The West Yorkshire Regional English Database (WYRED) consists of approximately 196 hours of high-quality audio recordings of 180 West Yorkshire (British English) speakers. All participants are male between the ages of 18-30, and are divided evenly (60 per region) across three boroughs within West Yorkshire (Northern England): Bradford, Kirklees, and Wakefield. Speakers participated in four spontaneous speaking tasks. The first two tasks relate to a mock crime where the participant speaks to a police officer (Research Assistant 1) followed by an accomplice (Research Assistant 2). Speakers returned a minimum of a week later at which point they were paired with someone from their borough and recorded having a conversation on any topics they wish. The final task is an experimental task in which speakers are asked to leave a voicemail message related to the fictitious crime from the first recording session. In total, each speaker participated in approximately 1 hour of spontaneous speech recordings. This paper details the design of WYRED, in order to introduce forensic speech science research utilizing this data, and to promote WYRED's potential application in related research and in forensic speech science casework.


Introduction: Dental trauma has become an important attribute of dental public health inducing feelings of embarrassment to smile, laugh, and show teeth affecting social relationships. Available literature regarding the impact of dental trauma on the quality of life of children in Lucknow is scarce. Aims: To assess the impact of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among 12-year-old school going children of Lucknow. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 12-year-old Lucknow school children. A total of 492 school children were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. The participants completed the child perceptions questionnaire (CPQ 11-14) - impact short form: 16 followed by an assessment of TDI. Unpaired t-test was used to determine the association of TDI with CPQ 11-14 because it involved two separate groups; one with dental trauma and other without dental trauma. Results: The prevalence of TDI was 10.8%. Maxillary central incisors (8.73%) were the frequently traumatized teeth. Enamel fracture (7.11%) was the most common type of TDI. OHRQoL had statistically significant association with TDI. Conclusions: TDI has a negative impact on OHRQoL of children affecting their personal relationships and school performance.


Currently accepted methods of tissue preparation for electron microscopy result in alterations of myelinated nerve fibers. In an attempt to minimize distortion of myelin, various fixation techniques, dehydration schedules, and embedding methods have been evaluated. It was found that the major damage to myelinated nerves occurs in the embedding procedure. A technique for embedding nerve tissue using the polyester Vestopal W is described which was found to result in improved preservation of myelin.


We present our results for ratios of higher order fluctuations of electric charge as functions of the temperature. These results are obtained in a system of 2+1 quark flavors at physical quark masses and continuum extrapolated. We compare them to preliminary data on higher order moments of the net electric charge distribution from the STAR collaboration. This allows us to determine the freeze-out temperature and chemical potential from first principles. We also show continuum-extrapolated results for ratios of higher order fluctuations of baryon number. These will allow us to test the consistency of the approach, by comparing them to the corresponding experimental data (once they become available) and thus, extracting the freeze-out parameters in an independent way.


Dror Abend-David's Scorned My Nation in its comparative literary analysis of the German, Yiddish and Hebrew translations of The Merchant of Venice concludes that cultural context and political intentions changed dramatically between the two Hebrew translations in 1921 and 1972, limiting his textual analysis to the closing line of Shylock's famous speech: 'it shall go hard'. I examine two key words in that speech in the two translations to detect which biblical texts the translator called on, consciously or unconsciously, and gauge what the literary resources of the Hebrew language can make of Shylock and his complaint and whether the language portraying Shylock and his complaint did actually change over those fifty years.


The globalisation of international migration is challenging social work practice in general and elder care in particular all across Europe. This article gives insight into social work practice with elderly people in Sweden by focusing on older migrants and their families. The article addresses the changes that Swedish elder care has undergone through the past few decades and how elder care is organised. The cases of two migrant families who care for their elderly relatives are described also in an attempt to draw attention to some of the specific challenges that social work practice with older migrants and their families can pose. The article argues that social work practice with these specific populations needs to become aware of the implications that understandings of ethnic 'Otherness' have for how elder care is planned and provided. Moreover, it is argued that the globalisation of international migration we are witnessing across Europe and the ethnic diversity in older populations that it brings about demand that social work is delivered in a more generationally aware way. Aiming to solely increase the social integration of older migrants can end up jeopardizing the social and economic integration of their families.


Recently, regulatory bodies quite often encourage to adopt risk-based inspection (RBI) and management programs because they can enhance safety simultaneously with deregulation in Korea. RBI is an integrated methodology that factors risk into inspection and maintenance decision making. This paper describes an example of how to use known risk assessment codes (API 580, API 581 BRD) to address such safety analysis requirements for risk management in the refining industry. Specifically, this paper reports the methodology and the results of implementation to the Crude Distillation Unit(CDU) plant of refinery units using the program, developed by the Korea Gas Safety Corporation in reference of API Codes and ASME PC (Post Construction) with a suitable consideration of Korean situation. The results of the risk and reliability assessment using program are useful in determining whether the detected defects are tolerable or required to be repaired. The subsequent decisions are to manage the future inspection, repair and maintenance planning in the risk reduction control.


A diverse assemblage of extinct mammals of early–middle Eocene age (Ypresian–Lutetian boundary) come from the Patagonian localities of La Barda and Laguna Fría around Paso del Sapo in northwestern Chubut Province (Argentina). Metatherians are well represented, mostly by dental remains of 'Didelphimorphia', Paucituberculata, Sparassodonta, Microbiotheria, and Polydolopimorphia. Here we analyse three calcanea and one astragalus referable to the same, indeterminate taxon, from La Barda, showing the fusion of their ectal and sustentacular facets. This facet arrangement characterizes the Australidelphia, a marsupial clade represented by Microbiotheria from South America and Antarctica, plus all Australasian lineages. Other australidelphian features shown by these tarsals include: in the calcanea, a reduced peroneal process and a tripartite cuboid facet; in the astragalus, a round, very small astragalar head in relation to the body; a convex trochlea with a half for the tibia and half, in slightly lower position, for the fibula. Their size and other anatomical features suggest that the new tarsals cannot be referred to the Microbiotheria. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the La Barda taxon lies within the Australidelphia, and that it is either closely related or belongs to, the Diprotodontia. The existence of advanced australidelphians in Patagonia adds further evidence of the close relationship between Patagonia, Antarctica, and Australia during the Late Cretaceous – early Palaeogene.


This feature provides a platform for oncology nurses to illustrate the many ways that leadership may be realized and professional practice may transform cancer care. Possible submissions include but are not limited to overviews of projects, interviews with nurse leaders, and accounts of the application of leadership principles or theories to practice. Descriptions of activities, projects, or action plans that are ongoing or completed are welcome. Manuscripts should clearly link the content to the impact on cancer care. Manuscripts should be six to eight doublespaced pages, exclusive of references and tables, and accompanied by a cover letter requesting consideration for this feature. For more information, contact Associate Editor Paula Klemm, PhD, RN, OCN, at email@example.com or Associate Editor Judith K. Payne, PhD, RN, AOCN, at firstname.lastname@example.com Paula T. Rieger, RN, MSN, AOCN®, FAAN Associate Editor


Learning design research (LDR) is establishing itself as a separate and specialised field of educational research. Worldwide, technology-mediated learning experiences in higher and further education are on the increase. LDR investigates their success in providing effective outcomes-based and personalised learning experiences. This paper reports on a meta-ethnographic review study of a subsection of current LDR to document current conceptualisations, preferred methodologies and possible themes and struggles. The findings suggest that LDR often uses an ad hock approach to Learning Design conceptualisation. It is concluded that the current ontological and epistemological disparity presents a great hindrance to the advancement of LDR.


A key assumption of top-down human pose estimation approaches is their expectation of having a single person/instance present in the input bounding box. This often leads to failures in crowded scenes with occlusions. We propose a novel solution to overcome the limitations of this fundamental assumption. Our Multi-Instance Pose Network (MIPNet) allows for predicting multiple 2D pose instances within a given bounding box. We introduce a Multi-Instance Modulation Block (MIMB) that can adaptively modulate channel-wise feature responses for each instance and is parameter efficient. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by evaluating on COCO, CrowdPose, and OCHuman datasets. Specifically, we achieve 70.0 AP on CrowdPose and 42.5 AP on OCHuman test sets, a significant improvement of 2.4 AP and 6.5 AP over the prior art, respectively. When using ground truth bounding boxes for inference, MIP-Net achieves an improvement of 0.7 AP on COCO, 0.9 AP on CrowdPose, and 9.1 AP on OCHuman validation sets compared to HRNet. Interestingly, when fewer, high confidence bounding boxes are used, HRNet's performance degrades (by 5 AP) on OCHuman, whereas MIPNet maintains a relatively stable performance (drop of 1 AP) for the same inputs.


Hyla intermedia is an endemic Italian tree frog species, distributed from the southern edge of the Alpine massif to the tip of Calabria and into Sicily. Previously referred as the widespread Hyla arborea, it has only recently been recognized as a distinct species. It shows a bright, uniformly green dorsal coloration. We report a previously unknown colour variant, displayed by an individual collected in Salento Peninsula. It differs from the typical form by its dark olive-brown background color with a contrasting marbled pattern on its dorsal and lateral surfaces. Similarly to typical individuals, this specimen was able to lighten its background color under the effect of stress, but its unusual marbled pattern was permanent. Marbled patterns are also known in other Hyla species, but were not so far recorded in H. intermedia.


