To date, published studies of alluvial bar architecture in large rivers have been restricted mostly to case studies of individual bars and single locations. Relatively little is known about how the depositional processes and sedimentary architecture of kilometre‐scale bars vary within a multi‐kilometre reach or over several hundreds of kilometres downstream. This study presents Ground Penetrating Radar and core data from 11, kilometre‐scale bars from the Río Paraná, Argentina. The investigated bars are located between 30 km upstream and 540 km downstream of the Río Paraná – Río Paraguay confluence, where a significant volume of fine‐grained suspended sediment is introduced into the network. Bar‐scale cross‐stratified sets, with lengths and widths up to 600 m and thicknesses up to 12 m, enable the distinction of large river deposits from stacked deposits of smaller rivers, but are only present in half the surface area of the bars. Up to 90% of bar‐scale sets are found on top of finer‐grained ripple‐laminated bar‐trough deposits. Bar‐scale sets make up as much as 58% of the volume of the deposits in small, incipient mid‐channel bars, but this proportion decreases significantly with increasing age and size of the bars. Contrary to what might be expected, a significant proportion of the sedimentary structures found in the Río Paraná is similar in scale to those found in much smaller rivers. In other words, large river deposits are not always characterized by big structures that allow a simple interpretation of river scale. However, the large scale of the depositional units in big rivers causes small‐scale structures, such as ripple sets, to be grouped into thicker cosets, which indicate river scale even when no obvious large‐scale sets are present. The results also show that the composition of bars differs between the studied reaches upstream and downstream of the confluence with the Río Paraguay. Relative to other controls on downstream fining, the tributary input of fine‐grained suspended material from the Río Paraguay causes a marked change in the composition of the bar deposits. Compared to the upstream reaches, the sedimentary architecture of the downstream reaches in the top ca 5 m of mid‐channel bars shows: (i) an increase in the abundance and thickness (up to metre‐scale) of laterally extensive (hundreds of metres) fine‐grained layers; (ii) an increase in the percentage of deposits comprised of ripple sets (to >40% in the upper bar deposits); and (iii) an increase in bar‐trough deposits and a corresponding decrease in bar‐scale cross‐strata (<10%). The thalweg deposits of the Río Paraná are composed of dune sets, even directly downstream from the Río Paraguay where the upper channel deposits are dominantly fine‐grained. Thus, the change in sedimentary facies due to a tributary point‐source of fine‐grained sediment is primarily expressed in the composition of the upper bar deposits.


For all of the attention brought to bear on global financial regulation, relatively little scholarly energy has been directed towards thinking through the mechanics of how national regulators govern international pools of capital via their domestic rulemaking authority. This Article responds to this weak link in the literature by providing a short conceptual overview of the operationalization of supervisory power by national regulatory authorities. It argues that "territorial" authority in financial regulation - commonly considered both a source and limitation of control over local firms - in practice constitutes a diverse array of tactics employed by national authorities to exert authority over mobile market participants. As such, it can facilitate the projection of regulatory beyond national borders, especially for countries enjoying large capital and customer markets. This Article then contextualizes territoriality against the backdrop of financial globalization and shows how the "rise of the rest" changes the international regulatory order as other countries have developed their own liquid financial centers and means of (extra)territorial influence. Specifically, this Article argues that as emerging markets have become more important, the costs of unilateral territorialism and non-cooperation by traditionally dominant countries have increased, which has helped spur new efforts at international coordination, as well as innovative initiatives aimed at leveraging hard and soft power to promote national policy preferences abroad. Nevertheless, this Article concludes that territoriality remains a central element in international coordination and the bargaining process..


Abstract This review focuses on the clay mineralogy of the most important Brazilian soils: the Latosols, which cover >60% of the country by area, and occur in association with other soils. They are typically deep, highly-weathered soils, dominated by low-activity 1:1 clay minerals and Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, with varying proportions of these minerals, depending on parent material and weathering intensity. They are usually of low fertility, although eutric types also occur. Latosols are generally correlated with Oxisols (American soil taxonomy) and Ferralsols (WRB system). Clay mineralogy is typically monotonous: kaolinite, gibbsite, hematite, goethite, maghemite and Ti minerals (mainly ilmenite and anatase) are the prominent mineral phases in the clay fraction. Some Latosols developing on basalt from southern Brazil contain significant amounts of hydroxyl-interlayed vermiculite. Among the pedogenic oxides the most frequent are goethite (α-FeOOH), indicated by yellowish colours (2.5Y-10YR; in the absence of hematite), and hematite (α-Fe2O3), which imbues reddish colors (2.5YR-5R), even when present in very minor amounts. Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) is less frequent; it imparts a reddish-brown colour (5YR-2.5YR) and magnetic properties. Both goethite and hematite show Al-substitution, with a greater relative proportion in soil goethites. Hence, in similar drainage conditions, goethite is less prone to dissolution than hematite. Most reddish Latosols also contain maghemite, due to partial or complete oxidation of magnetite, which generally occurs naturally or is fire-induced. Magnetite and/or maghemite are associated with trace elements which are important in plant nutrition, such as Cu, Zn and Co. The contents of gibbsite in Latosols are extremely variable, from a complete absence in brown Latosols, to 54% in red Latosols from mafic rocks. Relatively large amounts of gibbsite are found in the clay fraction of these soils and this mineral is important in P sorption in deeply weathered Latosols in association with goethite and hematite. Even though most Latosols are dystrophic, some are eutrophic, revealing an unusually large base saturation in areas under ustic regimes where the parent material is particularly rich in bases, such as basalts. This eutrophic nature is attributed to the protecting role of micro-aggregates in ferric red Latosols, which retard baseleaching from the inner aggregate. At the other extreme, some Brazilian Latosols are acric and positively-charged in sub-surface horizons, as revealed by the relationship pH KCl > pH H2O. These acric Latosols are the result of long-term weathering and intensive leaching, during which pH tends to increase to values close to the zero point charge of Fe and Al oxides (between 6 and 7), greatly increasing P adsorption, which is mainly attributed to gibbsite, goethite and hematite. Soil kaolinites in Brazilian Latosols are mostly of low crystallinity, with Hughes and Brown indexes of between 6 and 15. In this review we have discussed the role of these clay-fraction minerals in soil genesis and fertility, highlighting the marked role of inheritance from deeply-weathered parent material. Latosols typically retain large amounts of Fe oxides, some of which are magnetic, with spontaneous magnetization >1 J T-1 kg-1. In this regard, reddish Latosols developed from mafic rocks are the most representative magnetic soils, and cover as much as 3.9% of Brazil. An overview of magnetic soils on four representative examples of mafic lithologies is presented, together with some aspects of their Fe-oxide mineralogy and related field and laboratory technqiues.


Abstract. This paper describes the optimization and validation of a new simple method for the quantitative determination of water in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). The analyses are performed by using a coulometric Karl-Fisher system equipped with a controlled heating device; different water contributions are separated by the application of an optimized thermal ramp (three heating steps: 50–120 °C, 120–180 °C, 180–250 °C). The analytical performance of the method was verified by using standard materials containing 5.55% and 1% by weight of water. The recovery was greater than 95%; the detection limit was about 20 μg. The method was then applied to NIST Reference Materials (NIST1649a, urban particulate matter) and to real PM10 samples collected in different geographical areas. In all cases the repeatability was satisfactory (10–15%). When analyzing the Reference Material, the separation of four different types of water was obtained. In real PM10 samples the amount of water and its thermal profile differed as a function of the chemical composition of the dust. Mass percentages of 3–4% of water were obtained in most samples, but values up to about 15% were reached in areas where the chemical composition of PM is dominated by secondary inorganic ions and organic matter. High percentages of water were also observed in areas where PM is characterized by the presence of desert dust. A possible identification of the quality of water released from the samples was tried by applying the method to some hygroscopic compounds that are likely contained in PM (pure SiO2, Al2O3, ammonium salts, carbohydrates and dicarboxylic acids) and by comparing the results with those obtained from field samples.


Analytical stock assessment of sardine ( Sardina pilchardus , Walb.) in the Adriatic Sea from 1975 to 1999 was performed taking into account the occurrence of discarding at sea of sardine caught by the Italian fleet. We have attempted to model the fishermen's behaviour using data collected by an observer on board fishing vessels. This enabled us to estimate the amounts of discards, which were added to the catches landed, collected by ISMAR-CNR Ancona. Discards were calculated for the period 1987-1999, as their values were negligible before 1987. Stock assessment on the entire data series from 1975-1999 was carried out by means of Virtual Population Analysis (VPA). Discarding behaviour differs among ports due to different local customs and market conditions. The quantity added to the annual total catch ranged from 900 tonnes to 4000 tonnes, corresponding to between 2% and 15% of the total corrected catch. VPAs indicated that mid-year sardine stock biomass rose steadily from 400,000 tonnes in 1975 to a peak of 950,000 tonnes in 1984. Subsequently, biomass declined steadily to the more recent values, around 300,000 tonnes. Although discarded quantities were relatively high, their influence on stock assessment was not strong because of the high level of both catch and, in particular, estimated biomass at sea.


