In recent years there has been an increased interest in understanding the effect of missile divert jets upon the pressure distribution on the surface of a missile. Missile divert jets are jets located near the missile center of mass and thrusting along a lateral axis of a missile. The firing of a divert jet perturbs the pressure distribution and thus alters the aerodynamic force acting on the missile. This is the aerodynamic jet interaction effect. It is essential to characterize and understand this effect when designing robust missile autopilots. Testing techniques for determining the transient jet interaction effect must be able to interpret force and moment data in the presence of the modal response of the missile model. Two techniques for accomplishing this have been investigated. One technique is the Sum of Weighted Accelerations Technique (SWAT) developed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The second technique uses the frequency response function (FRF) of the model. In the SWAT the rigid body response of the model is determined by a weighted iv sum of the accelerations measured at distributed locations on the model. The derivation of the SWAT is described along with several techniques for determining the weights. The SWAT was developed by SNL for an unconstrained body. In wind-tunnel testing the model is constrained by the force balance. We extend the SWAT to accommodate the constraint. We also extend the SWAT for the reconstruction of moments. We show that the SWAT is valid for systems exhibiting large rigid body translations and rotations. We demonstrate the SWAT by applying it to simple one and two degree-of-freedom computational models, a simple finite element model, measured laboratory data, and a large translation and rotation finite element model. The FRF technique reconstructs applied force using an inversion of the frequency response function. A well known weakness of the FRF technique is its sensitivity to singularity. We present a derivation of the technique and address the singularity issue. We show that the FRF technique is capable of resolving distributed forces. We apply the technique to simple one and two degree-of-freedom computational models, a simple finite element model, and to measured laboratory data. The SWAT is the more promising of the techniques as it does not require an accurate modal model of the test article. It also presents fewer computational problems. Both techniques may be useful in practice to corroborate results. v


Ecotourism is commonly expected to take place in relatively isolated, undisturbed areas. This study examined visitor attitudes to a modified natural attraction, focusing on whether the site delivered benefits associated with traditional ecotourism. Visitors to the Tree Top Walk (TTW), a developed forest attraction in Western Australia, were surveyed immediately before and after experiencing the site. Visitors ranked a series of statements relating to potential benefits of a natural forest experience. Some key aspects of ecotourism were ranked highly after experiencing the site. Regular natural area visitors ranked spiritual meaning and rejuvenating well-being significantly higher than those who did not regularly visit natural areas. This indicated regular natural area visitors had a more complex level of interaction with the forest relative to their counterparts. The spiritual aspect ranking was significantly reduced after the site experience. Thus, while the TTW site offers some benefits of an ecotourism experience, higher order interactions were not fulfilled to the same extent.


My dissertation explores three core questions. First, how is information regarding the preferences of judicial actors communicated within the American federal judiciary? Second, can U.S. Supreme Court justices meaningfully signal their policy preferences, vis-á-vis their decisions, to judges on the U.S. Courts of Appeals? Finally, what impact do such signals have on the propensity of lower courts judges to follow the precedents of the Supreme Court? The primary objective of this project is to identify the conditions that either increase or decrease the likelihood that judges on the courts of appeals comply with the precedents of the Supreme Court. I develop a theory in which information regarding the preferences of judicial actors flows dynamically within the courts. Specifically, I theorize that key Supreme Court signals and circuitlevel influences, together, drive circuit court attentiveness to precedents. Lower court application of the Supreme Court's decisions, in turn, communicate information up the judicial ladder of the policy position of precedents. My findings demonstrate that not only is the Supreme Court capable of communicating information, but that such cues substantially influence lower federal court decision making and their interpretations of precedent. My results notably depart from earlier findings in that they demonstrate that ideological preferences has a more nuanced impact on the adoption of the Court's precedents. This study contributes to our understanding of learning within the judicial hierarchy by identifying new mechanisms through judicial decision makers are able to communicate their legal and policy preferences. The implications of my analysis offer new insights on the influence of stare decisis and decision-making behavior within the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Courts of Appeals.


A relatively quick and simple method is presented for monitoring changes in distribution and in site and substratum preferences of epiphytic macrolichens; the method also records the natural turnover of common species. Changes in the epiphytic lichen flora in southern Sweden were recorded at 64 sites in 1986 and again in 2003. In total 1990 observations of lichens were recorded on 15 tree species, mainly on trunks but also on branches up to 2 m above the ground. Almost all species showed a high turnover with regard to substratum, including very abundant species such as Hypogymnia physodes. Many of the species had changed substratum within their sites, possibly reflecting a general change in the ecological quality of sites. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to extract the variation in species composition over time, using 1685 records of 55 lichen species on 8 different substrata. Some species such as Hypogymnia tubulosa had increased in abundance whilst others such as Vulpicida pinastri had decreased.


[1] Meridional transport from the tropics redistributes ozone and water vapor at middle and high latitudes. In situ measurements of water vapor, CH4, and N2O, acquired aboard the NASA ER-2 aircraft during January−March 2000 in a campaign to survey the Arctic vortex, are used to examine transport into the lowermost stratosphere in the context of middle- and high-latitude ozone declines observed over the last several decades. Analysis of tracer-tracer correlations of H2O + 2*CH4 and N2O indicates that rapid, poleward isentropic transport from the lower tropical stratosphere coupled with diabatic descent between the subtropical and polar jet streams delivers very young air to the high-latitude lowermost stratosphere during winter, while descent of older air from the vortex and subsequent transport to lower latitudes is very limited. From middle to late winter, mixing ratios of H2O + 2*CH4 decrease by about 1 ppmv immediately outside the vortex, consistent with rapid transport of the winter phase of the seasonal cycle in water vapor to high latitudes from the lower tropical stratosphere. No evidence of isentropic mixing from the upper tropical troposphere survives in the high-latitude lowermost stratosphere except below 350 K, where markedly higher water vapor mixing ratios indicate mixing from the extratropical troposphere. All of these transport processes pose dynamical and chemical consequences for ozone. Transport from the lower tropical stratosphere (1) exports ozone-poor air to midlatitudes and the subvortex region and (2) distributes elevated water vapor to high latitudes, potentially enhancing halogen-catalyzed ozone destruction through heterogeneous processing in the polar vortex.


This thesis seeks to better understand the nature of, and relationships between knowledge, data and information. The context selected for this work was clinical practice in the UK National Health Service (NHS) beginning with the generation and use of clinical knowledge. The thesis undertakes a critical examination of the relationship between that knowledge and the data it produces, and the large-scale statistical data sets generated from it via a number of human, technological, systemic and mathematical processes. The statistical data sets were regarded as important because they were highly influential, being used as the basis for significant and far-reaching decisions about healthcare in the NHS. These decisions included policymaking, financial allocations, and allocations of services and other resources. This situation provided fertile ground for this research because the clinical knowledge and data were believed to be subjective to some unknown degree. The statistical data sets, however, were endowed with objective and scientific value. The thesis explores and explains this apparent contradiction.In addressing this issue, the thesis encompasses philosophical, sociological and technological concerns and develops explanatory theories grounded in data collected. Data was collected by a process of extensive qualitative field-based investigation undertaken with clinicians, and data collectors, handlers and users in their operating environments. Key concepts underpinning these theories involve the social construction of reality as a product of individual and group frames of reference; social construction of reality as a result of social arrangements for professional groups; social construction of reality as a result of the pursuance of ontological security; and lastly, the phenomena of structural contradiction and conflict. Of major relevance in this was Giddens' work (1976, 1984) on Structuration Theory, in particular in terms of exploring the effects of sociologically-based frames of reference on creation and transfer of meaning in informational terms. This work was also influential in terms of the notion of structural contradiction and conflict and its informational effects. Application of this abstract, meta-level theory to this real-world situation also led to one of the main contributions to theory. This engagement with reality enabled refinement of its underpinning model. It also demonstrated its explanatory power. This strengthens the validity of the theory and renders it more accessible to other researchers.The thesis indicates clinicians' use of information and subsequent recording of data represents a highly personalised area of professional activity. This does not subsequently translate easily into the data sets and statistical classification schemes that are in common usage in healthcare management. These findings led to conclusions which confirmed initial perceptions of statistical clinical datasets as having a tenuous connection with the clinical knowledge and events upon which they purport to be based. Drawing on evidence which describes knowledge as being situationally-dependent, the conclusions also assert that the transformation of original meaning this implies is largely due to social influences. Finally they claim that the apparent rationality of decisions made on the basis of the transformed meaning, while the result of calculative thought designed to justify related decisions, is misguided in that it has no foundation in the evidence presented. The document ends with a call for a fundamental reassessment of the types of knowledge processed routinely through systems, and of the ways in which those types are handled.


Business and civil society have rapidly adopted information and communication technologies (ICTs) into their lives. Information technologies have become part of China's economic development through a rapid and evolving market for the Internet and E-Businesses. However, central and local management work still relies primarily on traditional communication forms. The purpose of this paper focuses on Chinese trends in e-Governance. A conceptual framework is first set out defining concepts. Conceptualizing e-Governance in the People's Republic of China in such a way that raises a number of questions. E-Governance comes with new opportunities, but it also entails many challenges. This paper explores the opportunities of ICTs, particularly improvement of public services, access to information, policy development framework, and citizens' engagement. It also looks at three main challenges: data, societal and political. The paper then presents some concluding remarks.


Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematologic disorder that manifests with hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and peripheral blood cytopenias.Acute abdominal pain is one of the PNH clinical manifestations due to venous thrombosis of intra-abdominal sites including hepatic, portal, mesenteric, and splenic veins.Eculizumaband allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) arethe only widely effective therapies for these patients. We report a case of PNH disorder which presented with abdominal pain and mild tenderness. Abdominal X ray and sonography revealed intra-peritonealfree fluid and air. At laparotomy, an ischemic segment of jejunum with stricture and perforationwith mesenteric venous thrombosis were found. The patient also had a history of hepatic vein thrombosis two


This study investigates the covariation between carbonate and organic δ13C values in a proximal to distal transect of four outcrops in the Madison Limestone in the Western United States Rockies, combined with δ34S values of carbonate associated sulphate, the concentration of acid‐insoluble material and measurements of total organic carbon. These new geochemical datasets not only allow for an evaluation of carbon isotope covariance during one of the largest perturbations to the global carbon cycle over the past 550 Myr, but also constrain the cause of the excursion in carbonate δ13C values. The results support the hypothesis that a period of anoxia did not play a role in generating the positive carbonate δ13C values, but rather favour interpretations by previous workers that the proliferation of land plants destabilized the Carboniferous carbon cycle, setting the stage for a significant change in the carbonate δ13C values of contemporaneous marine carbonates. These results also demonstrate that one of the largest perturbations to the global carbon cycle did not produce synchronous variations in carbonate and organic δ13C values, emphasizing the importance of local depositional controls on carbon isotope covariance in the geological record in both modern and ancient environments.


Abstract The need to re-structure established media systems needs to be acknowledged. In a situation where new services will be provided by different actors of the digital economy, the role of public service media (PSM) requires attention. If, generally, PSM are under pressure in Europe, the situation in small national markets is even more complicated. PSM are under pressure and also need to find ways to reformulate their role in society and culture. Broad discussions and new agreements between politicians, citizens and the media industry are necessary to change this situation. We will approach the question of whether a specific gap still exists in the media market that can be filled by PSM? The article will seek these answers based on various survey data and collected statistics in Estonia.


Indeed, just as our life is embedded in the ecological cycles of the biosphere, our whole planet [and we] exist as a part of a much older cycle of material and energy that forms the galaxy. Lee Smolin The Life of the Cosmos There, Open, Without Intimacy Levinas makes the broad, descriptive claim that the other's utterly singular subjectivity is lost to another's consciousness, that, as individuals appear in consciousness, their own event is lost to conscious appropriation. Consciousness, by virtue of which appearance happens, decomposes the other, and recomposes an image of the other by providing a present moment of presentation. The other is refigured by presentation. The other becomes a part of a definitive structure of presentation, a vast and subjectively founded region of essence in which all elements, aspects, and appearances happen in a fundamental coherence: radical differences are converted into the tame differences of beings who follow the laws of a subjective, temporal, spatial presentation. Nothing otherwise than being occurs in being's estate, and for Levinas, being's estate is defined in terms of this subjective region of appropriation. He thinks of this refiguration as more akin to killing than to either positive creativity or intersubjective encounter. If you are not persuaded that being is found as the cohesion and coherence of transcendental subjectivity, you will have a basic problem with Levinas' descriptive claims even if you are sympathetic with his emphasis on the alterity of persons. If you think of human occurrences as extensive and intrinsically worldly and not at all circumscribed by subjectivity, as Nietzsche or Jean-Luc Nancy do, for example, you will also feel reserved when you encounter Levinas' accounts of responsibility and substitution. Or if you are not sympathetic with those aspects of the Jewish theological traditions in which God is viewed as totally ungraspable and yet the sacred, withdrawn giver of alterity, obligation, and goodness, you will take pause before the rabbinical and talmudic motivations in Levinas' thought. I believe that we must recognize the idealist's understanding of consciousness that underlies aspects of Levinas' account of alterity if we are to do justice to his thought, although I do not think that that recognition is adequate cause to dismiss his writings. Rather than engage what is most questionable in his descriptions of subjectivity and presentation, I would like to valorize Levinas' metaphor of the face and to intensify a sense of radical difference in the occurrence of faces by focusing for a moment on our eyes. I want to avoid Levinas' word, alterity, in reference to faces because I would like to work with the observation that it is not so much faces that de-present themselves in experiences of consciousness as it is that radical differences from persona and subjectivities happen with faces, happen in the very occurrences of countenances. In faces subjectivity comes to vanish. In working with this observation I have been impressed with the vast differences that compose faces. Noses, skin, ears, mouths, teeth, lips, hair, bumps and blemishes, and, especially for my purposes here, eyes carry with their singular and coordinated occurrences protracted events that are too far beyond civilization to be called histories. As our faces occur we are in touch--most weirdly in touch-with an enormity of distance and time that in merely quantitative terms makes our usual sense of distance and time seem terribly inadequate for what we want to express. I have no expectation that we can capture what I am talking about or that a system of signs will do for the expressions we want to make. They always fall short of something vastly superficial and extensive. I shall say that we are dwarfed by what we know, that the differences from persons that are enacted in faces constitute a region of reference that makes any sense of subjective, conscious encompassment seem absurd. …


PURPOSE
We present a simple, practical framework for truly 4D lung IMRT planning based on a weighted individual-phase optimization paradigm. This strategy is specifically developed for use in real-time tumor tracking delivery systems so as to utilize respiratory motion as an additional degree of freedom rather than a constraint.

METHODS
A 4D-CT scan from a lung SBRT patient was loaded into the Eclipse treatment planning system. The target and normal structures were manually contoured on each of the ten phases. For each phase, the total dose prescription was scaled by the number of phases and a seven-field plan was developed. An open-source deformable image and dose registration engine (DIRART) was used to deform the dose map at each phase to a reference phase. DVH data from the individually optimized phase plans were input into an in-house linear programming-based optimizer implemented in MATLAB, in order to determine dose-weighting factors for each phase. The objective function aimed to maintain PTV coverage while keeping normal structure dose as low as possible. This weighted-4D plan (W-4D) was compared to an ITV-based plan and a 4D plan with equal dose-weights to individual phases (E-4D).

RESULTS
The W-4D dose fractions were determined to be 0.33, 0.01, 0.65 and 0.02 at phase 0%, 30%, 40%, and 90%, respectively (and zero elsewhere). PTV coverage (V95) was close to identical for all three strategies. The W-4D plan exhibited mean lung dose 18.8% and 8.5% lower and mean liver dose 23.3% and 5.7% lower than corresponding values from ITV-based and E-4D plans, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
By significantly improving normal structure sparing while maintaining PTV coverage, weighted 4D planning represents a more attractive solution than ITV-based planning for (currently investigational) real-time tumor tracking-based delivery systems.


During our evaluation of the potential of surfactant technology, we rapidly experienced a straightforward and highly advantageous technology, which we applied on-scale. This resulted into significant benefits across our entire synthetic route, not just from an environmental standpoint but also from an economic and productivity perspective. To name a few: reduction of organic solvent use, reduction of water use, reduction of metric such as PMI, reduction of cost, reduction of cycle time, milder reaction conditions, improved yields, and improved process performances. Quantatively, the differences for some of these virtues approached 50% in favor of surfactant technology, all of which realised in multi-purpose facilities already within the infrastructure of standard pharmaceutical or chemical organizations. All of these benefits were achieved using a catalytic amount of a nonionic designer surfactant (e.g. TPGS-750-M) in water instead of traditional organic solvents.


Finnish Developmental Work Research (DWR) has been used in New Zealand by WEB Research, who have been world leading exponents of the approach. Over a twenty year period they used the approach in such varied research locales as the public sector (IRD, Immigration, NZQA), public/private organizations (Dutch Rail; the New Zealand Pip Fruit and Dairy Industries), and the private sector (a furniture manufacturer, two meat companies; and in the Wool and Meat Industries). However, the requirements of the approach, and of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) on which it is based, often did not sit comfortably with the New Zealand research environment at the end of the twentieth century. Consequently, sometimes research was foreclosed early before full results were apparent. This presentation will review the original DWR research approach and WEB's use of it. It will then contrast two recent New Zealand primary industry applications in the Pip Fruit and Dairy Industries. The former led to spectacular policy success with the development and adoption of the Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme. The latter's research component has been terminated. Application of the research results now rests with DairyNZ, the sponsors of the project, who have taken the extension of the research into their own hands. Conclusions are drawn on the key components of a successful application of the approach.


