The traditional 'make and sell' attitude of industrial manufacturing organisations has now almost entirely given way to customer orientated 'sense and respond' service philosophies to the extent where this has become a major competitive key success factor in a global manufacturing industry. In order to become service orientated, manufacturing industry is increasingly dependent on efficient and effective supply relationships. This trend is compounded by needs for waste avoidance, minimal inventory, cost efficiency and appropriate service to the customer. This paper considers the strategic opportunities for large engineering project firms that have identified a need to establish advantages over their competitors by designing and implementing novel service orientated supply chain strategies, using internet technology. Rather than relying on functional hierarchy and command and control governance where a chain of commitments are poorly connected and difficult to reconfigure, this paper proposes more flexible strategic process designs around a 'state of the art' service based architecture. Complexity reduction is traditionally a philosophy widely used by industrial engineers that thus far has been also applied in attempts to enable efficient supply chain relationships between different manufacturing supply partners. However, in this work, those traditional industrial engineering ideas are challenged. When a supply chain is simplified, it is inevitable that it will not offer optimum performance, especially in terms of customer service because the complex nature of customer requirements is not reflected in its entirety. The architecture developed by the authors and demonstrated here explores ideas of complexity absorption. The architecture is built on the premise that necessary complexity absorption creates an organisation that is strategically superior because it becomes a complex adaptive system that is unique to a group of organisations that constitute a supply chain or supply network. A case study will be presented based on a major industrial gas pipeline procuring organisation that illustrates an application consisting of Manufacturing Portal and Service Orientated Architecture. This model is internet-based, has three main constituents of Web Services, Portal and Client Services and is described in detail in this paper. The authors conclude by discussing the unique competitive advantages that are achievable by designing unique, responsive and adaptive supply chain architecture in this way.


The beginning of the twentieth century marked the rise of advanced medical technologies, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat diseases in new ways. Although American physicians accepted the validity of the new science of medicine, they were sometimes reluctant to trust technology over their professional judgment or intuition. Likewise, patients raised their own suspicions about the new scientific tools, sometimes resisting or contradicting the advice of their physicians. Here Christopher Crenner examines a critical period in medical history, focusing on the office practice of Boston physician Richard Cabot. Intimate epistolary exchanges between Cabot and his patients shed light on the challenges presented by the new technologies-especially their impact on the personal relationships between doctor and patient-providing insight into a time of expanding science and radical change.


In the past few decades, there has been a growing demand for bandwidth in wireless communication systems due to an increase in the number of mobile users, computer network applications and high speed internet access and services. Visible light communication (VLC) is a newly emerging technology in optical wireless communication (OWC) systems to provide both illumination and high-speed data communication. In addition, it can also be used for indoor positioning or localization with wide applications that has merited a number of attractive research studies. However, security in wireless communications has become a matter of concern due to the possibility of unauthorised access to transmitted data.

This thesis investigates received optical power (ROP) distribution to achieve illumination requirements for both optimal and sub-optimal Lambertian order in single and four cell configurations. Furthermore, it proposes VLC-based indoor positioning by using the received optical power levels from the emitting LEDs. Both scenarios of line-of-sight (LOS) and line-of-sight with non-line-of-sight (LOSNLOS) positioning are considered. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated under both noisy and noiseless channel cases and the impact of different location codes on the positioning error is also investigated. An analytical model of the system with noise and the corresponding numerical evaluation for a range of signal to noise ratios (SNRs) are presented. The results show that an accuracy of 8 cm in average is achievable at an SNR of 15 dB in the LOSNLOS scenario. We also introduce a novel approach for recovering 4×4 MIMO–VLC data with partial channel state information (CSI) knowledge both in noisy and noiseless cases. In addition, the proposed indoor localization system utilizing two visible light emitting diodes for different environments offering less complexity for both LOS and LOSNLOS scenarios is offered. The results of the scheme is compared with existing trilateration techniques and the performance of the proposed system is evaluated with a reported accuracy of less than 20 cm for SNR values of greater than 13 dB.

This thesis also proposes a new secure single input single output (SISO) VLC system and investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance with and without encryption in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer and physical layer for both the LOS and LOSNLOS scenarios. For a BER of 10-3, the results show that there is 1 to ~ 3.5 dB power penalties for the secured VLC system for data rates of up to 10 Mbps. The key length impact on the error propagation is also investigated.

Finally, this thesis proposes a secure MIMO VLC system that relies on the position of the user by incorporating a new modified version of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) technique for encrypting the transmitted data in the MAC layer. Furthermore, the ability of the proposed system to control the size of the encrypted cell depending on the application environment is demonstrated.


This paper is a replication of a 2003 study by Crompton and Kaczynski, analyzing local park and recreation agency financing and staffing trends. Whereas the original analysis examined data from 1964–1965 to 1999–2000, this paper covers financial data from 2000–2001 to 2013–2014, and employment data from 2000–2001 to 2014–2015. In light of the housing crisis, Great Recession, and subsequent economic recovery, the early twenty-first century provides a compelling backdrop for this replication analysis. Although the American economy experienced smaller economic downturns during the original study period, the recession that occurred during the current period was the most severe since the Great Depression of the 1920s and 1930s. Utilizing census data, the current analysis monitors four areas identified in the original analysis: i) self-generated revenue, ii) operating expenditures, iii) capital expenditures, and iv) employment. Crompton and Kaczynski (2003) postulated that based on unprecedented annual expenditures, the latter half of the 1990s would eventually be considered the "golden era" of local parks and recreation. Data from the current analysis indicate that high levels of support continued until the Great Recession, which impacted local government spending as a whole, and particularly parks and recreation. In adjusted dollars, total park and recreation agency expenditures fell annually every year in the post-recession period, by more than $6.5 billion from 2007-2008 to 2013-2014. Park and recreation expenditures were reduced by a greater amount relative to competing services, accounting for a smaller proportion of total local government spending. Park capital expenditures were disproportionately cut during this period, falling by more than $5 billion from 2007–2008 to 2013–2014. Self-generated revenue accounted for approximately one-quarter of total, and one-third of operational expenditures by park and recreation agencies, lending support for trends identified in the original analysis. Local park and recreation agencies disproportionately cut full-time positions in response to the economic downturn, with more than 14,000 full-time positions lost in the post-recession period. More than 17,000 part-time positions were added post-recession, indicating an acceleration of the shift away from full-time employment noted by Crompton and Kaczynski (2003). Implications for park professionals and researchers, as well as the need for ongoing trend analysis, are discussed. Subscribe to JPRA


Rachlin uses the word "choice" 80 times, whereas "emotion" does not appear. In contrast, "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases" by Preston and de Waal, uses the word "emotion" 139 times and "choice" once. This commentary compares these ways of approaching empathy and altruism, relating Rachlin's approach to Gilligan's Morality of Justice and Preston and de Waal's to the Morality of Caring.


The County Surveyor's Society Bridges Group has produced with the assistance of TRL a Guide to the Repair and Strengthening of Arch Bridges. There are about forty thousand masonry arch bridges on the British road network, about forty percent of our total road bridge stock. The earliest still in existence are mediaeval and the amount and weight of traffic they are now called on to carry has increased enormously since they were built. It is important that they continue to perform their function because it would be neither practicable nor desirable to replace them. The cost would be enormous and many make a positive contribution to the landscape. This guide examines the problems common to arch bridges and the method of repair and strengthening which may be applied, together with estimates of their costs. It also describes the analysis methods which may be used to assess arch bridges and strengthening procedures, and the means of gathering the necessary data. The guide is designed to be a valuable source of information for young engineers whilst providing useful reference material for the more experienced. (A)


Play is a significant part of childhood. Typically developing children exhibit a wide range of interests within their play behavior, but children with autism do not. The purpose of this study was to design and implement an assessment tool that will capture the constellation of behaviors indicating play interests in young children. The Early Play Interests Assessment (EPIA) includes categories of play behavior and their components behaviors. Additionally, measures of child affect were built into the EPIA. All behaviors were observed under various environmental conditions. The results show that the EPIA was useful in observing toddlers' play behavior within behavioral categories and components and in assessing the interactions among these measures of play interests. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of creating observational systems to quantify play interests in typical and atypical children and for establishing a link between the information gathered in assessment and the planning and implementation of autism interventions.


In many regions of the world, the solvency regulation of insurers is becoming more principle-based and market oriented. However, the exact forms of the solvency standards that are emerging in individual jurisdictions are not entirely consistent. A common risk and capital framework can level the global playing field and possibly reduce the cost of capital for insurers. In the thesis, a conceptual framework for measuring the insolvency risk of life insurance companies will be proposed. The two main advantages of the proposed solvency framework are that it addresses the issue of incentives in the calibration of the capital requirements and it also provides an associated decomposition of the insurer's insolvency risk by term. The proposed term structure of insolvency risk is an efficient risk summary that should be readily accessible to both regulators and policyholders. Given the inherent complexity of the long-term guarantees and options of typical life insurance policies, the term structure of insolvency risk is able to provide stakeholders with more complete information than that provided by a single number that relates to a specific period. The capital standards for life insurers that are currently existing or have been proposed in Canada, U.S., and in the EU are then reviewed within the risk and capital measurement framework of the proposed standard to identify potential shortcomings.