We reexamine estimates of the social cost of carbon (SCC) used by agencies as the price of carbon emissions in cost-benefit analysis, focusing on those by the federal Interagency Working Group on SCC (IWG). We show that the models used by the IWG assume continued economic growth in the face of substantial temperature increases, which suggests that they may not capture the full range of possible consequences of climate change. Using the DICE integrated assessment model, we examine the possibility that climate change may directly affect productivity and find that even a modest impact of this type increases SCC estimates substantially. The SCC appears to be highly uncertain and sensitive to modeling assumptions. Understanding the impact of climate change therefore requires understanding how climate-related harms may affect productivity and economic growth. Furthermore, we suggest that misunderstandings about growth assumptions in the model may underlie the debate surrounding the proper discount rate.


We report on an innovative approach to on-chip detection of single fluorescently-labeled magnetic micro-particles by means of Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays. Our system enables particle separation through magnetic actuation and highly sensitive, high signal-to-noise-ratio detection with integrated SPADs. We will present the capability of our system to detect and quantitatively distinguish fluorescently labeled particles. This represents a first step towards a complete lab-on-a-chip system for specific antibody detection. The selection of magnetic micro-particles as the mobile substrate in a bio-assay is motivated by their growing impact on the lab-on-a-chip research area, fueled by their ability of contactless manipulation and a handling that is independent from biological processes.


Organolead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great promise as a new large-scale and cost-competitive photovoltaic technology. Power conversion efficiencies over 15% to 19% have been achieved within 18 to 24 months of development, and thus perovskite materials have attracted great attention in photovoltaic research. However, the manufacture of PSCs raises environmental concerns regarding the over-production of raw lead ore, which has harmful health and ecological effects. Herein, we report an environmentally responsible process to fabricate efficient PSCs by reusing car batteries to simultaneously avoid the disposal of toxic battery materials and provide alternative, readily available lead sources for PSCs. Perovskite films, assembled using materials sourced from either recycled battery materials or high-purity commercial reagents, show the same material characteristics (i.e., crystallinity, morphology, optical absorption, and photoluminescence properties) and identical photovoltaic performance (i.e., photovoltaic parameters and resistances of electron recombination), indicating the practical feasibility of recycling car batteries for lead-based PSCs.


Abstract The cell-specific information of transcriptional regulation on microRNAs (miRNAs) is crucial to the precise understanding of gene regulations in various physiological and pathological processes existed in different tissues and cell types. The database, mirTrans, provides comprehensive information about cell-specific transcription of miRNAs including the transcriptional start sites (TSSs) of miRNAs, transcription factor (TF) to miRNA regulations and miRNA promoter sequences. mirTrans also maps the experimental H3K4me3 and DHS (DNase-I hypersensitive site) marks within miRNA promoters and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) within transcribed regions. The current version of database covers 35 259 TSSs and over 2.3 million TF-miRNA regulations for 1513 miRNAs in a total of 54 human cell lines. These cell lines span most of the biological systems, including circulatory system, digestive system and nervous system. Information for both the intragenic miRNAs and intergenic miRNAs is offered. Particularly, the quality of miRNA TSSs and TF-miRNA regulations is evaluated by literature curation. 23 447 TSS records and 2148 TF-miRNA regulations are supported by special experiments as a result of literature curation. EST coverage is also used to evaluate the accuracy of miRNA TSSs. Interface of mirTrans is friendly designed and convenient to make downloads (http://mcube.nju.edu.cn/jwang/lab/soft/mirtrans/ or http://188.8.131.52/mirtrans/).


During vertebrate and invertebrate development, organs and tissues must be precisely patterned, and periodic proneural gene expression is an early and essential event in this process. The Drosophila melanogaster sensory bristles are a good model system to study the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling precise proneural gene expression. There are two classes of sensory bristles: early specified (mechanosensory macrochaetae and chemosensory microchaetae) and late specified (mechanosensory microchaetae) bristles.
Previous studies suggest that patterning of early-specified bristles requires induction of proneural gene expression at specific locations in the limb and body wall primordia. Proneural gene expression in primordia of early-specified bristles is controlled by discrete modular cis-regulatory elements (CRE). Our studies, however, suggest that a different mechanism is used to pattern late specified bristles: expression of the proneural gene, achaete (ac), in primordia of late specified bristles is controlled by a single CRE.
On the surface of the Drosophila leg, small mechanosensory microchaetae (mC) are organized in a series of longitudinal rows along the leg circumference. In the prepupal leg, ac is expressed in longitudinal stripes, which comprise the leg microchaete primordia. We have found that Hairy (H) and Delta/Notch (Dl/N) signaling function concertedly and non-redundantly to define periodic ac expression. This process involves broad and late activation of ac expression and refinement in response to a prepattern of repression, which is established by Hairy and Delta. These findings have allowed us to formulate a general model for generation of periodic bristle patterns in the adult leg, and this model is supported by the analysis of a CRE, called the ac-mC-CRE, that specifically directs ac expression in the leg and notal mC proneural fields. This CRE contains an activation element, which directs broad expression of ac along the circumference of prepupal legs, and a repression element, which is Hairy and Dl/N responsive.
To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that mediate repression by Hairy and Notch, we undertook a detailed analysis of the ac-mC-CRE. Our findings provide novel insight into repression of proneural ac expression by bHLH repressor, Hairy, and Notch, which acts through the bHLH Enhancer of split E(spl) repressors. We find that Hairy and E(spl) can mediate repression of ac via common sequences in the ac promoter and ac-mC-CRE. This finding has interesting implications regarding the evolution of morphological novelty in mC patterning.


In earlier studies, the fundamentals of the liquor penetration process in the case of hand made, homogenous, identically shaped wooden blocks have been studied. However, the efficiency of liquor penetration into real industrial chips may differ from the efficiency of penetration into ideal handmade chips. In this paper, impregnation experiments with three industrial softwood chip grades including sawmill chips, juvenile chips from 1 st thinning and normal pulpwood chips from 3 rd thinning (final felling) were carried out using a new impregnation vessel concept. The effects of chips' physical properties and differing penetration conditions on the penetration process were investigated. The highest degree of penetration was achieved with sawmill chips. The lowest degree of penetration was achieved with 3 rd thinning chips, because of the high heart-wood and initial air content. A lower initial degree of penetration resulted in higher liquor uptake at the same process conditions. The influences of both penetration conditions and wood permeability on the penetration process were pronounced with 3 rd thinning chips. The experiments showed, also, that the final degree of penetration and liquor uptake can be predicted for different process conditions based on the initial penetration degree calculated from the moisture and basic density properties of the wood chips used.


Content distribution networks (CDNs) have gained considerable attention in the past few years. Hence there is need for developing frameworks for carrying out CDN simulations. In this article we present a modeling and simulation framework for CDNs, called CDNsim. CDNsim has been designated to provide a realistic simulation for CDNs, simulating the surrogate servers, the TCP/IP protocol, and the main CDN functions. The main advantages of this tool are its high performance, its extensibility, and its user interface, which is used to configure its parameters. CDNsim provides an automated environment for conducting experiments and extracting client, server, and network statistics. The purpose of CDNsim is to be used as a testbed for CDN evaluation and experimentation. This is quite useful to both the research community (to experiment with new CDN data management techniques), and for CDN developers (to evaluate profits on prior certain CDN installations).


Conceivability arguments are quite common in philosophy. Given the continued prevalence of such arguments, the philosopher would do well to consider whether the inference from conceivability to possibility is in fact justified. In this paper, I reject Alex Byrne's skeptical arguments against David Chalmers's account of modal imagination. I suggest that, in regard to mental imagery, Byrne's account of sensuous imagination is committed to the dubious claim that mental images are sufficient to individuate imaginings, whereas Chalmers's account is not. On the contrary, in order to be successful, some imaginings must involve or co-occur with further, non-imagistic features or faculties that are necessary for their individuation. I briefly consider some such possible features and conclude that modal imagination as conceived of by Chalmers does not reduce to sensuous imagination. Consequently, the reliability of modal imagination as a guide to possibility is not necessarily undermined by Byrne's broader critique of sensuous imagination.


Integration of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar into the grid is challenging due to the stochastic nature of energy sources. Hence, electrical hubs (EH) and virtual power plants that combine non-dispatchable energy sources, energy storage and dispatchable energy sources such as internal combustion generators and micro gas turbines are getting popular. However, designing such energy systems considering the electricity demand of a neighborhood, curtailments for grid interactions and real time pricing (RTP) of the main utility grid (MUG) is a difficult exercise. Seasonal and hourly variation of electricity demand, potential for each nondispatchable energy source and RTP of MUG needs to be considered when designing the energy system. Representation of dispatch strategy plays a major role in this process where simultaneous optimization of system design and dispatch strategy is required. This study presents a bi-level dispatch strategy based on reinforced learning for simultaneous optimization of system design and operation strategy of an EH. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was combined with a finite state controller to obtain the operating state of the system. Pareto optimization is conducted considering, lifecycle cost and system autonomy to obtain optimum system design using evolutionary algorithm.


The need to design innovative strategies alternative or complementary to that of government regulation is becoming increasingly apparent. This article examines one such innovation: to use both business and commercial entities and non-commercial third parties as surrogates for, or complements to, direct government regulation. This strategy will still involve government intervention, but selectively and in combination with a range of market solutions, and of public and private orderings. The contexts and circumstances in which third parties might be used as surrogate regulators are considered; the impediments to them acting in this role and the extent and circumstances in which they might be overcome are identified; and the roles that governments might play in facilitating, encouraging or otherwise ensuring that third parties do act successfully as surrogate regulators are examined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.