External control of a gene regulatory network is used for the purpose of avoiding undesirable states, such as those associated with disease. Certain types of cancer therapies are given in cycles: each treatment is followed by a recovery phase. In a recovery phase, the side effects tend to gradually degrade. Here, an intervention strategy that simulates cyclic therapies is proposed. It is shown how an optimal cyclic intervention strategy can be devised in the context of probabilistic Boolean networks. The effectiveness of optimal cyclic therapies is shown through numerical studies.


It is a largely accepted idea that complexity and recent global phenomena have generated a multi-layered diversification process in Western societies. Migration phenomena are largely responsible for this process both in receiving European societies as well as in original sending countries. Migration has been and continues to be a ubiquitous human experience. Yet, while this fact has aided the understanding of the world as something other than a mosaic of distinct cultural spaces with clearly demarcated borders, it has not decreased the incomprehension, fear and suspicion with which non–European migrants are often greeted within the industrialised cities of Europe. This article deals with one aspect of this process that seems to be quite underestimated in media, public opinion and academia. It is the idea that "ethnicity" can be approached, explored and investigated as a heterogeneous and multi-faced form of diversity itself. This is what can be defined as "diversities within diversity". Departing from the presentation of an empirical research in Genoa it will be possible to analyse these phenomena at two different levels: namely, in terms of methods and methodology. By focusing on the idea of livelihood and employing an approach based on "Tracing" techniques, different ways of acting and being Moroccan migrants in Genoa will be revealed, presented and discussed. This method newly integrates both quantitative and qualitative information. It will allow us to analyse the experience of livelihood in a way that will reveal the simultaneous existence of many underlying different invisible and unconscious social constructions as well as visible concrete and conscious expressions of everyday life. Disclosing how the same people in the same local context produce different "adaptive" strategies and lifestyles will lead to outline a potential conceptual methodological framework of reference based on an open/close principle. In this case ideas of openness and closeness will be assumed in a dialectical double-faced process. It is not only a matter of how systems can be defined open or closed by themselves, but also how the encounter and interplay of many different systems – generation of diversity - establish the conditions and limits within which different individuals can reproduce their culture as social actors- production of diversities. After having discussed the methodological implications of this approach it will be possible to draw some final theoretical considerations. If we believe that new ways of investigating social phenomena are a determinant in the way we describe, analyze, explain and understand their complexity, we should recognize that not only theory might generate and define what we call social reality but also vice-versa. Approaching the world out there in new ways might result in rethinking and adjusting the conceptual taxonomies that drive social scholars in their search for gaining and catching social reality. This principle becomes crucial if we want social sciences to be heuristically oriented, in other words if we want to develop the capacity to hand back positive analytical readings and comparisons of social phenomena as well as useful recommendations for policy makers.


The thermal treatment of biomass in the so called incineration plants represents one of the most appealing ways for biomass treatment. It reduces not only the volume of the disposed biomass, but also it can convert the heat produced by the combustion into electrical energy or steam for the district heating. Any organic non-fossil fuel can be considered as a biomass such as industrial and municipal waste and any material that was created by a photosynthesis reaction. Hence, it can contribute considerably in the global energy supply, as it can be collected from different sources. However, the variability in biomass composition, the complex thermochemical reactions and heat transfer phenomena occurring during the combustion have justified the development of multiple mathematical models to investigate the process as precisely as possible. Usually, they aim to achieve a better combustion chamber design. Unfortunately, these models are very complex and very detailed, composed mainly of a set of partial differential equations that cannot be considered if the intent is the control of the plant. Hence, the goal of the proposed work in a first step is to reduce the present complexity by proposing a simplified mathematical model that captures the main dynamics present inside the incineration chamber. The model takes the heterogeneous solid phase and the homogeneous gas phase into account, and it considers the large unsteady variation in the biomass composition. The control part of the plant is also addressed by giving an overview on the current control schemes that are used in the context of biomass combustion control. Finally, the model is implemented using the object-oriented language Modelica in order to investigate the dynamic behavior of the system.


The Reckoning Late in the twentieth century, in response to repeated mass atrocities around the world, more than 120 countries united to form the International Criminal Court (ICC)—the first permanent court created to prosecute perpetrators (no matter how powerful) of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. The Reckoning follows dynamic ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo and his team for three years across four continents as he issues arrest warrants for Lord's Resistance Army leaders in Uganda, puts Congolese warlords on trial, shakes up the Colombian justice system, and charges Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir with genocide in Darfur, challenging the UN Security Council to arrest him. Building cases against genocidal criminals presents huge challenges, and the prosecutor has a mandate but no police force. At every turn, he must pressure the international community to muster political will for the cause. Like a deft thriller, The Reckoning keeps you on the edge of your seat, in this case with two riveting dramas—the prosecution of unspeakable crimes and the ICC's fight for efficacy in its nascent years. As this tiny court in The Hague struggles to change the world and forge a new paradigm for justice, innocent victims suffer and wait. Will the Prosecutor succeed? Will the world ensure that justice prevails? (2009, 95 mins.)


Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum has been successfully modified for use in adult patients. Many patients present in adulthood with progression of symptoms as the chest wall becomes less compliant with age. A thorough workup is completed including echocardiogram and chest CT to evaluate for anatomic abnormalities. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is done to quantify the physiologic impact. Modifications of the original Nuss procedure required to allow for successful adult repair include the use of forced sternal elevation, the use of multiple bars, medial bar fixation, and interspace support to prevent bar rotation and migration. Occasionally, fractures may occur that require an open procedure and osteotomy or cartilage resection and hybrid approach incorporating the principals of intrathoracic support and osteotomy with bar stabilization.


Research over the last decade has documented the return of paid domestic labour across
many European societies. This scenario is part of the broader process of the
commoditisation of social reproduction, which has accompanied the displacement of the
male-breadwinner family model by the dual-worker / one-and-a-half-worker model in
some states in the context of little or no re-alignment in the sexual division of domestic
labour. The main focus of research has been on the outsourcing of female areas of
domestic work, namely cleaning and care-giving, and despite Cancedda's (2001)
observation of evidence across Europe of commoditisation of stereotypically masculine
domestic chores such as gardening and household repair/maintenance, there has been little
or no empirical investigation of the phenomenon. This paper is concerned with addressing
that gap. Drawing on analysis of the UK Time Use Survey, it firstly documents the scale
and characteristics of UK households' outsourcing of typically male areas of domestic
work. It then seeks to locate the processes underlying this phenomenon, as well as its
implications, drawing on the analysis of in-depth interviews with both partners in couple
households with dependent children which buy-in help with male domestic work on a
repeated basis. The analysis suggests that there are strong parallels with the
commoditisation of female areas of domestic work, with the outsourcing of male domestic
jobs being found to play an important role in couples' strategies for reconciling work and
rest of life. In particular, the attempt by men to conform to the normative expectation of the
'good father' – someone who combines breadwinning with nurturing and a more active
and involved role in raising children – in the context of a largely unsupportive institutional
framework, emerges as a key factor underlying couples' decision to outsource male
domestic jobs. Moreover, there is evidence that men are doubly "let off the hook", since a
common outcome in households of outsourcing of male domestic jobs is that responsibility
for its management falls to female partners. These findings are then considered in relation
to the broader questions of the gender use of time and gender equality within the
contemporary work-life balance policy regime in the UK.


Research has shown that verbal short‐term memory span is shorter in individuals with Down syndrome than in typically developing individuals of equivalent mental age, but little attention has been given to variations within or across groups. Differences in the environment and in particular educational experiences may play a part in the relative ease or difficulty with which children remember verbal material. This article explores the performance of 26 Egyptian pupils with Down syndrome and 26 Egyptian typically developing children on two verbal short‐term memory tests: digit recall and non‐word repetition tasks. The findings of the study revealed that typically developing children showed superior performance on these tasks to that of pupils with Down syndrome, whose performance was both lower and revealed a narrower range of attainment. Comparisons with the performance of children with Down syndrome in this study suggested that not only did the children with Down syndrome perform more poorly than the typically developing children, their profile also appeared worse than the results of studies of children with a similar mental age with Down syndrome carried out in western countries. The results from this study suggested that, while deficits in verbal short‐term memory in Down syndrome may well be universal, it is important to recognise that performances may vary as a consequence of culture and educational experiences. The significance of these findings is explored with reference to approaches to education and how these are conceptualised in relation to children with disabilities.


This paper presents a methodological approach to design dynamic output feedback sliding mode control for a class of mismatched uncertain systems with state and input delays. A new switching surface is proposed and a state observer is employed to reconstruct the sliding mode control action. Based on the improved Lyapunov function and linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique, the stability of the overall closed-loop uncertain time-delay system under the proposed control scheme is guaranteed without the state transformation. Furthermore, the state observer and control law can be constructed from the positive-definite solutions of two LMIs, the design technique is simple and computationally efficient. The validity of the proposed control methodology is demonstrated by simulation results.


The Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE), is the Herschel Space Observatory`s submillimetre camera and spectrometer. It contains a three-band imaging photometer operating at 250, 350 and 500 mu m, and an imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) which covers simultaneously its whole operating range of 194-671 mu m (447-1550 GHz). The SPIRE detectors are arrays of feedhorn-coupled bolometers cooled to 0.3 K. The photometer has a field of view of 4' x 8', observed simultaneously in the three spectral bands. Its main operating mode is scan-mapping, whereby the field of view is scanned across the sky to achieve full spatial sampling and to cover large areas if desired. The spectrometer has an approximately circular field of view with a diameter of 2.6'. The spectral resolution can be adjusted between 1.2 and 25 GHz by changing the stroke length of the FTS scan mirror. Its main operating mode involves a fixed telescope pointing with multiple scans of the FTS mirror to acquire spectral data. For extended source measurements, multiple position offsets are implemented by means of an internal beam steering mirror to achieve the desired spatial sampling and by rastering of the telescope pointing to map areas larger than the field of view. The SPIRE instrument consists of a cold focal plane unit located inside the Herschel cryostat and warm electronics units, located on the spacecraft Service Module, for instrument control and data handling. Science data are transmitted to Earth with no on-board data compression, and processed by automatic pipelines to produce calibrated science products. The in-flight performance of the instrument matches or exceeds predictions based on pre-launch testing and modelling: the photometer sensitivity is comparable to or slightly better than estimated pre-launch, and the spectrometer sensitivity is also better by a factor of 1.5-2.


This paper investigates whether monetary incentives can be used to promote healthier sleep habits. We collected detailed data drawn from wearable sleep trackers and randomized monetary incentives to sleep. Subjects in the treatment group significantly increased their sleep duration. There is evidence of demand for commitment and sophisticated hyperbolic discounting behavior, self-serving bias and some evidence of habit formation effects. The size and the frequency of the incentives are crucial to sustain the healthy behavior after the intervention. Effects are concentrated among those reporting insufficient sleep at baseline. Incentives to sleep improved not only sleep duration, but also sleep quality. JEL Codes: I1


Transcript (mRNA) levels are increasingly being used in medicine as molecular biomarkers for disease and disease risk, including use of whole blood as a target tissue for analysis. Development of blood molecular biomarkers for nutritional status, too, has potential application that parallels opportunities in medicine, including providing solid data for individualized nutrition. We previously reported that blood glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) mRNA was expressed at levels comparable to major tissues in rats and humans. To determine the efficacy of using blood Gpx1 mRNA to assess selenium (Se) status and requirements, we fed graded levels of Se (0–0.3 μg Se/g as selenite) to weanling male rats. Se status was determined by liver Se concentration and selenoenzyme activity, and selenoprotein mRNA abundance in liver and blood was determined by ribonuclease protection analysis. Liver Se and plasma glutathione peroxidase-3 and liver Gpx1 activities indicated that minimal Se requirements were at 0.08 μg Se/g diet. When total RNA was isolated from whole blood, Gpx1 mRNA in Se-deficient rats decreased to 10% of levels in Se-adequate (0.2 μg Se/g diet) rats. With Se supplementation, blood Gpx1 mRNA levels increased sigmoidally to a plateau with a minimum Se requirement of 0.08 μg Se/g diet, whereas glutathione peroxidase-4 mRNA levels were unaffected. Similarly, Gpx1 mRNA in RNA isolated from fractionated red blood cells decreased in Se-deficient rats to 23% of Se-adequate levels, with a minimum Se requirement of 0.09 μg Se/g diet. Additional studies showed that the preponderance of whole blood Gpx1 mRNA arises from erythroid cells, most likely reticulocytes and young erythrocytes. In summary, whole blood selenoprotein mRNA levels can be used as molecular biomarkers for assessing Se requirements, illustrating that whole blood has potential as a target tissue in development of molecular biomarkers for use in nutrition as well as in medicine.


Most chloroplast proteins are encoded for in the nucleus and have to be transported into the organelle after translation in the cytoplasm. The TOC and TIC machineries (Translocon at the Outer/Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts) mediate the import of these proteins across the chloroplast membranes. The major aim of this work was to characterize two TIC translocon components: Tic110, the main protein translocation channel in the inner envelope, and Tic20, which was proposed to also form a protein import channel.
After a detailed study of Tic110, a topological model could be established, demonstrating that the protein is inserted into the membrane with two hydrophobic and four amphipathic helices, placing residues both to the intermembrane space and to the stromal side. The presence of highly conserved cysteine residues and experiments demonstrating that Tic110 possess a redox active disulfide bridge, which could be reduced by stromal thioredoxins in vitro, indicated that Tic110 might be a possible target for thioredoxin regulation. To explore which cysteines are involved in disulfide bridge formation, mutations were generated for conserved cysteines in Tic110. As a result, Cys492 and Cys890 were identified as possible candidates. To define the functional role of disulfide bridge(s), components of the TIC motor complex were overexpressed and purified and their interaction was analysed with Tic110 via different approaches.
The second part of this work focuses on the channel activity of Tic20. Although both Tic110 and Tic20 are clearly important for plant viability and preprotein translocation, there were neither electrophysiological nor biochemical data supporting that Tic20 can form a channel. After inserting the heterologously overexpressed and purified protein into liposomes, swelling assays and electrophysiological measurements provided the first experimental evidence for the channel activity of Tic20, being a cation selective channel with a pore size of about 8-14 A. Therefore, it was concluded that the TIC translocon consists of at least two distinct translocation channels: Firstly, Tic110 forms the main translocation pore and therefore facilitates import of most of the chloroplast-targeted preproteins. Secondly, Tic20 might be specifically required for the translocation of some possibly essential proteins.
To gain further insight into the structure and function of both proteins, preliminary tests were performed for crystallization in lipidic phases. The large sample of grown crystals observed under different conditions will presumably enable to crystallize these proteins and resolve their crystal structures in the future.


Overexpression of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 184.108.40.206) XII is observed in certain human cancers. This bitopic membrane protein contains an N-terminal extracellular catalytic domain, a membrane-spanning α-helix, and a small intracellular C-terminal domain. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the extracellular catalytic domain of human CA XII by x-ray crystallographic methods at 1.55-Å resolution. The structure reveals a prototypical CA fold; however, two CA XII domains associate to form an isologous dimer, an observation that is confirmed by studies of the enzyme in solution. The identification of signature GXXXG and GXXXS motifs in the transmembrane sequence that facilitate helix–helix association is additionally consistent with dimeric architecture. The dimer interface is situated so that the active site clefts of each monomer are clearly exposed on one face of the dimer, and the C termini are located together on the opposite face of the dimer to facilitate membrane interaction. The amino acid composition of the active-site cleft closely resembles that of the other CA isozymes in the immediate vicinity of the catalytic zinc ion, but differs in the region of the nearby α-helical "130's segment." The structure of the CA XII–acetazolamide complex is also reported at 1.50-Å resolution, and prospects for the design of CA XII-specific inhibitors of possible chemotherapeutic value are discussed.


Palestine as a territorial entity has experienced a curious history. Until World War I, Palestine was part of the sprawling Ottoman Empire. After the war, Palestine came under the administration of Great Britain by an arrangement with the League of Nations. In 1948 Israel established itself in part of Palestine's territory, and Egypt and Jordan assumed administration of the remainder. By 1967 Israel took control of the sectors administered by Egypt and Jordan and by 1988 Palestine reasserted itself as a state. Recent years saw the international community acknowledging Palestinian statehood as it promotes the goal of two independent states, Israel and Palestine, co-existing peacefully. This book draws on evidence from the 1924 League of Nations mandate to suggest that Palestine was constituted as a state at that time. Palestine remained a state after 1948, even as its territory underwent permutation, and this book provides a detailed account of how Palestine has been recognized until the present day.


This paper examines the economic relations of Estonia and trends in its exports and imports with the most important countries globally in 2008-2014, and presents its export and import transactions in the main commodity groups in 2009-2014.2 Considering the many different tensions that have appeared in world economy and in politics in the recent years, the aim of this paper is to describe their possible impacts on the Estonian economy. The research tasks set are studying of economic and trade relations with Ukraine as one of the largest countries in the EU Eastern Partnership Programme. Also the range of problems and developments related to signing the association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, as well as the new complicated trade relations arising from economic policy, and developments both in the European context and that of other countries are examined. Also economic and trade relations with Russia are discussed. All this is treated on the background of the relations between Ukraine and Russia in the recent years and their impact on the behaviour of Estonia, the EU, USA and other Western countries. The above-mentioned issues are also viewed in relation to imposing economic sanctions due to relations between Ukraine and Russia.


Unfortunately, working scientists sometimes reflexively continue to use "buzz phrases" grounded in once prevalent paradigms that have been subsequently refuted. This can impede both earthquake research and hazard mitigation. Well-worn seismological buzz phrases include "earthquake cycle," "seismic cycle," "seismic gap," and "characteristic earthquake." They all assume that there are sequences of earthquakes that are nearly identical except for the times of their occurrence. If so, the complex process of earthquake occurrence could be reduced to a description of one "characteristic" earthquake plus the times of the others in the sequence. A common additional assumption is that characteristic earthquakes dominate the displacement on fault or plate boundary "segments." The "seismic gap" (or the effectively equivalent "seismic cycle") model depends entirely on the "characteristic" assumption, with the added assumption that characteristic earthquakes are quasi-periodic. However, since the 1990s numerous statistical tests have failed to support characteristic earthquake and seismic gap models, and the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and 2011 Tohoku earthquake both ripped through several supposed segment boundaries. Earthquake scientists should scrap ideas that have been rejected by objective testing or are too vague to be testable.


All concepts applied in social research have two sources of meaning: other words and practical experience. Making knowledge (more) actionable implies increasing the emphasis on the practical. This increase, however, is no simple process to be carried through as a turnaround operation. Rather, the shift demands a process consisting of several steps, ranging from establishing dialogic relationships with other people to the development of "regions of meaning" where theory and practice can interact in new ways. The article traces and discusses one such process of development, drawing on experience over two decades from action research in Scandinavian working life.


