To assess the impact of rising atmospheric CO 2 and eutrophication on the carbonate chemistry of the East China Sea shelf waters, saturation states (Ω) for two important biologically relevant carbonate minerals – calcite (Ω c ) and aragonite (Ω a ) – were calculated throughout the water column from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) data collected in spring and summer of 2009. Results show that the highest Ω c (∼9.0) and Ω a (∼5.8) values were found in surface water of the Changjiang plume area in summer, whereas the lowest values (Ω c = ∼2.7 and Ω a = ∼1.7) were concurrently observed in the bottom water of the same area. This divergent behavior of saturation states in surface and bottom waters was driven by intensive biological production and strong stratification of the water column. The high rate of phytoplankton production, stimulated by the enormous nutrient discharge from the Changjiang, acts to decrease the ratio of DIC to TA, and thereby increases Ω values. In contrast, remineralization of organic matter in the bottom water acts to increase the DIC to TA ratio, and thus decreases Ω values. The projected result shows that continued increases of atmospheric CO 2 under the IS92a emission scenario will decrease Ω values by 40–50% by the end of this century, but both the surface and bottom waters will remain supersaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite. Nevertheless, superimposed on such Ω decrease is the increasing eutrophication, which would mitigate or enhance the Ω decline caused by anthropogenic CO 2 uptake in surface and bottom waters, respectively. Our simulation reveals that, under the combined impact of eutrophication and augmentation of atmospheric CO 2 , the bottom water of the Changjiang plume area will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite (Ω a = ∼0.8) by the end of this century, which would threaten the health of the benthic ecosystem.


Commodity conversion assets play important economic roles. It is well known that the market value of these assets can be maximized by managing them as real options on the prices of their inputs and/or outputs. In particular, when futures on these inputs and outputs are traded, managing such real options, that is, valuing, hedging, and exercising them, is analogous to managing options on such futures, using risk neutral valuation and delta hedging methods. This statement holds because dynamically trading portfolios of these futures and a risk less bond can replicate the cash flows of these assets. This basic principle, which forms the basis of commodity merchant operations, is not always appreciated by managers of commodity conversion assets. Moreover, determining the optimal operational cash flows of such an asset requires optimizing the asset operating policy. This issue complicates the real option management of commodity conversion assets. This chapter illustrates the application of this approach to manage a hydrocarbon cracker, a specific commodity conversion asset, using linear programming and Monte Carlo simulation. The discussion is based on a simplified representation of the operations of this asset. However, the material presented here has potential applicability to the real option management of more realistic models of hydrocarbon cracking assets, as well as other energy and commodity conversion assets.


The purpose of this study was to identify key influences associated with the academic achievement and college experiences of Black male student athletes at a Historically Black University (HBU) in the southeastern United States. An HBU was selected for this study, both because of its unique educational environment and because there is a dearth of research on student athletes' experiences at these institutions. This mixed methods exploratory study involved an institutional document review, a Student Athlete College Experiences Questionnaire (SACEQ), three focus group interviews, and four in-depth individual interviews. A concurrent triangulation exploratory design allowed qualitative and quantitative data to be collected simultaneously, analyzed independently, and integrated at the interpretation phase (Creswell, 2009). Participants in this study were Black male student athletes who participated in football and/or men's basketball at the targeted HBU. Data was analyzed using an interpretive interactionism paradigmatic stance to attain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences and perceptions of the participants (Denzin, 2001). Additionally, institutional theory (Powell & DiMaggio, 1991) was applied to highlight key institutional practices at an HBU that contributed to Black male student athletes' academic achievement and positive college


Abstract Naturally occurring sepiolite has been used as a support in the preparation of Ni and Pd catalysts. A precipitation procedure has been applied for both metals to deposit the precursor on to the support surface. The interaction between the sepiolite and the metal precursor has been studied by use of IR and solid-state MAS-NMR. Results show that SiOH groups are consumed in forming the Ni precursor whereas no specific interactions occur in the case of the Pd. However, strong interactions between metal precursor and the tetrahedral sheet occur for both metals leading to precursors which show a high stability under reducing conditions.


The selection of financing is a top priority for businesses, particularly in short- and long-term investment decisions. Mixing debt and equity leads to decisions on the financial structure for businesses. This research analyzes the moderate position of company size and the interest rate in the capital structure over six years (2013–2018) for 29 listed Pakistani enterprises operating in the sugar market. This research employed static panel analysis and dynamic panel analysis on linear and nonlinear regression methods. The capital structure included debt to capital ratio, non-current liabilities, plus current liabilities to capital as a dependent variable. Independent variables were profitability, firm size, tangibility, Non-Debt Tax Shield, liquidity, and macroeconomic variables were exchange rates and interest rates. The investigation reported that profitability, firm size, and Non-Debt Tax Shield were significant and negative, while tangibility and interest rates significantly and positively affected debt to capital ratio. This means the sugar sector has greater financial leverage to manage the funding obligations for the better performance of firms. Therefore, the outcomes revealed that the moderators have an important influence on capital structure.


We participated both in the photo annotation and conceptbased retrieval tasks of CLEF 2011. For the annotation task we developed visual, textual and multi-modal approaches using multi-label learning algorithms from the Mulan open source library. For the visual model we employed the ColorDescriptor software to extract visual features from the images using 7 descriptors and 2 detectors. For each combination of descriptor and detector a multi-label model is built using the Binary Relevance approach coupled with Random Forests as the base classifier. For the textual models we used the boolean bag-of-words representation, and applied stemming, stop words removal, and feature selection using the chi-squared-max method. The multi-label learning algorithm that yielded the best results in this case was Ensemble of Classifier Chains using Random Forests as base classifier. Our multi-modal approach was based on a hierarchical late-fusion scheme. For the concept based retrieval task we developed two different approaches. The first one is based on the concept relevance scores produced by the system we developed for the annotation task. It is a manual approach, because for each topic we manually selected the relevant topics and manually set the strength of their contribution to the final ranking produced by a general formula that combines topic relevance scores. The second approach is based solely on the sample images provided for each query and is therefore fully automated. In this approach only the textual information was used in a query-by-example framework.


Given a regular binary function f on R2 with compact support D, we use translation to form a new binary function g from f so that the image representation of g (x, y) is made up of non-overlapping copies of D. Thus, g is made up of discrete entities that are surrounded by regions of space. We devise a procedure that can determine the translation parameters using a minimum number of Radon projections  g of g . This model is a mathematical abstraction of an application of the Radon transform in Spectroscopy.Keywords: Radon transforms, transformation of an image, Back projection.


Public service is an efford of fulfillment the primary needs of each civil society's right. One of the fundamental right is health. The concept of public service have been developed by Old Public Administration, that is procedure and rule of fulfillment and also the implementation of
superiors' instruction which become the main focus in giving service to the societies. The concept of New Public Management (NPM) is done with used managerialism approach which the function are planning, organizing, monitoring, training, coordinating, staffing, motivating andmaking decision which was made by political elite, but the concept of New Public Service (NPS) that ispublic importance not made by political elite that was written the rule. In this case, the goverment role was just do negosiating and exploring in every necessity of societies and
communities' group, so that birocration who give the service must be responsible in the entire of society.
One of the implementation of service's concept, new public service by citizen's chater is Puskesmas Bendo, Kecamatan Kepanjenkidul, Blitar. Citizen's charter was put the government necessary and service's supply as the main rule of the service's implementation. Puskesmas for a few people is the important things in public service because not every people can pay the cost to get a healthy service in private hospital. Geographically, Puskesmas neaver than hospital with the society's resident and can serve the society directly. So that Puskesmas still become that one of society's hope in finding healthy service.
The writer used descriptive methodology, with gave the illustration of service variables in Puskesmas Bendo, which had relationship with the object. The purpose of this study was to know now far the effectivity of public services through citizen's charter in Puskesmas Bendo.
The result of this study showed that the service procedure in Puskesmas Bendo made the patient easy to reach the information, the time of service can be pay by society and it was proved by cost transparation, service produc which more be developed from medical service to non-medical
service, a good facitition with computerization managerial information system and also the monitoring mechanisme through right and obligation in implementing phunisment for the custumers service.
But, in implementing citizen's charter service there are some facilitation that not effective yet. These are the service culture that have not been good informed yet, medical facilitation which still less, and society's response which more in their right that the obligation.
Furthermore, the Puskesmas' opponents can limit these obstacle by doing training to make citizen's charter optimal and also evaluating the internal of Puskesmas through the citizen's charter group.


This thesis interrogates sense of place and place attachment in the Big Empty on the north central Texas plains. The region stretches from the Red River on the north to the Colorado River basin on the south and from the Cross Timbers on the east to the Caprock escarpment on the west. Since 1930, the Big Empty has seen sustained and severe population decline such that some counties there now register less than a quarter the population they did at their peaks during the interwar years. Through in-depth field interviews, I examine sense of place and place attachment amidst apparently irreversible decline. I also describe conditions of postindustrial rurality arising from rolling reconfigurations of economic and social relations, particularly changes in scale in farming and the diminished centrality of productivist agriculture in local economies and culture, and how these conditions become legible through the study of place.