This article explores ethnographically the manufacturing of religious polarisation and violence in West Bengal, India. Since 2014, India has experienced a rise in religion-based identity conflict. Although West Bengal experienced riots during the partition of India, it remained unaffected during the subsequent three decades of Left rule. More recently, however, secular democratic forces have been marginalised and riot-like conflicts have emerged. We argue that identity consolidation in West Bengal is part of an increasing trend of religious polarisation in the country. To bridge the gap between scholarly discussions on the concepts of secularism and communalisation, the paper presents micro-narratives illuminating the background of religious polarisation and violence. We provide ethnographic details of the mechanisms by which religious identities are consolidated. With a case-based approach, this article unearths the mechanisms of identity-based polarisation, and its politicisation in a region which has not experienced this level of violence for several decades.


Self-instructional materials which are interesting, meaningful, and appropriately challenging can enhance students' motivation and achievement (Keller, 1987b). When students are interested in learning materials, feel confident, see some relevance between the learning materials and their needs, and receive some satisfaction from learning materials, they will become motivated. Regardless of the levels of intellectual and other academic ability, students who are motivated will learn more effectively than students who are not motivated. Accordingly, motivated students will learn more than students who are not motivated. This study was conducted to measure the quality of the Universitas Terbuka's printed materials in terms of enhancing students' motivation for learning. This study also investigated the relationships among the quality of the printed materials, students' motivation, and students' achievement. Four tutorial groups (136 students) in the InserviceTraining Program for Elementary School Teachers at Universitas Terbuka were assigned by cluster sampling to participate in the present study. Students were asked to evaluate a module of the Educational Psychology (Psikologi Pendidikan) course that they had already studied. The instrument employed was a questionnaire modified from the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (INMS) developed by Keller (1990). Data of students' motivation were obtained through administration of a questionnaire modified from the motivation section of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), developed by a team of researchers from the National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning (NCRIPTAL) and the School of Education at the University of Michigan (Pintrich et al., 1993). A formative test was developed by the researcher and administered to students to assess the students' achievement. A combination of descriptive and correlational methods was employed. Data on the quality of the printed materials, students' motivation and students' achievement were interpreted by using descriptive statistics. The findings showed that the quality of the module of the Educational Psychology course was categorized as high, students' achievement in the formative test was poor, and, interestingly, students' motivation for studying the module was high. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlations both for the quality of the printed materials and students' motivation and for the quality of the printed materials and students' achievement were significant and positive. However, the correlation between students' motivation and students' achievement was significantly negative. Although standard multiple linear regression showed that the four motivational characteristics of a module of the Educational Psychology course could not serve as predictors for students' achievement in the formative test, the confidence characteristic of the module of the Educational Psychology course made the largest contribution to students' motivation for studying the module. The results of the present study imply that the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) model can be used as a framework for designing and revising a self instruction module and for planning, and carrying out tutorials which can enhance students' motivation and students' achievement. The findings of this study also pose interesting questions which demand further study.


Oligogalacturonides and chitosaccharides are members of a new class of bioactive substances with plant activity known as oligosaccharins. The application of these substances has direct and indirect benef icial effects on plant rooting processes, which are discussed in this work. These substances have been considered second messengers of some classic plant hormones, such as auxins, cytokines and gibberellins, resulting in their much more specif ic activity in the different organs of plants. Their physicochemical and structural characteristics also have a signif icant influence on their biological activity and especially on rooting processes, both in vitro and in vivo. In our study, we discussed positive effects caused by the application of oligogalacturonides and chitosaccharides in the process of rooting, as well as indirect effects related with the increased interaction with symbiotic soil microorganisms such as rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that improve root growth and function in plants.


Legal regulation on Substitute Heir/Heir Replacement in Indonesia is regulated in Article 185 of in the Islamic Law Compilation. But, in fact, due to several reasons, not all of the community members of Banda Sakti Subdistrict, the City of Lhokseumawe has used the Islamic Law Compilation. The issuess raised in this study were how the concept of Substitute Heir/Heir Replacement is understood in Islamic Inheritance Law, how the Islamic Law Compilation was applied in the community members of Banda Sakti Subdistrict, the City of Lhokseumawe, and what constraints were faced in the application of the Islamic Law Compilation in relation to the case of Substitute Heir/Heir Replacement in Banda Sakti Subdistrict, the City of Lhokseumawe. This descriptive analytical study with empirical/sociological juridical approach was to answer the issues raised with effective consideration by studying the validity and invalidity of a rule of law influenced by various factors such as such as changes in the community, cultural developments, and so forth. Keywords: Islamic Inheritance Law, Islamic Law Compilation


CONTEXT
There is an alarming progress in the health status of the young in western countries, and new methods and tools for behavioural health interventions are urgently called for.

OBJECTIVE
To explore how computer game designs can be integrated in the development of Interactive Health Education Environments.

DESIGN
Qualitative analyses of adolescents' experiences of playing an action-adventure computer game, using data from in-depth interviews.

RESULTS
A model is presented, where the gameplaying experience is connected to four components of computer games. Playing computer games was found to mainly be motivated by the challenges and competition represented in the gameplay scripts.

CONCLUSIONS
Interactive health education environments can be improved by implementing challenging gameplay scripts, spectacular technical features and narratives.


Background Loss to follow-up (LTF) after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is common in HIV clinics. We examined the effect of availability of adherence support and active patient outreach services on patient attrition following ART initiation. Methods and Findings This ecologic study examined clinic attrition rates (total attrition, LTF, and death) among 232,389 patients initiating ART at 349 clinics during 2004–2008 in 10 sub-Saharan African countries, and cohort attrition (proportion retained at 6 and 12 months after ART initiation) among a subset of patients with follow-up information (n = 83,389). Log-linear regression compared mean rates of attrition, LTF, and death between clinics with and without adherence support and outreach services. Cumulative attrition, LTF, and death rates were 14.2, 9.2, and 4.9 per 100 person-years on ART, respectively. In multivariate analyses, clinic availability of >2 adherence support services was marginally associated with lower attrition rates (RRadj = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.35–1.0). Clinics with availability of counseling services (RRadj = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.42–0.92), educational materials (RRadj = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.63–0.85), reminder tools (RRadj = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.64–0.97), and food rations (RRadj = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.58–0.90) had significantly lower attrition, with similar results observed for LTF. Outreach services were not significantly associated with attrition. In cohort analyses, attrition was significantly lower at clinics offering >2 adherence support services (RRadj,6m = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.73–0.96), dedicated pharmacy services (RRadj,6m = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.69–0.90), and active patient outreach (RRadj,6m = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.73–0.99). Availability of food rations was marginally associated with increased retention at 6 (RRadj,6m  = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.64–1.05) but not 12 months (RRadj,12m  = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.78–1.21). Conclusions Availability of adherence support services, active patient outreach and food rations at HIV care clinics may improve retention following ART initiation.


Over the last sixty-five years, since the country's independence, trained anthropologists have conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in India. In this time span, anthropological discourses about Indian society have developed their own specificity, while at the same time the anthropology of India has also had a profound impact on the discipline as a whole. This paper provides a critical overview of the general theoretical perspectives that have been employed by these anthropologists and that have been developed on the basis of their ethnographic experiences. In allusion to Ortner (1995), this paper is a plea for "ethnographic approval" in devising theoretical perspectives. It is argued that anthropological theorizing loses its heuristic value (i.e., the ability to help investigate, understand, analyze and compare the particular sociocultural life worlds of humans) when it abandons the dialogue with ethnographic reality.


Aluminium has a unique combination of physical and chemical properties which has enabled man to put this metal to very wide and varied use. However prolonged exposure to aluminium ions may lead to adverse health effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary aluminium on the protein composition and the intrinsic activity of cytochrome oxidase (COX) for brain mitochondria. New Zealand white rabbits were maintained on a diet of commercial rabbit pellets and distilled water for a period of 12 weeks. For the experimental group, AlCl3, 330 mg/kg/L was added to the drinking water. When compared to the control, mitochondria isolated from the brains of the AICl3 fed rabbits showed no change in Km but an approximate 35% decrease in both the low and high affinity Vmax values. Also, whereas the protein composition of the mitochondria from both sources appeared to be normal, isolation of highly purified COX proved to be difficult and for the AlCl3 fed rabbits, a number of the enzyme's low molecular weight subunits were absent. These results appear to confirm a relationship between long term aluminium consumption and low brain COX activity; they further suggest that an altered COX structure may be the cause of the low enzymic activity.


A lively series of spatial turns in literary studies since the 1990s give rise to this engaged and practical book, devoted to the question of how to teach and study the relationship between all sorts of literature and all sorts of location. Among the many concrete examples explored are texts created between the early seventeenth and the early twenty-first centuries, in genres ranging from stage drama and lyric poetry to television, by way of several studies of fiction definable in a broad way as realist. Writers and thinkers discussed include Michel de Certeau, Edward Casey, Gwendolyn Brooks, Christina Rossetti, Dickens, J. Hillis Miller, Lynne Reid Banks, Heidegger, Shakespeare, Thomas Middleton, Thomas Dekker, Stephen C. Levinson, Bernard Malamud, E.M. Forster, Thomas Burke and Samuel Beckett. The book is underpinned by the philosophical topology of Jeff Malpas, who insists that human life is necessarily and primarily located. It is aimed at students and teachers of literary place at all university levels.


