In late 2009 Toyota became the subject of media and U.S. government scrutiny after multiple deaths and injuries were attributed to accidents resulting from the unintended and uncontrolled acceleration of its cars. Despite Toyota's voluntary recall of 4.2 million vehicles for floor mats that could jam the accelerator pedal and a later recall to increase the space between the gas pedal and the floor, the company insisted there was no underlying defect and defended itself against media reports and regulatory statements that said otherwise. As the crisis escalated, Toyota was further criticized for its unwillingness to share information from its data recorders about possible problems with electronic throttle controls and sticky accelerator pedals, as well as braking problems with the Prius. By the time Toyota Motor Company president Akio Toyoda apologized in his testimony to the U.S. Congress, Toyota's stock price had declined, in just over a month, by 20 percent---a $35 billion loss of market value.

Understand the strategic and reputational nature of crises Recognize the challenges of managing a crisis Learn the requirements for building trust in a crisis Understand the challenges of managing a crisis that may not be the company's fault Identify the strategic business problem in a crisis Understand how corporate structure may help or hinder effective crisis management Understand the media landscape and its impact on crisis management


key component in the design, implementation, and evaluation of health education and health promotion programs is the measurement of health characteristics and practices. These measures can be used as baseline data points and subsequently as a means by which to assess changes across time and compare results from study to study. A major concern for all health promotion professionals is the use of consistent measures across various studies. To this end, this edition of Research Notes provides some standard and recommended measures to use when assessing health characteristics and practices.
The measures selected are those perceived by the authors to be most frequently used in health education and promotion research. Standard measures are defined as those that have been established by official agencies of the Federal government. Recommended standards are those advanced by the authors based on citations from the professional literature. These are offered as suggested measures.


Abstract Water pollution by dyes from industries is a serious environmental problem. The toxicity of dyes constitutes a great risk to the environment and human health. Due to the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the remediation process, adsorption has been widely accepted in wastewater treatment. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer considerable advantages in wastewater treatment via the introduction of porous nanomaterials, namely, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanocomposites as adsorbents. In this study, a comparison is done between the functionalised and bare nanoparticles in enhancing the adsorption activity of chitosan in adsorbing methylene blue dye. Functionalized CuO nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), SEM, and XPS methods. The crystallite size of CuO particles was found to be ~10 nm. The CuO nanoparticle was then functionalized to produce CuO-EDTA and CuO-EDTA-Silane complexes. The development of such functionalized nanoparticles leads to multi-functional properties such as the ability as catalysts in the presence of sunlight for degradation of dyes as well as adsorption of dyes. The BET adsorption study of the functionalized nanoparticles revealed it has a higher surface area than the pure CuO nanoparticles. These bare and functionalised nanoparticles were then separately dispersed with chitosan and adsorption study was done separately. The functionalised nanoparticles with chitosan shows more adsorption activity.


Fingerprinting is a commonly used technique in forensic science. Factors that impact the quality of fingerprints identified at a crime scene include weather conditions, the surface itself, how the fingerprint was left and for how long. This research examines how time and exposure to the elements affect fingerprints on a variety of surfaces. Over a three-month period, different materials were examined, including: glass, three types of plastic, and aluminum. Fingerprints were analyzed to investigate the impact of exposure to cold and outdoor weather conditions. Preliminary results show that the ability to lift high quality fingerprints is affected by temperature and type of material, but no difference was observed over time. Further research will investigate how time and storage conditions impact the quality of fingerprints. Forensic scientists can use this research to choose ideal storage conditions for samples and to make fingerprinting more efficient.


[Extract] I saw somewhere online today a criticism that the majority of Australians receive government benefits. This was presented as a means of criticising those who do as 'leaners', pointing out that a minority of Australians are 'lifters'. Interestingly, the comment aggregated those on government 'benefits' and those who received their income from government jobs (ie public servants).

I suspect that by government benefits, the author meant both welfare as well as tax concessions. The argument, presumably, is one for smaller government and the promotion of do-it-yourself wealth. This kind of discourse tends to categorise those on 'benefits' as lazy and the public service as a bloated and unnecessary workforce.

In this post I point out why this is a lazy dichotomy that supports not an economic view but an ideological one. While I have written before about the subtext of 'lifters and leaners', here I use the very interesting and seminal work of Charles Reich from 1964, The New Property.


Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disease that affects the quality of life of patients. A recent study, conducted in Romania using the Rome III criteria, showed that 2 out of 10 patients are affected by this functional disorder. Appropriate drug therapy along with a balanced lifestyle and a proper diet can control the symptoms associated with the syndrome. In the general practitioner's practice, working tools such as a questionnaire optimize the medical act, facilitating the patient's easy communication of the symptoms, thus making the doctor more efficient in using the consultation time.


Labor productivity in the United States has been dismal for more than a decade. But productivity slowdowns are nothing new in the United States, and, like all its predecessors, the current slowdown will also come to an end as a new productivity revival takes hold. Four developments have the potential to contribute to faster productivity growth in the United States: improvements in the healthcare system, the increasing use of robots, a revolution in e-learning, and the globalization of invention. The authors gauge the potential productivity impact of these developments and suggest that US labor productivity growth would likely rise from the 0.5 percent average rate registered since 2010 to a pace of 2 percent or more. This outcome is more likely to depend on a supportive policy environment. The federal government should expand its support of basic scientific research; allow more immigration by highly skilled scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs; and preserve America's longstanding commitment to open trade and investment policies. It should also strengthen the safety net rather than pare back support for workers displaced by the innovations that will drive future productivity growth. If they avoid policy errors, President Trump or his successor could have the good fortune of presiding over a productivity revival.


When adding C2H4 to AcOH over a H2SO4-SiO2 catalyst to give AcOEt, the activity of the solid-bed catalyst depended on the surface of the carrier; best results were obtained with SiO2 with a surface area of 120 m2/g. In a stationary process, the space-time-yield curve peaked at .apprx.130 h operating time, then decreased to approx. half this value over the next 300 h, whereas in a nonstationary process, the space-time-yield curve peaked at 100 h and did not decrease during the next 400 h of operation. [on SciFinder (R)]


Objective: To assess the correlation of glycosylated hemoglobin levels with fasting and postprandial glucose in South Indian type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out as per the protocol approved by the institutional ethics committee (IEC) and case records of patients (≥ 40 y old) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and complications, that fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and HbA1c measured during previous follow-ups were included in the study. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Ver.20 and p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Based on the study criteria, 633 case profiles were selected and enrolled in the study. Most of the patients were males 488 (77.1%) and the mean age of patients was 59.7 y (SD=9.6). The mean fasting glucose and postprandial glucose were 9.42 mmol/l (SD=4.2), 13.39 mmol/l (SD=5.2) respectively. Patients were suffering from different type of diabetes complications, and most of them had poor glycemic control as the mean HbA1c was found to be 8.7 % (SD=2.2). The FBS and PPBS were plotted against HbA1c values showed moderate correlation and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of postprandial glucose level was better than the fasting blood glucose level. Conclusion: This present study showed that there is the significant correlation between PPBS and HbA1c values. Since PPBS is performed routinely, its interpretation in terms of long term glycemic control will help clinicians to tailor their therapeutic strategies.


I my process as a choreo grapher, usually the image comes first: a spinning white plate, an underwater queen, a weeping bounce house, spaghetti hair. When constructing and deconstructing that image in the studio, I practice a sort of radical presence encompassing my body, my spirit, and the image. I aim at breaking open the symbolism in a way that might reveal something about the human condition. That research recycles back into my body and distills into a kernel of physical information that I use as a psychic barometer to navigate a more lengthy research period. The more time I have in this state, the more I am able to articulate tasks that I feel will guide the dancers toward surrender. The photographs and notes shown here document this process through three works: Tropical Depression, a work in progress set to premiere in May 2019 at Miami Dade Live Arts; Carne Viva, first shown at the American Dance Festival (ADF) in 2016; and Make Believe, first shown at ADF in 2018. Although the aspects of my work people often remember most are the images, the presence and sensitivity of the bodies onstage remain the most potent sources of information about what is happening. As a dancer I am inherently surrealist, in a constant state of releasing the creative potential of my unconscious mind / body. I am interested in the limit less expressive potential of every part of my body, and the clarity that comes from subtle prompting. Your knees are weeping. Your feet are laughing. Apologize for your hair. rosie herrera dance theatre


Carol Upadhya suggests that changes in Bangalore's social composition and political economy have not only affected the consumption practices of its middle classes, but have also shaped public perception of urban environmental problems as well as the modes of civic engagement documented in this special e-issue. India's new consumer and public cultures are increasingly centred on these new middle classes, whose lifestyles reflect a tension between a rising consumerist culture and growing environmental awareness. While civic activism and initiatives around waste management in Bangalore are aimed at more sustainable urban management, they fail to address the need for more equitable and democratic mechanisms of public governance. Middle-class actors rarely raise the twin questions of municipal governance and local democracy that must be addressed if long-term solutions to environmental degradation are to be found. This afterword, therefore, invites us to analyse the political economy of consumption and waste that links it to a larger critique of the 'world-city' agenda that underlies Bangalore's development planning.


