This paper will discuss the cynicism many people of color have toward the American legal system by using the intersections between existential philosophy, Africana philosophy, black existentialism and phenomenology. This paper will explore the cynicism and lack of trust held by many American minorities toward the American legal and judicial systems primarily through the lenses of philosophy, but additionally, the disciplines of: psychology, political science, criminology and sociology will also be discussed as they are vital and unavoidable disciplines to the discussion. Therefore, the methodology of this paper is intersectionality, meaning that all of the above systems as well as the philosophical systems of: existential philosophy, Africana philosophy, and existential phenomenology work interconnectively within the context of legal cynicism . amongst American minorities. The primary goal of this paper is to identify and describe possible causes for the lack of trust many Americans of color have toward the legal system by examining various philosophical writings from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It is my belief that though many of these writings were written over a hundred years ago by philosophers who came from backgrounds very different than the communities that are largely plagued by lack of trust towards the American legal system, their writings are highly pertinent and provide answers to why cynicism toward the American legal system exists among minorities today. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department History and Philosophy First Advisor Jeremy Proulx, Ph.D. Second Advisor Richard Nation, Ph.D. Third Advisor Brian Bruya, Ph.D.


Reconfiguration of memory array using spare rows and spare columns, which has been shown to be a useful technique for yield enhancement of memories, is considered. A clustered failure model that adopts the center-satellite approach of F.J. Meyer and D.K. Pradhan (1989) is proposed and utilized to show that the total number of faulty cells that can be tolerated when clustering occurs is larger than when faults are independent. It is also shown that an optimal solution to the reconfiguration problem can be found in polynomial time for a special case of the clustering model. An efficient approximation algorithm is given for the general case of the probabilistic model assumed. It is shown, through simulation, that the computation time required by this algorithm to repair large arrays containing a significant number of clustered faults is small. >


Selinker's (1972) Interlanguage proposal lies at the heart of linguistic approaches to adult second language acquisition, especially subsumed under the theory of Universal Grammar. Much research in recent years has directly addressed the what , how , and why of transfer and fossilization, yet these are not unique to adult L2 learners, but can also be found in other bilingual situations. This chapter discusses first how the generative linguistics perspective has contributed to refining and clarifying Selinker's idea, while the second part takes issue with Selinker's characterization of bilingual varieties and illustrates transfer and fossilization in individual bilingualism more broadly defined. The chapter concludes with questions for future directions to pursue a deeper understanding of the interlanguage phenomenon beyond second language acquisition.


Objective: Undescended testis (UDT) increases the risk of testicular cancer (TCa) development. Historical evidence suggests that malignant transformation of uncorrected UDT primarily results in seminomas, whereas mixed germ cell tumours predominate in corrected UDT; however, the risk of malignancy in the 'normal' contralateral testis is unclear. We investigated the contemporary Oxford TCa cohort to report the frequency of prior UDT and types of tumours developing in the prior UDT and normal contralateral testis. Patients and Methods: A 607 patient contemporary TCa cohort within the Thames Valley Testicular Cancer database. Results: Of men with new TCa, 8% had a history of UDT. Of men with TCa and prior UDT, 61% developed seminomas, whereas 56% of men with TCa without previous UDT developed this subtype. Among men with prior UDT, 77% developed tumours in the UDT, whilst 23% developed TCa in the contralateral normal testis. Conclusion: Seminoma was the most frequent malignancy following UDT, with a greater frequency than without prior UDT. Around one in four TCa patients with UDT developed contralateral tumours, emphasising the need for self-examination of both testes. Advice should be given to any patient with a history of UDT stressing the importance of ongoing self-examination of both testes. Level of evidence: Level 4.


Using the method of the parameter study, some important dimensions of the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine are analyzed. Under the mechanical load, the variational rules of the Von Mises maximum stress on cylinder head are obtained, which are influenced by the thickness of the floor plate, head plate, jobbing sheet, standing partition board, and side plate of inlet port and exhaust port. A hypothesis is verified that there is an ideal matching point among those above-mentioned main parameters. The quantificational proportion relations, between these key structural parameters and Von-Mises maximum stress of cylinder head, can provide a good help for the cylinder head's structural design.