The orphan nuclear receptor NR5A2 is necessary for the stem-like properties of the epiblast of the pre-gastrulation embryo and for cellular and physiological homeostasis of endoderm-derived organs postnatally. Using conditional gene inactivation, we show that Nr5a2 also plays crucial regulatory roles during organogenesis. During the formation of the pancreas, Nr5a2 is necessary for the expansion of the nascent pancreatic epithelium, for the subsequent formation of the multipotent progenitor cell (MPC) population that gives rise to pre-acinar cells and bipotent cells with ductal and islet endocrine potential, and for the formation and differentiation of acinar cells. At birth, the NR5A2-deficient pancreas has defects in all three epithelial tissues: a partial loss of endocrine cells, a disrupted ductal tree and a >90% deficit of acini. The acinar defects are due to a combination of fewer MPCs, deficient allocation of those MPCs to pre-acinar fate, disruption of acinar morphogenesis and incomplete acinar cell differentiation. NR5A2 controls these developmental processes directly as well as through regulatory interactions with other pancreatic transcriptional regulators, including PTF1A, MYC, GATA4, FOXA2, RBPJL and MIST1 (BHLHA15). In particular, Nr5a2 and Ptf1a establish mutually reinforcing regulatory interactions and collaborate to control developmentally regulated pancreatic genes by binding to shared transcriptional regulatory regions. At the final stage of acinar cell development, the absence of NR5A2 affects the expression of Ptf1a and its acinar specific partner Rbpjl, so that the few acinar cells that form do not complete differentiation. Nr5a2 controls several temporally distinct stages of pancreatic development that involve regulatory mechanisms relevant to pancreatic oncogenesis and the maintenance of the exocrine phenotype.


The purpose of this study was to identify supplementary criteria to provide direction when the Ontario Health Plan for an Influenza Pandemic (OHPIP) critical care triage protocol is rendered insufficient by its inability to discriminate among patients assessed as urgent, and there are insufficient critical care resources available to treat those in that category. To accomplish this task, a Supplementary Criteria Task Force for Critical Care Triage was struck at the University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics. The task force reviewed publically available protocols and policies on pandemic flu planning, identified 13 potential triage criteria and determined a set of eight key ethical, legal and practical considerations against which it assessed each criterion. An online questionnaire was distributed to clinical, policy and community stakeholders across Canada to obtain feedback on the 13 potential triage criteria toward selecting those that best met the eight considerations. The task force concluded that the balance of arguments favoured only two of the 13 criteria it had identified for consideration: first come, first served and random selection. The two criteria were chosen in part based on a need to balance the clearly utilitarian approach employed in the OHPIP with equity considerations. These criteria serve as a defensible "fail safe" mechanism for any triage protocol.


The capability and mobility of exploration robots is increasing rapidly, yet missions will always be constrained by one main resource: time. Time limits the number of samples a robot can collect, sites it can analyze, and the availability of human oversight, so it is imperative the robot is able to make intelligent actions when it comes to choosing when, where, and what to sample, a process known as adaptive sampling. This work advances the state of the art in adaptive sampling for exploration robotics. We take advantage of the fact that rover operations are typically not performed in a vacuum; extensive contextual data is often present, most often in the form of orbital imagery, rover navigation images, and prior instrument measurements. Using this context, we apply Bayesian and nonparametric models to decide where best to sample under a limited budget, using real X-ray lithochemistry data. We find that our methods improve both the diversity of samples collected as well as select samples that are representative of the dataset. We find that model-based approaches made scalable with Dirichlet processes improve sampling results when the underlying number classes and class distribution is unknown. Unlike previous works, our approaches reduce the impact of noise on sampling location, a common problem when selecting samples based on noisy or incomplete contextual data.


KEYWORDS: Social group, recreation place, visitation patterns, time and space I have been asked to comment on a reoccurring theme in sociological research on leisure behavior in parks. I will do so focusing on research on social groups in time and space. It might seem a bit bold to emphasize time and space as fundamental concepts in our understanding of leisure behavior associated with parks. Yet I believe time and space cuts across our growing knowledge of people and social behavior in these outdoor recreation settings in three important ways. First, the sociological scholarship on people and parks has matured tremendously through time, especially during the 1970s and 1980s. I will review what I think are key findings during this period in a progressive manner. Secondly, time and space as variables help explain both regularities of social behavior in parks as well as variations in the patterns and rhythms of park going. I will illustrate the importance of these two variables with appropriate examples. Finally, along this brief and reflective journey, I will argue combining the social group (fundamental organizing principle of leisure behavior) with time and space has led to numerous practical/applied recreation management models. Opening the Door Prior to the 1960s, little systematic attention was given to understanding leisure behavior on public lands set aside to provide recreation opportunities. Leisure scholarship was more than not an academic exercise pursued by philosophers, historians, economists, sociologists, and others to understand leisure as phenomena, the meaning of leisure in everyday life, leisure and sport, and variations on such themes. The impetus for a new direction in leisure research emerged with publication of The Outdoor Recreation Review Commission report (ORRRC) in the mid-1960s (Burdge and Hendricks, 1973, Burdge, 1974). The ORRRC series draws attention to rapid rise of the great outdoors for recreation and the importance of federal public lands as places to play, relax, hike, camp and drive for pleasure. ORRRC provided baseline information on the characteristics and distribution of the population descending on the outdoors, but more importantly provided the legitimacy and impetus for systematic research on social behavior in leisure settings. Many have cited the emergence and contribution of organized university programs responding to the call for leisure research. But once parks and forests became primary venues for people and their leisure lifestyles, there became a need for sound theoretical information on leisure behavior and application of that information to guide park management. In my opinion, the emergence of federal agency research programs first the U.S. Forest Service and then the National Park Service provided this early leadership. These agency programs established the formula for studying the social group and then using principles learned, to build management models to manage people at leisure on public lands. Emergence of the Social Group The 1970s represents a transition period, a benchmark if you will, when students of recreation behavior moved from emphasizing visitor numbers, volume of use and visitor days to the configuration or assemblages of the parties spending leisure time in parks and forests. Two important articles changed our way of thinking about people, social behavior in parks. First is the article by Bill Burch (1965). His treatise on family camping provides one example of a new generation of research translating the purely academic into useable knowledge for public land management. Family camping provides a perspective on the social group as the primary organizing social unit influencing leisure behavior. The family as one type of social group is a unit where norms, customs, rules and social conventions are practiced on public lands. Family camping also offers a glimpse in the use of time and space in the organization of leisure behavior. …


Hypervelocity impact experiments on porous tuff targets were carried out to determine the effect of porosity on deformation mechanisms in the crater's subsurface. Blocks of Weibern Tuff with about 43% porosity were impacted by 2.5 mm and 12.0 mm diameter steel spheres with velocities between 4.8 km s−1 and 5.6 km s−1. The postimpact subsurface damage was quantified with computer tomography as well as with meso‐ and microscale analyses of the bisected crater subsurface. The intensity and style of deformation in mineral clasts and the tuff matrix were mapped and their decay with subsurface depth was determined. Subsurface deformation styles include pore space compaction, clast rotation, as well as microfracture formation. Evaluation of the deformation indicates near‐surface energy coupling at a calculated depth of burial of ~2 projectile diameters (dp), which is in conflict with the crater shape, which displays a deep, central penetration tube. Subsurface damage extends to ~2 dp beneath the crater floor in the experiments with 2.5 mm projectiles and increases to ~3 dp for 12 mm projectiles. Based on overprinting relationships and the geometrical orientation of deformation features, a sequence of subsurface deformation events was derived (1) matrix compaction, (2) intragranular crack formation in clasts, (3) deformation band formation in the compacted matrix, (4) tensile fracturing.


Recent discussions and research about the uses of digital social media platforms by social movements and protest organizations have raised questions about threats and challenges represented by these technologies. There is also a debate on whether digital social media platforms can contribute to establish and strengthen long-standing oppositional groups and structural change. In this context, this article analyses how the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST) experiences and views the use of digital social media platforms in its communicative processes. Based on interviews and observations, the article shows how MST militants present ambivalent views towards platforms such as Facebook and Twitter and towards the dynamics of digital communication. Conclusions point that the main concern is threat to the organic collective character of the movement posed by individualistic digital social media platforms. Different from contemporary protest organisations, MST sees a clear separation between the movement and its media. The goal is to appropriate of and control media technologies, which brings many difficulties when dealing with digital social media platforms.


Problem statement: The contemporary metropolis faces two sometimes conflicting roles through the discursive and paradigmatic developments in the world: role-playing at the national/ transnational level and meeting local-level expectations. Similarly, and because of the multiplicity and diversity of relations between these two levels and the different subjects underlying these dual roles, the ontological definition of "place" in this metropolis has to be changed. Here, we are considering a conception of the existence of the place in which it can adopt the aforementioned complex communications and the probable and unseen conflicts within it as a quasi-object (the contained), and manage it as a quasi-subject (container) and accommodate it. Research objective: Redefining the ontology of place in such a way that it can mediate as an intermediate layer, i.e. "the urban-relational" between these two role-playing levels: place as a quasi-object / place as a quasi-subject. Research method: The research paradigm focuses on post-positivist schemata and the poststructuralism approach, and follows the ontology of place as an urban-relational entity in today's metropolis. The method of this research is qualitative and its type is developmentalexploratory. This research seeks to present a new ontology of the concept of place in metropolis through the review of library documents and the description, analysis, and extension of ideas and theoretical approaches. Conclusion: place as a quasi-object/ quasi-subject must be a communicative mediator (the urban-relational) between the two different levels of role-playing, thereby regulating the communications of multiple and sometimes heterogeneous subjects and adjust conflicts between them. The mediation coordinates of this urban-relational intermediate layer allow for four spectral states for the level of place-ness: towards minimal place-ness; towards maximal place-ness; towards some extent of place-ness; the probability of anarchy and disorder.