The physiological responses of chemostat cultures of the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger (B1-D) to simulated and actual oxidative stress, imposed respectively by addition of exogenous menadione (MD; a superoxide radical generating reagent) and gassing the culture with oxygen enriched air (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% [v/v]), were examined. Changes in the levels of intracellular superoxide anions and defensive enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were monitored, together with glutathione and respiratory activity in both the dynamic phase and when a new steady state was established. Culture response to MD addition was distinct from that upon exposure to enriched oxygen conditions, in that MD caused elevated levels of intracellular protein, whereas oxygen enrichment caused reduced protein content, especially at low dilution rates. An unexpectedly low level of superoxide radical was found in oxygen-enriched steady-state cultures (>/=50%) at a range of dilution rates, which was not caused by elevated SOD activity. Under these conditions, it was noted that the ratio of rotenone-insensitive/total respiration increased, suggesting increased activity of the alternative respiratory pathway. This may have had the effect of reducing the endogenous generation of superoxide radicals under oxygen rich conditions, but also may have reduced the ATP yield due to the non-proton-pumping nature of the alternative respiratory pathway. Thus, the negative culture effects noted in many studies at high oxygen levels may not simply be due to elevated endogenous superoxide generation, but could be in part due to the consequences of metabolic changes in the culture that seek to minimize superoxide generation. The dynamic culture response was characterized by rapid elevation of intracellular superoxide anions and associated protective enzymes, especially SOD, and was clearly distinct from the adaptive response just described.


A triaxial system capable of very accurate automatic control of stress and strain paths is described. The apparatus consists of the ordinary triaxial apparatus available in our laboratory, connected through an analog/digital (A/D) converter to a microcomputer fitted with a feedback control unit. The operation of the system is discussed, and some typical test results of kaolin normally consolidated both isotropically and anisotropically over a wide stress range followed by the undrained triaxial compression are presented. These results show the range as well as the accuracy of the stress paths that are attainable with this system.


Selective inhibition of the S -nitroso- L -glutathione (GSNO) reductase activity but not the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) by the commonly used polyaminocarboxylate metal-ion chelators, EDTA and DTPA, is systematically investigated here. The effects of EDTA and DTPA on the Cu II d-d absorption of Cu II ZnSOD at 680-nm, on the reduction of Cu II ZnSOD by GSH, on the metal-loading of the enzyme, on the chemical modification of catalytic Arg141, and on the SOD and GSNO-reductase activities were studied. Binding to the enzyme was probed by measuring heat changes with ITC on titration of CuZnSOD and the metal-free EESOD with the chelators. The results reveal that EDTA and DTPA bind to the solvent-exposed active-site copper of one subunit without removing the metal. This induces a conformational change at the second active site that inhibits the GSNO-reductase but not the SOD activity of the enzyme. The effects of the copper colorimetric reagents, neocuproine (neo), diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), and cuprizone (cup), on the GSNO-reductase and the SOD activities of CuZnSOD were also examined. These chelators alter the Cu II d-d absorption of Cu II ZnSOD at 680 nm and give the absorption characteristic of their CuL 2 complexes. The GSNO-reductase activity of CuZnSOD was inhibited by the three colorimetric reagents in the order: DDC > neo > cup which mirrors the extent of CuL 2 formation. Incubation of CuZnSOD with 5 mM DDC also resulted in 90% loss of its SOD activity due to removal of {598}73% of the active-site copper. No loss of SOD activity resulted from CuZnSOD exposure to neo or cup. These results indicate that removal of the active-site copper is necessary for loss of SOD activity whereas association of the chelators with the active-site copper is sufficient for loss of GSNO-reductase activity. Chemical modification at pH 8.0 of Arg- and Cys-containing peptides and CuZnSOD by phenylglyoxal (PGO), an arginine specific reagent, was re-evaluated. ESI-MS analysis shows that doubly PGO-labelled Arg and Cys residues were formed in the peptides but only singly PGO-labelled Arg residues formed in CuZnSOD. Loss of SOD activity of PGO-modified CuZnSOD was observed due to derivatization of its Arg residues by PGO. Labelling of multiple Arg residues in the enzyme is in disagreement with previous reports that Arg141, which is essential for SOD activity, was selectively PGO-modified. Two to four free Cys residues per tetramer of commercial rat hemoglobin (Hb) from Sigma and of Hb isolated from rat red blood cells (RBCs) were determined by 5,5'-dithiolbis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) titration and by ESI mass spectrometry using N -ethylmaleimide (NEM). Both CysÝ125 and CysÝ93 in rat RBC oxyHb were S -nitrosated and S -glutathiolated in GSNO/oxyHb (10:1) incubations with and without 20 oM bovine CuZnSOD indicating that this enzyme is not essential for S -nitrosation of rat Hb under the conditions used here. Based on the Saville assay, NO release from rat Hb-SNO in the presence of GSH was catalyzed by free copper ions and by CuZnSOD. As observed for the GSNO-reductase activity of CuZnSOD, Hb-SNO denitrosation was inhibited by the metal chelators confirming a catalytic role for copper. Combining the results presented in thesis with those obtained from the literature helps us understand the role of CuZnSOD in the formation of Hb-SNO and the release of NO from Hb-SNO.


Abstract Metaphor is a central tool of the therapist of many therapeutic modalities, and they are a particular feature of CBT. Metaphors can be essential tools in the therapeutic process; providing the therapist with a means of communicating potentially complex psychological concepts and theory to clients, and also being part of the process of change. This paper presents a series of metaphors that some of the most experienced and innovative practitioners in the world of CBT have found to be helpful. Each practitioner describes how to utilize the metaphor skilfully and effectively: providing some tips for facilitating both the presentation of metaphors to, and eliciting of metaphors from the client; and demonstrating how the use of metaphor can facilitate therapeutic change. Overall, the small selection of metaphors presented here demonstrate the great versatility of metaphor to address all kinds of issues in therapy, with a range of client groups and presenting difficulties; and how the shared exploration and collaboration of both client- and therapist-generated metaphors can be an important addition to the therapist's toolbox.


Sam Rayburn Memorial Veterans Center Pharmacy Service located in Bonham, Texas fills about 400 to 500 outpatient prescriptions for Veterans per day. With significantly increased workload demands and complexities over the past three years in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system, pharmacy staff were having an increasingly hard time keeping up with the workload and domiciliary nursing staff and eligible patients were having a difficult time making multiple 8 to 10-minute trips to the pharmacy to pick up prescriptions. As a result, patients were often not getting their medication supply, leading to noncompliance, a frustrated nursing staff, and poorer patient rehabilitation outcomes. To solve these problems, an automated dispensing robotics machine offering 24 hours-aday, 7 days-a-week prescription pickup service was installed in the domiciliary to reduce pharmacy pickup window traffic and improve patient and nursing satisfaction, by allowing Veterans to pick up their medications without waiting in line, even when the pharmacy is closed. Veteran medication compliance rates were analyzed by comparing return to stock prescription data from before implementation of the machine, to after go-live training. Post implementation return to stock prescription data was collected over one year post training. The decentralized automated dispensing machine reduced trips to the pharmacy from the domiciliary by transitioning domiciliary prescriptions to an alternate, convenient pickup location situated within the domiciliary and also improved patient medication compliance by 34%.


Does decentralizing the allocation of public resources reduce rent-seeking and improve equity? This paper studies a governance reform in Pakistan's vast Indus Basin irrigation system. Using canal discharge measurements across all of Punjab province, the analysis finds that water theft increased on channels taken over by local farmer organizations compared with channels that remained bureaucratically managed, leading to substantial wealth redistribution. The increase in water theft was greater along channels with larger landowners situated upstream. These findings are consistent with a model in which decentralization accentuates the political power of local elites by shifting the arena in which water rights are contested.


Person re-identification (re-ID) solves the task of matching images across cameras and is among the research topics in vision community. Since query images in real-world scenarios might suffer from resolution loss, how to solve the resolution mismatch problem during person re-ID becomes a practical problem. Instead of applying separate image super-resolution models, we propose a novel network architecture of Resolution Adaptation and re-Identification Network (RAIN) to solve cross-resolution person re-ID. Advancing the strategy of adversarial learning, we aim at extracting resolution-invariant representations for re-ID, while the proposed model is learned in an end-to-end training fashion. Our experiments confirm that the use of our model can recognize low-resolution query images, even if the resolution is not seen during training. Moreover, the extension of our model for semi-supervised re-ID further confirms the scalability of our proposed method for real-world scenarios and applications.


