Cilia are highly conserved organelles that serve motile functions, sensory functions, or both. These organelles power cell movement, generate fluid flow in various organs, act as sensors of the extracellular environment and have been modified for various specialized tasks such as light reception and smell. Defects in these ubiquitous organelles lead to a broad array of human genetic disorders that range from polycystic kidney disease, retinal degeneration, epilepsy and infertility to developmental defects such as situs inversus and polydactyly. This volume is the third in a three-part series on cilia that focuses on the use of model organisms to gain insight into ciliary function and on the process of intraflagellar transport that is essential for the assembly and maintenance of ciliary structures. * Includes both classic and state-of-the-art methods readily adaptable across model systems, and designed to last the test of time * Covers forward and reverse genetic analysis of IFT and biochemical methods to define the role of IFT components * Methods presented cover molecular, genetic, and biochemical approaches to ciliary function in model organisms


Pollution of soils and sediments by metals and metalloids is a serious environmental problem and threat to the ecological health and environmental quality. Microorganisms are known capable of detoxifying metals and metaloids into insoluble or non-bioavailable forms so that bioaccumualtion can be prevented under selective conditions. A key issue involved in bioremediation is the very poor understanding on the chemistry of the pollutants, specifically the bioavailable concentartions of metals and metalloids in the environmental matrices, especially soils and sediments and at the relevant pH value. Chemical states of the pollutants in terms of speciation are crucial to the possible success of any remediation practice, but it is impossible to conduct an effective operation for cleaning up without such information in mind. In the literature available, it is a common trend and practice to justify bioremediation for in situ application by using pure cultures of microorganisms, but this is a very prematured and bold attempt to applying microorganisms for in situ cleaning up without any scientific ground to support. For polluted soils and sediments, microorganisms have no role for cleaning up but phytoremediation is an effective means to remove and extract toxic metals and metallods from the complex soil matrices. This has been demonstrated successfully with a number of metals and organics as well as organic pollutants in both laboratory and also field trials.


People, as Aristotle said, are political animals. Mainstream political philosophy, however, has largely neglected humankind's animal nature as beings who are naturally equipped, and inclined, to reason and work together, create social bonds and care for their young. Stephen Clark, grounded in biological analysis and traditional ethics, probes into areas ignored in mainstream political theory and argues for the significance of social bonds which bypass or transcend state authority. Understanding the ties that bind us reveals how enormously capable we are in achieving civil order as a species. Stephen Clark advocates that a properly informed political philosophy must take into account the role of women, children, animals, minorities and the domestic virtues at large. Living and comnducting our political lives like the animals we are is a more congenial prospect than is usually supposed.


Introduction: A global shortage of doctors has led to strategies to improve access to care. The physician assistant/associate (PA) was established in North America and Africa in the 1960s in response to medical shortages. PA activity was cataloged to understand what determines their utilization in a country's health system. Methods: A mixed-method study design began with searching the available literature regarding the development of PAs worldwide. Key words included "physician assistants", "non-physicians", "physician associates", and "advanced practice providers". Additional data was through an online search of reports; personal communications with researchers, policymakers, government officials, and practitioners in each country; visits by the authors to a number of the countries; and a review of official documents. In each country interviews included educators, policymakers and government officials who had direct involvement with the introduction of the PA concept, and clinically active PAs. Domain analyses were based on stratification of differences among countries: global region, income, physician to population ratio, attitudes of medical professionals, and practice/regulatory authority. Countries were segmented into two categories: well resourced and less well resourced. Results: The history and status of the PA concept into the health systems of 15 states were reviewed. The determinants for the successful incorporation of PAs include prevailing medical needs, a shortage of physicians or an aging physician workforce; support and sponsorship by physician organizations and government agencies; the ability to mobilize and establish a legal and regulatory framework to accommodate PAs; and evidence that their introduction is acceptable to patients, physicians, and other health professionals. Discussion: The introduction of PAs into health systems occurs because their education is less expensive and time intensive than physicians. In addition, graduates are more likely to occupy roles where there is scarcity of doctors such as in rural and underserved areas. In most instances, a physician-dependent role permits their introduction into health systems in a non-threatening manner to doctors and their practices. The utilization of PAs, particularly in primary healthcare roles, increases access to services, is cost-beneficial, and shows a physician-equivalent quality of care. Conclusion: The PA has been a remarkable health workforce policy development that has spread among countries' health systems and is likely to continue.


Uncompressed high-definition (HD) video image quality is superior to compressed HD video provided in most commercially available videoconferencing products. Uncompressed HD videoconferencing tools provide a more immersive experience because there is no reduction of image information and, in most cases, lower latency. Four open source uncompressed video applications are reviewed that have been tested at the National Library of Medicine: three transmitting uncompressed HD video and one transmitting loosely compressed standard-definition video. The technical requirements for implementing each are described, and test results in terms of image quality, latency, and application reliability are presented. Because the hardware and bandwidth requirements for uncompressed HD video are relatively high and most applications are still under development, they are generally not ready for mass deployment. Some are, however, ready for pilot testing and experimentation in clinical settings by either those who have or anticipate having bandwidth sufficient to support them or those interested in researching the effects higher-quality video may have on diagnostic and other clinical outcomes.


A large majority of apartment tenures for apartments acquired at the beginning of the 1990s in Croatia have not yet been entered in the Land Registry. The reason for not entering ownership in the books is the same or almost the same as during purchase: the inconsistency of official data on lots on which buildings have been built, i.e. data from the Cadastre and the Land Registry, incomplete building documentation for completed structures and unresolved ownership issues regarding cadastre lots (e.g. those still owned by a local authority, companies which no longer exist, unknown proprietors, etc.). The Act on Ownership and the Regulations on Linking the Book of Deposited Contracts and the Land Registry prescribe the entry of apartment ownership, as recorded in the Book of Deposited Contracts, in the Land Registry. Taking into consideration the complexity of the issue, this paper elaborates the facts, obstacles and proposals in the process of linking the Land Registry with the Book of Deposited Contracts, from the surveyor's point of view with regard to analysing the problem. Surveying is the profession competent to link and coordinate the state of data on cadastre lots on which buildings containing apartments with tenancy rights have been built. Using specific information provided by three building managers, the facts on ownership entry in the Land Registry and the Book of Deposited Contracts of actual buildings are presented in this paper. Furthermore, an overview is provided of the preliminary actions required, in the form of producing suitable surveying plans to give building managers direction and some guidance as to which steps to take in successfully tackling the issue of linking the Land Registry with the Book of Deposited Contracts.


Experiential learning theory (ELT) has been widely used in management learning research and practice for over thirty-five years. Building on the foundational works of Kurt Lewin, John Dewey and others, experiential learning theory offers a dynamic theory based on a learning cycle driven by the resolution of the dual dialectics of action/reflection and experience/abstraction. These two dimensions define a holistic learning space wherein learning transactions take place between individuals and the environment. The learning space is multi-level and can describe learning and development in commensurate ways at the level of the individual, the group, and the organization. This approach is illustrated by reviewing current research on individual learning styles and managerial problem solving/decision making, the process of team learning and organizational learning. We describe how ELT can serve as a useful framework to design and implement management education programs in higher education and management training and development.


This paper examines the models of internationalisation adopted by 30 firms from New Zealand. Analysis of the internationalisation model is based on five key dimensions: firm sector and size; international market scope; market entry and servicing strategies; and speed of internationalisation. Drivers and constraints to internationalisation are also considered in the analysis. Evaluation of these dimensions over time finds evidence of both traditional 'stages' and emergent 'born (again) global' models of internationalisation, and reveals that over one third of these firms experience dramatic change to their international activities and resources initiated by divestment or change of ownership. We refer to the alternative internationalisation trajectory adopted by these firms as the 'transformational' model of internationalisation. The paper makes a contribution to the extant literature by providing synthesis of New Zealand firm internationalisation and by building on our understanding of how patterns of internationalisation from a small open economy are changing in response to global environmental pressures.


In this article, I focused on the intersection of strict liability offenses and affirmative defenses. I sought to explore and evaluate a peculiar discrepancy: all states, as well as the Model Penal Code, deny to a defendant charged with a strict liability offense the defense of mistake, yet at the same time, allow most other affirmative defenses. Is this discrepancy warranted? Consider the following scenarios inwhich Humbert Humbert is charged with the statutory rape of Lolita:If Humbert Humbert tried to argue that he had acted under a mistaken belief that Lolita was above the age of consent, he most likely would not prevail. He would not prevail even if he made all possible efforts to find out Lolita's true age (e.g., checked Lolita's birth certificate and received a signed sworn affidavit from Lolita's mother) or if he fell prey to Lolita's own deception.The outcome, however, would be different if Humbert Humbert could prove that his misperception of Lolita's age was a result of insanity. In that case, Humbert Humbert would have a valid defense. He would also have a defense if he could show that he had had sex with Lolita under duress. Say, Clare Quilty, engrossed in the production of his pornographic movie, threatened to beat up Humbert Humbert unless he and Lolita performed a sexual act in front of his camera.Obviously, the defenses of mistake, insanity, and duress, albeit belonging to the same family of excuses, differ in many important respects. To see whether certain formative differences may account for the different treatment of these defenses, I examine various excuses on the scales of cognitive-volitional, external-internal, and permanent-temporary. In the end, I conclude that, from the moral perspective, there is: (i) no difference between a permanent and temporary impairment;(ii) a marginal difference in favor of external limitation compared to internal;(iii) a meaningful difference in favor of cognitive impairment compared to volitional. Effectively, this conclusion means that a person who commits a strict liability offense pursuant to a reasonable mistake deserves punishment even less than a person who commits the same crime under duress.I further explore the discrepancy between the treatment of the defense of mistake and other excuses in cases of strict liability from the perspectives of efficiency and other public policies. I conclude that this discrepancy is unwarranted, unfair, and arguably, unconstitutional. Accordingly, I advocate for a revision of the current law and adoption of an across-the-board rule that would make the defense of a reasonable mistake available in any criminal prosecution.