ABSTRACT While citizenship scholars have documented the increasing moralisation of immigration and integration policies, relatively few have explored how immigrants themselves make sense of their (partial) membership of European welfare states. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and participant observation with Syrian refugees, this article documents how they interpret and act upon the partial and limited citizenship status they are given in Belgium. We focus on one dimension of their experiences: their stigmatic dependency upon the Belgian welfare state. While their accounts can be partly understood as reproducing neoliberal discourses, we argue that they are also a strategic reaction against the dependency that is inadvertently created by European welfare states. From our respondents' perspectives, their social rights thus appear not so much as entitlements to be claimed, but as a continuation of the humanitarian logic of the (unreciprocated) gift.


Two methods and an experimental setup for the measurement of spacing of diffraction gratings have been developed. These methods depend on interferometric measurements at different wavelengths of the angles of diffraction beams from the grating to be measured. A lower limit for the measured spacing is the half-wavelength of laser radiation. The results of spacing measurements of approximately 0.28, 0.39, and 0.50 μm are presented.


Indigenous peoples around the world and particularly in Latin America are struggling to strengthen their control over land and the territories they inhabit. The strengthening of rights has come as a result of multiple processes both at national and global levels, in which the role and responsibilities of states have been transformed. Transnational processes challenge the presumed association between nation-states, sovereignty and territoriality. One of these challenges comes from international initiatives such as Reducing emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). Global REDD in its broadness and national REDD in its uncertain early phases represent opportunities for private actors to negotiate with holders of land rights. In the Amazon, indigenous peoples' territories, given their wide extension and that they are mainly forested areas, become interesting for all sorts of REDD actors. However, despite legal and rhetoric recognition of indigenous land rights, effective recognition is still lacking. In this paper, I will focus on one particular type of actor, so-called carbon cowboys – a term coined by journalists to signify actors who are willing to push the limits of established negotiation mechanisms to gain control over forest areas. I will focus on carbon cowboys' practices and the responses from indigenous peoples in Colombia to highlight a common claim across the region, namely better state presence and regulation. The response from indigenous peoples' organizations indicates that although territorial control is an important achievement, some form of state intervention is required to protect their rights in an uncertain REDD terrain.


Honeybees Can't Do It Alone The majority of food crops require pollination to set fruit with the honeybee providing a pollination workhorse, with both feral and managed populations an integral component of crop management (see the Perspective by Tylianakis, published online 28 February). Garibaldi et al. (p. 1608, published online 28 February) now show that wild pollinators are also a vital part of our crop systems. In more than 40 important crops grown worldwide, wild pollinators improved pollination efficiency, increasing fruit set by twice that facilitated by honeybees. Burkle et al. (p. 1611, published online 28 February) took advantage of one of the most thorough and oldest data sets available on plant-pollinator interaction networks and recollected data on plant-pollinator interactions after more than 120 years of climate change and landscape alteration. The historical data set consists of observations collected by Charles Robertson near Carlinville, Illinois (USA), in the late 1800s on the phenology of plants and their pollinating insects, as well as information about which plants and pollinators interacted with one another. Many sites were revisited in the early 1970s and in 2009 and 2010 to collect similar plant-pollinator data. Pollinator function has declined through time, with bees showing lower visitation rates and lower fidelity to individual plant species. Flower visits by wild insects enhanced fruit production in crops worldwide, well beyond the effect of bees. [Also see Perspective by Tylianakis] The diversity and abundance of wild insect pollinators have declined in many agricultural landscapes. Whether such declines reduce crop yields, or are mitigated by managed pollinators such as honey bees, is unclear. We found universally positive associations of fruit set with flower visitation by wild insects in 41 crop systems worldwide. In contrast, fruit set increased significantly with flower visitation by honey bees in only 14% of the systems surveyed. Overall, wild insects pollinated crops more effectively; an increase in wild insect visitation enhanced fruit set by twice as much as an equivalent increase in honey bee visitation. Visitation by wild insects and honey bees promoted fruit set independently, so pollination by managed honey bees supplemented, rather than substituted for, pollination by wild insects. Our results suggest that new practices for integrated management of both honey bees and diverse wild insect assemblages will enhance global crop yields.


The article explores work‐based learning in the context of current changes taking place in vocational education and training in England. It seeks to locate these within an understanding of the economy and the way in which work‐based knowledge is construed. The article analyses these issues, drawing upon a literature that examines the work‐based experiences of young people. This allows an engagement with notions of social justice, providing an opportunity to address the rhetorical question, 'learning to labour', posed in the title. It concludes by suggesting that if work‐based learning is to move beyond forms of occupational socialisation there is a need to critique its underlying assumptions and seek out spaces for a progressive practice underpinned by a commitment to social justice.


1. Neither the mechanism nor the therapeutic implications of the ability of ethacrynic acid to stimulate renal H + secretion has been fully explored. Acute studies were carried out in six normal volunteer subjects to determine whether or not the stimulation of H + excretion depended upon sodium chloride or volume depletion. 2. Depletion was either not corrected, or corrected by one of the following: oral water alone or sodium chloride solution (either 153 mmol/l or 513 mmol/l) intravenously to give zero or slightly positive balances of water, sodium chloride or both at all times. Urine was collected at 2 h intervals before and for 8 h after 100 mg of ethacrynic acid. Electrolytes, pH, total acid, osmolality and true creatinine were measured in each urine specimen and in the serum during the control period and 5·5 h after ethacrynic acid. 3. In all 14 experiments in six subjects, urinary pH was reduced to a mean value 4·78 ± se 0·08 within 2–8 h after ethacrynic acid irrespective of replacement therapy, indicating that the sodium chloride and volume depletions produced by ethacrynic acid were not essential to its effect on urinary pH. 4. Urinary pH correlated inversely ( r = −0·81) with the logarithm of the difference between rejected chloride and sodium per unit of rejected chloride, suggesting that the discrepancy between anion-cation reabsorption was intimately linked to generation of H + gradients, possibly by reducing chloride transport. 5. Three of the subjects were given amiloride (20 mg) with ethacrynic acid: both the pH reduction and the chloride/sodium differentials were abolished, probably by reduction of tubular sodium reabsorption. A specific but opposite effect of both agents on tubular H + transport cannot be excluded.


Human activities, especially increased nutrient loads that set in motion a cascading chain of events related to eutrophication, accelerate development of hypoxia (lower oxygen concentration) in many areas of the world's coastal ocean. Climate changes and extreme weather events may modify hypoxia. Organismal and fisheries effects are at the heart of the coastal hypoxia issue, but more subtle regime shifts and trophic interactions are also cause for concern. The chemical milieu associated with declining dissolved oxygen concentrations affects the biogeochemical cycling of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, trace metals, and sulfide as observed in water column processes, shifts in sediment biogeochemistry, and increases in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, as well as shifts in their stable isotopes, in recently accumulated sediments.


SUMMARY. The present study investigated the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of Pouteria ramiflora (EEPr) roots, commonly known in Brazil as "curiola". The EEPr (50 or 100 mg/kg) produced inhibition of abdominal constrictions in mice and increased the reaction time in the hotplate test. The EEPr inhibited the inflammatory process induced by carrageenan in the rat air pouch model. When the rats were treated with 50 mg/kg of EEPr, the number of inflammatory cells harvested from the air pouch, nitric oxide metabolites levels and adenosine deaminase activity decreased by 65%, 77% and 68%, respectively. When they were treated with 100 mg/kg of EEPr, the inhibition was higher (81%, 89% and 95%) for the same analyzed parameters. The results of the experiments performed in the present study exhibit pronounced antinociception and also indicate that EEPr exerts antiinflammatory activity by interfering with the lymphocyte proliferation and NO production.


What lessons for political transition in Afghanistan today can be learned from Mahmud Tarzi's efforts to reform Afghan politics in the early 20th century – such as on engaging key domestic constituencies to establish an-Afghan owned agenda for change? Mahmud Tarzi looked to introduce progressive ideas drawn from his travels in the Middle East. But progress in realising his ambitions was hampered by a dearth of receptive constituencies in Afghanistan, such as activist civil servants, students or disgruntled military. Support for Tarzi's programme was restricted to a few returnee exiles, Kabul-based intelligentsia and dissenting officials, leaving him over-reliant on his proximity to the crown. Tarzi's modernising vision combined an exclusive, Pashtun-centred nationalism with a multinational state and a progressive approach to science and technology – as well as to Islam, which placed him in direct opposition with the Afghan clergy. A number of key factors undermined prospects for Tarzi's agenda: 1) imported reformist ideologies that were alien to most Afghans; 2) failure to engage either influential landed tribal leaders or clergy with authority to legitimate the reform agenda; and 3) Tarzi's royal patron lacking either the domestic power to impose changes or the foreign diplomacy to secure external support, and further failing to reconcile internal rifts between progressive and conservative camps within his court. Notwithstanding fundamental differences between Afghanistan today and a century ago, some core blockages to modernisation have persisted – in particular the inability of the government to promote reforms among rural populations combined with the fact that transformational politics are largely seen as an external agenda. Unless these are addressed, modernisation will continue to struggle.