Context: Project comprehension is an activity relevant to all aspects of software engineering, from requirements specification to maintenance. The historical, transactional data stored in revision control systems can be mined and analysed to produce a great deal of information about a project.
Aims: This research aims to explore how the data-mining, analysis and presentation of revision control systems can be used to augment aspects of project comprehension, including change prediction, maintenance, visualization, management, profiling, sampling and assessment.
Method: A series of case studies investigate how transactional data can be used to support project comprehension. A thematic analysis of revision logs is used to explore the development process and developer behaviour. A benchmarking study of a history-based model of change prediction is conducted to assess how successfully such a technique can be used to augment syntax-based models. A visualization tool is developed for managers of student projects with the aim of evaluating what visualizations best support their roles. Finally, a quasi-experiment is conducted to determine how well an algorithmic model can automatically select a representative sample of code entities from a project, in comparison with expert strategies.
Results: The thematic analysis case study classified maintenance activities in 22 undergraduate projects and four real-world projects. The change prediction study calculated information retrieval metrics for 34 undergraduate projects and three real-world projects, as well as an in-depth exploration of the model's performance and applications in two selected projects. File samples for seven projects were generated by six experts and three heuristic models and compared to assess agreement rates, both within the experts and between the experts and the models.
Conclusions: When the results from each study are evaluated together, the evidence strongly shows that the information stored in revision control systems can indeed be used to support a range of project comprehension activities in a manner which complements existing, syntax-based techniques. The case studies also help to develop the empirical foundation of repository analysis in the areas of visualization, maintenance, sampling, profiling and management; the research also shows that students can be viable substitutes for industrial practitioners in certain areas of software engineering research, which weakens one of the primary obstacles to empirical studies in these areas.


Since 1978, and in particular in 1986-1988, large numbers of harp seals Phoca groenlandica have invaded coastal waters of North Norway during winter and spring. Mter 1988 the harp seal invasions have been restricted to the northeastemmost parts of the coast of Norway. In 1995, however, a significant increase occurred in both the magnitude and the spatial extent of the harp seal invasions. Sampling of stomach contents, teeth for age determinations and body condition parameters were carried out on seals taken as by-catches in Norwegian gillnet fisheries during winter and spring in 1995. In early winter the seal herds comprised immature animals (mainly from the 1994 year class), while mature females dominated in the spring. Analyses of stomach contents suggested that the diet mainly contained fish, in particular saithe Pollachius virens, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and cod Gadus morhua. Body condition parameters revealed that the one year old seals taken in February 1995 were in significantly poorer condition than harp seals of the same age tak:en in the southeastem Barents Sea in February 1993. Also the mature females taken in April 1995 bad significantly lower condition compared to adult females collected in Apri11992. Recaptures of 39 immature harp seals tagged in the White Sea (mainly in 1994) suggest that the invading young harp seals in the winter of 1995 belonged to the Barents Sea stock. Age compositions of the Barents Sea harp seals based on material collected during Norwegian commercial sealing in the East lee moulting lairs in 1995 suggest a low recruitment to this stock of the 1993 and in particular the 1994 year classes.


The relationship between the earthquake performance of an inventory of buildings and the seismic resilience of a residential community is examined, by quantifying the immediate post-earthquake reduction and recovery of the shelter-in-place housing capacity. The effect of several mitigation strategies that involve replacing portions of the existing building stock with an enhanced seismic performance system is evaluated. The impact on community resilience is assessed based on the immediate and cumulative loss of permanent housing occupancy as well as the time to recover some fraction of the pre-earthquake housing capacity. The results show how the slope of the recovery curve for occupiable housing during different periods following the event can be linked to the distribution of building damage. In addition to limiting major damage, enhanced building seismic performance is shown to reduce aggregate losses over the recovery period, thereby having a significant effect on both the safety and resilience of residential communities.


Almost prevalent use of electronics, complicated software, new materials, and technologies makes fault diagnosis and management in contemporary engineering systems increasingly difficult to deal with. Unavoidable design defects, quality variations in the production process, as well as different usage patterns, make it infeasible to foresee all possible faults that may occur on a given system. As a result, traditional precedent-based diagnostic approaches offer a very limited diagnostic coverage based on testing only for the a priori known or anticipated failures, often falsely presuming that the system is operating normally if the full set of diagnostic tests pass. To circumvent these difficulties and provide a more complete coverage for detection and localization of the source of any fault, a new paradigm for design of diagnostic systems is needed. An approach inspired by the functionalities and characteristics of natural immune systems is presented and discussed here. The capability of the newly proposed paradigm to isolate the source of an anomaly without the need to train with signatures characterizing the underlying fault is demonstrated in the simulations of a diesel engine Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system and a generator portion of a commercially available marine diesel-generator system.


The world has seen in 2020 an unprecedented global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, a new strain of coronavirus, causing the COVID-19 pandemic, and radically changing our lives and work conditions. Many scientists are working tirelessly to find a treatment and a possible vaccine. Furthermore, governments, scientific institutions and companies are acting quickly to make resources available, including funds and the opening of large-volume data repositories, to accelerate innovation and discovery aimed at solving this pandemic. In this paper, we develop a novel automated theme-based visualisation method, combining advanced data modelling of large corpora, information mapping and trend analysis, to provide a top-down and bottom-up browsing and search interface for quick discovery of topics and research resources. We apply this method on two recently released publications datasets (Dimensions' COVID-19 dataset and the Allen Institute for AI's CORD-19). The results reveal intriguing information including increased efforts in topics such as social distancing; cross-domain initiatives (e.g. mental health and education); evolving research in medical topics; and the unfolding trajectory of the virus in different territories through publications. The results also demonstrate the need to quickly and automatically enable search and browsing of large corpora. We believe our methodology will improve future large volume visualisation and discovery systems but also hope our visualisation interfaces will currently aid scientists, researchers, and the general public to tackle the numerous issues in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.


The long-term viability and sustainability of biosolids land application is dependent on continuously earning stakeholder confidence, trust and support. This requires ongoing and effective engagement and communication with key stakeholders about the beneficial use of biosolids in their communities. The goal of the risk communications research was to develop processes, tools and materials to help biosolids managers conduct effective outreach and dialogue with key stakeholders in the communities where they operate, first on biosolids land application and its beneficial use, then on specific challenges such as communicating about potential health risks due to pathogens in biosolids.

The researchers developed a state-of-the-science Strategic Risk Communications Process, tools and materials that can be adapted and used by biosolids program managers. The Process was applied and validated through two case studies, which involved in-depth research with landowners who receive biosolids and neighbors to biosolids land application sites and, in one case, community health officials. The research demonstrated that the key influence on these stakeholders' judgments on the acceptability of biosolids land application is the trust they have in the people who are producing the product, the people who are using the product and the people are overseeing and ensuring the safe appropriate use of biosolids. These stakeholders recognized the benefits and risks associated with biosolids land application and support its beneficial use. However, their support was not unconditional - they had questions about the long-term health and environmental impacts of such application.

The process, tools and materials developed through this project will serve to address these and other key questions, while enabling biosolids managers to continually build stakeholder support for biosolids land application.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series .

ISBN: 9781843392583 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780403304 (eBook)


Interference between two freely expanding Bose-Einstein condensates has been observed. Two condensates separated by ∼40 micrometers were created by evaporatively cooling sodium atoms in a double-well potential formed by magnetic and optical forces. High-contrast matter-wave interference fringes with a period of ∼15 micrometers were observed after switching off the potential and letting the condensates expand for 40 milliseconds and overlap. This demonstrates that Bose condensed atoms are "laser-like"; that is, they are coherent and show long-range correlations. These results have direct implications for the atom laser and the Josephson effect for atoms.


The Platinum Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) in the North West Province was initiated 10 years ago to address the spatial economic development challenges of the region. This revised commentary aims to re-evaluate development, and intends to provide an objective overview of the successes and failures of the Platinum SDI. The aim is to provoke a debate on the matter in order to assess whether or not the Platinum SDI is to the advantage of the economic development of the country and its people, and especially the poor. This paper considers the historical context and evaluates a number of arguments, either in support of or questioning the viability of the Platinum SDI. The paper concludes that after more than a decade there is still little evidence that the Platinum SDI will in the near future be efficient. At present, the Platinum SDI has very little to offer. To succeed will require more effort by all concerned, and especially much more commitment from the relevant governmental structures.