The multilateralization of international investment law has witnessed repeated disappointments over the past six decades. Current negotiations regarding the Investment Chapter within the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement may bring about a new promise for this process. It is necessary for the TPP negotiating parties to have a proper understanding of this recent history. Circumstances under which the TPP negotiations are conducted are quite different from those of the past. Thus, it can be assumed that TPP negotiations will be concluded successfully and may have profound implications on the multilateralization of international investment law. Since TPP negotiations have multilateral consequences, several new initiatives have been proposed amongst the TPP negotiating parties, which may help alleviate the 'legitimacy crisis' of the past two decades. These initiatives include a new principle of Special and Differential treatment, operative provisions on investment promotion, a Side Agreement on code of conduct of transnational corporations, and an appellate mechanism for reviewing arbitral awards.


Part 44 is dedicated to a review on supplements used in the sport and exercise arena for weight loss, with a particular focus, including a utilitarian and novel classification, on the wide assortment of herbs used as the active ingredient(s), particularly in the seemingly fashionable supplements marketed as having 'thermogenic' properties.

### S J Stear

Without doubt, physique, including body mass or composition, size and shape, has an important role to play in optimising sports performance. Size does matter! Consequently, various strategies, including dietary intervention, are employed in an effort to influence physique. Fundamentally, body weight (body mass) is lost when dietary energy (energy intake) is consumed at a level less than daily requirements (energy expenditure), with an energy deficit ∼10–20% being both effective in producing loss and being tolerated over the longer term. However, although any strategy, including popular/fad diets, that reduces energy intake below expenditure will result in weight loss, most athletes need to achieve a more specific goal of promoting loss of body fat while maintaining lean body mass and optimising sports performance. Therefore, athletes embarking on an energy-reduction programme should do so only under the guidance of a sports nutrition professional. This will ensure that the intakes of important macronutrients and micronutrients are not detrimentally compromised and that the energy intake is sufficient to support their training/competition needs. Although there is growing evidence of a positive role for dairy/calcium intake in assisting weight/fat loss, this has not yet been extensively studied in the athletic population.

In the multibillion dollar supplement industry, 'weight loss' supplements contribute a significant proportion. A huge range of supplements claims to enhance sports performance by affecting body composition—either by increasing muscle mass and/or reducing body fat. Supplements in the broad 'weight loss' category include caffeine, l-carnitine, chromium picolinate, CLA (conjugated linoleic acid), dairy/calcium supplements, HMB …


The aim of this short communication is to assess colonization by MRSA, penicillin-resistant pneumococci (PRP), fluconazole-resistant (FLU-R) Candida albicans (CA) and non-albicans Candida (NAC), and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli with regard to immune recovery due to CD4 T-cell increase depending on the duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Prior exposure to oral cephalosporins (P<0.01) was significantly related to MRSA colonization. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci were more frequently (40% vs. 12.5%, NS) related to prior cephalosporins, but not to penicillins or macrolides use. However, this association was not statistically significant. Prior receiving of fluconazole was also not associated with increased colonization by FLU-R Candida spp. (30% vs. 16.7%, NS). Cotrimoxazole (P<0.01) and amoxicillin/amoxicillin clavulanate (P<0.01) were surprisingly protective against colonization by fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. Exposure to quinolones was not a risk factor for colonization by ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli, but receiving of rifampin was (P<0.01). Colonization by cefotaxime-resistant Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. was not significantly associated with cephalosporins, but it was with cotrimoxazole use (P<0.05). In addition, HIV-infected children on HAART who received any antibiotic were significantly more colonized by cotrimoxazole-resistant E. coli (P<0.01) than those not receiving any antibiotic prior to colonization. Exposure to cephalosporins and macrolides was significantly related to cotrimoxazole-resistant E. coli (100% vs. 20%, 75% vs. 10%; P<0.01 for both), but exposure to cotrimoxazole itself was not.


ABSTRACT Greece has been at the epicentre of two overlapping 'humanitarian crises:' the economic crisis and the crisis of refugees. Since 2011, as austerity policies have hamstrung the Greek state's capacity to meet the basic needs of citizens, long-term residents, and new arrivals alike, formal and informal humanitarian initiatives have sought to provide for diverse beneficiaries. Meanwhile, the 'refugee crisis' has opened up a booming humanitarian marketplace in Greece. This article draws on my long-term research in the field of asylum in Greece, and ethnographic data from research on 'social solidarity clinics and pharmacies,' grassroots initiatives meant to provide medicines and care to citizens and non-citizens in need. I argue that the Greek case signals the emergence of what I call 'humanitarian citizenship' on European margins: the replacement of both social rights (afforded to citizens) and human rights (afforded to refugees) with humanitarian logics and sentiments, positioning both citizens and non-citizens in a partially shared continuum of precarity.


One should not lose sight of the fact that the origin of beaches goes back into antiquity. The story "begins with the origin of matter and continues through the aeons with the evolution of the solar system and the appearance of the Earth as a fiery ball gyrating in space. As one's focus narrows there is to be seen the cooling of that ball, the formation of dense clouds of water vapour in the atmosphere, the torrential rains and the beginnings of the seas. Perhaps it is at this point that the introduction is completed and the real story of the beaches begins, for with the rains came erosion of the land masses, and the transportation of the eroded material by river and rivulet towards the sea. At the brink of the ocean a brief halt is called in its journey, for here a portion of this eroded material takes position as beaches around die coast, before ultimately joining the remainder in the depths of the sea. For many thousands of years the sediment so formed and transported collected on the sea bed, consolidated and hardened and was transformed into the sedimentary rocks which, by adjustments in the Earth's crust, were later lifted above the surface of the sea to form new islands and continents. Still the rains fall, although perhaps not so heavily as before; still the processes of erosion continue upon the land masses, old and new, still a part of the products of this erosion remain for a while at the coastal fringe before they pass on to the ocean depths - the raw material of what may be, by completion of the cycle, the continents of tomorrow. Such is the sequence of events over a period of millions of years and, as the process continues during the millions of years which the future holds, the existing land masses will no doubt be eroded away and the materials of which they are composed will finally rest again on the bed of the sea. For so long as the seas have washed the shores, and the rains have fallen and reduced the mountains and high places, there have been beaches. Those beaches, which are found today may have existed from time immemorial in some form or other, perhaps since before life appeared on the surface of the Earth. Due to their position in the pattern of Nature they will have changed as the coastline changed, and as the eroded ingredients of the land which formed them changed. They will have grown when the new material supply exceeded the wastage, and they will have diminished when the wastage was more rapid than the replenishment. The changes which are taking place today and which are engaging the attention of the Civil Engineer, form an infinitesimally small incident in the history of the beaches; and in the considerations of the Engineer they should be related to the whole, of which they form a part.


A brachiopod fauna from carefully measured sections of the lower part of the Pennsylvanian in Sierra County, New Mexico, was studied to determine if the megafossils could be useful in designating and correlating the various units of the Pennsylvanian in this area.It was found that strata belonging to the Derry and the Des Moines series could be distinguished on the basis of the contained brachiopod species. Several characteristic species from the Derry, which is believed to be younger than the Morrow of the mid-continent region, are similar to upper Mississippian forms. Brachiopods of the Bolander Group in the upper part of the Desmoinesian show close affinities with those of the Marmaton Group of Kansas. It thus appears that both megafossils and microfossils can be used successfully to distinguish groups and series in the Pennsylvanian of New Mexico.Sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian age are widespread in New Mexico both on the surface and in the subsurface. They are particularly important as a source of petroleum and natural gas, and in the western part of the State they contain mineral deposits. They vary greatly from place to place in the proportions of sandstone and shale to carbonates; yet they are commonly more than 1,000 ft in total thickness, so that the distinction of units which can be recognized in outcrops or in drill holes is of economic importance.Thompson measures a number of sections and divided the strata into series, groups, and formations. The age determinations and the correlations of these units with the standard section of the mid-continent region were based in large part upon the microfossil content. In many localities, mega fossils, particularly brachiopods, are abundant. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the brachiopods could be used to distinguish units within the Pennsylvanian.In the summer of 1953, Thompson's sections in the vicinity of Derry on the Rio Grande, 30 mi south of Truth or Consequences, and at Whiskey Canyon in the Mud Springs Mountains, 7 mi northwest of Truth or Consequences, were remeasured, and both megafaunas and microfaunas collected. These collections represent the Green Canyon and Mud Springs Groups of the Derry series and the Armendaris and Bolander Groups of the Des Moines series. The brachiopods are described and illustrated in this report, and their stratigraphic relationship to the Fusulinidae is recorded. All figured specimens are in the collection of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources at Socorro; the remainder were left at the University of Wisconsin, where the laboratory studies were completed.


Under natural viewing conditions, the physiological instability of visual fixation keeps the projection of the stimulus on the retina in constant motion. After eye opening, chronic exposure to a constantly moving retinal image might influence the experience-dependent refinement of cell response characteristics. The results of previous modeling studies have suggested a contribution of fixational instability to the Hebbian maturation of the receptive fields of V1 simple cells (Rucci, Edelman, & Wray, 2000; Rucci & Casile, 2004). This letter examines the origins of such a contribution. Using quasilinear models of lateral geniculate nucleus units and V1 simple cells, we derive analytical expressions for the second- order statistics of thalamocortical activity before and after eye opening. We show that in the presence of natural stimulation, fixational instability introduces a spatially uncorrelated signal in the retinal input, which strongly influences the structure of correlated activity in the model. This input signal produces a regime of thalamocortical activity similar to that present before eye opening and compatible with the Hebbian maturation of cortical receptive fields.