Path dependency is an important notion in diachronic approaches to understanding social and political processes. The first section of this paper examines the application of path dependency to policy studies; the advantages of the concept in understanding policy development are highlighted by examples from pension policy and social housing policy in the UK, and the EU budget. The next section considers several criticisms of path dependency: (1) it is a fashionable label for the intuition that 'history matters' without a clear and convincing account of decision-making over time; (2) it explains only stability and not change; (3) its normative implications are confused and mostly left unexplored. The final section concludes that path dependency, despite being theoretically inchoate and difficult to operationalize empirically, is a valid and useful concept for policy studies. However, its proper application demands sensitivity from scholars to other temporal dynamics that may operate in policy development.


The aim of this article is to investigate the remittance behavior of host country-born children of migrants – the second generation – in various European cities. We address the following question: Are second-generation remitters driven more by altruism or by self-interest? Data from "The Integration of the European Second Generation" (TIES) survey are utilized and encompass individuals with at least one migrant parent from Morocco, Turkey, or former Yugoslavia. Using logistic models, we test different classical theories on microeconomic determinants of remittances and add some additional expectations for the second generation. The results show that those second-generation Moroccans, Turks, and former Yugoslavs who send money are motivated by two main reasons: Emotional attachment to their parents' home country (altruism motive) or to pay people who look after their investments or other material assets that are likely to be part of their preparation for "returning" (self-interest – exchange motive). These two motives are not necessarily exclusive: As part of a well-prepared return, to integrate easily once back "home," it is not only relevant to ensure that people take care of one's investments and other material assets, but also to strengthen social ties and be well informed about the situation in the country of origin. This interpretation fits closely with the return model, which deserves more attention in the theoretical literature on remittances.


1,2,4-Triazole-3-one prepared from tryptamine was converted to the corresponding carbotioamides by several steps. Their treatment with ethyl bromoacetate or 4-chlorophenacyl bromide produced the corresponding 5-oxo-1,3-thiazolidine or 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazole derivatives. Acetohydrazide derivative that was obtained starting from tryptamine, was converted to the corresponding Schiff basis and sulfonamide by the treatment with suitable aldehydes and benzensulphonyl chloride, respectively. 2-[(4-Amino-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl]-4-[2-(1H-indole-3-yl)ethyl]-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-one was synthesized starting from hydrazide via the formation of the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole compound, while the other bitriazole compounds were obtained by intramolecular cyclisation of carbothioamides in basic media. The treatment of 1,2,4-triazole or 1,3,4-oxadiazole compound with several amines generated the corresponding Mannich bases. Ethyl (2-amino-1,3-thiazole-4-yl)acetate was converted to the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative, arylidenehydrazides, 1,2,4-triazole-3-one and 5-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine derivatives by several steps. The structural assignments of new compounds were based on their elemental analysis and spectral (FT IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS) data. The antimicrobial, antilipase and antiurease activity studies revealed that some of the synthesized compounds showed antimicrobial, antilipase and/or antiurease activity.


A design and a partially developed application framework were presented for improving localization and targeting for surface spacecraft. The program has value for the Mars Science Laboratory mission, and has been delivered to support the Mars Exploration Rovers as part of the latest version of the Maestro science planning tool. It also has applications for future missions involving either surface-based or low-altitude atmospheric robotic vehicles. The targeting and localization solutions solve the problem of how to integrate localization estimate updates into operational planning tools, operational data product generalizations, and flight software by adding expanded flexibility to flight software, the operations data product pipeline, and operations planning tools based on coordinate frame updates during a planning cycle. When acquiring points of interest (targets) for the rover, instead of using a temporal method for reusing previously acquired targets, this system uses a spatial method to avoid tedious and repetitive target re-designation needed to keep target relevance accurate. Instead of creating a target that is reusable only for a sol (Martian day), the target is defined in a way to make it reusable for a planning position (the vehicle position indicated by a Site and Drive index pair) from which the vehicle will begin a command cycle. This work was done by Mark W. Powell, Thomas Crockett, Jason M. Fox, Joseph C. Joswig, Jeffrey S. Norris, and Kenneth J. Rabe of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The software used in this innovation is available for commercial licensing. Please contact Karina Edmonds of the California Institute of Technology at (626) 395-2322. Refer to NPO-43847.


Abstract Knowledge management (KM) and data-driven decision making (DDDM) are terms that are used with more frequency in teacher education. Although accreditation expectations and the increased focus on accountability have pushed these ideas to the forefront, the tools that support them are still not robust. Electronic portfolio assessment has been one approach that many schools of education adopt to address these gaps, but there has been little documentation on how electronic portfolios actually contribute to program-level assessment. This paper presents an application that provides an example of how data systems applied to existing practices can be used to support knowledge creation and DDDM in colleges of education.


Since the end of the American Civil War, scholars have debated the efficacy of various models of community economic development, or CED. Historically, this debate has tracked one of two approaches: place-based models of CED, seeking to stimulate community development through market-driven economic growth programs, and people-based models of CED, focused on the removal of structural barriers to social and economic mobility that prevent human flourishing. More recently, scholars and policymakers have turned to a third model from the impact investing community — the social impact bond, or SIB. The SIB model of CED ostensibly finds a middle ground by leveraging funding from private impact investors to finance social welfare programs within marginalized communities. SIBs seemingly answer the call of local government law scholars of the New Regionalists movement who advocate for governmental mechanisms that facilitate regional cooperation, address equity concerns, and respect local government autonomy. However, this Article argues that the SIB model of impact investing will struggle to advance metropolitan equity due to its grounding in the politics of neoliberalism.

After highlighting limitations of the SIB, this Article links contemporary debates about CED theory to historical contestations within the black community about economically-oriented racial uplift strategies. Placing historical figures, such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, in conversation with more contemporary theorists of political philosophy, this Article offers an alternative conceptual framework of CED. Termed justice-based CED, this framing distinguishes a typology of social change that places democracy at the epicenter of the development debate and points toward the political principles of the solidarity economy as guideposts for law reform. The justice-based approach rests upon three core values: social solidarity, economic democracy, and solidarity economy. Taken together, this perspective reflects a vision of political morality that embodies one of America's most foundational democratic values — human moral dignity.


"If I say I was delighted, it will be an understatement," said Napoleone Ferrara of Genentech to the JCI when asked how he felt on February 26, 2004, when the FDA approved Avastin for colorectal cancer treatment. This culminated Ferrara's more than 15-year involvement in its development.

FDA approval came after of one of the most successful phase III anticancer drug trials in history. The trial consisted of 925 patients diagnosed with previously untreated metastatic colon cancer. Comparison of the median survival time of patients treated with irinotecan/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (IFL) chemotherapy and Avastin to that of patients treated with IFL and a placebo showed that those receiving Avastin had a median end-point survival time of 5 months longer than those without. This met the primary efficacy endpoint, and was also the greatest difference in median survival time ever seen in a phase III trial.

Avastin is the first antiangiogenesis drug to receive FDA approval. It inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a main protein involved in inducing angiogenesis. In the last several years, interest in finding antiangiogenesis drugs for anticancer therapy has peaked. The idea, though, of inhibiting new blood vessel growth as a means to block tumorigenesis is not really a new one. It has been around since the early 1900s: in a seminal study, Gordon Ide and colleagues were among the first to suggest that new blood vessel development was essential to provide oxygen and nutrients for tumor growth (1).

While FDA approval of Avastin is only the beginning for a new line of anticancer treatments, it marks the end of Napoleone Ferrara's long road from the identification of an intriguing biological molecule to the development of a viable drug.

Ferrara's history with Avastin began in 1989, when he was working on another project — one focused on Genentech's then main research interest: cardiovascular disorders. He identified and purified a pituitary gland protein that stimulated vascular endothelial cell growth — that protein was VEGF.

At that time, "no one really thought this would be therapeutic," Ferrara said. "But [Genentech] has this great policy that allows people to pursue their own interests." So, Ferrara, thinking it might be useful for anticancer therapy, continued to work on VEGF.

A breakthrough came in 1993, when Ferrara and colleagues developed a mouse antibody that blocked VEGF function and inhibited tumor growth in mice (2).

At that time, Ferrara said, these results "were really surprising. It was thought that one would need to block many factors to inhibit angiogenesis."

Ferrara said they then "had to convince management [to pursue this] — but overall they were very supportive." More difficult was the creation of a humanized form of the mouse anti-VEGF antibody. "Ultimately," Ferrara said, "we obtained what is now called Avastin, which is extremely effective and not immunogenic."

Ferrara told the JCI that when Avastin entered clinical trials, one very encouraging aspect was that the side effects seen in the trials were "very mild."

"What you see mostly," he said, "is modest hypertension. In phase II there was an indication of increased thrombosis, but [we] didn't really see this in the phase III trials." The resulting hypertension is not surprising, as VEGF induces nitric oxide, which is involved in blood pressure regulation.

"The beauty of a monoclonal antibody [as a treatment] is its specificity," Ferrara added. "Small molecule therapies can sometimes [have interactions] with other molecules, especially at higher doses, and cause side effects from activity unrelated to the targeted molecule." A monoclonal antibody specifically interacts with only one protein and therefore only affects the pathways in which that protein is involved.

