vibrational density of states which result from sharp contact deformation of vitreous silica. From direct observation of deformation-induced variations on the characteristic length-scale of molecular heterogeneity, we argue that rigidity fluctuation on the scale of a few nanometers governs the deformation process of inorganic glasses.


A model of the spume spray generation function (SGF) is suggested. Spume droplets are produced by the wind tearing off breaking crests of the equilibrium range wind waves. The injection occurs in the form of a jet which is pulverized into droplets that have a range of sizes with a distribution proportional to the radius to the power 2. Breaking of the equilibrium range wind waves takes place on crests of dominant wind waves, therefore spume droplets are injected into the air at the altitude of the dominant wave crest. A reasonable agreement with the empirical SGFs is found.


After 20 years of hibernation, former pool champion "Fast" Eddie Felson is playing exhibition matches with former rival Minnesota Fats in shopping malls for prizes like cable television. With one failed marriage and years of running a pool hall, Eddie is now ready to regain the skills needed to compete in a world of pool that has changed dramatically since he left it behind. The real challenge comes when Eddie realizes that in order to compete successfully, he must hone his skills in the game of nine-ball as opposed to the straight pool that had once won him fame. With a new generation of competitors, fear and doubt and the daily possibility of failure arise, giving Fast Eddie a new challenge to overcome. The Color of Money is the source of the 1986 film starring Paul Newman in the role he had originated in The Hustler.


A survey we carried out in upper secondary schools showed that the majority of the students consider physics as an important resource, yet as essentially connected to technology in strict terms, and not contributing "culture", being too difficult a subject. Its appreciation tends to fade as their education progresses through the grades. The search for physics communication methods to increase interest and motivation among students prompted the Department of Physics at the University of Milan to establish the Laboratory of ScienzATeatro (SAT) in 2004. Up to May 2010, SAT staged three shows and one lesson-show having physics as a main theme, for students attending any grades at school. Good indicators of the efficacy of those shows are: the number of repeats (256 of them up to May 2010), the reputation of the theatres in which they were performed, and the results of two surveys on the achievement of the goals, which saw the participation of over 50 classes each.


The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the feasibility of automated code migration to a new set of programming libraries. Code migration is a common task in modern software projects. For example, it may arise when a project should be ported to a new library or to a new platform. The developed method and tool are based on the previously created by the authors formalism for describing libraries semantics. The formalism specifies a library behavior using a system of extended finite state machines (EFSM). The mentioned EFSMs are a foundation of the code migration method. This paper outlines the metamodel designed to specify library descriptions and proposes easy to use domain-specific language (DSL), which can be used to define models for particular libraries. The mentioned metamodel directly forms the code migration method which is also described in the paper. A process of migration splits into five steps, and for each step the algorithm was developed. Models and algorithms were implemented in the prototype of an automated code migration tool. The prototype was tested on both artificial code examples and several realworld open source projects. Results of the experiment indicate that code migration can be successfully automated with developed tool acting as the proof of concept. Models and methods designed form a basis for more powerful migration methods and full-featured automated code migration tools.


We have applied D. Functional Theory (DFT) at the generalized gradient approxn. (GGA) level to investigate the C-S bond cleavage in hexathioether complexes of the form [M(9S3)2]n+ (with 9S3 = 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane and M = Re, Tc; n = 1, 2; as well as M = Ru; n = 2, 3). The exptl. trends in C-S bond lengths of the different compds. are reproduced faithfully. Redn. leads to a lowering of the calcd. reaction energies by  20 kcal/mol to values of 4, 10, and 44 kcal/mol for M = Re, Tc, Ru, resp. The corresponding values for the activation energy are 10, 15, and 44 kcal/mol, which is in agreement with the exptl. observation that the rhenium and technetium compds. lose an ethene mol. immediately after redn., while the ruthenium compd. is stable toward such a loss. Our calcns. suggest that the unique reactivity of the reduced rhenium and technetium complexes is a result of the higher energies of metal t2g-orbitals, resulting from the lower overall charge of the complex. p-Back-donation from t2g-orbitals into C-S s*-orbitals is another important effect, leading to low activation barriers, as only little electronic rearrangement is necessary upon cleavage of the C-S bonds. [on SciFinder (R)]


ABSTRACTThis study introduced a convenient experimental method to measure and to evaluate the elastic light scattering from a single irregular particle. The particle levitation system was used to trap a particle and to maintain the particle at null position by utilizing electrodynamic balance. Moreover, the Raman spectroscopy was applied to observe the light scattering of a single particle. The influences of relative humidity on optical properties of particle were also discussed. For comparison with experimental results, the classical Lorenz-Mie theory was employed to compute the phase function of a single particle. The experimental results demonstrated that the measurements of light scattering were in approximate trend with the model. In particular, numerical simulation results showed that the scattering intensity was underestimated in backward scattering directions. Consequently, the effect of surface roughness and irregular morphology of particle might be resulted in deviations of backward scattering. Besides, the experiments suggested that while using the weighted average method to estimate the refractive index might cause some significant deviations of light scattering between measuring and modeling.


Water samples collected from different sources were analysed for radon concentrations in order to evaluate the health effect associated with radon in water. The radon concentrations were in the range of 3.56-98.57, 0.88-25.49, 0.73-1.35 and 0.24-1.03 Bq.L-1 for borehole, well, packaged and utility water, respectively. Samples from boreholes had the highest radon concentrations with about 67% being higher than the threshold value of 11.1 Bq.L-1 recommended by the USEPA. The mean annual effective dose (AED) due to ingestion for adult, child and infant ranged from 8.71 × 10-3 to 0.831 mSv.y-1 for the different sources. The mean AED calculated for consuming water from boreholes and wells for the three age groups were higher than the recommended reference dose level of 0.1 mSv.y-1. The mean AED due to inhalation of radon in drinking water was negligible, ranging from 0.13 to 6.20 μSv.y-1. The health burden associated with radon in water in the study is through ingestion of water directly from boreholes.


Abstract This article argues that economic histories of the transition to colonial economics in the eighteenth century have overlooked the infrastructural investments that wives and widows made in networks of monastic commerce. Illustrative examples from late eighteenth-century records suggest that these networks competed with the commercial networks operated by private traders serving the English East India Company at the end of the eighteenth century. The latter prevailed. The results were the establishment of coverture and wardship laws interpellated from British common law courts into Company revenue policies, the demolition of buildings. and the relocation of the markets that were attached to many of the buildings women had sponsored. Together, these historical processes made women's commercial presence invisible to future scholars.


Abstract: In order to evaluate the influence of the surface morphology on the mechanical behavior of twelve natural marble joints, very accurate topography measurements of joint surfaces under constant normal load (CNL) conditions were performed before and after shear tests. The surface topography was carried out using a three-dimensional (3D) laser-scanning profilometer with a parallel grid at a regular interval of 500 μm. Each surface before shearing was reconstructed by geostatistical methods according to eight different directions. A quantitative description of surfaces was performed using global and directional statistical parameters. These parameters allow to determine the surface anisotropy and to divide the joints into three groups of similar morphology according to a given direction. Each sample of the same group is submitted to the same normal stress but to different shear rates ranging from 5 to 20 μm/s. The influences of normal stress and shear rate on the mechanical behavior of the discontinuities were investigated, as well as the influence of the sample morphology on its dilatancy behavior. The morphology data of upper and lower walls also permit to quantify the contact areas before testing. After the shear tests, sheared surfaces were scanned again and reconstructed according to the shearing direction. Based on the topography data of joint surfaces obtained before and after shearing, damage zones that occurred during shearing were located for both walls of each joint. These characterizations of joint surfaces contribute to a better understanding of the shearing behavior of natural discontinuities.


Can users believe what their browsers tell them? Even sophisticated Web users decide whether or not to trust a server based on browser cues such as location bar information, SSL icons, SSL warnings, certificate information, and response time. In their seminal work on Web spoofing, Felten et al [10] showed how, in 1996, a malicious server could forge some of these cues. However, this work used genuine SSL sessions, and Web technology has evolved much since 1996. The Web has since become the pre-eminent medium for electronic service delivery to remote users, and the security of many commerce, government, and academic network applications critically rests on the assumption that users can authenticate the servers with which they interact. This situation raises the question: is the browser-user communcation model today secure enough to warrant this assumption? In this paper, we answer this question by systematically showing how a malicious server can forge every one of the above cues. Our work extends the prior results by examining contemporary browsers, and by forging all of the SSL information a client sees, including the very existence of an SSL session (thus providing a cautionary tale about the security of one of the most common applications of PKI). We have made these techniques available for public demonstration, because anything less than working code would not convincingly answer the question. We also discuss implications and potential countermeasures, both short-term and long-term.