Putting inclusive education into practice and within diverse classrooms, teachers have to support and teach according to a variety of needs and preferences of learners, among them learners with ADHD. Teachers are seen as some of the most valuable sources of information with regard to referral and diagnosis of this disorder. They are also responsible for creating an environment that is conducive to academic, social and emotional success for children with ADHD. However, since there is some doubt as to whether teachers have the appropriate knowledge of ADHD to fulfill this important role, we aimed at assessing the knowledge and misperceptions of primary school teachers in towns on the periphery of the Cape Town Metropole. A quantitative study using a survey was conducted. The measuring scale used was the KADDS (Knowledge of Attention Deficit Disorders Scale), which measures teachers' knowledge and misperceptions in three specific areas: symptoms/diagnosis of ADHD, general knowledge about the nature, causes and outcome of ADHD and possible interventions with regard to ADHD. The data were statistically analysed. Overall knowledge of ADHD was poor. The results suggest that teachers are most knowledgeable about symptoms/diagnosis, scoring lower on treatment and general knowledge subscales. Keywords: ADHD; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; inclusive education; primary school teachers; teacher training; teaching


Potable water distribution networks (WDNs) and wastewater collection networks (WWCNs) are the two fundamental constituents of the complex urban water infrastructure. Such water networks require adapted design interventions as part of retrofitting, extension, and maintenance activities. Consequently, proper optimization methodologies are required to reduce the associated capital cost while also meeting the demands of acquiring clean water and releasing wastewater by consumers. In this paper, a systematic review of the optimization of both WDNs and WWCNs, from the preliminary stages of development through to the state-of-the-art, is jointly presented. First, both WDNs and WWCNs are conceptually and functionally described along with illustrative benchmarks. The optimization of water networks across both clean and waste domains is then systematically reviewed and organized, covering all levels of complexity from the formulation of cost functions and constraints, through to traditional and advanced optimization methodologies. The rationales behind employing these methodologies as well as their advantages and disadvantages are investigated. This paper then critically discusses current trends and identifies directions for future research by comparing the existing optimization paradigms within WDNs and WWCNs and proposing common research directions for optimizing water networks. Optimization of urban water networks is a multidisciplinary domain, within which this paper is anticipated to be of great benefit to researchers and practitioners.


ABSTRACT This article reports on a study conducted with an unemployed group of community members residing in the Gugulethu Township in South Africa. The study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of their needs and challenges, and what they thought could be done to assist and empower them so that they could improve their lives. Their basic human needs were violated during apartheid and as a consequence, they are still battling poverty today. We offer suggestions on how Black communities in South Africa could be supported and empowered in order to become employable and self-reliant.


IntroductionAs the income gap between the rich and the poor widens, Americans have begun to demand reform.' The Occupy Wall Street movement is a recent reflection of the public's frustration.2 The lowering of the effective tax rate for the very rich to 1 8% in 2008 from 30% in 1995 is often cited as the main cause for the income gap.3 Tax experts, however, are aware that the drop in effective tax rates for the very rich over the years is only the tip of the iceberg; a much larger problem looms in the non-taxation of unrealized gains.4 Although the very rich generate a majority of their income from the appreciation of their assets like stocks, business interest, and real estate,5 the appreciation of that property can only be taxed when realized under the current law.6 Mark Zuckerberg, a co-founder and chief executive officer of the popular social networking service Facebook, is an example of this phenomenon.7 Some analysts estimated Mr. Zuckerberg's stake in Facebook to be worth as much as $28 billion before the IPO of the company.8 Mr. Zuckerberg will not be taxed on his stake in Facebook unless he disposes of his shares.9 If upon death, Mr. Zuckerberg bequeaths the shares to his heirs, his heirs will only pay tax upon sale of the stock only for the appreciation in value since Mr. Zuckerberg's death.10Some call the realization rule '"the Achilles' heel' of the tax system, 'the root of many tax evils,' and . . . 'the most intractable problem in the income tax.'"" One explanation for the rule is the belief that unrealized gains cannot be employed for "separate use and benefit" unless realized,12 but the reality is that there are ways for the wealthy to generate cash for consumption, completely tax-free, without ever needing to dispose of their assets.13 For example, Mr. Zuckerberg can simply use his stocks as collateral to borrow against, thereby avoiding tax liability while enjoying the fruits of his enormous unrealized wealth.14 This scenario is even more likely today, when the interest rates for the very rich have plummeted to almost 1%.15 Mark Zuckerberg's ability to avoid taxes on his enormous wealth is only a very recent example of how the very rich can take advantage of "Tax Planning 101."16Thirty-five years after its first publication, William D. Andrews' seemingly radical approach, adopting a consumption-based tax system to solve the problem with the realization rule,17 draws renewed interest. The proposal provides simple solutions to the efficiency and equity problems of the realization rule without creating new complications.18 Unlike other proposals, Andrews' forgotten approach to solving the realization rule puzzle is simple and creates few undesirable consequences.19 Part I of this Note explores the historical and legal framework of the realization rule and its relation to income. In addition, Part I discusses the equity and efficiency problems of the realization rule and provides legal background for Andrews' proposal. Part II of this Note examines the numerous proposals that have emerged since the adoption of the realization rule. Moreover, Part II uses classic tax policy analysis to explain the equity and efficiency problems of the mark-tomarket, interest-on-tax, and retrospective taxation proposals. Part III of this Note explores Andrews' proposal in detail and explains why Andrews' consumption tax system effectively solves the realization rule problem. Part III also addresses critics' concerns of the consumption tax system.I. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE REALIZATION RULE PROBLEM AND ITS RELATION TO INCOMESection A of Part I takes a historical look at how the realization rule became part of the definition of income. Then, Section ? explores the equity and efficiency problems that the realization rule creates. Section C examines several of the remedial proposals that have emerged in response to the realization rule. Finally, Section D provides historical background for Andrews' consumption tax proposal and explains why Andrews' proposal becomes relevant today. …


This paper presents the first application of 3D cosmic shear to a wide-field weak lensing survey. 3D cosmic shear is a technique that analyses weak lensing in three dimensions using a spherical harmonic approach, and does not bin data in the redshift direction. This is applied to CFHTLenS, a 154 square degree imaging survey with a median redshift of 0.7 and an effective number density of 11 galaxies per square arcminute usable for weak lensing. To account for survey masks we apply a 3D pseudo-Cl approach on weak lensing data, and to avoid uncertainties in the highly non-linear regime, we separately analyse radial wave numbers k<=1.5h/Mpc and k<=5.0h/Mpc, and angular wavenumbers l~400-5000. We show how one can recover 2D and tomographic power spectra from the full 3D cosmic shear power spectra and present a measurement of the 2D cosmic shear power spectrum, and measurements of a set of 2-bin and 6-bin cosmic shear tomographic power spectra; in doing so we find that using the 3D power in the calculation of such 2D and tomographic power spectra from data naturally accounts for a minimum scale in the matter power spectrum. We use 3D cosmic shear to constrain cosmologies with parameters OmegaM, OmegaB, sigma8, h, ns, w0, wa. For a non-evolving dark energy equation of state, and assuming a flat cosmology, lensing combined with WMAP7 results in h=0.78+/-0.12, OmegaM=0.252+/-0.079, sigma8=0.88+/-0.23 and w=-1.16+/-0.38 using only scales k<=1.5h/Mpc. We also present results of lensing combined with first year Planck results, where we find no tension with the results from this analysis, but we also find no significant improvement over the Planck results alone. We find evidence of a suppression of power compared to LCDM on small scales 1.5 < k < 5.0 h/Mpc in the lensing data, which is consistent with predictions of the effect of baryonic feedback on the matter power spectrum.


From the classroom to the farm to the boardroom, women in agriculture are helping to pave the way for a better future. As leaders, it is our responsibility to make sure the next generation of women are educated, encouraged and empowered to take on the challenges of meeting the world's growing food, fuel and fiber needs. To help women in Pennsylvania connect with other women leaders in agriculture all across the country, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has established a women in ag mentoring network. Join the conversation by emailing email@example.com or check out #womeninag on Twitter.


A laboratory study was conducted to determine the influence of water-soil ratio
on the ease of puddling air-dried aggregates. Soil puddling was carried out
using a rotary stirrer simulating the ratio)' motion of a rotary cultivator
commonly used in wetland preparation. The stirrer was driven by an electric
motor at a speed of 2000 rev/min. Four water-soil ratios were tested at three
different stirring times. The results obtained showed that the fastest dispersion
of particles resulting in a minimum wet bulk density of 1.23 Mg/m3
, was
achieved at a water-soil ratio of 1.2. Increasing the water-soil ratio above this
value did not change the wet bulk density value for all stirring times. Increasing
the water-soil ratio above 1.0 did not increase the percentage of aggregate
breakdown significantly for aggregates below 0.5 mm diameter. The effect of
stirring time on the percentage of aggregate breakdown for aggregates below
0.5 mm diameter, however, was significant at all water-soil ratios when the input
energy was 0.084 and 0.168 watt-hours.


The tumor suppressor protein p53 can associate with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in vitro, and each protein is able to modulate the transcriptional activity of the other. Sengupta et al. extend these findings in vivo and suggest a mechanism for transcriptional attenuation. In cells transfected with GR, treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) inhibited p53-directed apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. p53 and GR cotransfected cells revealed cytoplasmic staining for GR and diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for p53. However, in the presence of dexamethasone, overexpressed p53 and GR localized almost exclusively to the cytoplasm. The authors also demonstrated that, in neuroblastoma cell lines, GR associated with p53 in the absence of Dex; however, treatment with GR antagonists released p53 to the nucleus where it mediated the expression of several cell cycle-arrest genes, including Bax and p21, and reduced cell proliferation. Thus, aberrant cytosolic sequestration of wild-type p53 may contribute to disease states, and these results suggest that chemotherapeutic GR antagonists may function by liberating p53 from sequestration in the cytoplasm. Sengupta, S., Vonesch, J.-L., Waltzinger, C., Zheng, H., and Wasylyk, B. (2000) Negative cross-talk between p53 and the glucocorticoid receptor and its role in neuroblastoma cells. EMBO J. 19: 6051-6064. [Abstract] [Full Text]


The phyllosoma larva of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, is thought to be among the longest larval phases of any planktonic larva, with estimates in the literature ranging from 12 to 24 months. In the present study, we have used an extensive archive of samples (over 2800 samples with 680 phyllosoma) to refine the estimate of the duration of the pelagic phase. The distribution through the year of larval stages suggested that larvae from two separate spawning events were present in any 12-month period. Using regression analysis, we have estimated the duration of the phyllosoma phase to be 547±47.5 days (~18.2±1.6 months). A new model of J. edwardsii phyllosoma development is presented and compared with data on known hatching and settlement patterns. The new model will improve the paramiterisation of stage-specific biophysical models of larval dispersal and regional connectivity, to better inform management of the southern rock lobster fisheries.