Everything for Avastin looked incredibly good — until September 2002, when Avastin failed to meet its primary efficacy endpoint of progression-free survival in a phase III breast cancer trial.

"This was really disappointing," Ferrara said, but noted he still had some hope. "It did not increase the survival, but there was some evidence that the treatment shrank some tumors in the trial. Also, these patients were in third-line therapy [meaning they had already been treated by two other methods that had failed]. This is a very high bar for a trial. The patients were in a much more advanced stage and very sick."

Another positive sign was the preliminary results from a phase II renal cell carcinoma trial, which did meet its primary efficacy endpoint (3). That trial was the first step toward FDA drug approval. Most important, however, was the successful completion of the phase III colorectal cancer trial described above.

Avastin is currently in several other phase III anticancer clinical trials, as well as trials for other disorders where angiogenesis is involved; for example, a shorter form of Avastin, called Lucentis, is already in phase III trials for age-related macular degeneration.

When the JCI asked Ferrara how best to travel the entire road from isolated protein to approved drug, he answered with a laugh, "You need to be persistent — or lucky — or a combination of those."


Objective: Plants of genus Salvia are used in traditional folk medicine for their antidiabetic, anti-oxidant effects and for gastric disorders. The oil has an antiseptic property and it is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes. An infusion of the leaves is widely used as a mouthwash or gargle and for the treatment of inflammation of the mouth and throat. It is used as carminative, antiinflammatory, astringent, cytotoxic and antispasmodic. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered aerial parts and roots of Salvia fruticosa libanotica were extracted separately with ethanol and acetone then their residues were separately extracted with different solvents on silica gel columns. Results: From Salvia fruticosa libanotica, eight phenolic compounds were isolated from methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the chosen plant. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by NMR, MS, IR and UV spectroscopic methods. Conclusion: Among these compounds three Flavonoids named apigenin, luteolin and rutin were identified in addition to three phenolic acids which are ferulic acid, gallic acid and rosemarinic acid from aerial parts. Moreover, carnosol and dehydro-abietic acid were also isolated from Salvia fruticosa libanotica root extract. All the isolated compounds were obtained for the first time from Salvia fruticosa libanotica.


In an attempt to study biodegradation of p-Nitrophenol (PNP), several bacterial strains from soil of agricultural field and landfill area were isolated by enrichment culture technique. Among many isolates, one designated as BUPNP1 was identified as Rhodococcus sp., based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis along with phenotypic characteristics such as gram-staining, motility, catalase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis and sugar utilization ability. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined and it was found that 1.8mM PNP is detrimental for the strain but it can tolerate up to 1mM concentration of PNP. Spectrophotometric analysis of residual PNP during degradation showed that the strain was capable of degrading 0.5mM of PNP up to 95% within 33 h of time interval. It was found to produce 4-Nitrocatechol (4-NC) as an intermediate product during PNP degradation. Strain BUPNP1 have high potential for the purpose of bioremediation of PNP contaminated soil, wastewater and other anthropogenic habitats where PNP contamination is very common.


One area, which has already been identified as a focal point of research in MANET is routing with a number of routing protocols proposed in the last couple of years. However, a comparison between them is lacking to help deciding which routing protocol is best suited in specific network scenarios. The paper is presented the performance comparison of the protocols with identical loads and environmental conditions and summarized their relative performance in a tabular form with respect to some basic performance metrics. Moreover, this report focused on a clear view of range query applied in mobile ad hoc networks, different strategies to realize this range query and analysis of the results obtained from the implementation of the best suited strategy into ns2. The strategies to realize range queries are based on the criteria to collect location and other information of different nodes situated in an expected region in an ad hoc network. Several forwarding algorithms have been studied and measured for the accumulation of the suitable ones to realize range queries. Based on the theoretical concept of the different protocols and the strategy of the range query a proposed idea was given that can be used for efficient communication among the nodes.


We propose an online planning algorithm for finite-action, sparsely stochastic Markov decision processes, in which the random state transitions can only end up in a small number of possible next states. The algorithm builds a planning tree by iteratively expanding states, where each expansion exploits sparsity to add all possible successor states. Each state to expand is actively chosen to improve the knowledge about action quality, and this allows the algorithm to return a good action after a strictly limited number of expansions. More specifically, the active selection method is optimistic in that it chooses the most promising states first, so the novel algorithm is called optimistic planning for sparsely stochastic systems. We note that the new algorithm can also be seen as model-predictive (receding-horizon) control. The algorithm obtains promising numerical results, including the successful online control of a simulated HIV infection with stochastic drug effectiveness.


Glutamate receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Three groups studied how changes in the distribution and phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors were related to synaptic activity and plasticity. Ehlers showed that endocytosis and recycling of AMPA receptors were dependent on the type of stimulation in cultured cortical neurons and found that, if AMPA receptors were stimulated directly, they were internalized and sorted from early endosomes to the lysosome for degradation. If the neurons were stimulated by agonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor, then the AMPA receptors were endocytosed and recycled to the synaptic regions of the plasma membrane via a mechanism that required Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation of a consensus protein kinase A site and subsequent rephosphorylation by protein kinase A. Heynen et al. found that, in the hippocampus of adult rats in which LTP had been induced, there was an increase in the amount of AMPA receptor subunits in synaptic membranes and that, in the hippocampus of adult rats in which LTD had been induced, there was a decrease in the abundance of AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors in synaptic membranes. These changes were dependent on NMDA receptor activity and were reversible, i.e., if LTP was induced and then LTD was caused in the same animal in the same region, then the levels of the glutamate receptors decreased and vice versa. Xia et al. studied changes in the AMPA glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit in response to the induction of LTD in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells. LTD was blocked by the perfusion of peptides that inhibited the ability of the GluR2 subunit to interact with the protein kinase C-interacting protein (PICK1) (which binds to a PDZ-binding motif in the COOH-terminus of the GluR2 when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase C). Furthermore, LTD was inhibited if clathrin-mediated endocytosis was blocked, suggesting that the protein kinase C phosphorylation and PICK1 interaction with the GluR2 may promote endocytosis of the AMPA receptor during LTD. Ehlers, M.D. (2000) Reinsertion or degradation of AMPA receptors determined by activity-dependent endocytic sorting. Neuron 28: 511-525. [Online Journal] Heynen, A. J., Quinlan, E. M., Bae, D.C., and Bear, M.F. (2000) Bidirectional, activity-dependent regulation of glutamate receptors in the adult hippocampus in vivo. Neuron 28: 527-536. [Online Journal] Xia, J., Chung, H.J., Wihler, C., Huganir, R.L., and Linden, D.J. (2000) Cerebellar long-term depression requires PKC-regulated interactions between GluR2/3 and PDZ-domain-containing proteins. Neuron 28: 499-510. [Online Journal]


The human Y chromosome shows frequent structural variants, some of which are selectively neutral, while others cause impaired fertility due to the loss of spermatogenic genes. The large‐scale use of multiple Y‐chromosomal microsatellites in forensic and population genetic studies can reveal such variants, through the absence or duplication of specific markers in haplotypes. We describe Y chromosomes in apparently normal males carrying null and duplicated alleles at the microsatellite DYS448, which lies in the proximal part of the azoospermia factor c (AZFc) region, important in spermatogenesis, and made up of "ampliconic" repeats that act as substrates for nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Physical mapping in 26 DYS448 deletion chromosomes reveals that only three cases belong to a previously described class, representing independent occurrences of an∼1.5‐Mb deletion mediated by recombination between the b1 and b3 repeat units. The remainder belong to five novel classes; none appears to be mediated through homologous recombination, and all remove some genes, but are likely to be compatible with normal fertility. A combination of deletion analysis with binary‐marker and microsatellite haplotyping shows that the 26 deletions represent nine independent events. Nine DYS448 duplication chromosomes can be explained by four independent events. Some lineages have risen to high frequency in particular populations, in particular a deletion within haplogroup (hg) C*(xC3a,C3c) found in 18 Asian males. The nonrandom phylogenetic distribution of duplication and deletion events suggests possible structural predisposition to such mutations in hgs C and G. Hum Mutat 0, 1–10, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


When understood as a medium of modernism, photography is generally considered as being concerned with making the world visible. In the post-modern age, photography was assumed not to be a transparent window or mirror but rather the mediating interface hiding the mechanisms of the world through simulation and representation. Today, the digital age presents a new condition for photography by shifting emphasis from visual image analysis to a closer consideration of how algorithms, data and processual information create image in a new form. Photography is therefore one of the organisers and interfaces of digital data. Given this context, the ground of representation and the symbolic order now appear determined by code and computer logic.

I argue, in the digital age, a new subject is being formed that embodies: a proximity replaced by the interface of the screen; a sharing that fervently excludes those unable or unwilling to participate; and an excess of choice but an inability to choose. It is no coincidence that these are qualities, not only of the digital subject, but also of photography itself.

In this paper, I argue digitalisation threatens a decentred subject by appearing as a coherent and consistent framework shaping lives from the outside. In other words, the apparent formal order of the digital closes the constitutive gap of subjectivity and produces a subject no longer based on the antagonisms and inconsistencies of representation.