An important factor in achieving maximum adhesion of a particular coating system to the substrate lies in the proper preparation of the substrate prior to the application of paint. The Lewis acid-base properties of the outer metal surface play a determinant role in many of these applications, and the chemical reactions involved  therein. In this work, the wetting properties of a low carbon aluminium killed (LCAK) substrate have been largely modified by a chemically activated surface treatment. XPS analysis was performed on the   surface.Wettability in water, a polar and protic probe liquid, and in α-bromonaphthalene, a non-polar and aprotic probe liquid, of theLCAKsurface is strongly modifiedwhentheLCAKsurface is treated with dilute formic  acid and warm water. Formic acid forms formate ions which have a higher reactivity with respect to molecular species and are able to react with the exposed surfaces, changing the relative structure of the hydroxyl layer. KEYWORDS : XPS, Lewis acid-base, wettability, steel, surface.


A variable-length chromosome evolutionary algorithm for reversible circuit synthesis (VLEA RC) is presented to improve the quality of solutions in terms of quantum cost. The synthesis problem is formulated as a minimization problem with an equality constraint. To begin with, a modified stochastic ranking method for constraint handling is devised. This gives a better balance between decreasing the constraint violation and increasing the objective value through the use of parsimony pressure. Then, a periodic population update mechanism is applied when the evolution process stagnates. This mechanism employs heuristic information extracted from the positive polarity Reed-Muller expansion of the reversible specification. This can improve the feasible ratio and reduce the search space effectively. Our design is tested on several widely used benchmarks with circuit size varying from 4 to 30 inputs. The results show that the proposed method can find high quality solutions for the tested benchmarks as well as improve the circuit size that can be handled compared to previous evolutionary methods.


Hydatid disease is world-wide in distribution but it is more common in sheep and cattleraising countries. The disease is generally acquired during childhood though it does not manifest before adult life. It may involve any organ of the body but majority of hydatid cysts occur in the liver. However, primary involvement of the spermatic cord is exceptional. Implantation of the hydatid larva is essentially haematogenous. The purpose of this study is to present a case of hydatid cyst in an uncommon location.


The U.S. criminal justice system "piles on." It punishes too many for too long. Much criminal law scholarship focuses on the problem of excessive punishment. Yet for the low-level offenses that dominate state court workloads, much of the harm caused by arrests and convictions arises outside the formal criminal sentence. It stems from spiraling hidden penalties and the impact of a criminal record. The key question is not just why the state over-punishes, but rather why so many different institutions—law enforcement institutions as well as civil regulatory agencies and private actors—find it valuable to do so. This Article argues that the reach of the criminal justice system is not just the product of overly punitive laws, but also the product of institutions capitalizing on criminal law decisions for their own ends. Criminal law is meant to serve a public purpose, but in practice, key institutions create, disseminate, and rely on low-level criminal records because they offer a source of revenue or provide a cost-effective way of achieving discrete administrative objectives. These incentives drive and expand the reach of the criminal justice system, even as they work in tension with the state's sentencing goals. This dynamic creates obvious harm. But it also benefits key actors, such as municipalities, privatized probation companies, background check providers, employers, and others who have incentives to maintain the system as it is. This Article identifies how organizational incentives lead a host of institutions to capitalize on criminal law decisions, and it argues that reform efforts must, as a central goal, recognize and respond to these incentives.


The term "the Bill of Rights" used as a proper noun to refer specifically and exclusively to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution was largely a result of civic education drives in the 1920s and 1930s. Many in the founding generation called for a bill rights to be attached to the Constitution, but they never called the first ten amendments "the Bill of Rights." In the nineteenth century, these amendments had little power, and the bill of rights (usually not capitalized) was often thought to be an abstract set of principles, existing prior to and not coequal with the first ten amendments. Through a gradual linguistic evolution, driven by a need to define and apply political principles, Americans created "the Bill of Rights" and imbued it with iconic status. This occurred first in legal language in the 1890s, and spread into textbooks, before entering the vocabulary of contributors to newspapers. In the 1930s, while courts and political leaders looked to the Bill of Rights to justify the federal expansion of power, Americans discovered that this iconic document could be used to resist the same. As they debated the nature, purpose, and application of the Bill of Rights, Americans clarified the meaning of the term and empowered it.


The assumed association of sperm motility with fertility has long been a preoccupation of clinicians. Whereas assessing fertility of a couple has relatively easy end-points (time to pregnancy, number of children), assessing motility does not. The many methods developed to determine it include assessing a sperm population subjectively (by grading) and objectively (by measuring its motion-induced movement into a light beam by spectrophotometry or nephelometry), and making measurements on individual sperm cells (by stroboscopic or multiple-exposure photography or digitized video-recordings). A new technique reported recently1 involves holography to determine unrestrained movement patterns of objects in deep chambers over long periods of time. It has been used to provide information on the temporal motility patterns of unrestrained spermatozoa swimming in three-dimensions (hence four-dimensional motility).


We expand on the Fourier transform method of Monet (ApJ 234, 275, 1979) to infer the orbital parameters of visual binary stars, and we present results for several systems, both simulated and real. Although originally developed to address binary systems observed through at least one complete period, we have extended the method to deal explicitly with cases where the orbital data is less complete. This is especially useful in cases where the period is so long that only a fragment of the orbit has been recorded. We utilize Fourier-series fitting methods appropriate to data sets covering less than one period and containing random measurement errors. In so doing, we address issues of over-determination in fitting the data and the reduction of other deleterious Fourier-series artifacts. We developed our algorithm using the MAPLE mathematical software code, and tested it on numerous "synthetic" systems, and several real binaries, including Xi Boo, 24 Aqr, and Bu 738. This work was supported at Lehigh University by the Delaware Valley Space Grant Consortium and by NSF-REU grant PHY-9820301.


Several recent studies have reported non-linear effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which has been attributed to an interaction between the stimulation parameters (e.g., current strength, duration) and the neural state of the cortex being stimulated (e.g., indexed by baseline performance ability, age) (see Fertonani and Miniussi, 2016). We have recently described one such non-linear interaction between current strength and baseline performance on a visuospatial attention (landmark) task (Benwell et al., 2015). In this previous study, we induced a small overall rightward shift of spatial attention across 38 participants using bi-hemispheric tDCS applied for 20 min (concurrent left posterior parietal (P5) anode and right posterior parietal (P6) cathode) relative to a sham protocol. Importantly, this shift in bias was driven by a state-dependent interaction between current intensity and the discrimination sensitivity of the participant at baseline (pre-stimulation) for the landmark task. Individuals with high discrimination sensitivity (HDS) shifted rightward in response to low- (1 mA) but not high-intensity (2 mA) tDCS, whereas individuals with low discrimination sensitivity (LDS) shifted rightward with high- but not low-intensity stimulation. However, in Benwell et al. (2015) current strength was applied as a between-groups factor, where half of the participants received 1 mA and half received 2 mA tDCS, thus we were unable to compare high and low-intensity tDCS directly within each individual. Here we aimed to replicate these findings using a within-group design. Thirty young adults received 15 min of 1 and 2 mA tDCS, and a sham protocol, each on different days, to test the concept of an interaction between baseline performance and current strength. We found no overall rightward shift of spatial attention with either current strength, and no interaction between performance and current strength. These results provide further evidence of low replicability of non-invasive brain stimulation protocols, and the need for further attempts to replicate the key experimental findings within this field.


One of the appealing aspects of property writing today is the willingness of so many scholars to engage the field a whole, backing away from details and assessing the big picture. It is much-needed work given the importance of private ownership as a contemporary institution, culturally and politically as much as legally and economically. We are the authors of one of the new casebooks in the field, Freyfogle & Karkkainen, Property Law: Power, Governance, and the Common Good (West/American Casebook Series 2012). As much (or more) than other casebooks it reflects this surge of scholarly interest in the institutional or big-picture side of private ownership. It does so in important part by featuring freestanding essays that identify and comment on foundational issues, exploring them at greater length than is possible in typical casebook notes. As a set, the essays cover what we view as the main institutional elements, ranging from property's moral grounding and reasons for existence to the modes and most visible directions of on-going legal change. Many students find the essays especially engaging, particularly students with scholarly or critical leanings.In this writing we have assembled the essays into a set, with revisions (and modest updates) so that they stand alone. We hope they might interest a broader range of readers, personally or for instructional use. We frame our essay topics in what might be termed progressive ways. That is, we present property as a human-constructed, evolving, morally complex social institution, variously beneficial to elements of society and communities, and we open the law of property -– all of it -– to reconsideration. At the same time, we highlight the benefits of legal stability and encourage caution in assuming that institutional change can substitute for individual and cultural reform. One aim is to help students appreciate the causes, modes, and consequences of (presumably) unending legal change.


Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network technology has been
adopted to integrate different kinds of traffic, like video, audio and data. It provides several service categories including constant bit rate (CBR), variable bit rate (VBR), available bit rate (ABR), and unspecified bit rate (UBR) service. In particular, the ABR service has been approved to use the bandwidth left by CBR and VBR services, which is ideal for data applications and can perform well for real-time applications with the appropriate implementation. Basically ABR servIce attempts to guarantee minimum cell rate, achieve fairness, and minimise cell loss
by periodically indicating to sources the rate at which to send. Therefore, there is a critical need for an effective flow control mechanism to allocate network resources (buffers, bandwidth), and provide the negotiated quality of service. This thesis develops dynamic feedback flow control schemes in ATM networks, with primary focus on point-to-point (unicast) and point-tomUltipoint (multicast) ABR algorithms. Firstly, it surveys a number of point-to-point schemes proposed for supporting unicast ABR service. Some of these algorithms do not measure the actual ABR traffic load which leads to either overestimates or underestimates of the bandwidth allocation. Others do not monitor the activity of the sources and overlook the temporarily idle sources. The rest may be implemented with additional complexity. Secondly, the research shifts to the problems of point-to-multipoint algorithms by introducing the basic
concept of multicasting ABR servIce and reviewing a group of
consolidation schemes, where the compromise between low
consolidation nOlse and fast transient response is the main issue. Thirdly, the design and implementation issues have been addressed together with the major drawbacks of the previous schemes and hence two algorithms have been proposed. A dynamic rate-based flow control (DRFC) scheme has been developed to support ABR service in unicast environment, while an adaptive feedback consolidation (AFC) algorithm has been designed for ABR multicasting. Finally, these schemes are extensively tested and compared with others from the literature using a wide range of network configurations and different types of traffic sources. The simulation results show that the DRFC algorithm allocates
the available bandwidth fairly among the contending ABR sources, while achieving high link utilisation with reasonable growth of queues. The AFC scheme eliminates the consolidation noise with fast transient response as well as minimising the effect of non-responsive branches.


This paper analyses organisational structures and the relations and symbols through individual and collective cognition. We specify forms of sensemaking within the crisis process. Sensemaking, as a general perspective within the framework of organisational meaning, confers explanation of crisis. In addition, facts and their cognitive interpretations one by one highlight concrete phenomena and events' chaining through crisis. Factual phenomena can be seen as the multiple elements supporting sensemaking within the organisation: machines, software, technical environments and systems. Cognitive phenomena are related to human perceptions and representations. This expresses the potential of the framework to embrace a mechanical perspective, a structuro-functionalist and cognitive one. We indeed advocate for psychological training addressing sensemaking as a major asset for crisis management.


Abstract:Should, and could, the rhetoric of health and medicine (RHM) develop a professional disciplinary code of ethics? In this commentary, I argue that RHM has special need for a code of ethics, but that we encounter unique barriers to codification. These barriers arise not because we are not ethical, but because we are distinctively ethical. By analyzing the rhetoric of the professional disciplinary code of ethics as a genre, it becomes evident that codes have the potential to restrict a humanities field's ethical discourse to the domain of academic research and to limit its participation in the domains of health and medicine. Subsequently, I levy that certain generic conventions of the code of ethics do not adequately meet our needs as a health humanities field. I raise, instead, the possibility of an alternative statement of ethics that better mediates the health and humanities divide. Towards the feasibility of this prospect, I begin to theorize the notion of a "rhetorical ethics": a conceptualization of RHM as a distinctive and legitimate approach to ethical discourse in health and medicine.


Temporal Lobe Epilepsy after Experimental Prolonged Febrile Seizures: Prospective Analysis Dube C, Richichi C, Bender RA, Chung G, Litt B, Baram TZ Brain 2006;129(Pt 4):911–922 Experimental prolonged febrile seizures (FS) lead to structural and molecular changes that promote hippocampal hyperexcitability and reduce seizure threshold to further convulsants. However, whether these seizures provoke later-onset epilepsy, as has been suspected in humans, has remained unclear. Previously, intermittent EEGs with behavioural observations for motor seizures failed to demonstrate spontaneous seizures in adult rats subjected to experimental prolonged FS during infancy. Because limbic seizures may be behaviourally subtle, here we determined the presence of spontaneous limbic seizures using chronic video monitoring with concurrent hippocampal and cortical EEGs, in adult rats (starting around 3 months of age) that had sustained experimental FS on postnatal day 10. These subjects were compared with groups that had undergone hyperthermia but in whom seizures had been prevented (hyperthermic controls), as well as with normothermic controls. Only events that fulfilled both EEG and behavioural criteria, i.e. electro-clinical events, were considered spontaneous seizures. EEGs (over 400 recorded hours) were normal in all normothermic and hyperthermic control rats, and none of these animals developed spontaneous seizures. In contrast, prolonged early-life FS evoked spontaneous electro-clinical seizures in 6 out of 17 experimental rats (35.2%). These seizures consisted of sudden freezing (altered consciousness) and typical limbic automatisms that were coupled with polyspike/sharp-wave trains with increasing amplitude and slowing frequency on EEG. In addition, interictal epileptiform discharges were recorded in 15 (88.2%) of the experimental FS group and in none of the controls. The large majority of hippocampally-recorded seizures were heralded by diminished amplitude of cortical EEG, that commenced half a minute prior to the hippocampal ictus and persisted after seizure termination. This suggests a substantial perturbation of normal cortical neuronal activity by these limbic spontaneous seizures. In summary, prolonged experimental FS lead to later-onset limbic (temporal lobe) epilepsy in a significant proportion of rats, and to interictal epileptifom EEG abnormalities in most others, and thus represent a model that may be useful to study the relationship between FS and human temporal lobe epilepsy.


Physico-chemical and primary productivity studies were undertaken at the northern reverine segment of the Volta Lake, Yeji, at two southernmost lacustrine areas (Kpando-Tokor and Dzemeni) and one below the dam (Kpong Headpond). The studies were conducted from June 2006 to April 2008 at different depths (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 m). The mean surface dissolved oxygen levels at the 4 stations were comparable and varied between 7.3 and 8.1 mgL-1. Dissolved oxygen decreased with increasing depth but with considerable amount of oxygen detected even at 12 m depth, indicating a well oxygenated Lake. Mean pH values ranged from 6.8 to 7.7. Transparency values ranged from 20 to 320 cm with Yeji recording relatively low values. Compared with earlier studies, transparency had reduced over the years at Yeji due to increase in suspended particles as a result of human activities. Concentrations of chemical constituents at 100 m from the shores of the Lake were similar to that of 500 m, suggesting a well mixed Lake. Generally, the nutrient levels in the Volta Lake were low indicating that the Lake is not eutrophic. The average values of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen are considered suitable for normal aquatic life. A total of 73 algal taxa were encountered during the study. These include 37 Green algae (Chlorophyta), 50.68%; 16 Blue-Green algae (Cyanophyta) 21.92% and 20 Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) 27.40%. Yeji was richer in Green algae (27 taxa) compared to Dzemeni and Kpando-Tokor (24 and 23 each) which were similar in green algae diversity. The Blue-Green algae and the Diatoms were about evenly occurring at the three stations on the Lake. Kpong Headpond was richer in Green and Blue-Green algae compared to stations on the main lake.


Media scholarship has mostly focused on the regional and global dimension of the 'satellite revolution' in Arab news, insisting on concepts such as the 'pan-Arab public sphere' and 'media panarabism.' Taking Egypt as a case study, this article moves from a 'purely' pan-Arab perspective to a broader approach that examines the complex relationship between pan-Arab satellite news media and national media systems. Through a discussion of journalists' representations of their professional community, I investigate how far the coverage and practices of pan-Arab all-news broadcasters have blurred the borders of national media systems, creating new hybrid spaces. My findings show that both satellite broadcast journalists and national media journalists define themselves and their work practices in terms of mutual relationships. The idea of a hybrid space is, at least in the journalists' self-representations, in some way confirmed: a space encompassed by a transnational framework in which 'the national' still maintains its specificities. The article is based on multi-sited research and observation in the headquarters of Gulf-based pan-Arab satellite news media and in Egyptian newsrooms.


In contrast to the limited impact of aggregate-level productive development policies (PDPs) in Argentina, micro-level PDPs in several sectors have proven highly successful. This study seeks to understand how these PDPs succeeded in a challenging environment, what kinds of mechanisms were generated to ensure adaptation and learning, and how these PDPs evolved. Of importance is not only policy design and implementation, but also the policymaking. Following a historical overview of PDP in Argentina, the paper presents three case studies: i) the Argentine Technology Fund (FONTAR), a horizontal PDP; ii) the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), a vertical PDP; and iii) the application of both horizontal and vertical PDPs to the biotechnology sector. Lessons learned and conclusions are presented in a final section.


As photography grew more popular following its invention in 1839, its admirers did not understand how a medium that rendered shapes and textures in exquisite detail could fail to render them in realistic color. Also disappointing was the tendency of the captured images to fade over time. Photographers, ever eager to please their public, began "painting" their photographs with substances ranging from water colors and oil to chalk and crayon. Images were enlarged, enhanced, and framed, to simulate the splendors of the traditional portrait.With its rich variety of illustrations in color and duotone, The Painted Photograph is the first comprehensive history of overpainting, from its origins to World War I. The 131 illustrations featured draw upon original nineteenth- and early twentieth-century sources, most from America and Britain, but also representing Japan, Turkey, Austria, Germany, Poland, Canada, Bohemia, India, Australia, Norway, Holland, and Russia.In describing a multitude of early techniques, the authors survey overpainting on various types of photographs, including daguerreotypes, tintypes, and imprinted porcelain, milk glass, enamel, magic lantern slides, and textiles. Particularly fascinating are discussions of overpainted death portraits, most commonly those of children, and the origins of popular "picture postcards" featuring overpainted landscape scenes. The Henisches address also the eager acceptance of the painted photograph throughout the world, despite the hostility of the art-critical establishment.The Painted Photograph will appeal to a wide public interested in photography, history, sociology, social anthropology, folk art, popular fashion, and antiques.


