Cryptosporidium is an Apicomplexa protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal illness in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Little is known of the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in fish. This study investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n=216) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) (n=13). Goldfish can be host to a range of Cryptosporidium sp. and research has shown that mullet has been host to genotype 3, therefore sampling from these breeds of fish could provide further characterisation. The fish were acquired from three sources in Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia; Vebas Aquarium (n=16), Water Garden Life fish farm (n=200) and a local bait shop in Fremantle (n=13). Intestines and stomachs were dissected and half kept for histology and the remaining half used for DNA extraction. All samples were initially screened at the 18S locus by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and positives further analysed by nested PCR and sequencing at the 18S and actin loci. Further subtyping was conducted on human-infectious species at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus. The overall prevalence by qPCR was 30.1% (69/229) (CI 24.2-36.1). Of these only 34 samples amplified at the 18S locus and 23 clean sequences were obtained, with the remaining 11 sequences exhibiting mixed chromatograms. At the actin locus, 6 samples were successfully amplified and 3 clean chromatograms were obtained. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis at the 18S locus identified C. parvum (n=2), C. hominis (n=10) and a novel species (n=11), which was identical to a novel genotype identified in a single isolate from a goldfish from a previous Honours project. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that this novel genotype was genetically distinct and most closely related to C. scopthalmi (10.4% genetic distance). At the actin locus, all three isolates sequenced belonged to the novel genotype, which again grouped with C. scopthalmi and exhibited 14.1% genetic distance at this locus. Subtyping of C. hominis and C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus was successful for 3 C. hominis isolates and all were typed as 1bA10G2, which is the main subtype involved in human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. Unfortunately, the parasite could not be identified in histological sections, which may be due to the patchy distribution of Cryptosporidium infections and rapid tissue autolysis. This is the first characterisation of the novel genotype at the actin locus and provides further support for its species status. The identification of human-infectious species in these fish is of public health concern as it may enable control of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks. Future research should focus on analysis of a wider range of fish species as well as clinical signs and histology to better understand the host range and pathogenicity of the novel genotype and the prevalence of human-infectious species in fish.


Music is a widely enjoyed human experience. It is, therefore, natural that we have wanted to describe, document, analyse and, somehow, grasp it in language. This book surveys a representative selection of musical concepts in Chinese language, i.e. words that describe, or refer to, aspects of Chinese music. Important as these musical concepts are in the language, they have been in wide circulation since ancient times without being subjected to any serious semantic analysis. The current study is the first known attempt at analysing these Chinese musical concepts linguistically, adopting the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach to formulate semantically and cognitively rigorous explications. Readers will be able to better understand not only these musical concepts but also significant aspects of the Chinese culture which many of these musical concepts represent. This volume contributes to the fields of cognitive linguistics, semantics, music, musicology and Chinese studies, offering readers a fresh account of Chinese ways of thinking, not least Chinese ways of viewing or appreciating music. Ultimately, this study represents trailblazing research on the relationship between language, culture and cognition.


Follow-ups have been often considered a primarily dialogic/conversational phenomenon. In this chapter I demonstrate that the concept of the follow-up could be extended to cover monologic discourses as well, especially those in which the speaker realizes a macro-goal over a number of texts produced in different contextual conditions. These dynamically evolving conditions make the speaker – as happens in dialogue – continually update and redefine her rhetorical choices to maintain realization of the macro-goal intact. Such an approach subsumes a 'dialogic' relation between the speaker and the shifting discourse context – rather than between the speaker and her specific interlocutor – and views follow-up as an instance of rhetoric that has been forcibly modified from the previous/initial instance, to keep enacting the speaker's macro-goal against requirements of the new context. As an illustration, I show how monologic follow-ups work in G.W. Bush's War-on-Terror discourse. In particular, I discuss how the macro-goal of Bush's 2003-04 rhetoric of the Iraq War (legitimization of the pre-emptive military strike and the later US involvement) has been maintained in the 'follow-up discourse' responding to loss of the initial legitimization premise, i.e. the alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction by the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein.


The paper deals with adaptive LQ cascade control design of a tubular chemical reactor with an exothermic consecutive reaction. The control is performed in primary and secondary control-loops where the primary controlled output of the reactor is the concentration of a main reaction product and the secondary output is the mean temperature of the reactant. A common control input is the coolant flow rate. The controller in the primary control-loop is a nonlinear P-controller with the gain calculated using simulated or measured steady-state characteristics of the reactor. The controller in the secondary control-loop is a LQ adaptive controller. The proposed method is verified by control simulations.


Background. Vascular and bleeding complications remain important complications in patients undergoing percutaneous transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TF-TAVI). Platelets play an important role in bleeding events. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation. The objective of this study was to assess whether low MPV is an indicator of major vascular and bleeding complications following TF-TAVI. Methods. A retrospective cohort study of 330 subjects undergoing TF-TAVI implantation was performed. The primary study endpoint was the occurrence of combined safety endpoint (CSEP); secondary endpoints included major vascular complications and life-threatening bleeding. Endpoints were defined according to Valve Academic Research Consortium 2. Results. The CSEP at 30 days was reached in 30.9%; major vascular complications were observed in 14.9% while life-threatening bleeding occurred in 20.6%. Logistic Euroscore and MPV were independent predictors of CSEP. Predictors of vascular complications were female sex, previous myocardial infarction, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and MPV while predictors of life-threatening bleeding were peripheral arterial disease, RDW, and MPV. Conclusion. A low baseline MPV was shown for the first time to be a significant predictor of CSEP, major vascular complications, and life-threatening bleeding following TF-TAVI.


Arranging characters and strings in order of representation codes is not suitable for application programming. Even when character ordering is logical, the usual filing of words in dictionaries does not correspond with the mathematical lexicographic ordering of strings, but some equivalence relation on characters is involved. As a solution to this problem, we propose a generic package. The paper also explains the theory behind the solution. Some definitions of classical mathematics are recalled in the appendix.


This paper describes a didactic application that is part of a research project whose main aim is to develop a computer-aided system which will assist design and construction processes. It is based on the visual simulation of construction activities. Geometric modelling and virtual reality techniques are used in the visualization of the design process and to define user-friendly interfaces in order to access construction information, which could prove useful to Civil Engineering professionals. As a first step, was developed a prototype that serves as a didactic tool for Civil Engineering students of disciplines concerned with building construction. The construction of a double brick wall is the case studied. The wall is defined as a three-dimensional model formed with the several components needed to edify it. Using the wall's virtual model it is possible to show, in an interactive way, the sequence of the construction process and observe from any point of view the configurations in detail of the building components. This is then a didactic tool application in construction processes domain of great interest to Civil Engineering students.


A lithofacies code developed for diamicts emphasizes facies variability in the classic upper Pleistocene glaciogenic sequence at Scarborough Bluffs, Ontario, Canada. Lithological breaks along the bluffs are traditionally assigned to incursions of grounded ice margins and to interstadial lakes formed during ice retreat, during the Early and Middle Wisconsin. Detailed sedimentological logging through three diamict units (previously formalized as Sunnybrook, Seminary, and Meadowcliffe Tills) and intervening sandy lithofacies shows absence of glaciotectonic structures and diamicts associated with grounded glacier ice, traction-current activity during diamict accumulation, postdepositional resedimentation of diamicts into topographic lows accompanied by turbidite activity, a subaqueous deltaic origin for intervening sandy lithofacies, and loaded, transitional, and interbedded contacts between sand and diamict. The Scarborough Bluffs sequence may be the preserved bottom stratigraphy of a large lake. The bottom stratigraphy results from repeated basinward progradation of deltaic sandy lithofacies over glaciolacustrine diamicts deposited below floating ice, whether ice shelf, ramp, bergs, or lake ice. A facies model is presented for glaciolacustrine diamict deposition on the floors of enlarged Pleistocene lakes trapping substantial volumes of fine-grained suspended sediment.


There is a growing awareness that high quality of data is a key to today's business success and that dirty data existing within data sources is one of the causes of poor data quality. To ensure high quality data, enterprises need to have a process, methodologies and resources to monitor, analyze and maintain the quality of data. Nevertheless, research shows that many enterprises do not pay adequate attention to the existence of dirty data and have not applied useful methodologies to ensure high quality data for their applications. One of the reasons is a lack of appreciation of the types and extent of dirty data. In practice, detecting and cleaning all the dirty data that exists in all data sources is quite expensive and unrealistic. The cost of cleaning dirty data needs to be considered for most of enterprises. This problem has not attracted enough attention from researchers. In this paper, a rule-based taxonomy of dirty data is developed. The proposed taxonomy not only provides a mechanism to deal with this problem but also includes more dirty data types than any of existing such taxonomies.


In current windowing environments, individual windows are treated independently, making it difficult for users to coordinate information across multiple windows. While coordinated multi-window strategies are increasingly used in visualization and web user interfaces, designs are inflexible and haphazard. The space of such linkedwindow strategies is not well understood and largely unexplored. This paper presents a taxonomy of coordinations, identifies important components, and reviews example interfaces. This 2x3 taxonomy provides guidelines for designers of applications, user interface toolkits, and window managers. We hope to encourage construction of generalized, end-user programmable, robust, multiple-window coordination capabilities.