Unlike in the past, where if we were to penetrate the surface of the photograph all we would find would be nothing more than the site of a questionable representational practice, today we encounter incontrovertible commands driven by data and the algorithm. From this position, I set out new terms and purpose for photography, suggesting it can be understood as the interface of a new human subjectivity.


Although democracy is a widely held value, concrete measurement of it is elusive. Gerardo L. Munck's constructive assessment of the methods used to measure democracies promises to bring order to the debate in academia and in practice. Drawing on his years of academic research on democracy and measurement and his practical experience evaluating democratic practices for the United Nations and the Organization of American States, Munck's discussion bridges the theories of academia with practical applications. In proposing a more open and collaborative relationship between theory and action, he makes the case for reassessing how democracy is measured and encourages fundamental changes in methodology. Munck's field-tested framework for quantifying and qualifying democracy is built around two instruments he developed: the UN Development Programme's Electoral Democracy Index and a case-by-case election monitoring tool used by the OAS. Measuring Democracy offers specific, real-world lessons that scholars and practitioners can use to improve the quality and utility of data about democracy.


CANDU Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes are susceptible to a crack initiation mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, hydride region formation, and fracture at a flaw tip. An overload occurs when the hydrided region is loaded to a stress higher than that at which this region is formed. Service-induced flaws are present in some pressure tubes, which can act as crack initiation sites. Most experimental data to assess DHC initiation are obtained under constant loading conditions in which hydride formation and fracture occur at the same load, and therefore they are not suitable to assess crack initiation under overload condition. A series of step-wise increasing load experiments was performed on unirradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube samples to determine the fracture stress of hydrides formed at notches with 15 μm root radius under different hydride formation stresses and thermal histories. Crack initiation in the overload tests was detected by the acoustic emission technique. The notch tip hydride morphologies were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Test results indicated that the resistance to overload fracture was dependent on the hydride formation stress and thermal histories, which affected the notch tip hydride size, density, and distribution. Overload tests were performed at different temperatures, and a transition temperature to high resistance to overload fracture was observed.


After the death of Margaret Oliphant - the prolific nineteenth century novelist, biographer, essayist, reviewer, and prominent voice on the "woman question" - two well-intending relatives took the autobiographical manuscripts she composed over a thirty-year period, and recomposed them to suit the model of a conventional memoir. In the process, they suppressed more than a quarter of the material. Based on the original manuscripts, the Broadview edition now makes available the missing text in its original order, and the restored Autobiogrpahy of Margaret Oliphant portrays a woman of scathing irony, anger and grief. Part of Broadview's Nineteenth-Century British Autobiographies series, this edition also includes extensive excerpts from Oliphant's diaries.


Access to therapeutic oxygen remains a challenge in the effort to reduce pneumonia mortality among children in low- and middle-income countries. The use of oxygen concentrators is common, but their effectiveness in delivering uninterrupted oxygen is gated by reliability of the power grid. Often cylinders are employed to provide continuous coverage, but these can present other logistical challenges. In this study, we examined the use of a novel, low-pressure oxygen storage system to capture excess oxygen from a concentrator to be delivered to patients during an outage. A prototype was built and tested in a non-clinical trial in Jinja, Uganda. The trial was carried out at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital over a 75-day period. The flow rate of the unit was adjusted once per week between 0.5 and 5 liters per minute. Over the trial period, 1284 power failure episodes with a mean duration of 3.1 minutes (range 0.08 to 1720 minutes) were recorded. The low-pressure system was able to deliver oxygen over 56% of the 4,295 power outage minutes and cover over 99% of power outage events over the course of the study. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of a method to extend oxygen availability and provide a basis for clinical trials.


Intrusion detection systems (IDSes) are an important security measure that network administrators adopt to defend computer networks against malicious attacks and intrusions. The field of IDS research includes many challenges. However, one open problem remains orthogonal to the others: IDS evaluation. In other words, researchers have not yet succeeded to agree on a general systematic methodology and/or a set of metrics to fairly evaluate different IDS algorithms. This leads to another problem: the lack of an appropriate IDS evaluation dataset that satisfies the common research needs. One major contribution in this area is the DARPA dataset offered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Lab (MIT/LL), which has been extensively used to evaluate a number of IDS algorithms proposed in the literature. Despite this, the DARPA dataset received a lot of criticism concerning the way it was designed, especially concerning its obsoleteness and inability to incorporate new sorts of network attacks.

In this thesis, we survey previous research projects that attempted to provide a system for IDS offline evaluation. From the survey, we identify a set of design requirements for such a system based on the research community needs. We, then, propose Algorizmi as an open-source configurable virtual testbed for generating datasets for offline IDS evaluation. We provide an architectural overview of Algorizmi and its software and hardware components. Algorizmi provides its users with tools that allow them to create their own experimental testbed using the concepts of virtualization and cloud computing. Algorizmi users can configure the virtual machine instances running in their experiments, select what background traffic those instances will generate and what attacks will be launched against them. At any point in time, an Algorizmi user can generate a dataset (network traffic trace) for any of her experiments so that she can use this dataset afterwards to evaluate an IDS the same way the DARPA dataset is used.

Our analysis shows that Algorizmi satisfies more requirements than previous research projects that target the same research problem of generating datasets for IDS offline evaluation. Finally, we prove the utility of Algorizmi by building a sample network of machines, generate both background and attack traffic within that network. We then download a snapshot of the dataset for that experiment and run it against Snort IDS. Snort successfully detected the attacks we launched against the sample network. Additionally, we evaluate the performance of Algorizmi while processing some of the common usages of a typical user based on 5 metrics: CPU time, CPU usage, memory usage, network traffic sent/received and the execution time.


Abstract This paper documents an experimental study on two-phase flow regimes and frictional pressure drop characteristics in a particulate (porous) bed packed with multidiameter (1.5-, 3-, and 6-mm) glass spheres. The experimental results provide new data to validate/develop hydrodynamic models for coolability analysis of debris beds formed in fuel-coolant interactions during a postulated severe accident. The POMECO-FL test facility is employed to perform the experiment, with the spheres packed in a test section of 90 mm diameter and 635 mm height. The pressure drops are measured for air/water two-phase flow through the packed bed, and flow patterns are obtained by means of visual observations. Meanwhile, local void fraction in the center of the bed is measured by a microconductive probe. The experimental results show that the frictional pressure drop of single-phase flow through the bed can be predicted by the Ergun equation, if the area mean diameter of the particles is chosen in the calculation. Given the so-determined effective particle diameter, the estimation of the Reed model for two-phase flow pressure gradient in the bed has a good agreement with the experimental data. The characteristics of the local void fraction can be used to predict flow pattern and mean void fraction. It is observed that slug flow prevails when the mean void fraction is <0.5, whereas annular flow dominates after the mean void fraction is >0.7. If the effective particle diameter is further used as an influential parameter in flow pattern identification, the observed flow regimes of two-phase flow in porous media are well predicted by the existing flow pattern map.


In this thesis we investigate a model of nonlinearly perturbed continuous-time renewal equation. Some characteristics of the renewal equation are assumed to have non-polynomial perturbations, more specifically they can be expanded with respect to a non-polynomial asymptotic scale. The main result of the present study is exponential asymptotic expansions for the solution of the perturbed renewal equation. These asymptotic results are also applied to various applied probability models like perturbed risk processes, perturbed M/G/1 queues and perturbed dam/storage processes. The thesis is based on five papers where the model described above is successively studied.


The need to protect size and age structures from selective harvest in order to maintain sustainable fish stocks has been emphasized in recent literature. The Big Old Fat Fecund Female Fish (BOFFFF) hypothesis has been influential in discussions of changing stock management strategies, and postulates that larger, older females have a disproportionate input into stock recruitment due to physiological advantages. In this study, we utilize a meta-analysis approach to test the assumption of the BOFFFF hypothesis, that larger female fish produce larger eggs and more viable offspring, at a broad scale. Following the meta-analyses, we assess whether larger females from a subset of studies use their gonadal investment more efficiently than small females. From our meta-analyses, we found positive, significant intraspecific relationships between female size and egg size. Moreover, we found positive associations between egg size and offspring viability (offspring size and survival). However, we found in a subset of studies that although proportional survival of offspring often increases with egg size, females that produced larger eggs yielded fewer surviving offspring per unit gonadal investment. This reduced efficiency in reproductive investment is a product of the trade-off between egg size and fecundity. We conclude that although larger females may appear to produce more viable individual offspring, their input to stock recruitment, according to total stock gonadal biomass, may not be disproportionate, as stated by the BOFFFF hypothesis. However, we did not account for whether the benefits of maternal effects extend beyond the larval stage.The theory of optimal egg size implies that fish trade off between fecundity and individual gonad investment according to their environment. Past interspecific studies suggest that in general, fishes in large, marine systems produce smaller eggs than those in small, freshwater systems. This study aims to compare egg size intraspecifically among small and large systems. In particular, we focus on populations from the Laurentian Great Lakes, which exhibit similar broadscale physical processes as marine systems, and smaller inland lakes (<1,000 ha), whose ecosystems contain many of the same species. In 2018 and 2019, we collected egg samples from spawning walleye (Sander vitreus) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in both inland lake and Great Lake populations. From each female, we recorded total lengths, and measured average diameters of ten eggs. Using ANCOVA models, we compared mean length-adjusted egg diameters intraspecifically among populations of both species. For both walleye and yellow perch, we found that females from inland lakes produced larger mean length-adjusted egg diameters than those of the Great Lakes. This pattern was particularly evident for yellow perch, whereas for walleye the pattern was relatively weak, potentially due to stocking eroding population-specific selection for egg size. These intraspecific patterns are consistent with cross-system interspecific variation in fish egg size.