We present the characterization of short-range ordered hexagonal arrays of subwavelength holes in thin gold films. The hole arrays are fabricated by a low-cost technique using convectively self-assembled polystyrene beads as an initial pattern template. Our results suggest that corrugated, short-range ordered hole arrays allow the excitation of resonant surface plasmons. This opens the door to inexpensive, large- scale and high throughput fabrication of nanophotonic devices.


Enterprising personality has distinctive characteristics separating the entrepreneur from others. Therefore, the level of impact of personality and environmental factors on entrepreneurship has increasingly been discussed over the last years. Entrepreneur people are the ones which have ability to see the opportunities and seize, to take risks, to create innovation and implement. In this research, the notions of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship are defined, the important personal charactheristics of entrepreneur and the factors affecting entrepreneurship are explained and the relationship between these factors and the personality of entrepreneur are analyzed. Also, the effects of education and propose of developing business and entrepreneurial skills are mentioned. In this context, the research has been conducted on the trainees of the Applied Entrepreneurship Education Program, which has been organized with the collaboration of Istanbul Kultur University, KOSGEB (SME Development Organization) and IŞKUR (Turkish Job Foundation). The impact of personalities of the trainees on entrepreneurship have been evaluated within the study


BACKGROUND
The Program for Standardizing Condom Use has been carrying out different activities to promote condom use among the teenage and young adult population since November 1998. All of these measures have revolved around a specific measure aimed at making condoms more readily available, that is, the sale of condoms to the teenage and young adult population in pharmacies at low prices. The objective of this research was to assess the results from the standpoint of the persuasive effectiveness of these measures as related to modifying unsafe practices.

METHODS
The qualitative methodology employed was the customary methodology within the context of market and opinion studies, that is qualitative after-test on the bases of open interviews with pharmacists and youths. A total of 7 interviews were held with pharmacists in addition to 14 interviews with sexually active young people of both sexes within the 17-19 age range residing in unsafe areas from the standpoint of AIDS incidence.

RESULTS
Two main risk factors were identified: a) The approaches taken on the part of certain sexually successful males, always within the context of casual sexual relations, of avoiding condom use for the purpose of greater sexual pleasure in view of a prior assessment of the degree of risk involved in the relations in question; the post-coital pill as an alternative means of contraception seems to be involved very often in such approaches. b) The inhibition of purchasing condoms in the pharmacy, which prevents taking due precautions and, therefore, directly gives rise to unsafe situations arising.

CONCLUSIONS
The campaign in question has been assessed as being positive from the purely informative standpoint. No aspects have however been encountered which afford the poSsibility of effectively countering the main risk factor detected, the approaches taken of avoiding the use of a condom for the purpose of achieving greater sexual pleasure and the sanctioning of these practices on the part of the group. As regards this second risk factor, that of inhibition regarding purchase, no appreciable effectiveness has been noted as regards the sale of condoms at a low price in pharmacies.


Abstract Thrust-related anticlines in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt provide excellent exposed analogue structures for fractured reservoirs located in the more external sectors of the belt. In these structures it is possible to study the fracture network attributes and understand their relationships to the folding process, thus gathering fundamental information for fracture modelling in reservoirs. In this work we analyse the mesoscopic deformation pattern of the NW–SE-trending Bangestan anticline (SW Zagros, Iran) and discuss its relationship to the kinematic evolution of the hosting structure. The deformation pattern mostly includes extensional structures and pressure solution cleavages striking parallel to the fold axial trend (i.e. longitudinal), transversal extensional structures, and N–S- and E–W-striking extensional structures (oriented oblique to the fold axis). With the aid of deep wells and a transversal reflection seismic profile, we constructed a balanced cross-section of the anticline and propose a kinematic evolution pathway constrained by the mesoscopic deformation pattern. Longitudinal and transversal deformation structures developed before and/or in the very early stages of fold growth. During this stage, the Bangestan anticline grew as a set of unconnected décollement anticlines involving the Cambrian to Pliocenic sedimentary cover. In a later stage, inherited basement faults were reactivated with a right-lateral strike-slip component and the previously developed anticlines propagated laterally up to their complete linkage and thrust breakthrough. This produced the right-lateral strike-slip reactivation of longitudinal joints and the development of N–S- and E–W-striking extensional structures, which were also frequently reworked as strike-slip faults.


Objective:Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in malignant melanoma and in situ lesions as opposed to benign nevi. Inhibition of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling is implicated in sensitization of melanoma cells to alkylating agents (temozolomide [TMZ]) and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Methods:We conducted a single-arm phase II multi-institution cooperative group study to assess the antitumor activity and safety profile of the combination of TMZ and the rapamycin derivative everolimus in patients with metastatic unresectable malignant melanoma. Patients received 10 mg/d of RAD001 for 5 of 7 days (ie, 50 mg/wk) and 200 mg/m2/d of TMZ for 5 days each cycle. Results:Of the first 39 eligible patients, 17 were PFS-9 successes, for a predetermined threshold of 18/39 patients for a positive trial. Overall, 21 of 48 patients were progression free at 9 weeks, for an event-free survival rate of 44% (95% confidence interval, 29%-59%). The median progression-free survival was 2.4 months and the median overall survival was 8.6 months. Four patients achieved a partial response; the median duration of response was 15.1 months. No complete remissions were observed. Treatment was in general well tolerated with only 1 patient discontinuing therapy due to toxicity (hyperlipidemia). Conclusions:The combination of TMZ and RAD001 was well tolerated but failed to meet/exceed our study threshold for promising clinical activity in patients with metastatic melanoma.


Since World War II, the British Labour Party has played a central role in dealing with complex international issues. Achieving real power in parliament for the first time, Labour governments have acted responsibly, and are usually in accord with the views of a substantial majority of the British people. Such was not always the case. In British Labour Seeks a Foreign Policy, 1900-1940, Henry R. Winkler synthesizes twenty years' study of the subject to offer the first full-scale treatment of the Labour Party's evolution in foreign affairs. The Labour Party came into existence at the beginning of the twentieth century to deal with the domestic problems of the working class, and it showed relatively little interest in foreign policy issues. In the aftermath of World War I, however, small groups of moderates made the case against the bitter rejection of the Versailles Treaty by many in the Labour Party and the trade union movement. Most of these argued that the League of Nations could be used to remedy some of the deficiencies of the settlement and that such a League must have the sanction of force behind it if it was to be at all effective. During the 1930s, the failures of the League - in the Far East, in Abyssinia, in Spain, and in Central Europe - compelled some of its advocates to conclude that, League or no League, the threat from Nazi Germany mandated support for a program of preparedness and rearmament even under the aegis of a hated National Government. The result, by 1937, was the final formal abandonment of many of the radical illusions of the twenties and thirties, as Labour reluctantly but formally assumed a posture that enabled it to share in the governance of wartime Britain and to take a key role in dealing with the international issues that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War. This volume contains valuable lessons on the responsibilities of political parties as well as the pros and cons of specific policies. It is essential reading for understanding Britain's later stands as its leaders tried to adjust to Britain's diminished power in the post-World War II world.


In recent years, there has been a strong interest in measuring the available bandwidth of network paths. Several methods and techniques have been proposed and various measurement tools have been developed and evaluated. However, there have been few comparative studies with regard to the actual performance of these tools. This project presents a study of available bandwidth measurement techniques for both PRTG and OAUNETMON and undertakes a comparative analysis in terms of accuracy, intrusiveness and response time of active probing tools. Finally, measurement errors and uncertainty of the tools are analyzed and overall conclusions were made.


In distributed mobile sensing applications, networks of agents that are heterogeneous, respecting both actuation as well as body and sensory footprint, are often modelled by recourse to power diagrams - generalized Voronoi diagrams with additive weights. In this paper, we adapt the body power diagram to introduce its "free subdiagram," generating a vector field planner that solves the combined sensory coverage and collision avoidance problem via continuous evaluation of an associated constrained optimization problem. We propose practical extensions (a heuristic congestion manager that speeds convergence and a lift of the point particle controller to the more practical differential drive kinematics) that maintain the convergence and collision guarantees.


Throughout the developed world there is an increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. Because of this increase, and awareness of the risks to long term health that childhood obesity presents, the phenomena is now described by many as a global epidemic. Children, Obesity and Exercise provides sport, exercise and medicine students and professionals with an accessible and practical guide to understanding and managing childhood and adolescent obesity. It covers: overweight, obesity and body composition; physical activity, growth and development; psycho-social aspects of childhood obesity; physical activity behaviours; eating behaviours; measuring children's behaviour; interventions for prevention and management of childhood obesity. Children, Obesity and Exercise addresses the need for authoritative advice and innovative approaches to the prevention and management of this chronic problem.