People behave pro-socially in a wide variety of situations that standard economic theory is unable to explain. Social comparison is one explanation for such pro-social behavior: people contribute if others contribute or cooperate as well. This paper tests social comparison in a field experiment at the University of Zurich. Each semester every single student has to decide whether he or she wants to contribute to two Social Funds. We provided 2500 randomly selected students with information about the average behavior of the student population. Some received the information that a high percentage of the student population contributed, while others received the information that a relatively low percentage contributed. The results show that people behave pro-socially, conditional on others. The more others cooperate, the more one is inclined to do so as well. The type of person is important. We are able to fix the i?½typesi?½ by looking at revealed past behavior. Some persons seem to care more about the pro-social behavior of others, while other i?½typesi?½ are not affected by the average behavior of the reference group.


The paper discusses M2M communications standards for smart metering. One of the our goals is to show the failures of ETSI standartization process for M2M communications. Our paper proposes some extesions to ETSI standards. At the first hand, it is M-Bus protocol and Open Metering System based on M-Bus. The paper shows how to estimate wireless M-bus throughput and how to avoid collisions. After analysis of Open API for M2M, submitted to ETSI, we propose a new approach in the client-side web development - Web Intents. The main goal for our suggestions is to simplify the development phase for new applications by support asynchronous calls and JSON versus XML for data exchange.


Iconoclastic discourse, as a critique of 'idols' of various kinds, has been appropriated by a range of different thinkers and traditions – often not always explicitly religious – throughout history. One of the more recent targets of iconoclasm is metaphysics, understood as a way of doing philosophy that appeals to an ideal or transcendent ground that is used to offer a totalising explanation of 'reality'. For some reason, the issue of 'metaphysical idolatry' has become entangled with the problem of 'writing', or 'representation' more generally, which is pictured in some rather strange ways by a range of thinkers and theorists – including philosophers and theologians such as Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Marion, and Catherine Pickstock – in order to either challenge, or to be held accountable for, the 'idolatry' of metaphysical thought. It seems, however, that these strange pictures of writing compound rather than solve the problem of metaphysics, and it is towards pictures such as these that we direct our own iconoclastic critique. What many critics of metaphysics have failed to comprehend, we argue, is that metaphysics is a certain type of philosophical practice, and it must therefore be judged from this perspective. Idolatry itself has, since biblical times, been understood as a form of sinful practice, and unless we understand iconoclastic problems in a praxeological way, we risk basing our critical arguments on delusional assumptions. We turn to the work of thinkers as diverse as Marx, Wittgenstein, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Ryle, Bourdieu, Ingold, and others, who have challenged metaphysics, and the strange pictures that metaphysical thought has inspired, through the adoption of what we call a praxeological approach. It is from this perspective, we argue, that we can make iconoclastic judgements, and justify these judgements, in a way that avoids the speculative conundrums of some other more problematic approaches.


The African painted dog (Lycaon pictus) is a highly endangered carnivore of sub- Saharan Africa, which in the last century has suffered a population decline of almost 99%. With only 3,000-5,500 animals remaining in the wild it is imperative to understand all threatening processes to which these animals may be exposed. The impact that parasites and other infectious agents have on wildlife has been increasingly recognized within conservation programs. Stressors such as human encroachment and habitat destruction are altering the incidence and effect that these pathogens have on wildlife populations, especially those endangered and under stress.

A parasitological study was conducted on captive and wild populations of the African painted dog over a three year period. Collaborations with three captive animal facilities and three in situ conservation groups within Africa allowed for a broad sample base from which variation in parasite prevalence and diversity could be identified. A combination of traditional microscopy techniques and molecular characterisation of parasite species were employed to obtain comprehensive data on the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites observed in faecal samples collected from painted dogs.

Parasite prevalence within wild populations was 99% with a similar parasite community composition observed among all three wild populations. Five of the seven parasite genera observed in this study have not been reported before in this host. Additionally, molecular characterisations identified the potentially zoonotic species Giardia duodenalis, Ancylostoma braziliense and an ambiguous species of taeniid, all of which have also not been previously reported in this host.

The prevalence of parasites within captive populations was 15% with Giardia duodenalis being the dominant of the only two parasite species observed. The overall lack of prevalence and diversity of parasites observed in captive populations could be of significance for facilities involved in reintroduction programs. Particularly as immunologically naive captive animals may be unable to cope with exposure to a 'natural' parasite load in the wild environment, leading to an ultimate decrease in reintroduction success.

 Gastrointestinal parasites detected in faecal samples from wild and captive populations of the African painted dog during this study
Parasite Taxon observed

Wild Captive
Taeniid Giardia
Ancylostoma Spirometra
Spirometra
Giardia
Coccidia
Sarcocystis
Filaroides

This study has obtained detailed baseline data of parasitism within populations of the African painted dog in captive and wild environments. The large proportion of new discoveries in this study demonstrates the paucity of information currently available on parasitism within this host species. It is hoped this information will assist in conservation efforts by a) recognising the challenges of parasite control in captive populations, particularly those involved in reintroduction and/or translocation programs, and b) being able to identify deviations from baseline parasite levels in wild populations which could be indications for emerging exotic and/or zoonotic disease.


An experiment to study and to build a mathematical model to reproduce the behavior of nitrogen in a residential wastewater treatment process was performed. A pilot unit receiving grey and black water was used. The pilot consisted in a septic tank followed by a fixed-film, partly aerated bioreactor with effluent recirculation operated under two different scenarios: normal operating conditions and increased influent flow. Modeling was performed with the GPS-X™ software. Following a sensitivity analysis, the model was calibrated by comparing results from the pilot experiment and those of the simulation predictions. Obtained results show that the studied pilot unit is able to eliminate most of the ammonia contained in the influent, except for days with exceptionally high influent concentrations. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) reduction is also near complete and a partial denitrification is present. The calibrated model shows a good agreement with results obtained in the pilot unit, although work remains to be done for nitrates. Modeling of residential wastewater treatment appears to be a useful tool for understanding, optimizing and predicting the expected performances of such a system.


An example-based approach leads you step-by-step through the implementation and customization of each library component and its associated resources in turn. To emphasize the way that jQuery UI takes the difficulty out of user interface design and implementation, each chapter ends with a 'fun with' section that puts together what you've learned throughout the chapter to make a usable and fun page. In these sections you'll often get to experiment with the latest associated technologies like AJAX and JSON. This book is for front-end designers and developers that need to quickly learn how to use the jQuery UI User Interface Library. To get the most out of this book you should have a good working knowledge of HTML, CSS and JavaScript, and will need to be comfortable using jQuery, the underlying foundation of jQuery UI.


Present research work was undertaken to investigate the root-knot formation in banana plant in University Campus, Karachi. The nematode was identified as meloidogyne javani- ca. Pathogenicity of this nematode to banana root was also studied in detail. The information on pathogenicity will help in controlling this parasite in banana and other plants and will in further research on this topic. As this problem is of great concern to the economy of the country. For this problem is of great concern to the economy of the country. For this purpose thick sections cut on a glass slide with sharp blade were prepared and mounted permanently in Canada balsam by using stsandard techniques which are described in material and methods

Scanning electron microscopy was also carried out to confirm the identification. For this purpose thick sections of infected banana roots were fixed in 4% gluteraldehyde for 24 hours, dehydrated with amyl acetate, after critical point drying mounted on stubs, coated with gold and photographs were taken on a Cambridge S 180 steroscan through the courtesy of EM. Unit British Museum (Natural History) Crom Well Road London, UK

The present specimens of M. Javanica characterized by possessing a papilla like structure at the lower margin of vulva. Lateral ridges reaching to tail terminus, rounded dorsal and ventral arches, striae bending towards vulval region. The ultrastreucture of head region confirms that the present specimens are similar to M. javanica as the medial lips and labial disc are fused together and form one smooth chitinous structure, almost as wide as head region in lateral view. The head is not distinctly set off from rest of the body

Gross morphology and productivity of banana plant was affected due to this infection. Yellowing of leaves, stunting reduced growth of plant and less fruit production was observed. Roots were galled, galls were either found individually or in clusters

Study of the sections of infected banana root with light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that severe damage was caused to the root tissue. Giant cell formation at the site of infection was a common finding. Cells along the pathway of migration of nematode were damaged, and canal leading to cavity was obvious. Cavity formation was observed in banana root due to this infection. Females were found inside the cavity close to which giant cells and damaged cells were observed. Xylem vessels were severely disturbed, surrounding cells become oblong, with outline of vessel cavity slightly irregular and abnormal structures occupying the vessel cavity


There is a large amount of conjecture surrounding the reliability of methods of balance assessment and the outcome variables used to assess balance in pediatric populations. There has also been limited research conducted on the balance ability of an athletic pediatric population, and the factors which may affect that ability. The purpose of this research is firstly to determine the reliability of postural sway measures used to assess balance including: average displacement of the centre of pressure in the mediolateral and anterior-posterior directions relative to both the centre of the plate and the centre of the base of support; peak to peak displacement in the mediolateral and anterior-posterior directions; total sway path length; average velocity; and, area of the 95th percentile ellipse. Secondly, this research will assess the influence of age, sex, leg dominance, body mass index, previous lower limb injury and sport participation specificity on static balance ability. A total of 85 subjects (44 males; 41 females) participated in this study. Each participant performed three trials of each condition in the following order: bilateral stance with eyes open, bilateral stance with eyes closed, left leg with eyes open, left leg with eyes closed, right leg with eyes open and right leg with eyes closed. Reliability of postural sway measures over the different conditions varied [Intratest Reliability: coefficient of variations (CV) = 2.13%115.90%; Test-retest reliability:% change in mean= 0.1%28.5%; CV = 2.44% 90.90%; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.140.89]. Total path length, average velocity, the average deviation of the mediolateral centre of pressure from the centre of the base of support and the average deviation of the anterior-posterior centre of pressure from the centre of the base of support were the most reliable measures both within and between tests. In terms of the second study girls were found to have significantly better balance ability during single leg stance than boys (p<0.05). Balance was shown to improve significantly with age from 12 and 13 years to 15 years old, during the right leg stance with eyes open condition. For the majority of conditions no significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant legs, subjects with and without recurrent injuries and subjects from different sports. The results of this study provide nonnative information for coaches, trainers and clinicians who work with athletic children.