Torsion of a long bone is the twist along its longitudinal axis; torsion of the radius is defined by the angle between the proximal and distal metaphyses in the transverse plane. Measurement of the radial torsion angle provides a means of detection and quantification of malrotation after a fracture. The purpose of the current study was to develop and standardize a technique for the measurement of torsion of the radius. Axial computerized tomographic images of thirty-nine pairs of dry cadaver specimens of normal radii, and an additional four pairs of radii with a unilateral deformity of the distal metaphysis that was consistent with a previous fracture, were studied and a measurement protocol was established. The radial torsion angle was measured by three independent observers on two separate occasions. Reproducibility of the technique was determined with use of the intraclass correlation coefficient to express both interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Consistency of measurements between observers and by the same observer was high, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.94. The mean torsion angle for the eighty-two normal radii in the study was 32.6 degrees (95 per cent confidence interval of the mean, 30.3 to 34.9 degrees; range, 1.4 to 58.8 degrees). There were small variations in torsion angle between the two radii of each normal pair (mean side-to-side difference, 4.9 degrees; 95 per cent confidence interval of the mean, 3.5 to 6.3 degrees). The mean torsion angle of the four radii with a malunited fracture was 10.4 degrees (95 per cent confidence interval of the mean, 5.7 to 15.1 degrees), and the mean side-to-side difference in the pairs containing these radii was 24.1 degrees (95 per cent confidence interval of the mean, 8.5 to 39.6 degrees; p < 0.0001 compared with the normal radii). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurements of torsion may be useful for the planning of corrective osteotomies of the radius. Conventional computerized tomographic scanning provides a simple, reproducible technique for the measurement of radial torsion that can be accurately applied. Images of both forearms allow the direction of rotation of the radius to be identified, with a decrease in the torsion angle indicating supination of the distal fragment and an increase indicating pronation. Because of the wide range of radial torsion angles in normal individuals, values should be interpreted with reference to the contralateral side.


In recent years, due both to hacks that have leaked the personal information of hundreds of millions of people and to concerns about government surveillance, Americans have become more aware of the harms that can accompany the widespread collection of personal data. However, the law has not yet fully developed to recognize the concrete privacy harms that can result from what otherwise seems like ordinary economic activity involving the widespread aggregation and compilation of data. This Note examines cases in which lower federal courts have applied the Supreme Court's directions for testing the concreteness of alleged intangible privacy injuries, and in particular how that inquiry has affected plaintiffs' suits under statutes that implicate privacy concerns. This Note proposes that, in probing the concreteness of these alleged privacy harms, the courts, through the doctrine of standing, are engaging in work that could serve to revitalize the judiciary's long-dormant analysis of the nature of privacy harms. It suggests that courts should look beyond the four traditional privacy torts to find standing for plaintiffs who bring claims against entities that collect and misuse personal information. This Note urges courts to make use of a nexus approach to identify overlapping privacy concerns sufficient for standing, which would allow the federal judiciary to more adequately address emerging privacy harms.


This monograph provides a micro-analytic description of instances of requests in everyday German conversation. Using the framework of CA, the study systematically analyzes the grammatical and syntactical structure of the request-turn and its response and of the conversational exchanges before and within the request base sequence, and the placement of the request sequence within the larger social interaction. Through an empirical analysis of individual cases of request sequences in German, the monograph describes in detail: (a) how speakers employ grammar and syntax as resources to construct turns at talk and accomplish the social action of request; (b) how speakers use grammatical and syntactical forms of the language to coordinate the production of the social action of requests; (c) how speakers use grammar and syntax as interactional resources to manage affiliative and remedial work (i.e., face work) when performing delicate social actions such as requests; and (d) how the context of the request activity impacts the grammatical and syntactical constructions of speakers' utterances. Additionally, the monograph demonstrates that both the grammatical construction of turns and their placement within the talk are oriented to the sequential context of the interaction.


In the present study, the effects of oral administration of imidacloprid for 4 weeks on serum biochemical, oxidative stress, histopathological and ultrastructural alterations were assessed in the liver of male rats. This study also aimed to investigate whether vitamin C could protect against the imidacloprid-induced oxidative stress. Forty-eight male Sprague dawley rats were divided into four groups of 12 animals each. Group 1 served as the control, while groups 2 and 4 were administered with imidacloprid (80 mg/kg body weight) daily by oral gavage for 28 days. In addition to imidacloprid, group 4 also received vitamin C at 10 mg/kg daily by oral gavage for 28 days. Group 3 was maintained as the vitamin C control (dose as above). The serum biochemical assays revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in reduced glutathione concentration in the liver of group 2 animals. Histologically, the liver showed marked dilation, congestion of central vein, portal vein and sinusoidal spaces, vacuolation/fatty change and degenerated hepatocytes. Ultra thin sections of the liver revealed swollen nuclei, varied size and shape of mitochondria, disrupted chromatin and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Co-treatment with vitamin C significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the imidacloprid-induced changes.


The assessment of the power penalty of optically preamplified receivers with signal-dependent noise (SDN) dominance is often accomplished by neglecting the influence of the optical filtering of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise on the signal-ASE beat noise. In this paper, it is shown that the optical filtering of the ASE noise can have a strong impact on the signal-ASE beat noise and remarkably affect the power penalty, even for optical filter bandwidths five times wider than the signal bandwidth. A simple expression to analytically evaluate the power penalty due to optical filtering, which describes reasonably well the influence of the optical filter on the signal-ASE beat noise variance, is proposed. The accuracy of the new expression is investigated, in the case of assessment of the optical filter detuning impact on receiver performance and the case of optical filter bandwidth optimization, and its predictions are satisfactory in comparison with rigorous estimates. Two new expressions of power penalty due to extinction ratio and to eye closure are also presented. It is shown that the power penalty due to eye closure depends on the extinction ratio and vice versa. Our results show also that the power penalty due to eye closure is remarkably dependent on the eye closure asymmetry.


Digital technologies have fundamentally altered the nature and function of media in our society, reinventing age-old practices of public communication and at times circumventing traditional media and challenging its privileged role as gatekeepers of news and entertainment. Some critics believe these technologies keep the public involved in an informed discourse on matters of public importance, but it isn't clear this is happening on a large scale. Propaganda disguised as news is flourishing, and though interaction with the digital domain teaches children valuable skills, it can also expose them to grave risks.John V. Pavlik critically examines our current digital innovations& mdash;blogs, podcasting, peer-to-peer file sharing, on-demand entertainment, and the digitization of television, radio, and satellites& mdash;and their positive and negative implications. He focuses on present developments, but he also peers into the future, foreseeing a media landscape dominated by a highly fragmented, though active audience, intense media competition, and scarce advertising dollars. By embracing new technologies, however, Pavlik shows how professional journalism and media can hold on to their role as a vital information lifeline and continue to operate as the tool of a successful democracy.


"Wildfires have become larger and more severe over the past several decades on Colorado's Front Range, catalyzing greater investments in forest management intended to mitigate wildfire risks. The complex ecological, social, and political context of the Front Range, however, makes forest management challenging, especially where multiple management goals including forest restoration exist. In this report, we present a science-based framework for managers to develop place-based approaches to forest restoration of Front Range ponderosa pine and dry mixed-conifer forests. We first present ecological information describing how Front Range forest structure and composition are shaped at multiple scales by interactions among topography, natural disturbances such as fire, and forest developmental processes. This information serves as a foundation for identifying priority areas for treatment and designing restoration projects across scales. Treatment guidelines generally reduce forest densities and surface and crown fuels, enhance spatial heterogeneity across scales, and retain drought- and fire-tolerant species, old trees, and structures important for wildlife. Implementation of these guidelines is expected to enhance forest resilience to disturbance and climate change, as well as sustain important ecosystem services. Finally, this report emphasizes the importance of adaptive management and learning through monitoring and experimentation to address uncertainties inherent in the restoration process."


This article discusses The Antitrust Enterprise by Herbert Hovenkamp. While generally praising the book for its refreshing style, its recognition of antitrust's institutional limits, and its efforts to simplify antitrust doctrine, the article ultimately criticizes it as unnecessarily wedded to neoclassical economics. The piece discusses similarities between Hovenkamp's ideas and Chicago school economics, as well as Hovenkamp's apparent skepticism of post-Chicago thinking. Ultimately, the article calls for a more dramatic reimagination of antitrust's role, arguing that neoclassical economics should not be the frontline arbiter of competition policy. Instead, the author urges returning antitrust to its former prominence through the use of distributional and deontological goals, post-Chicago economic methods, and a willingness to contemplate antitrust and regulation as holistic bodies of law.