SUMMARY 1. Elevated concentrations of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (P.T.H.) were detected in the pre-treatment plasma samples of seven out of ten children with nutritional rickets. The three normal values occurred in an inactive case, an infant with associated kwashiorkor and a child with late onset juvenile rickets. 2. Five children, reinvestigated after 6 weeks of vitamin D treatment, showed highly significant falls in P.T.H. concentration, confirming the functional nature of the secondary hyperparathyroidism. The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was less consistently decreased after treatment in these cases. 3. Convincing radiological evidence of (secondary) hyperparathyroidism was not detected in the hand bones of any of the rachitic children. 4. The possible diagnostic value of plasma P.T.H. measurement in active rickets is indicated.


The synchronous dynamics of many limit-cycle oscillators can be described by phase models. The Kuramoto model serves as a prototype model for phase synchronization and has been extensively studied in the last 40 years. In this paper, we deal with the complete synchronization problem of the Kuramoto model with frustrations on a complete graph. We study the robustness of complete synchronization with respect to the network structure and the interaction frustrations, and provide sufficient frameworks leading to the complete synchronization, in which all frequency differences of oscillators tend to zero asymptotically. For a uniform frustration and unit capacity, we extend the applicable range of initial configurations for the complete synchronization to be distributed on larger arcs than a half circle by analyzing the detailed dynamics of the order parameters. This improves the earlier results [S.-Y. Ha, H. Kim and J. Park, Remarks on the complete frequency synchronization of Kuramoto oscillators, Nonlinearity 28 (2015) 1441–1462; Z. Li and S.-Y. Ha, Uniqueness and well-ordering of emergent phase-locked states for the Kuramoto model with frustration and inertia, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 26 (2016) 357–382.] which can be applicable only for initial configurations confined in a half circle.


Very many of the body's T cells are not conventionally MHC-peptide restricted, but often compose oligoclonal repertoires constitutively associated with tissues. It was proposed 20 years ago that these cells may respond rapidly to generic molecular markers of tissue dysregulation, and consistent with this, we have now shown that epidermal gamma delta T cells quickly respond to the upregulated expression in keratinocytes of a single stress-associated MHC-related molecule, Rae-1, and that this leads to a several downstream events including an unanticipated tissue infiltration by NKT cells. The functional orthologues of Rae-1 in humans include the MICA gene that is strongly implicated in the regulation of human responses to viral infection, inflammation, and to malignant transformation. Indeed, MICA is a highly polymorphic gene, with >50 alleles described. The finding that skin-associated T cells respond to Rae-1 upregulation suggests they may play a pivotal role in immunosurveillance, upstream of DC or other cells. Current studies aim to define the consequences of this T cell driven immunosurveillance under different circumstances.

The early activation of Rae-1 is a common characteristic of skin carcinogenesis that we have shown to be limited by the action of skin-associated gamma delta T cells, but only of the "wild type" / "canonical" repertoire. How specific repertoires of tissue-associated T cells form has long been a matter of speculation, but we recently helped identify a novel gene, Skint-1 , that is the prototypic member of a novel family of immunoglobulin (Ig)-like genes that are specifically expressed in skin and thymus epithelium. The mechanism-of-action and the regulation of the Skint genes is under investigation, with its potential to cast light on epithelial-T cell interactions. We are also studying the immunological roles of the closest sequence-homologs to Skint-1 , namely the Btnl genes that also encode Ig superfamily molecules expressed by epithelial cells, but specifically in the gut rather than the skin. The gut is a key area of immunosurveillance, where we remain largely ignorant of immune interactions of epithelial cells. In sum, we wish to use animal models and biochemical and molecular techniques to better define the molecular basis and implications of epithelial-T cell cross-talk mediated by Skint , Btnl , and other related molecules. We have also commenced clinical translation of lessons learned to immunotherapy of carcinomas.

This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity , a [Cancer Research Institute][1] journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research .

 [1]: http://cancerresearch.org/


This study aims at a better understanding of how firms arrange and profit from their technological competencies. In particular, it presents a contribution to the diversification-performance literature by dealing with a still poorly researched aspect of diversification, namely technological diversification, while controlling for market diversification. Results suggest that firms that concentrate their technology assets in coherent groups outperform those that distribute their technology endowments across less related areas. The research also contributes to the literature on firm heterogeneity by focusing and exploring a single industry, automotive suppliers in the U.S. By working in one sector, it avoids the complications inherent in inter-industry cross-sectional analysis, while recognizing that firms make their strategy decisions within a single-industry, where most of their resources are concentrated.


The nearly silent and seamless convergence of American and European standards for organic labeling represents a pivotal moment in contemporary agricultural policy. Effective June 1, 2012, the United States and the European Union have each agreed to treat the other jurisdiction's system of organic certification as equivalent to its own. Because organic labeling under the Organic Foods Production Act serves as the practical (if legally imperfect) vehicle by which American farmers and agribusinesses market food produced without resort to genetically modified organisms, the United States and European Union's organic equivalence arrangement provides a quiet, partial solution to one of the longest, bitterest trade disputes dividing the dominant cultures of the North Atlantic. Beyond its impact in two of the world's biggest markets for organic food, the Organic Equivalence Arrangement signals something even deeper within the making of global agricultural policy. The silent substitution of organic labeling for transatlantic harmonization of policies on genetically modified organisms represents the triumph of aesthetics and environmental philosophy over the traditional drivers of agricultural policy and food and drug law in the United States: production costs, retail prices, consumer protection, and federal supervision of all aspects of science affecting food and agriculture. In a stunning reversal of the usual presumption that philosophical beauty should not dictate legal truth, transatlantic convergence on organic labeling gives the gay science of poetry a striking victory over the dismal science of economics and the natural science of conventional agriculture.


Highly fractured carbonate reservoirs are a class of reservoirs characterized by high conductivity fractures surrounding low permeability matrix blocks. In these reservoirs, wettability alteration is a key method for recovering oil. Water imbibes into the matrix blocks upon water flooding if the reservoir rock is water-wet. However, many carbonate reservoirs are oil-wet. Surfactant solution was used to enhance spontaneous imbibition between the fractures and the matrix by both wettability alteration and ultra-low interfacial tensions. The first part of this study was devoted to determining the wettability of reservoir rocks using Amott-Harvey Index method, and also evaluating the performance of surfactants on wettability alteration, based on the contact angle measurement and spontaneous imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery on oil-wet reservoir cores. The reservoir rocks have been found to be slightly oil-wet. One cationic surfactant BTC8358, one anionic surfactant and one ultra-low IFT surfactant formulation AKL-207 are all found to alter the wettability towards more water-wet and promote oil recovery through spontaneous imbibition.
The second part of the study focused on the parameters that affect wettability alteration by surfactants. Some factors such as core dimension, permeability and heterogeneity of porous medium are evaluated in the spontaneous imbibition tests. Higher permeability leads to higher imbibition rate and higher ultimate oil recovery. Heterogeneity of core samples slows down the imbibition process if other properties are similar. Core dimension is critical in upscaling from laboratory conditions to field matrix blocks. The imbibition rate is slower in larger dimension of core. Further, we investigated the effects of EDTA in surfactant-mediated spontaneous imbibition. Since high concentration of cationic divalent ions in the aqueous solution markedly suppresses the surfactant-mediated wettability alteration, EDTA improved the performance of surfactant in the spontaneous imbibition tests. It is proposed in the thesis that surfactant/EDTA-enhanced imbibition may involve the dissolution mechanism. More experiments should be conducted to verify this mechanism. The benefits of using EDTA in the surfactant solution include but not limited to: altering the surface charge of carbonate to negative, producing the in-situ soap, reducing the brine hardness, decreasing the surfactant adsorption, and creating the water-wet area by dissolving the dolomite mineral.


NASA developed the Earth Observing System (EOS) during the 1990's. At the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), located at the USGS EROS Data Center, the EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is required to support heritage missions as well as Landsat 7, Terra, and Aqua. The original system concept of the early 1990's changed as each community had its say -- first the managers, then engineers, scientists, developers, operators, and then finally the general public. The systems at the LP DAAC -- particularly the largest single system, the EOSDIS Core System (ECS) -- are changing as experience accumulates, technology changes, and each user group gains influence. The LP DAAC has adapted as contingencies were planned for, requirements and therefore plans were modified, and expectations changed faster than requirements could hope to be satisfied. Although not responsible for Quality Assurance of the science data, the LP DAAC works to ensure the data are accessible and useable by influencing systems, capabilities, and data formats where possible, and providing tools and user support as necessary. While supporting multiple missions and instruments, the LP DAAC also works with and learns from multiple management and oversight groups as they review mission requirements, system capabilities, and the overall operation of the LP DAAC. Stakeholders, including the Land Science community, are consulted regularly to ensure that the LP DAAC remains cognizant and responsive to the evolving needs of the user community. Today, the systems do not look or function as originally planned, but they do work, and they allow customers to search and order of an impressive amount of diverse data.