Chronic inflammation and increases in oxidative stress are observed in normal ageing and age related diseases, these are characterised by increases in aberrant NF-κB activation, expression of inflammatory genes and circulating cytokines. Dietary polyphenols found in fruits and vegetables, have been examined for potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro/vivo studies. 29 (poly)phenols were screened for their anti-inflammatory effects in Jurkat T-cells following 48h treatment. At 1μM, a physiologically relevant dose, resveratrol (RES) decreased IL2 release by 42% ± 7% and IL8 by 32% ± 8% compared with DMSO treated control (p<0.05). Cells were also stimulated with PMA/PHA to induce cytokine release at the 24h time-point, 1μM isorhamnetin (ISO) reduced cytokine release, IL2 by 50% ± 4%, IL8 by 58% ± 6% and TNFα by 63% ± 7%, and curcumin (CUR) reduced IL2 by 43% ± 14%, IL8 by 30% ± 7% and TNFα by 22% ± 5 compared with PMA/PHA treated control (p<0.05). These 3 compounds; CUR, ISO and RES, were investigated further using a proteomic approach. Several proteins were modified in the glutathione metabolism pathway with all treatments significantly (sig.) increasing glutathione reductase (GSR), an enzyme which converts oxidized to reduced glutathione. CUR increased GSR by 1.2 fold, ISO 1.2 fold and RES 1.1 fold (p<0.003). ISO also caused sig. increases in other redox related proteins thioredoxin and peroxiredoxins. These data were validated with sig. increases in GSR gene expression with CUR and ISO at 24h, along with sig. increases in Nrf2 activation, CUR (1.5 fold) and ISO (1.9 fold). These modulations to inflammatory and redox markers in the Jurkat cell model were replicated in another cell line, THP-1 monocytes. A sig. reduction in cytokine release was observed with 30µM ISO for both IL8 and TNFα compared with the DMSO, correlating with the reduction observed in the Jurkat cells. Nrf2 was also sig. activated between 3 and 48h, however no sig. effect on the expression of GSR was observed. This suggests that ISO may have similar effects on inflammation but differed in terms of redox related proteins between the two cell types. CUR, ISO and RES sig. lowered cytokine release in both unstimulated and stimulated T-cells, and proteomics identified sig. increases in GSR. For CUR and ISO this increase was validated using western blot and qPCR analysis, with sig. increases in Nrf2 activation bring observed. The reduction in cytokine release was replicated in THP-1 following ISO treatment, along with increases in Nrf2 activation, but no changes in glutathione proteins were observed. These data support the potential use of these compounds in enhancing cellular antioxidant potential and the use of the compounds as part of a healthy ageing diet.


The PARRISE (Promoting Attainment of Responsible Research & Innovation in Science Education) project aims at introducing the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation in primary and secondary education. It does so by combining inquiry-based learning and citizenship education with socio-scientific issues in science education. This approach is called socio-scientific inquiry-based learning (SSIBL) which is implemented in teacher professional development courses across Europe. Based on practical experiences the approach is laid down in a new educational framework, and learning tools and materials for in/pre-service training courses are developed. The PARRISE educational methodology seeks to promote democratic citizenship through the integration of social issues and related scientific knowledge. Drawing from recently acquired IBSE insights and individual partner expertise, the PARRISE partners collectively develop a community of learners, who will bring together selected good practices examined from a Research and Responsible Innovation perspective.


The global concerns of climate change and energy crisis have provoked research efforts to develop energy-efficient alternatives to conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment processes. Recently, bio-electrochemical systems (BES) such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) have emerged as a promising technology for simultaneous energy recovery and wastewater treatment. These systems harness the capacity of microorganisms for the catalysis of electrochemical reaction. In MFCs, chemical energy in the form of organic compounds in wastewater is directly converted into electricity. While in MECs, external electricity is provided to enable more valuable products (e.g. hydrogen) to form at the cathode.

Over the past decade, our knowledge on BES is gaining momentum. However, wastewater treatment using BES has not been successful on an industrial-scale. Many technological bottlenecks still remain unresolved and our understanding of microbe-electrode interactions in BES is incomplete. The overall aim of this thesis is to generate understanding that will be helpful in the development of an energy recovering wastewater treatment process using BESs. The scope of this thesis comprises two themes. The first theme is to study the fundamental aspect of BESs with an emphasis on microbe-anode interactions, the reaction that makes it possible to use organic waste substances as the electron donor for BES. The second theme is to quantify rate limiting steps and to develop practical solutions to overcome the established bottlenecks making room for the development of new technologies of BES for wastewater treatment and related purposes.

Most of the experiments were conducted using a sub-liter scale two-chamber BES equipped with a cation exchange membrane. An electrochemically active biofilm was established at the anode (graphite granules) from an activated sludge inoculum. A synthetic wastewater with acetate as the sole electron donor was used throughout the study. The cathodic electron acceptor was either potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) or dissolved oxygen. No chemical catalyst (e.g. platinum) was applied to the electrodes. In some experiments, the BES was coupled with a potentiostat to precisely control the biofilm-electrode potential or to perform voltammetric analysis.

The results showed that activated sludge bacteria could readily initiate a highly effective anodophilic biofilm (415 W•m-3 after five days with a Fe(CN)63+ cathode), provided that factors such as electrolyte pH, external resistance and cathodic oxidizing power were not limiting. From the Coulombic efficiency of over 80% the microbial activity could be recorded by online monitoring of the current. This allowed a detailed study of the affinity for the anode of biofilm. In analogy to the well known Michaelis-Menten kinetics, a half-saturation anodic potential (kAP) was established at which the microbial metabolic rate reached half its maximum rate. This kAP value was about -455 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) for our acetate-driven biofilm. A critical anodic potential (APcrit.) of about -420 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) was defined that characterizes both the bacterial saturation by the electron-accepting system and the maximal MFC power output. This information is useful for MFC modeling and optimization.

Although online process control is used for many bioprocesses it is not established for MFC. A new approach was developed that enabled voltammetric studies of the biofilm-anode, without using potentiostats but by feedback controlling a variable external resistance of the running MFC. This approach could perform the conventional cyclic voltammetry of a MFC without interrupting its operation.

In MFC the anodic reaction is proton liberating while the cathodic reaction is proton consuming. This leads to perhaps the major limitation in MFC operation known as a pH gradient. This limitation was addressed by using a novel operational regime: the intermittent polarity inversion. At electrode potential of -300 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) the alternating supply of acetate and oxygen to the biofilm resulted in the generation of an anodic and cathodic current of +240 and -80 mA (+1500 and -500 A•m-3), respectively. Since the anodic reaction is proton-liberating while the cathodic reaction is proton-consuming, such operational regime prevented the detrimental build-up of a pH gradient enabling a prolonged operation of the MFC without using costly pH control methods (dosing of acid/base or chemical buffers).

The intermittent polarity inversion showed signs of the ― "anodophilic bacteria" being able to catalyze not only the anodic oxidation of acetate but also the cathodic oxygen reduction. The presence of ― "anodophilic bacteria" at the cathode could enable a 5-fold increase of power output (from 5.6 to 27 W•m-3). This is the first evidence that a BES biofilm can catalyze both the forward and backward electron flow with a single electrode. Based on this finding, a novel scalable, membrane-less BES configuration, termed rotatable bio-electrochemical contactor (RBEC) has been developed.

Similar to rotating biological contactors (RBC), the RBEC consists of a cylindrical water-holding vessel (ca. 3 L) which houses an array of carbon cloth coated discs (electrodes) mounted onto a central horizontal rotatable shaft. Each disc consists of a water-immersed anodic and an air-exposed cathodic half connected via a resistor. No ion-exchange membrane and wastewater recirculation were required as the air-water interface separated anode from cathode. A polarity inversion aiming at overcoming the pH gradient and enable the biofilm to catalyze both the anodic and cathodic reaction could be obtained by merely turning the disc array a half turn.

An electron flow from the submersed half disc to the air exposed half disc established with the moisture film on the air exposed cathode allowing the ionic charge transfer. As with other MFC any measured current could be documented to be linked to COD oxidation. The COD removal caused by the action of the intermittently turning discs was increased by about 30% by merely allowing an electron flow between the anodic and cathodic disc halves. This result suggests that the treatment performance of traditional RBC may be significantly increased by using suitable conductive material as the discs.

By raising the cathodic potential from about -500 to -1200 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) using a potentiostat the cathodic limitation could be alleviated allowing an increase in electron flow and COD removal rate to 1.32 kg COD m-3 day-1 (hydraulic retention time 5h). While the COD removal rate was comparable to that of an activated sludge system, the potentiostatically supported RBEC removed COD more energy-efficiently than activated sludge systems (0.47 vs. 0.7-2.0 kWh kgCOD-1), even though it was not optimized. The RBEC could also enable electrochemically-driven hydrogen gas or methane gas production when operated as a MEC under fully anaerobic condition.

Overall, this thesis has extended our understanding on how electrochemically active microorganisms behave in BES. Especially, the discovery of the bidirectional microbial electron transfer property may shed light not only on BES development, but also on the context of fundamental microbiology. The new RBEC configuration may widen the functionality or suitability of BES for a large-scale wastewater treatment application. Nevertheless, further process optimization is needed. In particular, the cathodic reaction still remains as the key process bottleneck. Future efforts should thus be oriented towards improving and elucidating in details the mechanisms of the microbe-cathode electron transfers.


Abstract This study examines how a visual art academic experience might help to reduce anxiety about interactions with the elderly, mitigate fears over aging, encourage more interactions with older people and improve visual literacy skills. University students in an introductory digital photography course interpreted conversations with residents of a local nursing home with visual images. An analysis of critique discussions and student images reveals the project's capacity for building empathy and visual literacy. This academic experience might help to mitigate students' fears over aging while establishing intergenerational communication.