For many Member States financial instruments were a new approach to delivering Cohesion policy. Their increased use in 2007 - 13 created significant challenge s especially for MAs with limited experience. The regulatory framework provided flexibility to accommodate domestic arrangements, but demanded considerable administrative capacity. FIs can be more sustainable than grants, generate better quality projects, and may be considered more cost - effective in some circumstances . However, their main rationale in the OPs has been to facilitate access to finance for SMEs, which became more important in the crisis. The scale of FI varies between countries , as does the sh are reaching final recipients. In most countries, FI are over 80% invested, but some very large FIs have been overcapitalised and the EU average is 61%. Governance arrangements tend to be context specific, but build heavily on existing public financial ins titutions. Implementing FI proved complex with demands for greater clarity and certainty met through successive changes to the Regulations and guidance, many of which have been consolidated into the 2014 - 20 regulatory framework. Monitoring systems for FI a re weak, with little hard data on outcomes such as private funding, job creation and innovation, but some evidence that FI increase access to finance and can help develop private markets.


Some radio station in Semarang has broadcast which represents the Japan culture, includes RRI Semarang. The RRI Semarang is a public broadcast institution of Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) in Semarang. JIKAN in RRI Semarang catches attention with a distinguish concept from other program in the station. JIKAN was established in 2008, along with the enthusiasm from the listeners, JIKAN event was being concept in 2009, which now has been an annual event in RRI Semarang. JIKAN was actually established due to great quantity of public devotees to Japan culture. JIKAN is an appreciation from RRI to those communities.
This research based to descriptive quantitative method. In the implementation, researcher used questionnaire. The objective from this research is to know the perceptions of Japan lover community to JIKAN's broadcast quality RRI Semarang and the event.
Broadcast quality was measured from element of conflict success, duration, consumer likes, consistency, energy and timing. JIKAN broadcast quality has a result 91% for good category. Pre event activities, event packaging, time, location, broadcaster, guest star, and voice quality of JIKAN event are responsible to the perception. Based on the result, JIKAN event has a good quality with percentage 95.5%. In the other side, was found weakness from this program and event, particularly from the broadcaster and the event committee, because those are important role, which any lack would be very affect to JIKAN itself.
Employs the public trend, JIKAN has been catching attention from Japan lover community in Semarang. A good management from the programmer and the committee produces a good quality program, it delivers a positive perception from the listeners and the participants, responsible to the institution, RRI Semarang.
keywords : quality of radio broadcast, quality of event, perception of radio listeners


This study tested the hypothesis that it is easier to take the perspective of another person when one has similar past experience. Volunteer participants (N = 154) were asked to take the perspective of a protagonist in one of four problematic interpersonal situations and then to rate the ease with which they felt able to perspective take and the extent of their personal past experience of similar situations. Similar past experience predicted ease of perspective taking, with the relationship influenced by reflection on past experience. Ease of perspective taking mediated the relationship between similar past experience and participant perceptions of their accuracy in understanding the other person, but ease was not associated with emotional arousal. The findings have potential therapeutic applications for attempts to increase empathy and understanding in people for whom perspective taking may be difficult.


This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs and requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, assesses the impact of disinformation and strategic political propaganda disseminated through online social media sites. It examines effects on the functioning of the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights in the EU and its Member States.

The study formulates recommendations on how to tackle this threat to human rights, democracy and the rule of law. It specifically addresses the role of social media platform providers in this regard.


The goal of the current study was to examine two competing models focusing on the roles of empathy-related traits in the relation between economic stress and prosocial behaviors. First, we examined the mediating roles of perspective taking and empathic concern in the association between economic stress and adolescents' prosocial behaviors. Second, we examined the moderating role of perspective taking in the association between economic stress and empathic concern, as well as the links between empathic concern and prosocial behaviors. Participants consisted of 307 (46.2% girls; M age = 15.05) U.S. Latino adolescents (77.5% U.S. Mexicans) and their primary caregivers (87.9% mothers). Primary caregivers reported on family-level economic stress, and adolescents reported on their own perspective taking, empathic concern, and their tendency to engage in six forms of prosocial behaviors. Results demonstrated support for the moderating role of perspective taking on the link between economic stress and empathic concern, which in turn, was associated with multiple forms of helping behaviors. Economic stress was also directly associated with selfless and selfish helping behaviors. The discussion focuses on the multiple roles of empathic traits in understanding the links between economic stress and prosocial outcomes in U.S. Latino youth.


Standard methods to model multibody systems are aimed at systems with configuration spaces isomorphic to Ropfn. This limitation leads to singularities and other artifacts in case the configuration space has a different topology, for example, in the case of ball joints or a free-floating mechanism. This paper discusses an extension of classical methods that allows for a more general class of joints, including all joints with a Lie group structure as well as nonholonomic joints. The model equations are derived using the Boltzmann-Hamel equations and have very similar structure and complexity as obtained using classical methods. However, singularities are avoided through the use of global non-Euclidean configuration coordinates, together with mappings describing a local Euclidean structure around each configuration. The resulting equations are explicit (unconstrained) differential equations, both for holonomic and nonholonomic joints, which do not require a coordinate atlas and can be directly implemented in simulation software.


Since the early seventies, hundreds of authors have calculated gender wage differentials between women and men of equal productivity. Consequently, estimates for the gender wage gap have been published for the most diverse countries at different points in time. This metastudy provides a quantitative review of this vast amount of empirical literature on gender wage discrimination as it concerns differences in methodology, data, countries and time periods. We place particular emphasis on a proper consideration of the quality of the underlying study which is done by a weighting with quality indicators. The results show that data restrictions have the biggest impact on the resulting gender wage gap. Moreover, we are able to show what effect a misspecification of the underlying wage equation – like the frequent use of potential experience – has on the calculated gender wage gap. Over time, raw wage differentials world-wide have fallen substantially; however, most of this decrease is due to an increased labor market productivity of females.


Bcl-2 protein is involved in cell apoptosis and is considered an interesting target for anti-cancer therapy. The present study aims to understand the stability and conformational changes of Bcl-2 upon interaction with the inhibitor venetoclax, and to explore other drug-target regions. We combined biophysical and in silico approaches to understand the mechanism of ligand binding to Bcl-2. Thermal shift assay (TSA) and urea electrophoresis showed a significant increase in protein stability upon venetoclax incubation, which is corroborated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. An 18 °C shift in Bcl-2 melting temperature was observed in the TSA, corresponding to a binding affinity multiple times higher than that of any other reported Bcl-2 inhibitor. This protein-ligand interaction does not implicate alternations in protein conformation, as suggested by SAXS. Additionally, bioinformatics approaches were used to identify deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of Bcl-2 and their impact on venetoclax binding, suggesting that venetoclax interaction is generally favored against these deleterious nsSNPs. Apart from the BH3 binding groove of Bcl-2, the flexible loop domain (FLD) also plays an important role in regulating the apoptotic process. High-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) identified 5 putative FLD inhibitors from the Zinc database, showing nanomolar affinity toward the FLD of Bcl-2.


There is no doubt that globalisation has profound effects on crime, justice and our feelings of security, identity and belonging. Many of these affect both the making of laws and the breaking of laws. It has been argued however that criminology has been too provincial, focusing as it often does on national laws and issues, whilst others have said that globalisation is the stuff of international relations, global finance and trade, not of criminology. This book disputes this by asserting that criminology has a firm place in this arena and globalisation offers the discipline a challenge that it should relish. Some of the field's top scholars from the UK, the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand consider these challenges and present cutting-edge analysis and debate. Topics covered include transnational organised crime, international policing and a range of other issues involving global harm such as genocide, the workings of international financial institutions, the fate of international migrants and the impact of anti-immigration sentiments in Europe. A particular focus is on borders and arrangements that deal with migration and populations that are excluded and adrift. This book highlights criminology's analysis and engagement in new understandings of globalisation, in particular its harmful and unethical manifestations, and offers a mode of scrutiny and vigilance. Globalisation and the Challenge to Criminology will be of particular interest to those studying criminology, criminal justice, policing, security and international relations as well as those who seek to understand globalisation and, in particular, its harmful outcomes.