Single particle cryo-EM emerges as a powerful and versatile method to characterize the structure and function of macromolecules, revealing the structural details of critical molecular machinery inside the cells. RELION is a widely used EM image processing software, and most of the recently published single particle cryo-EM structures were generated by using RELION. Due to the massive computational loads and the growing demands for processing much larger cryo-EM data sets, there is a pressing need to speed up image processing. Here we present GeRelion (https://github.com/gpu-pdl¬nudt/GeRelion), an efficient parallel implementation of RELION on GPU system. In the performance tests using two cryo-EM data sets, GeRelion on 4 or 8 GPU cards outperformed RELION on 256 CPU cores, demonstrating dramatically improved speed and superb scalability. By greatly accelerating single particle cryo-EM structural analysis, GeRelion will facilitate both high resolution structure determination and dissection of mixed conformations of dynamic molecular machines.


The selection of photography work object was not always in the beautiful shape. The uniqueness of an object could become its own attraction and inspiration in creating the photography work. The expression of the composition and visualization in a work art became the characteristic of the artist himself. Gurat Karat was a concept of photography work art which explored the shape, texture and color of the rust of metal, especially in the rust of iron. We could explore the simple items in our surrounding which were not longer used and already broken. The iron which was rusted had its own uniqueness and attraction to observe. The change of the characteristic and the shape was v ery contrast. Before being rusted, the surface of the iron would be smooth, but after being rusted, the surface would be rough and the color would change. It was a result of rusting process of the iron itself. The phenomenon eventually stimulated the researcher to take the rust theme of the iron as an object in this photography work art creation. In arranging this photography work, the researcher used esthetic theory of Monroe Beardsley which listed three basic esthetic charac teristics as follow: unity, intensity and complexity. The visual work in 3D display created the image of space and dimension in this work. Colase technique was used in creating this work by combining 2D photography work and the object in the original item in the photography work itself, or using the construction which was suitable with the stuck object which was adjusted with the weight of that object. In a display, this work was not only enjoyed by the sense of sight but also the sense of touch since the texture in this work art could be touch.Keywords : Expressie Photography, Rust, and Collage


In early modern England, religious sorrow was seen as a form of spiritual dialogue between the soul and God, expressing how divine grace operates at the level of human emotion. Through close readings of both Protestant and Catholic poetry, Kuchar explains how the discourses of "devout melancholy" helped generate some of the most engaging religious verse of the period. From Robert Southwell to John Milton, from Aemilia Lanyer to John Donne, the language of "holy mourning" informed how poets represented the most intimate and enigmatic aspects of faith as lived experience. In turn, "holy mourning" served as a way of registering some of the most pressing theological issues of the day. By tracing poetic representations of religious sorrow from Crashaw's devotional verse to Shakespeare's weeping kings, Kuchar expands our understanding of the interconnections between poetry, theology, and emotion in post-Reformation England.


Youth-led progressive and feminist movements are some of the most powerful drivers of change in many countries, pushing path-breaking progress on political accountability, climate justice, gender equality and economic transformation. With youth movements set to be protagonists of systemic change in the next decade, understanding how to equitably partner with and enhance the power of youth leadership is a priority for international organizations. This report emerged from a commitment by Oxfam International to partner with young people in the development and implementation of Oxfam's Global Strategic Framework (2020-2030). It draws on reflections from face-to-face workshops and digital conversations with more than 350 young people in over 30 countries in six continents. It recommends that Oxfam and other international organizations engage meaningfully with youth movements. 'Meaningful youth engagement' is not just about interaction with a certain demographic – it requires a radical rethink of how international organizations operate. It means fundamentally challenging and changing conceptions of organizational culture, timelines, budgeting and ways of working in general, in the interest of inclusion.'


Ongoing research on the use of data-driven techniques for rainfall-runoff modelling and forecasting has stimulated our desire to compare the effectiveness of transparent and black-box type models. Previous studies have shown that models based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) provide accurate black- box type forecasters: whilst Gene Expression Programming (GEP: Ferreira, 2001; 2006) provides transparent models in which the relationship between the independent and the dependant variables is explicitly determined. The study presented in this paper aims to advance our understanding of both approaches and their relative merits as applied to river flow forecasting. The study has been carried out to test the effectiveness of two forecasting models: a GEP evolved equation and a model that uses a combination of ANN and Genetic Algorithms (GA). The two approaches are applied to daily rainfall and river flow in the Blue Nile catchment over a five year period. GeneXproTools 4.0, a powerful soft computing software package, is utilised to perform symbolic regression operations by means of GEP and in so doing develop a rainfall-runoff forecasting model based on antecedent rainfall and river flow inputs. A transparent model with independent variables of antecedent rainfall and flow to forecast river discharge could be achieved. The ANN model is developed with the assistance of a GA: the latter being used in the selection of the ANN inputs from a pre-determined set of external inputs. The rainfall and flow data for the first four years was used to develop the model and the final year of data was used for testing. The paper describes the methods used for the selection of inputs, model development and then compares and contrasts the two approaches and their suitability for river flow forecasting. The results of the study show that the GEP model is a useful transparent model that is superior to the ANN-GA model in its performance for riverflow forecasting.


Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interaction continues to be one of the leading
uncertain components of climate models, primarily due to the lack of
adequate knowledge of the complex microphysical and radiative processes of
the aerosol–cloud system. Situations when light-absorbing aerosols such
as carbonaceous particles and windblown dust overlay low-level cloud decks
are commonly found in several regions of the world. Contrary to the known
cooling effects of these aerosols in cloud-free scenario over darker
surfaces, an overlapping situation of the absorbing aerosols over the cloud
can lead to a significant level of atmospheric absorption exerting a positive
radiative forcing (warming) at the top of the atmosphere. We contribute to this
topic by introducing a new global product of above-cloud aerosol optical
depth (ACAOD) of absorbing aerosols retrieved from the near-UV observations
made by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura platform.
Physically based on an unambiguous "color ratio" effect in the near-UV
caused by the aerosol absorption above the cloud, the OMACA (OMI above-cloud
aerosols) algorithm simultaneously retrieves the optical depths of aerosols
and clouds under a prescribed state of the atmosphere. The OMACA algorithm
shares many similarities with the two-channel cloud-free OMAERUV algorithm,
including the use of AIRS carbon monoxide for aerosol type
identification, CALIOP-based aerosol layer height dataset, and an OMI-based
surface albedo database. We present the algorithm architecture, inversion
procedure, retrieval quality flags, initial validation results, and results
from a 12-year long OMI record (2005–2016) including global climatology of
the frequency of occurrence, ACAOD, and aerosol-corrected cloud optical
depth. A comparative analysis of the OMACA-retrieved ACAOD, collocated with
equivalent accurate measurements from the HSRL-2 lidar for the ORACLES Phase
I operation (August–September 2016), revealed a good agreement
(R = 0.77, RMSE = 0.10). The long-term OMACA record reveals several
important regions of the world, where the carbonaceous aerosols
from the seasonal biomass burning and mineral dust originated over the
continents are found to overlie low-level cloud decks with moderate
(0.3 < ACAOD < 0.5, away from the sources) to higher
levels of ACAOD (> 0.8 in the proximity to the sources), including the southeastern Atlantic Ocean,
southern Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, the tropical Atlantic Ocean off the coast
of western Africa, and northern Arabian sea. No
significant long-term trend in the frequency of occurrence of aerosols above
the clouds and ACAOD is noticed when OMI observations that are free from the
"row anomaly" throughout the operation are considered. If not accounted for,
the effects of aerosol absorption above the clouds introduce low bias in the
retrieval of cloud optical depth with a profound impact on increasing ACAOD
and cloud brightness. The OMACA aerosol product from OMI presented in this
paper offers a crucial missing piece of information from the aerosol loading
above cloud that will help us to quantify the radiative effects of clouds
when overlaid with aerosols and their resultant impact on cloud properties and
climate.