Overpressures in sedimentary basins are commonly assumed to be the result of two distinct and separate mechanisms: disequilibrium compaction and fluid expansion. However, the potential for overpressures to be redistributed or transferred to other pressure compartments over time has been seldom considered and rarely demonstrated. Pore-pressure data and velocity-effective stress plots from 61 fields across the Baram Delta province of Brunei (northwest Borneo) reveal that two different types of overpressure occur in stratigraphically defined sections: the basal pro-delta shales contain overpressures generated by disequilibrium compaction, whereas the overlying sand/shale deltaic sequence contains overpressures that appear to be generated by fluid expansion. However, the geology of the deltaic sequences and high magnitude of the pore pressures precludes the overpressures in the deltaic sequences being generated by any conventional fluid expansion mechanism, such as kerogen-to-gas maturation or clay diagenesis. The fluid expansion overpressures are located in fields that were inverted during the Pliocene, an event that resulted in large-scale fluid migration from the pro-delta shales into the deltaic sequences, including charging of the numerous oil fields in the inner shelf. Hence, we propose that the overpressures in Brunei provide the first evidence for a new overpressuring mechanism whereby overpressured fluids have been "vertically transferred" from the pro-delta shales into the deltaic sequences during basin inversion. Furthermore, vertical transfer may be a mechanism for explaining overpressures observed in basins that have been recently uplifted or inverted.


Previous literature has suggested that the urban form (i.e., city size, density, and center distribution pattern) influences urban energy consumption. It has been argued that more dense development is likely to result in more energy-efficient and sustainable cities. However, very little is known about the precise magnitude of possible energy savings from more compact urban form. Moreover, practically no research has been done to investigate which urban policies are likely to be effective in making cities more energy efficient and to quantify those potential energy savings. In this paper we discuss the potential effectiveness of urban policies at improving energy efficiency. First, we analyze several abstract scenarios suggested by the literature to see whether making a previously dispersed city more compact would result in improved energy efficiency. Then we model realistic transportation and land-use policies and examine whether those policies are likely to reduce energy consumption in the urban context.


When the topic of this article is considered, a fair assumption regarding the concept of projects would be that they are indeed systems in which various resources are managed to achieve specific goals. This assumption, based on the general accepted definition of a system being an organised sum of coordinated and interacting parts, rings true when people, equipment, materials and resources (all interacting parts) are managed (coordinated) to achieve these set goals. Using the Green Scheme project in Namibia, this article will examine the relationship of the project management system with its environment, various viewpoints of the project management system, the dynamics and characteristics of projects and project management, as well as the project management process. Through this examination the article will validate the importance of these issues and how organisations relate to them, especially regarding the success or failure of a project.
There are specific organisations involved in the Green Scheme project, which will be used to demonstrate the functional implications of certain assumptions made in the article. These assumptions with relevant justifications are critical to the value that this article can add to the development of project managers. The Green Scheme project therefore presents a research opportunity, examining the possibility and long-term sustainability of a project that relies on progressive elaboration. The research objective would be to prove assumptions to be relevant or not, supporting the challenge to assist the Namibian Government in successfully establishing a proud legacy for their President.
Based on published research, expert judgements and personal experiences, the article will endeavour to add practical relevance to the study field of project management.


The field of management education and research has become an industry of its own – an industry with fierce international competition in a global arena. Here, the authors argue that a series of mechanisms has led to mimicking and thus strategic convergence among business schools. The authors further argue that this has resulted in a loss of relevance and diversity of the management knowledge produced and taught in a multipolar world. They view this as counterproductive to business schools, students, firms, societies and other stakeholders, including scholars themselves.


Among the most common objections to providing everyone with an unconditional basic income is the cost objection. It states that the cost of providing everyone with a decent income floor, beneath which no one would fall, is out of reach for governments and public finance. Income taxes would have to be raised to unacceptable levels to accomplish this, the objection claims. This paper addresses the objection by demonstrating its weaknesses and showing that a universal basic income is affordable. It is in fact more affordable than the current wasteful array of often counter-productive, bureaucratic income security programs. Better results can be achieved with lower costs by implementing basic income, or a guaranteed livable income. This study does not seek any cuts to vital public programs such as universal health care or education to attain the result of a basic income sufficient to cover one's needs for food, modest shelter etc. at all times. Personal income taxes are not raised in this proposal and they could even be cut, while improving health outcomes for individuals and reducing health burdens upon the current system resulting from a presently dysfunctional, outdated income security model.