Communication mediated by mobile devices is one of the most dynamic sectors of the global economy and is transforming different aspects of our lives, including our ways of relating and our cultural production, distribution and consumption models. Media studies should not ignore these transformations. This paper presents the results of a study carried out during 2008 to determine the actors, contents produced and trends of the mobile communication companies in Barcelona. The study outlines an initial map of the situation, proposes a series of analysis categories and lays the foundations for more specific future studies on mCommunication.


One of the first and most famous results of cellular automata theory, Moore's Garden-of-Eden theorem has been proven to hold if and only if the underlying group possesses the measure-theoretic properties suggested by von Neumann to be the obstacle to the Banach-Tarski paradox. We show that several other results from the literature, already known to characterize surjective cellular automata in dimension d, hold precisely when the Garden-of-Eden theorem does. We focus in particular on the balancedness theorem, which has been proven by Bartholdi to fail on amenable groups, and we measure the amount of such failure.


Nietzsche's heralding of the 'Death of God' announces and exposes the condition of foundationlessness underpinning (Western) modernity and provokes the crucial question of the goals and purposes of political life. Without the figure of the divine as sanction and guide, political society lacks a stable foundation upon which to identify and legitimate itself. This paper explores the respective responses of two traditions of critical thought which engage explicitly with the challenges this poses, namely the messianic and the tragic. The central aim is to trace a series of 'traps' in evidence in both messianic and tragic thought which lead them to (re)turn to particular forms of transcendentalism; both traditions, it is argued, turn towards the divine in their responses to the 'Death of God'. However, the paper suggests that while the messianic is inextricably bound up in such a return to the divine, the tragic, as well as comprising several problematic violences, retains a particular salience in theorising subjectivity and the political under the condition of foundationlessness named by the 'Death of God'.


� ABSTRACT This article aims to demonstrate the significant role children play in new suburban communities, and in particular, the extent to which their circuits of sociability contribute to social cohesion in the suburbs. The discussion is located within the field of sociology of childhood, which argues that children are active agents who help to create and sustain social bonds within their neighborhoods. Drawing on focus group discussions and short essays by children on "The place where I live," we paint a picture of how suburban life is interpreted and experienced from a child's perspective. We argue that children develop a particular suburban sensibility that structures their view of their estate, the wider neighborhood, and the metropolitan core. Although children express considerable degrees of satisfaction with suburban life, they are critical of the forces that increasingly limit their access to suburban public space.


ABSTRACT Mitigating and adapting to climate change includes a requirement to evaluate the role of future land uses in delivering robust integrated responses that are sensitive to local landscape contexts. In practice, this emphasises the need for community engagement, planning and inclusive decision-making. Community engagement may be potentially facilitated by the use of spatially explicit quantitative scenarios of land-use change in combination with interactive visualisation. This requires a coherent framework to integrate spatial data modelling, analytical capabilities and visualisation tools in a format that will also engage diverse public audiences. These challenges were explored with a case study of virtual landscapes from N-E Scotland that was used to test preferences for scenarios of future land use. Visualisations employed texture-based rendering rather than full photo-realistic rendering to facilitate interactivity and this provided additional scope for audiences to explore multiple future scenarios compared to the present landscape. Interactive voting in a virtual landscape theatre suggested preferences for visual diversity, good stewardship and perceived naturalness that should be considered in developing planned responses to change. Further investigation of preferences was conducted using interactive 3D features located within the landscape. Study findings are reviewed against objectives for inclusive engagement in the Digital Earth agenda and used to make further recommendations on the use of scenarios and visualisation tools. In particular, technical advances in user engagement need to be developed in conjunction with emerging good practice that addresses ethical, behavioural and inclusion issues so that the content is presented in as transparent and unbiased format as possible.


This paper examined the credibility of information on social networking sites as a result of a prank on the networks to prevent the spread of the Ebola virus in Nigeria. It also explored how active users of the networks shared information about a salt-and-warm-water solution as a prevention for Ebola, which led to the loss of lives and many other people hospitalized as a result of excessive consumption of salt due to the joke. The use of salt and warm water to prevent Ebola was a deadly hoax that spread through social networks in Nigeria. By using a structured questionnaire as a method of data collection, this study surveyed some 114 active users of the social networks on the credibility of the salt-and-warm-water information on the networks. The findings indicated that although the majority of the respondents learnt about the deadly hoax on the social networks, it was not the result of the credibility of information on the networks that led some of them to use the salt solution. The majority of the respondents who used the salt solution identified interpersonal relationships as major motivators of their risky actions. The conclusion of the study is that because social networking sites hold the potential of disseminating information to a large number of people very quickly, it is risky to use the platform for jokes, especially on health related issues.


We analyze an acousto-optic crossbar switch architecture that can be used to implement an N x N point-to-point switch with just N hardware complexity. In our analysis, we determine that insertion loss and cross talk are minimized if we place the output ports in the diffraction far field of the acousto-optic cell. Using this result, we develop an optimum switch design based on Fourier optics: a Fourier transform lens is used both to scale the output beams for efficient coupling to the output ports and to provide a necessary optical fan-in from input to output ports. We demonstrate the performance of switch configurations using single-mode fiber input ports in conjunction with single-mode fiber, multimode fiber, and photodiode output ports.


Reducing particle size of salt to approximately 1.5 µm would increase its surface area, leading to increased dissolution rate in saliva and more efficient transfer of ions to taste buds, and hence, perhaps, a saltier perception of foods. This has a potential for reducing the salt level in surface-salted foods. Our objective was to develop a salt using a nano spray-drying method, to use the developed nano spray-dried salt in surface-salted cheese cracker manufacture, and to evaluate the microbiological and sensory characteristics of cheese crackers. Sodium chloride solution (3% wt/wt) was sprayed through a nano spray dryer. Particle sizes were determined by dynamic light scattering, and particle shapes were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Approximately 80% of the salt particles produced by the nano spray dryer, when drying a 3% (wt/wt) salt solution, were between 500 and 1,900 nm. Cheese cracker treatments consisted of 3 different salt sizes: regular salt with an average particle size of 1,500 µm; a commercially available Microsized 95 Extra Fine Salt (Cargill Salt, Minneapolis, MN) with an average particle size of 15 µm; and nano spray-dried salt with an average particle size of 1.5 µm, manufactured in our laboratory and 3 different salt concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2% wt/wt). A balanced incomplete block design was used to conduct consumer analysis of cheese crackers with nano spray-dried salt (1, 1.5, and 2%), Microsized salt (1, 1.5, and 2%) and regular 2% (control, as used by industry) using 476 participants at 1wk and 4mo. At 4mo, nano spray-dried salt treatments (1, 1.5, and 2%) had significantly higher preferred saltiness scores than the control (regular 2%). Also, at 4mo, nano spray-dried salt (1.5 and 2%) had significantly more just-about-right saltiness scores than control (regular 2%). Consumers' purchase intent increased by 25% for the nano spray-dried salt at 1.5% after they were notified about the 25% reduction in sodium content of the cheese cracker. We detected significantly lower yeast counts for nano spray-dried salt treatments (1, 1.5, and 2%) at 4mo compared with control (regular) salt (1, 1.5 and 2%). We detected no mold growth in any of the treatments at any time. At 4mo, we found no significant differences in sensory color, aroma, crunchiness, overall liking, or acceptability scores of cheese crackers using 1.5 and 1% nano spray-dried salt compared with control. Therefore, 25 to 50% less salt would be suitable for cheese crackers if the particle size of regular salt was reduced 3 log to form nano spray-dried salt. A 3-log reduction in sodium chloride particle size from regular salt to nano spray-dried salt increased saltiness, but a 1-log reduction in salt size from Microsized salt to nano spray-dried salt did not increase saltiness of surface-salted cheese crackers. The use of salt with reduced particle size by nano spray drying is recommended for use in surface-salted cheese crackers to reduce sodium intake.


Ti-6Al-4V rocker arms for internal combustion engines were produced by forging of compacts of blended powder consisting of elemental hydride-dehydride (HDH) titanium powder and Al60V40 (wt%) master alloy powder or mechanical alloyed (MA) powder synthesized by high energy mechanical milling of a mixture of HDH titanium and Al60V40 master alloy powders. The powder compacts were made by warm compaction, and their relative density was 90%. The mechanical properties and microstructures of as-forged parts made using blended powder were improved significantly with increasing holding time at forging temperature, and close to those of as-forged parts produced by powder compact forging of HDH Ti-6Al-4V pre-alloyed powder. However, the as-forged part produced by powder compact forging of MA powder was brittle, and fractured prematurely during tensile testing.


Advances in formulating spoken document retrieval for a new National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW) are addressed. NGSW is the first large-scale repository of its kind, consisting of speeches, news broadcasts, and recordings from the 20th century. After presenting an overview of the audio stream content of the NGSW, with sample audio files from U.S. Presidents from 1893 to the present, an overall system diagram is proposed with a discussion of critical tasks associated with effective audio information retrieval. These include advanced audio segmentation, speech recognition model adaptation for acoustic background noise and speaker variability, and information retrieval using natural language processing for text query requests that include document and query expansion. For segmentation, a new evaluation criterion entitled fused error score (FES) is proposed, followed by application of the CompSeg segmentation scheme on DARPA Hub4 Broadcast News (30.5% relative improvement in FES) and NGSW data. Transcript generation is demonstrated for a six-decade portion of the NGSW corpus. Novel model adaptation using structure maximum likelihood eigenspace mapping shows a relative 21.7% improvement. Issues regarding copyright assessment and metadata construction are also addressed for the purposes of a sustainable audio collection of this magnitude. Advanced parameter-embedded watermarking is proposed with evaluations showing robustness to correlated noise attacks. Our experimental online system entitled "SpeechFind" is presented, which allows for audio retrieval from a portion of the NGSW corpus. Finally, a number of research challenges such as language modeling and lexicon for changing time periods, speaker trait and identification tracking, as well as new directions, are discussed in order to address the overall task of robust phrase searching in unrestricted audio corpora.


