The bacterial protein flagellin can promote allergic asthma by activating Toll-like receptor 5. Asthma attacks that are triggered by allergens cause CD4+ T helper type 2 (TH2) cells to release various cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, and TH17 cells to release IL-17. Cytokines from TH2 cells trigger immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, accumulation of eosinophils in airways, inflammation in the pulmonary system, and temporary airway obstruction (or airway hyperresponsiveness), and IL-17 from TH17 cells triggers accumulation of neutrophils in airways and airway hyperresponsiveness. Wilson et al. investigated the ability of bacterial products such as flagellin, which activates Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activates TLR4, to act as priming agents in house dust extracts to cause allergic sensitization. Inflammatory responses were more pronounced in the airways of mice instilled with ovalbumin and partially purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (which contains LPS), highly purified recombinant flagellin, and highly purified LPS than in those of mice instilled with ovalbumin alone. Furthermore, mice that were sensitized with S. typhimurium or recombinant flagellin and ovalbumin and then challenged with ovalbumin showed enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness and increased concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in bronchial lavage fluid and of IgE in serum. When sensitized with S. typhimurium flagellin before ovalbumin challenge, Tlr4 –/– and wild-type mice accumulated greater numbers of eosinophils and produced more IL-5 than did Tlr5 –/– mice. In contrast, Tlr4 –/– mice accumulated fewer neutrophils in airways than did Tlr5 –/– or wild-type mice. These results suggested that flagellin contributed to the response of TH2 cells and that LPS contributed to the response of TH17 cells. Various house dust extracts enhanced allergic responses to ovalbumin to varying extents and contained flagellin as detected by immunoblotting. When sensitized and challenged with house dust extracts, Tlr5 –/– mice accumulated fewer eosinophils in their airways and did not develop airway hyperresponsiveness to the same extent as did Tlr4 –/– or wild-type mice. Individuals with mild to moderate asthma had higher titers of antibodies directed against flagellin than did control subjects. Thus, flagellin can prime allergic responses to indoor allergens and promote allergic asthma. R. H. Wilson, S. Maruoka, G. S. Whitehead, J. F. Foley, G. P. Flake, M. L. Sever, D. C. Zeldin, M. Kraft, S. Garantziotis, H. Nakano, D. N. Cook, The Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin promotes asthma by priming allergic responses to indoor allergens. Nat. Med. 18, 1705–1710 (2012). [PubMed]


Hexamethylenetetramine suberate is an organic compound presenting a one-dimensional modulation with strong satellite reflections between 123 and 300 K. Single-crystal X-ray intensities of main reflections and satellites up to fourth order have been measured and used for refining a model based on displacive atomic modulation functions. Harmonic terms up to eighth order were necessary to describe the strongly anharmonic modulation. The structure consists of alternating sheets of hexamethylenetetramine and suberic acid connected by hydrogen bonds. Each layer of suberic acid chains consists of alternating areas, each of which is characterized by a common orientation for all chains. These orientations subtend an angle of roughly 60 degrees. At the interfaces, neighbouring chains in adjacent areas adopt intermediate orientations. The two carboxyl groups participate in hydrogen bonds, the character of which depends on the internal coordinate t. In one group and for all values of t, the same oxygen forms a double bond with the alpha-carbon and the other a single bond, and in the other the carboxylate form is observed for all values of t. The packings of both moieties are incompatible and are conjectured to be responsible for the incommensurability of the structure. [References: 22]


Background : Inequalities in reproductive and child health (RCH) exist, in general, in different regions of India. The present study aims to investigate the current status of RCH and examine the factors responsible for it in different parts of India. Methods : This study utilized data obtained from two Indian studies – (i) National Family Health Survey – 3 (NFHS- 2005-06) and (ii) District Level Household Survey (DLHS – 2002-04). Reproductive Health Index was computed on the basis of five variables such as total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, birth order, delivery care and female educational attainment. Results : In terms of reproductive and child health, a wide range of variation exists in India in its different regions. The study reveals that among Indian states, 13 states have an index value less than the national average. On the basis of the reproductive health index, the Indian states can be divided into three categories, namely; progressive states, semi progressive states and backward states. Conclusions : The interstate differences in healthcare utilization are partly due to variations in the implementation of maternal health care programs as well as differences in availability of and accessibility to healthcare between Indian states.


We use a semi-parametric method to decompose the difference in male and female wage densities into two parts--one explained by characteristics and one which is attributable to differences in returns to characteristics. We demonstrate that one learns substantially more about the gender wage gap in France through this analysis than through standard parametric techniques. In particular, we find that there are no unexplained differences in male and female earnings distributions in the bottom fifth of the data. Occupation and part-time status are the most important determinants of the wage gap for all workers. In the semi-parametric estimates we find that education plays no role in the wage gap once we account for occupation and part-time status. JEL Codes: J16 J31 J7


Re-Survey of Dart Tract in the W.H. Jack League, July 1914. West Hitchcock subdivision. Points of interests include: A. H. Henck land, Highland Bayou, A. Calagui land, Sante Fe Rail Road. "Filed for record Sept. 10th 1917 at 2:30 o'clock p.m. Recorded September 19th, 1917 at 4 o'clock P.M. Geo F. Burgess, Clerk by J. F. Johnston Deputy."


Exploiting ontologies for efficient inference is one of the most widely studied topics in knowledge representation and reasoning. The use of ontologies for probabilistic inference, however, is much less developed. A number of algorithms for lifted inference in first-order probabilistic languages have been proposed, but their scalability is limited by the combinatorial explosion in the sets of objects that need to be considered. We propose a coarse-to-fine inference approach that leverages a class hierarchy to combat this problem. Starting at the highest level, our approach performs inference at successively finer grains, pruning low-probability atoms before refining. We provide bounds on the error incurred by this approach relative to full ground inference as a function of the pruning threshold. We also show how to learn parameters in a coarse-to-fine manner to maximize the opportunities for pruning during inference. Experiments on link prediction and biomolecular event prediction tasks show our method can greatly improve the scalability of lifted probabilistic inference.


The size of a product is a key feature of its appearance and it also potentially affects object use. Six studies explore how size alienates even experienced consumers from objects when it affects perceptions of control over those objects. Findings from different product categories, acquisition and consumption stages, and laboratory and field data show that size-induced loss of control impedes the psychological bond between the product and the individual — i.e. psychological ownership — and eventually diminishes the managerially relevant allure of large objects. Notably, visual inspection alone does not give rise to this adverse effect of too-large sizes; it is contingent on physical engagement with an object. Moreover, we show that perceived control over an object is not only a function of the object's size but also of the physical characteristic of the consumer engaging with it. Our results entail implications for product design, sales, and marketing communication.


The problem of optically estimating an object's position by using a charge-coupled device (CCD) array composed of square pixels Δx on a side is analyzed. The object's image spot at the CCD is assumed to have a Gaussian intensity profile with a 1/e point at a radial distance of 2σs from the peak, and the CCD noise is modeled as Poisson-distributed, dark-current shot noise. A two-dimensional Cramer–Rao bound is developed and used to determine a lower limit for the mean-squared error of any unbiased position estimator, and the maximum-likelihood estimator is also derived. For the one-dimensional position-estimation problem the lower bound is shown to be minimum for a pixel-to-image size ratio Δx/σs of between 1 and 2 over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios. Similarly for the two-dimensional problem, the optimum ratio is shown to lie between 1.5 and 2.5. As is customary in direct detection systems, it is also observed that the lower bound is a function of both the signal power and noise power separately and not just of their ratio. Finally, the maximum-likelihood estimator is shown to be independent of the signal and noise powers at high signal-to-noise ratios.


Study support will be expanded across the UK during the early years of the new century. It has become a central feature of the drive to increase pupil attainment and develop confident and socially able young people. This paper reports the rise of study support from an optional extra to key government strategy for school improvement. It then briefly outlines the findings from an evaluation of a recently developed study support programme funded by East Middlesbrough Education Action Zone and lists implications for the expansion of study support nationally which can be gleaned from the developments in Middlesbrough. In particular, despite the existence of a national framework for study support, it points to concerns resulting from its management being located at the school level. Most notably, a lack of monitoring and evaluation. The paper refers to the purpose of study support and highlights the pitfalls of moves to align it more closely with schools' quantifiable targets. The paper also alludes to wider concerns about the conceptualisation of educational disadvantage and suggests that the expansion of study support may not 'extend opportunity' and be as inclusive as advocates hope.


In this paper, I focus on a kind of medical intervention that is at the same time fascinating and disturbing: identity-changing interventions. My guiding question is how such interventions can be ethically justified within the bounds of contemporary bioethical mainstream that places great weight on the patient's informed consent. The answer that is standardly given today is that patients should be informed about the identity effects, thus suggesting that changes in identity can be treated like 'normal' side effects. In the paper, I argue that this approach is seriously lacking because it misses important complexities going along with decisions involving identity changes and consequently runs into mistakes. As a remedy I propose a new approach, the 'perspective-sensitive account', which avoids these mistakes and thus provides the conceptual resources to systematically reflect on and give a valid consent to identity-changing interventions.