After a series of studies that revealed the protective effect of male circumcision against HIV infection WHO / UNAIDS in 2007 recommended the adoption of safe male circumcision as one of the effective strategies in reducing heterosexually acquired HIV. To this effect in 2010 the Ministry of Health in Uganda developed a circumcision policy and circumcision was added to the strategy of abstinence being faithful and condom use (ABC) to protect against AIDS. Especially after the implementation of the safe male circumcision (SMC) policy however there has been a concern that some circumcised men may lead a more risky sexual lifestyle than noncircumcised men. This paper therefore examines the associations among circumcision status age at circumcision risky sexual behaviors and HIV serostatus among men. The paper uses data from the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey focusing on a subsample of 7969 weighted cases of men age 15-59 who have ever had sex and who have received their HIV test results. The paper examines associations between risky sexual behaviors and circumcision status among all men and associations between risky sexual behaviors and age at circumcision among circumcised men. At the multivariate level the paper establishes the independent relationships between circumcision status and age at circumcision risky sexual behaviors and HIV serostatus. Results show that 28% of men in Uganda have been circumcised and the majority were circumcised before age 10. At the bivariate level circumcision status is not independent of risky sexual behaviors. Results from the logistic regression models show that circumcised men are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors while age at circumcision is not significantly associated with these behaviors. Circumcised men are also less likely to be HIV-positive. The findings suggest a need to repackage the circumcision messages to account for the increased risky sexual behaviors among men who have been circumcised. Intensified individual tailored counseling before and after SMC procedures may help to reduce these risky behaviors. Furthermore qualitative research should explore the reasons for circumcision and the drivers for risky sexual behavior.


The characteristics and mechanisms of synchronized firing in developing networks of cultured cortical neurons were studied using multisite recording through planar electrode arrays (PEAs). With maturation of the network (from 3 to 40 d after plating), the frequency and propagation velocity of bursts increased markedly (approximately from 0.01 to 0.5 Hz and from 5 to 100 mm/sec, respectively), and the sensitivity to extracellular magnesium concentration (0–10 mM) decreased. The source of spontaneous bursts, estimated from the relative delay of onset of activity between electrodes, varied randomly with each burst. Physical separation of synchronously bursting networks into several parts using an ultraviolet laser, divided synchronous bursting into different frequencies and phases in each part. Focal stimulation through the PEA was effective at multiple sites in eliciting bursts, which propagated over the network from the site of stimulation. Stimulated bursts exhibited both an absolute refractory period and a relative refractory period, in which partially propagating bursts could be elicited. Periodic electrical stimulation (at 1 to 30 sec intervals) produced slower propagation velocities and smaller numbers of spikes per burst at shorter stimulation intervals. These results suggest that the generation and propagation of spontaneous synchronous bursts in cultured cortical neurons is governed by the level of spontaneous presynaptic firing, by the degree of connectivity of the network, and by a distributed balance between excitation and recovery processes.


Since the 1970s, the template for Swedish nuclear waste management has been for industry to deliver "nuclear fuel safety" after first demonstrating to government authority how and where it can be achieved. In other words, nuclear fuel safety has been something to be publicly witnessed before it is decided whether or not industry should be allowed to carry on implementing its plans. From the outset, these industry plans encompassed the completion of the Swedish nuclear power programme itself, as this was made contingent upon a demonstrated solution to the waste problem. However, after a national referendum on the future of nuclear power in 1980, industrial progress in nuclear fuel safety became directly connected with a safe phase out of a 12-reactor programme within 25 years of its completion. As plans for such a phase out have in turn grown subject to indefinite postponement, and as opposition to nuclear power has progressively mellowed, so the nuclear industry's highly resilient nuclear fuel safety programme appears set again today to validate nuclear new build both at home and abroad. Drawing on studies of three specific management tools – safety analyses, EIA consultations and alternative "dialogue projects" – this article seeks to chart the unremitting and indomitable Swedish commitment to the mediation of nuclear waste management through industrial demonstration as this has withstood various attempts to introduce a greater element of public dialogue into the policy process in response to both siting conflicts and new environmental legislation.


The biocompatibility between flora and fauna in BioPark was evaluated.
A group of 20 heads of Cervus timorensis (Timorensis), 5 heads respectively of
Axis axis (Axis), Cervus unicolor brookei (Sambar) and Muntiacus atherodes
(Muntjac) were studied in Outdoor BioPark. In Indoor BioPark, 16 heads of
Callosciurus prevostii borneansis (prevost's squirrel), 10 heads of Tragulus
javanicus (Kancil) and 6 heads of Tragulus napo (Pelandok) were used for the
purpose of study. In Outdoor BioPark, the biocompatibility between the deer
species with Acacia mangium and its natural vegetation were studied. Meanwhile
in Indoor BioPark, introduced flora species were used The study found that the undergrowth vegetation of A. mangium plantation
was biocompatible with the tested deer species. With monthly forage yield of 183.28 kg (DM) per ha or 1392.93 MJ ME per ha with 75% total available forage
grazed, the A. mangium undergrowth could be stocked with 5 to 9 heads of
Muntjac, or 1 to 3 heads of Timorensis, or 2 to 7 heads of Axis, or 1 to 2 heads of
Sambar deer. Based on captive feeding habit and requirements of the Mousedeer
species, the area also could be stocked with Kancil and Pelandok with allowable
carrying capacity of 18 to 42 heads of Pelandok and 44 to 132 heads of Kandl,
respectively.
It was found that some of the deer was not biocompatible with A.
mangium stands. Of all the deer species tested, it was found that only Sambar and
Muntjac were biocompatible and did not cause any significant debarking damage
on the matured stands of A. mangium. Biocompatibility between deer species and
A . mangium was influenced by tree bark architecture (bark surface coarseness)
and taxonomy (thickness), deer species, number of individual stags stocked and
the animal's feed management.
The biocompatibility between Prevost's squirrel, Pelandok and Kancil
with introduced flora in Indoor BioPark had found that feed factor in terms of
quantity and availability together with the availability of juvenile individuals were
the most associated factors with the animal's herbivory. Other factors were
includes the animal's stocking rate and plant's species used.


ABSTRACT The question of how leaders' expressions of anger influence employees have been the subject of considerable scholarly debate. So far, however, research on the consequences of angry leadership has predominantly focused on the effects of supervisor expressions of anger, neglecting the potential influence of higher-level managerial anger. In this study, we integrate the emotions as social information theory with the adapted elaboration likelihood model to examine how manager anger trickles down across organizational hierarchical levels (i.e., managers, supervisors, and employees) to affect employee moral behaviour. Results of a multi-source field study conducted in Chile demonstrate that perceptions of manager moral behaviour and supervisor servant leadership serially mediate a negative relationship between manager anger and employee moral behaviour. Furthermore, counter to our predictions, trait negative affectivity of supervisors did not moderate the trickle-down relation of manager anger on employee moral behaviour. Our research elucidates the process by which manager anger can "set the tone" in an organization and trickle down across hierarchical levels to predict the moral behaviour of employees.


We used functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography (PET)-H215O to study a remarkable neurophysiological finding in the normal brain. Auditory stimulation at various frequencies in the gamma range elicits a steady-state scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) response that peaks in amplitude at 40 Hz, with smaller amplitudes at lower and higher stimulation frequencies. We confirmed this finding in 28 healthy subjects, each studied with monaural trains of stimuli at 12 different stimulation rates (12, 20, 30, 32, 35, 37.5, 40, 42.5, 45, 47.5, 50, and 60 Hz). There is disagreement as to whether the peak in the amplitude of the EEG response at 40 Hz corresponds simply to a superimposition of middle latency auditory evoked potentials, neuronal synchronization, or increased cortical synaptic activity at this stimulation frequency. To clarify this issue, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with PET-H215O in nine normal subjects at rest and during auditory stimulation at four different frequencies (12, 32, 40, and 47 Hz) and analyzed the results with statistical parametric mapping. The behavior of the rCBF response was similar to the steady-state EEG response, reaching a peak at 40 Hz. This finding suggests that the steady-state amplitude peak is related to increased cortical synaptic activity. Additionally, we found that, compared with other stimulation frequencies, 40 Hz selectively activated the auditory region of the pontocerebellum, a brain structure with important roles in cortical inhibition and timing.


In the last quarter-century, the Supreme Court has legitimated agency authority to interpret regulatory legislation, above all in Chevron U.S.A., Inc v Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc, the most-cited case in modern public law. Chevron recognizes that the resolution of statutory ambiguities often requires judgments of policy; its call for judicial deference to reasonable interpretations was widely expected to have eliminated the role of policy judgments in judicial review of agency interpretations of law. But this expectation has not been realized. On the Supreme Court, conservative justices vote to validate agency decisions less often than liberal justices. Moreover, the most conservative members of the Supreme Court show significantly increased validation of agency interpretations after President Bush succeeded President Clinton, and the least conservative members of the Court show significantly decreased validation rates in the same period. In a similar vein, the most conservative members of the Court are less likely to validate liberal agency interpretations than conservative ones and the least conservative members of the Court show the opposite pattern. Similar patterns can be found on federal appellate courts. In lower court decisions involving the EPA and the NLRB from 1990 to 2004, Republican appointees demonstrated a greater willingness to invalidate liberal agency decisions and those of Democratic administrations. These differences are greatly amplified when Republican appointees sit with two Republican appointees and when Democratic appointees sit with two Democratic appointees.