Hybrid density functional calculations applied to defect charge transition levels are explored in the attempt to overcome the band‐gap problem of semilocal density functionals. Charge transition levels of a large set of point defects calculated with semilocal and hybrid density functionals are found to correspond closely when aligned with respect to the average electrostatic potential. This strongly suggests that the defect levels defined in this way are already accurately described at these levels of theory. In particular, this then also applies to the energy separation between different defect levels, which is directly accessible experimentally. At variance, within the same alignment scheme, the band edges obtained with hybrid functionals are found to undergo significant shifts with respect to those obtained with semilocal functionals. While these shifts systematically give larger band gaps, the agreement with experiment is not always satisfactory when a fixed fraction of exact exchange is admixed. This describes a current limitation of hybrid functional schemes. In the attempt of identifying a viable theoretical description within the class of one‐parameter hybrid functionals based on bare exchange, we explore the validity of the empirical procedure which consists in tuning the fraction of nonlocal exchange to a value which gives a theoretical band gap reproducing the experimental one. Comparisons with experiment for band offsets and specific defect levels record very encouraging results. Despite its inherent limitations, such an empirical scheme based on hybrid functionals represents a definite improvement with respect to semilocal functionals.


Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) was recently discovered in an aggressive form of skin cancer known as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Integration of MCV DNA into the host genome likely contributes to the development of MCC in humans. MCV infection is common and many healthy people shed MCV virions from the surface of their skin. MCV DNA has also been detected in samples from a variety of other tissues. Although MCC tumors serve as a record that MCV can infect the Merkel cell lineage, the true tissue tropism and natural reservoirs of MCV infection in the host are not known. In an effort to gain insight into the tissue tropism of MCV, and to possibly identify cellular factors responsible for mediating infectious entry of the virus, the infection potential of human cells derived from a variety of tissues was evaluated. MCV gene transfer vectors (pseudoviruses) carrying reporter plasmid DNA encoding GFP or luciferase genes were used to transduce keratinocytes and melanocytes, as well as lines derived from MCC tumors and the NCI-60 panel of human tumor cell lines. MCV transduction was compared to transduction with pseudoviruses based on the better-studied human BK polyomavirus (BKV). The efficiency of MCV and BKV transduction of various cell types occasionally overlapped, but often differed greatly, and no clear tissue type preference emerged. Application of native MCV virions to a subset of highly transducible cell types suggested that the lines do not support robust replication of MCV, consistent with recent proposals that the MCV late phase may be governed by cellular differentiation in vivo. The availability of carefully curated gene expression data for the NCI-60 panel should make the MCV and BKV transduction data for these lines a useful reference for future studies aimed at elucidation of the infectious entry pathways of these viruses.


Owing to its combinatory nature, ACASIA outputs an accumulation of innovations, described by the Creative Sigmoid. More and more diverse information leads to bigger creative leaps. Due to the scope of information that can be processed, however, the size of the cumulative steps decreases, describing asymptotic growth. This chapter formalizes ACASIA as a self-similar, partly stochastic process of creative advance, explaining that at all scales S-shaped growth curves start apparently spontaneously out of the top of the previous one. In creative progress, a new field starts with a jump from a previous rather stable situation: Knowledge was growing very slowly if at all, actually the field was stagnating, the totality of knowledge approaching a horizontal asymptote. The jump creates an opportunity for growth which at first stimulates more new ideas and knowledge increases more and more rapidly, but then slowly starts to slow down again, stable growth, finally again stagnating, stuck in its own preconceptions (cf. high culture). At bigger as well as at smaller scales, the same happens but also the process in individual brains can be modeled like this, in research groups, in artistic domains, in all of technology, in all of civilization, i.e. at bigger and bigger aggregation levels. The sudden jumps are triggered by communication of similarity between different components (i.e. seeing unity in diversity).


The propagation of mineral limitation in primary producers to the second consumer level has rarely been investigated. Recently, it has been shown that limitation effects do travel up the food chain, not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, and also that these quality effects affect the nutritional condition and growth of secondary consumers. The present study experimentally investigated the effect of phosphorus limitation in combination with fatty acid addition in primary producers (Scenedesmus obliquus) channelled through a primary consumer (Daphnia magna) on the condition of larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The C : P ratio and the fatty acid concentrations of the primary producers varied significantly with the phosphorus concentration of the culture media. These differences were also visible in the primary consumers (D. magna) feeding on the algae. The significantly different stoichiometry and fatty acid concentrations of the daphnids fed to larval trout did not lead to significant differences in growth, but the additional supplementation of fatty acid emulsions caused a significant increase in the condition of the fish. It was found that in the case of Daphnia as the primary prey for fish, with its relatively high phosphorus content even under phosphorus limitation, it is unlikely that phosphorus limitation affects fish condition and growth.


Many problems in sequential decision making and stochastic control naturally enjoy strong multiscale structure: sub-tasks are often assembled together to accomplish complex goals. However, systematically inferring and leveraging hierarchical structure has remained a longstanding challenge. We describe a fast multiscale procedure for repeatedly compressing or homogenizing Markov decision processes (MDPs), wherein a hierarchy of sub-problems at different scales is automatically determined. Coarsened MDPs are themselves independent, deterministic MDPs, and may be solved using any method. The multiscale representation delivered by the algorithm decouples sub-tasks from each other and improves conditioning. These advantages lead to potentially significant computational savings when solving a problem, as well as immediate transfer learning opportunities across related tasks.


This paper aims to identify and evaluate various critical mechanisms associated with the processes of desiccation shrinkage in drying silty soils. A previously developed 1D bundle-of-tubes model is refined to simulate the various stages of drying shrinkage in 2D using the actual pore size distribution based on Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) data. It is revealed that the resulting shrinkage evolution is affected by air entry that may occur in two possible scenarios: air incursion at the external surface and formation of vapor nucleus in the interior. The analysis of mechanical deformation is coupled with the numerical simulation of the drying process which can be often characterized as a two-stage development, consisting of a constant rate period and a falling rate period. Numerical simulation of the drying rate evolution suggests that it may be closely associated with the onset of air entry and/or the progress of desaturation. Further transition of solid-water structural configuration into funicular and pendular states from initially capillary state is simulated.


INTRODUCTION
There is controversy about the adequacy of calcium intake to that recommended in Spanish schoolchildren. Some studies indicate that the intake is inadequate in a variable percentage of children, while others insist on the danger of an excessive intake in a huge percentage of this population.

AIM
To assess calcium intake and food sources of this nutrient in a representative sample of Spanish children and to judge the adequacy of its contribution to the coverage of recommended intakes.

METHODS
903 schoolchildren (7 to 11 years) from 10 Spanish provinces (Tarragona, Caceres, Burgos, Guadalajara, Valencia, Salamanca, Cordoba, Vizcaya, Lugo and Madrid) were studied. They constituted a representative sample of the Spanish schoolchildren population. The energy and nutrient intake was determined using a "Food record questionnaire" for 3 days, including a Sunday. Calcium intake was compared with the recommended intakes (RI) for the mineral. Weight and height were recorded and body mass index (BMI) calculated.

RESULTS
In the studied group (55.3% girls and 44.7% of children), 30.7% had an excess body weight (23.3% overweight and 7.4% obesity). Calcium intake was 859.9 ± 249.2 mg / day (79.5% of the recommendations). 76.7% of children had intakes below 100% of those recommended and 40.1% below of 67% of RI. The ratios calcium/phosphorus (0.74 ± 0.21) and calcium/protein (10.1 ± 2.8) and the index of nutritional quality for calcium (0.78 ± 0.29) were lower than recommended in 91.6%, 99.8% and 81.1% of children, respectively. Dietary calcium came from dairy products (64.7%), dietetic products and infant formulae (7.6%), cereals (7.3%), vegetables (3.5%), fruits (3.4%), pre-cooked meals (3.3%), meats (2.8%), fishes (2.8%) and pulses (2.2%), with no differences by gender.

CONCLUSION
Calcium intake was lower than recommended in 76.7% of the children and 40.1% had insufficient intake (< 67% of RI). Having in mind that the main calcium source was dairy products (64.7%), increase consumption of this food group is recommended, especially in the 37.1% of children who did not reach the 2 recommended servings per day.


This long-term pilot-scale study on the performance of ceramic microfiltration (CMF) was conducted at the Bangkhen water treatment plant (BWTP), with the raw water from Chaophraya River, Thailand. Raw water turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were varied in the ranges of 20–210 NTU and 3.0–8.5 mg/L respectively. The hybrid pilot-scale CMF (Pilot-CMF) operational parameters were optimized with the aid of jar-tests and laboratory-scale CMF (Lab-CMF) operations. The systems were operated with various polyaluminum chloride dosages and filtration cycle times. Pilot-CMF provided excellent steady turbidity removal compared to the conventional water treatment process. DOC removal percentages of Pilot-CMF and the conventional process at the BWTP were 49% and 30% respectively. With different coagulant dosages, unique patterns in transmembrane pressure (TMP) variations were observed. The daily TMP increment under low turbidity conditions was 0.08 kPa/day. During rainy periods (turbidity over 100 NTU) the TMP increment reached 0.79 kPa/day. However, once the turbidity of raw water reaches normal conditions (30–60 NTU at the BWTP) the Pilot-CMF system recovers the TMP increment due to efficient backwashing.