Objective: To investigate whether socioeconomic deprivation is associated with cause specific and all cause survival for colorectal cancer and to what extent this is independent of significant prognostic factors. Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: The former Wessex Health Region, South West England. Participants: All patients resident in Wessex registered with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer over three years (n=5176). Survival analysis was carried out on those patients with compete data for all factors and a positive survival time (n=4419). Outcomes: Death from colorectal cancer and all cause over five year follow up from initial diagnosis. Main results: Deprivation was significantly associated with survival for both outcomes in univariate analysis; the unadjusted hazard ratio for dying from colorectal cancer (most deprived compared with most affluent) was 1.12 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.25) and for all cause was 1.18 (1.07 to 1.30). Significant prognostic factors for both outcomes were age, specialisation of surgeon, Dukes's stage, and emergency compared with elective surgery. Comorbidity and gender were only associated with all cause survival. After adjustment for prognostic factors, the effect of deprivation on both cause specific and all cause mortality was reduced, and it was non-significant for colorectal cancer. However, the most deprived group had consistently worse survival than the most affluent. Conclusions: Factors associated with survival with colorectal cancer depend on the outcome measure. Socioeconomic deprivation is adversely associated with survival in patients with colorectal cancer. This is strongest for non-colorectal cancer death, partly reflecting higher comorbidity, but it is there for colorectal cancer though not statistically significant. Conclusive evidence of the inequalities by socioeconomic status and underlying reasons needs to come from studies using individual based measures of socioeconomic status and more detail on treatment and host related factors.


Relationships among topsoil removal treatments and additions of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in spring wheat yields are used to determine the effects on net returns and to estimate the marginal value of soil. The results indicate that risk-averse managers are not willing to make an expenditure for controlling erosion from the first 2.5 inches of soil if the erosion rate is 20 tons/acre/year or less and the planning horizon is 20 years or less. These managers would be willing to make an erosion control investment for the second 2.5 inches of soil equivalent to $4.90 to $5.20/acre from the twenty-first to forty-third year in the planning horizon.


The late Albian – early Turonian time interval was marked by major environmental changes at regional to global scales. Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAE) 1d and OAE 2 and the mid-Cenomanian Event (MCE I) are all associated with ?13C anomalies that indicate perturbations of the global carbon cycle. In this study, new carbon- and oxygen-isotope records are presented from four Italian Tethyan sections: Furlo, Le Brecce and Monte Petrano (Umbria – Marche Basin) and Cismon (Belluno Basin), deposited in pelagic settings characterized by the alternation of nannofossil-planktonic foraminiferal limestones, radiolarian-rich levels and shales. The ?13C records exhibit a ? 1 ‰ positive excursion in ?13Ccarb corresponding with OAE 1d and a much larger positive anomaly (? 3–4 ‰) in ?13Corg corresponding with OAE 2 (Bonarelli Level). Between the strata that record these two events a double-spiked minor (? 0.7 ‰) positive excursion in ?13Ccarb marks the MCE I. Locally, after deposition of the MCE I but before formation of the Bonarelli Level, sedimentation shifted to alternate dysoxic/anoxic and well-oxygenated conditions as represented by lithological rhythms of black shales/black chert bands and whitish limestones. ?18O data indicate a progressive decrease in values from the upper Albian up to the Bonarelli Level (uppermost Cenomanian), suggesting an overall warming trend. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy, calibrated against biostratigraphy, provides a robust framework for dating and correlation, and allows identification of hiatuses in the studied sections. In particular, the high-resolution ?13C profiles through the Bonarelli Level highlight the presence of hiatuses of variable extent that systematically affect the middle to upper part of the characteristic carbon-isotope excursion and part of the following interval in all of the studied sections. Locally, a hiatus may also be present at the base of the Bonarelli Level. Correlations with carbon-isotope reference curves from other localities allow the duration of the missing intervals to be estimated as between 160 and 510 kyr in the middle to latter part of OAE 2 and the succeeding interval, showing that the Bonarelli Level extends no higher than the uppermost Cenomanian, even though the isotopic definition of the oceanic anoxic event indicates continuation into the early Turonian. The origin of these stratigraphic gaps can be attributed to physical and/or chemical processes operating at the sea floor. Complete recovery from the peculiar physico-chemical conditions that characterized the deeper parts of the Tethys Ocean during OAE 2 took at least 1 million years.


Numerous viral infections have arisen and affected global healthcare facilities Millions of people were at severe risk of acquiring several evolving viral infections through several factors, Covid- 19 being one of the most popular ones requiring more efforts to control its spread During the epidemic period of coronavirus diseases, appropriate oral health management and disease prevention of children is very important for children's oral and general health In order to prevent the occurrence of cross-infection and epidemic spreading of Covid- 19 during dental practice, the recommendation to parents include making them hand hygiene at home and include proper oral care habits Covid-19is a global human disaster presented with an emphasis on disturbing mental health aspects of the ongoing pandemic According to the cross-sectional study, two weeks after the occurrence of Covid-19 in chin almost 40% of the affected youth were proven to have psychological problems, it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of Covid-19 Person to person transmission of Covid-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were subsequently administered a variety of treatments, Extensive measures to reduce person to person transmission of Covid- 19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak © 2020 Ubiquity Press All rights reserved


The combustion of fossil fuels results in the emissions of gases and pollutants that produce adverse ecological effects. Evidence is also accumulating that suggest they may also cause global climate change. The combustion gases that are connected with global climate change are primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and to a lesser degree methane (CH4). All of these gases already occur in low concentrations in the atmosphere and, in fact, together with other greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, have made the earth habitable. The risk, however, is that the additional emissions of greenhouse gases associated with energy-use and other human activities are rapidly increasing the atmospheric concentrations of these gases and may therefore lead to an additional global warming during the next century. While the greenhouse gases that result from energy-use are the most important cause of these concerns, the energy gases also offer a potential solution to this problem.

Natural gas consists mostly of methane and is a very potent greenhouse gas if released into the atmosphere, but after combustion occurs, the amount of carbon dioxide resulting is much smaller per unit primary energy in comparison to other fossil energy sources. Natural gas emits roughly one-half of the carbon dioxide in comparison to coal for the equal amount of energy. Thus, a possible shift to a methane economy during the next decades offers a genuine mitigation strategy. Beyond that, natural gas could pave the way for more environmentally compatible energy systems of the distant future that could use hydrogen and electricity, both of which are carbon-free energy carriers, that could be produced by non-fossil sources of primary energy. This transition to the methane age and beyond to carbon-free energy systems would enhance the reduction of other adverse impacts on the environment by human activities.

In fact, carbon dioxide emissions represent the largest mass flow of waste in comparison to all other anthropogenic activities. Current energy-related carbon dioxide emissions are in the order of 6 gigatons of carbon (GtC) or more than 20 GtCO2. This is more than 20 times larger than, for example, global steel production of about 700 megatons (Mt). Decarbonization is a notion that denotes reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit primary energy and unit economic activity, and dematerialization refers to the reduction of materials used per unit economic activity. Decarbonization would also help reduce the emission of other energy pollutants and wastes, and it would also enhance the dematerialization in general. Other measures that would lead to decarbonization, in addition to a shift to methane economy, include efficiency improvements and energy conservation, carbon removal and storage or a shift to carbon-free sources of energy, such as solar and nuclear energy.


We define a new numerical integration scheme for stochastic differential equations driven by Levy processes with uniformly lower mean square remainder than that of the scheme of the same strong order of convergence obtained by truncating the stochastic Taylor series. In doing so we generalize recent results concerning stochastic differential equations driven by Wiener processes. The aforementioned works studied integration schemes obtained by applying an invertible mapping to the stochastic Taylor series, truncating the resulting series and applying the inverse of the original mapping. The shuffle Hopf algebra and its associated convolution algebra play important roles in the their analysis, arising from the combinatorial structure of iterated Stratonovich integrals. It was recently shown that the algebra generated by iterated Ito integrals of independent Levy processes is isomorphic to a quasi-shuffle algebra. We utilise this to consider map-truncate-invert schemes for Levy processes. To facilitate this, we derive a new form of stochastic Taylor expansion from those of Wagner & Platen, enabling us to extend existing algebraic encodings of integration schemes. We then derive an alternative method of computing map-truncate-invert schemes using a single step, resolving difficulties encountered at the inversion step in previous methods.


The first studies on sulfur isotope geochemistry were performed approximately sixty years ago (e.g., Thode et al. 1949; Trofimov 1949). Since these early measurements on terrestrial and extra-terrestrial materials, S isotopes have been used to highlight and investigate several processes, such as the evolution of the solar system; the oxidation of the Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere; the genesis of ore deposits and fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gases); the origin and provenance of S species in different natural fluids, including groundwater, rainwater, as well as present-day and ancient marine waters (as recorded by evaporite deposits); the S isotope fractionation in bacterially-mediated processes; the impact of anthropogenic activities, for instance mining and related acid drainage; and others.

The sulfur isotopic compositions of volcanic rocks, magmatic gases, and closely related hydrothermal fluids were the subject of numerous investigations. Among these, a considerable contribution was provided by Sakai and coworkers, who elucidated the importance of degassing and sulfide separation and the different effects of these processes, depending on the redox state of the melt and, in the case of degassing, of the separated magmatic gases as well. All of these applications were made possible due to the experimental and theoretical works devoted to the determination of the fractionation factors between different S-bearing species and compounds and their temperature dependence.