Background: Owing to the advanced age of patients scheduled for cataract and IOL insertion, and the high concentrations of local anesthetic used in peribulbar blockade, the use of ropivacaine produces an effective motor blockade with minimal risks for neuro and cardiotoxicity. concerning globe injury due to multiple injection the new single injection medial canthus is theoretically preferred to decrease the frequency of globe injury.
Aim of the work: To evaluate anesthetic and akinetic Effects in single and double injection peribulbar technique to detect the better method of administration in peribulbar blockade.
Methods: This single blind randomized study was done on 60 patients ASA I-III underwent cataract and IOL insertion surgery. Patients were taken peribulbar block using 8 ml, 1% ropivacaine with 30 IU/ml hyalurinidase. Patients were classified into two equal groups; group I (n.30) is the single injection group group II (n.30) is the double injection group. Eye globe and lid akinesia and anesthesia, the need for supplementary injection and the incidence of complications like ecchemosis, high intra ocular pressure nausea, vomiting and pain were recorded.
Results: 26 patients (86.6%) of single injection group vs. 28 patients (93.3%) in double injection group were having complete anesthesia and akinesia after giving block; only 4 patients in group I (13.3%) needed supplementation of block vs. 3 patients (10%) in group II with almost no difference in absence of intra and postoperative complications.
Conclusions: Single injection peribulbar block with 1% ropivacaine is as effective as the double injection peribulbar block with 1% ropivacaine in cataract surgery providing effective block with fewer possibility for globe injury with multiple injections.


Part 1 Principles of Sustainable Development - Foreword o Evolution of the Sustainable Development Debate o Definitions and Principles of Sustainable Development. Part 2 Analysis of Sustainable Development - Measuring Sustainable Development Indicators o Ecological and Economic Indicators of Sustainable Development in Scotland o Sociopolitical Measures: An Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare for Scotland o Indicators of Sustainable Development: Some Lessons from Scotland. Part 3 Sustainable Development: Policy Implications - Modeling Sustainable Development o Making Development Sustainable o Afterword: Towards Sustainable Societies. References. Index.


Vocabulary knowledge is considered to be key to language comprehension and speech production. Although there is considerable research literature on vocabulary learning, there is no consensus on which vocabulary teaching / learning strategy is the most successful. The article describes the findings of an experimental research study aimed at analysing the effect of concordance-based learning on L3 vocabulary acquisition and retention. L3 is understood in the present research as a chronologically third language acquired by a speaker (Mayo, 2012). The study features 48 participants learning German as a second foreign language subsequently to English who were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. While the experimental group learnt words with the help of online concordance, the control group worked with conventional vocabulary worksheets. A pre-test, a post test, and a delayed vocabulary recall test were conducted with both groups. The study showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in both post- and delayed tests. The aspect of vocabulary knowledge that was acquired and retained more successfully with concordance-based activities was making up sentences and building collocations with the given key words. The study also demonstrated the usability of concordance-based learning with A1 language level students within the framework of L3 acquisition.


More than ten years have passed since the United States Supreme Court last addressed school desegregation. In its abbreviated tenure in the decades following Brown v. Board of Education, school desegregation was successful in many respects. Longstanding policies of state-sponsored educational apartheid eventually ended. A great many school buildings became more diverse. Countless students of color gained access to improved academic opportunities and better life outcomes. A consensus formed around the positive impacts that desegregation could have on both students of color and white students. When courts retreated from upholding desegregation policies, many communities developed their own voluntary plans, some of which even continue today. Yet by any measure, the original goals of Brown remain unfulfilled. Desegregation has nearly disappeared from the lexicon of educational reform, and America's schools are becoming dramatically more segregated. While the courts are certainly to blame, the design and implementation of desegregation itself contributed to its own downfall. Desegregation has almost exclusively focused on balancing the number of students of different races in public schools, and nothing more. School district plans for addressing segregation often passed constitutional muster by merely moving students of color into previously all-white schools. As a result, schools became desegregated but were never fully integrated. Integration, as compared to desegregation, naturally requires the removal of the structures of segregation, but it also seeks to address more than just diversity in terms of numbers. Actual integration requires going beyond demographics, to include reforming the classroom and curriculum, and diversifying the teaching ranks. It breaks through school district boundaries to forge metropolitan-wide solutions. It requires changes beyond education, connecting housing and education policy. And because of the most recent Supreme Court decision, it requires using other metrics, in addition to race, to promote broad diversity in the public schools. After providing a brief overview of desegregation's main achievements and its largest setbacks, this article examines successful desegregation programs from around the country and describes what has made these efforts worthwhile and legally sound. It then makes policy recommendations as to how to strengthen desegregation, such as avoiding the legal pitfalls of recent Supreme Court cases through geographic basedsolutions, increasing diversity of our teaching ranks, and linking housing and education policy.


The RFX-mod device is operated both as a reversed field pinch (RFP), where advanced regimes featuring helical shape develop, and as a tokamak. Due to its flexibility, RFX-mod is contributing to the solution of key issues in the roadmap to ITER and DEMO, including MHD instability control, internal transport barriers, edge transport and turbulence, isotopic effect, high density limit and three-dimensional (3D) non-linear MHD modelling. This paper reports recent advancements in the understanding of the self-organized helical states, featuring a strong electron transport barrier, in the RFP configuration; the physical mechanism driving the residual transport at the barrier has been investigated. Following the first experiments with deuterium as the filling gas, new results concerning the isotope effect in the RFP are discussed. Studies on the high density limit show that in the RFP it is related to a toroidal particle accumulation due to the onset of a convective cell. In the tokamak configuration, q(a) regimes down to q(a) = 1.2 have been pioneered, with (2,1) tearing mode (TM) mitigated and (2,1) resistive wall mode (RWM) stabilized: the control of such modes can be obtained both by poloidal and radial sensors. Progress has been made in the avoidance of disruptions due to the (2,1) TM by applying q(a) control, and on the general issue of error field control. The effect of externally applied 3D fields on plasma flow and edge turbulence, sawtooth control and runaway electron decorrelation has been analysed. The experimental program is supported by substantial theoretical activity: 3D non-linear visco-resistive MHD and non-local transport modelling have been advanced; RWMs have been studied by a toroidal MHD kinetic hybrid stability code.


Electronic voting is slowly making its way into American politics. At the same time, more voters and potential voters are using online news and political information sources to help them make voting choices. We conducted a mock-voting study, using real candidates, issues, and campaign materials. Political information was browsed either online or on paper, and participants marked electronic ballots either while they browsed or later, in a separate step. Our initial data shows that voters prefer electronic browsing although they are no faster or slower with paper materials. Voters felt that they understood the issues best when they voted during browsing, and they felt most confident about their decisions when they studied electronic campaign materials alongside an active electronic ballot.


A total of 28082 publications regarding knowledge management indexed by Web of Science during 2009 to 2014 were used for a detailed analysis of the research fronts and hot spots on knowledge management. The literature statistics shows a steady growth of high level academic papers, which means research of knowledge management is still one of the important field in current research. The regional analysis shows researches in USA plays the most important role in the world, while the cooperation and communication between universities need to be promoted. Through journal co-citation analysis, some important journals in KM field are indicated according to the citation frequency and centricity of journals. The co-word network analysis of hot spots and knowledge mapping analysis of research fronts are also conducted. The results shows that management, knowledge, performance and system are the research hot spots in knowledge management, and the research fronts include the semi-structural-interviews, naturalresource, American-society, first-case and so on. The paper may provide valuable suggestions for better understanding on the research status of knowledge management.


Aims of study
The overall aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting service delivery within a national pharmacy chain, from the perspective of pharmacists and consumers, using asthma services as an example. Data were collected to explore the current environment and opportunities available to pharmacy, the factors affecting service
delivery, and to identify recommendations for future service models. The impact of the design and route of service implementation were studied through two different types of asthma services.

Methods
The brief intervention in asthma was designed centrally and implemented nationally, whilst the asthma service was designed and implemented locally by a group of pharmacists. A triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods were used throughout this study, including an omnibus survey, audits, mystery customer research, customer and pharmacist interviews, and a review of the dispensing data.

Results
A total of 81 facilitators, 45 barriers and 23 motivators were identified. In addition to extending those factors that had been previously recognised within the literature, new factors were also identified. Firstly, the route and design of service implementation to
promote local ownership and responsibility for delivery of services was found to be a key factor, as was having flexibility in the length and content of service delivery. Clear and visible benefits to the pharmacists delivering the service, the customers accessing the service, and the pharmacy organisation were also found to play an
important role in the delivery of services.

Conclusions
This is the first large scale study of its kind to look at all the factors involved from the perspective of both customers and pharmacists, and many of the facilitators and barriers identified extend beyond those provided within the current literature. The
motivators identified within the previous studies have been from the perspective of pharmacists only. This study has looked at the perspective of not only pharmacists, but also the motivators to customers and the service provider. Based on all the factors
identified throughout this study, a number of recommendations have been made for future service delivery.


Both the Russian public and its elites were taken by surprise by the fact that Russia has become an immigration country. It has resulted in widespread anti-immigrant sentiments and inconsistency in government actions. Russian immigration politics, as well as immigration politics in liberal democracies of the West, are characterised by a wavering between protectionist and liberal laissez faire approaches. This leads to a mismatch between public rhetoric and legal decisions. However, two features seem to make the Russian situation specific: open borders with most of the countries of the former Soviet Union and omnipresent corruption. Corruption results in a discrepancy between formal (legal) decisions and informal (illegal) practices.


Emerging massively parallel architectures such as a general-purpose processor plus many-core programmable accelerators are creating an increasing demand for novel methods to perform their architectural simulation. Most state-of-the-art simulation technologies are exceedingly slow and the need to model full system many-core architectures adds further to the complexity issues. This paper presents a fast, scalable and parallel simulator, which uses a novel methodology to accelerate the simulation of a many-core coprocessor using GPU platforms. The main idea is to use. The target architecture of the associated. Simulation of many target nodes is mapped to the many hardware-threads available on highly parallel GPU platforms. This paper presents a novel methodology to accelerate the simulation of many-core coprocessors using GPU platforms. We demonstrate the challenges, feasibility and benefits of our idea to use heterogeneous system (CPU and GPU) to simulate future architecture of many-core heterogeneous platforms. The target architecture selected to evaluate our methodology consists of an ARM general purpose CPU coupled with many-core coprocessor with thousands of simple in-order cores connected in a tile network. This work presents optimization techniques used to parallelize the simulation specifically for acceleration on GPUs. We partition the full system simulation between CPU and GPU, where the target general purpose CPU is simulated on the host CPU, whereas the many-core coprocessor is simulated on the NVIDIA Tesla 2070 GPU platform. Our experiments show performance of up to 50 MIPS when simulating the entire heterogeneous chip, and high scalability with increasing cores on coprocessor.


A one-dimensional finite difference model has been used to investigate the temperature distribution within thulium fibre laser-irradiated tissue. Temperature-time and temperature-depth profiles are presented for various laser stimulus parameters in the 2 micron region. These current calculations are aimed at determining theoretical temperature distributions in the application of relatively low power fibre lasers for thermal stimulation of cutaneous nerves in human pain processing. Theoretical skin surface temperatures are compared with those from thermal camera measurements during thulium fibre laser irradiation. The effectiveness of the thulium fibre laser for thermally stimulating cutaneous nerves is confirmed.


The Australian housing system is quietly undergoing a major transformation. Many young and middle-aged home owners are paying down large mortgages that leave them precariously positioned on the margins of ownership. As house prices have remained stubbornly high relative to incomes, renters are finding it increasingly difficult to achieve home ownership status. For some low income households, precarious housing circumstances will result in worrying levels of homelessness, which is symptomatic of a housing system that is failing the most vulnerable in society. This article describes long-run trends derived from nationally representative datasets that offer some insights into how the Australian housing system has reached this position.


INTRODUCTION
Topical application of volatile anaesthetic agents has been found to attenuate the response to a mechanical stimulus; however, this effect of volatile anaesthetic on perception of pain during venous cannulation is not known.