China is on track to exceed the United States as the world's largest economy in the next several years. It is already the leading global trading nation. Even though its growth rate has recently slowed from years past, China has had the fastest yearly growth rate of any country for much of the last three decades. In China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know, Arthur Kroeber offers an overview of the highlights of China's development since economic reforms were initiated under Deng Xiaoping in 1979. He argues that manufacturing, agricultural change, and construction reoriented the economy in the 1980s and 1990s through state-owned enterprises, private entrepreneurship, and foreign investment. Those shifts unleashed perhaps the largest migration ever in world history from rural areas to urban centers, accompanied by a no less unprecedented expansion of infrastructure. Changes in the country's fiscal and financial systems vastly increased China's monetary holdings from the 1990s onwards, leading to the country's strategic holding of more U.S. debt than any other nation. Kroeber also examines economic growth as it has been experienced by Chinese workers and consumers, including the mounting problems of income and wealth inequality, corruption, and environmental degradation. Kroeber ultimately turns to the consequences of Chinese economic growth: its decisive impact on the world economy, its visible and challenging resource extraction from Africa and Latin America, and its increasing engagement with global economic institutions.


[Abstract] Hummingbirds fly with their wings almost fully extended during their entire wingbeat. This pattern, associated with having proportionally short humeral bones, long distal wing elements, and assumed to be an adaptation for extended hovering flight, has lead to predictions that the aerodynamic mechanisms exploited by hummingbirds during hovering should be similar to those observed in insects. To test these predictions, we flew rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus, 3.3 g, n = 6) in a variable–speed wind tunnel (0-12 ms) and measured wake structure and dynamics using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Unlike hovering insects, hummingbirds produced 75% of their weight support during downstroke and only 25% during upstroke, an asymmetry due to the inversion of their cambered wings during upstroke. Further, we have found no evidence of sustained, attached leading edge vorticity (LEV) during up or downstroke, as has been seen in similarly-sized insects although a transient LEV is produced during the rapid change in angle of attack at the end of the downstroke. Finally, although an extended-wing upstroke during forward flight has long been thought to produce lift and negative thrust, we found circulation during downstroke alone to be sufficient to support body weight, and that some positive thrust was produced during upstroke, as evidenced by a vortex pair shed into the wake of all upstrokes at speeds of 4 – 12 m s.


In order to work effectively with Russian organizations, it is essential for potential Western partners and shareholders to fully understand their leadership style, organizational practices and business expectations. Based on extensive interviews with the pioneers of Russian business and the authors' own experiences, this perceptive new book attempts to decipher the enigma of Russia's new generation of business leaders. The authors present six in-depth case studies focusing on companies of vastly differing sizes, ranging from a newly-privatized operation, and the creation and organization of an oligarch's empire, to several entrepreneurial start-ups in different service industries. The case studies document the changes and developments that have occurred in Russia since the privatization era of the 1990s, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the emerging business leadership orientations. Grounded in Russian culture and history, the book takes a balanced view of the rapid development and transformation of the country's business leadership over the past ten years. The authors also offer perceptive conclusions and practical advice that will not only contribute to the success of Western businesses operating in Russia and other former communist countries in Eastern Europe but also help business people in Eastern Europe create high performance organizations. As we move towards a globalized economy, the need to recognise executive behaviour in Russia is becoming increasingly important. This book will provide a great source of information for academics and researchers of entrepreneurship, leadership studies and international business. Although the focus is on Russian entrepreneurs, the lessons in the book are equally as relevant for other cultures and leadership styles.


Attention naturally fluctuates when it needs to be sustained for long periods of time. These fluctuations have immediate consequences for performance on current tasks, but their consequences for the encoding of current information into visual long-term memory (VLTM) are less well understood. In particular, although the effects of selective attention and divided attention on memory have been explored, the relationship between sustained attention and memory is less clear. We hypothesized that, in a sustained attention task, being in an attentive state just prior to the presentation of an image would lead to better subsequent VLTM for that image. Based on previous studies of sustained attention, we operationalized attentiveness as slower and less variable response times (RTs). In a first incidental encoding phase of the experiment, observers categorized trial-unique pictures of scenes as indoor or outdoor by pressing one of two buttons. Critically, the scenes were selected to be 90% from one subcategory and 10% from the other, which encouraged observers to lapse into making the more frequent response habitually, thereby inducing fluctuations in sustained attention. In the second phase of the experiment, observers performed a surprise recognition memory test in which they were shown old images (that had appeared in the first phase) and new images. They were asked to decide whether they had seen each image before, as well as to report their confidence. Using these memory responses, we returned to the sustained attention task data and found that stimuli that were subsequently remembered vs. forgotten were indeed preceded by trials with slower and less variable RTs. These results suggest that the dangers of attentional failures may not only be realized in the moment, but also in the future when we need to access memories from those episodes. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Phoma medicaginis is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, commonly found infecting Medicago truncatula and M. sativa in temperate regions of Australia. To identify, characterize and differentiate eight P. medicaginis isolates from Western Australia, morphological phenotypes and five gene regions (actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-alpha) were examined. Sequence comparisons showed that specimens isolated from M. truncatula in Western Australia formed a group that was consistently different from, but closely allied to, a P. medicaginis var. medicaginis type specimen.
Characterization of three P. medicaginis genotypes showed that all exhibited a narrow host range, causing disease only in M. sativa and M. truncatula among eight commonly cultivated legume species sampled. Infection of 85 M. truncatula accessions showed a continuous distribution in disease phenotypes, with the majority of accessions susceptible. Differences in disease phenotypes suggest that M. truncatula harbours specific and diverse sources of resistance to individual P. medicaginis genotypes.
To characterize the genetic basis of resistance to P. medicaginis two F2 populations derived from crosses between the resistant accession SA27063 and the susceptible accessions SA3054 and A17 were phenotyped for disease symptoms. Highly significant recessive QTLs for resistance to P. medicaginis OMT5 were identified in each mapping population. In SA27063 x A17 a QTL named resistance to the necrotroph Phoma medicaginis one (rnpm1) was identified on the short arm of LG4. In SA27063 x SA3054 a QTL (rnpm2) was identified on the long arm of LG8. Further fine mapping of the areas surrounding the QTLs is underway to identify the genes underlying rnpm1 and rnpm2.
Examination of the recombination frequencies between genetic markers on the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 8 in the SA27063 x A17 cross revealed an apparent genetic linkage between these chromosomes. Subsequent analysis of other crosses showed this unexpected linkage relationship is characteristic for genetic maps derived from A17. Furthermore F1 individuals derived from crosses involving A17 showed 50% pollen viability or less. This semisterility and the unexpected linkage relationships provide good evidence for a reciprocal translocation in A17 between chromosomes four and eight. The implications of the distinctive chromosomal rearrangement in A17 on genetic mapping, genome sequencing and comparative mapping are discussed.
The Mt16kOLI1plus microarray was used to identify transcriptional changes in M. truncatula expressed in defence against P. medicaginis. Three-hundred-and-thirty-four differentially expressed transcripts showed a change of two-fold or more in either the resistant or susceptible interaction, and most of the Phoma-regulated genes could be assigned to functional categories which have been reported to be involved in plant defence responses. RT-qPCR and HPLCUV confirmed involvement of the octadecanoid and phenylpropanoid pathways in response to P. medicaginis infection. Faster induction of lipoxygenase genes and constitutively higher levels of certain phenolic metabolites were observed in resistant plants.


Creativity: Theory, History, Practice offers important new perspectives on creativity in the light of contemporary critical theory and cultural history. Innovative in approach as well as argument, the book crosses disciplinary boundaries and builds new bridges between the critical and the creative. It is organised in four parts: *Why creativity now? offers much-needed alternatives to both the Romantic stereotype of the creator as individual genius and the tendency of the modern creative industries to treat everything as a commodity *defining creativity, creating definitions traces the changing meaning of 'create' from religious ideas of divine creation from nothing to advertising notions of concept creation. It also examines the complex history and extraordinary versatility of terms such as imagination, invention, inspiration and originality *dreation as myth, story, metaphor begins with modern re-tellings of early African, American and Australian creation myths and - picking up Biblical and evolutionary accounts along the way - works round to scientific visions of the Big Bang, bubble universes and cosmic soup *creative practices, cultural processes is a critical anthology of materials, chosen to promote fresh thinking about everything from changing constructions of 'literature' and 'design' to artificial intelligence and genetic engineering. Rob Pope takes significant steps forward in the process of rethinking a vexed yet vital concept, all the while encouraging and equipping readers to continue the process in their own creative or 're-creative' ways. Creativity: Theory, History, Practice is invaluable for anyone with a live interest in exploring what creativity has been, is currently, and yet may be.


Abstract. Ice properties inferred from multi-polarization measurements, such as birefringence and crystal orientation fabric (COF), can provide insight into ice strain, viscosity, and ice flow. In 2008, the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) used a ground-based VHF (very high frequency) radar to take multi-channel and multi-polarization measurements around the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) site. The system operated with 30 MHz bandwidth at a center frequency of 150 MHz. This paper describes the radar system, antenna configurations, data collection, and processing and analysis of this data set. Within the framework derived from uniaxial ice crystal model, we found that ice birefringence dominates the power variation patterns of co-polarization and cross-polarization measurements in the area of 100 km2 around the ice core site. The phase shift between ordinary and extraordinary waves increases nonlinearly with depth. The ice optic axis lies in planes that are close to the vertical plane and perpendicular or parallel to the ice divide depending on depth. The ice optic axis has an average tilt angle of about 11.6° vertically, and its plane may rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise by about 10° across the 100 km2 area, and at a specific location the plane may rotate slightly counterclockwise as depth increases. Comparisons between the radar observations, simulations, and ice core fabric data are in very good agreement. We calculated the effective colatitude at different depths by using azimuth and colatitude measurements of the c axis of ice crystals. We obtained an average effective c axis tilt angle of 9.6° from the vertical axis, very comparable to the average optic axis tilt angle estimated from radar polarization measurements. The comparisons give us confidence in applying this polarimetric radio echo sounding technique to infer profiles of ice fabric in locations where there are no ice core measurements.