A current barrier for successful rational drug design is the lack of understanding of the structure space provided by the proteins in a cell that is determined by their sequence space. The protein sequences capable of folding to functional three-dimensional shapes of the proteins are clearly different for different organisms, since sequences obtained from human proteins often fail to form correct three-dimensional structures in bacterial organisms. In analogy to the question "What kind of things do people say?" we therefore need to ask the question "What kind of amino acid sequences occur in the proteins of an organism?" An understanding of the sequence space occupied by proteins in different organisms would have important applications for "translation" of proteins from the language of one organism into that of another and design of drugs that target sequences that might be unique or preferred by pathogenic organisms over those in human hosts. Here we describe the development of a biological language modeling toolkit (BLMT) for genome-wide statistical amino acid n-gram analysis and comparison across organisms (freely accessible at www.cs.cmu.edu/~blmt). Its functions were applied to 44 different bacterial, archaeal and the human genome. Amino acid n-gram distribution was found to be characteristic of organisms, as evidenced by (1) the ability of simple Markovian unigram models to distinguish organisms, (2) the marked variation in n-gram distributions across organisms above random variation, and (3) identification of organism-specific phrases in protein sequences that are greater than an order of magnitude standard deviations away from the mean. These lines of evidence suggest that different organisms utilize different "vocabularies" and "phrases", an observation that may provide novel approaches to drug development by specifically targeting these phrases. The results suggest that further detailed analysis of n-gram statistics of protein sequences from whole genomes will likely in analogy to word n-gram analysis result in powerful models for prediction, topic classification and information extraction of biological sequences.


The Nigerian society has become sophisticated and need a variety of information to carry out its activities successfully. This paper emphasis the role of National Library as the only institution backed by legal deposit decree to act as the National Bibliographic Agency of Nigeria. This paper highlights the supposed role of National Library in the area of Bibliographic control as collection of both published and unpublished materials print and non-print including papers presented at seminars, conference of learned associations, research institutes, universities and ministries.

The paper also brings to focus the subjects\' coverage in National Bibliography of Nigeria between 2001 and 2005. Also discusses the factors responsible for the poor state of Bibliographic control and those attempts made to correct the situation. A call for the establishment of an automated bibliographic control system needed to solve the present bibliographic problem in Nigeria.
 IFE PsychologIA Vol. 15 (2) 2007: pp. 212-225


Abstract. Laboratory-based studies have shown that combustion sources emit volatile organic compounds that can be photooxidized in the atmosphere to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In some cases, this SOA can exceed direct emissions of primary organic aerosol (POA). Jathar et al. (2017a) recently reported on experiments that used an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) to measure the photochemical production of SOA from a diesel engine operated at two different engine loads (idle, load), two fuel types (diesel, biodiesel), and two aftertreatment configurations (with and without an oxidation catalyst and particle filter). In this work, we used two different SOA models, the Volatility Basis Set (VBS) model and the Statistical Oxidation Model (SOM), to simulate the formation and composition of SOA for those experiments. Leveraging recent laboratory-based parameterizations, both frameworks accounted for a semi-volatile and reactive POA; SOA production from semi-volatile, intermediate-volatility, and volatile organic compounds (SVOC, IVOC and VOC); NOx-dependent parameterizations; multigenerational gas-phase chemistry; and kinetic gas–particle partitioning. Both frameworks demonstrated that for model predictions of SOA mass to agree with measurements across all engine load–fuel–aftertreatment combinations, it was necessary to model the kinetically limited gas–particle partitioning in OFRs and account for SOA formation from IVOCs, which were on average found to account for 70 % of the model-predicted SOA. Accounting for IVOCs, however, resulted in an average underprediction of 28 % for OA atomic O : C ratios. Model predictions of the gas-phase organic compounds (resolved in carbon and oxygen space) from the SOM compared favorably to gas-phase measurements from a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS), substantiating the semi-explicit chemistry captured by the SOM. Model–measurement comparisons were improved on using SOA parameterizations corrected for vapor wall loss. As OFRs are increasingly used to study SOA formation and evolution in laboratory and field environments, models such as those developed in this work can be used to interpret the OFR data.


In this paper, an automatic determination algorithm for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the metabolites in the living body by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) without human intervention or complicated calculations is presented. In such method, the problem of NMR spectrum determination is transformed into the determination of the parameters of a mathematical model of the NMR signal. To calculate these parameters efficiently, a new model called modified Hopfield neural network is designed. The main achievement of this paper over the work in literature [30] is that the speed of the modified Hopfield neural network is accelerated. This is done by applying cross correlation in the frequency domain between the input values and the input weights. The modified Hopfield neural network can accomplish complex dignals perfectly with out any additinal computation steps. This is a valuable advantage as NMR signals are complex-valued. In addition, a technique called "modified sequential extension of section (MSES)" that takes into account the damping rate of the NMR signal is developed to be faster than that presented in [30]. Simulation results show that the calculation precision of the spectrum improves when MSES is used along with the neural network. Furthermore, MSES is found to reduce the local minimum problem in Hopfield neural networks. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated and there is no effect on the performance of calculations when using the modified Hopfield neural networks.


This special issue reports on a collaborative UK research project which examined how new security challenges are constituted in the intersecting relationships between political and military actors, news producers, news representations and discourses, and news audiences. This article introduces the ethnographic reports which follow, and describes the theoretical premises and methodological strategies of the research. It outlines an innovative, multi-disciplinary methodology - `Integrated Multidisciplinary Media Analysis' - which integrates Collaborative Media Ethnography (a novel method in itself) with institutional and textual analysis. This combination of mutually informing approaches affords unique insights into social and cultural processes. The research process began with explorations of how public knowledge and understanding of security issues relate to and are shaped by everyday cultures of media practice, the subject of the following reports. Combined with the findings of researchers investigating the perceptions and working practices of security-policy and media professionals, and others working on the textual analysis of salient news broadcasts, our study reaches three main conclusions. First, that ritualized interactions between policymakers, journalists and 'citizen audiences' constitute the media-security nexus as a 'battlespace' of mutual disrespect and suspicion. Second, that this exacerbates the marginalization and racialization of many ethnic minority groups but in particular British Muslims, who face declining prospects for multicultural citizenship. Third, that security policymakers must struggle to find public legitimacy in view of the growing scepticism and hostility of national and diasporic news media and audiences.


This teaching case aims to contribute to understanding the phenomenon of Enterprise Systems (ES) implementations in universities. Through this case, students will gain understanding of the importance of 'contextual elements' for large scale information systems (IS) implementations, in particular ES. This teaching case illustrates how these contextual factors contribute to the success or failure of such implementations, and how they can influence the decisions that dictate the lifecycle of such systems. The case describes ES implementations at a leading Australian university, and presents a rich account of the institutional, national and industry-sector contexts that have influenced the directions and decisions taken. The journey encountered with the main Enterprise Systems that support Financials, Human Resources and Facilities are described suggesting the lifecycle phases, critical success factors and lessons learnt.


Current transformers (CTs) are used to measure line currents in a power network for indicative and protective purposes. However, due to magnetic hysteresis in the cores, traditional CTs may saturate when they detect large fault currents. Thus, a more efficient and accurate device is required. This paper aims at designing a more economical device, a microsensor to measure power network currents. The characteristics of this new design are measured and discussed. The new component will not be saturated for fault currents as high as 40 kA and can be used directly with an intelligent protective system or a digital meter for smart metering of electric power networks if it is designed with an integrated circuit (IC) chip.


This dissertation presents a framework for searcher behavior that can be used as a basis for designing future speech retrieval systems. It reports on an exploratory study that examines: the criteria searchers of oral history interviews use when judging the relevance of a recording or a passage; the attributes on which those judgments are based; the moves searchers adopt for information need refinements (INR); and the types of query reformulation by which those moves are realized. Eight participants that include faculty, Holocaust scholars, a film producer, and a high school teacher searched the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation's collection that consists of 116,000 hours of 52,000 testimonies in 32 different languages from the survivors, liberators, rescuers and witnesses of the Holocaust. Each participant performed a series of searches based on his/her own interests over a period of three to nine days. Data were collected through observation and screen capture, think aloud, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions; coded; and analyzed by looking for patterns. The cognitive process of relevance judgment and query reformulation occurred interactively during a search. As a result, some relevance criteria (topicality, comprehensibility, novelty of content, and acquaintance) and INR moves (clarification alone, specialization, restriction, and note for later) were observed during both processes. Some criteria, such as richness and emotion, were medium (i.e., speech) and domain (i.e., oral history) specific. The findings identified four different types of attributes of a recording or a passage that included spoken-content attributes (person, place, event/experience, organization/group, ...), audio and/or visual attributes (facial expression, voice, gesture, displayed artifact, ...), non-content attributes (cache, digitization, language, ...), and biographical attributes (name of interviewee, date of birth, gender, occupation, ...). Searchers used different query reformulation types, such as adding a condition, narrowing a condition, new term, broadening a condition, removing a condition, and modifying a condition, in order to achieve different INR moves. Some important implications for indexing and metadata assignment, support for search and browsing, and task-oriented system and interface design are drawn from the findings. It then concludes with discussions on limitations and ideas for future work.