This article compares the two most prominent courses of Advanced Placement (AP) computer science study offered throughout 9-12 grades in the U.S. The structure, guidelines, components, and exam formats of the traditional AP Computer Science A course and the relatively newer AP Computer Science Principles course were compared to examine differences in content and emphases. A depth-of-learning analysis was conducted employing Bloom's Revised Taxonomy to examine potential differences in rigor and challenge represented by the two options, particularly as it relates to acquiring computer programming proficiency. Analyses suggest structural differences in both course content and end-of-course exam components likely result in less depth and rigor in the new Computer Science Principles course as compared to the Computer Science A course. A lower minimum standard for learning programming skills in the Computer Science Principles course was observed, making it a less viable option for students looking to acquire skills transferable to future computer science study or employment. The potential implications for students choosing the new course over the traditional offering, as well as for schools opting for the new course as its sole or primary offering are discussed.


The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the perceptions of E-learning held by Primary School teachers in Tasmania. It is also a secondary aim of this research to examine any currently available research on E-learning so that matters of public policy relating to primary education may also be better informed.

This research attempts to provide innovative insight into some of the issues currently in focus within the Tasmanian Education Department. Some of the issues addressed during this research were: -
* What are the findings of the research on the effectiveness of E-learning?
* Are they valid interpretations?
* Are there any gaps in the research that require further investigation and information?
* What does the literature as well as the findings of this research suggest for the future?
* In what context can E-learning work?
* For what use is e-learning most appropriate?
* Will E-learning replace traditional leaning approaches?
* How can E-learning be designed to be effective?
These questions are becoming increasingly important as pressure (or hype?) grows, both from within the Tasmanian Education Department as well as public pressure applied through government taxpayer funded policies, to use more and more technology as a primary method for delivering education to our children.

As bandwidth and transmission speeds increase and compression technologies become more sophisticated, new opportunities are emerging for the convergence of existing and new media in the learning environment. Digital technologies are the catalyst and the means for enormous changes in the way in which learning and teaching are conducted. They affect the knowledge, the information sources, and the interactions that underpin learning and teaching. They are reshaping the time, place, and pace of education. They have the potential to increase the accessibility of education to huge numbers of people.

What will this new E-learning environment in the information society look like? Will it be characterized by diversity, complexity, and flexibility? Lifelong learning is rapidly becoming a reality rather than an aspiration. The old distinctions between distance education and classroom teaching are rapidly fading, in order to create more flexible teaching and learning arrangements that move the focus from teaching to flexible learning.

Flexible learning aims to develop students' capabilities as information-literate lifelong learners, as well as their knowledge and skills in a variety of subject areas. It uses a rich array of resource-based learning techniques and project-based pedagogy to respond flexibly, in a multi-media environment, to the increasingly diverse backgrounds and motivations that learners bring to their study.
A wide variety of reports and research indicate that flexible E-learning is now a worldwide phenomenon, with long-term implications for all types of educational institutions. Traditional school-based approaches to teaching, on their own, cannot hope to meet such a demand. Alternatives based on digital technologies are essential, not optional. In this new E-learning environment, knowledge becomes a modularised product, giving learners unprecedented control over the content, place, time, and pace of their learning (Barker and Wendel, 2001).

The innovative insight offered by this somewhat voyeuristic presentation, based on real concerns of directly involved participants, will benefit decision-making processes of those who develop, create and disseminate education-based information, as well as adding reassurance to all those caught up in the hi-tech maelstrom of this new technology that they are not alone.


The objective of the present research is to investigate the effect of several risk factors including distraction conditions, driver as well as road environment characteristics on lateral position variability. For this purpose, a large driving simulator experiment was carried out, in which 95 participants from three different age groups were asked to drive under different types of distraction in different road and traffic conditions. To achieve the research objectives, generalized linear mixed models were implemented regarding standard deviation of lateral position as the data used in this research involve repeated observations from each individual trial (each driver completes six drives in rural and six drives in urban environment). Results indicate that several parameters are found to significantly affect lateral position variability including driver characteristics such as gender and age and area type. Regarding distraction cell phone use slightly increased lateral position variability indicating that drivers while talking and holding the cell phone find difficult to maintain the vehicle probably. distribution of driving trials is presented per area type and order of trials. It is shown that 95 participants started the experiment by driving in the first sessions in rural area. However, only 48 drivers managed to complete all 6 driving trials. The respective number is 41 regarding the 6 trials in urban area.


This paper addresses the problem of estimating and tracking human body keypoints in complex, multi-person video. We propose an extremely lightweight yet highly effective approach that builds upon the latest advancements in human detection [17] and video understanding [5]. Our method operates in two-stages: keypoint estimation in frames or short clips, followed by lightweight tracking to generate keypoint predictions linked over the entire video. For frame-level pose estimation we experiment with Mask R-CNN, as well as our own proposed 3D extension of this model, which leverages temporal information over small clips to generate more robust frame predictions. We conduct extensive ablative experiments on the newly released multi-person video pose estimation benchmark, PoseTrack, to validate various design choices of our model. Our approach achieves an accuracy of 55.2% on the validation and 51.8% on the test set using the Multi-Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) metric, and achieves state of the art performance on the ICCV 2017 PoseTrack keypoint tracking challenge [1].


The scaling behavior of large-p{sub {perpendicular}} hadron production in hadronic collisions is investigated. A significant deviation from the NLO QCD predictions is reported, especially at high values of x{sub {perpendicular}} = 2p{sub {perpendicular}}/{radical}s. In contrast, the prompt photon and jet production data prove in agreement with leading-twist expectations. These results are interpreted as coming from a non-negligible contribution of higher-twist processes, where the hadron is produced directly in the hard subprocess. Predictions for scaling exponents at RHIC are successfully compared to PHENIX preliminary measurements. We suggest to trigger on isolated large-p{sub {perpendicular}} hadron production to enhance higher-twist processes, and point that the use of isolated hadrons as a signal for new physics at colliders can be affected by the presence of direct hadron production processes.


Cache memories for dataflow machines are presented, and, in particular, four design principles for reducing the working set size of dataflow caches are introduced. They are (1) controlling the number of active state processes, (2) optimizing instruction addresses, (3) using a block-structured operand matching/waiting memory, and (4) making deterministic replacements. Based on these principles, instruction and operand caches are organized. A bypass control is also devised that enables cache block replacement to overlap with normal cache access. Miss ratio and performance of the caches are evaluated on a register transfer level simulator of a dataflow machine. The results show that the instruction cache of 1 k words and the operand cache of 2 k words achieve sufficiently low miss ratios. The bypass control compensates for the bandwidth of a narrow swapping channel to the extent that about eight dataflow processors with the caches can be integrated in an LSI chip. >


The role of context for family firms is important and is one facet of the space that family firms require to develop, survive and thrive (Seaman, 2012, 2013). The country in which the family firm is based is one important aspect of context, providing the business environment and influencing the environment in which the family grow and develop. This paper considers the role of context in understanding the development of family firms amongst the Asian community in Scotland. The businesses tend to be the result of post-1950 migration that are less likely than other forms of family business to have been passed on to a second or subsequent generation (Scottish Government, 2011). One outstanding question is the degree to which this dilemma influences the future strategies and indeed survival of the business. The literature around family businesses contains considerable evidence that family businesses desire succession but in many cases this does not translate easily to a coherent and ultimately successful succession plan. The succession paradox that appears to exist with South Asian family firms in Scotland may be that they often do not desire succession but may achieve succession by dint of the context in which they operate.


O'Donoghue D. and Gleave B. (2004) A note on methods for measuring industrial agglomeration, Reg. Studies 38, 419– 427. A range of quantitative techniques have been employed by researchers in economic geography and other social science disciplines for the purpose of measuring and spatially delimiting agglomerations of industrial activity. However, these techniques appear to have been applied with little consistency within the literature, particularly with regard to the use of arbitrary cut-off values for determining what level of industrial specialization defines an agglomeration. This paper proposes a new measure, the 'standardized location quotient', which recognizes agglomerations as being comprised of locations with statistically significant (rather then arbitrarily defined) location quotient values for the industry/activity under analysis. The use of the measure in delimiting spatial agglomerations within the UK business services sector, using recent employment and workplace data, is demonstrated.