This review is devoted to the magmatic-hydrothermal environment as a whole, focusing on active systems and their past analogues, which are represented by different types of ore deposits. Special emphasis is given to the use of S isotopes to investigate the effects of degassing and separation of sulfide and sulfate minerals from silicate melts.

For the sake of clarity, we recall the meaning of the following terms:


Within the second-quantization framework, we develop a formalism for describing a spatially multimode optical field diffracted through a spatial mask and show that this process can be described as an effective interaction between various spatial modes. We demonstrate a method to calculate the quantum state in the diffracted optical field for any given quantum state in the incident field. Using numerical simulations, we also show that with single-mode squeezed-vacuum state input, the prediction of our theory is in qualitative agreement with our experimental data. We also give several additional examples of how the theory works, for various quantum input states, which may be easily tested in the lab; including two single-mode squeezed vacuums, single- and two-photon inputs, where we show the diffraction process produces two-mode squeezed vacuum, number-path entanglement and a Hong-Ou-Mandel-like effect--analogous to a beam splitter.


For using 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N′-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) as a hole conductor in solar cells, it is necessary to improve its charge-transport properties through electrochemical doping. With the aim of fabricating efficient mesoscopic TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3 heterojunction solar cells, we used tris[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)cobalt(III) tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide)] (FK209) as a p-dopant for spiro-OMeTAD. The mixture of spiro-OMeTAD, FK209, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI), and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) exhibited significantly higher performance than mixtures of pristine spiro-OMeTAD, spiro-OMeTAD, and FK209, and spiro-OMeTAD, Li-TFSI, and TBP. Such a synergistic effect between the Co-complex and Li-TFSI in conjunction with spiro-OMeTAD effectively improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the fabricated solar cells. As a result, we achieved PCE of 10.4%, measured under standard solar conditions (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2).


. Sea temperatures in many tropical regions have increased by almost 1(cid:176)C over the past 100 years, and are currently increasing at ~1(cid:150)2(cid:176)C per century. Coral bleaching occurs when the thermal tolerance of corals and their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthellae) is exceeded. Mass coral bleaching has occurred in association with episodes of elevated sea temperatures over the past 20 years and involves the loss of the zooxanthellae following chronic photoinhibition. Mass bleaching has resulted in significant losses of live coral in many parts of the world. This paper considers the biochemical, physiological and ecological perspectives of coral bleaching. It also uses the outputs of four runs from three models of global climate change which simulate changes in sea temperature and hence how the frequency and intensity of bleaching events will change over the next 100 years. The results suggest that the thermal toler-ances of reef-building corals are likely to be exceeded every year within the next few decades. Events as severe as the 1998 event, the worst on record, are likely to become commonplace within 20 years. Most information suggests that the capacity for acclimation by corals has already been exceeded, and that adaptation will be too slow to avert a decline in the quality of the world(cid:146)s reefs. The rapidity of the changes that are predicted indicates a major problem for tropical marine ecosystems and suggests that unrestrained warming cannot occur without the loss and degradation of coral reefs on a global scale.


In this paper, we develop Fringe-Saving A* (FSA*), an incremental version of A* that repeatedly finds shortest paths in a known gridworld from a given start cell to a given goal cell while the traversability costs of cells increase or decrease. The first search of FSA* is the same as that of A*. However, FSA* is able to find shortest paths during the subsequent searches faster than A* because it reuses the beginning of the immediately preceeding A* search tree that is identical to the current A* search tree. FSA* does this by restoring the content of the OPEN list of A* at the point in time when an A* search for the current search problem could deviate from the A* search for the immediately preceeding search problem. We present first experimental results that demonstrate that FSA* can have a runtime advantage over A* and Lifelong Planning A* (LPA*), an alternative incremental version of A*.


Should college athletes be compensated for their play and if so, how? The first question has been a debate for some time now. But the second question—the "how"—not so much. This writing addresses both questions in depth. With the Ed O'Bannon case that was decided back in August of 2014 and the palaver the Northwestern football team raised in their efforts to unionize, it is acknowledged that the discussions on this issue may have reached its crescendo years ago. That is until now. On September 27, 2019, Gavin Newsom, the Governor of California, signed into law Senate Bill 206. Senate Bill 206 is a law that will allow athletes who compete in collegiate sports for California colleges and universities to profit off of their name, image or likeness; a practice that is currently prohibited under NCAA rules. The law is scheduled to go into effect January 1, 2023.

California's passing of S.B. 206 has set off a chain reaction. As of May 25, 2020 over 34 states have drafted their own Pay for Play provisions. California's initiative with a large majority of states following suit has forced the NCAA to do something it has resisted doing for more than 60 years. On April 29, 2020 the NCAA's Board of Governors announced it is moving forward with a plan that would allow college athletes to earn money for endorsements and a host of other activities involving personal appearances and social media content. The NCAA's Pay for Play version is scheduled to go into effect in the fall of 2021. A quick review of some of the groundwork the NCAA is laying on this issue reveals that the NCAA will be attempting to reign in and place tighter restrictions on what the athletes can do by way of endorsement and promotions than the more general provisions found in the respective state Pay for Play provisions.

For example, the NCAA's Pay for Play provision will more than likely prohibit her athletes from using their respective universities' names and school logos in any of the athlete's endorsements or promotions thus severely limiting the athletes' ability to use their name, image, or likeness optimally. By contrast, S.B. 206 does not contain such restrictions. Thus the stage has been set for some wrangling that will occur between the NCAA, and the respective states. Dynamics that spark a host of interesting issues for analysis and exploration for another day.

But key for the task at hand is the fact that none of these Pay for Play provisions address the prohibition against the universities themselves compensating the college athlete. Those prohibitions are still in place and the NCAA has given every indication that it intends to do everything it can to keep it that way.

Accordingly, this writing focuses on the step yet to be taken. The Universities themselves compensating the college athlete. That act would be far more significant as university compensation would reach a larger portion of Division I athletes and not just the highly marketable superstars that pepper the top echelon Division I programs. This writing makes the clear case for universities' compensating their athletes.

This writing stands alone in that it also shows the viability of compensating the college athlete by setting the analysis within the context of an NCAA Division I program; namely the University of Michigan. This article proposes with specificity how compensating the college athlete can be done without disrupting existing athletic programs. Popular refrains of athletic program poverty and having to shut down other sports programs are addressed and summarily debunked. The time has come to recognize that these athletes are university employees and are an integral part of the revenue generating component that earns millions for their respective universities. It's time that these athletes be compensated fairly and appropriately for their efforts. This piece makes the clear case for it and quantifies it by the numbers.


Recognition of aspiring states from established countries is central to becoming a member state of the international system. Previous research suggests that great power recognition decisions regarding aspiring states rapidly converge toward either recognition or non-recognition, yet great power convergence has still not occurred in the case of Kosovo after more than ten years. Unilateral secessions typically remain wholly unrecognized, since they violate the norm of home state consent, yet Kosovo has now been recognized by more than 100 countries. Why do some countries extend recognition to unilateral secessions, and do so early, whereas others delay recognition or withhold it altogether? In the case of Kosovo, great power influence and contestation, rather than convergence, have played a key role in shaping recognition decisions. We argue that countries in the US sphere of influence, with strong economic and military ties, are more likely to recognize Kosovo and to do so relatively fast, whereas countries influenced by Russia are less likely to recognize Kosovo at all, or to do so only after an extended delay. However, great powers are not equal in influencing other states to adopt their preferred position, since the USA is more powerful than Russia and can benefit from working alongside allies within the Western-oriented world order. We estimate a non-proportional Cox model with new time-varying data on Kosovo recognition and provide evidence that US military ties influenced other countries in extending recognition to unilateral secession.


Background: Goal pursuit is not without its challenges because athletes may encounter barriers along the way. Moreover, these barriers may or may not produce positive affect in the setting of goals or performances. Therefore, this study explored the perceptions of Olympic athletes and their experiences encountering performance goal barriers. Materials and Methods: A qualitative methodology was used to collect data from participants using semi-structured interviews. The interviews focused on their goals and goal setting including the barriers they perceived during their athletic career. These interviews served as the major data source and generation of the relevant themes. The purposefully sampled participants who agreed to be interviewed were scheduled according to a date and time that best suited their calendars. Participants were seven male individual sport Olympic athletes, representing four sports. These elite athletes competed in a total of 10 Games. The average age at their first Olympics was 25.1 years old. Results: The analysis indicated that participants reported experiencing injury as their primary barrier. Participants did not mention facilities or equipment as a potential barrier. Furthermore, although they encountered barriers, they were reluctant to modify their long-term goals by remaining committed to their goals. Conclusion: Research findings revealed that coaches, athletes, and strength and conditioning staff should pay particular attention to training and competition schedules that may initiate or aggravate injury. Moreover, all sports personnel should be cognizant that athletes can experience stress due to injury or illness. Therefore, goal setting should include planning and strategies to collaboratively deal with potential barriers.