Our current knowledge of the causes of party unity rests heavily on the analysis of average unity scores of party groups from different countries. This study design invites two related problems: By aggregating unity scores we miss valuable variance at the level of disaggregated votes, and by comparing these aggregate scores across time and countries we might confound institutional effects with an unobserved case-specific selection bias of roll-call votes. In taking advantage of the laboratory-like conditions of the 16 sub-national parliaments of Germany and shifting the level of analysis to party unity in every single vote this article addresses both problems. Analysing 8607 unity scores, it is shown that the voting context is an important moderator of institutional effects on party unity. Specifically, it is shown that government status boosts party unity particularly within legislative important votes. Furthermore, the unity-boosting effect of slim majorities is only present for government parties and particularly strong when legislative consequential decisions are taken. Beyond that I also show that roll-call vote request, increasing ideological distances and norms of party loyalty increase party unity.


This case pertains to the foundational underpinnings of the accounting process and the statement of cash flows. In Part I, students are presented with 23 business events that they must evaluate for recording in the financial records. Part II requires students to prepare a 2012 statement of cash flows using the information presented in the company's 2011 and 2012 year-end balance sheets along with its 2012 income statement. In Part III, students must rely on a 2011 balance sheet and a 2011 statement of cash flows to work backward to derive the 2010 year-end balance sheet. There are two versions of this case: Option 1 and Option 2. The Option 2 case is a bit more challenging than the Option 1 case. Instructors should use Option 2 if they feel students are well grounded in their understanding of financial statement relationships and the customary financial reporting of a typical set of business events. Both cases reinforce students' learning related to the accounting process and the connectivity between the financial statements. Please note that only one version of the case should be used due to the existence of some overlap between the two.


This paper is concerned with the distinction between nuclear and non-nuclear grammatical relations in Nyulnyul, an effectively extinct language of Dampier Land, Western Australia. Drawing on research within Semiotic Grammar, it is proposed that a fundamental distinction needs to be drawn between experiential relations (Actor, Undergoer, Agent, and the like) and logical relations (circumstantial or adverbial elements). Although it is tempting to correlate nuclear and non-nuclear relations with the experiential-logical contrast, the relations are so unalike that it is misleading to place them on a single hierarchy. It is suggested instead that experiential grammatical relations can be meaningfully divided into nuclear and core types, and that this distinction provides a layered model for the clause as an experiential unit.


We present a crustal velocity and Moho depth model of the Ascension volcanic edifice using one of the most densely sampled 3-D wide-angle data sets for volcanic islands currently available. We invert traveltimes of first and second arrivals by seeking a layer-interface minimum structure model, and then test the resulting velocity model by gravity modelling and a 3-D checkerboard resolution test. Within the shallow extrusive part of the crust, two main high-velocity regions coincide with the highest topography on land and the gravity maximum off the west coast of the island, respectively. These features are connected with a high-velocity intrusive core that is created either within or on the top of oceanic layer 3 and is interpreted as a possible relic magma chamber. The thickness of the surface low-velocity region is similar to that observed at Hawaii, Jasper seamount and Great Meteor seamount, suggesting a similar process of edifice construction. The mean density of the volcanic edifice is significantly less than that of normal oceanic crust and than load densities typically assumed in studies of flexure as a result of seamount loading. There is no simple flexural model that explains the shape of the Moho beneath the island, perhaps because of the long-lived volcanism and the proximity of the island to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the Ascension fracture zone. There is no evidence for magmatic underplating beneath Ascension Island.


All three parties principally responsible for the Vilnius fiasco are to blame, each in their very different way: the EU for having drafted agreements with an inadequate balance between incentives and obligations, and vulnerable as a result to Putin's aim to torpedo the whole process in favour of his misconceived Eurasian Union, while Yanukovich tried playing geo-political games that left him personally and the Ukrainian state as Putin's hostage. It will require a major recalibration of policies to get this unstable new status quo back onto sound strategic lines, and proposals are advanced along three tracks in parallel: for rebuilding the remnants of the EU's neighbourhood policy, for attempting to get Russia to take Lisbon to Vladivostok seriously, and for promoting a Greater Eurasia concept fit for the 21st century that would embrace the whole of the European and Asian landmass.


The statistically determinable flat symmetrical frame is fixed on four support rods and is put under load along the upper belt. It is given a formula for the middle point flexure. It is noticed, that for an odd number of panels along the frame height, independently from the panel number in width, the determinant of the nodes' equilibrium system of equations, from which the forces in the rods, equals zero. The induction method is used for the general flexure formula for any number of panels in width for two panels in height. The flexure is calculated using the Maxwell-Mohr formula in Maple.


Degrading permafrost can alter ecosystems, damage infrastructure, and release enough carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to influence global climate. The permafrost carbon feedback (PCF) is the amplification of surface warming due to CO2 and CH4 emissions from thawing permafrost. An analysis of available estimates PCF strength and timing indicate 120 ± 85 Gt of carbon emissions from thawing permafrost by 2100. This is equivalent to 5.7 ± 4.0% of total anthropogenic emissions for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario and would increase global temperatures by 0.29 ± 0.21 °C or 7.8 ± 5.7%. For RCP4.5, the scenario closest to the 2 °C warming target for the climate change treaty, the range of cumulative emissions in 2100 from thawing permafrost decreases to between 27 and 100 Gt C with temperature increases between 0.05 and 0.15 °C, but the relative fraction of permafrost to total emissions increases to between 3% and 11%. Any substantial warming results in a committed, long-term carbon release from thawing permafrost with 60% of emissions occurring after 2100, indicating that not accounting for permafrost emissions risks overshooting the 2 °C warming target. Climate projections in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), and any emissions targets based on those projections, do not adequately account for emissions from thawing permafrost and the effects of the PCF on global climate. We recommend the IPCC commission a special assessment focusing on the PCF and its impact on global climate to supplement the AR5 in support of treaty negotiation.


Over the last 20 years large efforts have been made in developing and optimising modelling techniques for DoE usage in engine calibration. A prerequisite for optimally applying DoE test designs is the detailed knowledge of the engine's operating boundaries enclosing the 'design space'. Known boundaries can be implemented in the DoE test plan such that no test points are planned in a region where the engine cannot or should not be operated.
Four mathematical approaches have been analysed and compared on the problem statement 'Which design space description method is most suitable for combustion engine calibration test applications?':
- Convex hull method (CH)
- Prediction error variance (PEV)
- Support vector machine (SVM)
- Support vector machine with a leave-one-out optimisation (SVM-LOO)
It can be concluded that the two SVM-based methods are the most suitable methods to describe a boundary. The quality of the assessment will be the primary selection criterion and therefore the SVM-LOO shows the most potential. Since the initial application of a design space description method will be offline, a longer boundary training time and new test point allocation time, e.g., required for the SVM and SVM-LOO methods, are acceptable for the current calibration problems.


Welcome to the inaugural Annual Education Issue of the Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. As part of our efforts to foster excellence in biomechanics education, the editors of the journal have created this special section to highlight innovative teaching practices in bioengineering. The field of bioengineering is still young and, to a large part, lacks established textbooks and pedagogy. Yet, the field is growing rapidly, and some of the most exciting teaching methods and texts are being created to teach biomechanics to a broad, interdisciplinary audience. Our goal is to facilitate the dissemination of best teaching practices and to encourage use of recent research findings published in this journal to educate our students about cutting-edge research results and methods. In this issue, we have four invited articles based on presentations and workshops at the 2015 Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference (SB3C2015), which describe a journal club format which invigorates learning with primary literature, a tutorial for senior design courses, a process aimed at turning student projects into marketable devices, and integration of problem-based learning (PBL) in biomechanics courses. All the articles selected for publication are rigorously peer reviewed. In the first article entitled "Classroom Journal Club: Collaborative Study of Contemporary Primary Literature in the Biomechanics Classroom," Laurel Kuxhaus and Nicole C. Corbiere present a straightforward method to introduce students to primary literature in a self-guided way. This technique could be used by both new and experienced educators to supplement their existing courses and equips students for lifelong learning from primary literature. This type of reflective learning encourages students to make connections between the articles they analyze and class topics. The fact that students self-select their articles for Journal Club can spark their curiosity, connects engineering principles to real-world applications, and encourages them to consider the implications of creating value based on what they read. In the article "Structure and Management of an Engineering Senior Design Course," Tanaka and Fischer provide suggestions on how to develop and execute a senior design course. They have over 15 years of combined industrial experience working for various companies (Boeing, Texas Instrument, ABB, Siemens VDO, etc.) and they share this knowledge to better prepare students for careers in industry. Faculty developing a new course will find it a useful guide to avoid common pitfalls and those with more experience may discover new ways to improve their approach. The third manuscript highlights the development of a capstone design course in biomedical engineering at UAB wherein Eberhardt and colleagues describe their recent quest to turn prototypes into marketable devices, including a new Master of Engineering. In "Team-Based Development of Medical Devices: An Engineering—Business Collaborative," a number of personal "best practices" are described that are sure to be useful for educators looking to develop similar activities at their institutions. In the final paper of this initial series entitled "Problem-Based Learning in Biomechanics: Advantages, Challenges, and Implementation Strategies," Clyne and Billiar review the literature regarding the advantages and challenges of problem-based (and project-based) learning (PBL) and present their experiences of integrating PBL in biomechanics courses at two different institutions. They also provide practical guidelines for implementing PBL with examples and rubrics. To facilitate teaching using primary biomechanics literature, we request the authors of technical articles to include methods and data that would aid instructors, e.g., including raw data as supplementary data or a link to an open access data source, detailed derivations of equations, analysis code/files, and links to videos of data visualization. We also invite members of industry to contribute editorials describing what they need in terms of biomechanics education for students positioning themselves to work in their companies. We hope that the coming articles will aid the instructors who are teaching biomechanics course for the first time and do not want to "reinvent the wheel." Creative examples to demonstrate biomechanics theory can be difficult to develop and, unlike core engineering topics, such as statics and stress analysis, there are few resources for such problems. We also encourage inclusion of rubrics and example problems as supplementary information for these manuscripts. We also trust that seasoned instructors will find the articles useful for updating existing delivery methods with innovative active-learning methods incorporation of cutting-edge research.


In an investigation of the factors leading to geographic structuring among Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) populations, we studied the size and overlap of colony- specific foraging areas within an isolated cluster of colonies. The study area, in the south- western Ross Sea, included one large and three smaller colonies, ranging in size from 3900 to 135 000 nesting pairs, clustered on Ross and Beaufort Islands. We used triangulation of radio signals from transmitters attached to breeding penguins to determine foraging loca- tions and to define colony-specific foraging areas during the chick-provisioning period of four breeding seasons, 1997-2000. Colony populations (nesting pairs) were determined using aerial photography just after egg-laying; reproductive success was estimated by com- paring ground counts of chicks fledged to the number of breeding pairs apparent in aerial photos. Foraging-trip duration, meal size, and adult body mass were estimated using RFID (radio frequency identification) tags and an automated reader and weighbridge. Chick growth was assessed by weekly weighing. We related the following variables to colony size: foraging distance, area, and duration; reproductive success; chick meal size and growth rate; and seasonal variation in adult body mass. We found that penguins foraged closest to their respective colonies, particularly at the smaller colonies. However, as the season pro- gressed, foraging distance, duration, and area increased noticeably, especially at the largest colony. The foraging areas of the smaller colonies overlapped broadly, but very little foraging area overlap existed between the large colony and the smaller colonies, even though the foraging area of the large colony was well within range of the smaller colonies. Instead, the foraging areas of the smaller colonies shifted as that of the large colony grew. Colony size was not related to chick meal size, chick growth, or parental body mass. This differed from the year previous to the study, when foraging trips of the large colony were very long, parents lost mass, and chick meals were smaller. In light of existing data on prey abundance in neritic waters in Antarctica suggesting that krill are relatively evenly distributed and in high abundance in the Southern Ross Sea, we conclude that penguins depleted or changed the availability of their prey, that the degree of alteration was a function of colony size, and that the large colony affected the location (and perhaps ultimately the size) of foraging areas for the smaller colonies. It appears, therefore, that foraging dynamics play a role in the geographic structuring of colonies in this species.


Many contemporary political thinkers are gripped by the belief that their task is to develop an ideal theory of rights or justice for guiding and judging political actions. But in Philosophy and Real Politics, Raymond Geuss argues that philosophers should first try to understand why real political actors behave as they actually do. Far from being applied ethics, politics is a skill that allows people to survive and pursue their goals. To understand politics is to understand the powers, motives, and concepts that people have and that shape how they deal with the problems they face in their particular historical situations.Philosophy and Real Politics both outlines a historically oriented, realistic political philosophy and criticizes liberal political philosophies based on abstract conceptions of rights and justice. The book is a trenchant critique of established ways of thought and a provocative call for change.


As a Women Infants and Children agency Intern, I had the opportunity to collaborate with Salinas Business Union Association to pilot local business owners into finding ways to becoming breastfeeding friendly. Owners were given an educational brochure regarding breastfeeding laws, lactation accommodation and creation of breastfeeding friendly environments for current and future mother employees as well as clients. A breastfeeding friendly logo was also created to be posted on businesses windows to show the community of Salinas their support of breastfeeding. The main goal of this project was to raise awareness about the importance and acceptance of breastfeeding, as well as increasing lactation accommodation in the workplace.


The transit of Venus was an excellent opportunity to promote Astronomy to everybody. In particular this occasion was used to encourage interest in Astronomy in schools. In our society, which has a good quality of life, interest in science has decreased. Every year the number of students interested in studying science degrees at university is smaller than in previous years. Our new generations do not seem to be motivated to study in the field of science. Probably this situation is a consequence of the lack of understanding of the true meaning of science. Of course, it is not possible that a student would decide to study a topic that they do not know about. In the media science appears less than sports, cinema, or business! In consequence, the general public is more concerned about items other than science. On June 8th we took advantage of an opportunity to introduce science and Astronomy into the lives of everybody, but especially in schools. This paper will show two projects related to the transit in schools: "Pilla el Transito de Venus" and "VT-2004" and a short appendix to another project for schools "ALMA-ITP"


Six different populations of cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from disaggregated late blastula- and gastrula-stage sea urchin embryos according to the regulatory states expressed in these cells, as reported by recombineered bacterial artificial chromosomes producing fluorochromes. Transcriptomes recovered from these embryonic cell populations revealed striking, early differential expression of large cohorts of effector genes. The six cell populations were presumptive pigment cells, presumptive neurogenic cells, presumptive skeletogenic cells, cells from the stomodeal region of the oral ectoderm, ciliated band cells and cells from the endoderm/ectoderm boundary that will give rise both to hindgut and to border ectoderm. Transcriptome analysis revealed that each of these domains specifically expressed several hundred effector genes at significant levels. Annotation indicated the qualitative individuality of the functional nature of each cell population, even though they were isolated from embryos only 1-2 days old. In no case was more than a tiny fraction of the transcripts enriched in one population also enriched in any other of the six populations studied. As was particularly clear in the cases of the presumptive pigment, neurogenic and skeletogenic cells, all three of which represent precociously differentiating cell types of this embryo, most specifically expressed genes of given cell types are not significantly expressed at all in the other cell types. Thus, at the effector gene level, a dramatic, cell type-specific pattern of differential gene regulation is established well before any significant embryonic morphogenesis has occurred. Highlighted article: Spatially distinct populations of the early sea urchin embryo display profound differences in effector gene expression before morphological differences can be distinguished.


This research studied the dynamics of online and offline activism among networks of organizations and social activists across India involved in the globally recognized Right to Information movement. Our overarching research question examined how a network of organizations and activists grew global, national, and local collective action strength, outreach capacity, and recognition for their grassroots innovations online and offline in a landscape of digital inequality. This qualitative study, which used a purposive sample of activists and organization representatives ( N = 72) and supplementary data, found that online activism increased in recent years; yet, the movement conducted most of its campaigns offline, with social media used to exercise geographic reach, amplify messaging, and pressure government and corporate interests. The movement built collective strength online and offline through unifying cross-cutting campaigns, innovations, and cross-network alliances with diverse constituents. It also sustained initiatives that built broad-based inclusive relationships across Indian society that became known around the world.


We formulate the problem of solving stochastic linear operator equations in a Bayesian Ganssian process (GP) framework. The solution is obtained in the spirit of a collocation method based on noisy evaluations of the target function at randomly drawn or deliberately chosen points. Prior knowledge about the solution is encoded by the covariance kernel of the GP. As in GP regression, analytical expressions for the mean and variance of the estimated target function are obtained, from which the solution of the operator equation follows by a manipulation of the kernel. Linear initial and boundary value constraints can be enforced by embedding the non-parametric model in a form that automatically satisfies the boundary conditions. The method is illustrated on a noisy linear first-order ordinary differential equation with initial condition and on a noisy second-order partial differential equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions.


Depositional controls on peat-forming environments which produce thick (>10m) coal beds can be inferred from relationships between coal bed geometry, maceral composition and associated lithologies. Study of these relationships within sedimentary sequences associated with the Wyodak-Anderson (Palaeocene) and the Felix (Eocene) sub-bituminous coal beds in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA suggests two modes of fluvially controlled peat accumulation. The Wyodak-Anderson peat is interpreted to have formed in restricted parts of the floodplain that were separated by deposits of contemporaneous, anastomosed channels. The channels and associated sediments maintained their position through time because they were confined by thick deposits of raised Wyodak-Anderson peat. In contrast, the Felix coal bed is interpreted to have formed as a raised but widespread peat on an abandoned platform of meander-belt sands. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two different fluvial depositional settings that produced anomalously thick (>10m) coal deposits in the intermontane Powder River Basin of Wyoming, USA. These models may be useful as predictive tools for coal exploration and production.


To scrutinize the logics behind the honeybee's lateral anti-collision system, we filmed bees (Apis Mellifera) flying freely through a wide (0.95m) flight tunnel and analysed the trajectory of individual bees frame-by-frame. The central part of one wall of the tunnel was moved steadily to alter the optic flow (OF) unilaterally (figure 1a). Using a narrower tunnel (0.12m wide), Srinivasan et al. [1,2] had shown that bees tend to centre in a tunnel, and when one wall was moved, bees modified their lateral position according to the authors' OF balance hypothesis. In contrast with these results, we observed that bees flying through a wide tunnel do not center systematically and exhibit instead a wall-following behaviour [3,4]. When we moved one wall at a constant speed V w , we observed that the forward speed of the bee with respect to the moving wall (Vx-Vw) and the distance D to this wall were proportional to each other (figure 1b).