Purpose
The purpose of this mixed methods systematic review of literature is to summarise the best evidence available on sustainable safe staffing levels for multi-disciplinary learning disability teams in order to inform the development of setting-specific sustainable safe staffing guidance for the NHS Improvement National Safe Sustainable Staffing Guidance Programme Board for England. Firstly, the systematic literature review sought to uncover and synthesise any evidence on, sustainable safe staffing levels in learning disability services. Secondly, the review sought to identify themes of relevance to learning disability teams, and the delivery of sustainable, safe, and effective care for people with learning disabilities could be surfaced from national and international literature. Finally, the review sought to assess if any of the emerging evidence affirm or negate the context of care tool as an MDT model of care.

Methods
The Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) systematic review protocols were used to appraise studies. The PRISMA process was used to select the literature for review. Empirical (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods) studies, synthesised evidence (literature reviews) and opinion papers, (n = 37) were included in the review. A mixed methods approach to the review and synthesis was used due to the heterogeneous nature of the evidence. Quantitative data was converted into themes and presented with qualitative data through meta-aggregation using a narrative approach. JBI tools were used to pool findings and rate them for quality. Meta-synthesis was used to produce the synthesised findings. Foundational coding families of cause, context and process were used as a framework (Glasser 1978) for presenting the findings.

Findings
No empirical evidence was located that directly relate to sustainable safe staffing. Three core themes emerged from the review. The first theme; service models, is underpinned by three categories (service design and implementation strategies; clarity of professional roles and service collaboration / integration mechanisms; stakeholder and service user engagement). Four categories underpin the second theme; standards of care (understanding of the context of care; delivering effective care; ensuring effective communication; ensuring high standards of care). The third theme; resources, is made up of three categories (processes for managing resources; developing professional competence; values-based recruitment and retention practices).

Conclusions
The conclusions from this review leave a number of questions unanswered. The concept of sustainable safe staffing in LD services must be clearly understood from the very complex nature of the models of care, the extent of the number professionals and healthcare agencies involved in meeting the healthcare needs of people with LD.

Implications for practice
Without an appropriate service model of healthcare provision, clear standards of care, and adequate processes for deploying resources sustainable, safe, effective and efficient staffing may be challenging or unachievable.
Implications for research
The lack of robust empirical evidence regarding sustainable safe staffing in LD services mean the need for robustly designed research in this area cannot be overemphasised. Research needs to focus on the context of care, the relationships between sustainability, safety, effectiveness, efficiency and staffing levels, the hub and spoke model of healthcare service provision, and hospital communication passports.
Recommendations
Although the level and quality of evidence from all the literature included in this review is low, we have made appropriate recommendations given the significance and rationale of the topic under consideration.


In this paper we present a new routing technique which can operate on mobile ad hoc networks. This technique is opportunistic in the sense that each packet on its (specific) route from an origin (O) to a destination (D) at each hop takes advantage from the current pattern of nodes who captured its recent (retransmission to choose the next relay. Note that this is unlike in conventional routing protocols, which first predetermine the relays on a route from O to D, e.g. with a shortest path algorithm, and then let a given medium access (MAC) protocol, e.g. Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), deliver all the packets using this route. Moreover, in our technique, the current transmitter of a given packet does not know its next relay a priori, but the nodes who capture this transmission (if any) perform a self selection to chose the unique packet relay node and acknowledge the transmitter. Finally, the above relay self selection procedure is optimized in the sense that it is the node that optimizes some given utility criterion, e.g. minimizes the remaining distance to D, which is chosen as the relay. The primary goal of this paper is to explain how relay self selection can be achieved. Moreover, we show that this routing technique works well with various MAC protocols which may be controlled multiple access schemes or random access schemes. More precisely, assuming two different MAC protocols: Aloha and CSMA, we use simulations to compare the performance of this new routing technique to conventional shortest path routing. In this particular study we assume that the self selection chooses the relay that minimizes the remaining distance to the destination. This criterion requires that the nodes know their geographic positions. However, as we show, if only a small fraction of the nodes in the network know their positions exactly, e.g. using GPS, and provide this information to the remaining to nodes to let them estimate their positions, our proposed technique still works very well and outperforms conventional routing techniques.


Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in the formation of new neurons during learning and memory development. Attenuation of neurogenesis in the brain is one of the primary causes of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and, conversely, modulating the process of hippocampal neurogenesis benefit patients with AD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), particularly herbal medicine, has been in use for thousands of years in Asia and many regions of the world for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of neurotrophic factors, signal transducing factors, epigenetic modulators and neurotransmitters in neurogenesis, and we also discuss the functions of several Chinese herbs and their active molecules in activating multiple pathways involved in neurogenesis. TCM herbs target pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog and receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, leading to activation of a signaling cascade that ultimately enhances the transcription of several important genes necessary for neurogenesis. Given these pathway activating effects, the use of TCM herbs could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.


A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger widely used in air conditioners, and tubes and fins are tightly assembled by the mechanical expansion process of tubes. The tube expansion process deforms the grooves inside the tube, and the groove shapes also affect the adhesion between tubes and fins. In this study, the adhesion and heat transfer performance affected by the tube expansion of the non-uniform groove shape tube with different heights are investigated by both analysis and experiments. From the analysis method, it was shown that the contact pressure of non-uniform groove tube is higher than that of the uniform groove tube, and the most appropriate high groove number of the non-uniform groove tube is designed for the maximum contact pressure. From the experimental results, the decreasing rate of the condensation heat transfer coefficient is smaller in the non-uniform groove tube with different heights, compared to the conventional uniform groove tube. Also, the air-side heat transfer coefficient of the nonuniform groove tube with different heights is higher than that of the uniform groove tubes.


Abstract In a forest based biorefinery, pulp and paper are the main products, while side-streams are utilized for value-added products. One biorefinery concept is to remove hemicelluloses from wood by extraction prior to pulping and converting them into biofuels or chemicals. This study presents a concept of a larch wood based biorefinery and focuses on the mass balance of pre-extraction. Sugar rich extracts were obtained by hot water extraction of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Lebed.) wood chips at different temperatures and times. At 160°C and 60–90 min the extract contains 13–16% hemicelluloses (on wood). The composition of extracts and extracted wood has been determined to have a basis for mass balances. Fermentation of the hydrolyzed extract with Bacillus coagulans MXL-9 resulted in consumption of all C6 and C5 sugars and produced lactic acid in high yield. In an earlier work, it was demonstrated that water pre-extraction of larch chips followed by polysulfide-anthraquinone (PSAQ) pulping still produced a good papermaking pulp at a yield comparable to the corresponding non-extracted kraft pulp. Accordingly, the present results show that a larch wood based biorefinery has a potential for industrial application.


With these handy paperback reference guides, illustrated throughout with black-and-white line drawings, nature watchers know what to look for and how to interpret what they see. Whether carried into the field or consulted at home, these books provide readers with fascinating facts and insights into the behavior of birds and wildlife. With more than 3 million copies of their books sold to date, Donald and Lillian Stokes are increasingly recognized and celebrated as America's preeminent authorities on nature and birding.


The beyond-relevance objectives of recommender systems have been drawing more and more attention. For example, a diversity-enhanced interface has been shown to associate positively with overall levels of user satisfaction. However, little is known about how users adopt diversity-enhanced interfaces to accomplish various real-world tasks. In this paper, we present two attempts at creating a visual diversity-enhanced interface that presents recommendations beyond a simple ranked list. Our goal was to design a recommender system interface to help users explore the different relevance prospects of recommended items in parallel and to stress their diversity. Two within-subject user studies in the context of social recommendation at academic conferences were conducted to compare our visual interfaces. Results from our user study show that the visual interfaces significantly reduced the exploration efforts required for given tasks and helped users to perceive the recommendation diversity. We show that the users examined a diverse set of recommended items while experiencing an improvement in overall user satisfaction. Also, the users» subjective evaluations show significant improvement in many user-centric metrics. Experiences are discussed that shed light on avenues for future interface designs.


Background: Axillary nerve, one of the terminal branches of posterior cord of brachial plexus is more prone for injuries. Lack of proper anatomical knowledge and variations of axillary nerve leads to risk of nerve injuries. The present study describes the origin of axillary nerve, its distance of origin from tip of coracoids process. Method: Thirty brachial plexuses from fifteen formalin fixed human cadavers of both the sexes were studied by dissection method. Origin and branching pattern of axillary nerve and its distance of origin from the anteromedial aspect of tip of coracoid process & posterolateral aspect of acromion process was recorded. Results: Out of the 30 specimens studied, axillary nerve was originating from the posterior cord of brachial plexus in 90% of specimens, remaining 10% specimens showed a common trunk of origin of axillary nerve from posterior cord of brachial plexus. The mean distance of origin of axillary nerve from the anteromedial aspect of tip of coracoid process and posterolateral aspect of acromion process is 3.98cm & 6.30cm respectively. The axillary nerve terminated into anterior and posterior branch within quadrangular space in 29 specimens. In one specimen articular branch for shoulder joint was not directly arising from axillary nerve instead it is arising from anterior branch of axillary nerve. Conclusion: In studied population Axillary nerves display variations in the origin and distance of origin. Knowledge of this variation in axillary nerve is very important to clinicians, anaesthetists and orthopaedic surgeons during surgical exploration of neck, axilla and upper arm, shoulder dislocation, infraclavicular brachial plexus block and fracture of surgical neck of humerus.
Keywords: Axillary nerve; Posterior cord; Coracoid process; Acromion process.


The social, political and economic consequences of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 have been widely studied, but there has been comparatively less focus on the judicial burden imposed by this legislation. The wide interpretation of 'public purpose' and inadequate compensation flooded courts across India with litigation under this legislation. Apart from delaying the process of land acquisition, such litigation also added to the burden of the already burgeoning caseload of Indian courts. This paper examines the nature of land acquisition litigation in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and the time taken to dispose such cases. The paper analyses whether the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Act, 2013 has tackled the root causes for such litigation.


For decades, cancer treatments have been given to patients continually at the maximum dose that can be tolerated. But a few labs are challenging that dogma. They are motivated by theoretical models of cancer growth and evidence from animal studies suggesting that briefly stopping or cutting back a drug dose can help keep the cancer cells from becoming resistant to the drug and can even trigger some cells to die, extending patients9 lives. Periodically ceasing cancer therapy can also be less toxic for the patient. Trials are testing these new dosing strategies. Some stop the drug altogether, then restart it on a fixed schedule; others alternate high and low doses; and still others wait until the tumor has shrunk significantly before dialing down treatment.


Sustainable development -the notion that boosting economic growth, protecting natural resources, and ensuring social justice can be complementary goals -has lost much appeal over the past two decades, the victim of woolly thinking and interest-group politics. The concept can be relevant again, but only if its original purpose -helping the poor live healthier lives on their own terms -is restored.


In this analytical chapter we introduce a new way of thinking about the social capital of a community, linked to the community's capacity to deliver favourable outcomes for its members. This capacity is termed community efficacy. The chapter reports on the initial stages of a project that is building the knowledge base and developing a framework for measurement of outcomes that accrue to rural communities. We focus on aspects of health service provision as exemplars of what our model and measurement framework may be used to achieve, illustrated by two case study communities in Tasmania, Australia.

We present a model for the study of community efficacy which illustrates the link between community activity infrastructure and community efficacy and between the structural and dynamic elements of community transactions which go to make up the concept of social capital. This paves the way for a measurement framework against which a community's efficacy and the wellbeing outcomes of its members may be rated within any nominated social domain, and the robustness of its social capital may be assessed. The framework recognises that social capital resources are used at the point of interaction between community members; hence at a practical level opportunities for interaction are important. It also advances theoretical understanding of social capital and how it works in communities.

While the literature suggests that the quality and quantity of a community's social capital has a large impact on that community's capacity to deliver favourable outcomes for its members and its capacity to manage its own future, social capital remains notoriously difficult to measure despite many attempts to do so. There is consensus that social capital is the 'property' of a community or collective, yet in measurement frameworks social capital is normally aggregated across individuals and different levels. Our model attempts to disaggregate and to tease out the different strands and dimensions involved in the 4 domains of Education, Employment, Health & Welfare, and Voluntary Social Groups. We argue that, as communities are not socio-economically homogenous, the differential capacity of various groups within the community to participate, and their differential access to decision making structures, should be included. Further, social capital must be set in context - social capital resources that are effective in one context are not necessarily effective in another. We suggest that the framework can be applied to measure community efficacy in various settings, and discuss how it can be applied to a rural community's ability to foster good health and general community 'wellbeing' outcomes at the planning and practical levels.


In late industrial economies, STEM education in schools has significant political support. In recent years interest has been shown in bringing 'the arts' into some integration with STEM practices; the 'STEAM agenda'. A recent review of the STEAM literature and practices in the UK struggled with the difficulty of developing a coherent and meaningful account of the STEAM literature as a whole. This review noted that the majority of the literature was concerned with pedagogy and only to a limited extent with issues underpinning the purposes of education. In this paper we consider, through the lens of curriculum theory and use of a specific case study, three of these underpinning issues: the place of the arts, the rejection of monodisciplinarity and value of new conceptions of science. Whilst making sense of STEAM literature and practice is difficult, we argue that there is a need of a more nuanced analysis of these issues which challenges an easy political accommodation; pays attention both to educational foundations and educational practice; and promotes the need for critical and ongoing dialogue between STEM practitioners, artist, teachers and educators.


The study focused on the creative self-efficacy, creativity, and job satisfaction and how these variables influence each other. Job satisfaction acts as the intervening variable for allegedly having influence on the relation between creative self-efficacy and creativity. Creativity is one of the main essential that need to be cultivated in work environment and communicated towards employee in order for the company to develop. The population used in this study is employees of an advertising company specialized in media printing PT. Smile Island Surabaya focus on the division of layout editor with a total of 38 employees. The analysis in this study is using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The result of the study shows a significant influence for some hypothesis with t statistic of 1,96 which are creative self-efficacy influences on job satisfaction with a score of 11,5779, job satisfaction on creativity with a score of 3,4212, and creative self-efficacy on creativity and job satisfaction as an intervening variable in full mediation. Meanwhile, creative self-efficacy doesn't show a significant influence towards creativity shown evidently with a score of 1,0809 because of different perceptions on creative assessment between supervisor and employee.


Purpose To analyze the etiology, clinical characteristics, complications, treatments, and outcomes of patients with intermediate uveitis examined in a uveitis referral center in Bogotá, Colombia. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive study. We reviewed systematically the clinical records of patients attending a uveitis referral center in Bogotá, Colombia from 2013 to 2020. Data analysis included demographics, etiology, clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, best-corrected visual acuity, and complications. For categorical variables, absolute and relative frequencies were used while for continuous variables mean and standard deviations were calculated. Results We identified 18 patients with intermediate uveitis. The mean age at disease onset was 19.4 years. There was no sex predominance. Two-thirds of the patients presented bilateral involvement. The mean initial best-corrected visual acuity was 0.19 LogMAR. The most common etiology was idiopathic followed by undetermined, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The most common characteristics were insidious onset, chronic course, and persistent duration. The complications found were macular edema, optic disk edema, cataract, epiretinal membrane, among others. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy were the most common treatments. Mean follow-up time was 24.4 months, and the mean final best-corrected visual acuity was 0.12 LogMAR. Conclusion This is the first study describing intermediate uveitis features in South America. In our context, intermediate uveitis is infrequent. Polyautoimmunity and familial autoimmunity phenomena were found in some patients. These may require a multidisciplinary approach. Ophthalmologists should promptly diagnose, treat, and refer patients with this disease to avoid common complications. Further studies are required to determine the disease relation with polyautoimmunity.


Abstract. We evaluate Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface reflectance and albedo trends using the newly released Collection 6 (C6) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products over the period 2001–2016. We find that the correction of MODIS sensor degradation provided in the new C6 data products reduces the magnitude of the surface reflectance and albedo decline trends obtained from previous MODIS data (i.e., Collection 5, C5). Collection 5 and 6 data product analysis over GrIS is characterized by surface (i.e., wet vs. dry) and elevation (i.e., 500–2000 m, 2000 m and greater) conditions over the summer season from 1 June to 31 August. Notably, the visible-wavelength declining reflectance trends identified in several bands of MODIS C5 data from previous studies are only slightly detected at reduced magnitude in the C6 versions over the dry snow area. Declining albedo in the wet snow and ice area remains over the MODIS record in the C6 product, albeit at a lower magnitude than obtained using C5 data. Further analyses of C6 spectral reflectance trends show both reflectance increases and decreases in select bands and regions, suggesting that several competing processes are contributing to Greenland Ice Sheet albedo change. Investigators using MODIS data for other ocean, atmosphere and/or land analyses are urged to consider similar re-examinations of trends previously established using C5 data.


This chapter aims to highlight two dimensions that are crucial to the design-marketing relationship: (1) the link between design and brand identity and especially the link between the semantic dimension of a product, for which design plays a major role, and the expression of brand identity; (2) the role of design in building brand attachment. Since brands are also a system of meanings that triggers emotions, the link between design, branding and consumer behavior focusing on hedonistic and experiential dimensions is further investigated. This chapter also unveils a rare but essential dimension: the link between design, branding and innovation which is becoming more and more crucial in current intense competitive environment. While some researchers have analyzed the relationship between branding and innovation, little research has focused on the relationship between brands, design and new product development (NPD). Yet, design appears as a key lever to building brand equity and stimulating product innovativeness. An increasing number of brands resort to external design agencies to develop new products and broaden brand meaning, reinforcing brand uniqueness and desirability. The mutual influence of brand characteristics and design-agency profiles on product innovativeness is presented.


Four experiments assessed the influence of emergent-level structure on melodic processing difficulty. Emergent-level structure was manipulated across experiments and defined with reference to the Implication-Realization model of melodic expectancy (Narmour, 1990, 1992, 2000). Two measures of melodic processing difficulty were used to assess the influence of emergent-level structure: serial-reconstruction and cohesion ratings. In the serial-reconstruction experiment (Experiment 1), reconstruction was more efficient for melodies with simple emergent-level structure. In the cohesion experiments (Experiments 2-4), ratings were higher for melodies with simple emergent-level structure, and the advantage was generally greater in the presence of simple surface-level structure. Results indicate that emergent-level structure as defined by the model can influence melodic processing difficulty.


We develop new methods to identify blind-thrust fault systems, determine fault slip rates, and estimate potential earthquake magnitudes and recurrence intervals in active fold-and-thrust belts. These methods are applied to compressive folds along the Offshore Oak Ridge and Blue Bottle trends, which overlie active blind-thrust faults in the eastern Santa Barbara Channel. These folds and their causative faults are interpreted using fault-bend fold theory and are represented in balanced models and cross sections that integrate surface and subsurface data. The structures are mapped using a new technique of axial-surface mapping in seismic reflection grids, which defines three-dimensional structural geometries and shows changes in slip and subsurface fault geometry along strike. Analysis of syntectonic (growth) sediments yields Pliocene and Quaternary fault slip rates of 1.3 mm/yr on a deep thrust (≥16 km) and 1.3 mm/yr on shallower faults (2-5 km). The combined 2.6 mm/yr slip rate represents only part of the 6 mm/yr of shortening measured by geodesy across the channel and estimated from relative Pacific-North American plate motions across the Transverse Ranges. Additional shortening is probably accommodated on other active thrusts in the western Transverse Ranges and in the northern channel along the Santa Barbara coast. Deformed seafloor sediments and a swarm of axial surface seismicity along the fold trends indicate that the underlying thrusts are active and may pose significant earthquake hazards to coastal southern California. Unsegmented fault surfaces are used through empirical relationships between fault surface area and rupture magnitude to estimate the sizes of potential earthquakes. This analysis suggests that a ramp in the Channel Islands fault beneath the Offshore Oak Ridge trend is capable of rupturing in a M s ≥7.2 earthquake. Earthquakes of this magnitude may release ∼2 m of slip, which, when combined with the estimated slip rate (1.3 mm/yr), yields an earthquake recurrence interval of ∼1500 yr for this Channel Islands fault ramp.


A method is presented that allows rapid and accurate measurement of changes in the spatial pattern of space occupation in encrusting organisms. The boundaries of organisms are represented as polygons, and geometric difference calculation~ are used to establish the perimeters of the areas gained or vacated between sampling dates. The influence of interspecific interactions on occupation of space is also quantified: geometric intersection calculations are used to define the perimeters of the areas gained or lost in overgrowth interactions. A method is presented for estimating the sampling frequency necessary for detection of significant changes in occupation of space. The method provides a means of quantifying not only changes in percent cover and diversity but also the dynamics of colony movement and the rates and outcomes of competitive interactions.


The concept of cooperative communication has been proposed to improve link capacity, transmission reliability and network coverage in multiuser
wireless communication networks. Different from conventional point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications, cooperative communication
allows multiple users or stations in a wireless network to coordinate
their packet transmissions and share each other's resources, thus achieving
high performance gain and better service coverage.
According to the IEEE 802.11 standards, Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs) can support multiple transmission data rates, depending
on the instantaneous channel condition between a source station and
an Access Point (AP). In such a multi-rate WLAN, those low data-rate stations
will occupy the shared communication channel for a longer period
for transmitting a fixed-size packet to the AP, thus reducing the channel
efficiency and overall system performance.
This thesis addresses this challenging problem in multi-rate WLANs
by proposing two cooperative Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols,
namely Busy Tone based Cooperative MAC (BTAC) protocol and Cooperative
Access with Relay's Data (CARD) protocol. Under BTAC, a low
data-rate sending station tries to identify and use a close-by intermediate
station as its relay to forward its data packets at higher data-rate to the AP through a two-hop path. In this way, BTAC can achieve cooperative
diversity gain in multi-rate WLANs. Furthermore, the proposed CARD
protocol enables a relay station to transmit its own data packets to the AP
immediately after forwarding its neighbour's packets, thus minimising the
handshake procedure and overheads for sensing and reserving the common
channel. In doing so, CARD can achieve both cooperative diversity
gain and cooperative multiplexing gain. Both BTAC and CARD protocols
are backward compatible with the existing IEEE 802.11 standards.
New cross-layer mathematical models have been developed in this
thesis to study the performance of BTAC and CARD under different channel
conditions and for saturated and unsaturated traffic loads. Detailed simulation
platforms were developed and are discussed in this thesis. Extensive
simulation results validate the mathematical models developed and show
that BTAC and CARD protocols can significantly improve system throughput,
service delay, and energy efficiency for WLANs operating under realistic
communication scenarios.


This study aimed to investigate the success factors for transforming classrooms into learning communities in digital learning ecosystem (DLE) of Thailand's secondary schools. Quantitative research was conducted by using a questionnaire as the research instrument to measure teachers' evaluation of factors. Purposive sampling was applied to obtain a sample group of secondary schools. The questionnaires were sent to teachers at secondary schools in 20 provinces in Northeast Thailand that were employing the smart learning project for their teaching and learning. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The results revealed that learning support technologies, teachers, and learners were the three most important factors influencing the development of DLE (x =4.64, x =4.61, and x =4.49, respectively). The findings of this study have implications for educators, administrators, and teachers to review and discover appropriate ways to invest the necessary conditions that can enhance the quality of DLEs and improve teaching and learning activities in the digital environment at secondary schools.


Everyone knows that innovation is a business necessity. Companies not innovating die. The importance of innovation is reflected by the fact that revenue growth for this year's Top 100 Global Innovators outperformed the S&P 500 by nearly 100 percent. (Thomson Reuters 2014)
In the current environment, however, to innovate effectively, you increasingly must innovate openly. (Chesbrough 2006)
Open innovation is a hot topic, all companies seem to have understood that no matter how big you are or how good are your people, you are never going to make it on your own. This is why efforts to adopt the new open innovation model have been made across all industries.
However, when going through open innovation literature and examples is quite rare to find a reference to a company out of the high-tech sector (mainly computers, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals companies). The most popular examples for open innovation are IBM, Intel, Xerox, Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco, Millenium Pharmaceuticals, Genzyme, Orange...Even if examples for some companies outside the high-tech sector like P&G or GE can be found, is clear that there is still a huge spectrum of industries that seem not to be represented in literature. Nevertheless, judging by the Thomson-Reuters '2014 TOP 100 GLOBAL INNOVATORS' publication, these other industries seem to be doing a good job innovating. In fact, more mature industries like chemicals, primary materials or industrials are very well represented in the list ABB, Arkema, Kobe Steel, Saint Gobain, Ashashi Glass, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal, Komatsu...
The first question I would like to address is if more mature industries are also adopting the open model for innovation. Secondly, I would like to study some specific examples of in what specific ways commodities companies are adopting the open model and how are they creating value with it. For that, I am willing to focus in the more mature industries, commodities. In order to answer to that question I will study few business cases of commodities companies that are adopting the open model: Codelco, Saint Gobain, Asian Paints Italcementi and Saica.
The hypothesis lied to these questions that this thesis is looking to validate are the following:
• More mature industries are also subject (or at least partially subject) to the factors that forced high-tech companies to adopt the open model and they are as a consequence, also adopting the open innovation model
• The principles of open innovation that are being applied in commodities companies do not significantly differ from the ones applied in high-tech companies even if purposes may be different


Background: Gender may influence the incidence, severity and hospital mortality due to heart failure (HF). Aim: To evaluate the influence of sex on the proportion of patients hospitalized due to heart failure, its incidence and hospital mortality. Methods: Analysis of the hospital discharge database of the Chilean Ministry of Health during 2014. All hospital admissions for HF were considered according to ICD-10 codes, including the discharge diagnosis of congestive HF (I500), left ventricular HF (I501) and non-specified HF (I509). Incidence rates, proportion of discharges due to HF and hospital mortality were calculated according to age and sex. Results: During 2014, there were 1,306,431 discharges from Chilean hospitals. Of these, 125,484 were for cardiovascular disease and 10% of these corresponded to HF (12,825). The incidence rate was slightly higher in men than in women (0.71 and 0.70 per 1000 admissions respectively). Among patients aged 80 years or more, the prevalence of admissions for HF was higher in women (19.1 and 15.9% respectively, p< 0.01). Hospital mortality was also higher in women (9.7 and 8.6% respectively, p = 0.03). The factors associated with a higher hospital mortality were an age over 80 years (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.11; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.87-2.40; p<0.01), a length of stay over seven days (OR 1.13; 95%CI: 1.01-1.29; p=0.04), being admitted to high complexity facilities (OR 1.29; 95%CI: 1.12-1.50; p=0.01) and being insured by the public national health fund (OR 1.94; 95%CI: 1.54-2.43; p<0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of hospital admissions due to HF is similar in men and women. There is high hospital mortality, especially in women.


Between 1741 and 1750 Robert Lowth, Oxford's fifth chair of poetry, presented a series of groundbreaking lectures that reimagined the Hebrew Bible as literature, emphasizing its artful formal qualities. Today he is best known for rediscovering the parallelism of ancient Hebrew poetry, which he imagined as originating in the responsive singing of the seraphim. At a time when the divine authority of the Bible was waning, the reclassification of large swaths of prophecy as poetry helped Lowth extol the human figure of the prophet as a literary genius. Lowth idealized the prophetic-poetic text as "strong": artful, controlled, ordered, and balanced. He responded to an anxiety about the place of the Bible and biblical prophecy in eighteenth-century English society by disavowing or minimizing the irregularities, stutters, and fissures in prophecy. But by introducing prophecy into poetry, Lowth—with much ambivalence—also ushered more passion, enthusiasm, and subjectivity into neoclassical English poetry. Despite his attempts to minimize the formal and theological weaknesses he found in the prophetic text, his scholarly project also transmitted them into English literature, allowing Romantic poets like William Blake to draw on biblical prophetic weaknesses in constructing their own complex prophetic positions.


Cryptosystem based on Lucas Function is known as LUC Cryptosystems. Lucas Function is a special form of second order linear recurrence relation using a large public integer as a modulus. We are sure that, an existing computation technique will suffer a huge computations time and spaces when calculating a very large size of public-key and private-key. Recently, a method for fast LUC Cryptosystems computation on single processor has been proposed. In this paper, we extend the method in parallel on distributed memory multiprocessor machine using message-passing interface. We are generating a special sequence from a given value of public-key and private-key. This special sequence will be used to direct the computation of LUC. We examine the parallelism efficiency of the algorithm by analyze the simulation time and speedup.


Epidermal naevus is a congenital cutaneous hamartoma with a benign course. We highlight a rare case of epidermal naevus with concurrent basal cell carcinoma. A 79-year-old male had a skin biopsy at our centre for an enlarging skin nodule within a linear papular lesion measuring 2 x 4 cm at the left side of his neck, which was later diagnosed as basal cell carcinoma arising from an epidermal naevus. PIK3CA mutation is attributed to basal cell carcinoma which suggests the basal cell carcinoma component is independent of the epidermal naevus component. Clinicians and pathologists must be aware of possible malignant changes that might arise in an epidermal naevus.


Subsets of morbidly obese patients do not appear to exhibit the expected comorbidities, as well as the fact that heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity has been known to affect metabolism. In this study, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an SNS co-transmitter is explored as a possible biomarker for unhealthy obesity. The aims of the study were to identify a normoinsulinemic/insulin sensitive morbidly obese Caucasian patient cohort, compare differences in NPY levels in the circulation and adipose tissue between the normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects. I explored the hypothesis that elevated circulating peripheral NPY causes metabolic abnormalities by mediating changes in the normal function of brain stem regulatory mechanisms via inflammation of astrocytes as shown in an in vitro model of primary cell line of human fetal brain stem astrocyte cell line. Blood and abdominal adipose tissue samples were obtained from consenting, morbidly obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery for recruitment in the study. Adipokines and NPY were measured as well as gene and protein expression by real-time PCR and histology. Effect of NPY was determined on a human brainstem astrocytic primary cell-line using immunohistochemistry, real time PCR, cytokine ELISA, intracellular secondary messengers via ELISA and fluorescence microscopy. Secreted lactate levels were measured by calorimetric assays. Differences were found between metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and pathologically obese (PO)/diabetic groups in certain adipokines and insulin sensitivity, which were maintained after surgical weight loss. Differences in adipocyte cell size were visible between the two groups both in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue depots but inflammatory cell infiltration was not different. Brain stem astrocytes expressed NPY receptors and IL-6 secretion from the astrocytes increased when exposed to a combination of NPY and noradrenaline, reflected by changes in intracellular cAMP. Cytokine array showed increases in various inflammatory cytokines under the same treatment. IL-6 treatment increased astrocyte lactate levels. In astrocytes there was greater level of adrenergic signalling and secretion of IL-6 and lactate by the cells, which could mean different metabolic balance of astrocytes and long-term effects on astrocyte chemosensing function. These findings suggest differences in susceptibility to obesity associated pathologies linked to a synergistic modulation between the intracellular signalling pathways of astrocytes, being regulated at least partially by components of the CNS and having a direct effect on the cells. Perhaps these would pave the way for targeted treatment modalities. In vivo studies in an analogous animal model would further clarify the connection between elevated peripheral NPY and its central effects on the brainstem astrocytes in mediating metabolic disease.


Project Half Double has a clear mission to succeed in finding a project methodology that can increase the success rate of our projects while increasing the speed at which we generate new ideas and develop new products and services. Chaos and complexity should be seen as a basic condition and as an opportunity rather than a threat and a risk. We are convinced that by doing so, we can strengthen Denmark's competitiveness and play an important role in the battle for jobs and future welfare.  The overall goal is to deliver "projects in half the time with double the impact", where projects in half the time should be understood as half the time to impact (benefit realisation, effect is achieved) and not as half the time for project execution. The purpose of Project Half Double is to improve Danish industrial competitiveness by radically increasing the pace and impact of the development and innovation activities carried out within the framework of the projects. The formal part of Project Half Double was initiated in June 2015. We started out by developing, refining and testing the Half Double methodology on seven pilot projects in the first phase of the project, which will end June 2016. The current status of responding to the above overall Project Half Double goal for the seven pilot projects can be summarised as follows: - The Lantmannen Unibake pilot project was able to launch the first stores after 5 months, which is considerably shorter lead time than comparable reference projects, which have had a lead time of 10 months or more. This is in line with the overall goal of Project Half Double of delivering impact faster. - Four pilot projects have the potential to deliver impact faster, but it is too early to evaluate. Some results might be evaluated in the second half of 2016, while other results take longer to evaluate (Coloplast, Novo Nordisk, GN Audio and VELUX). - Two pilot projects will probably not be able to deliver impact faster, although it is too early to evaluate them. The evaluation of these pilot projects takes place over a longer period of time as it will take years before many of the key performance indicators associated with them can be evaluated (Grundfos and Siemens Wind Power). In addition to the current status of delivering impact faster for the seven pilot projects, it is important to highlight that Project Half Double phase 1 has planted many seeds in the pilot organisations concerning project methodology and beyond. The many learning points from each pilot project show that Project Half Double has left its clear footprint in the pilot organisations, and that the Half Double methodology has evolved and developed very much during Project Half Double phase 1.


To reduce the production cost of 3DCG educational contents for e-learning system and to improve the capability of self-learning system, we have developed a new self-learning system based on the Cyber Person. Cyber Person is a human shaped software robot using 3DCG and speech synthesis technologies. This system includes 3DCG stage, many kinds of stage parts (3DCG shaped models, photographs or text panels) and Cyber Person(s). Because Cyber Person acts as a virtual teacher, we named it Cyber Assistant Professor (CAP). The educational contents of CAP can be written by Script Language named Cyber Person Scenario Language 2 (CPSL2). CPSL2 is a tag-based hypertext language like a HTML, which describes a scenario of 3DCG interactive animation. CAP Browser converts this scenario file to the realtime interactive 3DCG animation, which is not a rendering movie. CAP can instruct the educational subject by using body action, facial expression and voice speaking. And many stage parts also can move simultaneously corresponding to the CAP's instruction. Sometimes, CAP shows the question to the learner and learner has to answer by clicking the specified stage parts, e.g. selects the correct answer or enters the number. Consequently, CAP can change the scenario of 3DCG animation or load the external scenario file. By using CAP system, we have developed some teaching materials for elementary school pupils. This paper describes the detail of CAP system and CPSL2.


OBJECTIVES
Certain human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B alleles (protective alleles) associate with durable immune control of HIV-1, but with substantial heterogeneity in the level of control. It remains elusive whether viral factors including Nef-mediated immune evasion function diminish protective allele effect on viral control.

DESIGN
The naturally occurring non-Ser variant at position 9 of HIV-1 subtype C Nef has recently exhibited an association with enhanced HLA-B downregulation function and decreased susceptibility to recognition by CD8 T cells. We therefore hypothesized this Nef genotype leads to diminished immune control mediated by protective HLA alleles.

METHODS
Nef sequences were isolated from HIV-1 subtype C-infected patients harboring protective alleles and several Nef functions including downregulation of HLA-A, HLA-B, CD4, and SERINC5 were examined. Association between Nef non-Ser9 and plasma viral load was examined in two independent South African and Botswanan treatment-naïve cohorts.

RESULTS
Nef clones isolated from protective allele individuals encoding Nef non-Ser9 variant exhibited greater ability to downregulate HLA-B when compared with the Ser9 variant, while other Nef functions including HLA-A, CD4, and SERINC5 downregulation activity were unaltered. By analyzing a cohort of South African participants chronically infected with subtype C HIV-1, Nef non-Ser9 associated with higher plasma viral load in patients harboring protective alleles. Corroboratively, the Nef non-Ser9 correlated with higher plasma viral load in an independent cohort in Botswana.

CONCLUSION
Taken together, our study identifies the Nef genotype, non-Ser9 that subverts host immune control in HIV-1 subtype C infection.


Background—Data on combined coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and restrictive annuloplasty in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy are scarce, and the effect on reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling is unknown. Methods and Results—51 patients with ischemic LV dysfunction (LV ejection fraction 31±8%) and severe mitral regurgitation (grade 3 to 4+) underwent CABG and restrictive annuloplasty with stringent downsizing of the mitral annulus (by 2 sizes, Physio-ring, mean size 28±2). Serial transthoracic echocardiographic studies were performed (before surgery and within 3 months and 1.5 years after surgery) to assess mitral regurgitation, transmitral gradient, leaflet coaptation, and left atrial and LV reverse remodeling. Clinical follow-up (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class, survival, events) was assessed at 2-year follow-up. Early operative mortality was 5.6%; at 2-year follow-up, all patients were free of endocarditis and thromboembolism, and 1 needed re-operation for recurrent mitral regurgitation; 2-year survival was 84%. NYHA class improved from 3.4±0.8 to 1.3±0.4 (P<0.01), with all patients in class I/II. Intraoperative transesophageal echo showed minimal (grade 1+) mitral regurgitation in 8 patients and none in 43, without stenosis. Leaflet coaptation was 0.8±0.2 cm. These values remained unchanged; all patients had no or minimal (grade 1+) mitral regurgitation at 2-year follow-up. LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions decreased from 51±10 to 43±12 mm (P<0.001) and from 64±8 to 58±11 mm (P<0.001). Left atrial dimension decreased from 53±8 to 47±7 mm (P<0.001). Conclusion—Excellent results of combined restrictive annuloplasty and CABG were obtained. Residual mitral regurgitation was absent/minimal at 2-year follow-up, associated with a significant reduction in left atrial dimension and LV reverse remodeling.


A detailed history and physical examination can distinguish between key features of a benign primary headache and concerning symptoms that warrant further evaluation for a secondary headache. Most headaches that are diagnosed in the primary care setting are benign. Among primary headache disorders, tension-type headache is the most common, although a migraine headache is more debilitating and likely to present in the primary care setting. Signs such as predictable timing, sensitivity to smells or sounds, family history of migraine, recurrent sinus headache, or recurrent severe headaches with a normal neurologic examination could indicate migraine headache. Evaluating acute headaches using a systematic framework such as the SNNOOP10 mnemonic can help detect life-threatening secondary causes of headaches. Red flag signs or symptoms such as acute thunderclap headache, fever, meningeal irritation on physical examination, papilledema with focal neurologic signs, impaired consciousness, and concern for acute glaucoma warrant immediate evaluation. For emergent evaluations, noncontrast computed tomography of the head is recommended to exclude acute intracranial hemorrhage or mass effect. A lumbar puncture is also needed to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage if the scan result is normal. For less urgent cases, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is preferred for evaluating headaches with concerning features. Primary headache disorders without red flags or abnormal examination findings do not need neuroimaging.


Existing cellular networks are centrally managed and require a tremendous initial investment. With the advancement of new wireless technologies, the operators of traditional networks have to face new competition. New technologies make it possible to provide wireless services with substantially less investment. There are two interdependent trends that enable this progress: the evolution of technology and the evolution of spectrum policy. These two trends point towards a more colorful landscape of wireless communication technologies. In particular, new wireless technologies enable users and small operators to deploy their own networks and to compete with the large network operators that run traditional wireless networks. Because the participants have an increased control over their devices, they might be tempted to adjust their devices in order to benefit more from the network. This selfish (i.e., non-cooperative) behavior can dramatically decrease the efficiency of the operation of the network or even paralyze it completely. In this thesis, we consider various aspects of non-cooperative resource management in wireless networks using the methods provided by game theory. In the first part of the thesis, we present a comprehensive tutorial on game theory to facilitate the understanding of this theory as a tool. To emphasize the appropriateness of game theory in wireless networking, we present a set of selected examples along with their game-theoretic formalization. In the second part of the thesis, we are concerned with the non-cooperative behavior of users. More precisely, we focus on ad hoc wireless networks and assume that users can alter the default programming of their communication devices to improve performance. First, we consider the problem of multi-radio channel allocation and show that a Nash equilibrium driven by the selfish behavior of users achieves load-balancing. We propose two algorithms, each based on a different set of available information, to achieve the characterized Nash equilibria. Furthermore, we discuss other properties such as efficiency, fairness and coalition-proofness. In the remainder of this second part, we focus on the fundamental problem of packet forwarding in ad hoc networks. In static networks, we prove that cooperative Nash equilibria exist, but the set of conditions that enable selfish participants to mutually forward each others' packets are very restrictive. We also show that in dynamic networks, mobility promotes cooperation. In the third part of the thesis, we model the non-cooperative behavior of wireless network operators. We assume that they make strategic decisions to maximize the performance of their network. We also assume that the networks of different operators mutually affect each other, hence we model the decisions as network operator games. First, we study the scenario of co-located sensor networks and show that the network operators can mutually increase the lifetime of their network by cooperating. We also show that cooperation in terms of sharing sinks is more beneficial than providing packet forwarding of their sensors only. Second, we focus on the pilot power control of cellular networks assumed to operate in a shared spectrum. We identify Nash equilibria for different parameter values in a single-stage game and show that the cooperative solution can be enforced in a repeated game. Third, we consider the coexistence of cellular networks along national borders. We show that the operators have an incentive to be strategic at their borders, or, in other words, to adjust the transmit power of their pilot signals. We show the efficiency of the Nash equilibria for different user densities. Finally, we extend the payoff function to include the cost of using high pilot powers and relate this extended game to the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma.


Three experiments examined testing effects on learning of natural concepts and metacognitive assessments of such learning. Results revealed that testing enhanced recognition memory and classification accuracy for studied and novel exemplars of bird families on immediate and delayed tests. These effects depended on the balance of study and test trials during training. Metacognitive measures provided results suggesting that participants were aware of the beneficial effects of testing. A new measure of metacognition at the level of categories is introduced and shown to be potentially useful for theory and applied purposes. It is argued that focusing on optimizing the learning of natural concepts encourages the convergence of theorizing about memory, concept learning, and metacognition and holds promise for the development of applications to education.


We conducted 11 independent short‐term carbon dioxide (CO2) manipulation experiments using colonies of the filamentous cyanobacteria Trichodesmium isolated on three cruises in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Dinitrogen (N2) and carbon (C) fixation rates of these colonies were compared over CO2 conditions ranging from ∼ 18 Pa (equivalent to last glacial maximum atmospheric ) to ∼ 160 Pa (predicted for ∼ year 2200). Our results indicate that elevated has no consistent significant effect on rates of N2 or C fixation by Trichodesmium colonies in the NPSG under present environmental conditions. Differences between treatments were not modulated by phosphorus amendments, iron amendments, or light level. Sequencing the hetR, nifH, 16S, and internal transcribed spacer genes of Trichodesmium colonies revealed a highly diverse community of Trichodesmium and other N2‐fixing colony‐associated organisms. The species composition of Trichodesmium demonstrated spatiotemporal variability, but over half of total sequences were phylogenetically closely related (> 99% hetR sequence similarity) to isolate H9‐4 of T. erythraeum, which showed no response to elevated in previous laboratory experiments. Our handpicked Trichodesmium colonies included a substantial number of organisms other than Trichodesmium with the metabolic capacity for N2 and C fixation. We suggest that the diverse assemblage of Trichodesmium species and coexisting microorganisms within the colonies can explain the lack of an observed CO2 enhancement of N2 or C fixation rates, because different species are known to have different specific affinities for CO2.


Title of Dissertation: A BIOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF WOMEN'S JOURNEYS THROUGH ATHLETIC LEADERSHIP: PRE AND POST TITLE IX LEGISLATION Marlene Louise Kelly, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation Directed by: Dr. Francine H. Hultgren Education Policy and Leadership This study explores the life experiences of four women athletic leaders, in four Decades (1960s-1990s), as they traveled through careers in athletic leadership, pre and post Title IX passage, in 1972. The study covers the lives of these women from childhood to their adult years. Through the methodology of interpretive biography, the research investigates the lives of these four women coaches to bring to light the experiential and societal issues that have impacted their journeys. A narrative based on individual conversations with each participant and written reflections of the researcher provides insight into these women's coaching experiences. Denzin's methodology for in interpretive biography served as the framework for the study. The use of personal histories, as the basis for research in order to share and extend knowledge, is the keystone of this methodology. The major themes that come through in the life stories are centered around the support of family, the importance of role models, the impact of training, the ability to develop a personal philosophy of coaching, the importance of mentoring, and the coping skills that these women use to handle the stress. Although the journeys of these four women are varied, these characteristics were interwoven in each of their stories. Implications and recommendations for future women coaches entering the athletic leadership field center around the process of leadership development, rather than just the end result of being a coach. Women coaches need to be supported in their developmental years. Successful women coaches need to be a role model for novice coaches and mentor them through the life long journey. Extensive training and knowledge develops confidence in novice coaches and supports their goal to be successful. Although Title IX was the time anchor for this study, the last thirty years have not made the journey for women in athletics an easier course to travel. Obstacles remain the same, and challenges still require individual solutions. Additional studies on gender differences in coaching and coaching philosophy are recommended. A BIOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF WOMEN'S JOURNEYS THROUGH ATHLETIC LEADERSHIP: PRE AND POST TITLE IX LEGISLATION