This paper, after providing an introduction to the operating context of low cost carriers in Europe, examines the competitive pricing behaviour of airlines. Data is collected by route for cases where more than one airline is in direct competition. Data on fares is obtained from the internet for two airlines with competing services to Alicante, Prague and Malaga, departing from Nottingham East Midlands Airport in the UK, for the six working weeks up to and including the actual departure. These destinations represent leisure traffic. Two domestic business destinations were also selected to illustrate price competition on business demand where departure times were within a maximum of 20 minutes of each other and a further examination of competing services from London Gatwick (LGW) was made. Cross Correlation Analysis is used to examine whether, subject to a variety of lags, the prices offered by one airline can be seen to be both correlated with the other price series and to lead it. This provides some insight into the pricing strategy adopted by the competitors. Autocorrelation Functions (ACFs) and Partial Autocorrelation Functions (PACFs) can also be produced on the prices offered by each airline. These suggest the nature of the ARIMA model that can be fitted to the series and these models can show the degree to which series values are correlated with their own past values and whether a reasonable model could be based on an ARIMA approach. The relative strength of these two relationships is examined; are prices more closely explained by the competitor's actions or the airlines own past price setting?


We numerically investigate and experimentally demonstrate a new route to controllably manipulate the spontaneous decay rate of dipole emitters in coupled plasmonic modes. The structure under investigation is an hexagonal close-packed array of gold core - silica shell nanoparticles (NPs) sandwiched between two gold films. We show that the interaction of localized and propagating surface plasmon polaritons can dramatically enhance the spontaneous emission rate of quantum emitters (rhodamine isothiocyanate) grafted in the NP silica shell. This strong enhancement (70−100 times) further occurs on the whole, broadband emission spectrum (565 nm to 640 nm) of the emitters.


Social immune behaviors are described in a great variety of insect societies and their role in preventing emerging infectious diseases has become a major topic in insect research. The social immune system consists of multiple layers, ranging from the synthesis of external immune molecules to the coordination of individual behaviors into sophisticated collective defensive tasks. But our understanding of how complex group-level behavioral defenses are orchestrated has remained limited. We sought to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the relationship between the external activity of an important immune effector molecule in termites, Gram negative binding protein 2 (GNBP-2) and collective grooming and cannibalism. We reasoned that as an external enzyme capable of degrading entomopathogenic fungi, GNBP-2 can facilitate the spread of pathogenic molecules in the colony, and thus serve to trigger collective defenses in a manner analogous to pathogen-associated molecular signatures (PAMPs) of the individual immune system. To test whether GNBP-2 could play a role in regulating social immune behavior, we experimentally inhibited its fungicidal activity using the glycomimetic molecule, D-d-gluconolactone (GDL) and recorded collective behavioral responses to an infected nestmate. Contrary to expectations, GNBP-2 inhibition did not influence the rate or intensity of grooming of either control or fungus-infected nestmates. By contrast, we found that the probability of being harmed through defensive cannibalistic behaviors was significantly reduced by the inhibition of GNBP-2. Our findings indicate that the regulation of collective immune behaviors may depend in part on the external secretion of an enzyme originating from the individual immune system, but that other cues are also necessary.


The advent of new imaging technologies has allowed faster and higher-resolution cellular image acquisition by light microscopy. This has directly aided clinical research by allowing doctors and other researchers to better visualize cells and cellular components, which improves their ability to provide accurate prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of a variety of diseases. However, a major bottleneck now is the manual evaluation of such images. Especially with the sheer amount of data being generated from these images, manual evaluation and analysis is becoming increasingly cumbersome. To address this concern, there has been extensive work on researching methods to automatically extract cellular and subcellular features that give morphological and functional insight into the cell. Some examples include extracting size/shape of cell boundaries, density of mitochondria, expression level of proteins, nuclear/cell size ratio, etc. Here, we specifically focus on techniques to robustly extract information about the cellular proteins actin, myosin, and phosphotyrosine from images of cells specifically labeled with fluorescent moieties localized to the specific proteins. These proteins are known to be important components in the signaling pathways regulating cellular proliferation. Being able to quickly and automatically extract information about such proteins from raw images will greatly aid biological research, especially on topics related to understanding the role of the microenvironment in disease. Such extracted features can then be used for cellular classification. Future work can incorporate our feature extraction capabilities to classify a cell into categories with known feature parameters.


The objective of this article is to analyse empirically the problem of mobbing in Spain. Based on the fifth Spanish survey on working conditions, we find that during 2003, around 5% of workers declared being mobbed at their workplace. Some personal, job characteristics and working conditions are found to be significant at explaining the probability of being a mobbing victim. Finally, we find differences in the variables affecting such probability depending on the victim's gender.


Simultaneous direct and Schlieren photographs at 40,000 frames per second and correlated pressure records were taken of knocking combustion in a special spark-ignition engine to ascertain the intensity of certain end-zone reactions previously noted from Schlieren photography alone. A violent propagated homogeneous autoignition, or a similar phenomenon, previously observed, was again observed. The pressure records show autoignition of varying violence before the passage of a probable detonation wave. Extensive autoignition without occurrence of gas vibrations was seen in one explosion.


The network research community is working in the field of automotive to provide VANET based safety applications to reduce the number of accidents, deaths, injuries and loss of money. Several approaches are proposed and investigated in VANET literature, but in a completely network-oriented fashion. Most of them do not take into account application requirements and no one considers the dynamics of the vehicles. Moreover, message repropagation schemes are widely proposed without investigating their benefits and using very complicated approaches. This technical report, which is derived from the Master Thesis of Michele Segata, focuses on the Emergency Electronic Brake Lights (EEBL) safety application, meant to send warning messages in the case of an emergency brake, in particular performing a joint analysis of network requirements and provided application level benefits. The EEBL application is integrated within a Collaborative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) which uses network-provided information to automatically brake the car if the driver does not react to the warning. Moreover, an information aggregation scheme is proposed to analyze the benefits of repropagation together with the consequent increase of network load. This protocol is compared to a protocol without repropagation and to a rebroadcast protocol found in the literature (namely the weighted p-persistent rebroadcast). The scenario is a highway stretch in which a platoon of vehicles brake down to a complete stop. Simulations are performed using the NS_3 network simulation in which two mobility models have been embedded. The first one, which is called Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) emulates the behavior of a driver trying to reach a desired speed and braking when approaching vehicles in front. The second one (Minimizing Overall Braking Induced by Lane change (MOBIL)), instead, decides when a vehicle has to change lane in order to perform an overtake or optimize its path. The original simulator has been modified by - introducing real physical limits to naturally reproduce real crashes; - implementing a CACC; - implementing the driver reaction when a warning is received; - implementing different network protocols. The tests are performed in different situations, such as different number of lanes (one to five), different average speeds, different network protocols and different market penetration rates and they show that: - the adoption of this technology considerably decreases car accidents since the overall average maximum deceleration is reduced; - network load depends on application-level details, such as the implementation of the CACC; - VANET safety application can improve safety even with a partial market penetration rate; - message repropagation is important to reduce the risk of accidents when not all vehicles are equipped; - benefits are gained not only by equipped vehicles but also by unequipped ones.


SuMMarY: although boat seines have a significant share in the total fish landings in Greece, there is little information on boat seine fisheries. the present study aims to identify boat seine metiers on a national level and contribute to a better understanding of their operation in Greece. We used boat seine landings data collected from a large number of ports in the aegean and east ionian Sea between 2002 and 2006. the landings profiles were grouped with a two-step procedure: the first step involved a factorial analysis of the log-transformed landings profiles, and the second step was a classification of the factorial coordinates (hierarchical agglomerative clustering). Six metiers were identified in the aegean Sea, and three in the ionian Sea. the 'picarel-bogue' metier was the most important in both seas, accounting for 54% and 88% of the fishing trips of the sample in the aegean and ionian Seas respectively. apart from picarel and bogue, other important target species were red mullet, european squid, common pandora, chub mackerel, and european pilchard. varying spatial (within the aegean and ionian Seas) and seasonal patterns were evident for the identified metiers.


Abstract
 We report 3 new state crayfish records from the Tennessee River drainage in Tishomingo County, Mississippi: 1 is a re-identification of previously published material, and 2 are from unpublished collections. Faxonius yanahlindus (Spinywrist Crayfish), recently described from the middle Tennessee River drainage in northwest Alabama and southern Tennessee, is closely related to F. spinosus (Coosa River Spiny Crayfish) and F. putnami (Phallic Crayfish). In light of the new species description, we re-examined crayfish collected in southern tributaries of the Tennessee River in northeast Mississippi that were previously identified as F. spinosus or F. putnami. We reassigned the specimens to F. yanahlindus, extending the species' range into northeast Mississippi. We also report new state records of 2 other crayfishes. Faxonius placidus (Bigclaw Crayfish) was collected from Whetstone Branch, a tributary of Pickwick Reservoir on the Tennessee River, and F. erichsonianus (Reticulate Crayfish) was collected from Cedar Creek, a tributary of Bear Creek in the Tennessee River basin.