The long career of a single college professor reflects the way the entire profession has been shaped over the past several decades. Edward Corbett began his teaching career in 1948 at Creighton University, where he taught five courses per semester. His background in rhetoric derived frog his graduate education at the University of Chicago, where instructional practices in the English department had an Aristotelian foundation. Despite his experience in the New Criticism and his ability to analyze a 14-line poem exhaustively, he found himself unable to teach about the form of non-fiction prose, which was a fundamental aspect of teaching composition. Consequently, he began to study rhetoric, which began a lifelong interest in the subject and which formed the basis of his doctoral dissertation. Thus he became not only a professor of literature but also of rhetoric and composition. In recent years, there has been a growing sophistication and professionalization in the teaching of writi.ig. Numerous new journals have appearea which deal with composition studies. In addition, recently an astonishing number of books dealing with classical rhetoric have appeased, showing that as a field of scholarly activity rhetoric is alive and well. (Contains 21 references.) (HB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** From Literary Critic to Rhetorician: A Professional Journey


In several cases, comparative law exercises have been given excessive weight, which has given rise to conflicting interpretations in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This use of the comparative law method by the Court has been widely criticised. The critical voices have generally argued in terms of what is prohibited by the principle of the rule of law, which the Court itself is also bound to take into account, namely the arbitrary use of power. In the light of these criticisms, it is a challenging task to examine whether and to what extent the comparative law method complies with the principle of the rule of law, which is the aim of this paper. An analysis of several ECtHR cases demonstrates that in many respects the comparative exercises of the Court indeed do not comply with the requirements set by the formal conception of the rule of law. The application of the comparative law method is neither consistent nor sufficiently transparent. In addition to exploring the problematic aspects of the application of the comparative law method, the paper also formulates some recommendations in order to bring this method into accordance with the principle of the rule of law.


We study theoretically the nonlinear generation and scattering of sum-frequency electromagnetic radiation at randomly rough metallic surfaces. The approach permits the calculation of the scattered sum-frequency field for surfaces whose profiles are invariant in one direction, but are otherwise quite arbitrary, and we assume a fairly general form for the nonlinear polarization. The surfaces studied have a relatively large roughness scale and high slopes, which leads to substantial amounts of multiple scattering. We find that the mean angular distribution of the scattered sum-frequency light displays a well-defined minimum in a direction that depends on the angles of incidence of the excitation fields and their frequencies. The observed features are due to destructive interference between waves that have been multiply scattered in the valleys of the surface.


The Tricontinental Conference in 1966 in Havana, Cuba, marked a moment of particular import for the development of an internationalism grounded in anti-imperialist and decolonial solidarity. Tricontinental took place at the height of crisis for many nations fighting for independence. The Organization of Solidarity of the People of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (OSPAAAL) sought to promote an internationalist political perspective that interrelated global revolutionary movements through their collective opposition to imperial and colonial governance and resource extraction. This essay focuses on two affective aesthetic tactics: the mobilization of images of women represented as actors in armed struggle, as well as more commonly gendered representations of motherhood. It examines imagery and writing that centers gender and focuses on the intersection of violence against women, aspects of capitalism, imperialism, interpersonal relationships, family and women's reproductive rights, and culture. Ultimately, it demonstrates that OSPAAAL used artistic production as a tool of political dialogue.


The electrical conductivity and percolation onset of graphene-based nanocomposites are studied by varying both planar and transversal aspect ratios of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) fillers using a three-dimensional stochastic percolation-based model. The graphene nanoplatelets are modeled as elliptical fillers to enable planar aspect ratio variations. We find that decreasing the graphite's thickness results in an exponential performance improvement of the nanocomposites, in contrast to a linear improvement obtained when the planar aspect ratio is increased, for the same filler volume. Furthermore, we show that hybrid nanocomposites fabricated with partial replacement of GNP by carbon nanotube (CNT) may improve the electrical performance of the GNP monofiller composites. Improvement or deterioration of the electrical properties is mainly based on the morphology and content of the fillers mixed in the hybrids. Nonetheless, using a minimal amount of CNT for substitution always leads to the highest improvement in conductivity in the hybrids, while additional CNTs only lead to smaller improvement at best or even deterioration. The results are validated against experimental works and offer useful insights for the fabrication of highly conductive nanocomposites.


Mobile devices with touch capabilities often utilize touchscreen keyboards. However, due to the lack of tactile feedback, users often have to switch their focus of attention between the keyboard area, where they must locate and click the correct keys, and the text area, where they must verify the typed output. This can impair user experience and performance. In this paper, we examine multimodal feedback and guidance signals that keep users' focus of attention in the keyboard area but also provide the kind of information users would normally receive in the text area. We evaluated whether combinations of multimodal signals could improve typing performance in a controlled experiment. One combination reduced keystrokes-per-character by 8% and correction backspaces by 28%.


A study examining voter responses to mug shots in newspapers found that they have a significant effect on a candidate's success in an election. The study was conducted after an Alton, Illinois, newspaper featured a full-page article on five candidates running for mayor, all but one of whom appeared dressed in a suit in a professional "mug shot." The fifth candidate appeared unsmiling in a windbreaker, though the newspaper had another professional shot of him in a suit and smiling. A number of parents and students at Principia College, none familiar with the details of the local race, were asked a series of questions about two sets of photographs representing the above candidates: one set represented the candidates as they appeared in the newspaper; the other replaced the fifth candidate's mug shot with a professional shot. Knowing nothing about the candidates, 41 respondents were asked to rate the first set according to competence, experience, friendliness, honesty and leadership. A second group of 47 were asked to rate the second set of photographs according to the same criteria. Results showed that the first group rated the fifth candidate lowest, while the second group rated him second to the highest. The first group said he looked "rough," "unfriendly," "like a crook." Conclusions suggest not that the newspaper's use of his mug shot lost the race for the fifth candidate. Although many variables were involved, it is suggested that mug shots do influence voters. (Contains 26 notes and the "mug


INTRODUCTION The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA") affords disabled students the right to be educated alongside non-disabled students in the general classroom) Specifically, [section] 1412(5)(b) of Title 20 of the IDEA requires that states receiving educational funding under the IDEA establish "procedures to assure that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities are educated with children who are not disabled." (2) When the inclusion of a disabled student into a general classroom is appropriate, the class will run smoothly and students will not be disadvantaged by the heterogeneity. (3) Nevertheless, the controversy over including disabled students in the general classroom has been hotly debated for the past few years, often from the perspective of the disabled student. (4) But the question of how such inclusion affects non-disabled students, now that the classroom is opened to students with disabilities, remains. As the IDEA mandates, disabled students must be included into the classroom, "to the maximum extent appropriate." (5) Some argue, however, that the IDEA orders full inclusion; that is, inclusion into the regular classroom of any disabled student, regardless of his situation. (6) Full inclusion requires that all disabled children be placed in the general classroom "for all the school day in every school setting, preschool through high school." (7) Thus, full inclusion calls for the end of special education. (8) Proponents of full inclusion maintain that special education attaches a stigma to disabled students; that heterogeneous mixing in the general classroom will provide diversity; and that full inclusion gives all students the same educational opportunities. (9) In response, opponents of full inclusion chastise as naive the idea that heterogeneous education is enough to rid disabled students of their deeply embedded physical or emotional handicaps.. (10) Opponents argue that certain disabled students need very particular attention, and it is these students whom the IDEA intended to remain in separate, special classrooms. (11) Part I of this Comment outlines the history of inclusion as established through federal legislation, as well as its gradual implementation in New York City. Part II examines the issues concerning inclusion, looking at the consequences inappropriate inclusion of disabled students may have on the non-disabled ("general") student. Finally, Part III proposes a solution, suggesting that a school district give a disabled student a "three strikes" policy regarding disruptions, after which she may be removed, permanently or temporarily, from the general classroom at the request of a fellow student, parent, or the teacher. This Comment further advises that schools concurrently work to change the perception of special education from a holding station for damaged children to a valuable learning environment for unique students. I. THE HISTORY BEHIND THE INCLUSION INTIATIVE A. Foundations for Change The last quarter-century has provided significant educational opportunities that the disabled student was previously denied. (12) In the past, educating the disabled student in the public school was not a matter of societal importance. (13) Certain state statutes permitted public schools to exclude disabled children from public schools altogether. (14) Instead of schooling, the severely disabled were sent to institutions. (15) As treatments developed to assist the disabled in living more normal and longer lives, however, disabled students began to look towards integration into the public school system. (16) They found the means to that end in the civil rights movement. (17) In the prominent decision Brown v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court held that racial segregation in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause. (18) The Court maintained that the right to an education, "where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. …


Using the thyroid as a model of multistep epithelial tumorigenesis, we have used representative cell lines to correlate the degree of malignant transformation with the functional status of p53 and the integrity of cell-cycle check-points. Three distinct phenotypes were observed: Type I lines, derived from poorly-differentiated human thyroid cancers, expressed high levels of mutant p53 protein; Type II, also poorly-differentiated but derived from rat, showed over-expression of wild-type (wt) p53 with marked cell-cell heterogeneity: Type III, from well-differentiated human cancers, contained uniformly low levels of wt p53. All cell lines containing wt p53 retained a near-normal induction of p53 by DNA damage. However, the ability to undergo growth arrest differed strikingly. Whereas Type I and II lines had lost both G2/M and G1/S check points, Type III cells retained both. In Type III cells, as in diploid human fibroblasts, mutant p53 expression specifically abrogated G1/S check-point function with no other change in phenotype. These data demonstrate 3 mechanisms for evasion of p53 growth control: (i) direct mutation (ii) indirect inactivation, or (iii) 'avoidance' of activation, most probably due to failure to reach a critical threshold of DNA damage.