Tourism industry is emerging as a new era, one of the main pillars of the economy, the business world. Many planners and policy makers in the development of the tourism industry as the main pillars of sustainable development are mentioned. In this direction, this research inspired by these changes and therefore Social indicators such as social capital, Sense of place, and so on programming using survey techniques And documentary studies and tools SWOT model quantitative and analytical approach but according to research, Customer has a shortcoming that needs to be revised and improved. These flaws are influenced by many factors come into existence This paper is concerned with the discovery of these factors and to measure their effectiveness Because of their final grade was determined by both the matrix is less than average results show that the average level was determined The management structure factors, the most effect on the tourism laws of failure, and then the content of the law enforcement agents are most effective. Therefore, if adopted and implemented strategies, especially efforts to achieve integrated management of tourism Laws can be achieved good results.


vs. Users of Motor Club and Travel Agents. Arch G. Woodside and Ilkka R. Ronkainen. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 7, no. 3, 1980, pp. 385-395. Department of Habitational Resources, University of WisconsinStout, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751. $7.50. The characteristics and travel behavior of 2,436 respondents are analyzed with respect to their use of planning assistance for vacation travel. Differences were detected among the three planning segments: selfplanners, motor-club users and travel-agent users, e.g., travel-agent users traveled more often by air and for multiple purposes. Substantial similarities were found between self-planners and motor-club users. In general, the use of professional planning assistance increased as the distance to be traveled increased. The findings support the development of specific marketing programs developed for the motor clubs and travel-agent users by destination managers. Money Illusion and Inflation Management in Tourism: The Hotel Industry Case. Avner Arbel and Paul Strebel. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 7, no. 3, 1980, pp. 395-405. Department of Habitational Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751. $7.50. Using regression analysis, this study examines the relationship between inflation, room rates, capacity utilization, and profitability in the hotel industry. The results show that room rates and nominal profits have been strongly related to inflation while occupancy rates and real profits have been independent of inflation over the 20-year period examined. Findings suggest general absence of money illusion, implying effective inflation management policies.


OBJECTIVES
This research tests hypotheses from equity theory and social integration theory regarding the effect of social relationships on depressive symptoms.

METHODS
The data are based on a representative sample of people aged 60 and older from southern Brazil. The baseline sample consists of 871 subjects interviewed in 1995. Among those baseline subjects, 551 responded in 1999. Cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariate regression models estimate the effect of two dimensions of social relationships (i.e., social exchanges and social integration) on depressive symptoms, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics.

RESULTS
The results indicate that unbalanced exchange increases depressive symptoms, and social integration decreases depressive symptoms. Specifically, older Brazilians who overbenefit or underbenefit from exchanges with relatives have more depressive symptoms than those with balanced exchanges. In addition, depressive symptoms are lower when an older adult who is receiving support is able to reciprocate. More intensive exchanges with relatives, being married, and satisfaction with family relationships decrease depressive symptoms, whereas living alone increases depressive symptoms.

DISCUSSION
The results highlight the relevance of social relationships to depressive symptoms among older Brazilians. In addition, the results indicate there is a nonlinear relationship between exchange balance and depressive symptoms in this population. The implications for policy are discussed.


In urban communities, there are often limited amounts of right-of-way available for establishing a large setback distance from the curb for fixed objects. Urban communities must constantly weigh the cost of purchasing additional right-of-way for clear zones against the risk of fixed object crashes. From 2004 to 2006, this type of crash on curbed roads represented 15% of all fatal crashes and 3% of all crashes in the state of Iowa. Many states have kept the current minimum AASHTO recommendations as their minimum clear zone standards; however, other states have decided that these recommendations are insufficient and have increased the required minimum clear zone distance to better suit the judgment of local designers. This report presents research on the effects of the clear zone on urban curbed streets. The research was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved a synthesis of practice that included a literature review and a survey of practices in jurisdictions that have developmental and historical patterns similar to those of Iowa. The second phase involved investigating the benefits of a 10 ft clear zone, which included examining urban corridors in Iowa that meet or do not meet the 10 ft clear zone goal. The results of this study indicate that a consistent fixed object offset results in a reduction in the number of fixed object crashes, a 5 ft clear zone is most effective when the goal is to minimize the number of fixed object crashes, and a 3 ft clear zone is most effective when the goal is to minimize the cost of fixed object crashes.


In November 2002, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops approved the Essential Norms for Diocesan/Eparchial Policies Dealing with Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priest or Deacons ("Norms") in response to allegations of sexual abuse of minors by Roman Catholic Church ("Church") officials. This Article examines the Norms on the basis of canonical traditions and the concepts, propositions, and positions contained with them. It strives to find the meaning of the individual norms within the broader context of the life and beliefs of the Church and its need to have structures that prevent corruption and promote healthy growth. The author argues that the Norms are not enough to bring local churches back to good health. Genuine healing can only come from the internal resources of the Church's body through a renewed vision of the Church as a community endowed with gifts which are authenticated and coordinated by the Church hierarchy.


Understanding the etiology of metastasis is very important in clinical perspective, since it is estimated that metastasis accounts for 90% of cancer patient mortality. Metastasis results from a sequence of multiple steps including invasion and migration. The early stages of metastasis are tightly controlled in normal cells and can be drastically affected by malignant mutations; therefore, they might constitute the principal determinants of the overall metastatic rate even if the later stages take long to occur. To elucidate the role of individual mutations or their combinations affecting the metastatic development, a logical model has been constructed that recapitulates published experimental results of known gene perturbations on local invasion and migration processes, and predict the effect of not yet experimentally assessed mutations. The model has been validated using experimental data on transcriptome dynamics following TGF-β-dependent induction of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in lung cancer cell lines. A method to associate gene expression profiles with different stable state solutions of the logical model has been developed for that purpose. In addition, we have systematically predicted alleviating (masking) and synergistic pairwise genetic interactions between the genes composing the model with respect to the probability of acquiring the metastatic phenotype. We focused on several unexpected synergistic genetic interactions leading to theoretically very high metastasis probability. Among them, the synergistic combination of Notch overexpression and p53 deletion shows one of the strongest effects, which is in agreement with a recent published experiment in a mouse model of gut cancer. The mathematical model can recapitulate experimental mutations in both cell line and mouse models. Furthermore, the model predicts new gene perturbations that affect the early steps of metastasis underlying potential intervention points for innovative therapeutic strategies in oncology.


The current research documented the processes and outcomes of an educational access program for women living in poverty at the individual and organizational level of analysis. The purpose of this study was to understand barriers, strategies to reduce barriers and outcomes achieved by a grassroots program: Supporting the University-Ready through Empowerment (SURE). The 12 participants consisted of three women learners of the SURE program, three SURE co-directors (including myself), three university partners and three community partners. Life narrative interviews were conducted with the learners with structured interviews conducted with all other informants. Additionally, focus groups were run with the SURE team (a team consisting of learners and directors), as well as a structured researcher journaling process. The findings address two separate research questions: What are the processes and outcomes of SURE at the (a) individual and (b) organizational level? At the individual level, barriers to the learners, direct and indirect strategies to reduce barriers, and outcomes (positive, negative and outcomes yet to be achieved) for the learners, family members and other women in the learners community were found. At the organizational level, barriers to the program, university, government and societal level were found with little focus on strategies to reduce barriers at this level. Within the organizational level, achieved outcomes and outcomes yet to be achieved are reported. The findings are interpreted through an empowerment lens utilizing current understanding of empowered and empowering individuals/organizations. The interrelations and connections between different levels of empowerment are explained using ecological and empowerment theory, and future research is proposed.


Accurate forecasts of infections for localized regions are valuable for policy making and medical capacity planning. Existing compartmental and agent-based models for epidemiological forecasting employ static parameter choices and cannot be readily contextualized, while adaptive solutions focus primarily on the reproduction number. The current work proposes a novel model-agnostic Bayesian optimization approach for learning model parameters from observed data that generalizes to multiple application-specific fidelity criteria. Empirical results point to the efficacy of the proposed method with SEIR-like models on COVID-19 case forecasting tasks. A city-level forecasting system based on this method is being used for COVID-19 response in a few impacted Indian cities.


The aim of this paper is to look at the deficiencies of the current Internet architecture, consider a deeper understanding on why the current architecture is failing to provide solutions and contrast the traditional beliefs on networking with new ones, coming from a network architecture based on the fundamentals. First, we briefly introduce the early history of packet-switched networking to provide the reader with background for the discussion that follows. We highlight the main issues that the current Internet faces and expose the architectural decisions that lead to these problems. Next, we present RINA (Recursive InterNetwork Architecture), a network architecture based on fundamentals among which is that networking is interprocess communication and only IPC. We show the fundamental principles from which RINA is derived, the core elements of the architecture and give a simple example of communication. The adoption of RINA as the architecture for the future networks would enable enhanced security, inherent support for quality of service, mobility, multi-homing, offer new market opportunities and decrease the complexity of the current technology by an order of magnitude.


This edited collection brings together essays presenting an interdisciplinary dialogue between theatre and performance and the fields of care ethics, care studies, health and social care. The book advances our understanding of performance as a mode of care, challenging existing debates in this area by re-thinking the caring encounter as a performed, embodied experience and interrogating the boundaries between care practice and performance. Through an examination of a wide range of different care performances drawn from interdisciplinary and international settings, the book interrogates how performance might be understood as caring or uncaring, careless or careful, and correlatively how care can be conceptualised as artful, aesthetic, authentic or even 'fake' and 'staged'. Drawing on interdisciplinary debates and discussion, the book considers how the field of performance and the aesthetic and ethico-political structures that determine its relationship with the social might be challenged by an examination of inter-human care. By placing socially-engaged performance in dialogue with theories and practices of care, the contributors consider how performance operates as a mode of caring for others and how debates between the theory and practice of care and performance making might foster a greater understanding of how the caring encounter is embodied and experienced.