Yerba Maté (YM), has become a popular herb ingested for enhancing metabolic health and weight-loss outcomes. No studies have tested the combined metabolic, satiety, and psychomotor effects of YM during exercise. We tested whether YM ingestion affects fatty acid oxidation (FAO), profile of mood state score (POMS), and subjective appetite scale (VAS), during prolonged moderate exercise. Twelve healthy active females were randomized to ingest either 2 g of YM or placebo (PLC) in a repeated-measures design. Participants rested for 120 min before performing a 30-min cycling exercise corresponding to individuals' crossover point intensity (COP). FAO, determined using indirect calorimetry, was significantly higher during the 30-min exercise in YM vs. PLC (0.21 ± 0.07 vs. 0.17 ± 0.06 g/min, p < 0.05). VAS scores for hunger, prospective eating, and desire to eat were all reduced (p < 0.05). Whereas, POMS measures of focus, energy, and concentration were all increased (p < 0.05). There was no significant time-effect for any of the measured variables, nor was there any interaction effects between YM treatment and time. Combining YM intake with prolonged exercise at targeted "fat-loss"' intensities augments FAO and improves measures of satiety and mood state. Such positive combined metabolic, satiety, and psychomotor effects may provide an important role for designing future fat and weight-loss lifestyle interventions.


This thesis addresses computer game play activities from the perspective of embodied and situated cognition. From such a perspective, game play can be divided into the physical handling of the game and the players' understanding of it. Game play can also be described in terms of three different levels of situatedness "high-level" situatedness, the contextual "here and now", and "low-level" situatedness. Moreover, theoretical and empirical implications of such a perspective have been explored more in detail in two case studies.


Suits brought under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 to recover damages for excessive force by the police bear some resemblance to common law tort litigation, since the key Fourth Amendment issue is whether the force was 'unreasonable.' In ordinary negligence law the jury typically decides whether an actor has exercised reasonable care, even when there is no dispute as to the facts. In section 1983 litigation the federal courts are badly split on the allocation of decision making between judge and jury, sometimes even within a particular circuit. The Supreme Court recently faced the judge-jury issue in Scott v. Harris, where it ruled that a police officer acts reasonably when he rams a suspect's car in order to end a high speed chase. But the Court did not explain why it preferred judge over jury, nor even identify the judge-jury choice as an important issue in the case. This article argues that, whatever the merit of the substantive holding in Scott, the Court was right to favor judge over jury on the reasonableness-of-force issue. The key difference between constitutional torts and common law torts is that the defendant in a section 1983 suit can win even if he has violated the plaintiff's constitutional rights. This is so because the defendant enjoys official immunity from liability for damages so long as those rights were not 'clearly established' at the time he acted. Juries cannot lay down rules. As a result, a regime in which juries decide Fourth Amendment reasonableness on a case by case basis will necessarily thwart plaintiffs' efforts to recover damages. The aims of section 1983 - to deter constitutional violations and vindicate constitutional rights - would be better served by a body of law that consists of bright-line rules, which can only be made by judges.


Hydrogels and porous lyophilized hydrogels have been designed using a polyurethane brush with a chitosan backbone through grafting. The degree of substitution of grafting has been varied for controlled properties and has been confirmed by 13C NMR, FTIR and UV-vis measurements. Surface modification of chitosan has been done to check the hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance which is reflected in their swelling behavior and contact angle. Porous interconnected three dimensional network structures with controlled size are observed by using a scanning electron microscope. Hydrogels or lyophilized hydrogels have sufficient mechanical strength and the brush like structure helps increase the fluidity as measured from the lesser viscosity under oscillatory shear as compared to pure chitosan and thereby the brush acts like a slipping agent. Sustained drug release is achieved using a brush copolymer as opposed to burst release noticed in pure chitosan. A controlled drug release phenomenon has been modeled both for hydrogels and lyophilized hydrogels following the Fickian diffusion (n < 0.45). Excellent cytocompatibility of the brush copolymer has been verified through cell line studies using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Interestingly, the cells grow nicely within the pores of a graft copolymer while predominantly the usual cell growth on the surface is observed in the lyophilized hydrogel of chitosan indicating the effect of brush like modification on the chitosan backbone towards better cell proliferation. The developed brush copolymers have the ability to form hydrogels under physiological conditions at 37 °C through sol–gel transformation which makes them suitable to be used as injectable hydrogels as evidenced from the in vivo experiment using a rat model. Hence, the developed brush copolymers are promising as potential biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.


ELM time series from TCV Ohmic H-mode plasmas are analysed in order to extract information on the ELM process. Firstly, signatures of a chaotic behaviour called unstable periodic orbits become visible when particular plasma conditions are reached. Secondly, the ELMs are sometimes synchronized with the sawteeth activity. The dependence of the phase of the synchronization and the ratio of the ELM frequency to the sawteeth frequency on the plasma parameters is described.


Paper-reinforced plastics are gaining increased interest as packaging materials, where mechanical properties are of great importance. Strength and stress transfer in paper sheets are controlled by fibre-fibre bonds. In paper-reinforced plastics, where the sheet is impregnated with a polymer resin, other stress-transfer mechanisms may be more important. The influence of fibre-fibre bonds on the strength of paper-reinforced plastics was therefore investigated. Paper sheets with different degrees of fibre-fibre bonding were manufactured and used as reinforcement in a polymeric matrix. Image analysis tools were used to verify that the difference in the degree of fibre-fibre bonding had been preserved in the composite materials. Strength and stiffness of the composites were experimentally determined and showed no correlation to the degree of fibre-fibre bonding, in contrast to the behaviour of unimpregnated paper sheets. The degree of fibre-fibre bonding is therefore believed to have little importance in this type of material, where stress is mainly transferred through the fibre-matrix interface.


The aim of this Thesis is to defend the following two main claims: (a) A "Baconian" science of economics is desirable and possible; (b) Two of Bacon's central insights are of particular relevance for modern economics: the importance of concept formation as a part of the scientific endeavour and the collaboration of theory construction and measurement. Chapter 1 introduces the topic by way of juxtaposing and contrasting Francis Bacon's scientific method with Gustav Schmoller's philosophy of economics and showing that they share a number of crucial aspects, which are significant for modern methodological debates. It is argued that the three epistemic virtues of phenomenal adequacy, explanatory power and exactness are as relevant for contemporary economics as they were for Schmoller and Bacon. Chapters 2-4 critically examine various strands in the contemporary economic literature. It is claimed that methods of concept formation dominant in this literature can allow us to obtain either of the three virtues severally but not all three simultaneously. In response to this criticism, Chapter 5 develops an alternative method of economic concept formation. In particular, the idea of Natural Economic Quantities (NEQs) is introduced. Essentially, an economic quantity is natural if and only if it figures in a tested causal model and it is measurable in the appropriate way. NEQs are supposed to help in building models which achieve the three epistemic virtues simultaneously, and thus allow economics to be a "Baconian" science. The theory of NEQs and its ability to help in realising all three epistemic virtues is illustrated with a case study from William Stanley Jevons's work on index numbers.


Temporary migrants comprise approximately 11% of the Australian workforce and are systemically underpaid across a range of industries. The most vulnerable of these workers (including international students and backpackers) rarely successfully recover unpaid wages and entitlements. In 2015, media revealed systematic exploitation of 7-Eleven's international student workforce, reflecting practices that have since been identified in other major Australian franchises. In an unprecedented response, 7-Eleven head office established a wage repayment program, which operated until February 2017. As of mid-2017, the program had determined claims worth over $150 million — by far the highest rectification of unpaid wages in Australian history. Drawing on interviews with international students and a range of stakeholders across Australia, this article uses 7-Eleven as a case study to illuminate systemic barriers that prevent temporary migrants from accessing remedies for unpaid entitlements within existing legal and institutional frameworks. We identify the unique attributes of the 7-Eleven wage repayment program that have contributed to its unusual accessibility and efficacy, and which may point to conditions needed to improve temporary migrants' access to justice through state-based institutions and business-led redress processes.


The success of machine learning, particularly in supervised settings, has led to numerous attempts to apply it in adversarial settings such as spam and malware detection. The core challenge in this class of applications is that adversaries are not static data generators, but make a deliberate effort to evade the classifiers deployed to detect them. We investigate both the problem of modeling the objectives of such adversaries, as well as the algorithmic problem of accounting for rational, objective-driven adversaries. In particular, we demonstrate severe shortcomings of feature reduction in adversarial settings using several natural adversarial objective functions, an observation that is particularly pronounced when the adversary is able to substitute across similar features (for example, replace words with synonyms or replace letters in words). We offer a simple heuristic method for making learning more robust to feature cross-substitution attacks. We then present a more general approach based on mixed-integer linear programming with constraint generation, which implicitly trades off overfitting and feature selection in an adversarial setting using a sparse regularizer along with an evasion model. Our approach is the first method for combining an adversarial classification algorithm with a very general class of models of adversarial classifier evasion. We show that our algorithmic approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives.


Under normal viewing conditions, due to the motion of objects and to eye movements, the retinotopic representation of the environment constantly changes. Yet we perceive the world as stable, and we easily keep track of moving objects. Here, we investigated the neural correlates of non-retinotopic motion integration using high-density EEG. We used a Ternus-Pikler display to establish either a retinotopic or non-retinotopic frame of reference. Three disks were presented for 250 ms followed by an ISI of 150 ms. The disks then reappeared either at the same location (retinotopic reference frame), or shifted sideways (non-retinotopic reference frame). After another ISI, the sequence started over again. In the middle disk, a notch was either changing positions across frames in a rotating fashion, or stayed in the same position. Every 5th to 9th frame, the notch started or stopped rotating, and observers had to report this with a button-press. GFP analysis revealed a stronger response for rotating than static notches. This effect appears around 200 ms after frame onset when a change from static to rotation has just occurred, but later in the sequence it is instead present already after circa 100 ms. Importantly, these results hold for both the retinotopic and the non-retinotopic conditions, indicating that the encoding of rotation does not depend on reference frame. In line with this, only very minor reference frame effects were observed and these did not interact with the rotation effects. Electrical source imaging showed that the underlying neural processing of the rotation activity seems to be located partially in the right middle temporal gyrus.