The steady-state light-vs-pumping characteristic for lasers is modeled by a rate-equation and Fabry-Perot approach. It is found that the two models predict a similar dependence of the output power on pumping rate in the limit of vanishingly small gain and loss. It is also discovered that the Fabry-Perot result contains multiplicative factors which arise from an explicit consideration of the resonator. These factors are missing in the rate-equation analysis but can be included by redefining the equivalent cavity loss and scaling the spontaneous emission factor and gain in an appropriate fashion. The results of this investigation indicate that, for diode lasers, the Fabry-Perot approach to modeling the steady-state behavior should be preferred.


An increasing number of central banks implement monetary policy via a channel system or a floor system. We construct a general equilibrium model to study the properties of these systems. We find that a floor system is weakly optimal if and only if the target rate satisfies the Friedman rule. Unfortunately, the optimal floor system requires either transfers from the fiscal authority to the central bank or a reduction in seigniorage payments from the central bank to the government. This is the unpleasant fiscal arithmetic of a floor system. When the central bank faces financing constraints on its interest expense, we show that it is strictly optimal to operate a channel system.


This volume counters the widely accepted notion that traditional family patterns are weakened by forces such as economic development and social revolutions. China has experienced wrenching changes on both the economic and the political fronts, yet from the evidence presented here the tradition of filial respect and support for aging parents remains alive and well.Using collaborative surveys carried out in 1994 in the middle-sized industrial city of Baoding and comparative data from urban Taiwan, the authors examine issues shaping the relationships between adult Chinese children and their elderly parents. The continued vitality of intergenerational support and filial obligations in these samples is not simply an instance of strong Confucian tradition trumping powerful forces of change. Instead, and somewhat paradoxically, the continued strength of filial obligations can be attributed largely to the institutions of Chinese socialism forged in the era of Mao Zedong. With socialist institutions now under assault in the People's Republic of China, the future of intergenerational relations in the twenty-first century is once again uncertain.Martin K. Whyte is Professor of Sociology, Harvard University.


The income taxation of multistate businesses has created problems for tax administrators, primarily with regard to the question of how to divide the income taxation amongst the multiple states. To address this, the concepts of unitary business and formula apportionment have been created. However, the non-uniform state taxation practices create difficulties even with the existence of these concepts. Some states have adopted the Multistate Tax Compact, but for it to be completely effective there still must be a uniform view adopted on what constitutes a unitary business. This note examines the constitutional issues attendant to developing a standard definition of a unitary business, an in-depth analysis of the unitary business concept and its origins, and proposes a workable definition of a unitary business.


The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita [(Kofoid & White) Chitwood], causes serious economic losses to melon (Cucumis melo L.) production in the United States. The present study was conducted to determine if separable differences in nematode resistance of Cucumis melo could be found at some inoculum level. Five C. melo lines were compared with Cucumis metuliferus Naud. (C701A), a highly resistant species, for root necrosis, galling, egg mass production, and reproduction when inoculated at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, or 5000 nematode eggs per plant. Using these criteria, melon line C880 inoculated with 1000 eggs per plant was highly susceptible, while PI140471, PI183311, and the cultivars Chilton, Georgia 47, Gulf Coast, Planters Jumbo, and Southland were less susceptible. In greenhouse tests with an inoculum level of 1000 eggs per plant, low levels of resistance were evident. A thorough screening of the available germplasm against M. incognita may identify higher levels of root-knot nematode resistance for incorporation into improved melon cultivars.


One of the methods being considered at the Hanford site in the state of Washington for safely disposing of low‐level radioactive wastes (LLW) is to encase the waste in concrete and entomb the packages in the Hanford vadose zone sediments. The current plan for waste isolation consists of stacking low‐level waste packages on a trench floor, surrounding the stacks with reinforced steel, and encasing these packages with concrete. Any failure of the concrete encasement may result in water intrusion and consequent mobilization of radionuclides from the waste packages. The mobilized radionuclides may escape from the encased concrete by mass flow or diffusion and move into the surrounding subsurface sediments. It is therefore necessary to conduct an assessment of the performance of the concrete encasement structure and the surrounding soil's ability to retard radionuclide migration. Because of their anionic nature in aqueous solutions, the radionuclides, 99Tc and 129I were identified as long‐term dose contributors in LLW. The leachability or diffusion of these radionuclide species must be measured to assess the long‐term performance of waste grouts when contacted with vadose zone pore water or groundwater. To supplement the previously obtained data, a set of experiments were conducted using 99Tc‐spiked concrete (with 0 or 4% metallic Fe additions) in contact with Hanford soil at extremely low moisture content (~1% by mass). The 99Tc diffusion profiles in the soil half‐cells were measured after a time lapse of ~1.9 yr and the diffusion coefficient was calculated to be ~1.0 × 10−9 cm2 s−1.


Single cell transcriptomics provides a powerful discovery tool for identifying new cell types and functions as well as a means to probe molecular features of the etiology and treatment of human diseases, including cancer. However, such analyses are limited by the difficulty of isolating mRNA from single cells within biological samples. We recently introduced a photochemical method for isolating mRNA from single living cells, Transcriptome In Vivo Analysis (TIVA). The TIVA probe is a "caged" polyU : polyA oligonucleotide hairpin designed to enter live tissue, where site-specific activation with 405 nm laser reveals the polyU-biotin strand to bind mRNA in a target cell, enabling subsequent mRNA isolation and sequencing. The TIVA method is well suited for analysis of living cells in resected tissue, but has not yet been applied to living cells in whole organisms. Adapting TIVA to this more challenging environment requires a probe with higher thermal stability, more robust caging, and greater nuclease resistance. In this paper we present modifications to the original TIVA probe with multiple aspects of enhanced stability. These newer probes utilize an extended 22mer polyU capture strand with two 9mer polyA blocking strands ("22/9/9") for higher thermal stability pre-photolysis and improved mRNA capture affinity post-photolysis. The "22/9/9 GC" probe features a terminal GC pair to reduce pre-photolysis interactions with mRNA by more than half. The "PS-22/9/9" probe features a phosphorothioated backbone, which extends serum stability from <1 h to at least 48 h, and also mediates uptake into cultured human fibroblasts.


The use of stable isotope analysis to study animal diets requires estimates of isotopic turnover rates (half time, t50) and discrimination factors (Δ) for an accurate interpretation of trophic patterns. The stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were analysed for eggs and reared larvae of Thunnus thynnus, as well as for the different diets supplied during the experiment. The results showed high values of δ15N in eggs and larvae (n=646) until 4 DAH. After this time lapse, the stable isotope values declined progressively until 12 DAH, when notochord flexion began. The δ13C showed an inverse trend, suggesting that maternal inheritance of the stable isotopes is evident until pre-flexion stages. This study proposes a model for estimating maternal isotopic signatures of bluefin broodstock. After notochord flexion, larvae were fed with aquaculture-bred gilthead seabream, which resulted in a rapid increase of bluefin larvae δ15N values together with a rapid decrease in δ13C values. The estimated nitrogen half-time to reach the steady state from the diet was 2.5±0.3 days and the discrimination factor was 0.4±0.3(‰). These results represent the first data set that has allowed isotopic nitrogen turnover rates and discrimination factors of the larval stages of bluefin tuna to be estimated.


Pre-packaged curriculum resources that are purportedly designed to support teachers to deliver physical education in primary school settings have become prolific internationally. While both teachers and teacher educators use curriculum resources extensively, there has been little exploration into the effectiveness of resources in supporting teacher learning. The use of curriculum resources in one PD programme is used to illustrate the extent to which resources mediate teacher learning, acting as enablers and limiters for changing teacher practice, potentially both reskilling and deskilling teachers. The design and use of curriculum materials needs to be re-imagined in order to better support teacher learning.


Endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are implicated as important contributors to cerebral vascular regulation through nitric oxide (NO). However, direct in vivo measurements of NO in the brain have not been used to dissect their relative roles, particularly as related to oxygenation of brain tissue. We found that, in vivo, rat cerebral arterioles had increased NO concentration ([NO]) and diameter at reduced periarteriolar oxygen tension (Po(2)) when either bath oxygen tension or arterial pressure was decreased. Using these protocols with highly selective blockade of nNOS, we tested the hypothesis that brain tissue nNOS could donate NO to the arterioles at rest and during periods of reduced perivascular oxygen tension, such as during hypotension or reduced local availability of oxygen. The decline in periarteriolar Po(2) by bath manipulation increased [NO] and vessel diameter comparable with responses at similarly decreased Po(2) during hypotension. To determine whether the nNOS provided much of the vascular wall NO, nNOS was locally suppressed with the highly selective inhibitor N-(4S)-(4-amino-5-[aminoethyl]aminopentyl)-N'-nitroguanidine. After blockade, resting [NO], Po(2), and diameters decreased, and the increase in [NO] during reduced Po(2) or hypotension was completely absent. However, flow-mediated dilation during occlusion of a collateral arteriole did remain intact after nNOS blockade and the vessel wall [NO] increased to approximately 80% of normal. Therefore, nNOS predominantly increased NO during decreased periarteriolar oxygen tension, such as that during hypotension, but eNOS was the dominant source of NO for flow shear mechanisms.


We tested the hypothesis that coral assemblages along the Florida reef tract have recently become more biologically homogeneous than they were in the past. We used a database that consisted of a probabilistic, 2 stage, stratified-random survey design to assess the condition of stony corals every summer from 2005 to 2010. At each of the 1176 sites in 9 putative subregions, examined over the 6 yr period, all coral colonies >4 cm were identified to species and their dia - meters were measured within replicated 10 m 2 belt transects. This approach provided detailed spatial information on the species composition and size-frequency distributions of coral assem- blages. Coral assemblages showed a nested relationship, decreasing in diversity and abundance north of 25° 40' N. A comparison with previous studies suggested that major declines in recent decades in the primary reef-building corals Acropora palmata, Acropora cervicornis, and Montas- traea spp. have homogenized assemblages across depths and reef zones. Of the 9 putative subre- gions, 6 were found to be redundant on the basis of coral composition. Florida's reefs currently support a simpler coral assemblage than they did in the past, dominated by a small number of eurytopic, generalist species. The assemblages may be more stable now than during the previous several decades, but there has been a fundamental change in their composition and function. Through loss of the dominant reef-building coral species, the reefs of the Florida reef tract have lost the capacity to construct reef framework.


The 'Participatory Arts and Social Action in Research' (2016-2017) (PASAR) project explores how participatory theatre and walking methods help to understand the ways in which migrant families, some of whom with limited English language knowledge, construct their sense of belonging and social participation as a citizenship practice. It is not within the scope of the toolkit to report back in detail on this research project, but rather we use the toolkit to provide examples and give a detailed idea of how these methods can be used for research.

The PASAR project originated out of the need for the U.K. social science community to gain a better understanding of how participatory action approaches can engage marginalised groups in research that co-produces knowledge.

Funded by the National Centre for Research Methods / Economic and Social Research Council, the PASAR project (http://fass.open.ac.uk/research/projects/pasar) explores how walking methods and participatory theatre creates a space for exploring, sharing and documenting processes of belonging and place-making that are crucial to understanding and enacting citizenship.

Participatory Action Research, based on the principles of inclusion, valuing all voices and action-oriented interventions (O'Neill and Webster 2005) allows for engaging marginalised groups in research as a citizenship practice.

We are, in the U.K., experiencing a widening of inequalities. This includes material inequalities, but also of inequalities of social recognition and access to decision making. It is in this context that participatory action research (PAR) is particularly needed to more effectively engage, recognise and include marginalised groups in the research process (Luff et al. 2015).

The benefits of a PAR approach include contesting existing ways of knowing, producing new knowledge with marginalised groups, and connecting to new publics, such as academics, policy makers and practitioners. PAR serves to raise awareness, challenge stereotypes and produce better knowledge and understanding and contribute to developing action, practice and policy for social justice (O'Neill and Webster 2005; O'Neill 2017; Erel at el 2017; Reynolds et al 2017; Kaptani 2018). Moreover, using participatory arts methods in research enables participants to express themselves through creative means, beyond language. This contributes to developing action, practice and policy for social justice.


What does Walter Mondale's career reveal about the dilemma of the modern Democtratic party and the crisis of postwar American liberalism? Steven M. Gillon 's answer is that Mondale's frustration as Jimmy Carter's vice president and his failure to unseat the immensely popular President Reagan in 1984 reveal the beleaguered state of a party torn apart by generational and ideological disputes. The Democrats' Dilemma begins with Mondale's early career in Minnesota politics, from his involvement with Hubert Humphrey to his election to the United States Senate in 1964. Like many liberals of his generation, Mondale traveled to Washington hopeful that government power could correct social wrongs. By 1968, urban unrest, a potent white backlash, and America's involvement in the Vietnam war dimmed much of his optimisim. In the years after 1972, as senator, as vice president, and as presidential candidate, Mondale self-conciously attempted to fill the void after the death of Robert Kennedy. Mondale attempted to create a new Democratic party by finding common ground between the party's competeing factions. Gillon contends that Mondale's failure to create that consensus underscored the deep divisions within the Democratic Party. Using previously classified documents, unpublished private papers, and dozens of interviews -including extensive conversations with Mondale himself- Gillon paints a vivid portrait of the innerworkings of the Carter administration. The Democrats' Dilemma captures Mondale's frustration as he attempted to mediate between the demands of liberals intent upon increased spending for social programs and the fiscal conservatism of a president unskilled in the art of congressional diplomacy. Gillon discloses the secret revelation that Mondale nearly resigned as vice president. Gillon also chronicles Mondale's sometimes stormy relationships with Jesse Jackson, Gary Hart, and Geraldine Ferraro. Eminently readable and a means of access to a major twentieth-century political figure, The Democrats' Dilemma is a fascinating look at the travail of American liberalism.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of a management orientation program and to examine existing management orientation programs in order to make recommendations for the administration of such a program at St. Clare's Mercy Hospital. The model utilized for this study was the human resource model as delineated by Ubben and Hughes (1987). -- The population for this study included all managers at St. Clare's Mercy Hospital in St. John's, Newfoundland who were administered a questionnaire. Data were also obtained by conducting structured interviews with managers from four well-recognized organizations and through on-the-job observations. Additionally, informal discussions held with various managers throughout the internship and an extensive review of the literature provided valuable insights and information utilized in compiling data and drawing conclusions in this study. -- Information obtained from questionnaires and interviews allowed the researcher to answer the following research questions: -- 1. Are orientation programs beneficial in easing the transition of the new manager into the corporate role? -- 2. What are the benefits of a management orientation program to organizations? -- 3. What is the administrator's role in design and implementation of a management orientation program? -- 4. What are the senior manager's responsibilities within a management orientation program? -- 5. What changes must be made in an existing hospital setting to effectively operationalize a management orientation program? -- 6. Is there a need for a management orientation program at St. Clare's Mercy Hospital? -- 7. What type of management orientation program exists in the particular organization visited? -- Data were examined and displayed through frequency distributions and percentages. The overall findings indicated that management orientation programs are beneficial in easing the transition of the new manager into the corporate role. Specific benefits were delineated and the administrator and senior manager's roles were also addressed. -- Among the recommendations made was that consideration should be given to the development of a formalized management orientation program for St. Clare's Mercy Hospital and that an appropriate model to meet the needs and situations of new managers be selected or designed.


Plants are under constant attack by pathogens, but successful infections are more exception than rule. Plants use their defense system to fend off many attackers. On the other hand, they also contain so-called susceptibility genes (S genes), that facilitate or support the infection process. Impairment of S genes can lead to loss of susceptibility. Two groups of S gene-encoded proteins can be distinguished: negative regulators of defense and susceptibility factors. DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANT 6 (DMR6) and its paralog DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1 (DLO1) belong to the group of negative regulators of defense. dmr6 and dlo1 mutants are enhanced resistant to the downy mildew causing oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), due to their increased levels of salicylic acid (SA). A dmr6-3 dlo1 double mutant shows much higher levels of SA than the single mutants, indicating partial redundancy between DMR6 and DLO1. DMR6 and DLO1 differ in their spatial expression pattern in downy mildew-infected Arabidopsis leaves; DMR6 is mostly expressed in cells that are in contact with hyphae and haustoria of H. arabidopsidis, while DLO1 is expressed mainly in the vascular tissues near infection sites. We conclude that DMR6 and DLO1 redundantly suppress plant immunity, but also have distinct activities as a result of their differential localization of expression. Plant metabolite analysis showed that DMR6 and DLO1 hydroxylate SA at the 5- and 3-position of the aromatic ring of this phenolic acid, respectively. While dmr6 and dlo1 mutant plants accumulate SA, overexpression lines of DMR6 and DLO1 have reduced levels of SA, but high levels of the enzyme products 2,5- and 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHBA), respectively. One amino acid in the otherwise conserved proposed substrate-binding pocket differs between DMR6 (Tyr) and DLO1 (Phe), and their respective orthologs. However, this amino acid difference appeared not to be responsible for the difference in position of hydroxylation on the aromatic ring of SA mediated by DMR6 and DLO1. The difference in biological activity between DMR6 and DLO1 seems mostly determined by their promoters and not by the products of their enzymatic activity. We conclude that DMR6 and DLO1 control activated plant immunity by lowering SA levels through hydroxylation. In a second research line, I searched for novel susceptibility genes, required for infection of Arabidopsis with the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Screening of EMS-mutagenized plants, in a highly susceptible genetic background, led to the identification of 32 P. capsici-resistant mutants. The genomes of the mutants were sequenced and analyzed to detect recessive mutations in the coding sequences of all Arabidopsis genes. When focusing on non-synonymous mutations in coding sequences, we identified 98-259 mutated genes per mutant. A shortlist was made with candidate genes that were mutated in three or more mutants. Validation of the candidate genes is currently being performed by sequencing the corresponding mutations in resistant plants of BC1S2 populations. The resulting candidate Arabidopsis S genes will form the basis for translational research to obtain disease resistant crops. The application of S genes in resistance breeding can contribute to future food security and sustainable agriculture.