Are robots taking away our jobs? Those who ask this question have misunderstood digitalisation - it is not an industrial revolution by other means. Sabine Pfeiffer searches for the actual novelties brought about by digitalisation and digital capitalism. In her analysis, she juxtaposes Marx's concept of productive force with the idea of distributive force. From the platform economy to artificial intelligence, Pfeiffer shows that digital capitalism is less about the efficient production of value, but rather about its fast, risk-free, and permanently secured realisation on the markets. The examination of this dynamic and its consequences also leads to the question of how destructive the distributive forces of digital capitalism might be.


Computational notebooks have become a major medium for data exploration and insight communication in data science. Although expressive, dynamic, and flexible, in practice they are loose collections of scripts, charts, and tables that rarely tell a story or clearly represent the analysis process. This leads to a number of usability issues, particularly in the comprehension and exploration of notebooks. In this work, we design, implement, and evaluate Albireo, a visualization approach to summarize the structure of notebooks, with the goal of supporting more effective exploration and communication by displaying the dependencies and relationships between the cells of a notebook using a dynamic graph structure. We evaluate the system via a case study and expert interviews, with our results indicating that such a visualization is useful for an analyst's self-reflection during exploratory programming, and also effective for communication of narratives and collaboration between analysts.


This paper documents a research study on World Wide Web (WWW) environmental reporting in Australia. The research focuses on the concept of accountability to all stakeholders and suggests how the WWW could be used to facilitate this. Accordingly, a theoretical framework entitled "stakeholder accountability" is developed and applied in the context of WWW environmental reporting. Embedded within this framework are the notions of provision of an account (transparency and attestation) and being held to account (stakeholder engagement and regulatory intervention). The research then applies the notion of stakeholder-accountability to WWW environmental reporting in Australia. This involves an analysis of the WWW reporting practices of those companies in Australia that prepare a public environmental report. It is found that companies are not using the full potential of the WWW to extend accountability to numerous external stakeholders. Reasons for this status quo are ascertained and future research directions are postulated.


Developing new compounds targeting virulence factors (e.g., inhibition of pilus assembly by pilicides) is a promising approach to combating bacterial infection. A high-throughput screening campaign of a library of 17 500 small molecules identified 2-amino-3-acyl-tetrahydrobenzothiophene derivatives (hits 2 and 3) as novel inhibitors of pili-dependent biofilm formation in a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain UTI89. Based on compounds 2 and 3 as the starting point, we designed and synthesized a series of structurally related analogs and investigated their activity against biofilm formation of E. coli UTI89. Systematic structural modification of the initial hits provided valuable information on their SARs for further optimization. In addition, small structural changes to the parent molecules resulted in low micromolar inhibitors (20-23) of E. coli biofilm development without an effect on bacterial growth. The hit compound 3 and its analog 20 were confirmed to prevent pili formation in a hemagglutination (HA) titer assay and electron microscopy (EM) measurements. These findings suggest that 2-amino-3-acyl-tetrahydrobenzothiophenes may serve as a new class of compounds for further elaboration as antibacterial agents with antivirulence activity.


Salinity associated with drought is severe ecological threat in the Western part of Rajasthan which is recognized as "Thar Desert''. The increased population and the deterioration of the arable lands make it inevitable to exploit marginal and long-neglected natural resources and re-assess them in the provision for utilization. Halophyte plants are widely distributed throughout several regions of the Western part due to the presence of saline extents such as Pachpadra, Lunkarsar, Khajuwala, Lanela as well as Thob. The growth of salt-tolerant fodder species for animals and other livestock offers a major opportunity to use land and water resources that are too saline for conventional crops and forages. To illustrate this point, we conducted literature searches regarding growth, biomass production and nutritive value of halophyte plants under saline irrigations practice throughout the world. This review summarized the valuable information regarding the perspective of wild halophytes as promising foodstuff alternative for animal raised in saline lands and or in arid and semi-arid regions. To sum up, it seems that a wide range of halophytes (Haloxylon spp., Suaeda spp., Trianthema spp., Zygophyllum spp.) and salt-tolerant grasses (Juncus spp., Sporobolus spp) could be considered as promising feed resources for cattle and other livestock raised in the Thar Desert. However, further research is needed regarding the chemical characterizations of these plants under commercial cultivation practices and their long-term bioactivity with safe consumption.


The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed country tariff reductions, and other means. It was meant to be a revision of the international economic system in favor of the Third World countries, replacing the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it. The term was derived from the Declaration for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974, and referred to a wide range of trade, financial, commodity, and debt-related issues (1 May 1974, A/RES/S-6/3201). This followed an agenda for discussions between industrial and developing countries, focusing on restructuring of the world's economy to permit greater participation by and benefits to developing countries (also known as the "NorthSouth Dialogue"). Along with the declaration, a Program of Action and a Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (12 December 1974, A/RES/29/3281) were also adopted.


The expression of extremeness in Puerto Rican Spanish is encoded in a series of modifiers, which are attached to adjectival, nominal or verbal elements. The proper treatment of this phenomenon requires a generalization of gradability and modification transcategorially. A semantic account is presented in which extremeness is mapped along several contextually-dependent dimensions, which are sensitive to the properties of the event associated to the expression in the scope of the modifier.


Networks and point processes provide flexible tools for representing and modeling complex dependencies in data arising from various social and physical domains. Graphs, or networks, encode relational dependencies between entities, while point processes characterize temporal or spatial interactions among events.In the first part of this dissertation, we consider dynamic network data (such as communication networks) in which links connecting pairs of nodes appear continuously over time. We propose latent space point process models to capture two different aspects of the data: (i) communication occurs at a higher rate between individuals with similar latent attributes (i.e., homophily); and (ii) individuals tend to reciprocate communications from others, but in a varied manner. Our framework marries ideas from point process models, including Poisson and Hawkes processes, with ideas from latent space models of static networks. We evaluate our models on several real-world datasets and show that a dual latent space model, which accounts for heterogeneity in both homophily and reciprocity, significantly improves performance in various link prediction and network embedding tasks.In the second part of this dissertation, we develop nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests for discrete distributions and point processes that contain intractable normalization constants, providing the first generally applicable and computationally feasible approaches under those circumstances. Specifically, we propose and characterize Stein operators for discrete distributions, and construct a general Stein operator for point processes using the Papangelou conditional intensity function. Based on the proposed Stein operators, we establish kernelized Stein discrepancy measures for discrete distributions and point processes, which enable us to develop nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests for un-normalized density/intensity functions. We apply the kernelized Stein discrepancy tests to discrete distributions (including network models) as well as temporal and spatial point processes. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed tests typically outperform two-sample tests based on the maximum mean discrepancy, which, unlike our goodness-of-fit tests, assume the availability of exact samples from the null model.


Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is an acquired immune-mediated disorder that leads to autonomic failure. The disorder is associated with autoantibodies (Abs) to the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR).1 Previously, we developed a luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) protocol to aid in the diagnosis of AAG based on serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the α3 and β4 gAChR subunits.2 We subsequently observed that AAG is associated with an overrepresentation of autoimmune diseases and endocrine disorders.2 Furthermore, Hayashi et al 3 reviewed 29 Japanese case reports of AAG and pandysautonomia and observed that Japanese patients with AAG tended to exhibit additional coughing episodes/psychiatric symptoms when compared to patients in Western countries. Gibbons et al 4 reported some patients with AAG demonstrated reversible cognitive impairment. The present study aims to elucidate the prevalence of extra-autonomic manifestations including psychiatric symptoms in 80 Japanese patients with AAG who were seropositive for anti-gAChR Abs.

### Ethical approval

All participants provided written, informed consent to participate in the study. The Ethics Committee of Nagasaki Kawatana Medical Center approved this study.

### Study population

Serum samples from 946 patients with autonomic symptoms were obtained from general and teaching hospitals throughout Japan between January 2012 and April 2016 (mean age: 51±22 years; 488 men and 458 women). Clinical diagnoses were …


Anaerobic biological decomposition of organic matter is ubiquitous in Nature wherever anaerobic environments prevail, and is catalysed by hydrolytic, fermentative, acetogenic, methanogenic, and various other groups, including syntrophic bacteria. It is also harnessed in innovative ways in engineered systems that may rely on small (0.1-4.0 mm), spherical, anaerobic granules, which we have found to be highly-replicated, whole-ecosystems harbouring the entire community necessary to mineralise complex organics. We hypothesised distinct granule sizes correspond to stages in a biofilm life-cycle, in which small granules are 'young' and larger ones are 'old'. Here, granules were separated into 10 size fractions used for physico-chemical and ecological characterisation. Gradients of volatile solids, density, settleability, biofilm morphology, methanogenic activity, and EPS profiles were observed across size fractions. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes indicated linear convergence of diversity during community assembly as granules increased in size. A total of 155 discriminant OTUs were identified, and correlated strongly with physico-chemical parameters. Community assembly across sizes was influenced by a niche effect, whereby Euryarchaeota dominated a core microbiome presumably as granules became more anaerobic. The findings indicate opportunities for precision management of environmental biotechnologies, and the potential of aggregates as playgrounds to study assembly and succession in whole microbiomes.