AIM
To compare the efficacy of topically administered volatile anaesthetic agents for attenuating venous cannulation pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This prospective, randomized, placebo controlled and double blind study was conducted on 120 patients, aged 20-60years. They were of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I or II physical status, of either sex, planned for elective surgeries. These patients were randomized into 4 groups, of 30 each. Equipotent doses of halothane (1ml), isoflurane (1.5ml), sevoflurane (2.7ml) and sterile water (2.5ml; Control) were topically administered on the volar surface of forearm wrapped with cotton and aluminium foil; venous cannulation was performed with 18G intravenous cannula after 30 min. These patients were assessed for the incidence and severity of pain upon venous cannulation {visual analog scale (VAS), 0-100mm; 0 = no pain and 100 = worst imaginable pain}. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The p<0.05 was considered as significant.

RESULTS
A significant reduction in the incidence of venous cannulation pain was observed in the halothane (79%) group as compared to control (100%; p<0.05), isoflurane (100%; p<0.05) and sevoflurane (100%; p<0.05) groups. The severity of venous cannulation pain as assessed by median (interquartile range, Q1-Q3). VAS scores was reduced in the halothane {10 (10-20); p<0.001}, isoflurane {20 (10-30); p<0.001} and sevoflurane {20 (20-30); p<0.001} groups as compared to the control group {40 (30-40)}; VAS score in the halothane group was significantly less as compared to isoflurane (p<0.05) and sevoflurane (p<0.05) groups.

CONCLUSION
Topical application of halothane is most effective in reducing incidence and severity of venous cannulation pain; however, topical application of isoflurane and sevoflurane decreases only the severity of venous cannulation pain.


The population of the Critically Endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea occidentalis in Komodo National Park, Komodo Island, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, is thought to be second largest, but has been little studied. In September–October 2005, we surveyed cockatoos from vantage points overlooking five coastal valleys, each one on three consecutive days, and in September 2006 counted cockatoos in Loh Sebita valley on five consecutive days. Our method reduced the possibility of double-counting birds because on each day only the single largest count of cockatoos was used. We compared our 2005 and 2006 data with population census counts from the same valleys using the same method in September–October 2000. We also collated opportunistic counts of the species on Komodo made between 1996 and 2015 and checked whether temporal trends were apparent between two 10-year periods. Nest and breeding data were also collected. A total of 137 cockatoos was recorded in 2005 compared with 340 in 2000, with census counts declining by an average of 60%. In Loh Sebita valley the population declined by 41% between 2000 and 2006. A total of 19 active nests was located, with 25 nestlings/ juveniles recorded, mostly in tall and smooth-trunked Sterculia foetida , S. oblongata and Corypha utan trees, which are apparently selected to reduce nest predation. Vantage point census counts are a suitable method on Komodo because inland topography renders cockatoo flocks easily detectable from ridges, although greater survey effort is needed to reduce margins of error. The cause(s) of the sharp population decline remain unclear but trade is the most likely driver, with other factors such as breeding failure possibly involved. Annual population and habitat


Some of the most important applications of the optical sciences are in the taking of aerial photographs of the earth's surface and in the extraction of data from them. This article is intended to serve both as an introduction for the articles following it in this issue and as a summary of the factors that must be considered in the taking and interpretation of aerial photographs. Special emphasis is placed on the means by which photographic images of high quality can be obtained and viewed in order to facilitate the data extraction process A summary of the more important current applications of aerial photography in the earth sciences and life sciences also is provided.


Global water shortages and droughts have become more common and severe. One solution to address this shortage is the collection and use of atmospheric water, as it is sustainable, clean, and renewable. The objective of this project was to test various materials to determine which ones collect the most atmospheric water when exposed to the same environmental factors. The experiment observed the effect of weather conditions, a material's surface area and hydrophilicity on atmospheric water collection. The initial hypothesis was that hydrophobic materials with the greatest surface area would collect the most water. The materials were placed in the same outside location each night for twelve trials. The following day the materials were weighed to see how much water each had collected. On average, ribbed plastic collected 10.8 mL of water per trial, which was over 20% more than any other material. This result partially supported the hypothesis because although hydrophobic materials collected more water, surface area did not have a significant effect on water collection. These experiment results can be used to better understand how to maximize collection of water in drought or water insecure environments.