This paper presents a review of the current Federal approach to financing inland waterway improvements, an analysis of the Inland Waterways Trust Fund and a description of the operation of the Inland Waterways Users' Board. The principles of user pay and user say have been introduced into the priorities used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop its program for inland waterway improvements. The paper concludes that the Trust Fund will constrain scheduling improvement projects within the next 10 years.


Abstract. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition constitutes 20 % to 40 % of the nitrogen input into the North Sea and the Baltic Sea contributing to phytoplankton growth and inducing eutrophication. Major contributors to the atmospheric nitrogen emissions in the vicinity of marine water bodies are shipping and agricultural activities. The contribution of individual emission sectors to the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle needs to be evaluated in order to assess improvement of marine water quality through emission reductions of these sectors. Hence, one focus of this modeling study was to evaluate the contribution of total, shipping-related, and agricultural-related nitrogen deposition to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), chlorophyll-a. A second focus of this study was to compare both water bodies with respect to the accumulation and processing of nitrogen from the mentioned sources. These two research questions were evaluated by a modeling study with the coupled physical-biogeochemical model HBM-ERGOM. The fate of atmospheric deposition in total and of atmospheric nitrogen deposition from two individual sources – shipping and agricultural activities – was traced in the marine ecosystem by a tagging method. In the Baltic Sea it was found that the atmospheric nitrogen deposition contributes up to 50 % to the DIN pool at individual locations during summer. On annual average, 13 % are contributed. Approximately 5 % of DIN originated from agricultural activities and 2 % from the shipping sector. In the western and central Baltic Sea, the shipping sector contributed nearly 5 %. The pattern was similar for the agricultural share indicating that these two sources have a higher relevance in these regions. In the Baltic Sea, the atmospheric nitrogen shares of chlorophyll-a and bioavailable PON were 19 % and 18 %, respectively, and, hence, higher than of DIN. In contrast in offshore regions only, atmospheric nitrogen shares to DIN, PON, and chlorophyll-a were on a similar level compared to each other (20 % to 35 %). This difference is caused by high DIN loads and phosphorus limitation in coastal regions of the Baltic Sea. In the North Sea, the atmospheric contribution to DIN was on a similar level but showed considerable spatial variability caused by a north-south gradient. The shipping contribution to DIN was slightly lower (approximately 1.4 %) and the agricultural contribution higher (6 %) compared to the Baltic Sea. The atmospheric contribution to chlorophyll-a and bioavailable PON was considerably lower than in the Baltic Sea and on the level of the atmospheric DIN shares, which is a result of short residence times of nutrients in the North Sea compared to the Baltic Sea. The shipping and agricultural contributions to PON and chlorophyll-a were also lower.


Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of standing time and instruction on stance characteristic by describing and comparing quiet and prolonged standing. Methods: Two conditions were tested – Quiet Standing (QS) for 1 min (4 trials) and Prolonged Standing (PS) for 30 min (1 trial). Data were collected with an AMTI force plate and a video camera. Centre of Pressure (CoP) and its SD, RMS, and area were calculated in Matlab and SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results: The QS trials did not significantly differ from each other on any of the variables, but the PS trial was significantly different from all QS trials. QS was characterized by a relatively stable position of CoP throughout the trial while PS was characterized by relatively stable periods interspersed with periods with larger CoP movements. In contrast to QS, CoP patterns such as shifts, drifts, and fidgets appeared in PS. Both multi-region and single-region standing appeared in PS, whereas QS was characterized by single-region standing. There were anthropometrical differences between the two groups. Further the multi-region group had significantly more sway during the QS than the single-region group. Conclusion: The results from the present study indicate that standing time and instruction have an effect on stance characteristics. Variables traditionally used to study quiet standing were able to confirm that quiet and prolonged standing are significantly different, but failed to describe the respective characteristics in sufficient detail. Evaluation of sway patterns and anthropometrics revealed a possible connection between stance strategy in prolonged and quiet standing. Key words: quiet standing, prolonged standing, postural sway, centre of pressure, centre of mass, shifts, drifts, fidgets, multi-region, single-region, anthropometrics.


In this paper,the recombination rate of charges in low density polyethylene (LDPE) film was obtained by measuring the number of photons released from the film when the film was short-circuit discharged after being set to high voltage of direct current (HVDC). Under different designed conditions, including changing the polarity of HVDC and the value of applied field and the time duration of applied field,the amount of photons was measured to calculate the charges' combination rate. The result showed that the measured number of photons (recombination rate) was sensitive to the applied field but insensitive to the applying duration. When the field was higher than 80 MV/m,the number of released photon increased slowly with increasing voltage. Using the date obtained in our experiment as well as those in other papers,the luminous efficiency of LDPE film was calculated to be 5.9×10 -6 ,and the charges' recombination rate during first 0.2 second at the beginning stage of short-circuit is around 2.8%.


The formation of marine opal-CT nodules or layers as early diagenetic deposits has been documented only in Antarctic deep-sea sediments. In contrast, porcellanites and cherts in land sections and Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program drill sites are usually found in sediment sections of Miocene age and older. During R.V. Polarstem cruises ANT-IX/3 and 4, young porcellanites were recovered for the first time in contact with their host sediment in two cores from the Atlantic sector of the southern ocean. Chemical and mineralogical studies of these deposits and their surrounding sediments have increased knowledge about very early chert formation. In both cores the porcellanites are embedded in sediments rich in opal-A with extremely low levels of detrital minerals, an environment that seems conducive to a rapid transformation of biogenic silica into porcellanites.


Monte Carlo simulations of uniaxial nematic polymer melts are performed, based on a discrete worm-like chain model combined with soft, anisotropic non-bonded potentials. Different chain lengths are considered, the contour length of the longest being an order of magnitude larger than the persistence length. From equilibrated melt configurations, density and director fluctuation spectra are calculated and compared with analytical predictions available in literature. The latter typically correspond to hydrodynamic treatments of correlations and assume that there is no chain backfolding along the nematic director. Nevertheless, it is demonstrated that the analytical theories capture several features of the spectra obtained in the current simulations, where moderate backfolding of polymer chains is observed. Based on the available analytical expressions for density and director fluctuation spectra, material properties, such as Frank elastic constants, are extracted. Their dependence on polymerisation degree is studied and found to reproduce theoretically expected trends. For example, evidence is provided that the splay constant increases linearly with chain length, when effects of hairpins are negligible.


Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) traditionally represents a framework in which a machine learning algorithm is applied to build solutions to temporal sequence style problems under the guidance of a priori identified sub-tasks. Once learning relative to one set of subtasks is complete, these can then be reused to build more complex behaviours. The principal caveat is that appropriate subtasks can be identified, preferably without requiring a priori knowledge. This work proposes a generic architecture for evolving hierarchical policies through symbiosis. Specifically, symbionts define an action and an evolved context, whereas each host identifies a subset of symbionts. Symbionts effectively coevolve within a host. Natural selection operates on the hosts, with symbiont existence a function of host performance; or a form of group selection. It is now possible to support hierarchical policies as a symbiotic process by letting hosts evolved in an earlier population become the symbiont actions at the next. Two benchmarking studies are performed to illustrate the approach. An initial tutorial is conducted using a truck reversal domain in which the benefits of evolving a hierarchical solution over non-hierarchical solutions is clearly demonstrated. A second benchmarking study is then performed using the Acrobot handstand task. Solutions to date from reinforcement learning have not been able to approach those established 13 years ago using an A∗ search and a priori knowledge regarding the Acrobot energy equations. The proposed symbiotic approach is able to match and, for the first time, better these results. Moreover, unlike previous works, solutions are tested under a broad range of Acrobot initial conditions, with hierarchical solutions providing significantly better generalization performance.