This paper explores the consequences for economic research of methods used by data publishers to protect the privacy of their respondents. We review the concept of statistical disclosure limitation for an audience of economists who may be unfamiliar with these methods. We characterize what it means for statistical disclosure limitation to be ignorable. When it is not ignorable, we consider the effects of statistical disclosure limitation for a variety of research designs common in applied economic research. Because statistical agencies do not always report the methods they use to protect confidentiality, we also characterize settings in which statistical disclosure limitation methods are discoverable; that is, they can be learned from the released data. We conclude with advice for researchers, journal editors, and statistical agencies.


Background Inappropriate medication use is a major patient safety concern, especially for the older population Purpose To analyse the causes of potentially inappropriate prescribing (IP) in patients over 64 admitted to the hospital and to determine factors associated with their presence in the treatment. Materials and methods Observational study was conducted in a referral area hospital. The authors included all patients over 64 admitted to the hospital in the last quarter of 2009, and selected a representative sample randomised and prospectively. Inappropriate prescription (IP) was considered according to STOP-START criteria1 as well as the low therapeutic value (LTV) prescriptions. Prevalence and causes of IP and the factors associated were determined. All tests were performed using SPSS version15.0. Results In the study were included 382 patients with a mean age of 77,7 years. 58,1% of patients had at least one IP. After applying the STOP-START criteria, IP were detected in 45,8% of patients and in and in 23,8% LTV prescriptions. Common IP categories were long-term use of potent opioids for treatment of mild to moderate pain (18.8% of patients), prescribing omission of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (17, 1% of patients) and prescribing omission of fibre supplements in chronic symptomatic diverticulosis and constipation (16.6% of patients). These three cases comprised 35.3% of the IP and affected 52.6% of patients. Factors associated with a higher prevalence of inappropriate prescriptions by STOPP criteria were musculoskeletal diseases, autoimmune or CKD and polypharmacy. According to START criteria the factors associated were chronic heart disease, and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease or diabetes with visceral injury. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of IP for older patients. Should be systematised the detection of this kind of prescriptions giving preference to the polypharmacy and with certain types of comorbidity.


Particles detached from the first bodies (disc and pad) travel in the braking system by forming a tribological circuit. As the flows of particles in this circuit interact with the friction and wear mechanisms at the braking interface, their comprehension is crucial to better understand how the braking system behaves. Currently, identifying and quantifying those flows constitutes a scientific and technical challenge. The wear flow in particular, is made of the particles that permanently leave the system. Most of this wear goes airborne and disseminates quickly in the atmosphere.Many techniques measuring the brake particles emissions focus mainly on the resulting air quality, or on health hazard, and collect the particles far from the contact. These techniques, although very informative, do not enable to establish a clear link between the measurements and a wear flow. We thus designed a setup able to trace the quick evolutions of emissions during and after braking, while allowing to compare the relative quantities of particles between different configurations, for the range of 5 to 10000nm. Emissions showed a clear temporal signature, with in some cases, a strong release at contact opening. As expected, configurations causing severe wear mechanisms such as adhesive wear caused a much larger emissions than configurations featuring more conventional oxidation based mechanisms. The effects of other parameters, such as contact vibrations could also be witnessed.


This paper reports on the results from a household survey of forest resources use in the north-central regions of Namibia (NCR), focusing on the four relatively densely settled rural areas, which also include several small rapidly developing urban nodes. The paper aims to address the concern that both poverty and economic development are increasing and driving over-utilisation of forest resources. We examined current levels of utilisation of forest resources at a household level and applied a dynamic modelling approach in order to develop policy pointers that can maximise poverty alleviation and conservation benefits as Namibia develops.


Although the field of polarity is well researched, this monograph offers a new take on polarity sensitivity that both challenges and incorporates previous theories. Based primarily on Swedish data, it presents new solutions to long-standing problems, such as the non-complementary distribution of NPIs and PPIs in yes/no-questions and conditionals, long distance licensing by superordinate elements and the occurrence of polarity items in wh-questions. It is argued that polarity sensitivity can be understood in terms of evaluability. Lacking any immediate predecessor in the literature, evaluability refers to the possibility of accepting or rejecting an utterance as true in a communicative exchange. Intriguingly, the evaluable status of a clause is shown to have syntactic correlates in Swedish, mirrored in the configuration of the C-domain. This book is of interest to scholars studying the interplay between syntax, semantics and pragmatics, particularly those working on negation and polarity. (Less)


The emerging area of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle UAV research has shown rapid development in recent years and offers a great number of research challenges for artificial intelligence. For both military and civil applications, there is a desire to develop more sophisticated UAV platforms where the emphasis is placed on development of intelligent capabilities. Imagine a mission scenario where a UAV is supplied with a 3D model of a region containing buildings and road structures and is instructed to fly to an arbitrary number of building structures and collect video streams of each of the building's respective facades. In this article, we describe a fully operational UAV platform which can achieve such missions autonomously. We focus on the path planner integrated with the platform which can generate collision free paths autonomously during such missions. Both probabilistic roadmap-based PRM and rapidly exploring random trees-based RRT algorithms have been used with the platform. The PRM-based path planner has been tested together with the UAV platform in an urban environment used for UAV experimentation.


Channel change and suspended-sediment transport were monitored in the Salt and Hassayampa Rivers in Maricopa County, Arizona, during the winter and summer rainy seasons of 1991-92. Rows were moderate. Results illustrate the high instability of these channels and high variability of process and response. A channelized, gravel-paved reach of the Salt River in an industrial part of Phoenix was incised 2 meters by sustained winter flows from upstream reservoir releases that had a peak discharge of 368 cubic meters per second. Similar amounts of channel incision occurred at bridge crossings at four other locations within 20 kilometers upstream from the study reach at 16th Street. Channel incision changed the stage-discharge relation at the streamflow-gaging station at 24th Street. Bank erosion below 16th Street undermined bank revetment and caused a large concrete-drop structure at the mouth of a storm drain to fall into the channel. About 23 kilometers upstream from the study area, bank erosion on the Salt River exhumed a landfill that resulted in entrainment and transport of refuse. The flows, which lasted 5 months beginning in early January, produced the highest peak discharge in 9 years on the normally dry lower Salt River. Tl n. flows were minor, however, compared to peak discharges that occurred during a series of floois from 1966 to 1980. The flood of 1980 that had a peak discharge of 5,100 cubic meters per second was the largest since 1905. In August 1992, several days of flows from reservoir releases produced a higher peak discharge of 493 cubic meters per second that resulted in little or no channel change. On a sandy, ephemeral reach of the Hassayampa River in rural Maricopa County west of Phoenix, as much as 20 meters of bank erosion resulted from three flows of short duration and low-to-moderate peak discharge. Most bank erosion resulted from a winter flow that lasted about 7 hours, had a peak discharge of 127 cubic meters per second, and an estimated recurrence interval of less than 5 years. A summer flow that lasted 3 hours had a peak discharge of 173 cubic meters per second and caused some bank erosion and possibly some dissection of terraces. The magnitude of change, however, was far less than that of the winter flow. Suspended-sediment concentration on the Salt River during the winter flows was typical of those for other regulated streams in Arizona and ranged from 2 to 617 milligrams per liter at discharges from 6.7 to 343 cubic meters per second. Fine-grained sediments in the channel bottom probably were the main source of sediment transported in suspension. During periods of prolonged, steady flows, suspended-sediment concentration tended to decline, which ind: cated a probable depletion of sediment supply. On the Hassayampa River, suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 12,800 to 132,000 milligrams per liter at discharges of 13 to 128 cubic meters per second. The relation of sediment concentration to discharge was poor for the entire set of samples, but a clear pattern was evident for each period of storm runoff. In two of three periods of runoff sampled, maximum suspended-sediment concentration occurred just before peak discharge and declined rapidly.


Realignment in California comes at a time when the state's prison system is expensive and overcrowded; the response has been to reevaluate and reconfigure the way counties use state prisons. Based on an original historical analysis of state archival records from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as a well as a review of secondary historical accounts of California's prison system, I show that similar problems and policies were present at the state's founding: issues of expense, overcrowding, and the county-state relationship help to explain the origins, size, and shape of the California prison system. California's lack of money first drove it to try to house prisoners on the cheap, starting when it made county jails the state prison system by fiat, continuing through a decade of privatization and convict lease arrangements in San Quentin, and concluding with a state-administered system partly funded by prison labor. By the time the value of prison labor atrophied and the true costs of a nonremunerative prison system revealed itself, the state was locked into fiscal and administrative responsibility for prisoners. Along the way, however, state and local governments sought to pass carceral responsibilities—and their attendant expenses—from one level of government to another in a manner that resembles today's battles over Realignment.