The penetration of mobile phones into sub-Saharan Africa has occurred with amazing rapidity: for many young people, they now represent a very significant element of their daily life. This paper explores usage and perceived impacts among young people aged c. 9–18 years in three countries: Ghana, Malawi and South Africa. Our evidence comes from intensive qualitative research with young people, their parents, teachers and other key informants (in-depth interviews, focus groups and school essays) and a follow-up questionnaire survey administered to nearly 3000 young people in 24 study sites. The study was conducted in eight different sites in each country (i.e. urban, peri-urban, rural and remote rural sites in each of two agro-ecological zones), enabling comparison of experiences in diverse spatial contexts. The evidence, collected within a broader research study of child mobility, allows us to examine current patterns of usage among young people with particular attention to the way these are emerging in different locational contexts and to explore connections between young people's phone usage, virtual and physical mobilities and broader implications for social change. The issues of gender and inter-generational relations are important elements in this account.


The growth of a potentially antigenic tumor in an immunocompetent host is taken as an indication that the malignant cells 'escaped' the cytotoxic capacity of the immune system. An increase in our knowledge of the means by which antigens are processed and expressed allows a greater understanding of the mechanism that enables tumor cells to avoid host immunity. It provides a rationale for new, more innovative forms of treatment. Antigenic determinants are presented to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the context of class I determinants, structures specified by genes within the major histocompatibility complex. Potentially antigenic tumors may express lower levels of class I determinants than surrounding non-neoplastic cells. As a consequence, the tumor-associated T cell epitopes formed by the malignant cells may go unrecognized by tumor-specific CTLs. The introduction of genes specifying class I determinants into low class I expressing tumor cells increased class I expression and restored the cells' immunogenic properties. Treatment of low class I expressing cells with interferon-gamma, or the introduction of the interferon-gamma gene into the cells resulted in an increase in the expression of class I determinants as well, and, as a consequence, recognition of the malignant cells by the immune system. Nevertheless, an immunotherapeutic strategy that stimulated a single anti-tumor effector mechanism might be unable to eliminate a heterogeneous tumor cell population. To investigate this point, mice with melanoma were treated with a mixture of interferon-gamma-secreting and IL-2-secreting cellular immunogens. The animals survived significantly longer than mice with melanoma treated with either the IL-2 or interferon-gamma-secreting immunogens alone. The complexity of the problem was illustrated by the fact that although survival was prolonged, tumor growth recurred in each instance.


There has been a need for reform in accounting education at universities so that students can better understand the accounting material and also perform better in the workplace. Prior research has been conducted on the effectiveness on student performance for methods that move away from the traditional classroom format. While these methods include laboratories, cooperative learning, and online learning modules, no research has been done to assess the effectiveness of peer-facilitated workshops on accounting students' performance. This thesis assesses the effectiveness of peer-facilitated workshops that focus on the accounting equation on student performance in a Principles of Financial Accounting course. Students had the option of attending up to seven peer-facilitated workshops that were held outside of normal class. The workshops took place between the first and second exams. Results indicated that students who attended at least four out of the seven workshops performed significantly better than students who did not attend the workshops for Exam two. These students, however, did not exhibit the same performance for the remainder of the course exams.


For more than a decade, debates over the impact of new information technologies on trend productivity growth rates have played a key role in the formulation of monetary policy in many countries, including the United States and Canada. However, the question of whether the trend growth rate of aggregate productivity has changed significantly is rarely examined formally. This paper examines the latest aggregate labour productivity data for Canada using a new testing approach specifically designed to detect recent changes in trends. In addition to showing the strength of the evidence for changes in long-run trends, it considers the effect that data revision and changing sample period has had on inference about structural changes. In an appendix, it investigates how large such changes must be before they can be detected and to what degree detection tends to lag the structural change. Evidence of a decline in the trend rate of labour productivity growth in Canada since 1990 is mixed. In particular, conclusions vary considerably from year to year as data are revised and as the accumulation of observations after purported breaks changes initial perceptions. The instability of test results suggest that policymakers need to use extreme caution in interpreting claims of changes in labour productivity trends and highlight the uncertainty that they face.


We develop a conceptual framework for studying collective adaptation in complex socio-cognitive systems, driven by dynamic interactions of social integration strategies, social environments and problem structures. Going beyond searching for 'intelligent' collectives, we integrate research from different disciplines and outline modelling approaches that can be used to begin answering questions such as why collectives sometimes fail to reach seemingly obvious solutions, how they change their strategies and network structures in response to different problems and how we can anticipate and perhaps change future harmful societal trajectories. We discuss the importance of considering path dependence, lack of optimization and collective myopia to understand the sometimes counterintuitive outcomes of collective adaptation. We call for a transdisciplinary, quantitative and societally useful social science that can help us to understand our rapidly changing and ever more complex societies, avoid collective disasters and reach the full potential of our ability to organize in adaptive collectives.


The central element of O. Wilde's novel, Dorian's
portrait, has itself received little critical
attention, although the concept of the body as the
'canvas of conduct' implicit in its magic is
culturally problematic: it presupposes a profound
moral framework and a, potentially discriminating,
corporal symbolism. Moreover, the motif of the fading
portrait characteristically binds eccentric personal
development to a segregative notion of 'decline'. —
How can moral failure engrave itself in a face
previously "unspotted from the world" ?
This study examines how the novel interrelates
between physicality and personality, inquires into
the historical backgrounds of this perspective and
discusses its social and ethical consequences.
It offers additional insights for scholars interested
in O. Wilde's work, the cultural landscape of the
late nineteenth century and anti-discrimination or
gender debates.


High voltage Schottky-, Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS)- and PiN-diodes with an implanted JTE termination have been fabricated on the same 4H-SiC wafer. Blocking voltages of 2.5-2.8 kV were reached for JBS and PiN diodes while the Schottky diodes reach about 2.0 kV. It is shown that the JBS design increases the blocking voltage effectively compared to the Schottky device with less than 10% increase in on-state static losses. Also, a comparison of static losses to a PiN diode gives a decrease of 40% for the JBS. The leakage current is also lowered by two decades compared to the Schottky device at its blocking voltage. Temperature measurements show that the low leakage current is maintained up to at least 225 °C.


Using normalized regression equations, we propose an alternative estimator of industrial gender wage gaps which is identified in the sense that it is invariant to the choice of an unobserved non-discriminatory wage structure, and to the choice of the reference groups of any categorical variables. The proposed estimator measures the pure impact of industry on gender wage gaps after netting out wage differentials due to differences in characteristics and their coefficients between men and women. Furthermore, the proposed estimator is easy to implement, including hypothesis tests. We compare the proposed estimator with existing estimators using samples from 1998 Current Population Survey of US.


Abstract Lichenaria may be a representative of the most primitive stock of tabulate corals. The degree of paleobiologic complexity discovered in L. globularis and L. grandis is therefore surprising. Six types of corallite increase are recognized. All are lateral, which is the predominant mode in tabulates. Most types, however, are unique or are comparable to those in few other Ordovician taxa. Only Type 1 (L. globularis), yielding a single offset with a simple basal mural pore, is typical of tabulates. In Type 2 (L. globularis), one parent produces two offsets simultaneously, whereas in Type 3 (L. globularis), two offsets arise from separate parents at nearly the same time and join via a connective mural pore. Types 4 (L. globularis, L. grandis), 5 (L. grandis), and 6 (L. globularis, L. grandis), respectively, involve one, two, and two to four corallites in addition to the parent, which join via a connective mural pore at the site of offsetting. Several features of L. globularis and L. grandis point to unexpectedly high levels of colony integration. Continuously fused common walls lacking back-to-back epithecae suggest soft tissue continuity among polyps above the corallum. Connective mural pores indicate temporary fusion of polyps. Coordinated behavior of polyps is suggested by the development of conjoined offsets from two parents during Type 3 increase, and by fusion during Types 4 to 6 increase. Attempts at certain types of increase sometimes failed to yield offsets, suggesting expendability of incipient buds, perhaps reflecting subjugation of individuals for the good of the colony. In light of this study, genera that have previously been included in Lichenariidae and Lichenariida require reassessment and their phylogenetic relationships should be reconsidered. Unfortunately, this is hindered because fundamental characters such as corallite increase and wall structure remain inadequately known in most early tabulates.


Abstract The 2006 Kiholo Bay, Hawaii, earthquake triggered high concentrations of rock falls and slides in the steep canyons of the Kohala Mountains along the north coast of Hawaii. Within these mountains and canyons a complex distribution of landslides was triggered by the earthquake shaking. In parts of the area, landslides were preferentially located on east‐facing slopes, whereas in other parts of the canyons no systematic pattern prevailed with respect to slope aspect or vertical position on the slopes. The geology within the canyons is homogeneous, so we hypothesize that the variable landslide distribution is the result of localized variation in ground shaking; therefore, we used a state‐of‐the‐art, high‐resolution ground‐motion simulation model to see if it could reproduce the landslide‐distribution patterns. We used a 3D finite‐element analysis to model earthquake shaking using a 10 m digital elevation model and slip on a finite‐fault model constructed from teleseismic records of the mainshock. Ground velocity time histories were calculated up to a frequency of 5 Hz. Dynamic shear strain also was calculated and compared with the landslide distribution. Results were mixed for the velocity simulations, with some areas showing correlation of landslide locations with peak modeled ground motions but many other areas showing no such correlation. Results were much improved for the comparison with dynamic shear strain. This suggests that (1) rock falls and slides are possibly triggered by higher frequency ground motions (velocities) than those in our simulations, (2) the ground‐motion velocity model needs more refinement, or (3) dynamic shear strain may be a more fundamental measurement of the decoupling process of slope materials during seismic shaking.