The aim of this paper is to provide comprehensive empirical evidence on recent theories that link democracy and income inequality for the period 1960-1995. In simple cross-country regressions I find a non-monotonic link between these two variables when using ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and Eusufzai tests. Since these results cannot be taken as "true" time series findings, even though recent theories that explain such a link are, I also employ recent methods applied to dynamic models on panel data. These techniques allow accounting for potential simultaneity and heterogeneity problems. Using the preferred econometric methodology, I also find support for the existence of a political Kuznets curve. Moreover, it appears that income inequality is unconditionally persistent. Results hold for two different democracy proxies and when sensitivity analysis is applied.


The article analyzes the evolution, strategies and position of American & Foreign Power subsidiaries in electric power sector in Argentina and Brazil from their entry in the mid-1920s to their nationalisation. We compare the economic performance and entry strategies followed by the American holding in different host economies. We also examine the relations between the American electricity firms and the Governments of both countries, focusing on the debates and policies that explain American & Foreign Power's withdrawal from Argentina and Brazil in 1959-1965. Finally, the article reviews the role of foreign direct investment in the development of electric power sector in both countries. The study is based upon the Annual Reports and Proceedings of American & Foreign Power (1923-1963) and other corporate reports, Government statistics and official Reports from Argentina, Brazil and the United States.


THE DOCTOR'S DOCTOR: A BIOGRAPHY OF EUGENE A. STEAD, JR., M.D. John Laszlo, MD, and Francis A. Neelon, MD Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2006, 346 pp., $50.00 (hardcover). This is an admiring but not hagiographic life of a distinctive figure in American medicine, written by two of his acolytes. The authors of this biography fulfill their intention, and their work allows us to comprehend a man who was hard to know. Eugene Stead made his mark in the mid-20th century, a time when great men (and these individuals were almost all male) crafted great careers as leaders in teaching, research, and patient care, and achieved great fame. Stead's students and colleagues led arduous lives and felt rewarded, because "Stead was the person to whom competent professors and students and residents turned when they got stuck on a problem [and because of ] his message, his approach to the educational process, his single-minded insistence upon excellence." He was a critical, ambitious, and competitive man, a physician who created one of our country's finest departments of medicine at Duke University, one of the towering figures who led the field in the 1950s and 1960s, a type of era unlikely to appear again. During his time There was not yet the proliferation of deans, or layers of hospital bureaucrats regulating bed occupancy, patient turnover, and financial bottom lines-goals often achieved at the expense of learning, service, and even honesty. (p. ix) He became a famous man, but his view was "I've always said I wouldn't walk across the street for fame." I chose to review this biography because, as a next generation physician, I knew of him. To me and to my contemporaries he was a figure to admire. But what is fame? Eugene Stead's son, William W. Stead, says: "He's terribly correct about the fleeting nature of fame ; most of present day people at the [Duke] Medical Center don't know who he is. That is unbelievable to me and yet so it is." Few people active in medicine today remember the name, a phenomenon I confirmed by polling 10 consecutive physician colleagues, asking each, "Who is or was Eugene Stead?" The results are as follows: Age Response 52 Never heard of him 59 I don't know 62 I don't know 51 I don't know 40 I don't know 42 I don't know 55 No, I don't know 37 No idea 55 Don't know 68 Former head of the NIH* * incorrect, but at least he knew the name EARLY LIFE Eugene Stead was born in 1908 in Atlanta, one of five children of a father who strove to support his family by means of brains, grit, determination, and strict adherence to Evangelical Christian belief; and a mother from a wealthier background, well educated, the source of books in the home and a devotion to learning. Overt bigotry was not tolerated, but it's evident in this text that through most of his life Stead held characteristic paternalistic Southern views about black people. During his college years at Emory University, Stead almost by chance found a paid position as a biology lab assistant. As a lonely and isolated person with few friends, he found it to his liking to work long hours. "Time simply evaporated as he was drawn deeper and deeper into the new world that Biology was opening up." My mother had great respect for the medical profession.... My father, on the other hand, was perturbed by biology. He was smart enough to know that if the theory of evolution was really correct, the fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible would have to go.... I never tried to talk my father out of his beliefs; I simply didn't discuss issues I knew would make him uncomfortable. (p. 19) Stead's medical student years at Emory University School of Medicine (1928-32) and the 7 years of postgraduate training that followed refined the external shape that he presented to the world. However, as the reader learns, the basic man remained unchanged: demanding, determined, unsentimental, a man who developed and sustained the highest professional standards of integrity and accepted nothing less. …


Communication underpins all phases of disaster risk reduction: it is at the heart of risk mitigation, by increasing resilience and preparedness, and by interacting with affected communities in the response phase and throughout the reconstruction and recovery after a disaster. Communication does not alter the scope or severity of a disaster triggered by natural hazards, but the extent to which risk reduction strategies impact on affected regions depends greatly on existing differences inherent in the society of these regions. Ethnic minorities and multilingual language groups―which are not always one and the same―may become vulnerable groups when there has been little or no planning or no awareness of the impact of limited access to trustworthy information when the disaster strikes.
 Furthermore, large-scale disasters are likely to involve personnel from the humanitarian sector from both local and international offices. Communication in most large-scale events has progressively become multilingual; from the late 20th and early 21st centuries, it is expected that large disasters see collaboration between intergovernmental, governmental, local, national, and international entities that operate in different ways in rescue and relief operations. Regardless of linguistic contexts, communication of reliable information in a trustworthy manner is complex to achieve in the aftermath of a disaster, which may instantaneously affect telecommunication infrastructures (overloading VOIP and GPS systems). From coordination to information, clear communication plays a role in any activity intending to reduce risks, damages, morbidity, and mortality. Achieving clear communication in crisis management is a feat in a monolingual context: people from different organizations and with different capacities in multi-agency operations have at least a common language, nonetheless, terminology varies from one organization to another, thus hampering successful communication. Achieving effective and clear communication with multilingual communities, while using one language (or lingua franca), such as English, Arabic, Spanish, or Hindi, depending on the region, is impossible without due consideration to language translation.


The need for toleration is understood to derive from disagreements that arise from religious and cultural diversity. While a number of different justifications can be offered for toleration, the value of freedom is one of the most significant. This chapter focuses on the specific conception of freedom as non-domination, rather than on other conceptions such as non-interference or autonomy, and seeks to examine what light can be thrown by this conception on the way in which contemporary states should deal with issues arising from the fact of religious and cultural diversity. It considers whether there is a place for toleration in the strict sense of 'allowing something with which one disagrees', which has been criticised as paradoxical, out-moded and dominating. It argues that freedom as non-domination grounds a conception of secure toleration that avoids these criticisms, while requiring some elements that are normally associated with respect and recognition.


Narratives matter. They shape the social world in which they circulate, reflecting and refracting the cultural limits of what narratives can be told, in what setting, to whom. From this perspective, they structure how we make sense of ourselves, as members of a community, but they also structure how we understand right and wrong, good and evil. Nowhere is this more apparent than in capital murder trials in which the narratives that are constructed are literally life and death matters. The research on narrative processes in capital trials documents how the courtroom is a place for "story-battles" where each narrative works to disqualify the other and legitimize itself, in an effort to structure jurors' decisions. This is accentuated in the penalty phase of the capital trial where both mitigating and aggravating narratives "thicken" the narratives told in the guilt phase; in the penalty phase jurors make the decision to sentence the defendant to either life without the possibility of parole, or to death. While some research of juror decision-making shows that jurors favor the prosecution narrative and make up their minds to give the death sentence independent of the penalty phase narratives, other research on mitigation narratives shows that contextualizing the defendant, via mitigating narratives, can overturn the power of the prosecution narrative and lead to a life, rather than a death, sentence. This research seeks to avoid efforts to associate juror cognitive processes to narrative processes and instead seeks to examine the connection between jury sentencing decisions, for life or death, as a function of narrative closure which is, in turn, defined in terms of two narrative dimensions: structural complexity and moral transparency. Using this framework, the penalty phase narratives in two capital trials are compared along these dimensions; the findings suggest that moral transparency and structural complexity provide the foundations for narrative closure in the penalty phase, as both structural simplicity and moral obtuseness are characteristic of narratives that are not adopted by the jury. While the sample size is small, the narrative data is rich, and the study, overall, is intended not to suggest a causal relation between dimensions of narrative closure and jury sentencing, but rather aims to illustrate a method for assessing narratives in relation to jury sentencing in the penalty phase of capital trials. However, at the broadest level, the paper offers a framework for examining the way that narrative works to contain violence.