In the years since 9/11, terrorism has been transformed into an issue of global significance. Terrorism and the war on terror has affected virtually every aspect of modern life, and a precise understanding of terrorism is now more important – and contentious – than ever. This innovative text provides a much-needed critical introduction to terrorism. Cutting-edge research on contemporary issues is combined with new insights into long-debated issues such as the definition of terrorism, the nature of the terrorist threat and counter-terrorism strategies. Showing that the methods we adopt as well as the material we study are vital for a clear understanding of the subject, this text goes beyond traditional IR approaches to rethink popular beliefs and assumptions about terrorism. Taking a genuinely global and integrated approach, this book is an ideal entry into the study of terrorism. The text is supported by: • International case studies from around the world • A detailed glossary introducing key actors, events and concepts relating to terrorism • Learning aids to stimulate critical thinking, including discussion questions, further readings and selected web resources


Projections of expenditures for old age pensions, survivor pensions, and disability pensions were made for the period 1985-2050 on the basis of future developments in population structure by age, sex, and marital status. Five demographic scenarios were formulated: (i) a Benchmark scenario, with demographic rates kept constant at their 1980-84 level; (ii) a Fertility scenario, with a decline of the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) towards replacement level; (iii) a Mortality scenario, with reductions in mortality rates of 30 percent for females, and 45 percent for males; (iv) a Western scenario, which combines extreme demographic conditions of several West European countries: a TFR of 1.28, proportions never-marrying of one-third, one-third of all marriages ending in divorce, and male and female life expectancies of 74 and 81 years, respectively; and (v) a National scenario, with a TFR declining to 1.6. Under all scenarios, the share of the elderly will rise, and that of children will diminish, with the most significant developments under the Western and the National scenarios.

Due to uncertain economic conditions in Poland, results of the pension model should be interpreted with great care. Yet, assuming no changes in the current pension system, the calculations point to a considerable growth in expenditures, ranging from some 65 percent (Benchmark and National scenario) to about 120 percent (Mortality scenario and Western scenario) for the period 1985-2050. The increase is particularly steep during the years 2000-2015. The ratio between contributions and benefits deteriorates from its current level of 1.13 to a ratio between 0.90 (Benchmark scenario) and 0.44 (Western scenario) in the year 2050.


Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to any lesion that could cause neurological damage that may affect motor, sensory, visceral, genital and nutritional functions. This in turn causes incomplete or complete motor dysfunction of upper or lower limbs or physical relation. The aim of this study was to investigate the on demographic pattern, causes and level of lesion in the spinal cord injured patients in Yazd City in 2009-2015.This study was a cross-sectional study on all the patients with spinal cord injury whose records were registered in Yazd Rehabilitation Department from 2009 till 2015. First, the questionnaire was prepared which contained demographic characteristics of patients with spinal cord injury as well as the causes, level of injury, age at the injury occurred, year in which injury occurred, lesion type, lesion location, marital status before and after the lesion and its complications, Then all patients with SCI who had records with the Rehabilitation Department of Yazd in 2009-2015 were included in the study. It should be noted that the level of injury was diagnosed by a physician and incomplete records were completed using telephone and data was taken directly from patients. Age, gender and type of lesion in the study were considered as variable. The results showed that the most important cause of injury was motor vehicle accident (66.7 %) followed by fall from a height (15.5 %), other causes 16.7 % (2 cervical tumors, 2 after surgery and 4 due to MS) and sports (1.2 %). In the two groups of spinal cord injury due to car accidents and falls from a height, men (67.17 %) accounted for a higher percentage of injuries, compared with women (18.5 %).Finally, according to the data obtained in this study and comparing this information with similar studies conducted in other countries, it seems that preventive strategies must be focused on preventing road accidents.


The theoretical framework for this article is based on Charismatic Leadership Theory. This article reflects recent research (including the popular business press) in the area of political skills. Political skill is defined as political astuteness and social intelligence in the workplace; political savvy assumes the existence and inevitability of "office politics". Based on this research the case is made for educating our future workforce in political savvy. A basic model for curriculum development is included specifically for teaching political savvy in a classroom.


Stained prawn disease (SPD) with clinical signs of black discolouration of the cuticula, especially around the edges of body segments, and black stippling on the surface of the hepatopancreas was caused by a rickettsia-like microorganism with an affinity for fixed phagocytes and haemocytes. This disease was found in prawns from various localities throughout Howe Sound and at one location in the S t r a~ t of Georgia, British Columb~a, Canada. The distribution of SPD wlthin Howe Sound has not changed since it was first detected In 1989. However, the prevalence has declined to about 4 % from a record high of about 15% In July 1990 and March 1991 In areas with these high prevalences, an above-average level of mortality, equated to a decline in survival rates from 57 to 15'X,, was detected. These mortalities were not attributable to fishing pressure because the affected area has been closed to f i sh~ng since November 1988 due to unacceptable levels of dioxin and furan compounds In shellfish tissue samples. Laboratory studies indicated that the SPD agent can be transm~tted horizontally by cannibalism and via the water [exposure to screened (1 mm pore size) effluent from lnfected prawns] and remained infectious for 10 d or more of storage at -lO°C. About 50% of the prawns that fed on infected prawns (both fresh and after being frozen) and 25 % of the prawns exposed to contaminated water became infected. Most mortalities attributable to SPD occurred between 2 and 4 mo after exposure to the etiological agent in the laboratory.


An efficient method of flexible design of one-dimensional multi-layered structures is suggested. The method can be used when desired spectral characteristics are not specified rigidly in all frequency range and there is a certain degree of freedom in formulation of the corresponding inverse scattering problem.


Abstract:This article examines the judicialization of private systems of governance that are transforming "common sense" understandings of who should govern states, societies, and political economies. The focus is on the private transnational institutions and processes in the global investment and financial regimes. These regimes contribute to the maintenance and expansion of capitalism by assisting in the management and mitigation of risk, but they also participate in the construction of the sorts of risks that require management and mitigation. In so doing, they are deeply involved in determining what requires governance, as well determining the appropriate mechanisms and manner of governance. They constitute a form of private transnational authority, performing governance functions usually attributed to states and to public authorities. In the areas of global investment and finance, private transnational experts craft the legal foundations that advance and secure the expansion of capitalism as the common sense of our time. These laws are characterized as a form of "new constitutionalism," for they constitute both the material and ideological foundations for ordering societies and political economies under the discipline of an increasingly transnationalized market civilization. Transnational market civilization subordinates national political authorities to disciplines emanating from international investment, derivatives, and project financing agreements that function constitutionally to limit the policy and legislative autonomy of national governments, thus seriously impacting their sovereignty. However, while the areas examined reveal a complex and hybrid mix of public and private authorities that raise significant legitimacy concerns, the mix is not fixed, but is mutable and open in places to resistance and contestation, suggesting that the discipline of transnational capitalism is incomplete and might one day reflect better or "good sense."


That a positive correlation exists between egg size and egg energetic content is an assumption of empirical and theoretical studies of life-history evolution. Although assumed, this relationship lacks substantiative support, particularly at the intraspecific level. To this end, we evaluated the validity of this assumption within and among clonal and bisexual females of the desert fish Poeciliopsis. As anticipated, we found generally high correlations between the two variables at all levels studied. Thus, egg volume remains a reliable and often precise indicator of maternal investment in this species.


Through the writings of Adorno, Benjamin, and Derrida, and the films of Alain Resnais, this essay considers the construction of the subject through state-sanctioned forms of inscription - passports, for example. Such forms, traditionally speaking, are aspects of the technologies of the book - the biblion - and they indicate that 'biopolitics' merges with bibliopolitics. Indeed, the subject is a matter of 'shelf-life': it is constructed through archival forms of collection; by the bibliotekhe - the 'slot' or shelf where documents are placed. Yet peoples and texts may not fit normative taxonomies, in traditional and digital media contexts. In the context of historical diasporas, for example, we might recall Derrida's argument that, like the peoples referred to as the sans-papiers, those without state-sanctioned documents, we are all becoming 'paperless', as external memory becomes virtual. The essay is concerned, then, with what happens when the subject is no longer substantiated by traditional legal papers, but by digital files and memory chips; while it argues also that the distinction between traditional and digital media cannot be reduced to a linear history.