BACKGROUND
Limited studies concern the influence of obesity-induced dysregulation of adipokines in functional recovery after stroke neurorehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between serum leptin, resistin, and adiponectin and functional recovery before and after neurorehabilitation of obese stroke patients. The adipokine potential significance as prognostic markers of rehabilitation outcomes was also verified.

METHODS
Twenty obese post-acute stroke patients before and after neurorehabilitation and thirteen obese volunteers without-stroke, as controls, were examined. Adipokines were determined by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Functional deficits were assessed before and after neurorehabilitation with the Barthel Index (BI), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM).

RESULTS
Compared to controls, higher leptin and resistin values and lower adiponectin values were observed in stroke patients before neurorehabilitation and no correlations were found between adipokines and clinical outcome measures. Neurorehabilitation was associated with improved scores of BI, mRS, and FIM. After neurorehabilitation, decreased values of Body Mass Index (BMI) and resistin together increased adiponectin were detected in stroke patients, while leptin decreased but not statistically. Comparing adipokine values assessed before neurorehabilitation with the outcome measures after neurorehabilitation, correlations were observed for leptin with BI-score, mRS-score, and FIM-score. No other adipokine levels nor BMI assessed before neurorehabilitation correlated with the clinical measures after neurorehabilitation. The forward stepwise regression analysis identified leptin as prognostic factor for BI, mRS, and FIM.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data show the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation in modulating adipokines levels and suggest that leptin could assume the significance of biomarker of functional recovery.


We combine two datasets to examine whether the presence of banks affects the profitability and outreach of microfinance institutions. We find evidence that competition matters. Greater bank penetration in the overall economy is associated with microbanks pushing toward poorer markets, as reflected in smaller average loans sizes and greater outreach to women. The evidence is particularly strong for microbanks relying on commercial-funding and using traditional bilateral lending contracts (rather than group lending methods favored by microfinance NGOs). We consider plausible alternative explanations for the correlations, including relationships that run through the nature of the regulatory environment and the structure of the banking environment, but we fail to find strong support for these alternative hypotheses.


If science does not see that the time has come to recognize as its central concern the whole of man, as individual and group, it fails to do justice to its greatest task and opportunity. Adolphmeyer Adolph Meyer, to the best of our knowledge, first publicly uttered his term psychobiology in 1906 at the Clark University (Worcester, Mass) symposium, in the presence of Sigmund Freud. 1 Meyer thereby espoused a clinical application of holism, the idea that the study of patients— and of humanity—should encompass the entire life experience, including biologic processes. In 1935, he stated that "any truly human study of man will always include life history and situation as well as function of structure and function of function." 2 For this holistic examination of patients, he designed a life chart for noting biologic aberrations in the major body systems and important life experiences, both normative and traumatic.


"Native Citizens!" Citizenship, Family, and Governance During the Haitian Revolution, 17891806 Given the upheaval of the Haitian Revolution, and first head-of-state Jean-Jacques Dessalines's insistence on divesting Haiti from all French influence, it is unsurprising that many historians have depicted Dessalines's rule as a dramatic rupture; the end of an old state, and the beginning of a new one. However, despite Dessalines's stated desire to divest from French influence, he continued to use the language of citizenship in legal texts, speeches, and proclamations, despite its strong association with French republicanism. By examining legislative texts and proclamations from 1793 to 1806, I argue that Dessalines used the language of citizenship as a shorthand for duty, obedience, and unity, in order to ensure the security both of the nation, and of his own authority. In doing so, he continued a trend set by pre-independence administrators, who used citizenship rhetoric in their attempts to establish order after the proclamation of emancipation in 1793. "Thrown into this Hospitable Land:" French Refugees in Virginia, 1793-1810 I explore the experiences of French refugees from the Haitian Revolution in Virginia, tracing several members of one refugee household in order to understand how refugees negotiated the opportunities and limitations that they faced upon arrival in the state. French refugees were received in the state with a combination of enthusiasm and suspicion, with the latter being particularly directed towards enslaved refugees, who were feared to carry the "contagion" of slave revolt. By piecing together the archival traces left by two members of the Burot family – planter Alexander Burot, and enslaved domestic Julia Ann Burot – and their immediate relatives, I speculate on the ways in which they addressed the obstacles they faced in Virginia, and argue that their ability to exploit personal and professional relationships, together with sheer good fortune, was instrumental to their achieving some level of socio-economic success in the state.


Background—In patients with coronary artery disease and reduced ejection fraction, amiodarone reduces mortality by decreasing sudden death. Because the latter may be triggered by coronary artery thrombosis as much as ventricular arrhythmias, amiodarone might interfere with tissue factor (TF) expression and thrombus formation. Methods and Results—Clinically relevant plasma concentrations of amiodarone reduced TF activity and impaired carotid artery thrombus formation in a mouse photochemical injury model in vivo. PTT, aPTT, and tail bleeding time were not affected; platelet number was slightly decreased. In human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, amiodarone inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&agr; and thrombin-induced TF expression as well as surface activity. Amiodarone lacking iodine and the main metabolite of amiodarone, N-monodesethylamiodarone, inhibited TF expression. Amiodarone did not affect mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, TF mRNA expression, and TF protein degradation. Metabolic labeling confirmed that amiodarone inhibited TF protein translation. Conclusions—Amiodarone impairs thrombus formation in vivo; in line with this, it inhibits TF protein expression and surface activity in human vascular cells. These pleiotropic actions occur within the range of amiodarone concentrations measured in patients, and thus may account at least in part for its beneficial effects in patients with coronary artery disease.


This paper examines the consequences of the differences in the timing of information disclosure between the U.S. and Japanese patent systems. Under the Japanese system it is possible for a firm to apply for a patent knowing the exact specifications of a rival's patent application. In contrast, in the U.S. the only way a firm learns about a rival's innovation is upon the actual granting of the rival's patent. We argue that this difference enables Japanese firms to coordinate their R&D efforts better than their U.S. counterparts and that this, in turn, leads to smaller quality improvements under the Japanese system. We show that the creation/diffusion tradeoff of patents can be influenced not only by the scope and length of patent protection but also by other features of the patenting process.


Many people report having had an 'out-of-body' experience (OBE) in which they felt as if their phenomenal self was separated from their physical body. Previous work has found OBE experients (OBErs) to score higher on measures of dissociation (e.g. Richards, 1991) and to differ from non-experients (non-OBErs) with regard to the perceptual experience of their body (Irwin, 2000). These findings have been interpreted as supporting a dissociational theory of the OBE. More recent work has suggested that an examination of other dimensions of body experience might reveal further aspects of such dissociational experience (Murray & Fox, 2005a, 2005b). In this work, OBErs have been found to score higher on a measure of body dissatisfaction, and lower on a measure of confidence in their physical self-presentation than non-OBErs. However, this prior research did not distinguish between those who had had a spontaneous OBE or an OBE as part of a near-death experience (NDE). The circumstances surrounding the spontaneous OBE and the NDE which includes an OBE appear to be very different; the former usually takes place when the person is on the verge of being awake or asleep, while the latter usually occurs when the person is placed in very stressful and fearful circumstances in which they perceive themselves to be near to death, are by some objective criteria near to death, or both. Given the very different contexts in which these forms of OBE occur, in the present study it was hypothesised that the causes of the spontaneous OBE and the OBE which takes place as part of an NDE have different causal psychological mechanisms. If this was supported by research findings, this would suggest at least two pathways to the OBE and the need for research which distinguishes between these. It was predicted that people reporting a prior spontaneous OBE would score more negatively on a variety of dimensions of body-related experience than people reporting an OBE as part as an NDE. Not all of the hypotheses were supported, but spontaneous OBErs were found to score significantly higher on measures of somatoform dissociation, body dissatisfaction and self-consciousness. The findings reported here support the theory that there are pre-existing differences in the body experience of NDErs and spontaneous OBErs.


Recent evidence indicates that the voltage (cyclic activation and deactivation of membrane ion channels) and Ca2+ clocks (rhythmic spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release) jointly regulate sinoatrial node (SAN) automaticity. Since the intact SAN is a heterogeneous structure that includes multiple different cell types interacting with each other, the relative importance of the voltage and Ca2+ clocks for pacemaking may be variable in different regions of the SAN. Recently, we performed optical mapping in isolated and Langendorff-perfused canine right atria. We mapped the intracellular calcium (Cai) and membrane potentials of the intact SAN simultaneously. Using previously described criteria of the timing of the late diastolic Cai elevation (LDCAE) relative to the action potential upstroke to detect Ca2+ clock activity, we demonstrated that the sinus rate increased and the leading pacemaker shifted to the superior SAN with the robust LDCAE during β-adrenergic stimulation. We also showed that the LDCAE was caused by spontaneous diastolic SR Ca2+ release and was closely related with heart rate changes. We conclude that the Ca2+ and voltage clocks work synergistically to generate SAN automaticity.