Effective information dissemination to a community in crisis In 1998 a village in Northumberland was at the centre of a suspected TB infection. This thesis describes a research project that aimed to characterise and evaluate the dissemination of information to the community during the crisis. The context within which the incident occurred is discussed, and the main areas of research within which this project is located are reviewed. The following objectives were set for the project — 1. To determine existing evidence of effective information dissemination 2. To determine the criteria for dissemination in the specific context of the crisis 3. To identify and develop research methods that reflect the cross-disciplinary nature of the topic. The project employed a broadly qualitative methodology and was firmly grounded in information science. A qualitative systematic review of research literature identified the existing evidence of effective information dissemination. The technique was adapted from systematic reviews conducted in health research. Twenty relevant studies were identified and their results synthesised and analysed using a meta-ethnographic approach. From this analysis the elements of effective dissemination were extracted, and when combined produced a model of effective information dissemination. Interviews conducted with key informants ascertained the criteria specific to the TB incident. The information providers for the information dissemination process set three explicit criteria during the TB incident. These criteria were underpinned by a set of assumptions about the audience for the information. A questionnaire survey of respondents in the community was conducted to incorporate their perspective in the evaluation. Analysis of the survey and interview data shows that, whilst the criteria set for the dissemination process were mostly achieved, the assumptions underpinning the dissemination process were not wholly correct. The research data was compared to the model of effective information dissemination. Additional elements were identified and a model of effective information dissemination in a crisis was produced. Further research is required to test the validity of this model. It is proposed, however, that extracting the elements from the unique situation enables translation of the research findings to other crisis situations.


One of the longstanding problems of modern gravitational physics is the detection of gravitational waves, for which the standard theoretical analysis relies upon the split of the space-time metric g into background plus perturbations. However, the background isn't necessarily Minkowskian in several cases of physical interest. As a consequence, we investigate in more detail what happens if the background space-time has a non-vanishing Riemann curvature. In particular, we want to perform an analysis of electromagnetic and gravitational waves in the de Sitter space-time. Achieving solutions in this maximally symmetric background could constitute the paradigm to investigate any curved space-time by the same techniques and could have interesting cosmological applications. It is by now well known that the problem of solving vector and tensor wave equations in curved space-time is in general a challenge even for the modern computational resources. Within this framework, a striking problem is the coupled nature of the set of hyperbolic equations one arrives at. The Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic potential, supplemented by the Lorenz gauge condition, are decoupled and solved exactly in de Sitter space-time studied in static spherical coordinates. This method is extended to the tensor wave equation of metric perturbations on a de Sitter background and a numerical analysis of solutions is performed. This approach is a step towards a general discussion of gravitational waves in any curved background and might assume relevance in cosmology in order to study the stochastic background emerging from inflation.


In this article the author analyses the reform of the European Union (hereinafter - EU) competition law, however, not the entire planned competition law reform, but, according to commentators, only the most important part of the reform, which is related to the regulation of agreements restricting competition. By using a comparative analysis, the principles and the main provisions applicable in the EU and Lithuanian competition law, which regulate agreements restricting competition, are discussed in the article; the existing limitations of such regulation and the conditions influencing the aforesaid reform are also reviewed therein. By using grammatical, logical and historic methods the article also analyses the suitability of the legal background, the main principles and provisions of the planned reform, the reform's influence on the EU and Lithuanian competition law development.


The rotational temperature obtained from the rotational population distribution in the bands of the hydroxyl airglow has been shown to be a suitable proxy for the temperature at a height of 87 km [She and Lowe, 1998]. In this paper we examine in detail simultaneous observations on November 2–3, 1997, at Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W), with both a sodium temperature lidar and the Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) OH mesospheric temperature mapper during which significant differences between the hydroxyl and lidar temperatures occur. The large differences are associated with a major temperature enhancement in the region of the peak of the hydroxyl emission. We model the effect on the shape of the emission rate profile of the hydroxyl airglow caused by the large temperature enhancement observed on this night by the lidar. As a result of the temperature sensitivity of the processes that give rise to the airglow, the profile shows major distortions from its normal shape. These distortions in turn lead to hydroxyl rotational temperatures that differ significantly from the 87-km lidar observations. The mean rotational temperature deduced in this way agrees well with the observed values. Such deviations in the temperature are expected to be rare, occurring only when a large temperature enhancement occurs near the peak of the airglow emission profile.


In this paper, the transmission distortion introduced in the coded multi-view video stream is analyzed by mathematical method. This model takes into account the interdependent coding among views, which is an important component of multi-view video coding. The model can be used for any multi-view video coding scheme that uses motion compensation and disparity compensation, transform coding and entropy coding, with different estimation of parameters. The distortion estimation formula in this paper explicitly considers both the temporal dependencies and inter-view dependencies of multi-view video, and is applicable to any motion-compensated and disparity-compensated concealment method at the decoder. Simulations are conducted to validate our analysis. The results represent that the proposed formula estimates the actual amount of distortion with high accuracy.


As the result of the emergence of middle class, and the awareness raising of consuming healthy food in Indonesia, the trend of diet and consumption pattern is gradually changing. People are getting aware of consuming fruit, such as apple. The provision of high quality fruit and appropriate fruit retailer easily access to consumers are important. These supports must comply with consumer's needs and wants, because consumer's attitude and preferences in selecting food is complex. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend consumers' valuation towards attributes of the locally grown apple based on their preferences. The objective of the study is to identify attributes that are considered relatively important by consumers when purchasing locally grown apples in Malang, Indonesia. The study employed an intercept survey involving 200 consumer respondents. The sample was randomly selected at four different retailer types, namely, traditional wet market, road side stall, supermarket and modern fruit shop. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the primary data regarding quality attributes of locally grown apples considered important by the consumers while buying locally grown apple. The study focused on 14 attributes of locally grown apple, comprising of twelve intrinsic attributes and two extrinsic attributes. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The results revealed that color, fineness, crispness, chewiness, sweetness, sourness and price had the highest mean values (above or equal to four), indicating that these attributes were considered relatively important for the consumers in decision making for buying locally grown apple.


This paper describes the design and implementation of a planning-based socially intelligent agent built to help young children with Autism Spectrum Conditions acquire social communication skills. We explain how planning technology allowed us to satisfy the requirements relating to the agent's design that we identified through our consultations with children and carers as well as our review of best practices for autism intervention. We discuss the design principles we implemented, the engineering challenges we faced and the lessons we learned in building the pedagogical agent. We conclude by presenting extensive experimental results concerning the agent's efficacy.


A large literature argues that public opinion is vulnerable to various types of framing and cue effects. However, we lack evidence on whether existing findings, which are typically based on lab experiments involving low salience issues, travel to salient and contentious political issues in real-world voting situations. We examine the relative importance of issue frames, partisan cues, and their interaction for opinion formation using a survey experiment conducted around a highly politicized referendum on immigration policy in Switzerland. We find that voters responded to frames and cues, regardless of their direction, by increasing support for the position that is in line with their pre-existing partisan attachment. This reinforcement effect was most visible among low knowledge voters that identified with the party that owned the issue. These results support some of the previous findings in the political communication literature, but at the same time also point toward possible limits to framing effects in the context of salient and contested policy issues.


S-nitrosylation of a lung surfactant protein determines whether it has pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. The secreted protein surfactant protein D (SP-D) serves a protective function in the lung, binding to invading microorganisms to initiate immune defense responses. But its actions are more complicated than that. The protein also binds to other signaling proteins, like the receptor complex of CD91 and calreticulin, or to signal inhibitory regulatory protein α (SIRP α), thereby activating the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. The former appears to be a pro-inflammatory stimulus mediated by the tail domain of the protein, whereas the latter is anti-inflammatory and appears to depend on the head domain. Guo et al. now provide evidence that propensity of SP-D to promote one or the other of these opposing effects is strongly influenced by S-nitrosylation of two cysteine residues in the hydrophobic tail region of the protein. Mutagenesis studies identified two cysteine residues that were required for S-nitrosylation and showed that the S-nitrosylated protein dissociated from the usual large multimers into trimers. In an in vivo model of lung inflammation in rats and mice, the authors showed evidence of S-nitrosylation of SP-D when inflammation was induced, and this effect was lost in mice lacking the nitric oxide–producing enzyme iNOS. Although effects of S-nitrosylation could partly result from dissociation of the multimeric state in which the tail domains are buried and cannot interact with other proteins, S-nitrosylation also appears to have other effects, because cysteine mutants that also caused dissociation did not have equivalent effects on stimulation of chemotaxis of cultured macrophages. The results may aid in understanding the complicated roles of NO in the lung, where it is necessary for helpful functions like airway dilation and immune responses but can also contribute to pathological events like acute lung injury or asthma. C.-J. Guo, E. N. Atochina-Vasserman, E. Abramova, J. P. Foley, A. Zaman, E. Crouch, M. F. Beers, R. C. Savani, A. J. Gow, S-Nitrosylation of surfactant protein-D controls inflammatory function. PLoS Biol. 6, e266 (2008). [Online Journal]