This paper presents a partial equilibrium simulation analysis of EU sugar market reforms with a version of the European Simulation Model (ESIM) addressing three issues: preferential EU imports are a function of the price differential between world market and EU price, EU supply functions are estimated based on FADN data, and the production of bioethanol in the EU and the rest of the world is taken into account as an important component in sugar beet and sugar cane demand. It is found that the current sugar market reform including the restructuring process until the end of 2007 is sufficient to allow the EU to comply with its WTO commitments only very narrowly. EU sugar supply is simulated to decrease from roughly 19 million tons in the base period to 15.5 million tons by 2015 and the EU price remains at a level of about 450 €/t and thus significantly above the reference price. In case of full liberalization production in the EU is projected to decrease to 7.5 million tonnes by 2015.


SUMMARY 1. Human use of land and water resources modifies many streamflow characteristics, which can have significant ecological consequences. Streamflow and invertebrate data collected at 111 sites in the western U.S.A. were analysed to identify streamflow characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and variation) that are probably to limit characteristics of benthic invertebrate assemblages (abundance, richness, diversity and evenness, functional feeding groups and individual taxa) and, thus, would be important for freshwater conservation and restoration. Our analysis investigated multiple metrics for each biological and hydrological characteristic, but focuses on 14 invertebrate metrics and 13 streamflow metrics representing the key associations between streamflow and invertebrates. 2. Streamflow is only one of many environmental and biotic factors that influence the characteristics of invertebrate assemblages. Although the central tendency of invertebrate assemblage characteristics may not respond to any one factor across a large region like the western U.S.A., we postulate that streamflow may limit some invertebrates. To assess streamflow characteristics as limiting factors on invertebrate assemblages, we developed a nonparametric screening procedure to identify upper (ceilings) or lower (floors) limits on invertebrate metrics associated with streamflow metrics. Ceilings and floors for selected metrics were then quantified using quantile regression. 3. Invertebrate assemblages had limits associated with all streamflow characteristics that we analysed. Metrics of streamflow variation at daily to inter-annual scales were among the most common characteristics associated with limits on invertebrate assemblages. Baseflow recession, daily variation and monthly variation, in streamflow were associated with the largest number of invertebrate metrics. Since changes in streamflow variation are often a consequence of hydrologic alteration, they may serve as useful indicators of ecologically significant changes in streamflow and as benchmarks for managing streamflow for ecological objectives. 4. Relative abundance of Plecoptera, richness of non-insect taxa and relative abundance of intolerant taxa were associated with multiple streamflow metrics. Metrics of sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), and intolerant taxa generally had ceilings associated with flow metrics while metrics of tolerant taxa, non-insects,


Basal ecosystem respiration rate (BR), the ecosystem respiration rate at a given temperature, is a common and important parameter in empirical models for quantifying ecosystem respiration (ER) globally. Numerous studies have indicated that BR varies in space. However, many empirical ER models still use a global constant BR largely due to the lack of a functional description for BR. In this study, we redefined BR to be ecosystem respiration rate at the mean annual temperature. To test the validity of this concept, we conducted a synthesis analysis using 276 site‐years of eddy covariance data, from 79 research sites located at latitudes ranging from ∼3°S to ∼70°N. Results showed that mean annual ER rate closely matches ER rate at mean annual temperature. Incorporation of site‐specific BR into global ER model substantially improved simulated ER compared to an invariant BR at all sites. These results confirm that ER at the mean annual temperature can be considered as BR in empirical models. A strong correlation was found between the mean annual ER and mean annual gross primary production (GPP). Consequently, GPP, which is typically more accurately modeled, can be used to estimate BR. A light use efficiency GPP model (i.e., EC‐LUE) was applied to estimate global GPP, BR and ER with input data from MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications) and MODIS (Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). The global ER was 103 Pg C yr −1, with the highest respiration rate over tropical forests and the lowest value in dry and high‐latitude areas.


This study shows that, in the United States, the effects of monetary policy on credit and housing markets have become considerably stronger relative to the impact on GDP since the mid-1980s, while the effects on inflation have become weaker. Macroeconomic stabilization through monetary policy may therefore have become associated with greater fluctuations in credit and housing markets, whereas stabilizing credit and house prices may have become less costly in terms of macroeconomic volatility. These changes in the aggregate impact of monetary policy can be explained by several important changes in the monetary transmission mechanism and in the composition of macroeconomic and credit aggregates. In particular, the stronger impact of monetary policy on credit is driven by a much higher responsiveness of mortgage credit and a larger share of mortgages in total credit since the 1980s.


Formation waters from producing reservoirs in Paleozoic carbonates have been studied to determine the origin of brines on the eastern Central Basin platform in west Texas. Chemical and isotopic analyses of these waters indicate mixing of brines of quite different origins in the deep subsurface of the Permian basin. Formation waters from the middle Permian San Andres Formation at 1430 m (4700 ft) and from Devonian limestones at 3200 m (10,500 ft) have salinities of 26-59 g/L and dD-d18O values in the same range as modern precipitation and groundwater in the near-surface Ogallala aquifer. Na-Cl-Br concentrations and molar ratios show that the salinity of these waters was largely acquired through halite dissolution. Formation waters from Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian shelf limestones at 2600-3000 m (8500-9800 ft) are more saline (70-215 g/L) and apparently represent a mixture of two different fluids. One end member was highly saline, derived from seawater evaporated well beyond halite saturation, and the other end member was a moderately saline meteoric water similar to the San Andres and Devonian formation waters. Halite beds occur only in Upper Permian (upper Guadalupian and Ochoan) strata in this area; hence, extremely saline evaporated seawater apparently descended into the Paleozoic carbonates during halite deposition in the Late Permian, mixing with and displacing marine formation waters by buoyancy-driven convective flow. These modified evaporitic brines were the dominant fluids in the Paleozoic carbonates until the late Tertiary, when meteoric water began to flow into deeper Paleozoic strata from outcrops and near-surface aquifers in southeastern New Mexico in association with tectonic uplift that began at 5-10 Ma. The meteoric water dissolved halite and anhydrite from Permian evaporites near the basin margin and moved eastward along the regional hydraulic gradient, mixing with and displacing the modified evaporitic brine in deeper hydrogeologic systems. These late Cenozoic meteoric fluids probably are responsible for widespread biodegradation of oil in the San Andres/Grayburg interval. The results of this study indicate that meteoric waters can migrate large distances and displace saline waters deep in a basin that has numerous oil reservoirs that have solution-gas drive. Understanding the history of formation waters can assist in exploration and production through improved (1) interpretation of reservoir-rock diagenesis, (2) prediction of oil biodegradation and displacement, (3) understanding of subsurface water pressures, and (4) interpretation of hydrocarbon saturations from resistivity logs.


The standard approach to identifying second degree price discrimination is based on examining correlations between product menus and prices. When product menus are endogenous, however, tests for price discrimination may be biased by the fact that unobservables affecting costs or demand may jointly determine product menus and prices leading one to falsely infer price discrimination. Attempts to correct for this potential bias using observed product characteristics or fixed effects are shown to potentially confound inference on price discrimination leading one to reject it when firms are actually price discriminating. I propose a difference in differences type test that exploits the potential correlation between unobserved product attributes, product menus, and prices.


Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with abundant reports on its success as biological control agents of a variety of plant pathogens. Antagonistic assessment by dual culture technique showed that 18 out of 48 selected T. harzianum isolates successfully inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen Ganoderma boninense (isolate: PER71) at 47.86 to 72.06% with the strongest inhibitor exhibited by strain FA30. Eight samples produced effective volatile antifungal compounds which suppressed the growth of PER71 at 24.528 to 58.70 % over 6 days. When the 10 samples were assayed for the production of non-volatile antifungal compounds, whereby showed the inhibitory effects of 18.35 to 40.16% over 6 days. Strain FA30 was the best inhibitor isolate not only by dual culture inhibition technique, but was also the best producer of volatile and non-voltile inhibitor compounds, at 58.70 and 40.16% respectively. The identifications of species of Trichoderma worldwide are currently deduced from micro-morphological descriptions which is tedious and prone to error. This study undertook a molecular approach, using isozyme electrophoresis, random amplified microsatellite (RAMS) analysis and gene sequence of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA of selected Trichoderma isolates.
Electrophoretic variation of nine isozyme systems of 47 isolates from 3 species of Trichoderma namely, T. harzianum, T. aureoviride and T. longibrachiatum were studied. The UPGMA cluster analysis of the isozyme data showed the putatively identified T. harzianum to be distinctly separated from the outgroup sample of T. longibrachiatum, whereas T. aureoviride showed a closer genetic relationship to the T. harzianum populations. No distinct conclusion could be drawn from the dendrogram as the level of separation between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride and may not necessarily indicate a difference at the species level. A second molecular approach used was to extract DNA and characterise the sample for their Random Amplified Microsatelite DNA (RAMS) profile. The RAMS generated dendrogram showed that besides the distinct T. longibrachiatum, 2 other lineages were evident by UPGMA analysis. Again the level of taxonomic difference could not be determined. However, no clear separation was obtained by the dendrogram generated by the neighbor-joining (NJ).
The third approach was to putatively sequence the samples using the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the rDNA. The nucleotide sequences were multiple aligned and compared against the ex-type strains sequences from the NCBI and TrichoBLAST Genbank database. Results showed that 25 out of the 26 putatively identified T. harzianum were in agreement with the genome of the T. harzianum ex-type strain while the single exception belonged to T. virens instead. The 9 putative T. aureoviride were misidentifications where 7 were T. harzianum and 2 were T. virens based on the Genbank database. The single strain of T. longibrachiatum (IMI: 375055) was in agreement with the ex-type strain. This study showed that conventional identification of T. harzianum, despite being done under the best possible care and condition, can still lead to incorrect identifications. Molecular studies by isozyme analysis did not give confident level of separation at the species level. The dendrogram based on UPGMA from RAMS analysis supported the ITS 1 gene sequence analysis but it could not confirm the specific species level. The ITS 1 region study showed that the gene sequences of Trichoderma samples were the most accurate technique for identification, with a bootstrap stability at 100% and a homology of 98-100%.


Critics have not usually been very flattering in their judgment of John Nefastis, the inventor of the Maxwell's Demon machine in The Crying of Lot 49. Edward Mendelson thinks his science is "unbalanced," and regards "the whole effect" of Nefastis's description of his machine as "one of Blavatskian mumbo-jumbo" (Sacred 126, 129). Tony Tanner dismisses Nefastis as "a lunatic" who believes in "a crazy fantasy of his own making" (184). Katherine Hayles describes Nefastis's machine as "a demonic version of the two-cycle engine that drives the novel," and as "a demented attempt to escape universal heat death" (112, 113). Others draw attention to the implications of his name: "unholy, unclean, abominable" (Palmeri 982); "unspeakable to the gods" (Nicholson 101); "perhaps 'nefarious': … evil or impious" (Abernethy 25). Frank Palmeri also rather unkindly suggests that Nefastis's crewcut and Polynesian shirt identify him immediately as an "unmistakable science nerd" (982). Certainly the engineer's reference to "young stuff" and his inappropriate assumption that Oedipa is sexually available do not indicate a highly evolved consciousness.


The objective of this project was to determine the relationship between hibernacula microclimate and White-nose Syndrome (WNS), an emerging infectious disease in bats. Microclimate was examined on a species scale and at the level of the individual bat to determine if there was a difference in microclimate preference between healthy and WNS-affected little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and to determine the role of microclimate in disease progression. There is anecdotal evidence that colder, drier hibernacula are less affected by WNS. This was tested by placing rugged temperature and humidity dataloggers in field sites throughout the eastern USA, experimentally determining the response to microclimate differences in captive bats, and testing microclimate roosting preference. This study found that microclimate significantly differed from the entrance of a hibernaculum versus where bats traditionally roost. It also found hibernaculum temperature and sex had significant impacts on survival in WNSaffected bats. Male bats with WNS had increased survivability over WNS-affected female bats and WNS bats housed below the ideal growth range of the fungus that causes WNS, Geomyces destructans, had increased survival over those housed at warmer temperatures. The results from this study are immediately applicable to (1) predict which hibernacula are more likely to be infected next winter, (2) further our understanding of WNS, and (3) determine if direct mitigation strategies, such as altering the microclimate of mines, will be effective ways to combat the spread of the fungus.


Criminal law has long included far too many crimes of questionable merit — crimes of negligible wrongfulness, crimes that cause negligible harm, and crimes that require too little culpability on behalf of offenders. More recently, American criminal law in particular has imposed too much punishment — far more than it used to, far more than any other democratic nation. Douglas Husak's new book Overcriminalization offers an account of the normative parameters that should describe and limit criminal law, as well as a set of doctrines or tests for achieving those constraints. In this Review of Husak's book, I describe Husak's theory and explore why he directs his argument to legislatures, which caused most of the overcriminalization in the first place, rather than to courts. With respect to most pieces of the overcriminalization problem, I suggest he is probably right to do so, but for reasons other than those he implies. Legislatures are poor institutions for acting on principles that conflict with majority sentiments. Yet legislatures have a long track record of reducing overcriminalization as popular views change, and courts have contributed to that project largely only after legislatures have led the way. Moreover, debates leading to changes in criminal law have often occurred partially on terms Husak makes central to his thesis. Nonetheless, courts may be the better — if still faint — hope for moderating policies of overpunishment, which so far legislatures have largely proven unable to address.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Among patients on hemodialysis, pruritus has been associated with poorer mental and physical quality of life, sleep quality, depression, and mortality. We evaluated patients with nondialysis CKD to describe the prevalence of pruritus, identify associated factors, and investigate associations with patient-reported outcomes.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Using cross-sectional data from patient questionnaires in the CKD Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDopps), we asked patients with CKD stages 3-5 (nondialysis) from the United States, Brazil, and France to identify how much they were bothered by pruritus. Response options ranged from "not at all" to "extremely." Log-Poisson regression, yielding prevalence ratios, was used to evaluate associations of moderate-to-extreme pruritus with patient characteristics, CKD stage, self-reported depression symptoms, and restless sleep. Mixed linear regression was used to examine associations between pruritus and physical and mental component summary scores, with lower scores indicating poorer quality of life.

RESULTS
Of the 5658 CKDopps patients enrolled in the United States, Brazil, and France, 3780 (67%) answered the pruritus question. The prevalence of moderate-to-extreme pruritus was 24%, and more likely in older patients, women, and those with stage 5 CKD, lung disease, diabetes, and physician-diagnosed depression. In adjusted models, patients with moderate pruritus had physical and mental component summary scores 3.5 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], -4.6 to -2.3) and 2.3 (95% CI, -3.2 to -1.5) points lower, respectively, than patients without pruritus, and they also had a higher adjusted prevalence of patient-reported depression (prevalence ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.58 to 2.11) and restless sleep (prevalence ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.49 to 1.91) compared with patients without pruritus. These patient-reported outcomes were progressively worse with increasing severity of pruritus.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings demonstrate high prevalence of pruritus in nondialysis CKD, as well as strong associations of pruritus with poor health-related quality of life, self-reported depression symptoms, and self-reported poor sleep.


Michel Sanouillet's Dada in Paris, published in France in 1965, reintroduced the Dada movement to a public that had largely ignored or forgotten it. More than forty years later, it remains both the unavoidable starting point and the essential reference for anyone interested in Dada or the early-twentieth century avant-garde. This first English-language edition of Sanouillet's definitive work (a translation of the expanded 2005 French edition) gives English-speaking readers their first direct access to the author's monumental history (based on years of research, including personal involvement with most of the Dadaists still living at the time) and massive compilation of previously unpublished correspondence, including more than 200 letters to and from such movement luminaries as Tristan Tzara, Andre Breton, and Francis Picabia. Dada in Paris offers a behind-the-scenes account of the French avant-garde's riotous adolescence.


Aim: The objective of this research was to obtain highly purified antirabic immunoglobulins to diagnostically significant fractions of the rabies virus antigen obtained by buoyant density separation in a step gradient of sucrose by ultracentrifugation at 30,000 g. Materials and Methods: As an immunogen, the rabies virus antigen of the "Ovechiy" GNKI strain with infectious titer Lg 10−5.25 was used. Purification of the virus was carried out by separation in a stepwise gradient of sucrose 10–50% on Optima L-90K ultracentrifuge (Beckman) followed by gel filtration through the ENrich™ SEC 70 columns. Results: As a result of the separation, the fractions of the viral material, selected from the sucrose zone 10–20%, with the localization range of the antigenic determinants of 50–65 kDa were the most active, which was confirmed by the results of electrophoresis in the separating polyacrylamide gel and immunoblot. These characteristics of the obtained drug served as the basis for its use as a material for the hyperimmunization of clinically healthy sheep were carried out according to the generally accepted scheme. Hyperimmune serum with a titer of 1:6400–1:12800 in ELISA was used to isolate γ-globulin fractions by three-fold reprecipitation with a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate, followed by concentration in dialysis bags, resulting in 5 final fractions of antirabic globulins. Conclusion: According to the results of ELISA and electrophoresis, globulin fractions were characterized by the greatest activity and specificity, the distribution of polypeptides in which corresponded to the location of antigenic determinants. The immunochemical properties of the obtained globulin drugs make them suitable in the future for use as specific components of improved ELISA-based express test systems for the diagnosis of rabies.


The Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI) is an informal network which aims to coordinate the usage of the Private Use Area (PUA) of the Unicode Standard among medievalists. The PUA can be used for characters not yet part of the Unicode Standard, but unless there is a coordination of code points in this area, any file exchange will entail an extensive search and replace process of PUA characters. MUFI now coordinates code point allocation in several font projects, e.g. TITUS (Germany), Junicode (US), Alphabetum (Spain) and Leeds Uni (UK). In addition to coordinating code point allocation in the PUA through the MUFI character recommendation, MUFI participants work with other medievalists in writing proposals to Unicode for the inclusion of new characters. So far, two proposals of more than 100 characters have been met with approval by Unicode, and the characters in these proposals are likely to become part of an upcoming version of the standard. Moreover, participants in the MUFI network are active in developing fonts including medieval characters, many of which can be downloaded free of charge from the MUFI website, http://www.mufi.info. These fonts are compatible with all major computer platforms (Linux, Mac, Windows) and may be used for the display of documents encoded in XML and other open formats, whether in print or on the web.


The paper focused on the changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of the full Cu41Sn11 solder joint (Cu/Cu41Sn11/Cu) during isothermal aging at 420°C. It was motivated by potential applications of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds (IMC) solder joint in third-generation wide bandgap semiconductor devices. Experimental results revealed that the Cu41Sn11 phase was unstable under high-temperature conditions, the full Cu41Sn11 joint transformed into the full α(Cu) joint (Cu/α(Cu)/Cu) joint at 150 h during thermal aging. The formed α(Cu) phase was a Cu solid solution with inhomogeneous Sn atomic concentration, and its crystal structure and orientation were consistent with the original Cu plate. The conversion of the Cu41Sn11 to α(Cu) was accompanied by the formation of voids due to the volume shrinkage effect, predominantly near the middle of the solder joint interface. The α(Cu) solder joint presented a decrease in strength but an increase in strain rate sensitivity index compared to the Cu41Sn11 solder joint. Furthermore, the strain rate sensitivity index of α(Cu) and Cu41Sn11 is lower than that of ordinary Sn solders. After the shear test, the fractures that occurred in Cu41Sn11 grains were brittle, while the fractures in α(Cu) grains were ductile.


Our Musicals, Ourselves is the first full-scale social history of the American musical theater from the imported Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas of the late nineteenth century to such recent musicals as The Producers and Urinetown. While many aficionados of the Broadway musical associate it with wonderful, diversionary shows like The Music Man or My Fair Lady, John Bush Jones instead selects musicals for their social relevance and the extent to which they engage, directly or metaphorically, contemporary politics and culture. Organized chronologically, with some liberties taken to keep together similarly themed musicals, Jones examines dozens of Broadway shows from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present that demonstrate numerous links between what played on Broadway and what played on newspapers' front pages across our nation. He reviews the productions, lyrics, staging, and casts from the lesser-known early musicals (the "gunboat" musicals of the Teddy Roosevelt era and the "Cinderella shows" and "leisure time musicals" of the 1920s) and continues his analysis with better-known shows including Showboat, Porgy and Bess, Oklahoma, South Pacific, West Side Story, Cabaret, Hair, Company, A Chorus Line, and many others. While most examinations of the American musical focus on specific shows or emphasize the development of the musical as an art form, Jones's book uses musicals as a way of illuminating broader social and cultural themes of the times. With six appendixes detailing the long-running diversionary musicals and a foreword by Sheldon Harnick, the lyricist of Fiddler on the Roof, Jones's comprehensive social history will appeal to both students and fans of Broadway.


Introduction: Acute gastroenteritis is a widespread disease that is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. It has high morbidity and mortality rate globally. Bacteria, parasites and mostly viruses cause acute gastroenteritis. Most frequent viruses are norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the four viruses in the stool samples of patients who were treated at HGH with complaints of acute gastroenteritis. The samples which had been submitted to the microbiology laboratory at HGH, were analyzed by real time-PCR method at Qatar University. The second objective was to compare between ELISA, IMCG and RT-PCR in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Methodology: 288 stool samples and corresponding patients' data were obtained from microbiology laboratory in HMC between 15-Jun-2009 to1-Nov-2009. They were transported to the research lab of biomedical science program- Health Department at Qatar University, where laboratory experiments involving RT-PCR were performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Excel program. Results: Out of total 288 fecal samples, 131 (45.5%) were positive for the presence of viruses that cause gastroenteritis. Norovirus (28.5%) was the most prevalent, followed by rotavirus (10.4%), adenovirus (6.25%) and astrovirus (0.30%). Conclusion: Norovirus is the most common source of acute gastroenteritis among hospitalized patients, followed by rotavirus. Real time-PCR technique used in this study was found to be more sensitive and specific. By taking RT-PCR as a reference, ELISA and IMCG are found to be similarly low in sensitivity and specificity.


Maize leaves are produced from polarized cell divisions that result in clonal cell lineages arrayed along the long axis of the leaf. We utilized this stereotypical division pattern to identify a collection of mutants that form chloroplast pigmentation sectors that violate the clonal cell lineages. Here, we describe the camouflage1 (cf1) mutant, which develops nonclonal, yellow-green sectors in its leaves. We cloned the cf1 gene by transposon tagging and determined that it encodes porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), an enzyme that functions early in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. While PBGD has been characterized biochemically, no viable mutations in this gene have been reported in plants. To investigate the in vivo function of PBGD, we characterized the cf1 mutant. Histological analyses revealed that cf1 yellow sectors display the novel phenotype of bundle sheath cell-specific death. Light-shift experiments determined that constant light suppressed cf1 sector formation, a dark/light transition is required to induce yellow sectors, and that sectors form only during a limited time of leaf development. Biochemical experiments determined that cf1 mutant leaves have decreased PBGD activity and increased levels of the enzyme substrate in both green and yellow regions. Furthermore, the cf1 yellow regions displayed a reduction in catalase activity. A threshold model is hypothesized to explain the cf1 variegation and incorporates photosynthetic cell differentiation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and PBGD function.


A 58-year-old male presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and an abnormal hematologic profile. After further testing and consultation with a haematologist, the patient was diagnosed with Polycythemia vera (PV). Coronary arteries were normal on angiography, and he was treated with dual antiplatelet regimen of Aspirin and Clopidogrel. In less than one month the patient experienced recurrent ACS with ST segment elevation. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed, and a coronary stent was implanted. However, the patient developed acute stent thrombosis as a complication. After a second PCI and replacement of Clopidogrel with Ticagrelor, no further cardiac event occurred during his hospitalization. In addition of phlebotomy, hydroxyurea was added to the medication and the patient was kept on a dual antiplatelet regimen of aspirin and ticagrelor for nine months. No cardiac event was noted over the course of a follow-up of more than one year. This is the first report describing successful treatment utilizing ticagrelor in a PV patient with repeated myocardial infarction and acute stent thrombosis.


The dissertation presents a view of clause structure which essentially amounts to denying its existence. Phenomena like adverb placement, short verb movement and verb second, which form core cases in support of contemporary notions of CP-fields and IP-fields in the clause, are better handled in other ways which do not resort to the notion of arbitrary selectional sequences of (functional) syntactic heads.
Constraints on the relative ordering with which sentential adverbs can co-occur are treated as a polarity phenomenon. Speaker-oriented adverbs are excluded from monotone decreasing environments, and hence, cannot be outscoped by adverbs like never . Apart from such requirements, adverb placement is argued to be free.
The standard analysis of verb-second in terms of the selectional sequence C,I,V and headmovement of the finite verb to C with subsequent topicalization is shown to run into a series of problems which are taken to show that verb-second does not involve head movement, and that it should not be characterized in terms of a selectional sequence of heads. The proposed accound treats topicalization, verb movement and argument shift as surface reflexes of one movement operation to the first position. This is argued to explain a number of puzzling phenomena, including Holmberg s Generalization concerning the constraints on Object Shift in Scandinavian.
Finally, (short) verb movement phenomena, as witnessed in italian, are analuzed as a scrambling phenomenon, driven by stress/focus and scope considerations. This explains the optionality of such verb movements and resolves a some paradoxical properties of the standard treatment by removing the need to postulate specific functional heads to attract the verbs.


Students suffer from stress as a result of many factors, including educational unpreparedness, financial strain and inability to integrate socially. This mixed methods study aimed to investigate stress levels of undergraduate students in a post-1992, Scottish university and the potential for measures of stress to act as an indicator of a student's intention to continue. The study sampled primarily engaged students as tests were administered during timetabled classes and required the students' voluntary participation. The level of perceived stress reported by these students appeared to be high (mean PSS-14 scores of 18.42 (SD 8.452) and 24.57 (SD 8.969) for males and females, respectively) and was coupled with intention to drop out across all study levels (12.1% of students sampled reported 'seriously considered dropping out'). Perceived stress score predicted a student's intention to withdraw but this association did not transfer to actual withdrawal, suggesting that other factors, most likely coping mechanisms, play a part in mediating the withdrawal behaviour. Unfortunately, despite the seemingly high levels of stress and potential worry over dropout, students are reluctant to seek support and many were unaware of the support services available through the university. Given the engaged nature of these students, their feelings are unlikely to be made known to staff as they will not necessarily register on non-attendance lists or be flagged because of missing assignments, which are often used as indicators of potential problems. This brings to light a previously hidden student group that may benefit from additional support to prevent unnecessary underachievement or dropout.