The work presented in this Doctoral dissertation concerns the ability of heavy timber structures to passively reduce the fluctuations of the indoor temperature and of the indoor relative humidity, through the dynamic process of heat and moisture storage in wood. We make the hypothesis that the potential offered by the hygrothermal inertia of heavy timber structures is significant, and that it could provide a passive way of regulating the indoor climate. This ultimately could results in a decrease of the energy demand from the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning systems. In this Thesis, the author tries to characterise and quantify the significance of the hygrothermal inertia providing by the heavy timber constructions. The experimental studies contain an in-situ measurement campaign carried out at the Vetenskapsstaden building located in Stockholm and erected in 2001. The results from the test campaign show that a heavy timber construction may contribute to buffer the indoor temperature. A direct quantification of the moisture stored in the wood structure is measured regarding the year-to-year indoor humidity fluctuations. It was however hardly possible to directly quantify the moisture storage potential offered by the structure regarding the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations because of the low sensitivity of the measuring technique used. In regard to the limitations noticed during the in-situ measurements, laboratory measurements were launched to develop new methods to determine the day-to-day hygric performances of wood exposed indoor. A new method based on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging technology was developed and is intended to provide information about the Moisture Buffer Value measured according to a NORDTEST protocol, and about the moisture distribution in wood with high spatial resolution. The Moisture Buffer Value of untreated Scots pine measured with this method is in accordance with the gravimetric method provided by the NORDTEST protocol. The Moisture Buffer Value of coated Scots pine was also investigated and it is normally assumed that any coatings will decrease the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure. The results show however that for specific coating such as waterborne alkali silicate coating, the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure may on the contrary be improved. At last, numerical simulations were carried out. They were based upon the extension of a modular simulation environment IDA ICE 3.0, with the implementation of a specific model for heat and moisture transport in a wood. The results obtained pinpoint the highly synergetic effects between the indoor moisture loads, the ventilation rate, the outdoor climate and the moisture interactions with the structure. The outcomes also show that the Moisture Buffering Capacity of a heavy timber structure is appreciable. The structure is able to even out substantially the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations for a certain range of ventilation rate.


This paper studies attitudes toward abortion among the second generation of Turkish migrants and their native counterparts in six western and northern European countries. We focus on Turkish migrants because they not only constitute one of the largest immigrant groups, but are also hypothesised to be culturally and demographically very distinctive from the native group. We used data from the project on "The Integration of the European Second Generation (TIES 2007-08)" from Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. The sample consisted of 4,761 respondents aged 18 to 35, 49.5 percent of whom were children of Turkish migrants born in Europe and 51.5 percent belonged to the respective non-migrant comparison groups. Unlike in other surveys, the question regarding attitudes toward abortion in the TIES questionnaire distinguished between "medical" and "non-medical" reasons for abortion, with the possible answers being "never", "in specific cases" and "always". We carried out multinomial logistic regression analyses and investigated three research questions: 1) Departing from assimilation theory, we examined whether the attitudes of migrant descendants differed from those of their non-migrant counterparts. Our results show that both groupings under study expressed a range of attitudes, and that abortion for medical reasons was more accepted than abortion for non-medical reasons. However, second-generation Turks were more likely than the natives to say that they would never accept abortion. 2) We investigated the extent to which the societal climate and the integration context of the respondents influenced their attitudes toward abortion, while assuming that we would find cross-country variation in these attitudes. Our results reveal that among natives, levels of acceptance of abortion are lowest in Germany and highest in Sweden and France. We found a similar country pattern for women and men of the second Turkish generation. 3) We explored the degree to which the respondents' family contexts (childhood backgrounds as well as current socio-demographic variables) influenced their attitudes toward abortion. While these factors partially explained the variation within the Turkish second generation and within the native comparison group, the country differences remained significant. We conclude that attitudes toward abortion in the Turkish second generation are influenced by their family backgrounds, but also by their socialization experiences in European receiving countries. These findings suggest that cultural assimilation processes are occurring, but not to the point where the attitudes of migrant descendants have converged with the attitudes of natives in the respective destination country. * This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.


Law in the Pursuit of Development critically explores the relationships between contemporary principles and practice in law and development. Including papers by internationally renowned, as well as emerging, scholars and practitioners, the book is organised around the three liberal principles which underlie current efforts to direct law towards the pursuit of development. First, that the private sector has an important role to play in promoting the public interest; second, that widespread participation and accountability are essential to any large scale enterprise; and third, that the rule of law is a fundamental building block of development.

This insightful and provocative collection, in which contributors critique both the principles and efforts to implement them in practice, will be of considerable interest to students, academics and practitioners with an interest in the fields of law and development, international economic law, and law and globalization.

Book description from publisher website at: http://www.routledgelaw.com


Current interceptive methods of contraception utilizable between ovulation and nidation include hormonal methods and IUDs. Since the 1st clinical study of the use of high doses of estrogen as a postcoital contraceptive appeared in 1967, the remarkable efficacy of the method has been confirmed by numerous other studies. The most important series used 50 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 5 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) per day for 5 days beginning within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. The mechanism by which estrogens exercise their interception are unclear, but there are probably several factors involved including luteolysis and anomalies in endometrial development. The method is highly effective but rates of nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and to a lesser degree menorrhagia are high. The incidence of extrauterine pregnancy is about 1 per 10 intrauterine pregnancies for any postcoital method. Estrogen postcoital contraception is preferable to DES because of the fear of genital adenosis or vaginal adenocarcinoma in case of failure of DES. Opinion is divided as to the teratogenic risks of high doses of estrogens in general. Postcoital contraception with a progestin, levonorgestrel, which renders the endometrium inhospitable to nidation, was 1st described in 1973. The efficacy of norgestrel alone depends on the dose used. The most common secondary effects are spotting and cycle shortening. The method has the advantage of requiring a very small dose, but the disadvantage of requiring administration in the 12 hours following intercourse. Several combinations of estrogens and progestins have been proposed for postcoital use, of which the most interesting consists of 1 mg of dl-norgestrel and 100 mcg of EE repeated exactly 12 hours later. The treatment should be administered within 12 hours of unprotected intercourse. A multicenter study of 692 women treated with this method gave a pregnancy rate of 1.6%, which would have been lower if 4 women not meeting the conditions of treatment had been excluded. 52.7% of women treated had nausea or vomiting. Compared to estrogens alone, the EE-Norgestrel combination takes less time, requires 4 pills instead of 50 or 60, is better tolerated overall, and requires much less estrogen. Postcoital insertion of an IUD is very effective and has the advantages that it can be used later than 72 hours following intercourse, it is the only method currently available in case OCs are contraindicated, it allows subsequent longterm effective contraception, and it is 100% effective. The major disadvantages are pain on periovulatory or postovulatory insertion and the risk of infection. Possible future hormonal methods of postcoital contraception based on use of anti-progesterone steroids, especially RU486, or of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist are currently under development.


Extending the role of the surface from just an embellishment of the tectonics to communicative devices challenges the traditional design process in architecture. Through a series of design examples, the paper presents a research program that introduces and discusses a new grammar of ornamentation generated by the relation between surface expression and the act of use in the build space. Projects such as Knitted light, Touching loops, Designing with heat and Tactile glow are examples meant to analyze the relation between material, space, time and interaction expression through the design of three dimensional knitted interactive textile structures. The design process joins together different design fields such as architectural, textile and interaction design in order to re-define the relation between human being and space. The design process starts with the microstructure of the textile element and ends with the space design using the interaction design as a tool to relate the human presence to space. The paper aims to propose new interactive spatial expressions created by the integration of computational technology into soft interactive textile surfaces that enable the user to perceive the complexity of the architectural space through a synesthetic perception, that exceeds the limits of visuality.


Infrared spectroscopic measurements of glass inclusions within quartz phenocrysts from the Plinian fallout of the 22 Ma tuff of Pine Grove (southwestern Utah) show that the trapped silicate melt contained high concentrations of H 2 O (6-8 wt%) and CO 2 (60-960 ppm). Inclusion compositions are consistent with either open- or closed-system degassing of this high-silica rhyolite during ascent from 16 km (430 MPa) to 9 km (250 MPa) depth, prior to eruption. Intrusive porphyries from the Pine Grove system are nearly identical in age, composition, and mineralogy to the tephra, and some contain high-grade Mo mineralization. Assuming that the porphyry magmas originally contained similar abundances of volatile components as the erupted rocks, they would have been saturated with fluid at pressures far greater than those at which the porphyries were emplaced and mineralized. Even if no initial exsolved fluid was present when the magma began to ascend, it would have contained 19 to 39 vol% bubbles at the ∼3 km depth (80 MPa) of emplacement of many porphyries. The decrease in magma density and increase in porosity would have facilitated magma convection as well as advection of magmatic aqueous fluid through an interconnected network of bubbles. The data are consistent with formation of Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits by prolonged fluid flux from a large volume (>20 km 3 ) of relatively Mo-poor (1-5 ppm) magma.


Telework is a decentralized work arrangement. Although it is a widely studied topic, there still is no single definition of 'telework'. The empirical verification of research in this area remains a pending subject. In this context, our work determines the influence of lifestyle and cultural traits on the preparedness or 'willingness' to telework in Medellín, Colombia. Accordingly, we start by reviewing the available literature. We propose a conceptual model, which subsequently is verified at an empirical level, applying a sequential mixed methodology. In a first phase of this empirical verification, several in-depth interviews with teleworkers and their supervisors or superiors are analysed, using a qualitative approach. Then, in a second phase and based on the previous stage, we verify the incidence of two of the emerging categories with respect to the preparedness for telework. These two categories are lifestyle and cultural traits. The verification process is carried out based on structural equations. The obtained results show that cultural traits have a more significant impact than lifestyle when it comes to determining the willingness to telework. Based on these results, we recommend future telework research in the following areas: background analysis, software and hardware requirements and the effects of telework.


The purpose of this study was to develop a model of poverty eleviation in the buffer zone of National Park through the optimization of the impact of the fuel subsidiary reallocation (BLT), statrted from April to October 2013 in three villages which representent ethnic culture in Lampung, Java, and the mixture of both, selecting 50 poor households (RTM) who received BLT (direct cash assistance) in 2005. In-depth interview was conducted to capture the economy performance of each household. Qualitative probability model was applied to the response variable (Yi) that were scored 1 for those have been exited from the poverty and scored 0 if not yet. The predictor variables used (Xij) including: fuel prices (Rp/liter), total of BLT (Rp), demographics (age, sex, family head education, as well as the number of dependents), the value of productive assets (Rp million/household), revenue from damar resin, and other sources (Rp million/household), access to public services, the distance to the border of BBSNP, the availlability of PNPM (national project of community empowermnent that scored 1 if any and 0 if not), the performance of social capital and the extention program conveyed. The Minitab Version 16 was employed for exzamining the goodness to the model and the significancy of the parameters pursued at the level of 5% and 10%. The conclusions were the exit capability against poverty were significantly affected by: fuel prices, the ammount of the BLT, the exisistency of PNPM, gender & education of household, number of dependents, the distance to central districts, the presence of electricity, the power of social capital, land ownership of both damar agroforest and paddy field acreages, the owner of productive assets such as ruminants. Accordingly, there were no culturetribe significantly affected by the existing from of poverty, which means that the poverty in this region was more structural cause than that of the cultural one.


This paper analyzes transitivity and valency in Northern Akhvakh, a language belonging to the Andic group of languages included in the Northeast Caucasian (or Nakh-Daghestanian) family. Northern Akhvakh clause structure is characterized by an extreme flexibility of constituent order, omissibility of arguments with an either anaphoric or unspecified reading, and fully consistent ergative coding of core NPs. Northern Akhvakh has a very low rate of transitivity prominence, and an extremely strong tendency to derive the causal member of noncausal / causal pairs from its noncausal counterpart. Ambitransitivity is very marginal, and the productivity of morphologically unmarked valency alternations is very limited. Causative derivation is the only valency changing mechanism involving verb morphology, and ingestion verbs are the only transitive verbs for which causative derivation is productive.


The author discusses how narratives, which are part of the common currency of the day, have dramatically changed over the years. Grand narratives, which grew exponentially in the mid-nineteenth century, have now been replaced by two different narratives: life narratives and small-scale narratives. He also discusses how small narratives have been expressed in emerging patterns of art, politics, and business; and describes an example of a research project that seeks to address some of the dilemmas present in life history work. The Learning Lives project, which is a large interdisciplinary project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council in Britain from 2004-2008, seeks to deepen understanding of the meaning and significance of informal learning in the lives of adults, and aims to identify ways in which the learning of adults can be supported and enhanced. To see learning as located within a life history is to understand that learning is contextually situated and that it also has a history, in terms of (a) the individual's life story, (b) the history and trajectories of the institutions that offer formal learning opportunities, and (c) the histories of the communities and locations in which informal learning takes place. In terms of transitional spaces learning is seen as a response to incidental transitions, such as events related to illness, unemployment, and domestic dysfunction, as well as the more structured transitions related to credentialing or retirement. Hence, these transitional events create encounters with formal, informal, and primal learning opportunities.


Heart disease is the single most common cause of maternal death in the UK,1 with substandard care being reported in up to 40% of these deaths. Cardiologists need to be able to both advise women with heart disease of the risks of pregnancy and to give them the information they need to avoid unplanned pregnancies safely.

There is a lack of published data about contraception for women with heart disease. As a result, family planning physicians may be over-cautious, denying women appropriate contraception, thus leading to unplanned pregnancies.2 Similarly, cardiologists may be unaware of the range of effective and safe contraceptive methods so that patients with the highest risk lesions may not have access to effective contraception and have unintended, high risk pregnancies. In extreme examples women whose cardiac risk associated with pregnancy is low have been advised to undergo termination and sterilisation.

For each contraceptive method the contraceptive efficacy and the cardiovascular risks should be considered. Likewise, for each cardiac condition, the choice of contraceptive method depends on the cardiac risks associated with the method, the level of contraceptive efficacy required (high in those for whom unplanned pregnancy may be life-threatening), and on patient choice.

The risk of pregnancy for women with heart disease depends on the specific cardiac condition and ranges from up to 50% risk of maternal death for pulmonary hypertension, to the same as the general population for minor lesions such as mild pulmonary stenosis.

In general, there is poor provision of family planning and pre-pregnancy advice for women with heart disease.2 In particular, there is a lack of specialist services for the growing population of young women with congenital heart disease. Few cardiologists have practical knowledge of the interactions between complex heart disease, pregnancy and contraception. Advice from a multispecialty team of …


Introduction. Part I: What Is Anthropology? Chapter 1: Human Beings and Being Human: An Overview of Anthropology. Chapter 2: Looking Into Humanity's Mirror: Anthropology's History. Chapter 3: Actually, Four Mirrors: How Anthropology Is Studied. Part II: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. Chapter 4: The Wildest Family Reunion: Meet the Primates. Chapter 5: My Career Is in Ruins: How Anthropologists Learn about the Past. Chapter 6: Bones of Contention: The Fossil Evidence for Early Human Evolution. Chapter 7: It's Good to Be Home: Homo sapiens sapiens, Our Biological Species. Chapter 8: Hunting, Fishing, Sailing, and Sledding: The Spread of Humanity Worldwide. Chapter 9: Old, Old McDonald: The Origins of Farming. Chapter 10: The Development of Civilization. Part III: Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. Chapter 11: The Spice of Life: Human Culture. Chapter 12: From Kalahari to Minneapolis: How Cultural Anthropologists Work. Chapter 13: Can We Talk? Communication, Symbols, and Language. Chapter 14: Types of Types: Race and Ethnicity. Chapter 15: Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? Identity, Family, Kinship, and Gender. Chapter 16: Not at the Dinner Table! Religion and Politics. Part IV: So What? Anthropology, the Modern World, and You. Chapter 17: Kiss or Kill? Diversity, Conflict, and Culture. Chapter 18: Looming Disasters? From Overpopulation to Space Debris. Chapter 19: Eve and the Iceman: The Cutting Edge of Physical Anthropology. Chapter 20: Stonehenge and You: Why Archaeology Matters. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 21: Ten Things to Remember about Anthropology, Whatever Else You Forget. Chapter 22: Ten Great Careers for Anthropology Majors. Chapter 23: Ten Great Anthropologically Themed Movies and Books. Index.


The present work is devoted to the study of the dynamics of multi-photon processes in semiconductor heterostructures. A time-dependent description is important for understanding in detail the transient response of semiconductors excited by ultrashort optical pulses. In the first part of this thesis, we set up a phenomenological model based on rate equations, in order to investigate the possibility of measuring degenerate two-photon gain in a semiconductor microcavity. The amplification predicted by the model is fairly low ( 2%) and mainly limited by the intra-band relaxation of the carriers, which leads to rapid saturation. In the second part, we develop a general theory for the dynamics of multi-photon processes in semiconductors. It will give insight into complex effects related to the coherence between the bands, which are not included in usual absorption coefficients or susceptibilities. For this purpose, we derive effective multi-band Bloch equations that include resonant multi-photon processes induced by two linearly polarized electromagnetic pulses of frequency close to the band gap and close to the half of the band gap respectively. The benefit of the proposed approach is two-fold. First, the description of the dynamics is restricted to a reduced number of bands. However, the discarded bands are not neglected, but consistently taken into account in the higher order processes. Second, all quantities appearing in the effective multi-band Bloch equations vary on the same time scale, which makes the numerical integration much more efficient. The time-dependent polarization current, as well as some susceptibilities, are derived on a consistent level of approximation, and are discussed in detail. The propagation of the electromagnetic fields is neglected. Such a model is appropriate for the description of low-dimensional quantum confined systems (e.g. quantum wells or quantum wires) excited by two colinearly propagating pulses. It accounts for various linear and nonlinear optical processes, such as one- and two-photon absorption, second-harmonic generation, difference-frequency mixing, or coherent control of photocurrent. In this thesis, the general theory is applied to the study of three specific physical situations. First, we investigate the charge and spin current in a symmetric AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well, injected by interference between one- and two-photon inter-band transitions. We identify new coherent terms in the expression of the current, which contribute significantly to the terahertz emission. The effects of the Stark shifts and the inter-valence band two-photon transitions are also calculated and discussed. Second, we calculate the anisotropic two-photon absorption spectra of an AlGaAs/GaAs V-shaped quantum wire with realistic band structure. The Coulomb interaction is taken into account within the Hartree-Fock approximation. The various excitonic peaks are identified with respect to the involved subbands and to the symmetry properties. We also show that excitons that are dark for one-photon excitation may become bright for two-photon spectroscopy, when the light is polarized perpendicularly to the growth direction, but not along a symmetry axis of the wire. Finally, the last application focuses on the optical injection of current in the presence of excitonic effects. Concentrating on the same AlGaAs/GaAs V-shaped quantum wire, we show that the Coulomb interaction within the Hartree-Fock approximation induces terahertz oscillations in the injected charge current. The oscillation frequency corresponds to the energy spacing between the two lowest excitonic resonances, slightly below the band gap, excited respectively by the laser pulse with frequency close to the band gap, and the one with frequency close to the half of the band gap.


Since 2008, tourism department Kuantan Singingi district has let to the local community to manage the Guruh Gemurai waterfall in Desa Kasang Kecamatan Kuantan Mudik Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi. As long as, the local community in managing of the Guruh Gemurai waterfall is not run well. Because of that, the purpose of this research is to find out participation level among people in the community in manage Guruh Gemurai waterfall and to find out the relationship between the condition of economic, social, and culture of the people and participation level. The method of this reseach is Random Sampling. To know the level of participation is used Likert Scale and to know the correlation between participation with social economic and culture is used Chi Square analysis. The result of this study showed the level of community participation in handling Guruh Gemurai waterfall is middle level it is 67,5 %. This case couse, local community just handling in planning and running out. there was a conflict between the local community with tourism department, the characteristic of local community is farmer. Economic, social, and culture factor which have effect to participation level are action in group work tourism, side job and side income in the waterfall area. Social economic factor which don't have effect are education level, duration of recidence around location, number of family member, distance between home and tourism area, knowledge about history of the waterfall, participation in county management, potency of art and culture, main job and main income. Keyword: community's participation, manajement, Guruh Gemurai waterfall.


We use the Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well-being (LIMEW), the most comprehensive income measure available to date, to compare economic well-being in Canada and the United States in the first decade of the 21st century. This study represents the first international comparison based on LIMEW, which differs from the standard measure of gross money income (MI) in that it includes noncash government transfers, public consumption, income from wealth, and household production, and nets out all personal taxes. We find that, relative to the United States, median equivalent LIMEW was 11 percent lower in Canada in 2000. By 2005, this gap had narrowed to 7 percent, while the difference in median equivalent MI was only 3 percent. Inequality was notably lower in Canada, with a Gini coefficient of 0.285 for equivalent LIMEW in 2005, compared to a US coefficient of 0.376-a gap that primarily reflects the greater importance of income from wealth in the States. However, the difference in Gini coefficients declined between 2000 and 2005. We also find that the elderly were better off relative to the nonelderly in the United States, but that high school graduates did better relative to college graduates in Canada.


Many articles have been written about women and what kind of barriers they face – whether it being a glass ceiling or a labyrinth - as they are progressing in their careers; gender stereotyping, double-binds, lack of role models, "old boys club", different leadership styles, and so forth. And many others have talked about how to navigate or mitigate any obstacles that might face women due to their gender. Purpose of Research: This report aims to give insight into another aspect of this topic, namely through the lens of a cultural standpoint: do women that live and work abroad face yet another obstacle by being foreigners in addition to the gender specific ones that previously have been thoroughly identified in academic research. Research Question: How do successful female managers overcome attitudinal and cultural barriers in a foreign country? What strategies have they used? Method: The main research data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured, qualitative Skype interviews with women who have chosen to work and live abroad on a local level (i.e. not expats on time limited assignments). The collected empirical data was subsequently analysed using a matrix containing key words obtained from an in-depth, two-level academic literature search. The key words supported the discussion of the empirical findings and the analysis where the barriers were identified together with the subsequent strategies these women have used in order to progress their careers. Conclusions: As the study shows, a majority of the interviewed women have experienced positive response due to them being from a foreign culture, allowing them additional lee-way in making decisions that is considered to be non-stereotypical or norm "because-she-is-not-from-around-here" or using – very consciously – the excuse "this-is-the-way-we-do-it-in-my-home-country" to overcome attitudinal [gender] barriers. Most interviewed women also acknowledge that being a woman – in a male dominated environment such as a higher management position – differentiates them from the "crowd", and it can be utilized as an advantage – providing that you want to stand in the spotlight. A common thread among the interviewed women was that women themselves are their own worst enemies – they often create their own internal barriers that prevent them from advancing their careers. However, the higher the women climb on the corporate ladder, the less advantage they have from being a foreigner and a woman, and the more they have to conform to the "norm" that in many places still is an "old boys club".


Infiltration and water flow in soils are highly transient processes, but may be estimated from high frequency measurements of soil water content. The objectives of our study were to assess the impact of vadose zone soil water dynamics from real‐time and near‐continuous soil water content measurements and to assess the interactive effects of tillage, row position, and season on water infiltration, storage, drainage, and crop water uptake. Multisensor capacitance probes were installed at row and interrow positions at four soil depths in plow tillage (PT) and no tillage (NT) corn (Zea mays L.) plots, with volumetric water contents values recorded every 10 min for a 30‐mo period. Three water parameters (cumulative water storage, net water storage, and drainage below 55 cm) were grouped for statistical analysis by rainfall amounts and "seasons" of primary periods of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. Crop water uptake amounts during extended dry‐down periods were also quantified. We found more significant differences between tillage and row position treatments for high rainfalls (>17 mm) than for low rainfalls. When significant differences in the three water parameters existed between positions, these were due either to greater values in the row position or smaller values at the traffic interrow position. In general, more water uptake took place under PT than under NT and from row more than interrow or traffic interrow positions. These results show both the value and limitation of near‐continuous real‐time soil water data for quantifying soil water dynamics in varying management and weather conditions.