Mediterranean mountain environments like the Central Spanish Pyrenees show a highly variable rainfall-runoff response, mainly explained by the intense intra- and inter-annual variability of precipitation yield. This leads to a highly differentiated moisture status and therefore it is assumed to lead also to highly variable runoff contributing areas. For the identification of areas with certain dominant runoff processes in an experimental headwater catchment in which agriculture was abandoned several decades ago the concept of the topographical index was extended by means of weighting grids. These weighting rasters were generated using additional information on soils and vegetation. Runoff generating areas were identified widespread in the catchment, with Hortonian overland flow (HOF) dominating the runoff processes on degraded soils, and saturation overland flow (SOF) dominating the footslope areas, where hydromorphic soils were mapped. Rainfall-runoff experiments were performed to quantify runoff and erosion and to identify seasonal changes using experimental data gained in different seasons of the year. The seasonal changes in runoff response could be localised clearly within the areas of SOF, whereas the other ones showed a similar behaviour. This implied that the procedure of delineation had to be differentiated for dry and moist conditions, and that the SOF areas had to be reclassified as SSF/DP areas for dry conditions. Due to the location of these areas close to the ravine, we could explain the pronounced switching runoff behaviour of the catchment. GIS techniques combining different levels of topographic, soil and vegetation information showed to be suitable for delineation of areas with different runoff generation processes. The inclusion of seasonally distributed experimental data demonstrated that for dry conditions, slightly different methods have to be applied. Nevertheless, the study showed also the limitations of the combined methods: (I) subsurface flows and ground water recharge could only be deduced, not demonstrated, (II) finally, there is still a good knowledge of the area needed for an accurate process representation.


Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is the problem of moving a team of agents to their goal locations without collisions. In this paper, we study the lifelong variant of MAPF, where agents are constantly engaged with new goal locations, such as in large-scale automated warehouses. We propose a new framework Rolling-Horizon Collision Resolution (RHCR) for solving lifelong MAPF by decomposing the problem into a sequence of Windowed MAPF instances, where a Windowed MAPF solver resolves collisions among the paths of the agents only within a bounded time horizon and ignores collisions beyond it. RHCR is particularly well suited to generating pliable plans that adapt to continually arriving new goal locations. We empirically evaluate RHCR with a variety of MAPF solvers and show that it can produce high-quality solutions for up to 1,000 agents (= 38.9% of the empty cells on the map) for simulated warehouse instances, significantly outperforming existing work.


Intense media and policy focus on issues of online child protection have prompted a resurgence of moral panics about children and adolescents' Internet use, with frequent confounding of different types of risk and harm and little reference to empirical evidence of actual harm. Meanwhile, within the academic literature, the quantity and quality of studies detailing the risks and opportunities of online activity for children and young people has risen substantially in the past 10 years, but this is also largely focused on risk rather than evidence of harm. Whilst this is understandable given the methodological and ethical challenges of studying Internet-related harms to minors, the very concept of risk is dependent on some prior understanding of harm, meaning that without efforts to study what harms are connected with children's online experiences, discussions of risk lack a strong foundation. This article makes a key contribution to the field by reviewing available evidence about the scale and scope of online harms from across a range of disciplines and identifying key obstacles in this research area as well as the major policy implications. The findings are based on a review of 148 empirical studies. Results were found in relation to main types of harms: health-related harms as a result of using pro-eating disorder, self-harm or pro-suicide websites; sex-related harms such as Internet-initiated sexual abuse of minors and cyber-bullying.


'Scrambling', the kind of word order variation found in West Germanic languages, has been commonly treated as a phenomenon completely unrelated to North Germanic 'Object Shift'. This book questions this view and defends a unified analysis on the basis of strictly syntactic and phonological evidence. Given that its main conclusions are drawn from German data, it also sheds light on several problematic aspects of the grammar of this language, which have traditionally resisted a principled account. Prominent among these are: the inconsistent behaviour of German coherent infinitives with respect to extraction of their internal arguments; the existence of a less 'liberal' type of 'Scrambling' within topicalised VPs; the link between reordering possibilities and headfinalness; the asymmetry exhibited by monotransitive and ditransitive structures with respect to the interaction between 'Scrambling' and the unmarked word order, and, finally, certain anomalies in the reordering of the lower arguments of ditransitive predicates that assign inherent case.


A program has been written to run on a pocket computer (Sharp PC-1500) that can be used at the bedside to predict the nutritional requirements of patients with a wide range of clinical conditions. The predictions of the program showed good correlation with measured values for energy and nitrogen requirements. The program was used, with good results, in the management of over 100 patients needing nutritional support. The calculation of nutritional requirements for each patient individually facilitates more appropriate treatment and may also produce financial savings when compared with administration of a standard feeding regimen to all patients.


The transmission of party identification from parent to child is one of the most important components of political socialization in the United States. Research shows that children learn their party identification from their parents, and parents drive the learning process. The vast majority of studies thus treats children as passive recipients of information and assumes that parent-child concordance equals transmission. Rather than relying on a single pathway by which parents teach children, we propose an alternative view by focusing on children as active agents in their socialization. In so doing, we introduce a two-step model of transmission: perception then adoption. Utilizing two unique family-based studies that contain self-reported measures of party identification for both parents and children, children's perceptions of their parents' party affiliations, and measures of the parent-child relationship, we find children differentially learn and then choose to affiliate, or not, with their parents. These findings challenge several core assumptions upon which the extant literature is built, namely that the majority of children both know and adopt their parents' party identification. We conclude that there is much to be learned by focusing on children as active agents in their political socialization.


Most of the existing association rule mining algorithms are able to extract knowledge from databases with attributes of binary values. However, in real‐world applications, databases are usually composed of continuous values such as height, length or weight. If the attributes are continuous, the algorithms are commonly integrated with a discretization method that transforms them into discrete attributes. Discretization is a process of transforming a continuous attribute value into a finite number of intervals and assigning each interval into a discrete numerical value. However, the user most often must specify the number of intervals, or provide some heuristic rules to be used while discretization, and then it is difficult to get the highest attribute interdependency and at the same time get the lowest number of intervals. In this paper we present an association rule mining algorithm that is suited for continuous valued attributes commonly found in scientific and statistical databases. We propose a method using a new graph‐based evolutionary algorithm named 'genetic network programming (GNP)' that can deal with continuous values directly, that is, without using any discretization method as a preprocessing step. GNP represents its individuals using graph structures and evolves them in order to find a solution; this feature contributes to creating very compact programs and implicitly memorizing past action sequences. In the proposed method using GNP, the significance of the extracted association rules is measured by the use of χ2 test, and only important association rules are stored in a pool all together through generations. Results of experiments conducted on a real‐life database suggest that the proposed method provides an effective technique for handling continuous attributes. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Sleeping sickness or Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense is a vector borne protozoan disease occurring in central and western Africa. HAT caused devastating epidemics during the last century. Due to sustained efforts of surveillance and control measures the disease incidence dropped dramatically during recent years. HAT is now targeted for elimination for the year 2020. The epidemiological significance of ancient HAT foci not being surveyed or the non-provision of data recording for long periods, due to war riots and civil unrest like in Liberia is not clear. Its assessment, however, is essential for the implementation of future control strategies. The review compiles the history of HAT of Liberia with results of known but partly unpublished details of active and passive surveillance of ancient HAT foci (Lofa and Bong Counties). Forty-three HAT cases mainly of Bong County are listed for the years 1967 to 1989; no cases were diagnosed in the ancient Kissi focus. An experimentally prooven antelope-Glossina palpalis gambiensis- antelope cycle of T. b. gambiense emphasizes the epidemiological role of animal reservoir hosts in the Liberian rainforest with implication for the resurgence of the disease.


Periocular images contain iris as well as other near-by regions such as eyelids and eyebrows. It is useful to know which regions of ocular images are important for achieving good recognition performance. This chapter will present observations from experiments with regard to the effect of changing the size or selection of the periocular region on biometric recognition performance. One can use a single definition of the periocular region to identify areas that contain significant discriminative textural information in an attempt to identify such regions. In this chapter, we investigate sub-region effects over varying cropping sizes to determine an appropriate periocular image representation.


Purpose – To close the inaugural volume of Strategic Outsourcing, an International Journal (SOIJ), this paper aims to suggest a research agenda for outsourcing related studies for the year to come. The limited 1 year-time horizon to 2009 reflects our objective to identify a limited number of key and most urgent research areas in need of scientifically valid researchDesign/methodology/approach – The authors draw on their personal experience and knowledge as well as the content of the first volume of SOIJ, to identify key seminal studies in the field, observe gaps in current knowledge, and provide suggestions for future research.Findings – The major outcome of the paper is the list of 10 key research areas we suggest for 2009. Also interesting are the other three top-10s we propose: the top-10 theories underpinning current outsourcing research; the top-10 research areas investigated by past research on outsourcing; and the top-10 research questions that have emerged this year.Research limitations/implications – Considering the methodology we chose for this article, we are aware, and indeed so should you, that this research is biased and subjective by our own admission. Hence its categorisation as a Viewpoint. Nonetheless, considering the large amount of information we have used and the very narrow focus we have kept in defining our objectives, we believe the article has relevant implications in terms of clarifying a short-term roadmap for research in the field.Practical implications – From a practical perspective, as with all research agendas, the longer-term implications are much more important and visible than the shorter-term ones. The extremely fast pace at which outsourcing practice develops, coupled with the slower pace at which theoretical formulation and education move, are leaving outsourcing practitioners short of the proper "tools of trade". A clear and focused research agenda can help generate knowledge supporting a drastic reduction in the confusion surrounding this practice and hence increase practitioners' ability to develop the proper skills, learn from and apply validated theories and, in turn, more successfully manage their outsourced operations or contracts.Originality/value – That outsourcing related research is going to increase over the next few years, is undisputed. The key question is how we can maximise current and future efforts to shorten the development time. Being part of the editorial team of SOIJ puts us in the privileged position to have visibility over most current research being undertaken in the field of outsourcing. Complementing this with our own experience as researchers and practitioners in the field, we can provide relevant suggestions to those researchers who share an interest in developing this field into a fully-fledged scientific discipline.