Abstract
The transition from education to the labour market is a constant theme for sociological
investigation, but the study of occupational choice itself has occupied a peripheral
place in the theory and research literature for the past two decades. Of particular
concern here, neither extant theories of occupational choice nor the contemporary
youth studies literature offer satisfactory accounts of the patterns of girls' aspirations
and the social processes in which these are embedded. It is argued here that
occupational choice processes are a critical switch in the social reproduction of
gender relations. Specifically situated subjects construct a transitions biography
from a range of legitimated and concretely available alternatives. The possibilities
are specified through the terms of gender discourse which, in describing the confluence
of circumstances and understandings, represents the social space in which girls
are positioned and position themselves across time. A model of the modalities of
gender relations is developed and explored through a study of primarily working
class girls aged 11-14 and 14-16 between 1983-1986 who were attending three inner
London comprehensives. The data were collected by cross-sectional survey (N = 169)
and interview (N=61) and by longitudinal interview (N=37). These girls see occupational
structure in highly gendered and partial terms, corresponding to the
specific social worlds they inhabit. Over time, perspectives and aspirations focus increasingly
on female-typed jobs. Within this, their expectations reflect what is
judged realistically available. Such processes of gendered closure are modified by
educational achievement and by schooling milieu in relation with family and
cultural context. Subject specialisation fixes the course of these processes, since
options are generally chosen with current aspiration/ expectation in mind. In sum,
gendered transitions across the secondary schooling years are shaped not only
institutionally but also socially and culturally by girls' personal attempts to resolve
the contradictory puzzle of production/reproduction relations under modern patri3
archy and in the light of the resources at their disposal. Most trajectories inevitably
prefigure accommodative arrangements and do not threaten social reproduction
processes, but this does not imply non-critical and automatic consent. The potential
for critical consciousness is fostered by various cross-pressures in the specific
configurations of girls' lives, but the partial insights they open up are held in check
both ideologically and through social-educational selection/ allocation.


For the first three decades of the twentieth century, dozens of predominantly black county chain gangs proliferated across North Carolina. The camps existed solely to build county roads, a consequence of efforts by the North Carolina Good Roads Association (NCGRA) to create a network of reliable roads in order to improve the state's economic prospects. As a self-proclaimed progressive non-governmental group, the NCGRA promoted reliance on chain gang labor as a reform that would profit the state and uplift the convicts. While convicts built roads that helped position North Carolina at the forefront of economic progress in the South, rather than benefitting the prisoners, the chain gangs became sites of abuse and degradation. Chain gang convicts often resisted the inhumane conditions they endured, relying heavily on their connection to the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare (SBC), a state agency whose official duties included inspecting penal institutions and making recommendations for their improvement. With the SBC's assistance, convicts pushed for investigations into the camps and conveyed their messages to powerful politicians and newspapermen who publicized their struggle. Convicts helped shape reformers' debates as they risked severe punishment and even death by engaging in protest and resistance against the brutality of the camps. By the 1930s, their pursuit of humane treatment came to influence state level efforts to rectify the abusive conditions so long associated with the county chain gangs.


George W. Bush became the forty-third President of the United States when he won the state of Florida by 537 votes in the 2000 election. Because the election was so close, hotly-contested, and divisive, aspects of our electoral system long relegated to dusty books suddenly became topics of water cooler conversation and cocktail party chatter. Some Democrats speculate that if the nearly 600,000 felons in Florida had been allowed to vote, Al Gore would have been elected President. Felon disenfranchisement has thus become a cause celebre among liberals. There are approximately four million felons who cannot vote nationwide. They are disproportionately black and Hispanic — constituencies that have traditionally been Democratic strongholds. Embittered by the 2000 elections, Democrats have seized on the goal of extending suffrage to felons in hopes of increasing their traditional voter base, thus helping them win close elections. They face an uphill battle, however, as history, law, and policy weigh against allowing felons to vote. Part I of this note places felon disenfranchisement in a historical context, highlights significant cases and jurisprudence under the Fourteenth Amendment and the Voting Rights Act, and reviews the scope of its impact today. Part II considers the divergent interpretations of law that have led to uncertainty in the circuits as to whether the Voting Rights Act reaches felon disenfranchisement and when felon disenfranchisement statutes originally enacted with discriminatory intent have been cleansed of that taint. The confusion in the circuits stems from conflicting views of what the history of felon disenfranchisement means and whether there are legitimate underlying policy rationales. Part III argues that the Voting Rights Act does not reach felon disenfranchisement and thus the Fourteenth Amendment is controlling, therefore these laws are only susceptible to attack on constitutional grounds if they were enacted with discriminatory intent. Thus, we are left with policy arguments, which are properly decided in state legislatures.


Many domains in computer science, from data-mining to graphics to computational astrophysics, focus heavily on irregular applications. In contrast to regular applications, which operate over dense matrices and arrays, irregular programs manipulate and traverse complex data structures like trees and graphs. As irregular applications operate on ever larger datasets, their performance suffers from poor locality and parallelism. Programmers are burdened with the arduous task of manually tuning such applications for better performance. Generally applicable techniques to optimize irregular applications are highly desired, yet scarce.
In this dissertation, we argue that, for an important subset of irregular programs which arises in many domains, namely, tree traversal algorithms like Barnes-Hut, nearest neighbor and ray tracing, there exist general techniques to enhance performance. We investigate two sources of performance improvement: locality enhancement and vectorization. Furthermore we demonstrate that these techniques can be automatically applied by an optimizing compiler, relieving programmers of manual, error-prone, application-specific effort.
Achieving high performance in many applications requires achieving good locality of reference. We propose two novel transformations called point blocking and traversal splicing, inspired by the classic tiling loop transformation, and show that it can substantially enhance temporal locality in tree traversals. We then present a transformation framework called TREE SPLICER, that automatically applies these transformations, and uses autotuning techniques to determine appropriate parameters for the transformations. For six benchmark algorithms, we show that a combination of point blocking and traversal splicing can deliver single-thread speedups of up to 8.71 (geometric mean: 2.48), just from better locality.
Modern commodity processors support SIMD instructions, and using these instructions to process multiple traversals at once has the potential to provide substantial performance improvements. Unfortunately tree algorithms often feature highly diverging traversals which inhibit efficient SIMD utilization, to the point that other, less profitable sources of vectorization must be exploited instead. We propose a dynamic reordering of traversals based on previous behavior, based on the insight that traversals which have behaved similarly so far are likely to behave similarly in the future, and show that this reordering can dramatically improve the SIMD utilization of diverging traversals, close to ideal utilization. We present a transformation framework, SIMTREE, which facilitates vectorization of tree algorithms, and demonstrate speedups of up to 6.59 (geometric mean: 2.78). Furthermore our techniques can effectively SIMDize algorithms that prior, manual vectorization attempts could not.


In Australia, there has been confusion and misunderstanding surrounding the term 'fatwa'. This goes both to its meaning and also to the role fatwas fulfil for Muslims, whether in Australia or in other parts of the world. This paper seeks to address both of these issues, first by demystifying fatwa through exploration of the distinctive place the have in Islamic jurisprudence, and second by identifying the methodology used by jurists in ifta (the giving of fatwas), which has enabled Islamic law to be responsive to new developments and contemporary challenges. Given the recent expansion of technological, economic and medical advances and the pattern of migration of Muslims to secular societies, the paper argues that the need for fatwas is in fact increasing as Muslims strive to accommodate Islamic religious requirements within these new environments. The paper surveys the sources of Islamic authority in Australia, concluding that a process of collective ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) would best be suited to the diversity that is the hallmark of Islam in Australia. However, it is stressed that this would not lessen the primacy of Australian law but rather would complement it, as fatwas give guidance to Muslims Australians in the personal, individual and private spheres of life.


With the remarkable expansion in the use of antipsychotics, concerns about their immediate, intermediate, and long-term adverse effects have intensified. Despite this, studies consistently show that monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics can be inadequate, haphazard, or worse. This book provides a comprehensive review of the adverse effects of this pharmacologically complex therapeutic class, covering all commonly used conventional and atypical agents. In the first section, each chapter provides background information about an adverse effect, reviews the evidence linking the effect to various antipsychotics, and provides specific detection and monitoring recommendations. The second section provides unique monitoring guides for each antipsychotic. The third section provides the clinician with a program to monitor patients over the long-term. By supporting rational treatment decisions and systematic adverse effect monitoring, Antipsychotics and their Side Effects provides the clinician with the necessary information and tools for optimizing the safe and effective long-term use of antipsychotic drugs.