Our understanding of soil deformation processes, especially its dynamics, remains limited. This hampers accurate predictions of the impact of soil management practices such as agricultural field traffic on (physical) soil functions. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether seismic measurements could be used to assess the dynamic soil behavior during repeated loading. Moreover, we aimed at linking the velocity of P‐waves, Vp, to traditionally measured soil properties associated with soil compaction, namely bulk density (ρb) and penetrometer resistance. A wheeling experiment was performed with an agricultural tire (60 kN wheel load) on a gleyic Cambisol. We measured Vp using an acoustic (microseismic) device at various depths before, during (i.e., below the tire), and after wheeling. In addition, we measured bulk density and penetrometer resistance before and after wheeling, and simulated the evolution of bulk density due to the wheeling using a soil compaction model. The dynamic soil response during loading–unloading–reloading cycles could be well captured with the seismic method. The measured Vp related to bulk density, and the compaction‐induced increase in Vp correlated with the increase in penetrometer resistance. The seismic measurements seem a promising in situ method for gaining new insights into the dynamics of soil behavior. The method may be especially powerful when combined with traditional measurements and with modeling of soil deformation.


My title comes from anthropologist Mary Douglas' assertion that dirt, when understood as "matter out of place" simultaneously implies both the existence and the contravention of an established order or system and that this in turn establishes dirt as symbolic (35). Further, Phyllis Palmer has written that dirt is "a principal means to arrange culture" (139). This paper suggests both that dirt has a function in cultural constructions of gender and that action films featuring a female protagonist provide a fertile site for investigation. Normative white femininity traditionally eschews direct contact with dirt thus bringing into play interactions between work and gender. This article begins to question what it is that the appearance and disappearance of dirt signifies for the understanding of femininities in the particular cultural practice commonly recognised as action films.

 One need only observe advertisements for cleaning products or compare shelf space taken up by personal hygiene items for men to that taken by similar items for women to understand the continuation of the gendered nature of cleanliness. Women are expected to keep not only the environment but themselves clean as a measure of their femininity. Indeed, obsessive cleanliness formed a part of Friedan's feminine mystique. Not only must transgressive women such as the eponymous protagonists of Thelma and Louise die, but also they must die unwashed, driving a dirty car into a hole in the ground, being pursued by a dust cloud. Having trespassed on the masculine territory of self-defence and free movement this can be their only end. Linda Williams points out that all they are guilty of is of behaving "in the time-honoured tradition of most American heroes, violently and without reflection" (27). Further, the women who suicide into the Grand Canyon at the end of the film are distanced from the two in the bright, iconic, self portrait from the beginning and it is this shiny vision of femininity that was central to the film's promotion. They have driven west, away from civilised society, ultimately facing e what "the western still tells us and what we still continue to buy…that reality is blood and dust and death and a cold wind blowing" (Tompkins 99). The signs of the exhausting exertion of sustained non-capitulation and the adherent grime of the road they have travelled are plain on their faces. Like Ripley, once they are truly fighting alone they begin to accumulate layers of dirt on their skin. Unlike Ripley they can neither return from their nightmare nor separate themselves from their actions. Relentlessly pursued, they cannot stop to wash off the dirt just as they cannot eschew responsibility for what they have done. They have become dressed in the dust of road, no longer on it but of it.

 Another discourse is in operation in conjunction with the gender skewing discourse of dirt. Whenever one addresses a change in the colour of skin one engages with the discourse of race. Audiences are conditioned by Hollywood cinema to view non-Anglos in film as a potential threat. The darkening of the hero's skin by dirt renders him or her as a perpetrator of violent acts. When the necessity for violence is over the hero cleans up (whitens up) to return to society. I am thinking here of the heroes of Stallone's Rambo and Willis's Die Hard series who followed Ripley. As their actions became increasingly violent they become progressively filthier. Rambo in particular, it is suggested, becomes more 'primal'. I am not suggesting that filth is an issue involving gender, race or class in a simple way. Rather, these three issues are, as in most cases, intricately intertwined here too.

 By the time Sigourney Weaver's Ripley traversed her first revenge narrative, Alien (1979) through the frontier of space, I would suggest that dirt had become a marker of the gendered action hero. The character of Ellen Ripley was originally written as a man, writer and director Ridley Scott asserting in the DVD commentary that the script was left unchanged when Weaver was cast. In Alien, Ripley plays the part of film theorist Carol Clover's Final Girl. Clover writes that in slasher/horror films the survivor begins as the pursued, feminised victim of a male oppressor but in her ultimate triumph occupies the position of the traditional masculine avenger (35-37, 158-59). That is, she saves herself. It was new, too, that this ground breaking female hero battled against the monstrous femininities of the alien and 'Mother', the ship's computer, to survive. Marking Ripley's transgression into the strictly gendered territory of the solitarily courageous, increasingly frequent close-ups of her grimy hands and sweat-drenched face fill the screen.

 Alien begins in the pristine white of the sleep chamber reflecting the mainstream science fiction convention that contrasts the absence of dirt in the artificial space environment of the space ship with planet-based presence of dirt. It is Ripley who refuses to let the scouting party back onto the ship citing contamination procedure, underlining cleanliness and purity as a cultural ideal with women as its gatekeepers. The film ends in the white escape pod where Ripley immediately strips to her underwear, discarding the soiled outer layer of clothing. After one last 'unexpected' confrontation Ripley is shown clean and further feminised by the silk robe she is wearing and the soothing motion of stroking the cat (the only other survivor) on her lap. As she records her report she reverts to the role of Chorus, setting her apart from the action. Finally she is seen once more inside a sleep chamber as she was in the beginning. Returning to the gendered confines of 'civilisation' she must wash off the (masculine) signs of her struggle and return to sleep as if it were all a nightmare.

 Through Rambo, Die Hard's McClane and other male action heroes the begrimed body has arguably become a signifier not only of survival but also of persistence and courage in the face of tremendous odds. Persistence and courage are gendered values. Thus, I would argue, its signifier, the dirty body, is similarly gendered. In Alien, Ellen Ripley, having triumphed through survival, reinstates her femininity (signified by cleanliness) and returns home. Ripley's actions have been unobserved, her battlefield contained and her enemy (she thinks) proven tangible and finite. Isolated in space and relieved of being the object of the male gaze within her narrative by the deaths of her colleagues Ripley is free to begin a new discourse (and to found a new, female action tradition). Instead she takes a shower.

References

Alien. Dir. Ridley Scott. Perf. Sigourney Weaver. 20th Century Fox, 1979. DVD. 20th Century Fox Home Video, 1999.
Clover, Carol J. Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 1992.
Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Ark Paperbacks, 1966.
Palmer, Phyllis. Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920-1945. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1989.
Tompkins, Jane. "Language and Landscape: An Ontology for the Western." Artforum 28.6 (1990): 94-9.
Williams, Linda. "What Makes a Woman Wander." Film Quarterly 45.2 (1991-2): 27-28.

 Citation reference for this article

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APA Style
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SUMMARY Although school consultation began as a means of providing assistance to individual teachers on a voluntary basis, it has evolved into a stand-alone service regulated by state and federal law. In order to meet the demand for increased accountability in the services they provide, school psychologists and other prereferral intervention team members have expressed a need to develop skills in two key areas: (a) selecting interventions that are conceptually relevant and therefore likely to be effective in responding to children's behavior problems, and (b) providing teachers with the resources and support needed to ensure successful plan implementation. In this paper, we describe various strategies that have been shown to be effective at addressing each of these issues by drawing on recent research in school consultation and applied behavior analysis. Considerations surrounding the use of these strategies by school consultants are discussed, as are implications for increasing the effectiveness and accountability of school consultation services.


Collecting Italian Renaissance paintings during America's Gilded Age was fraught with risk because of the uncertain identities of the artists and the conflicting interests of the dealers. Stanley Mazaroff's fascinating account of the close relationship between Henry Walters, founder of the legendary Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, and Bernard Berenson, the era's preeminent connoisseur of Italian paintings, richly illustrates this important chapter of America's cultural history. When Walters opened his Italianate museum in 1909, it was labeled as America's "Great Temple of Art." With more than 500 Italian paintings, including self-portraits purportedly by Raphael and Michelangelo, Walters's collection was compared favorably with the great collections in London, Paris, and Berlin. In the midst of this fanfare, Berenson contacted Walters and offered to analyze his collection, sell him additional paintings, and write a scholarly catalogue that would trumpet the collection on both sides of the Atlantic. What Berenson offered was what Walters desperately needed-a badge of scholarship that Berenson's invaluable imprimatur would undoubtedly bring. By 1912, Walters had become Berenson's most active client, their business alliance wrapped in a warm and personal friendship. But this relationship soon became strained and was finally severed by a confluence of broken promises, inattention, deceit, and ethical conflict. To Walters's chagrin, Berenson swept away the self-portraits allegedly by Raphael and Michelangelo and publicly scorned paintings that he was supposed to praise. Though painful to Walters, Berenson's guidance ultimately led to a panoramic collection that beautifully told the great history of Italian Renaissance painting. Based primarily on correspondence and other archival documents recently discovered at the Walters Art Museum and the Villa I Tatti in Florence, the intriguing story of Walters and Berenson offers unusual insight into the pleasures and perils of collecting Italian Renaissance paintings, the ethics in the marketplace, and the founding of American art museums.