Moral Ground brings together the testimony of over 80 visionaries -- theologians and religious leaders, scientists, elected officials, business leaders, naturists, activists, and writers -- to present a diverse and compelling call to honor our individual and collective moral responsibilities to our planet. In the face of environmental degradation and global climate change, scientific knowledge alone does not tell us what we ought to do. The missing premise of the argument and much-needed centerpiece in the debate to date has been the need for ethical values, moral guidance, and principled reasons for doing the right thing for our planet, its animals, its plants, and its people. This book encourages a newly discovered, or rediscovered, commitment to consensus about our ethical obligation to the future and why it's wrong to wreck the world.


Many tasks in image processing can be tackled by modeling an appropriate data fidelity term \(\Phi: \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \cup \{+\infty\}\) and then solve one of the regularized minimization problems \begin{align*}
 &{}(P_{1,\tau}) \qquad \mathop{\rm argmin}_{x \in \mathbb R^n} \big\{ \Phi(x) \;{\rm s.t.}\; \Psi(x) \leq \tau \big\} \\ &{}(P_{2,\lambda}) \qquad \mathop{\rm argmin}_{x \in \mathbb R^n} \{ \Phi(x) + \lambda \Psi(x) \}, \; \lambda > 0 \end{align*} with some function \(\Psi: \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \cup \{+\infty\}\) and a good choice of the parameter(s). Two tasks arise naturally here: \begin{align*} {}& \text{1. Study the solver sets \({\rm SOL}(P_{1,\tau})\) and
 \({\rm SOL}(P_{2,\lambda})\) of the minimization problems.} \\ {}& \text{2. Ensure that the minimization problems have solutions.} \end{align*} This thesis provides contributions to both tasks: Regarding the first task for a more special setting we prove that there are intervals \((0,c)\) and \((0,d)\) such that the setvalued curves \begin{align*}
 \tau \mapsto {}& {\rm SOL}(P_{1,\tau}), \; \tau \in (0,c) \\ {} \lambda \mapsto {}& {\rm SOL}(P_{2,\lambda}), \; \lambda \in (0,d) \end{align*} are the same, besides an order reversing parameter change \(g: (0,c) \rightarrow (0,d)\). Moreover we show that the solver sets are changing all the time while \(\tau\) runs from \(0\) to \(c\) and \(\lambda\) runs from \(d\) to \(0\).
 In the presence of lower semicontinuity the second task is done if we have additionally coercivity. We regard lower semicontinuity and coercivity from a topological point of view and develop a new technique for proving lower semicontinuity plus coercivity.
 Dropping any lower semicontinuity assumption we also prove a theorem on the coercivity of a sum of functions.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary incontinence after Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RALRP) is rare but can result in poor patient quality of life. While only 4-6% of patients will require some form of continence procedure for many men the return to full continence can take 6-18 months. Multiple surgical maneuvers have been explored to support the vesicourethral anastomosis and prevent bladder neck descent with mixed results. Our aim was to demonstrate that using the umbilical ligaments to create an anastomotic sling is both feasible and safe. METHODS: A 58 year-old man presented with intermediate risk prostate cancer and elected for RALRP. Standard port placement was used for a transperitoneal robotic prostatectomy ensuring the camera port was supraumbilical. After the posterior dissection was performed, the bilateral umbilical ligaments were transected and dissected proximally to the level of the vas deferens. After the prostatectomy is completed and the vesicourethral anastomosis performed, the umbilical ligaments are sutured to each other posterior to the anastomosis. The anastomosis is then wrapped with the umbilical ligaments and held in place with absorbable suture. Finally, the proximal umbilical ligaments are anchored to the ipsilateral vas deferens. RESULTS: The umbilical ligament sling was created without any perioperative complications. Visually the sling was observed to provide gentle upward traction on the anastomosis and in theory preventing bladder neck descent. Additionally, when filling the bladder there appears to be a dynamic effect such that the sling acts to prevent opening of the bladder neck with a full bladder. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged the following day. He passed a void trial nine days postoperatively and reports using zero pads at 2 months after the operation. As part of this pilot, we have performed 30 umbilical slings with no incidences of urinary retention or urine leak. Longer follow-up is needed to assess continence outcomes but preliminary subjective results from patients are encouraging. CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a dynamic umbilical ligament anastomotic sling at the time of RALRP is both feasible and safe. Visually the sling appears to both prevent anastomotic descent and provides additional support to the bladder neck during filling to prevent premature opening. Ongoing prospective studies will determine if this technique can improve short or long term continence outcomes. Source of Funding: None


The Internet of Things (IoT) with a direct internet connectivity for global access is one of the promising technologies for future communication systems. The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) based routing protocols that are currently available for IoT are prone to various vulnerabilities. Hence, the Personally Identifiable Information (PII) stored and/or communicated in IoT can easily be compromised. In this paper, we propose a Bio-inspired Secure IPv6 Communication Protocol (BSCoP) for IoT. We have enhanced the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RFC 6550) by incorporating a classification algorithm inspired by the Artificial Immune System (AIS). The AIS-based algorithm works by detecting the routing behavior of the communicating nodes in the local routing tables and classify the misbehaving nodes as non-self. With the help of the classification algorithm, we can detect excessive broadcasts and isolate them to improve power and transmission rates of the transmitted packets in a cluster of IoT nodes. The detailed experimental results show the promising performance of the proposed protocol while offering the security desired in cyberspace in terms of energy consumption and data packet rate.


Background:Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Little is known about MS and its consequences following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods:HIV-infected adults (881) initiating ART were evaluated for prevalence and incidence of MS and subsequent diagnosis of CVD and T2DM over a 3-year period. MS was defined by criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Third Report; ATP-III) or of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Results:The prevalence of baseline MS was 8.5% and 7.8% (ATP-III and IDF, respectively). During follow-up, 234 (12/100 patient-years) (ATP-III) and 178 (8/100 patient-years) (IDF) progressed to MS. MS at baseline had a borderline association with increased risk of CVD [ATP-III: hazard ratio (HR), 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–7.60; P = 0.095; IDF: HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 0.98–8.63; P = 0.058] and was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM (ATP-III: HR, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.83–10.25; P = 0.001; IDF: HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.35–8.17; P = 0.009). Incident MS was significantly associated with an increased risk of both CVD (ATP-III: HR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.07–6.96; P = 0.036; IDF: HR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.20–7.75; P = 0.019) and T2DM (ATP-III: HR, 4.89; 95% CI, 2.22–10.78; P < 0.0001; IDF: HR, 4.84; 95% CI, 2.20–10.64; P < 0.0001). Conclusions:Substantial progression to MS occurs within 3 years following initiation of ART. Since baseline and incident MS identifies individuals at risk for subsequent CVD and T2DM, it warrants evaluation in patients commencing ART.


This paper describes one aspect of a series of projects which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineering has undertaken in an effort to improve maintenance management of coastal and navigational structures. At the core of these projects is the development of procedures for more uniformly evaluating and describing and the condition of facilities, and further, the development of methods for expressing the condition of structures (and their parts)numerically, to take best advantage of the benefits available from the use of microcomputers in maintenance management. These procedures are designed to allow the conditions of different structures to be more easily compared and for the condition of the individual structures to be more uniformly tracked over a long time periods. More specifically, this paper briefly describes a condition rating and condition index (CI) system for the breakwaters and jetties of rubble constructions, with either rock or concrete armor units. In this system , ratings and index values are expressed as numbers from 0 to 100 on a standard scale containing seven condition levels.


A method was developed to distinguish both the linkage position and the anomericity of all reducing and two nonreducing glucopyransosyl-glucose disaccharides using only electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Carbohydrates are well-known to form complexes with metal cations during electrospray ionization. Addition of a lithium salt to a solution containing a disaccharide, M, results in [M + Li]+ after ESI. Collision-induced dissociation of these ions creates product ions at m/z 187 and m/z 169 from cleavage of the glycosidic bond and are present for all disaccharides studied. Both of these product ions were found to adduct water after their formation in a quadrupole ion trap. The kinetics of this water adduction can be measured by isolating either of the product ions and waiting a short time (<1 s) before mass analysis. Additionally, for both product ions, only a fraction of the ions were able to adduct water. This unreactive fraction was measured along with the reaction rate, and the combination of these two values was found to be unique for each disaccharide. Additionally, after CID, a 1000 ms delay can be added, and the ratios of the resulting products ions of m/z 169, 187, and 205 can be used to distinguish linkage position and anomericity with a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment.