One of the major drawbacks in contemporary on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is the inherent risk of intraoperative stroke. In addition, neurophysiological dysfunction and neurobehavioural changes have been reported in variable frequencies following on-pump bypass surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes a systemic inflammatory response, haemodilution, change in vascular resistance, absence of pulsatile flow, and large volume shifts. As a result, temporary cerebral oedema can be seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies early after on-pump bypass surgery and has been identified as the substrate for what was termed 'pump head' in the past. Refinements of CPB circuits using biocompatible surfaces, the use of less traumatic oxygenators, and the addition of filters as well as the establishment of standardized perfusion protocols have improved the results of on-pump surgery. Despite these advances, CPB remains one major source for gaseous microembolization.1,2 Retransfusion of shed mediastinal blood during on-pump surgery has long been recognized as an additional source of embolization by fat particles and activation and derangement of the clotting cascade.

Manipulation of the ascending aorta such as partial or total clamping and cannulation required for installation of CPB can cause additional solid emboli especially in the presence of atherosclerotic disease.3,4 Numerous studies have shown embolic showers in transcranial Doppler during cannulation and clamping and declamping manoeuvres. The release of particulate emboli correlates in particular with the release of the aortic cross-clamp.5 Gerriets et al. have reported a randomized controlled trial to demonstrate the impact of two different methods to decrease the embolic load during on-pump bypass surgery with partial aortic clamping in a …

*Corresponding author. Tel: +41 44 255 32 98, Fax: +41 44 255 32 98, Email: volkmar.falk{at}usz.ch


Summary

1
Best practice in native plant community restoration and/or revegetation recognizes the importance of using material of local provenance. At the practical level, various guidelines exist but these have limitations. The challenge is to deliver accurate provenance information rapidly to the restoration industry.

2
We demonstrate a novel approach to the rapid delineation of genetic provenance by utilizing minimal sampling, the power and efficiency of the AFLP DNA fingerprinting technique and a multivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis for four species with high priority for minesite revegetation in south-west Western Australia.

3
A significantly positive genetic correlation was found between individuals in the smallest distance class for three species. Correlograms then stabilized, with no significant genetic correlation between individuals at any other distance class. A local genetic provenance distance was here defined as the distance where the correlogram goes from significant to non-significant, which was approximately 26 km, 20 km and 20 km for these three species.

4
In contrast, for the fourth species, no significant genetic correlation was seen at any distance class, suggesting a very broad genetic provenance (up to 100 km), although the possibility of significant structure below the smallest distance class used here (20 km) cannot be dismissed.

5
Whilst spatial autocorrelation has identified significant spatial genetic structure for 3 of 4 species assessed, a robust delineation of provenance distance, or patch size, is problematic because it is dependent on properties of sampling and analysis such as the scale of sampling and the choice of distance class size, especially when sample sizes are small.

6
Synthesis and applications. The determination of seed collection zones for revegetation projects is a complex problem. We demonstrate a new approach for the rapid delivery of genetic provenance delineation for native plant community restoration, and provide recommendations for seed collection zones for each of four species. This approach can be applied to other species and other areas. We discuss the limitations of the approach, and conclude that further research is required to assess an appropriate minimal sampling strategy that leads to a more robust delineation of provenance distance. We also note that revegetation programmes provide an opportunity to experimentally assess the biological significance of the local provenance as defined, through an assessment of the relative performance of plants sourced from within and beyond defined provenances.


Background Antiplatelet therapy may increase the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke but may also have a beneficial effect on functional outcome. The aim of this study is to compare safety and efficacy outcomes after endovascular treatment in patients with and without prior antiplatelet therapy. Methods We analyzed patients registered in the MR CLEAN Registry between March 2014 and November 2017, for whom data on antiplatelet therapy were available. We used propensity score nearest-neighbor matching with replacement to balance the probability of receiving prior antiplatelet therapy between the prior antiplatelet therapy and no prior antiplatelet therapy group and adjusted for baseline prognostic factors to compare these groups. Primary outcome was symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Secondary outcomes were 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale), successful reperfusion (extended thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score ≥2B) and 90-day mortality. Results Thirty percent (n = 937) of the 3154 patients were on prior antiplatelet therapy, who were matched to 477 patients not on prior antiplatelet therapy. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 74/937 (7.9%) patients on prior antiplatelet therapy and in 27/477 (5.6%) patients without prior antiplatelet therapy adjusted odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 0.86–2.49. No associations were found between prior antiplatelet therapy and functional outcome (adjusted common odds ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.16), successful reperfusion (adjusted odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 0.77–1.97), or 90-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 0.86–1.54). Conclusion We found no evidence of an association of prior antiplatelet therapy with the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment, nor on functional outcome, reperfusion, or mortality. A substantial beneficial or detrimental effect of antiplatelet therapy on clinical outcome cannot be excluded. A randomized clinical trial comparing antiplatelet therapy versus no antiplatelet therapy is needed.


This volume contains the final and revised versions of the papers presented at the 8th International Workshop on Automated Specification and Verification of Web Systems (WWV 2012). The workshop was held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16, 2012, as part of DisCoTec 2012.
WWV is a yearly workshop that aims at providing an interdisciplinary forum to facilitate the cross-fertilization and the advancement of hybrid methods that exploit concepts and tools drawn from Rule-based programming, Software engineering, Formal methods and Web-oriented research. WWV has a reputation for being a lively, friendly forum for presenting and discussing work in progress. The proceedings have been produced after the symposium to allow the authors to incorporate the feedback gathered during the event in the published papers.
All papers submitted to the workshop were reviewed by at least three Program Committee members or external referees. The Program Committee held an electronic discussion leading to the acceptance of all papers for presentation at the workshop. In addition to the presentation of the contributed papers, the scientific programme included the invited talks by two outstanding speakers: Rocco De Nicola (IMT, Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy) and Jos\`e Luiz Fiadeiro (Royal Holloway, United Kingdom).


1. The present work was carried out to compare the electroencephalographic changes in liverless rats and eviscerated rats and to determine whether substances released from the intestine, in particular ammonia, play a major part in the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy. 2. The animals were prepared according to a three-stage procedure: ligation of inferior vena cava; 3 weeks later, end-to-side portacaval shunt; 2 days later, removal of the liver (liverless rats) or removal of the liver, spleen, stomach, intestine and pancreas (eviscerated rats). 3. In liverless rats, the electroencephalographic changes began 4–8 h after hepatectomy with a predominance of 'slow' sleep pattern followed by increasing changes, which consisted successively of (a) alteration of, then disappearance of, spindles of high-voltage waves; (b) predominance of slow waves; (c) depression in voltage and finally flat tracing. The mean duration of survival was 18.4 h. Mean plasma ammonia concentration 15 h after hepatectomy was 353 μmol/l. 4. In eviscerated rats, the electroencephalographic changes were similar. The mean duration of survival was 21.3 h, which is not statistically different from that of liverless rats. Mean plasma ammonia concentration 15 h after evisceration was 148 μmol/l, a value significantly lower than that of liverless rats. 5. These results suggest that ammonia, and substances released from the intestine in general, play no part or at most a minor role in the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy of the liverless rat.


Objective Obesity is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. Moreover, an extreme phenotype, morbid obesity (MO) has insidiously become a global problem. Therefore, we aimed to document the prevalence trend and to unveil the epidemiological characteristics of MO in Taiwan. Methods Nationally representative samples aged 19 years and above from three consecutive waves of Nutrition and Health survey in Taiwan: 1993–1996, 2005–2008, and 2013–2014 (n = 3,071; 1,673; and 1,440; respectively) were analyzed for prevalence trend. And 39 MO (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) cases from the two recent surveys compared with 156 age, gender, and survey-matched normal weight controls (BMI: 18.5–24 kg/m2) for epidemiological characteristics study. The reduced rank regression analysis was used to find dietary pattern associated with MO. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity together (BMI ≥24 kg/m2) was stabilized in the recent two surveys, but that of MO (0.4%, 0.6%, to 1.4%) and obesity (BMI ≥27 kg/m2) (11.8%, 17.9%, to 22.0%) increased sharply. MO cases tended to have lower levels of education, personal income, and physical activity. Furthermore, their dietary pattern featured with a higher consumption frequency of red meat, processed animal products, and sweets/sweetened beverage, but lower frequencies of fresh fruits, nuts, breakfast cereal, and dairy products. Conclusion This study documents a polarization phenomenon with smaller proportion of overweight people at the center and higher proportions of normal weight and obesity subjects at two extremes. MO was associated with low socioeconomic status and poor dietary pattern. The obesogenic dietary pattern became more prevalent in later time.


A system for the rapid-scan (RS) acquisition of time-resolved nonlinear spectroscopic signals, capable of femtosecond resolution over a range of tens of picoseconds, is presented. Operationally, the system is based on a magnetically driven, commercially available velocity transducer that continuously scans a probe delay line relative to a fixed delay line while data are recorded on the fly and in real time. A simple calibration and data time-scale linearization are carried out and tested on optical-heterodyne-detected optical-Kerr-effect measurements. These results are compared with data acquired with a detection system that is based on a stepped delay-line lock-in amplifier. It is found that the RS system is favorable in several areas of signal acquisition, including signal-to-noise ratio, acquisition time, spectral resolution in the Fourier-transformed data, and immunity to artifacts such as baseline distortions.