By additive manufacturing (AM) there is a feasibility of producing near net shape components in basically one step from 3D CAD model to final product. The interest for AM is high and during the past decade a lot of research has been carried out in order to understand the influence from process parameters on the microstructure and furthermore on the mechanical properties. In the present study laser metal wire deposition of Ti-6Al-4V has been studied in detail with regard to its fatigue crack propagation characteristics. Two specimen orientations, parallel and perpendicular to the deposition direction, have been evaluated at room temperature and at 250°C. No difference in the fatigue crack growth rate could be confirmed for the two specimen orientations. However, in the fractographic study it was observed that the tortuosity varied between certain regions on the fracture surface. The local crack path characteristic could be related to the alpha colony size and/or the crystallographic orientation. Moreover, large areas exhibiting similar crystallographic orientation were observed along the prior beta grain boundaries, which were attributed to the wide alpha colonies frequently observed along the prior beta grain boundaries.


Within the almost infinite range of practices and beliefs that are available for cultural and historical analysis, those related to the "other world" remain the most elusive of all. Not that it has discouraged researchers from trying every possible theoretical angle, from Cultural History to post-postmodernism and from the most detached objectivism to total subjective submersion. In this review essay, I will compare two very similar, but also divergent attempts at capturing the essence of indigenous, African spiritual experience. The analysis of the authors of San Spirituality and The Making of Bamana Sculpture centres on the social category of the "artist-shaman", from a perspective which they themselves label "interpretive". Both texts provide great teaching material for a variety of classroom applications : material culture studies, sociology of knowledge, comparative religion, gender studies, heritage studies, the fieldwork paradigm, contemporary debates and more.


Cofactors such as stress have been suspected to play a role in the susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the major opportunistic infectious agents in immunocompromised individuals, and infection can be modulated by external factors such as stress. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the in vivo and in vitro role of cold stress (CS) in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection and its impact on regulatory cytokines in this model. Methods: Mice subjected to CS and control animals were infected intraperitoneally with an LD50 of PD2 T. gondii tachyzoites, and the outcome of the infection was determined. In addition, peritoneal macrophages obtained from CS and non-stressed mice were infected in vitro with T. gondii. The number of infected macrophages, the number of intracellular parasites and the production of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined. Results: CS applied before intraperitoneal inoculation increased susceptibility against T. gondii infection. Peritoneal cells from CS mice contained significantly higher numbers of intracellular parasites and infected macrophages compared to those from non-stressed animals. IFN-γ production was initially high in the CS group but decreased significantly after 36 h. Opposite results were found in the non-stressed group. Macrophages from CS mice persistently produced high levels of TNF-α and IL-12 and peaked after 36 h. Levels of these cytokines were lower or absent in the non-stressed group. Conclusion: These results suggest that CS increased the host susceptibility to intraperitoneal T. gondii infection by modulating the function of macrophages and the production of cytokines (IFN-γ) involved in the early control of infection.


Objectives: This project seeks to reduce duplication of effort in finding data for NHS healthcare quality indicators, to resolve issues identified in previous efforts to develop quality-monitoring ontologies and to identify areas for future computer-interpretable quality indicator development for the United Kingdom's Department of Health and National Health Service (NHS). Outcomes will include specification of inclusion and exclusion criteria for a set of healthcare quality indicators, along with categorisation beyond screening and prevention and identification of levels of indicator relationships

Methodology: Following an exploration of potential methods for ontology development, Methontology was the method chosen to develop the ontology. This involved a conceptual analysis to inform the development of an ontology for a 2009 set of healthcare quality indicators made available on the NHS Information Centre website. Indicators were categorised by NHS Dimension, NHS-specified clinical pathway and by United States Institute of Medicine purpose. Relationships between indicators were identified, as well as an initial set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Protege 3.4.1 was the platform used to develop a pilot ontology.

Results: NHS quality indicators that share some of the same criteria were made searchable, along with broader and narrower related criteria. Up to six layers of inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified and incorporated into the ontology. Search capabilities were created for indicators originating from the same source and from more than one source, along with indicators assigned to specific care pathways. It was shown that indicators have purposes other than prevention and screening, rendering Arden Syntax, intended for computer-interpretable guidelines and previously tested on a specialised set of healthcare quality indicators, unsuitable for a large, diverse set of quality indicators. A large number, 222, of quality indicators with different purposes justified the development of a separate ontology.

Conclusions: This ontology could reduce duplication of effort in finding data for NHS healthcare quality indicators. There is potential to link to components of queries currently in use in the NHS, as an interim step away from the need to develop separate queries for each indicator. Areas for future computer- interpretable quality indicator development include resolving Electronic Health Record compatibility issues and improved indicator metadata quality. The ontology could be useful to NHS indicator developers, NHS data xtractors and vendors of electronic health records who supply to the NHS.


Study Design: Multicenter retrospective study. Objectives: To investigate the risk of symptomatic recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) following cervical spine surgery, to examine risk factors for its development, and to report its treatment and outcomes. Methods: A multicenter study from 21 high-volume surgical centers from the AOSpine North America Clinical Research Network was performed. Each center screened for rare complications following cervical spine surgery, including RLNP. Patients were included if they underwent cervical spine surgery (levels from C2 to C7) between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2011. Data were analyzed with regard to complication treatment and outcome. Cases were compared to a control group from the AOSpine CSM and CSM-I studies. Results: Three centers reported 19 cases of RLNP from a cohort of 1345 patients. The reported incidence of RLNP ranged from 0.6% to 2.9% between these 3 centers. Fifteen patients (79%) in the RLNP group were approached from the left side. Ten patients (52.6%) required treatment for RLNP—6 required medical therapy (steroids), 1 interventional treatment (injection laryngoplasty), and 3 conservative therapy (speech therapy). When examining outcomes, 73.7% (14/19) of cases resolved completely, 15.8% (3/19) resolved with residual effects, and in 10.5% (2/19) of cases this could not be determined. Conclusions: In this multicenter study examining rare complications following cervical spine surgery, the risk of RLNP after cervical spine surgery ranged from 0.6% to 2.9% between centers. Though rare, it was found that 16% of patients may experience partial resolution with residual effects, and 74% resolve completely.


We advocate studying strategic management from an evolutionary perspective: using dynamic, path-dependent models that allow for possibly random variation and selection within and among organizations. We argue that this perspective directs our attention to some of the most interesting problems in strategic management. The papers in this special issue are summarized, along with some of their implications for the advancement of an evolutionary perspective on strategy. Collectively, the papers draw on various theoretical rationales, illustrating how an evolutionary perspective can help to integrate the diverse and otherwise separate theoretical traditions that meet within the field of strategic management.


ABSTRACT The Global Education Reform Movement (GERM) is expanding internationally and reaching countries that seemed to be immune to this education reform approach until quite recently. Accordingly, more and more educational systems in the world are articulated around three main policy principles: accountability, standards and decentralisation. National large-scale assessments (NLSAs) are a core component of the GERM; these assessments are increasingly used for accountability purposes as well as to ensure that schools achieve and promote centrally defined and evaluable learning standards. In this paper, we explore these trends on the basis of a new and original database on NLSAs, as well as on data coming from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) questionnaires. In the paper we also discuss how different theories on policy dissemination/globalisation explain the international spread of NLSAs and test-based accountability worldwide, and reflect on the potential of a political sociology approach to analyse this globalising phenomenon.


Introduction 1 Part I: Adopting the Android Gaming Mindset 7 Chapter 1: Getting to Know Android Gaming 9 Chapter 2: Designing Your Game 27 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Development Environment 51 Part II: Starting to Program 77 Chapter 4: Dissecting an Android App 79 Part III: Making Your First Game: Crazy Eights 109 Chapter 5: Creating a Simple Title Screen 111 Chapter 6: Creating a Basic Play Screen 135 Chapter 7: Finishing Your First Game 181 Part IV: Moving On to Your Second Game: Whack-a-Mole 199 Chapter 8: Creating a Complex Title Screen 201 Chapter 9: Creating an Animated Play Screen 217 Chapter 10: Storing and Retrieving Game Information 245 Part V: Managing Your Game in the Market 261 Chapter 11: Making Money with Your Game 263 Chapter 12: Publishing and Updating Your Game 277 Part VI:The Part of Tens 295 Chapter 13: Ten Open-Source Game Projects 297 Chapter 14: Ten Game Engines and Tools 307 Chapter 15: Ten More Places to Distribute Your Game 317 Chapter 16: Ten Websites for Android Game Developers 327 Glossary 339 Index 343


Student success is an enormous concern in light of the high drop-out rates in South African universities. There is a wealth of local and international research which provides complex explanations for these statistics, but the common-sense understanding is that those students who have the right attributes and who work hard will do well. While the notion of higher education as a meritocracy is pervasive, it is invalid given the effects of numerous other mechanisms at play in the students' educational experiences. This article draws from the literature to discuss the problems of the meritocratic explanation in how it fails to sufficiently account for the centrality of agency and the ways in which this intersects with societal structures. We argue that more useful understandings of student success and failure require social theory that acknowledges the complexities underpinning student success or failure.


The year is 1858. Thomas Glover is a gutsy eighteen-year-old who grasps the chance of escape to foreign lands and takes a posting as a trader in Japan. Within ten years he amasses a great fortune, learns the ways of the samurai, and, on the other side of the law, brings about the overthrow of the Shogun. Yet beneath Glover's astonishing success lies a man cut to the heart. His love affair with a courtesan - a woman who, unknown to him, would bear him the son for which he had always longed - would form a tragedy so dramatic as to be immortalised in the stories behind Madame Butterfly and Miss Saigon. The Pure Land relives in fiction the arc of Glover's true-life rise and fall, and forges a hundred-year saga that culminates in the annihilation of Nagasaki in 1945.


The Road Traffic Act 1988 gives police in the United Kingdom the power to seize motor vehicles which they have reasonable
grounds for believing are being driven without a valid driver's licence or motor insurance. Drivers may then have to pay a
fee to have their vehicles returned. When exercising this power of seizure, the police may rely on information contained on
the Police National Computer (PNC) which is linked to the National Insurance Database (NID). Whilst these databases are undoubtedly
invaluable in this endeavour, they are not always accurate, and incidents have occurred whereby motorists who are in fact
driving with valid insurance have had their vehicles seized and retained. Focusing on the case of Lisa, whose vehicle was
wrongly impounded by Merseyside Police in 2007, and other cases, we explore the legitimacy and legality of such activity.
We question both the discretionary power of the police in taking such action, and the validity of their (over) reliance on
technology. We posit that the taking of money in cases such as Lisa's is evidence of the turn within public policing towards
marketisation, and consider the capacity for harm to innocent individuals and the implications for justice and fairness. Ultimately,
we contend that police accountability is compromised and that a new approach is required. We close the piece with some recommendations
for improved police practice.


This study suggested an individual radial growth model for three oak species (Quercus ariabilis, Q. acutissima and Q. mongolica) in mixed and uneven-aged oak stands in central South Korea. The site quality dependent model showed relatively better statistical performance than the site quality independent model. Different components, such as tree age, tree size, competition and growing site, were employed to build and evaluate the individual radial growth model. The components of age, tree size and competition were proven to have significant effects on the tree radial growth. The age and the competition had negative effects on the radial growth, while the tree size had a positive effect. The age effect on the radial growth was greater for larger trees and with lower competition. The tree size was also expected to have a greater effect on younger trees and with lower competition. The competition had greater negative effects on younger and bigger trees. The classical site index, derived from the mean age and dominant height, was proven to not be applicable to the individual radial growth model. Among the topographical factors, only the aspect index was proven to be statistically significant for explaining the radial growth. These analyses of the effects of the different components on the radial growth of oak species were found to be reasonable and consistent with well-known silvicultural experiences.


A filterbank decomposition can be seen as a series of projections onto several discrete wavelet subspaces. In this presentation, we analyze the projection onto one of them-- the low-pass one, since many signals tend to be low-pass. We prove a general but simple formula that allows the computation of the l2-error made by approximating the signal by its projection. This result provides a norm for evaluating the accuracy of a complete decimation/interpolation branch for arbitrary analysis and synthesis filters; such a norm could be useful for the joint design of an analysis and synthesis filter, especially in the non-orthonormal case. As an example, we use our framework to compare the efficiency of different wavelet filters, such as Daubechies' or splines. In particular, we prove that the error made by using a Daubechies' filter downsampled by 2 is of the same order as the error using an orthonormal spline filter downsampled by 6. This proof is valid asymptotically as the number of regularity factors tends to infinity, and for a signal that is essentially low- pass. This implies that splines bring an additional compression gain of at least 3 over Daubechies' filters, asymptotically.


A new model is developed and applied to simulate the Phanerozoic evolution of seawater composition (dissolved Ca, Sr, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, pH, δ18O), marine carbonates (Sr/Ca, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, δ18O), atmospheric CO2 and surface temperature. The marine carbonate records (Sr/Ca, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C) are used to reconstruct changes in volcanic/tectonic activity and organic carbon burial over the Phanerozoic. Seawater pH is calculated assuming saturation with respect to calcite and considering the changing concentration of dissolved Ca documented by brine inclusion data. The depth of calcite saturation is allowed to vary through time and the effects of changing temperature and pressure on the stability constants of the carbonate system are considered. Surface temperatures are calculated using the GEOCARB III approach considering also the changing flux of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). It is assumed that GCR cools the surface of the Earth via enhanced cloud formation at low altitudes. The δ18O of marine carbonates is calculated considering the changing isotopic composition of seawater, the prevailing surface temperatures and seawater pH. Repeated model runs showed that the trends observed in the marine δ18O record can only be reproduced by the model if GCR is allowed to have a strong effect on surface temperature. The climate evolution predicted by the model is consistent with the geological record. Warm periods (Cambrian, Devonian, Triassic, Cretaceous) are characterized by low GCR levels. Cold periods during the late Carboniferous to early Permian and the late Cenozoic are marked by high GCR fluxes and low pCO2 values. The major glaciations occurring during these periods are the result of carbon cycling processes causing a draw‐down of atmospheric CO2 and a coevally prevailing dense cloud cover at low‐altitudes induced by strong GCR fluxes. The two moderately cool periods during the Ordovician ‐ Silurian and Jurassic ‐ early Cretaceous are characterized by both high pCO2 and GCR levels so that greenhouse warming compensated for the cooling effect of low‐altitude clouds. The very high Jurassic δ18O values observed in the geological record are caused by low pH values in surface waters rather than cold surface conditions.


Interest in the exploitation of offshore wind resources using floating wind turbines has increased. Commercial development of floating horizontal axis wind turbines (FHAWTs) is emerging because of their commercial success in onshore and near-shore areas. Floating vertical axis wind turbines (FVAWTs) are also promising because of their low installation and maintenance costs. Therefore, a comparative study on the dynamic responses of FHAWTs and FVAWTs is of great interest. In the present study, a FHAWT employing the 5MW wind turbine developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and a FVAWT employing a Darrieus rotor, both mounted on the OC3 spar buoy, were considered. An improved control strategy was introduced for FVAWTs to achieve an approximately constant mean generator power for the above rated wind speeds. Fully coupled time domain simulations were carried out using identical, directional aligned and correlated wind and wave conditions. Because of different aerodynamic load characteristics and control strategies, the FVAWT results in larger mean tower base bending moments and mooring line tensions above the rated wind speed. Because significant two-per-revolution aerodynamic loads act on the FVAWT, the generator power, tower base bending moments and delta line tensions show prominent two-per-revolution variation. Consequently, the FVAWT suffers from severe fatigue damage at the tower bottom. However, the dynamic performance of the FVAWT could be improved by increasing the number of blades, using helical blades or employing a more advanced control strategy, which requires additional research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A new course, "Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math (STEAM) Diplomacy," has been developed at the Missouri University of Science and Technology to introduce engineering students to the field of foreign relations and the tripartite objectives of: 1) science in diplomacy; 2) science for diplomacy; and 3) diplomacy for science. The course employs an available scholarly monograph as a text and integrates materials created by the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) as well as publically available materials. The new course employs a previously reported format including blended delivery, a flipped classroom, and mastery learning (D.B. Oerther, "Reducing costs while maintaining learning outcomes using blended, flipped, and mastery pedagogy to teach introduction to environmental engineering," in Proceedings of the 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, USA, June 25-28, 2017 . [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/28786. [Accessed 26, 2018]). Three term length projects are included as part of the class, namely: 1) a model United Nations debate of the use of genetically modified crops as foodstuffs during famine; 2) the preparation of an application for an internship or fellowship in the broad field of science policy (i.e., Fulbright award); and 3) the preparation of an extensive case study using the lessons learned from the Antarctic Treaty as a guide. Although the course is a work in progress, the materials offered in this paper – including course content, pedagogical approach, and the results of initial assessments of student preferences – provide sufficient details that the course may be replicated at other institutions to introduce engineers to foreign relations and diplomacy.


The flow evolution of water in a completely filled rectangular container, impulsively rotated from rest to a steady angular speed, is investigated experimentally and numerically. The pathlines of the fluid from rest to solid-body rotation primarily follow one of two possible configurations that have been described previously in the literature. The first, consisting of two cyclones that form following the separation and roll-up of the sidewall boundary layers and an anticyclone that forms subsequently, results in a pattern on the path to spin-up of cyclonic -anticyclonic-cyclonic vorticity. In the second configuration the cyclones migrate into the interior of the container and merge, resulting in a pattern on the path to spin-up of anticyclonic-cyclonic-anticyclonic vorticity. The experiments provide a parameterization of the possible evolutionary configurations as a function of horizontal and vertical aspect ratios and Reynolds numbers. Critical Reynolds numbers for vortex merger are determined experimentally. Evolutionary configurations in addition to the primary two are observed; in particular symmetry breaking occurs at high Reynolds numbers causing complicated patterns of flow evolution. For some flow conditions at high Reynolds numbers, more than one evolutionary pattern is observed for the same external parameters. The experiments are conducted with a rigid lid showing that a free surface is not required for vortex merger. Numerical integrations of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations (a situation corresponding to the limiting case of a container of infinite depth, where there are no effects from the top and bottom and all flow is horizontal) reproduce qualitatively many of the features of the experimental observations. in particular the merger events. The numerical results show that neither vertical flow due to Ekman boundary layers at the top and bottom nor a free surface are necessary for the observed vortex merger.


Biological development is about history, the history of an individual through time. Historically, the dominant epigenetic tradition has seen the developmental process as an unfolding of potential or in terms of the emergence of new organization that becomes an individual organism over time. The concept of development has included differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis; since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been seen in terms of cell division. Along the way have come explorations of such issues as the extent to which development is driven by hereditary determination rather than flexible regulation in response to changing conditions. Some researchers have focused specifically on examining the capacity for regeneration in response to injury or loss, or on the extent to which parts are self-organizing individually rather than determined segments of a whole. This paper introduces the historical study of development.