In Consciousness and Persons: Unity and Identity, Michael Tye takes on the thorny issue of the unity of consciousness and answers these important questions: What exactly is the unity of consciousness? Can a single person have a divided consciousness? What is a single person? Tye argues that unity is a fundamental part of human consciousness -- something so basic to everyday experience that it is easy to overlook. For example, when we hear the sound of waves crashing on a beach and at the same time see a red warning flag, there is an overall unity to our experience; the sound and the red shape are presented together in our consciousness. Similarly, when we undergo a succession of thoughts as we think something through, there is an experience of succession that unifies the thoughts into a conscious whole. But, Tye shows, consciousness is not always unified. Split-brain subjects, whose corpus callosum has been severed, are usually taken to have a divided or disunified consciousness. Their behavior in certain situations implies that they have lost the unity normal human subjects take for granted; it is sometimes even supposed that a split-brain subject is really two persons.Tye begins his account by proposing an account of the unity of experience at a single time; this account is extended over the succeeding chapters to cover bodily sensations at a single time and perceptual experience, bodily sensations, conscious thoughts, and felt moods at a single time. Tye follows these chapters with a discussion of the unity of experience through time. Turning to the split-brain phenomenon, he proposes an account of the mental life of split-brain subjects and argues that certain facts about these subjects offer support for his theory of unity. Finally, addressing the topic of the nature of persons and personal identity, Tye finds the two great historical accounts -- the ego theory and the bundle theory -- lacking and he makes an alternative proposal. He includes an appendix on the general representational approach to consciousness and its many varieties, because of the relevance of representationalism to the theory of unity being adanced.


The structure and electronic phenomena at the 180-degree domain wall in the rhombohedral phase of BaTiO3 are described using Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory. Dependent on the wall orientation, two types of domain wall behaviors are identified. The low-energy "achiral" phase occurs in the vicinity of the {110} orientation and has odd polarization profile invariant with respect to inversion about the wall center. The "chiral" phase occurs around {211} wall orientations and corresponds to mixed parity domain walls. The temperature-induced transformation between the phases is abrupt and is accompanied with 20%-30% change of the domain wall thickness. This process gives rise to the significant changes of the electronic structure of the wall. Depending on the temperature and flexoelectric coupling strength, relative conductivity of the wall becomes at least one order of magnitude higher than in the single-domain region. The possible strategies for exploring these transitions based on direct measurements of domain wall width and conductive atomic force microscopy are discussed. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.054111


The world has changed in many ways since 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, along some critical axes, both from an economic and emissions points of view. Moreover, and this cannot be quantified, the appetite for global governance, especially for an agreement with such far-reaching implications as a climate change agreement, has diminished considerably. This paper looks at the relationship between the carbon market and a new climate change agreement, to be finalised in Paris in 2015. It tries to answer two key questions: does the carbon market have a role to play in a post-2020 agreement, and what is the role of a post-2020 agreement in the creation and operation of a carbon market?


The proliferating food safety regulatory initiatives at domestic, international, and transnational levels by various actors with different perspectives have raised concerns for their important public health, international trade, and other implications. Standing as the hub of international food safety lawmaking, the Codex faces serious criticisms of its scientific soundness, legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. This paper explores the limits of Codex lawmaking structure and processes by examining whether its institutional design is adequate in terms of producing good governance. Food safety is an area of international law where political and cultural fragmentation collides with deep market integration and trade liberalization. Through a thorough analysis of the recent ractopamine dispute in the context of multilateral cooperation failure and the debates between technocracy and democracy models of legitimacy, this paper however emphasizes the forgotten role of procedural legitimacy in the current discourse, particularly mechanisms for avoiding conflicts of interest and fostering transparency.


Video transmission over wireless network requires link reliability. Videos are having more data to be transmitted during communication. The criticality and load of the network increases when some video data is communicated over the network. Firstly, describes the characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc Networks and their Routing protocol, and second a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which consists of set mobile wireless nodes and one fixed wireless server are design using ns-2. In this research we will simulate three MANET routing protocols such as AODV against three different parameters i.e. delay, network load, throughput and retransmission. Keywords- Multi-media Communication, MANET, QOS, MANET routing protocol (i.e. AODV), NS-2(Network Simulator-2).


Objective The efficacy of spoken language comprehension therapies for persons with aphasia remains equivocal. We investigated the efficacy of a self-led therapy app, 'Listen-In', and examined the relation between brain structure and therapy response. Methods A cross-over randomised repeated measures trial with five testing time points (12-week intervals), conducted at the university or participants' homes, captured baseline (T1), therapy (T2-T4) and maintenance (T5) effects. Participants with chronic poststroke aphasia and spoken language comprehension impairments completed consecutive Listen-In and standard care blocks (both 12 weeks with order randomised). Repeated measures analyses of variance compared change in spoken language comprehension on two co-primary outcomes over therapy versus standard care. Three structural MRI scans (T2-T4) for each participant (subgroup, n=25) were analysed using cross-sectional and longitudinal voxel-based morphometry. Results Thirty-five participants completed, on average, 85 hours (IQR=70–100) of Listen-In (therapy first, n=18). The first study-specific co-primary outcome (Auditory Comprehension Test (ACT)) showed large and significant improvements for trained spoken words over therapy versus standard care (11%, Cohen's d=1.12). Gains were largely maintained at 12 and 24 weeks. There were no therapy effects on the second standardised co-primary outcome (Comprehensive Aphasia Test: Spoken Words and Sentences). Change on ACT trained words was associated with volume of pretherapy right hemisphere white matter and post-therapy grey matter tissue density changes in bilateral temporal lobes. Conclusions Individuals with chronic aphasia can improve their spoken word comprehension many years after stroke. Results contribute to hemispheric debates implicating the right hemisphere in therapy-driven language recovery. Listen-In will soon be available on GooglePlay. Trial registration number NCT02540889.


"In the threatening situation of the world today, when people are beginning to see that everything is at stake, the projection-creating fantasy soars beyond the realm of earthly organizations and powers into the heavens, into interstellar space, where the rulers of human fate, the gods, once had their abode in the planets...Even people who would never have thought that a religious problem could be a serious matter that concerned them personally are beginning to ask themselves fundamental questions. Under these circumstances it would not be at all surprising if those sections of the community who ask themselves nothing were visited by 'visions,' by a widespread myth seriously believed in by some and rejected as absurd by others."--C. G. Jung, in Flying Saucers Jung's primary concern in Flying Saucers is not with the reality or unreality of UFOs but with their psychic aspect. Rather than speculate about their possible nature and extraterrestrial origin as alleged spacecraft, he asks what it may signify that these phenomena, whether real or imagined, are seen in such numbers just at a time when humankind is menaced as never before in history. The UFOs represent, in Jung's phrase, "a modern myth."


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by S. T. Appling to Sally Thornhill. In this letter, Appling discusses the current news in her community. She details the goings-on and well-being of family members. She notes to Sally that she has rheumatism in her hands, making it difficult to write. Appling states that the garden is all planted and details which crops are successful or failing at present. She mentions that Henry is currently shearing sheep, updates Sally on community news and family health, and mentions they do not have much fruit this season. She closes the letter by stating that the family should write to them as soon as they are able.


Does the Internet, a key technological infrastructure in contemporary urban China, facilitate the emergence of private entrepreneurs and autonomous citizens? Who deserves the credit? Chinese national leaders answered "yes" to the first question and pointed to themselves as the answer to the second. This essay maintains, however, that local state actors played the central and effectively centralizing role in informatization (xinxihua) projects in Nanhai City, Guangdong province. Through local e-government projects and a series of policies regarding land use, financing, and personnel training, the Nanhai government was able to shape the emerging local economy in a way that limited entrepreneurial autonomy for small-scale start-ups in the Internet industry. The highly centralized informatization campaign fundamentally reversed Nanhai's renowned decentralized model of rural industrialization.Through this process, a fractured system emerged for the public and private meanings attached to informatization and to the city itself. This was manifested in everyday practice and discourse among local policymakers, entrepreneurs in both new and old economies, and average residents with different (mis)perceptions of the Internet influenced by their gender. At the formal policy level, the trend toward centralization was most obvious, revolving around the formation of a nebulous "public" network space being constructed by the city using technological, administrative, and rhetorical devices. Yet the "private" practices and perceptions of Internet that defined Nanhai's informational landscape persisted in a fractured manner at the same time, leading to major corruption scandals and the implosion of the grandiose technology campaign. To understand such a paradoxical process, this article examines the contextual and internal factors for Nanhai's Internet buildup. From a critical and historical perspective, it highlights a long-term seesaw battle along the problematic public-private borderline regarding issues of urbanization and informatization in contemporary Chinese cities.This article reflects on the restructuring of local power relations and the role of "informatization" policy discourse therein. A crucial, yet often overlooked, dimension of reform in China today is the migration and subsequent transformation of technosocial meaning across different scales of public and private operations. The discursive process often has a transnational reach and tends to follow a political logic that usually only makes sense against the backdrop of the local history.