Introduction to Remote Sensing Principles and Concepts provides a comprehensive student introduction to both the theory and application of remote sensing. This textbook * introduces the field of remote sensing and traces its historical development and evolution * presents detailed explanations of core remote sensing principles and concepts providing the theory required for a clear understanding of remotely sensed images. * describes important remote sensing platforms - including Landsat, SPOT and NOAA * examines and illustrates many of the applications of remotely sensed images in various fields. A unique World Wide Web site accompanies this textbook. Developed for the users of Netscape 3 / Internet Explorer or above, this site offers: * over 45 full colour images with descriptions * examples illustrating remote sensing applications for meteorology, geology, vegetation studies, urban studies and oceanography * material from the Americas, the UK, Ireland, Africa, Australasia, Africa and Western Europe * Image exercises, with answers * Shorter questions and answers on remote sensing * An online glossary of terms, links to sources of useful remote sensing information available online.


CONTEXT
Among patients with locally advanced metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gemcitabine has been shown to improve outcomes compared with fluorouracil.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if the addition of gemcitabine to adjuvant fluorouracil chemoradiation (chemotherapy plus radiation) improves survival for patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Randomized controlled phase 3 trial of patients with complete gross total resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and no prior radiation or chemotherapy enrolled between July 1998 and July 2002 with follow-up through August 18, 2006, at 164 US and Canadian institutions.

INTERVENTION
Chemotherapy with either fluorouracil (continuous infusion of 250 mg/m2 per day; n = 230) or gemcitabine (30-minute infusion of 1000 mg/m2 once per week; n = 221) for 3 weeks prior to chemoradiation therapy and for 12 weeks after chemoradiation therapy. Chemoradiation with a continuous infusion of fluorouracil (250 mg/m2 per day) was the same for all patients (50.4 Gy).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Survival for all patients and survival for patients with pancreatic head tumors were the primary end points. Secondary end points included toxicity.

RESULTS
A total of 451 patients were randomized, eligible, and analyzable. Patients with pancreatic head tumors (n = 388) had a median survival of 20.5 months and a 3-year survival of 31% in the gemcitabine group vs a median survival of 16.9 months and a 3-year survival of 22% in the fluorouracil group (hazard ratio, 0.82 [95% confidence interval, 0.65-1.03]; P = .09). The treatment effect was strengthened on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.80 [95% confidence interval, 0.63-1.00]; P = .05). Grade 4 hematologic toxicity was 1% in the fluorouracil group and 14% in the gemcitabine group (P < .001) without a difference in febrile neutropenia or infection. There were no differences in the ability to complete chemotherapy or radiation therapy (>85%).

CONCLUSIONS
The addition of gemcitabine to adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemoradiation was associated with a survival benefit for patients with resected pancreatic cancer, although this improvement was not statistically significant.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00003216.


A field study was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University during kharif 2013 to evaluate the effect of organicand inorganic sources of nitrogen on maize. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications comprising three farmyardmanure levels (0, 15 and 20 t/ha) in main-plots and five nitrogen levels 0, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of recommended dose (125 kg/ha) throughinorganic fertilizer in sub-plots. Plant growth and yield characters and nutrient content as well as uptake were recorded. Number of leaves, leafarea index, chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen content at periodic intervals increased significantly with the application of farmyard manureand nitrogen. Increase in nutrient uptake viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake along with micronutrient uptake by grain was alsoobserved with incremental farmyard manure and nitrogen levels. Growth variables were correlated positively with each other and with grainyield. A fairly negative correlation was observed between micronutrient content and growth and yield variables. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11849 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 31-37


Various properties of the paraffin have made them compatible to be incorporated in the building materials for improving the latent heat storage capacity of the building envelope. However, the poor thermal conductivity of the paraffin reduces their thermal performance and hence limits their direct application/incorporation in the buildings. In this study, composite mixtures of paraffin and expanded perlite (EP) with an equal weight percent of 49.5 and 47.5, loaded with 1% and 5% of graphene nano-platelets, respectively, were synthesized. The developed samples were characterized uncycled and after 2000 thermal cycles. The results indicate that phase change material (PCM)/expanded perlite/graphene nano-platelets composite shows a significant increment in the thermal conductivity, reduction in the latent heat storage capacity, and a small weight loss. The heat storage/release test depicts that the phase change material/expanded perlite/graphene nano-platelets-5 shows 1.66 and 2.5 times faster heat storage/release rate than phase change material/expanded perlite/graphene nano-platelets-1 and paraffin, respectively. There is no significant change noted after 2000 thermal cycles in phase change material/expanded perlite/graphene nano-platelets-5 and phase change material/expanded perlite/graphene nano-platelets-1 samples, suggesting long-term reliability of the composite PCM. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) testing were also conducted and the results suggest high thermal reliability and good chemical compatibility. These analyses suggest that the phase change material/expanded perlite/graphene nano-platelets composite can become a potential candidate for thermal energy storage.


A simple micro model of a firm's investment decision made under the uncertainty of the success of a bribe of a government official is developed. The probability of success of the bribe is a function of the amount paid to the official to "get things done." The operational model runs the amount of the bribe on such determinants as firm size, country size, shareholder ownership, political instability, and court system. The data covers the periods 2002-2005 and 2006-2010, includes 150 developing countries and has data on some 72,000 firms. Several econometric estimation methods were used. The findings support earlier studies, to wit, firm size and country size are inversely related to the index of corruption. Political instability and the court system were positively related to corruption. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.


This paper investigates the artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the dimensionless parameters for the maximum contact pressures and contact areas of a contact problem. Firstly, the problem is formulated and solved theoretically
by using Theory of Elasticity and Integral Transform Technique. Secondly, the contact problem has been extended based on the ANN. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) with three-layer was used to calculate the contact distances. External load, distance between the two quarter planes, layer heights and material properties were created by giving examples of different values were used at the training and test stages of ANN. Program code was rewritten in C++. Different types of network structures were used in the training process. The accuracy of the trained neural networks for the case was tested using 173 new data which were generated via theoretical solutions so as to determine the best network model. As a result, minimum deviation value (difference between theoretical and C++ ANN results) of was obtained for the network model. Theoretical results were compared with artificial neural network results and well agreements between them were achieved.


The Internet of Things (IoT) is on the verge of a major paradigm shift. In the IoT system of the future, IoFT, the "cloud" will be substituted by the "crowd" where model training is brought to the edge, allowing IoT devices to collaboratively extract knowledge and build smart analytics/models while keeping their personal data stored locally. This paradigm shift was set into motion by the tremendous increase in computational power on IoT devices and the recent advances in decentralized and privacy-preserving model training, coined as federated learning (FL). This article provides a vision for IoFT and a systematic overview of current efforts towards realizing this vision. Specifically, we first introduce the defining characteristics of IoFT and discuss FL data-driven approaches, opportunities, and challenges that allow decentralized inference within three dimensions: (i) a global model that maximizes utility across all IoT devices, (ii) a personalized model that borrows strengths across all devices yet retains its own model, (iii) a meta-learning model that quickly adapts to new devices or learning tasks. We end by describing the vision and challenges of IoFT in reshaping different industries through the lens of domain experts. Those industries include manufacturing, transportation, energy, healthcare, quality & reliability, business, and computing.


Due to their weak received power, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals can be easily disrupted by radio frequency interference. Various GNSS signal processing techniques using single-antenna-based methods and antenna-arraybased methods have been addressed in the literature to mitigate the interference, as well as to enhance the desired GNSS signals. However, single-antenna techniques do not successfully suppress wideband interference in general, and the computational complexity, as well as the large size and high cost of the antenna array, still remain as barriers to numerous applications. To obtain interference mitigation performance while reducing hardware complexity, the polarization diversity provided by single-element dual-polarized antennas has also been studied. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the previous works can mitigate only one source of interference at a time, or only interference with a certain polarization (e.g., linearly-polarized interference only). This paper proposes an adaptive signal processing method for a single-element dualpolarized antenna. Similar to spatial-temporal adaptive processing algorithms for antenna arrays, our method can mitigate one wideband interference signal in the spatial domain by exploiting polarization diversity while mitigating the narrowband interference in the frequency domain using finite impulse response (FIR) filters. We consider right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP), left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP), and linearly polarized (LP) interference signals, and it is shown that our method has the capability to simultaneously suppress one wideband and multiple narrowband interferences with any of the three polarizations (i.e., RHCP, LHCP, and LP). For a demonstration of our method, simulation is performed with one wideband and multiple narrowband interference signals, which have different polarizations, in the test scenario. Using the weight vector obtained by the proposed algorithm, the angle–frequency response, frequency responses with respect to the three polarizations, and signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio plots are presented.


"Standard language" is a contested concept, ideologically, empirically and theoretically. This is particularly true for a language such as German, where the standardization of the spoken language was based on the written standard and was established with respect to a communicative situation, i.e. public speech on stage (Buhnenaussprache), which most speakers never come across. As a consequence, the norms of the oral standard exhibit many features which are infrequent in the everyday speech even of educated speakers. This paper discusses ways to arrive at a more realistic conception of (spoken) standard German, which will be termed "standard usage". It must be founded on empirical observations of speakers linguistic choices in everyday situations. Arguments in favor of a corpus-based notion of standard have to consider sociolinguistic, political, and didactic concerns. We report on the design of a large study of linguistic variation conducted at the Institute for the German Language (project "Variation in Spoken German", Variation des gesprochenen Deutsch) with the aim of arriving at a representative picture of "standard usage" in contemporary German. It systematically takes into account both diatopic variation covering the multi-national space in which German an official language, and diastratic variation in terms of varying degrees of formality. Results of the study of phonetic and morphosyntactic variation are discussed. At least for German, a corpus-based notion of "standard usage" inevitably includes some degree of pluralism concerning areal variation, and it needs to do justice to register-based variation as well.