Obesity as a growing epidemic in the United States occurs in higher rates within Black-American populations. Although 100 million Americans in the United States are considered overweight or obese, Black-American women have the highest prevalence rate of obesity than any other subgroup. Most studies focus on unhealthy eating practices, lack of exercise, sedentary lifestyles, differential access to nutritious food and lack of adequate healthcare as contributors of obesity in Black-American women. But these studies are narrow in approach, lacking cultural constructions and food habits pertinent to the history and biography of Black-Americans. This dissertation explores Black women's perceptions of black culture, food habits, body image and obesity in Columbia, Missouri. This dissertation is theoretically rooted in the tradition of symbolic interaction, which is best suited to explore the culturally derived ritualistic behaviors and traditions within Black Culture. By investigating food habits and cooking practices as symbolic manifestations, direct associations to the development of self, identity and in-group ethnic affiliation emerges. This research uses narratives from 15 in-depth interviews, compiled over a two year period. Results indicate black women's perceptions of self, identity, food habits, and body image was socio-cultural constructions. When holistically viewed, insights provided rich interpretations of one's life experiences and interactions within the groups' cultural milieu.


Distributed POMDPs provide an expressive framework for modeling multiagent collaboration problems, but NEXP-Complete complexity hinders their scalability and application in real-world domains. This paper introduces a subclass of distributed POMDPs, and TREMOR, an algorithm to solve such distributed POMDPs. The primary novelty of TREMOR is that agents plan individually with a single agent POMDP solver and use social model shaping to implicitly coordinate with other agents. Experiments demonstrate that TREMOR can provide solutions orders of magnitude faster than existing algorithms while achieving comparable, or even superior, solution quality.


The eurozone has been said to have caught a disease called "secular stagnation". Productive investment in the private sector fell by about 20% overall between 2007 and 2014, while private saving has surged, creating a huge gap between gross domestic savings and investment. The trajectory of actual GDP has decoupled from successive estimates of potential GDP, and there is no sign of a spontaneous short-term adjustment. The engineering of a powerful investment drive seems the only way out of this self-fulfilling low-growth trap. The European Union has already set investment objectives in the Climate and Energy Package. These targets cover four areas: renewable energy supply capacity, electricity distribution networks, energy efficiency in building renovation and urban mobility. Several financing tools need to be combined to tailor risk-sharing devices for investments in each of these sectors. First and foremost, is the integration of a high carbon price. However, as any sudden sharp increase in the overall carbon price would have a major (and politically unsustainable) impact on the rest of the economy, a core issue is how to create a transitory distinction between the carbon price included/paid by the existing capital stock and the carbon price included/paid by new low carbon investments. This can be achieved through a two-tier approach. First, for the four key sectors, a high notional carbon price is used to set an asset value on the carbon saved by new investments ("carbon asset"): these assets are accepted as repayment by central banks, and publically guaranteed. The ECB, by buying financial instruments issued by the low-carbon investors, creates a direct transmission channel to these areas of the economy. Second, fiscal measures ensure the carbon price catches up with the notional value, thus generating revenues that allow for the purchase of the carbon debt held by the central banks, guaranteeing the final budget neutrality of the process. By focusing on investments in these four sectors, the European output gap could be closed in the short run and a credible path opened to a low carbon economy.


"Are you my friend? Yes or no?" This question, while fundamentally odd, is a key component of social network sites. Participants must select who on the system they deem to be 'Friends.' Their choice is publicly displayed for all to see and becomes the backbone for networked participation. By examining what different participants groups do on social network sites, this paper investigates what Friendship means and how Friendship affects the culture of the sites. I will argue that Friendship helps people write community into being in social network sites. Through these imagined egocentric communities, participants are able to express who they are and locate themselves culturally. In turn, this provides individuals with a contextual frame through which they can properly socialize with other participants. Friending is deeply affected by both social processes and technological affordances. I will argue that the established Friending norms evolved out of a need to resolve the social tensions that emerged due to technological limitations. At the same time, I will argue that Friending supports pre-existing social norms yet because the architecture of social network sites is fundamentally different than the architecture of unmediated social spaces, these sites introduce an environment that is quite unlike that with which we are accustomed.


The reference frame theory constitutes an essential aspect of electric machine analysis and control. In this study, apart from the conventional applications, it is reported that the reference frame theory approach can successfully be applied to real-time fault diagnosis of electric machinery systems as a powerful toolbox to find the magnitude and phase quantities of fault signatures with good precision as well. The basic idea is to convert the associated fault signature to a dc quantity, followed by the computation of the signal's average in the fault reference frame to filter out the rest of the signal harmonics, i.e., its ac components. As a natural consequence of this, neither a notch filter nor a low-pass filter is required to eliminate fundamental component or noise content. Since the incipient fault mechanisms have been studied for a long time, the motor fault signature frequencies and fault models are very well-known. Therefore, ignoring all other components, the proposed method focuses only on certain fault signatures in the current spectrum depending on the examined motor fault. Broken rotor bar and eccentricity faults are experimentally tested online using a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor (DSP) to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. In this application, only the readily available drive hardware is used without employing additional components such as analog filters, signal conditioning board, external sensors, etc. As the motor drive processing unit, the DSP is utilized both for motor control and fault detection purposes, providing instantaneous fault information. The proposed algorithm processes the measured data in real time to avoid buffering and large-size memory needed in order to enhance the practicability of this method. Due to the short-time convergence capability of the algorithm, the fault status is updated in each second. The immunity of the algorithm against non-ideal cases such as measurement offset errors and phase unbalance is theoretically and experimentally verified. Being a model-independent fault analyzer, this method can be applied to all multiphase and single-phase motors.


We describe in this paper the development of a double-moment model of blowing snow and its application to the Canadian Arctic. We first outline the formulation of the numerical model, which solves a prognostic equation for both the blowing snow mixing ratio and total particle numbers, both moments of particles that are gamma-distributed. Under idealized simulations, the model yields realistic evolutions of the blowing snow particle distributions, transport and sublimation rates as well as the thermodynamic fields at low computational costs. A parametrization of the blowing snow sublimation rate is subsequently derived. The model and parametrization are then applied to a Canadian Arctic tundra site prone to frequent blowing snow events. Over a period of 210 days during the winter of 1996/1997, the near-surface relative humidity consistently approaches saturation with respect to ice. These conditions limit snowpack erosion by blowing snow sublimation to ≈3 mm snow water equivalent (swe) with surface sublimation removing an additional 7 mm swe. We find that our results are highly sensitive to the proper assimilation of the humidity measurements and the evolving thermodynamic fields in the atmospheric boundary layer during blowing snow. These factors may explain the lower values of blowing snow sublimation reported in this paper than previously published for the region.


Most human traits and common diseases have a complex genetic makeup involving more than one gene. The work presented in this thesis investigates standing body height and the common disease type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In study I we analyzed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TCF7L2 gene that had been shown to be associated with T2DM. Analysis was performed in the ULSAM population cohort of ~1500 males. We were able to replicate the association to type 2 diabetes and in addition to that we made a novel find, showing association between the risk alleles and increased proinsulin levels. In study II we analyzed four genes identified to be associated with T2DM in a genome-wide association study. We analyzed SNPs in these genes in the ULSAM population cohort and found an association between SNPs in the HHEX gene and insulin responses and insulin levels. The aim of studies III-V was to identify genes affecting normal variation in standing body height. Using a candidate gene approach in study III, 17 genes were screened in the ULSAM population cohort using SNPs. A suggestive association of the ESR1 gene with height was found and confirmed as significant in males from the PIVUS population cohort. In study IV, as a part of the GenomEUtwin project, we performed genetic fine mapping of a linked locus for body height on the X-chromosome. By analyzing 1377 SNPs in 780 Finnish twins, we mapped a region spanning 65kb of this locus with linkage to body height in males. This region contains the GPC3 and PHF6 genes that have known connections to syndromes were standing body height is affected. In study V significant linkage and association to standing body height in males was found for the COL1A11 gene, using population cohorts from Finland and Iceland.


Sir Kingsley Dunham: Professor Bott's gravity study has contributed materially to the understanding of NW England. The light it throws on the nature of the Pennine fault-system shows that the importance of the compressional inner faults, first brought out by F. W. Shotton, is even greater than was supposed. It is gratifying to have a model which is able to accommodate the Whin Sill and thus to explain the pebbles in the Lower Brockram, the first of which was found by Arthur Holmes. He wished to ask Professor Bott three questions: (1) how significant is the position of the base of the granite batholith, shown on the model as at about 9 km depth over the larger part of the Lake District, but at 6 km plus at Skiddaw, and would greater or somewhat lesser depths invalidate the model? (2) Does the survey throw any further light on the sub-Carboniferous structure of S Cumberland and Furness? (3) Does the postulated link between the Lake District and Weardale batholiths pass beneath the exposed part of the Cross Fell Inlier? Mr I. C. Burgess asked Professor Bott if the "granite ridge" anomaly in the Vale of Eden could be accounted for by the presence of very thick Carboniferous Basement Beds? He then commented: Much new stratigraphical and structural information on the development of the Pennine Line was obtained during the resurvey of the Cross Fell area by the Institute of Geological Sciences; this is summarized in the guide (Burgess, I. C.


OBJECT
Based on a large multicenter experience and a review of the literature, the authors propose a unifying theory to explain an articular origin of peroneal intraneural ganglia. They believe that this unifying theory explains certain intriguing, but poorly understood findings in the literature, including the proximity of the cyst to the joint, the unusual preferential deep peroneal nerve (DPN) deficit, the absence of a pure superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) involvement, the finding of a pedicle in 40% of cases, and the high (10-20%) recurrence rate.

METHODS
The authors believe that peroneal intraneural lesions are derived from the superior tibiofibular joint and communicate from it via a one-way valve. Given access to the articular branch, the cyst typically dissects proximally by the path of least resistance within the epineurium and up the DPN and the DPN component of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) before compressing nearby SPN fascicles. The authors present objective evidence based on anatomical, clinical, imaging, operative, and histological data that support this unifying theory.

CONCLUSIONS
The predictable clinical presentation, electrical studies, imaging characteristics, operative observations, and histological findings regarding peroneal intraneural ganglia can be understood in terms of their origin from the superior tibiofibular joint, the anatomy of the articular branch, and the internal topography of the peroneal nerve that the cyst invades. Understanding the controversial pathogenesis of these cysts will enable surgeons to perform operations based on the pathoanatomy of the articular branch of the CPN and the superior tibiofibular joint, which will ultimately improve clinical results.


A fundamental part of aircraft design involves wing airfoiloptimization, establishing an outer shape of the wing which has good aerodynamic performance for the design mission, good internal volume distribution for fuel and systems and which also serves as an efficient structural member supporting the load of the weight of the aircraft. The underlying idea with this parametrization is to couple an appropriate number of parameters, balancing the need of geometric accuracy with the necessity of few airfoil parameters in order to facilitate en expedient optimisation, with the intrinsic value of having parameters that makes sense for a human; such as thickness, camber and trailing edge thickness. Several approaches to parametrization of wing proles can be found in the literature. Airfoils can be described by point clouds as done in most airfoil libraries. The number of parameters is twice as large as the number of points used (x and y coordinates) and in the case of aerodynamic optimization this parametrization will most certainly be not well behaved, since no smoothing function is included and must therefore be employed. Other problems may arise for the fact that the airfoils sometimes are defined with too few coordinate points and/or too few decimals, a problem occurring especially with old airfoils. On the other hand, the design space that this kind of parametrization allows representing is extremely large, as any and all shapes can be reproduced, even degenerate ones. Airfoils can also be represented by mathematical functions. Among the most common representatives of thiscategory are indeed the NACA 4-, 5- and 6-digits formulations. Compared to point clouds, they could be said to represent the opposite case: they are very well behaving parametrizations, but they cannot cover avery large design space, since they only provide four to six parameters respectively to be tuned. The NACA 4digit series is particularly interesting as the parametersare a part of the name of the airfoil. In the case of the 5- and 6 digit series, the name is instead constructed from the airfoils aerodynamic characteristic and geometry. Another known set of theoretically defined airfoils are the Joukowski profiles [4]. Using the conformal mapping method, airfoils with a round nose and sharp trailing edge can be represented. Sadly the method is not to recommend for trying to match known airfoils and the design space it describes is quite confined to airfoils with often poor performances.


OF DISSERTATION PARENT DEVELOPMENT AND WELLBEING DURING THE LAUNCHING STAGE OF PARENTHOOD At the present time, the young adult transition into adulthood has been extended, which has also extended the launching stage. One result of the extended launching stage is that parents are now involved in active parenting longer than before. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the extended launching stage in key areas (the parentchild relationship and parent support) on parental emotional wellbeing. The contribution of this research is that it adds to the limited body of knowledge about normative launching stage parenting practices and outcomes. This dissertation is a three chapter manuscript that uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations. Chapter one provides the background for the dissertation. Chapter two, using cross-sectional analyses, examines the effect of parent support and the parent-child relationship on parental emotional wellbeing between two parent cohorts—1985 and 2005. Chapters three and four are longitudinal studies that use cross-sectional regressions and fixed effect models to estimate parent role changes involving parental role evaluation and wellbeing at four time waves—1994, 1997, 2000, and 2005. Chapter three focuses on the effect of changes in parent support on parents' emotional wellbeing. Chapter four investigates the impact of the parent-child relationship on parent role evaluation. The results of the analyses show that compared to their parents at the same point in their life course, contemporary parents have a lower quality of life. Results also find that over time, wellbeing is impacted by the quality of the parent-child relationship, but supporting young adult offspring does not impact self-esteem.


Background: Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is initiated asymptomatically and is therefore often discovered at a very late stage. Purpose: To elucidate whether the microvascular volume (MV) of the Achilles tendon is elevated in patients with AT compared with healthy controls during pre-exercise rest, after acute exercise, and 24 hours after exercise. Additionally, this study investigated the muscle activation pattern of the gastrocnemius muscle and the relative elasticity of the Achilles tendon during a 1-hour treadmill run in healthy patients and in patients with AT. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Real-time harmonic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) measurements of the MV of the Achilles tendon were taken in 18 volunteers (9 patients with AT, 9 healthy controls). The CEU analyses were conducted before exercise, immediately after a 1-hour treadmill run, and 24 hours after exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals of the gastrocnemius were recorded continuously during the 1-hour treadmill run. Results: In both the controls and the patients with AT, the MV of the Achilles tendon was increased after exercise as compared with before exercise (P < .005). Additionally, the MV signal was significantly larger in the patients with AT before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the running exercise compared with values in healthy controls (P < .0001). The muscle activation pattern differed in patients with AT compared with controls in that controls had increased EMG amplitudes at the end of the 1-hour treadmill run in the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (P < .0001). Moreover, patients with AT had approximately 15% less elastic Achilles tendons at the beginning of the 1-hour treadmill run, a condition that did not change because of exercise. Conclusion: Acute exercise increases the MV of the Achilles tendon in healthy patients and patients with AT in a similar manner. However, patients with AT have a significantly larger MV at all time points compared with healthy patients, supporting the hypothesis that microvascular changes may be involved in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Clinical Relevance: This study underlines that tendon flexibility is altered in patients with AT and that CEU is a promising tool to establish the early diagnosis of this condition.


Abstract. Relational forms of aggression are known to increase during the middle school years. To date, the majority of efficacy studies of elementary school-based programs have focused on the reduction of physical and direct verbal aggression, to the exclusion of effects on relational aggression. Steps to Respect: A Bullying Prevention Program is one exception, which explicitly addresses relational forms of aggression such as malicious gossip and social exclusion. The current study assessed the short-term efficacy of Steps to Respect on reducing observed malicious gossip on the playground. Beliefs about aggressive norms and friends' social support were examined as moderators of program impact. Participants were 544 students from six schools in the Pacific Northwest. Mixed hierarchical modeling was used to test hypotheses. Results provide support for the effects of universal prevention programs on reducing relational aggression, and highlight the need to consider how aggression norms and supportive friends may impact victim responses and continued victimization.


A systematic review of the efficacy of a specific perioperative haemodynamic management strategy was performed to explore the balance between therapeutic
benefit and adverse effects. Whilst mortality and length of hospital stay were reduced in the intervention group, pooling of morbidity data for between-group comparisons was limited by the heterogeneity of morbidity reporting between
different studies. Classification, criteria and summation of morbidity outcome variables were inconsistent between studies, precluding analyses of pooled data for many types of morbidity. A similar pattern was observed in a second
systematic review of randomised controlled trials of perioperative interventions published in high impact surgical journals.
The Post-operative Morbidity Survey (POMS), a previously published method of describing short-term postoperative morbidity, lacked validation. The POMS was prospectively collected in 439 patients undergoing elective major surgery in a UK teaching hospital. The prevalence and pattern of morbidity was described and compared with data from a similar study using the POMS in a US institution.
The type and severity of surgery was reflected in the frequency and pattern of POMS defined postoperative morbidity. In the UK institution, many patients
remained in hospital without morbidity as defined by the POMS, in contrast to the US institution, where very few patients remained in hospital in the absence of
POMS defined morbidity. The POMS may have utility as a tool for recording bed occupancy and for modelling bed utilization.
Inter-rater reliability was adequate and a priori hypotheses that the POMS would discriminate between patients with known measures of morbidity risk, and predict
length of stay were generally supported through observation of data trends. The POMS was a valid descriptor of short-term post-operative morbidity in major surgical patients.


Objective: Despite the fairly substantial body of literature devoted to understanding whether dual enrollment programs are related to academic success in college, less is known regarding how dual enrollment transmits its potentially positive influence, especially among two-year college students. In this study, we fill this gap by delving into the process of how dual enrollment is related to academic success among students attending two-year technical colleges. Specifically, we examine academic momentum as a potential mediator of the relationship between dual enrollment and educational outcomes. Methods: We draw on a sample of more than 15,000 first-time postsecondary students who entered Wisconsin's two-year technical colleges in 2009 to 2010 after graduating from high school between 2007 and 2009. Using a path analysis, we investigate student transcript records, along with data from the National Student Clearinghouse. Results: Participation in dual enrollment is found to be related to more attempted credits, higher likelihood of college entry without delay, summer enrollment, as well as stronger academic performance. These early academic momentum indicators are then positively related to students' college completion or retention, fully accounting for the positive relationship between dual enrollment participation and college outcomes. Contributions: Our study provides a finer look into two-year college students' academic progress and success and how dual enrollment may fuel this process by promoting students' academic momentum early during their college careers.


Geospatio-temporal conceptual models provide a mechanism to explicitly represent geospatial and temporal aspects of applications. Such models, which focus on both "what" and "when/where," need to be more expressive than conventional conceptual models (e.g., the ER model), which primarily focus on "what" is important for a given application. In this study, we view conceptual schema comprehension of geospatio-temporal data semantics in terms of matching the external problem representation (that is, the conceptual schema) to the problem-solving task (that is, syntactic and semantic comprehension tasks), an argument based on the theory of cognitive fit. Our theory suggests that an external problem representation that matches the problem solver's internal task representation will enhance performance, for example, in comprehending such schemas. To assess performance on geospatio-temporal schema comprehension tasks, we conducted a laboratory experiment using two semantically identical conceptual schemas, one of which mapped closely to the internal task representation while the other did not. As expected, we found that the geospatio-temporal conceptual schema that corresponded to the internal representation of the task enhanced the accuracy of schema comprehension; comprehension time was equivalent for both. Cognitive fit between the internal representation of the task and conceptual schemas with geospatio-temporal annotations was, therefore, manifested in accuracy of schema comprehension and not in time for problem solution. Our findings suggest that the annotated schemas facilitate understanding of data semantics represented on the schema.


In engineering subjects such as Geomatics, students need to understand the context of learning and apply their knowledge to the real work of a surveyor. Thus, learning materials should represent realistic situations.

At the University of the South Pacific (USP), GM101: Introduction to Geomaticsis offered as an on-campus and distance learning course. We have to provide distance learners with the same learning materials as face-to-face (on campus) students. Therefore the learning materials are designed to accommodate the needs of both types of students by using various media such as print, video and a web-based learning environment.

In this paper, issues in designing, developing and delivering learning materials for the Geomatics course will be discussed. Then, how distance learning students use the learning materials will be analysed. Findings from this study recommend several issues to be considered in delivering the Geomatics distance course including periodic evaluation, lecturer involvement, learning skills and sufficient facilities.

Keywords: Geomatics education; online learning; web-based learning; distance education; technology; ICT; multimedia.


I. INTRODUCTION This paper, which seeks primarily to cover current developments in Britain with reference to the US, should be read in conjunction with that of Kwame Nimako also included in this volume, who brings insights from the Netherlands and Britain. We hope to demonstrate some of the common patterns, but also some of the distinctive features, of Eurocentrism in western universities, with particular regard to research and analysis on slavery and its legacy. By way of background, let me inform readers that I was born and raised in Britain before going to the US in 1984, and obtaining my Ph.D. there in 1989. Although I have lived mainly in the US since then, I make frequent trips to Britain and the Netherlands, carry out research projects and teaching initiatives with colleagues in Europe, and have established and/or directed international teaching programs for American students and others in Europe (France and the Netherlands), Africa (Zimbabwe) and in Brazil. I have been involved for the last 30 years with community initiatives across Britain around the legacy of slavery and colonialism, as well as with contemporary patterns or migration, settlement, discrimination and resistance. I have also worked on issues having to do with museums, representations, images and discourses, in the context of institutional disparities and disparities of access, in the US and in Europe. These experiences have given me ample opportunity for sustained consideration of research and teaching practices at the heart of the western academy as well as exposure to the links between academic research and both museums and community education projects. The organization of universities across Europe and the US is predicated on assumptions and principles of objectivity, impartiality and scientific inquiry. Universities claim to encourage rigorous and broad-minded academic inquiry and to be open to all perspectives while subjecting them to rigorous interrogation and critique. However, any examination of universities in the US, Britain and the Netherlands leads one to observe institutions, processes and procedures that operate quite to the contrary (Essed and Nimako 2006). They are more likely to be restricted in access, limited in scope of study, narrow-minded in the range of epistemologies, and lacking in ethnic, gender and class diversity. II. THE KNOWLEDGE VALIDATION PROCESS IN THE ACADEMY This institutional infrastructure of research and teaching are characterized by what Patricia Hill Collins has a called the Eurocentric, masculinist knowledge-validation process, by which certain types of knowledge, theories and methodologies are validated while others are invalidated (Collins, 1991). This process is constituted through an interlocking and overlapping set of institutions that produce, modify and validate knowledge. They disseminate it and give it a stamp of approval for academic and public consumption. These institutions include universities, professional associations, conferences, publishers, university presses and journals, and a community of credentialed experts. At the pinnacle are Harvard, Yale, Stanford and Berkeley in the US; in England there is Oxford, Cambridge, Bristol and Warwick (those of us inside the university know how these institutions operate). The process works to marginalize and suppress any challenge to its authority structure. This is especially the case with regard to work on slavery and its legacy. The kind of knowledge that is valued is abstract and objective, grounded in European traditions of the disciplinary founding fathers such as Durkheim and Weber in sociology. Collins argues that the kind of knowledge produced by Black women--knowledge that is concrete, subjective, and grounded in their experiences--is marginalized and invalidated. This narrows the focus of analysis and discussion and limits the vision. Collins argues that individuals who wish to re-articulate Black women's standpoint through Black feminist thought can be suppressed by prevailing knowledge validation processes. …


That entrepreneurs create firms is a simple fact. But that entrepreneurs often create firms in the absence of markets is an idea that is recently gaining ground with researchers (Shane & Venkataraman, 1999). The phenomenon is further complicated by the fact that much of the information required to bring new markets into existence itself does not come into existence until those markets are created (Arrow, 1974). In an attempt to tackle the issues raised by this central research question in entrepreneurship, Sarasvathy (2001) has proposed effectuation as the dominant decision model for entrepreneurial decision making, particularly in the absence of preexistent markets. Through a verbal protocol study of 27 expert entrepreneurs, this paper establishes the existence of effectual reasoning in their cognitive processes and delineates the bounds between their use of causation and effectuation. In quantitative terms, over 63% of the subjects used effectuation more than 75% of the time.


The paper reviews the state-of-the-art in relationship marketing and new economic sociology. The author pays attention to the closeness of both perspectives which have common roots (Durkheimian sociology, economic anthropology, sociology of law, social exchange theory) and common research interests (trust, commitment, interdependency, shared values, power asymmetry, adaptation, and mutual contentment). Despite the intersections, relationship marketing and new economic sociology appear to have been developing in parallel worlds, implying that these disciplines remain disconnected and persistently ignore each other's accomplishments.This is conditioned by several reasons. Firstly, economic sociologists are inspired by the investigation of peculiar and peripheral types of markets, while marketing scholars usually study the"standard markets". Secondly, relationship marketing defines its subject matter as exchange relationships per se. In contrast with relationship marketing, new economic sociology has a much wider scope of interests. Thirdly, relationship marketing focuses on ongoing relationships while new economic sociology concentrates on relations that are beyond the market exchange per se. Finally, marketing scholars typically prioritize formal contractual relationships, whereas economic sociologists devote more attention to informal, interpersonal relationships. The author comes to the conclusion that, if specialists in relationship marketing and new economic sociologists could overcome the divide, their perspectives would benefit greatly, specifically in developing their market theories.


This thesis investigates the window in the life and work of Christian Norberg-Schulz, aiming at finding new nuances and ambiguities within his existing oeuvre, and questioning my own position as a 'follower' of Norberg-Schulz. Taking the window as both literal and figurative, I ask in what ways the window can become a tool for investigating Norberg-Schulz's concept of mobility and his theory of place through the fenestral essay film – specifically through mobility, framing and self-reflection. Norberg-Schulz's theory of genius loci – the spirit of the place – has been widely discussed and critiqued (Loevland et.al. 2009; Otero-Pailos, 2010; Wilken 2013). Yet, no one has yet looked at the role of the windows in his life and work, and specifically in his theory of genius loci: which is surprising because he describes the window as the place where "the genius loci is focused and 'explained'"(Norberg-Schulz, 1980: 179). I argue therefore that the window plays a vital role both in Norberg-Schulz's life and work, particularly related to his reading of the work of the poet Rainer Maria Rilke. Through oral history, site-visits, close-readings of texts, archival research, film-making and essay writing I follow Norberg-Schulz's window on a return journey between Norway and Italy. Building upon existing methodologies of Jane Rendell's site-writing as a critical spatial practice (Rendell: 2010) combined with the genre of the essay film (Corrigan: 2011; Rascaroli: 2017) and architecture essay film (Haralambidou: 2016) I consider how the window features both literally and figuratively in a series of fenestral essay films which explore mobility, framing and self-reflection conceptually, visually and spatially. Introduced through an itinerary, and concluding with a framework and reflections, this thesis is located at the junction between film-making and architectural history, presented through 10 Windows, each one comprising an essay and a film.


*Corresponding Author Abstract Recently in supply management research, the power theme has gained growing interest. The analysis of power in the context of dyadic relationship between a buyer and supplier has been criticized for having a limited viewpoint because it fails to explain multiple interactions. Power is a socially embedded phenomenon and, therefore, the transactions and relationships included in supply networks should also be taken under scrutiny. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of network effects and the influence of power on the nature of collaboration between buyers and suppliers within a supply network. The case study analyzes the issue in the Finnish food industry. The results show that the power relations have an influence on the nature of the relationship, and the sources of power that are based on the network effects may crucially determine the power position of the network actor and, moreover, the power relation between two actors.


In 2018, the World Health Organization declared Delhi the most polluted city on the planet. This study examines how the Indian print news media has framed the issue of Delhi air pollution, and framed responsibilities for its causes and solutions. This content analysis examines stories from  The Times of India, Hindustan Times,  and  The Hindu  for news coverage of Delhi air pollution between 2011 and 2016, when Delhi was enveloped in the worst toxic smog. Findings revealed that personal-level causal attributions (i.e., cars) were mentioned more frequently than were societal-level or other causes (industrial emissions and weather). The responsibility for solutions was attributed to the government and businesses, however, and not to individuals, which may be due to the nation's high-context culture. Theoretical implications and practical applications are discussed.


Although possible sources and functions of the resting-state networks (RSNs) of the brain have been proposed, most evidence relies on circular logic and reverse inference. We propose that autonomic arousal provides an objective index of psychophysiological states during rest that may also function as a driving source of the activity and connectivity of RSNs. Recording blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal using functional magnetic resonance imaging and skin conductance simultaneously during rest in human subjects, we found that the spontaneous fluctuations of BOLD signals in key nodes of RSNs are associated with changes in nonspecific skin conductance response, a sensitive psychophysiological index of autonomic arousal. Our findings provide evidence of an important role for the autonomic nervous system to the spontaneous activity of the brain during "rest."


The theme of this dissertation is the study of housing in Lisbon's Baixa Pombalina blocks of flats. It aims to understand the spatial organisation of houses and to study the ways of qualified intervention, thus seeking possible guidelines for future projects. A priority of intervention in the Lisbon's Baixa is the qualification of housing, which would allow for a more diversified and effective occupation. The research is divided into three parts. First, we looked into the evolution of anti-seismic structure in wood and of colective urban housing. Secondly, the specific organisation of housing was studied, through the analysis of first floor living plans, which were originally collected by Jorge Mascarenhas (1996). This research was further developed through the in-depth analysis of qualified interventions. Twelve cases of intervened buildings or flats were studied, most of which were designed by architects. Whenever possible the organisation of the flats, the structure and the function of the rooms were compared before and after the interventions. Finally, with reference to the Space Syntax model, the functional and spatial organisation of the flats was graphically represented in a simplified way, by means of justified graphs, which make it possible to compare the relations between convex spaces.


We investigate the efficiency of local CO₂laser processing of scratches on silica optics in order to enhance the nanosecond UV-laser damage resistance. The surface deformations induced by the process have been measured for different CO₂laser parameters and then the pulse duration and the beam diameter have been chosen accordingly to limit those deformations below 1 µm. From the study of the laser damage resistance as a function of different material modifications we identify a range of optimal radiation parameters allowing a complete elimination of scratches associated with a high threshold of laser damage. Calculation of the temperature of silica using a two-dimensional axi-symmetric code was compared with experiment, supporting an optimization of the laser parameter as a function of the maximal dimensions of scratches that could be removed by this process.


We describe a method whereby a governmental policy maker can discover citizens' reaction to news stories. This is particularly relevant in the political world, where governments' policy statements are reported by the news media and discussed by citizens. The work here addresses two main questions: whereabouts are citizens discussing a news story, and what are they saying? Our strategy to answer the first question is to find news articles pertaining to the policy statements, then perform internet searches for references to the news articles' headlines and URLs. We have created a software tool that schedules repeating Google searches for the news articles and collects the results in a database, enabling the user to aggregate and analyse them to produce ranked tables of sites that reference the news articles. Using data mining techniques we can analyse data so that resultant ranking reflects an overall aggregate score, taking into account multiple datasets, and this shows the most relevant places on the internet where the story is discussed. To answer the second question, we introduce the WeGov toolbox as a tool for analysing citizens' comments and behaviour pertaining to news stories. We first use the tool for identifying social network discussions, using different strategies for Facebook and Twitter. We apply different analysis components to analyse the data to distil the essence of the social network users' comments, to determine influential users and identify important comments.


Millions have been inspired by the Bible's spiritual lessons. Now, Lorin Woolfe provides a unique way to view the Bible . . . for leadership lessons that can be applied to our modern business world. Consider David's courage and innovation in slaying Goliath with just a stone and a sling; Moses' outstanding ""succession planning"" in picking Joshua; Joseph and the political skills that brought him to the seat of power; and of course, Jesus' compassion, communication skills, and vision that launched Christianity (a long-term success by any measure). These are leaders among leaders. Their achievements -- and their inspired methods of achievement -- offer a wholly different perspective on business leadership. For the dozens of Biblical stories presented, the book provides: * A concise retelling of each story * One (or more) leadership lessons suggested by each story * Examples of contemporary business leaders who exhibit some of the inspired traits of these ancient leaders, including: Fred Smith of FedEx, Howard Shultz of Starbucks, Tom Chappell of Tom's of Maine (a ?toothpaste with a mission?), Roy Vagelos of Merck, and many more. The chapters cover these universal topics: Courage * Purpose * Communication * Honesty and Integrity * Power and Influence * Performance Management * Team Building * Humility * Compassion * Justice * Encouragement and Consequences * Wisdom * Creating the Future Each topic concludes with a list of key points to keep in mind as readers continue on their own leadership journeys.


BACKGROUND
The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema and cardiac collapse after enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection are not completely understood.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the hemodynamic features and the mechanism of pulmonary edema (PE) after EV71 infection by direct intracardiac monitoring.

DESIGN
Prospective clinical and laboratory study at a tertiary medical center.

PARTICIPANTS
Five consecutive infants, ages 2 to 13 months, with EV71 infection-proved by viral isolation in 4 and antibody in 1-with PE were enrolled. The clinical characteristics were systemically assessed. Hemodynamic profiles were determined every 4 hours by simultaneously implanted pulmonary arterial and central venous catheters during the acute stage.

RESULTS
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that all 5 infants had brainstem lesions. All patients had tachycardia and hyperthermia. Transient systolic hypertension was noted in 1 patient, and 1 presented with hypotension. Pulmonary artery pressure in all 5 infants was normal or mildly elevated (26-31 mm Hg), and central venous pressure ranged from 10 to 22 mm Hg. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressures were normal or slightly elevated (13-16 mm Hg). Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were transiently increased in only 1 patient. The stroke volume index decreased to 15.3 to 35.7 mL/M2 (normal: 30-60 mL/M2), but because of the elevated heart rate, the cardiac index did not decrease. All hemodynamics normalized within days.

CONCLUSION
Fulminant EV71 infection may lead to severe neurologic complications and acute PE. The acute PE and cardiopulmonary decompensation in EV71 infection are not directly caused by viral myocarditis. The mechanism of PE may be related to increased pulmonary vascular permeability caused by brainstem lesions and/or systemic inflammatory response instead of increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.


At about age 50, depletion of ovarian follicles through apoptosis leads to the loss of cyclic ovarian function in women. Menopause, in turn, is believed to set the stage for various health problems. Although aging female mice do not undergo menopause, they experience depletion of ovarian follicles and health complications similar to those of postmenopausal women. Perez et al., a research group that previously showed that oocyte loss was mitigated in mice without the proapoptotic Bax, investigated the effects of Bax knockout on the health of aging female mice. Aging Bax knockout female mice (KOs) were leaner and more active than their wild-type counterparts; they retained more of their hair, developed fewer cataracts, experienced less skin wrinkling, and had stronger bones. Behavioral analyses indicated that aging KOs were less anxious than wild-type mice and had improved attention but poorer contextual memory. Whereas young KOs were less likely to become pregnant than wild-type mice, somewhat older KOs were more likely to do so. Although aged KOs failed to become pregnant, they ovulated in response to gonadotropin treatment and, when their ovarian tissue was grafted into young wild-type females, the oocytes produced viable pups. Aged KOs had reduced concentrations of serum follicle-stimulating hormone compared to wild-type mice but similar concentrations of circulating estradiol. Ovariectomy experiments indicated that the effects of Bax deficiency on bone involved both ovary-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The authors concluded that preserving ovarian function might improve quality of life in aging women. G. I. Perez, A. Jurisicova, L. Wise, T. Lipina, M. Kanisek, A. Bechard, Y. Takai, P. Hunt, J. Roder, M. Grynpas, J. L. Tilly, Absence of the proapoptotic Bax protein extends fertility and alleviates age-related health complications in female mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 5229-5234 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The Labor Council of the Illawarra grew, like the unions which joined it, out of the desire shared by workers in industrial societies everywhere to achieve some control over their working conditions. In Australia unions began to form in the 1830s, and developed more rapidly in the second half of the nineteenth century. The formation of the New South Wales Labor Party in 1891, after the defeat of the Great Maritime Strike united trade unions, craft and unskilled, under its umbrella. It also placed unions within a broader peoples' movement which had to contend with the necessity for its representatives to win electoral favour with the broader population. In the first years of Labor Party representation in Parliament the varying expectations in the electorate did not prevent some of the labour programme being implemented. Reforms in the franchise and in conditions in factories, regulations to exclude non-European migrants and the introduction of old age pensions were won.2 Labor parliamentarians advocated compulsory arbitration as a means of settling industrial disputes because it was electorally more attractive than strike action. Workers in New South Wales began to recognise the value of compulsory arbitration, preferring it to the Wages Boards of Victoria, because it provided a tribunal which would hear the union case directly, and which could be called upon by either party to a dispute for a judgement which was legally binding. This journal article is available in Illawarra Unity Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: http://ro.uow.edu.au/unity/vol2/iss2/3


The updated Third Edition of "Geriatrics and the Law" by the leading scholar in law and old age belongs on the desk of every hospital and long-term care administrator, Director of Nursing, and Medical Director. It is the most comprehensive volume available on the topic. The book provides clearly written legal and ethical principles and their implications and applications."--Elias S. Cohen, JD, Executive Director, Community Services Systems, Inc. Significant changes in the law are affecting patients' rights and professionals' responsibilities in providing clinical services to the elderly. This edition of Kapp's successful text continues to inform and sensitize health care professionals about the legal issues, and offers practical advice and guidance to practitioners in a variety of disciplines. The text has been thoroughly updated and, where appropriate, expanded. Topics woven into each chapter include: implications of the relevant statutes, regulations, judicial opinions, private guidelines, and discussion of new laws. This practical book is a valuable and useful resource for practitioners, health care students, and educators. It contains extensive references and a helpful Appendix of Resources.


This paper provides an overview of the Corpus of History English Texts, one of the component parts of the Coruna Corpus of English Scientific Writing (Moskowich and Crespo 2012), looking in particular at the communicative formats that it contains. Among the defining characteristics of the Coruna Corpus are that it is diachronic in nature, and that it can be considered either as a single- or multi-genre corpus, according to the theoretical tenets adopted (Kyto 2010; McEnery and Hardie 2013). The corpus has been designed as a tool for the study of language change in English scientific writing in general, and more specifically in the different scientific disciplines which have been sampled in each subcorpus. All the texts compiled were published between 1700 and 1900, thus offering a thorough view of late Modern English scientific discourse, a period often neglected in English historical studies (De Smet 2005). The analysis of this variety of English is also useful as a means of achieving a clear and detailed description of the origins of English as "the language of science".


In Sweden today, deciduous woodlands are often restricted to small isolated remnants of what it once was. Managing practices have changed concerning both cattle grazing and logging. Thus, dispersal, habitat requirements and their importance for forest species distributions become a relevant issue. Most of the species found in the deciduous flora are perennial herbs. I have examined population dynamics in the forest perennial Sanicula europaea, and its relation to environmental factors such as grazing, competition and spatial and temporal variation in such factors. Moreover I examined species distributions in relation to dispersal and habitat suitability in S. europaea and Dentaria bulbifera. To understand mechanisms behind the observed patterns I performed a number of experiments.The results clearly demonstrated that the distribution and abundance of S. europaea was not dispersal limited, whereas the opposite held true for D. bulbifera. Moreover, mollusc exclusion increased recruitment thus influencing population dynamics in D. bulbifera. Leaf losses had negative effects on S. europaea individuals. These negative effects depended both on the extent, frequency and timing of the leaf losses and early losses were more severe than late. Population level effects of grazing were not negative as negative direct effects were counterblanced by positive indirect effects. The positive effects of grazing were mainly in terms of an increased recruitment. In S. europaea, high variation in a life cycle transition was always coupled to low elasticity, and traits that varied much due to the examined environmental factors had little importance to population growth rate. A population level perspective is required to assess total effects of environmental factors. In perennial organisms such evaluations need to calculate integrated measures of the effects over the entire life cycle. Field studies spanning several years and demographic models are important to achieve these objectives.


Purpose – The main aim of this paper is to assess and analyze the role of value network for sustainable service business embedded social and environmental perspectives in the emerging economies. The objective is to study how resources are integrated and value networked to create and co-create value for customers and other stakeholders, thus develop a framework for achieving sustainable service by considering not only the economic aspects, but also quality of life and societal well-being. It is important to understand the interdependence of value network and sustainability and discuss how stakeholders integrate resources through interactions, communications and dialogues to co-create and network value within the public transit context. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative approach is adopted in this study to better understand the interdependence between value network and sustainable service business embedded in social and environmental perspectives. The empirical is designed as a critical case study. The paper presents three concepts - (i) value co-creation and value network (ii) resource integration and (iii) sustainable business with social and environmental focuses on public transit. Then, the paper demonstrates these concepts through a case study of Zhengzhou Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Henan Province, China. The case study is used to analyze and gain an in-depth understanding of value network and sustainable service by contextualizing it in the real life context. Findings – The study is expected to come across and demonstrate that the integrating of value network and value co-creation embedded in social and environmental perspectives is to secure sustainable service business. This is achieved by developing a framework that integrates value network and sustainable value creation by analysing value co-creation, value network, resource integration and sustainability, which the empirical setting is coming from the public transit sector. This framework may give a new direction for service providers to achieve sustainability by contextualizing networking and co-creating value. Originality/value – The paper makes an original contribution to the ongoing discussions on the service research and the network thinking in the emerging economies by developing a theoretical framework on how stakeholders integrate resources to co-create and network value for a sustainable business, which is embedded in the social and environmental perspectives. It also denotes the shift in thinking of the service providers in the emerging economies modern management thinking of value network and service concentrated. Limitation/Future Study – As a single case study, the present research, cannot induct general empirical and theoretical conclusions. Future research in this area should focus on generalizing the present findings in other empirical settings and conceptualizations. Article Type: research paper


Book synopsis: The politics of criminal sentencing has recently crystallised around the issue of whether and how a system of structured sentencing should inform judicial approaches to punishing criminals. Increasingly, structured sentencing guidelines are being introduce to frame judicial discretion. This volume is the first to examine the experience in England and Wales in the light of international developments.

This collection of essays begins with a clear and concise history of the guidelines as well as a description of how they function. Topics addressed include the effect of guidelines on judicial practice, the role of public opinion in developing sentencing guidelines, the role of the crime victim in sentencing guidelines, and the use of guidelines by practicing barristers. In addition, the international dimension offers a comparative perspective: the English guidelines are explored by leading academics from the United States and New Zealand.

Although there is a vast literature on sentencing guidelines across the United States, the English guidelines have attracted almost no attention from scholars. As other jurisdictions look to introduce more structure to sentencing, the English scheme offers a real alternative to current US schemes. Contributors include practicing lawyers, legal and socio-legal academics, and also scholars from several other countries including New Zealand and the United States, providing a multidisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional approach to sentencing. This book will be of interest to academics from law, sociology and criminology, legal practitioners, and indeed anyone else with an interest in sentencing, around the world.


A semiconductor wafer undergoes a wide range of processes before it is transformed from a bare silicon wafer to one populated with millions of transistor circuits. Such processes include Physical or Chemical Vapor Deposition, (PVD, CVD), Chemical-Mechanical Planarization (CMP), Plasma Etch, Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), and photolithography. As feature sizes keep shrinking, process control plays an increasingly important role in each of these processes. A model-based control approach is an effective means of designing commercial controllers for advanced semiconductor equipment. We will give an overview of the applications of advanced control in the semiconductor industry. It is our experience that the best models for control design borrow heavily from the physics of the process. The manner in which these models are used for a specific control application depends on the performance goals. In some cases such as RTP and lithography, the closed-loop control depends entirely on having very good physical models of the system. For other processes such as CMP, physical models have to be combined with empirical models or are entirely empirical. The resulting multivariable controllers may be in-situ feedforward-feedback or run-to-run controllers, or a combination thereof. The three case studies that are presented in this paper (RTP, CMP, and lithography) are representative of the leading edge applications of advanced control in the semiconductor industry.


The development of more fundamental knowledge of the tribology of the cam and
follower mechanism calls for a more comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental
investigation than has been previously reported. A mixed lubrication analysis has been
applied to the problem to give an estimation of the nominal minimum film thickness and
friction force associated with the contact in such mechanisms. The analysis showed that
the roughness height and the distribution of the roughness between the two contacting
surfaces had important effects on the lubrication performance of the contact. A full
numerical transient EHL analysis was carried out allowing the normal velocity to vary
along the conjunction. This revealed that local squeeze film velocity provided an
increased damping effect which contributed to the persistence of the minimum film
thicknesses in the two zero entraining velocity regions. An approximate technique for
determining the minimum film thickness of a transient EHD line contact associated with
rough surfaces was developed and applied to the mixed lubrication analysis of a
four-power polynomial cam and non-rotating flat faced follower arrangement. The results
demonstrated that under certain circumstances mixed lubrication predominated in the
conjunction of the cam and follower with the surfaces being separated by an EHL film on
the cam flanks.
Existing experimental apparatus was improved to test the effects of altering the bulk
temperature and camshaft rotational speed by measuring the friction torque and
electrical resistivity across the contact. By adopting advanced techniques for data
sampling and processing the instantaneous friction torque was successfully obtained with
the camshaft rotational speed exceeding (2000 rpm). The wear characteristics were also
examined. The bulk temperature showed a mild effect on the wear characteristics of the
cam and follower as it was increased from (75° C) to (105° C), whilst, a substantial
influence was found as the temperature was further increased to (120°C). Increasing the
bulk temperature caused an increase in both the friction torque and power loss o f the
valve train, but this increase was not considerable.
Based upon the theoretical analyses and experimental observations, a theoretical
model for evaluating the tribological performance of the valve train was developed. A
multi-aspect comparison between theoretical and experimental results was made. The
excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental results showed that the model
provided a reliable prediction o f the tribological characteristics of the cam/flat faced
follower. Three critical portions of the cycle could be identified — one over the cam nose
and two in the vicinity of the zero entraining velocity regions. The minimum separation
between the cam and follower occurred near the falling flank of the cam.


Impulsive buying is an interesting research topic for psychologists and economists for its practical implications in the daily lives of producers, marketers and consumers in the trading world. The topic is also relevant to both micro and macro economy field of studies. There have been abundance explanations for impulsive buying social phenomenon provided, but the cultural factors points of view are rarely studied empirically. This research showed its original contribution to the body of knowledge of buying impulsiveness since it includes the Hofstede's cultural dimensions on individual level in its research model. In addition, the research employed the symbolic meaning of money for predictor variable of impulse buying. There were 200 Indonesian students participated in this research (91 males, 109 females) and they went to seven campuses located in Jakarta and its surrounding areas. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that that power distance belief, collectivism, and symbolic meaning of money all together positively related to impulsive buying. The uncertainty avoidance cultural dimension and impulsive buying are negatively correlated. It has been expected that this research will be much beneficial for all stakeholders. They can manage the perception of culture and symbolic meanings of money in order to lever, improve or decrease impulsive buying according to whatever the stakeholder's goal is. Discussion and suggestions for further similar research are elaborated in the last section of this report.


Background/Context In recent years, state legislatures, state education departments, and advocacy groups in over 30 states have sponsored education adequacy studies, which aim to determine objectively the amount of funding needed to provide all students a meaningful opportunity for an adequate education. Not surprisingly, because of their growing influence on funding decisions, these studies have now become the subject of critical commentary and judicial scrutiny, and serious questions have arisen about the validity of the methodologies used in some of the studies. By setting out to determine objectively the resource levels needed to provide all students with an adequate education—and by doing so through relatively open and transparent processes— the contemporary adequacy cost studies are vast improvements over the ad-hoc political deal-making processes of the past. Nevertheless, the validity and the reliability of these methodologies can be improved. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article provides the first detailed analysis of judicial critiques of the state of the art of "costing out" studies in order to recommend improvements to the current practice of costing-out educational adequacy. Research Design The article engages in an extensive review of judicial critiques of adequacy cost studies, literature critiquing adequacy cost studies, and the adequacy cost studies themselves, in order to identify the best and worst practices in the field. Conclusions/Recommendations Based on these critiques, the article recommends explicit articulation of the premises behind the adoption of particular outcome standards, more precise means for identifying the extent to which students with special needs require extra resources, specific mechanisms to minimize political bias and political manipulations, and the use of "quality education models" to integrate efficiency and accountability considerations within the basic cost analysis. In addition, more extensive public engagement and continuing judicial oversight will be necessary to ensure the credibility and the legitimacy of the ultimate judgments that result from these studies.


We examined the histology of testes of 134 capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) and the relationship among mass of testes, body mass, and the ratio of seminiferous tubules to interstitial tissue. The capybara had a low gonadosomatic index (0.14% of body weight, epididymides included) and one of the highest known proportion of nonspermatogenic tissue (72% interstitial tissue) among mammals. Seminiferous tubules in testes of capybaras developed earlier than interstitial tissue. Older adults had testes with larger volumes of interstitial tissue and narrower diameters of seminiferous tubules than younger adults.


We present a catalog of galaxy cluster candidates, selected through their Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature in the first 720 deg2 of the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey. This area was mapped with the SPT in the 2008 and 2009 austral winters to a depth of ∼18 μKCMB-arcmin at 150 GHz; 550 deg2 of it was also mapped to ∼44 μKCMB-arcmin at 95 GHz. Based on optical imaging of all 224 candidates and near-infrared imaging of the majority of candidates, we have found optical and/or infrared counterparts for 158, which we then classify as confirmed galaxy clusters. Of these 158 clusters, 135 were first identified as clusters in SPT data, including 117 new discoveries reported in this work. This catalog triples the number of confirmed galaxy clusters discovered through the SZ effect. We report photometrically derived (and in some cases spectroscopic) redshifts for confirmed clusters and redshift lower limits for the remaining candidates. The catalog extends to high redshift with a median redshift of z = 0.55 and maximum confirmed redshift of z = 1.37. Forty-five of the clusters have counterparts in the ROSAT bright or faint source catalogs from which we estimate X-ray fluxes. Based on simulations, we expect the catalog to be nearly 100% complete above M500 ≈ 5 × 1014 M☉ h−170 at z ≳ 0.6. There are 121 candidates detected at signal-to-noise ratio greater than five, at which the catalog purity is measured to be 95%. From this high-purity subsample, we exclude the z < 0.3 clusters and use the remaining 100 candidates to improve cosmological constraints following the method presented by Benson et al. Adding the cluster data to CMB + BAO + H0 data leads to a preference for non-zero neutrino masses while only slightly reducing the upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses to ∑mν < 0.38 eV (95% CL). For a spatially flat wCDM cosmological model, the addition of this catalog to the CMB + BAO + H0 + SNe results yields σ8 = 0.807 ± 0.027 and w = −1.010 ± 0.058, improving the constraints on these parameters by a factor of 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. The larger cluster catalog presented in this work leads to slight improvements in cosmological constraints from those presented by Benson et al. These cosmological constraints are currently limited by uncertainty in the cluster mass calibration, not the size or quality of the cluster catalog. A multi-wavelength observation program to improve the cluster mass calibration will make it possible to realize the full potential of the final 2500 deg2 SPT cluster catalog to constrain cosmology.


Fuel was injected from different type of injection nozzles into the combustion chamber of the NACA combustion apparatus, operated as a compression-ignition engine. High speed motion pictures were taken of the fuel sprays and combustion. Single-orifice nozzles of 0.008, 0.020, and 0.040 inch diameter, and multiorifice nozzles having 2, 6, and 16 orifices were tested. Nozzles having impinging jets and slit orifices were also included. The photographs indicate that the rate of vapor diffusion from the spray is comparatively slow and that this slow rate of diffusion for combustion chambers with little or no air flow prevents the compression-ignition engine from giving the high performance inherent in the high compression ratios. The sprays from the multiorifice nozzles destroyed the air movement to a greater extent than did those from single orifice nozzles. It is concluded that high performance cannot be realized until the methods of distributing the fuel are improved by means of the injection-nozzle design, air flow, or both.


In today's post-industrial city, migrants and ethnic minorities are forming, through their religious practices, particular spaces of alterity, often at the 'margin' of the urban experience—for instance, in converting anonymous warehouses into places of worship. This paper examines diverse facets of the religious spatiality of Afro-Christian diasporic churches—from local emplacement to the more visible public parade of faith in the urban landscape. One of the aims is to explore to what extent particular spatial configurations and locations constitute 'objective expression' of social status and symbolic positionalities in the post-migration secular environment of the 'host societies'. Without denying the impact of urban marginality, the paper shows how religious groups such as African Pentecostal and Prophetic churches are also engaged, in their own terms, in a transformative project of spatial appropriation, regeneration and re-enchantment of the urban landscape. The case study of the Congolese Kimbanguist Church in London and Atlanta also demonstrates the need to examine the articulation of local, transnational and global practices and imaginaries to understand how religious and ethnic identities are renegotiated in newly 'localised' diasporic settings.


In response to today's more complex and non-traditional problems, new professions emerge. One of such emerging professions is the Technical Physician (TP). In the study program Technical Medicine (TM), students are educated to become a TP who is the intermediary between physicians and engineers. For TM students it is potentially more difficult to develop a professional identity (PI) as there is no clear group information or stereotype to identify with. PI is the view individuals hold of who they are as professional which likely predicts persistence. Currently it is poorly understood how students learning for an emerging profession develop their PI and how this affects their perception on their career. Therefore, this study filled the literature gap by investigating what the PI of TM students in an emerging profession entails, how this varied across study phase and how PI affected students' intended career choice, career clarity, exploration and confidence.

In total 397 TM students (64% response) participated in the online survey, which consisted of validated scales on five domains of PI (interests, professional goals, values, competences and personality), strength of identification with the role of TP, intended career choice, career clarity, exploration and confidence in a successful career as a TP. Five profiles of PI were identified by means of cluster analysis: the individualist, engineer, all-rounder, security seeker and status driven TM student. The distribution of the profiles differed per study phase as there were more status driven students in the bachelor, and more engineers in the master. Furthermore, the profiles differed in their strength of identification with the role of TP, intended career choice, and career development. The all-rounder, who scored high on medical and technical competences, identified strongest with the profession, had the highest career clarity and was most confident. All profiles were most likely to work as medical specialist, however master students showed the lowest intention. Furthermore, identification and confidence was lower in the end of the bachelor and master, when they had to choose a master or experienced their first internships.

This study showed that TM students have different views of who they are as a TP. Furthermore, the more stereotypical students are most confident in their career and most likely to opt for a career as medical specialist or researcher. Acknowledging diversity amongst TM students and providing personalised support in development of self-clarity and –confidence will be beneficial. Especially during internships, students are less confident in their ability to become a successful professional which might be a result of the absence of TP in role models in clinical practice to identify with. Supporting students in these critical moments and providing students with role models, and also less-stereotypical ones, will facilitate the development of a fitting PI.


Abstract Background There are many methods for weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Using either a T-piece or CPAP are effective for weaning. Weaning using an L-piece is a strategy similar to using a T-piece, but uses less oxygen flow with air and has less dead space than a T-piece. Objective To determine whether adult patients with respiratory failure can be successfully weaned from a ventilator using an L-piece, including a study of factors that may affect the success or failure of weaning. Method Retrospective review of the medical records of a cohort of patients who had respiratory failure and were admitted to Wetchakarunrasm Hospital between January 1st, 2012 and September 30th, 2015. Result We found 143 cases matched the inclusion criteria. There was a 95.1% success in weaning adult patients with respiratory failure from a ventilator by using an L-piece. No vital signs before weaning and during L-piece weaning were significantly different, except for respiratory rate, which was 1.4 times/min (7.7%, P < 0.001) higher using the L-piece than before weaning. The success of weaning a group using oxygen flow at 1-3 L/min was 92.2% and a group using oxygen flow at 4-6 L/min was 96.7%. There was no significant difference in the success rate between these groups (P = 0.25). Conclusion Weaning patients from mechanical ventilators using an L-piece is safe and has a success of 95.1%. This method of weaning can save oxygen use by reducing the flow of oxygen, which may be beneficial in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


The number of ethnic and racial minorities in the United States has been increasing exponentially in recent years (Cordero & Rodriguez, 2009; Leong & Blustein, 2000). Due to the growing percentages of minority populations, greater attention has been placed on the unique health care needs of these individuals, including access to and quality of mental health services (Alexander, Kruczek, & Ponterotto, 2005; Gilin & Young, 2009). Although counseling as a profession emphasizes diversity training in preparation standards (CACREP, 2009) and cultural competence in ethical standards (ACA, 2005), few counselor preparation programs have employed effective methods to train counselors how to therapeutically connect with people from culturally diverse backgrounds (Alexander et al., 2005; Coleman, 2006). One way for counselors to challenge their existing worldviews and assumptions and to develop cultural competency is through engaging in international immersion in which participants are provided an opportunity to participate and interact directly with people from diverse backgrounds (Canfield, Low, & Hovestadt, 2009; Pope-Davis & Coleman, 1997). Although both national and international immersion experiences have been accepted as effective pedagogical tools, to date researchers have not examined the sustained impact of immersion experiences on counselor development (Lindsey, 2005; Majewski & Turner, 2007; Rochelle, Turpin & Elias, 2000). To this end, the purpose of this research study was to assess the impact of international immersion on counselor development and to assess whether changes attributed to participation in immersion experiences were sustained over time. Data from the current study was analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology. CQR is an iterative process that emphasizes the use of a research team to analyze the data and reach consensus throughout a multi-step coding process (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997). The data for each case (N=10) was initially coded into domains and core ideas and then analyzed across all ten cases, generating categories to further organize the data. The current study generated eight categories that were labeled as `general' findings, 17 categories that were labeled as `typical' findings, and 45 categories that were labeled `variant' findings. Implications from the current study and suggestions for future research are provided.


Stars between about 0.8 and 8 times the mass of the Sun will eventually evolve become asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, where they pulsate and throw off mass from their atmospheres, forming dust shells in the space around them. AGB stars between about 2 to 4 solar masses can develop atmospheres that have an overabundance of carbon relative to oxygen (thus becoming carbon stars), which results in their dust shells containing mineral species dominated by carbonaceous compounds. One of these, silicon carbide (SiC) has been extensively investigated in an attempt to discover the conditions present in these dust shells. In this work, we investigate the nature and uses of SiC for astronomical research, and in particular what SiC can tell us about the dust shells around carbon stars. We investigate the SiC feature found in a collection of carbon stars, and then do the same for an additional set of 'extreme' carbon stars which are very close to the end of their lives. We investigate a single carbon star, V Cyg, in more detail, looking at the changes in the dust shell as functions of both position and time. We then examine existing optical constants for SiC, and obtain a new set of optical properties that eliminates limitations in the older data. Finally, we use small-particle absorption and scattering theory to produce a program which allows us to apply commonly used shape and size parameters to these new optical properties for use in radiative transfer modeling.


2D infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a cutting-edge technique, with applications in subjects as diverse as the energy sciences, biophysics and physical chemistry. This book introduces the essential concepts of 2D IR spectroscopy step-by-step to build an intuitive and in-depth understanding of the method. This unique book introduces the mathematical formalism in a simple manner, examines the design considerations for implementing the methods in the laboratory, and contains working computer code to simulate 2D IR spectra and exercises to illustrate involved concepts. Readers will learn how to accurately interpret 2D IR spectra, design their own spectrometer and invent their own pulse sequences. It is an excellent starting point for graduate students and researchers new to this exciting field. Computer codes and answers to the exercises can be downloaded from the authors' website, available at www.cambridge.org/9781107000056.


This thesis gives a suggestion of a method for extracting the roughness factor for estimating the sprayed concrete volume in tunnel applications. The determination of the roughness factor today is based on experience and is usually done by guessing or based on the roughness factor used in the previous blasted round. This study includes creating a look-up-chart which could enable the contractor and engineer to have a better foundation and documentation on why the roughness factor is chosen as it is. This is performed by using LiDAR scanning system and using the LiDAR data from the rock mass surface from a water cavern close to Lillestrom in Norway. A comparison of the LiDAR data and the hand mapped data is performed, regarding special features in the rock mass, such as geometry, major structures and weakness zones. The LiDAR data display the true surface of the rock mass and visualizing geometry is possible with the LiDAR model. Measurements of the generated profiles in the cavern have been performed on selected areas extracting roughness factor between the rock mass surface and the sprayed concrete surface. Calculating the roughness factor using profile length is a cumbersome method to use due to the holes in the data. It is recommended that the Lidar model is as watertight as possible and this requires more precise processing of the data. The calculated average roughness factors have been correlated to the corresponding Q-value, the RQD/J_n-quotient, RQD and the joint set number J_n. From the results of the correlation it is suggested to use the Q-value and the joint set number J_n as a basis for the look-up-chart. Generally the results indicate that the roughness factor increases with decreasing Q-value. In addition it could be seen that the roughness factor value increased with approximately 0,2 for every increasing value of the joint set number. It must be emphasized that this is a suggestion based on only one test site. The method used to find the roughness factor is recommended evaluated. It may be possible that large scale roughness requires a larger roughness factor to meet the requirement of minimum sprayed concrete thickness. Further studies are necessary.


This paper investigates an empirical puzzle in technology adoption for developing countries: the low adoption rates of technologies like hybrid maize that increase average farm profits dramatically. I offer a simple explanation for this: benefits and costs of technologies are heterogeneous, so that farmers with low net returns do not adopt the technology. I examine this hypothesis by estimating a correlated random coefficient model of yields and the corresponding distribution of returns to hybrid maize. This distribution indicates that the group of farmers with the highest estimated gross returns does not use hybrid, but their returns are correlated with high costs of acquiring the technology (due to poor infrastructure). Another group of farmers has lower returns and adopts, while the marginal farmers have zero returns and switch in and out of use over the sample period. Overall, adoption decisions appear to be rational and well explained by (observed and unobserved) variation in heterogeneous net benefits to the technology.


Northern citizens, governments, and businesses are investing billions of dollars in the vast, imperiled forests of the South. In a forest carbon project, a developer plants trees to reforest a degraded ecosystem or preserves a forest that would have otherwise been degraded or felled. The developer can then sell the carbon, now sequestered in the trees and underground biomass, for a contracted period of time. Forest carbon projects are legally problematic. In this article, I introduce the elements of forest carbon projects and the legal debates they engender. I introduce the notion of "deep equity," the concept that provides an aegis for my analysis. I then briefly describe the entwined problems of global climate change and deforestation. I review the legal regime formulated to ameliorate these problems. I explain forest carbon schemes under both international treaties and the voluntary market. I then examine principles of equity, drawn from multilateral environmental agreements, customary international environmental law, and international human rights law obligations that are implicated in forest carbon investments. After introducing each right or principle, I explain how forest carbon projects may or may not advance the right and propose a set of standards for what an ideal project – one that maximizes deep equity – would include. I briefly analyze how international law is currently ill-equipped to regulate these projects, as many of the important actors elude legal control, in part because they are not explicitly named as duty bearers or because neither home nor host countries are able or willing to enforce legal requirements that do exist. I conclude by discussing how international law should be reformed so that forest carbon investments cleave to legal standards that promote genuine adaptation through deep equity, i.e. sustainable individual, community, and ecological health and potential.