We focus on destination categories, so named because they have the greatest impact on where households choose to shop and, more generally, on how category positioning affects which store a household chooses. We propose a reduced-form model-based analytical approach to identify categories that fill the destination role. Our approach determines which categories are most important to shoppers' store choice decisions and helps determine in which categories the retailer provides superior value. In addition, our approach allows us to understand the impact of the retailer's long-run merchandising policy decisions on the value it provides. Previous store choice research considered the effects of pricing, assortment and other merchandising decisions at the store level but did not focus on the effect of specific categories on store choice. This focus leads us to formulate a model that can 1 measure and explain the differential impact that specific categories have on shoppers' store choice decisions and 2 measure the relative value of retailers' category offerings, partitioning that value into the component resulting from retailer merchandising and the component that is nonmerchandising related. The model form captures differences in category value across stores i.e., the store's category positioning by specifying a spatial model for the store choice and category incidence intercepts. Our spatial model recognizes that stores position their offering vis-a-vis the category ideal based on long-run category merchandising decisions and that not all categories have the same importance in store choice decisions. We explore these issues for five retailers in the Charlotte, North Carolina market. We find that 1 category impact on store choice is highly skewed; 2 although categories with higher sales generally have a higher impact on store choice decisions, there are exceptions; 3 impact on store choice decisions does not vary systematically by the type of category e.g., perishable versus dry grocery; and 4 our measure of category impact on store choice, although correlated with the category development index between retailers, is superior in that it provides a basis for comparing category impact within a retailer and how relative category value, based on long-run merchandising decisions, attracts shoppers to a store.


The petroleum industry usually uses class G cement when it comes to cementing jobs. However, that was the only option before, and because of that many issues came with it. Indeed, in the Middle Eastern region as well as the rest of the world, wellbore integrity is always a reason for concern. If wellbore integrity is not guaranteed, then production or drilling operations would be done under very unsafer circumstances. In order to fix certain leaks or cracks found in the well, resin cement can be used in order to prevent any interaction between the wellbore fluids and the formation fluids. Because of its elasticity and high compressive strenght resistance, the resin will fill in the fracture or space perfectly and seal it off thus preventing any future issues. An example of that would be when they used resin cement in the Utica shale formations where annular pressure buildup was faced due to a fracture found in the casing. The pressure buildup disappeared completely after they had applied resin cement into the fracture. It was also used to solve a combo problem when the operator was producing from Polish shale. Indeed, the problem was that they wanted to fracture the formation in order to improve productivity, however by fracking the formation, they would also damage the well and put the well into danger. In order to preserve wellbore integrity, the parts in the well were repaired by injecting resin cement in areas where the casing wasn>t well cemented. The operator company was the able to frac the formation with no wellbore integrity. Similarly, resin cement can also be used to abandon a well. Indeed, in order to perform a good abandonment, one major aspect that is focused on is that not pressure is bled off from the well. However, when gas is present, it sometimes keeps leaking despite the cement there. Which is where resin cement comes in hand. Because of its unique properties, the resin cement will be able to seal off the well completely with no issues due to its elasticity and how it sets. Other than resin cement being great to use as a seal, it also has a very high compressive and tensile strength compared to normal class G cement.We had to run several different tests to look at the different aspects it withheld. Thus, the resin was put through (transit time testing, temperature, compressive strength, acoustic impedance, and finally a crush test). To undergo all these tests there was a process that had to be followed so that all of our results were under API standard and were obtained in a safe manner.This research is aimed at seiing how resin cement as well as the mix of resin with class G cement can improve well integrity as well as combined solution for unwanted fluid shut-off in the Middle Eastern region, i.e. for carbonates reservoir and under typical reservoir temperatures and pressures found in this region. Through these results, we will be able to assess the application that can be used for any remedial jobs no matter what the issue and how great of a seal it can be. All of this will be seen through its enhanced properties.


The Article explores whether a nondiscrimination approach to nonhuman animal welfare may further the protection of nonhuman animals. Of particular relevance to the nonhuman animal context is the nondiscrimination approach to protecting humans with impaired capacities embraced in disability studies and law. The nondiscrimination approach to disabled humans helps one understand what laws equating rights or entitlements with abilities overlook, namely, the value of living life with limited capacities. This perspective is useful in two ways. First, people make external quality of life judgments about what it is like to live life with limited capacities, and these assessments are often made without objective, scientific information. Second, and as a result, these quality of life judgments are typically negative. Able-bodied people often assume that disabled individuals have fewer capacities than they actually possess and that they have a lower quality of life than able-bodied individuals. As with disabled humans, people make unfounded assumptions about the quality of life of nonhuman animals with lower capacities than normally functioning humans.The Article suggests that a nondiscrimination approach may offer the best means to contemplate nonhuman animal welfare and to address some of the policy problems associated with current approaches. The Article first discusses current approaches, moral and legal, to nonhuman animal welfare. Next, it addresses the nondiscrimination approach to humans with limited capacities and the value of this approach for contemplating the protection of nonhuman animals. Lastly, it provides a sketch of a nondiscrimination approach to nonhuman animal welfare.


A systematic study is performed for the workspace characteristics and orientation capability analysis of 3R planar manipulators. This study will aid the design and control of this kind of manipulators. This particular manipulator is well suited for industrial applications in aided automation manufacturing as well as medical applications for orthopaedic surgery robotics and micro holder for tactile sensing fingers. Based on the characteristics chart method proposed for closed-loop chains in former work (W.Z. Guo, H.J. Zou, B. Han, & Q. Zhang, Mobility of 4R1P-type five-bars using characteristics chart, Proc. ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2004, 627–634; W.Z. Guo, Q.G. Huang, H.J. Zou et al., Grashof criteria for 4R1P-type five-bar planar parallel mechanisms with active/passive prismatic joint, Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 41 (8), 2005, 66–73. [in Chinese]), a complete classification and workspace composition are obtained for all the possible 3R planar manipulators. Class I manipulators have one inner circular dexterous regions, while Class II and III manipulators have no inner dexterous regions. If the three-link lengths are not equal to each other at all, the three classes of manipulators have an annular dexterous workspace when the shortest link is serving as the end-effector link. Furthermore, if any two links are the same in length, Class II and III manipulators have no dexterous workspace. By introducing the physical model of the solution space, workspace atlases are produced to show the global performance distributions over the link dimension range in terms of workspace classification, workspace shape, and workspace size. To investigate the joint rotation ranges of the manipulators including orientation capability of the end-effectors, joint space maps are displayed over the characteristics chart by using angled arc at end-effector position which denotes the joint rotation angle range. The study presents a ∗ State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Institute of Design and Control Engineering for Heavy Equipments, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; e-mail: {wzguo, email@example.com ∗∗ School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, P.O. Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Recommended by Prof. A. Alimi (paper no. 206-3226) useful tool to assist synthesis, analysis and motion planning of planar manipulators by describing global performances over the whole design space and the whole reachable workspace.


Abstract Objective Postnatal scanty milk secretion is a common complaint. Some physical and medical interventions were advocated to help milk production. These interventions should be effective and safe for the mother and the infant. This study aimed to compare the effects of low-level laser therapy and electroacupuncture on postnatal scanty milk secretion. Study Design A randomized controlled study conducted on 60 healthy primiparous mothers with insufficient lactation. They were randomly divided into three equal groups: group A (control), group B (those who received low-power He–Ne laser beam on both breasts), and group C (those who received faradic current stimulation at Spleen 6, Liver 3, and Small Intestine 1 acupuncture points on both sides). All participants received 10 mg Domperidone three times a day and were given advice about lactation, nutrition, and fluid intake. Evaluation was done before and after the treatment program. Results The mean serum prolactin, infant weight, and visual analog scale (VAS) score were significantly increased in the three groups posttreatment when compared with their corresponding levels pretreatment. Posttreatment serum prolactin was significantly elevated in group C more than the other two groups (p = 0.001 and 0.012, respectively). Also, it was significantly elevated in group B more than in group A (p = 0.001). The mean value of infant weight was significantly elevated in group C when compared with its corresponding values in both groups A (p = 0.001) and B (p = 0.029). The VAS score was significantly increased in both groups B and C when compared with group A (p = 0.001). Conclusion Electroacupuncture is more effective than low-level laser therapy in increasing postnatal scanty milk secretion. Clinical Trial Registration NCT03806062.


This article addresses community radio in the Canadian province of Quebec. In particular, I reflect on the ways different economic, social, and political processes influence the community action related to this medium. I advocate a flexible, non-reified conception of the community action related to this form of broadcasting and its political dimension. In the case of Quebec, capitalist economics, provincial politics, and immigration appear to be key relevant factors. Community radio in Quebec emerged when Quebec nationalism was at its height. Over time, the political nature of this medium evolved into a less political, more economic profile. However, immigration dynamics also played an important role in this evolution by giving community radio a culturally and politically heterogeneous base. From this perspective, this article focuses on the case of Radio Centre-Ville, a multicultural radio station, to highlight the political implications of these historical processes.


Immigrants in many countries have lower employment rates and lower earnings than natives. In this paper, we ask whether a more liberal access to citizenship can improve the economic integration of immigrants. Our analysis relies on two major immigration reforms in Germany, a country with a relatively weak record of immigrant assimilation. For identification, we exploit discontinuities in the reforms' eligibility rules. Between 1991 and 1999, adolescents could obtain citizenship after eight years of residency in Germany, while adults faced a 15-year residency requirement. Since 2000, all immigrants face an 8-year residency requirement. OLS estimates show a positive correlation between naturalization and labor market performance. Based on the eligibility rules, we find few returns of citizenship for men, but substantial returns for women. Returns are also larger for more recent immigrants, but essentially zero for traditional guest workers. Overall, liberalization of citizenship provides some benefits in the labor market but is unlikely to result in full economic and social integration of immigrants in the host country.