Abstract. Mean annual cycles of runoff, evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI) and potential vegetation were modelled for Mesoamerica using the SVAT model MAPSS with different climatology datasets. We calibrated and validated the model after building a comprehensive database of regional runoff, climate, soils and LAI. The performance of several gridded precipitation climatology datasets (CRU, FCLIM, WorldClim, TRMM, WindPPT and TCMF) was evaluated and FCLIM produced the most realistic runoff. Annual runoff was successfully predicted (R2=0.84) for a set of 138 catchments, with a low runoff bias (12%) that might originate from an underestimation of the precipitation over cloud forests. The residuals were larger in small catchments but remained homogeneous across elevation, precipitation, and land-use gradients. Assuming a uniform distribution of parameters around literature values, and using a Monte Carlo-type approach, we estimated an average model uncertainty of 42% of the annual runoff. The MAPSS model was most sensitive to the parameterization of stomatal conductance. Monthly runoff seasonality was mimicked "fairly" in 78% of the catchments. Predicted LAI was consistent with MODIS collection 5 and GLOBCARBON remotely sensed global products. The simulated evapotranspiration:runoff ratio increased exponentially for low precipitation areas, highlighting the importance of accurately modelling evapotranspiration below 1500 mm of annual rainfall with the help of SVAT models such as MAPSS. We propose the first high-resolution (1 km2 pixel) maps combining average long-term runoff, evapotranspiration, leaf area index and potential vegetation types for Mesoamerica.


Within
the European Union (EU) a paradigm shift is currently occurring in the waste
sector, where EU waste directives and national waste strategies are placing
emphasis on resource efficiency and recycling targets. The most recent Danish
resource strategy calculates a national recycling rate of 22% for household
waste, and sets an ambitious goal of a 50% recycling rate by 2020. This study
integrates the recycling target into the FRIDA model to project how much waste
and from which streams should be diverted from incineration to recycling in
order to achieve the target. Furthermore, it discusses how the existing
technological, organizational and legislative frameworks may affect recycling
activities. The results of the analysis show that with current best practice
recycling rates, the 50% recycling rate cannot be reached without recycling of
household biowaste. It also shows that all Danish municipalities will need to
make efforts to recover all recyclable fractions, and that the increased
recycling efforts of only selected municipalities will not be sufficient to
reach the target.


The aim of current study is carrying out some modifying in properties of resin material (Unsaturated polyester, UPE) by adding thermoplastic material (polystyrene, PS) with different weight ratios included (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of (PS) to prepare binary polymer blend. The optimum ratio was selected in terms of the homogeneity case between the two polymers and studying the nature of the surfaces of the prepared materials using the optical microscope. Some mechanical tests were performed to determine the values of impact strength (I.S), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for all prepared specimens. The ratio (80/20, weight/weight)% of (UPE/PS) blend was selected and reinforced with fibers volume fraction Фf = 10% using three types of fibers included (glass fibers (G.F), Carbon fibers (C.F) and hybrid from the two types (5% G.F and 5% C.F). All the above tests were repeated after the reinforcement for comparing the results and studying the behavior of materials under work. The results exhibited that the values of (I.S) increase with increasing of the blending ratio of (PS) while the values of (UTS) decrease at blending ratios (10, 15) % of (PS) and return to increase at the ratio 20% . After the reinforcement, it was found that the composite reinforced with carbon fibers records the highest values of impact strength for un notch specimens while the hybrid composite has the highest value of the ultimate tensile strength comparing with E-glass and carbon fibers composites.


Superpowers, states and companies around the world are all pushing hard to win the AI race. Artificial intelligence (AI) is of strategic importance for the EU, with the European Commission recently stating that 'artificial intelligence with a purpose can make Europe a world leader'. For this to happen, though, the EU needs to put in place the right ethical and legal framework.

This Foresight Brief argues that such a framework must be solidly founded on regulation – which can be achieved by updating existing legislation – and that it must pay specific attention to the protection of workers. Workers are in a subordinate position in relation to their employers, and in the EU's eagerness to win the AI race, their rights may be overlooked. This is why a protective and enforceable legal framework must be developed, with the participation of social partners.


BACKGROUND Early menopause is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease in Caucasian women. However, this association has not been examined in Asian women. METHODS We conducted a 10-year cohort study of 37,965 Japanese post-menopausal women aged 40-79 years in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Causes of death were determined based on the International Classification of Disease. RESULTS There were 487 mortality of stroke and 178 mortality of coronary heart disease. Late menarche or early menopause, or shorter duration of reproductive period was not associated with risk of mortality from coronary heart disease. However, compared with women with age at menarche ≤13 years, those with age at menarche ≥17 years tended to have increased risk of mortality from stroke: the multivariable hazard ratio was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-1.87, p = 0.10). Compared with women with age at menopause of ≥49 years, those with age at menopause of <49 years tended to have increased risk of coronary heart disease among women aged 40-64 years; the multivariable hazard ratio was 1.85 (95% CI: 0.92-3.73, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS The possible association between early menopause and coronary heart disease among middle-aged women was consistent with the result of observational studies for Caucasian women, and can be explained by a protective effect of endogenous estrogen on the development of atherosclerosis.


The Congress shall have power to . . . To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. US Const Art I, § 8, cl 11.Although the Capture Clause may seem obscure today, the power it embodies was crucially important to the early republic. General Washington declared, even during the Revolutionary War, that a centralized and standardized system for the handling of prizes was vital to the war effort. The first court established by the fledging federal government was the federal appellate court of prize. This court heard over a hundred and eighteen cases before it was dissolved by Article III of the Constitution. The federal government, first under the Articles of Confederation and then under the Constitution, was responsible for prescribing the rules under which enemy ships and prisoners could be taken. The value of captured ships was the chief means by which the early navy and privateer system was financed. However, the early law of capture also concerned captured persons, who could sometimes be redeemed or ransomed for head money. Later scholars have correctly concluded the capture of property was more important to the Framers of the Constitution. However, they have also assumed that the Capture Clause did not cover people. This is not the case. This paper will show that the received wisdom that the Capture Clause covers only property is based on a faulty and possibly disingenuous statement dating from 1833. This paper will also show that the received wisdom is inconsistent with the era's admiralty law and with Congressional practice. The Framers made prescribing rules concerning captures on land and water an enumerated power of Congress. This power covered enemy persons as well as property.


Among the variety of road users and vehicle types that travel on U.S. public roadways, slow moving vehicles (SMVs) present unique safety and operations issues. SMVs include vehicles that do not maintain a constant speed of 25 mph, such as large farm equipment, construction vehicles, or horse-drawn buggies. Though the number of crashes involving SMVs is relatively small, SMV crashes tend to be severe. Additionally, SMVs can be encountered regularly on non-Interstate/non-expressway public roadways, but motorists may not be accustomed to these vehicles. This project was designed to improve transportation safety for SMVs on Iowa's public roadway system. This report includes a literature review that shows various SMV statistics and laws across the United States, a crash study based on three years of Iowa SMV crash data, and recommendations from the SMV community.


Achieving satisfying fluid animation through numerical simulation can be time-consuming because such simulations are computationally expensive to perform and there are few practical post-processing tools for editing of completed simulations – often, the user must modify their scene setup and launch it again from scratch. To address this challenge, we present a divergence-free biharmonic vector field interpolation and extrapolation method for reusing and/or stitching together spatial regions of existing flows. Given velocities and velocity gradients on the boundary of a domain at each timestep, which may be either user-defined or drawn from existing simulations, we fill in the given domain by constructing an optimally smooth, divergence-free, boundary-satisfying vector field. We measure smoothness using the Laplacian energy to allow smooth boundary behavior and enforce divergence constraints through explicit Lagrange multipliers. The prior methods for this problem suffer from non-zero divergence and associated visible compression artifacts, or cannot smoothly match the desired slopes at the domain boundaries. Moreover, we introduce a new extrapolation scheme that can handle unprescribed boundaries by smoothly extending the vector field through the unspecified boundary. In this case, we measure the smoothness using the Hessian energy which provides well-behaved solutions for "free" or natural boundary conditions. We demonstrate that our new interpolation and extrapolation procedures always produce smooth and incompressible flows, as well as enabling a range of natural simulation editing capabilities including hole-filling, copy-pasting, extrapolation, and scene stretching.