Human locomotion requires a complex interplay of the mechanical, sensor, neural and motor systems of motor control. Still, cyclic locomotion tasks such as walking and running can be described by simple mechanical concepts, as identified by biomechanical Template models. This dissertation asks how the complex motor control system produces simple patterns of human locomotion and aims to identify mechanisms of motor control to bridge the gap between the sophisticated body morphology and the low-dimensional structure of locomotion. Inspired by previous research, this work hypothesises that networks of the motor and sensor systems can provide structural solutions to simplify motor control.

Three studies investigate the role of these networks for generating elementary behaviours of locomotion. Two works evaluate the motor network during steady-state locomotion and the response to unforeseen balance perturbations, while one study addresses sensor networks in dynamic hopping motions.

The first study, a meta-analysis, reviews the specific role of biarticular muscles for multi-joint coordination. The framework of locomotor subfunctions helps to categorise the diverse literature from biomechanics, biology and robotics. Conceptual models indicate that biarticular muscles can sense and act in global leg coordinates (leg length and orientation) instead of joint coordinates if the leg design approximates the human anatomy. Evidence from human experiments shows benefits for coordinating the segmented leg, improving motion economy and controlling angular momentum. While many of these principles provide the potential to enhance robotic system designs, these concepts await further exploitation in robotic hardware.

While the main body of experimental studies focused on steady-state motions, only a limited amount of research comprised unforeseen perturbation scenarios to study biarticular muscles. To fill this gap of knowledge, the second work investigates the role of biarticular muscles to realign the upper-body after postural balance perturbations. A new device is used to produce specific, impulse-like pitch perturbations with only minimal effects on the centre of mass dynamics. Subjects respond with intense reflex activity in biarticular thigh muscles, while monoarticular muscles respond only moderately. This study provides strong evidence that biarticular muscles are preferably used to realign the upper-body.

The final study investigates the function of blended reflex pathways to generate steady-state hopping patterns. A neuromechanical simulation model predicts pathway-specific activation patterns resulting in different motion characteristics: performance, efficiency and safety. These results indicate that elementary compositions in the sensor network can produce task-relevant behaviours. Novel sensor-motor maps visualise the solution space of the predicted hopping patterns to evaluate the specific feedback contributions for generating a repulsive leg function. These maps are compact, united and consistent over changes in body morphology and environment, which suggests a simple learning problem.

In summary, this thesis investigates peripheral networks of motor control, namely networks of muscle and sensory mechanoreceptors, and their function for simplifying the control task of the neural system. The main contribution of this work is the identification of the supporting role of these networks that allows the neural system to exploit the fundamental dynamics of locomotion. These results stimulate future research on human experiments and robotic demonstrators to validate the conceptual theory presented here.


Ovid devoted about half of his poetic career to the production of several collections of amatory verse, all composed in elegiac couplets. Indeed, his irrepressible interest in love, sex and elegiac poetry is one of the defining features of his entire output. Here Rebecca Armstrong offers a thematic examination of some important aspects of the Amores, Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris. Starting from an investigation of the narrator's self-creation and presentation of other characters within his amatory verse, she assesses the importance of mythical and contemporary reference, as well as the influence of the erotic on Ovid's later works. By looking at the Ars and Remedia alongside the Amores, the continuities and contradictions in the poet's elegiac outlook are revealed, and a complex picture is formed of the Ovidian world of love. Ovid's erotic works present the reader with a glimpse inside the minds of both poets and lovers, mediated through eyes which are frequently inclined to comedy and even cynicism, but always sharp, perceptive and above all fascinated by human behaviour.


The association between adolescents' alcohol consumption and mental ill-health on an aggregate level is complex, including self-reported mental ill-health as well as suicide, deliberate self-harm and other psychiatric problems. The self-reported mental ill-health among 15-16-year-old girls in Sweden increased considerably from the middle of the 1980s to the middle of the 2000s, while the increase in alcohol consumption was substantially smaller. Among 15-16-year-old boys the alcohol consumption trend curve turned downwards following the turn of the millennium, while the mental ill-health trend levelled out after the end of the 1990s. The gender differences in alcohol consumption have, over time, evened out, while the differences in self-reported mental ill-health remain. The association between alcohol consumption and mental ill-health is, on an individual level, very strong. A high-risk group among adolescents, particularly among boys, are those who do not experience any life satisfaction and who also binge drink alcohol.


Foundational Work in Bioelectrochemical Anaerobic Reactor Design with Electron Mediators Christopher Hoeger Department of Chemical Engineering Master of Science Bioelectrical reactors (BER) have potential to be utilized in a wide variety of industrial applications. This work explores the kinetics involved with reduction of electron mediators (anthraquinone disulfonate and methyl viologen) in bioelectrical reactors. It also discusses on possible application of BER technology to produce ethanol from CO2 and electricity. It is established that Clostridium ragdahlei is capable of sustaining life and product formation with CO2 as the only carbon source. This means it is theoretically possible to utilize CO2 as he source of carbon and electricity as the source of reducing equivalents for bacterial growth and product formation. A three-step mechanism composed of adsorption, surface reaction, and desorption is developed to model the reaction of dissolved electron mediators at the electrode surface of the BER. The proposed mechanism is then utilized to build a mathematical model to describe the kinetics of the BER system. This model is used to gain greater understanding of experimental kinetic data of electron mediator reduction at different voltage potentials. It is determined that voltage potential has very small effect on the initial rate of reaction in the reactor. However, thermodynamic equilibrium is affected by the change in voltage, resulting in longer sustained initial rate at higher overpotential. Mathematically, this change affects the modeled rate constants by increasing the reverse rate constant of the rate limiting step, and also by affecting the ratio of the thermodynamic equilibrium constants of adsorption. This results in a larger amount of oxidized electron mediator adsorbed to the electrode surface at higher overpotentials, leading to the initial rate persisting further into experimental runs. One key portion of these findings was the determination that the surface reaction step is the rate limiting step of the kinetic mechanism. This has great ramifications on future research and on future considerations for reactor design. This insight allows for better understanding of the key and fundamental workings of BER technology.


Abstract Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have been employed in pre‐treatment unit operations in both thermal and membrane seawater desalination processes. This has resulted in reduction of chemicals used in pretreatment processes as well as lowering the energy consumption and water production cost and, therefore, has led to a more environmentally friendly processes. In order to predict NF membrane performance, a systematic study on the filtration performance of selected commercial NF membranes against brackish water and seawater is required. In this study, three commercial nanofiltration membranes (NF90, NF270, N30F) have been used to treat highly concentrated different salts solutions (MgCl2, Na2CO3, and CaSO4) at salinity level similar to that of brackish water and seawater. The main parameters studied in this paper are salt concentration and feed pressure. The experimental data were correlated and analysed using the Spiegler‐Kedem model. In particular, the reflection coefficient (σ) of all studied membranes and the solute permeability (Ps) have been determined for all membranes and at different salinity levels of studied salts. All the studied membranes fitted the model well for all investigated salts except the experimental data of MgCl2 using N30F membrane, which did not fit well at low rejection. The results showed that NF90 produced a high rejection around 97% for all salts with medium permeate flux while NF270 gave a high flux with medium rejection and N30F gave low rejection and flux.


The mineralogy of triphylite and associated phosphates was investigated in the Nanping No. 31 pegmatite, southeastern China. Two types of triphylite were distinguished, based on their petrological features and chemical compositions. Triphylite-I occurs as small granular aggregates in fine grained white mica from zones III and IV, whereas triphylite-II occurs as veinlets or aggregates in the fractures and/or on the rims of primary montebrasite from zone IV. Various hydrothermal transformations were observed in both types of triphylite. Triphylite-I successively transformed to lazulite, wagnerite, fluorarrojadite-(BaNa) and fluorapatite, suggesting successive replacement processes during Mg-rich, Na-rich, and Ca-rich hydrothermal stages. Triphylite-II is mainly replaced by fluorapatite, anapaite, and ludlamite; these replacement processes result from cationic exchanges in combination with hydration, due to the presence of Ca-bearing fluids.


Chitinases are important protective enzymes in plants and belong to a special group of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The main target of these enzymes is various pathogenic fungi that contain chitin in their cell walls. Under the influence of fungi, chitinases produced by plants, hydrolyze chitin, which leads to suppression of the growth and death of the pathogen. Considering their important protective role, much attention is paid to the studies of these enzymes. Individual isozymes of chitinase are often used in testing and breeding agricultural plants for resistance to fungal diseases. In this work, we studied the isoenzyme composition and a number of physicochemical properties of wheat chitinases, which are important for a better understanding of their functioning in this grain crop. It was found that in seedlings of 7 days old, chitinases are localized both inside and outside the cells. Intracellular chitinase is represented only by basic components, whereas extracellular by acidic ones. Using an affinity sorbent, the forms of the enzyme with a chitin-binding domain (CBD) were determined, which had isoelectric points (pI) of 9.3, 9.0, 8.6, 8.2, 8.0, 7.6, 5.7 and 4.6. According to SDSPAG electrophoresis, the molecular weight (M.w.) of these enzymes corresponded to the values of 33, 35 and 56 kDa and they were not the glycoproteins. In the spectrum of isoelectric focusing (IEF) of chitinases, exochitinases were identified, which had pI values exclusively in the acidic range of 4.3-5.2. Significant differences were revealed in the thermal stability of chitinases. The acidic components were most resistant to elevated temperatures.