This call to restore a sense of beauty to our culture will serveas a bellwether of the future of literary studies."Beauty and the Critic "brings together well-knownmembers of the literary academy to reassert the importance of "aestheticcriticism" and the treatment of literature as art.The contributors are responding to what the editor calls"the banality of partisanship of literary criticism in this country."The common focus is a shared suspicion of critics who are only interestedin reducing authors and their works to ideological elements, thereby mostlyignoring what makes their writings distinctive as works of art. This focus, however, by no means represents a curmudgeonly reaction or a united front.Indeed, the collection's strength is precisely its rich diversity evenas the contributors struggle with familiar problems in contemporary criticism, including the problem of the increasing distance between the language ofthe professoriate and the language of the general reader. This collection of essays by its very nature does notpresent a solution to the problem but demonstrates that critics still havemany ways to approach literature that attend to its peculiar idiom andits distinctive achievement. The essays suggest that the profession ofliterature is undergoing a sea change, not necessarily for the better, and that popular models of interpretation have become rote, shopworn conventions--techniquesthat replace thought rather than express it. James Soderholm and his colleaguesinvite us to restore a sense of beauty and a sense of dignity to the studyof literature.


Approximately twenty years after it was necessary to fight for human rights, the time came when it was necessary to do it again. Or to begin at the very least to protect them very strongly and thoroughly in a preventive manner. Other methods and means will revert to time when human rights were formally anchored but their material establishment is not yet realized, or not at least to the extent expected corresponding to their real substance. The beginning of the 90's in Central and Eastern Europe was a success in that human rights began to be looked on as natural, forming the basis of democratic State respecting the rule of law. Today we are increasingly more often encountering the reality that human rights, on the contrary, to the same extent that they have been able to be established, they are losing in value. The biggest danger consists in the fact that limiting of human rights often is attended by silence, without wider public discussion or deliberations. The lack of qualified discussion during the limiting of human rights by way of laws and implementing regulations is however a systemic problem. Correction of its results can be often very complex and doing away with the causes a long term effort. It is dependent on the quality of representative democracy and of the civil society as well. This article is devoted to problem of implementation of evidence of data accompanying telecommunications traffic, the so-called data retention, and in its development from lack of legal regulation to roughly unconstitutional legal regulation and finally to hope for a reasonably constitutional solution.


Abstract. While dust aerosols emitted from major Asian sources such as Taklimakan and Gobi deserts have been shown to have strong effect on Asian monsoon and climate, the role of dust emitted from Tibetan Plateau (TP) itself, where aerosols can directly interact with the TP heat pump because of their physical proximity both in location and elevation, has not been examined. This study uses the dust-coupled RegCM4.1 regional climate model (RCM) to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of dust aerosols originating within the TP and their radiative effects on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during both heavy and light dust years. Two 20-year simulations with and without the dust emission from TP showed that direct radiative cooling in the mid-troposphere induced by the TP locally produced dust aerosols resulted in an overall anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the low troposphere centered over the TP region. The northeasterly anomaly in the EASM region reduces its strength considerably. The simulations found a significant negative correlation between the TP column dust load produced by local emissions and the corresponding anomaly in the EASM index (r = −0.46). The locally generated TP dust can cause surface cooling far downstream in Bohai Gulf and the China–North Korea border area through stationary Rossby wave propagation. Although dust from within TP (mainly Qaidam Basin) is a relatively small portion of total Asian aerosols, its impacts on Asian monsoon and climate seems disproportionately large, likely owning to its higher elevation within TP itself.


Least-squares finite element methods have become increasingly popular for the approximate solution of first-order systems of partial differential equations. Here, after a brief review of some existing theories, a number of issues connected with the use of such methods for the velocity-vorticity-pressure formulation of the Stokes equations in two dimensions in realistic settings are studied through a series of computational experiments. Finite element spaces that are not covered by existing theories are considered; included in these are piecewise linear approximations for the velocity. Mixed boundary conditions, which are also not covered by existing theories, are also considered, as is enhancing mass conservation. Next, problems in nonconvex polygonal regions and the resulting nonsmooth solutions are considered with a view toward seeing how accuracy can be improved. A conclusion that can be drawn from this series of computational experiments is that the use of appropriate mesh-dependent weights in the least-squares functional almost always improves the accuracy of the approximations. Concluding remarks concerning three-dimensional problems, the nonlinear Navier--Stokes equations, and the conditioning of the discrete systems are provided.


The IEEE P1149.4 Mixed-Signal Test Bus Working Group has been busy developing a usable standard addressing analog testability issues for mixed-signal technologies. The Working Group's charter is to define, document, and promote the use of a standard mixed-signal test bus that can be used at the device and assembly levels to improve the controllability and observability of mixed-signal designs and to support mixed-signal built-in self-test structures in order to reduce test development time, testing costs, and improve test quality.This short article will update the reader with the current standard architecture proposal, explain how the architecture can be used in a test scenario, and challenge the reader to respond to the Working Group with solutions or observations concerning some current topics of debate within the group. This standard is still in the stages of finalization, and the ideas and constructs presented here are proposals generally accepted by the Working Group, but may still change for technical or other reasons.


In the vertebrate retina, the formation of neural circuits within discrete laminae is critical for the establishment of retinal visual function. Precise formation of retinal circuits requires the coordinated actions of adhesive and repulsive molecules, including repulsive transmembrane semaphorins (Sema6A, Sema5A, and Sema5B). These semaphorins signal through different Plexin A (PlexA) receptors, thereby regulating distinct aspects of retinal circuit assembly. Here, we investigate the physiological roles of three Class 6 transmembrane semaphorins (Sema6B, Sema6C, and Sema6D), previously identified as PlexA receptor ligands in non-retinal tissues, in mammalian retinal development. We performed expression analysis and also phenotypic analyses of mice that carry null mutations in each of genes encoding these proteins using a broad range of inner and outer retinal markers. We find that these Class 6 semaphorins are uniquely expressed throughout postnatal retinal development in specific domains and cell types of the developing retina. However, we do not observe defects in stereotypical lamina-specific neurite stratification of retinal neuron subtypes in Sema6B−/− or Sema6C−/−; Sema6D−/− retinas. These findings indicate these Class 6 transmembrane semaphorins are unlikely to serve as major PlexA receptor ligands for the assembly of murine retinal circuit laminar organization.


Change detection requires comparing the representation of a previously presented stimulus to the representation of a new stimulus. During the interval over which information about the previously presented stimulus is stored, processing of additional information may corrupt the stored representation. The effects of this interference on change detection performance has been shown to depend on allocating attention to the additional information, but is largely independent of the type (visual vs. auditory) of information to which attention is allocated (Makovski, Shim, & Jiang, 2006). In the current experiments, subjects detect changes between the shapes of two smooth, closed, 2D contours presented sequentially, while sometimes also performing a shape-part-counting task between presentations of the change detection displays. On one-third of the trials, the part-counting task was done on a shape similar in structure to the shapes in the change-detection task. On another one-third of the trials, the part-counting task was done on a shape with very different structure - a shape composed of a set of straight lines all meeting at a single point. On the remaining trials, the part-counting task was omitted. Interference due to the part-counting task was measured as the decrease in change detection performance on trials with the part-counting task relative to trials without the part-counting task. Interference effects were dependent on the similarity of the shapes used in the two tasks; similar shapes interfere more than dissimilar shapes. The difference in interference may be reduced or eliminated if the subjects know ahead of time whether there will be an additional, interfering task, and if there is, what type of stimuli will be presented.


In this remarkable inquiry into the bases of social theory, Gordon L. Clark argues that the heterogeneous nature of our society, with its pluralism of values, causes the rules of social conduct to be constantly made and remade. Examining the role of thecourts in structuring and achieving social discourse, he contends that legal doctrine is no different from other social theories: judicial interpretations are constructed out of specific circumstances and conflicting values, not deduced from neutral and logical principles. There is, he asserts, no final arbiter somehow unaffected by our controversies and schisms. As concrete examples, Clark analyzes four court disputes in depth, showing that the concept of local autonomy has very different meanings and implications in each of them. These cases Boston's defense of resident-preference hiring policies, conflict over urban land-use zoning in Toronto, a Chicago's suburb's fight against a sewage treatment plant, and the evolution of the City of Denver's power since 1900 demonstrate that legal reasoning is not impervious to other kinds of reasoning, and the solutions provided by the courts are not unique. To ground his explorations, Clark investigates both liberalism and structuralism, showing that both are inadequate bases for determining social policy. He mounts provocative critiques of the works of de Tocqueville, Nozick, Tiebout, and Posner on the one hand and Castells and Poulantzas on the other. This ambitious and important work will command the interest of geographers, political scientists, economists, sociologists, and legal scholars."