This paper analyses the impact of ownership type on the locating behavior and capacity choice of prospective entrant hotels. An important aspect which has often been neglected in the entry literature is the relevance of the ownership that defines an establishment. A hotel outlet can be company-owned, franchised, or independently owned. The type of ownership is an important driver of the incentive structure for a firm as well as a strategic indicator for its (prospective) competitors, thus this paper argues that ownership form is a necessary explanatory factor in market conduct analysis. We show using a spatial lag model that a disaggregated analysis provides a good understanding of market interaction among hotels.


Melodic contour, or the pattern of rises and falls in pitch, is a critical component of melodic structure, and has an important impact on listeners' perceptions of, and memory for, music. Despite its centrality, few formal models of contour structure exist. One recent exception involves characterizing contour by the relative degrees of strength of its cyclic information, quantified via a Fourier analysis of the pitch code of the contour. Three experiments explored the applicability of this approach, demonstrating that listeners' similarity ratings for pairs of melodies were predictable from Fourier analysis quantifications of rhythmically complex (Experiment 1) and rhythmically simple (Experiment 2) melodies, as well as for derived similarity measures based on melodic complexity judgments (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that Fourier analysis is an effective model of melodic contour, and that it can predict perceived melodic similarity.


Study objective: This study investigates the risk and mediating mechanisms of unintentional and violent injuries in pre-school children of teenage mothers. Design: Cohort study based on Swedish national registers. Cox analyses of proportional hazard were used to estimate the relative risk of hospital admission and death attributable to injuries in analyses of data from national registers. Participants: The study population was a national cohort of 800 192 children born in Sweden during 1987–93 who were followed up prospectively from birth to their 7th birthday. Main results: Children of teenage mothers had higher relative risks (RRs) of hospital admissions for violent as well as unintentional injuries; age adjusted RRs of 2.7 (95% CI 1.2 to 6.1) and 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8), respectively, for children of mothers under 18 years of age and 2.5 (1.6 to 3.8) and 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) of mothers aged 18–19 are compared with those with mothers aged at least 32 at the birth of the child. When the models were adjusted to socioeconomic variables and indicators of parental substance misuse and psychiatric illness the risk decreased slightly but remained well above that of children with older mothers. In addition, children of teenage mothers had an increased risk of death attributable to violent injuries (RR 6.7 (2.6 to 16.0), as well as to unintentional injuries (RR 3.5 (2.0 to 6.1). Conclusions: Maternal age is an important determinant of injuries in pre-school children in Sweden and the children of teenage mothers are at particular risk. Young parents should be given priority in injury prevention programmes.


The synthesis of new solid-state materials is often a laborious task due to the
low speed of diffusion in bulk solids, meaning each reaction requires hightemperatures
and multiple steps. Shortening diffusion distances has been shown to
increase reaction rates and lower reaction temperatures.
This thesis addresses the need to increase the rate of solid-state materials
discovery, by heat-treatment of nanosized precursors. The nano-precursors were
synthesised using continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis, CHFS. In CHFS a flow
of metal nitrate salts are brought into contact with a flow of supercritical water to
precipitate metal oxides and/or hydroxides. The reaction between La(OH)3 and
Ni(OH)2 co-precipitated using CHFS was investigated using in-situ X-ray
diffraction. This resulted in the formation of La2NiO4 in 78 minutes, an order of
magnitude faster than when using more traditional routes, highlighting the
effectiveness of this approach.
A high-throughput CHFS reactor was then used to synthesise
La4Ni2.7M0.3O10-δ (where M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Al). By calcining the nanoprecursors
for these compositions in parallel it was possible to reduce the synthesis
time to make twenty-four solid-state compounds to 12 hours. Structure and
properties were screened and, La4Ni2.7V0.3O10-δ, La4Ni2.7Cr0.3O10-δ, La4Ni2.7Mn0.3O10-δ
and La4Ni2.7Al0.3O10-δ were characterised. Subsequently this process was carried out
using automation to increase the number of compositions synthesised. Firstly, for the
La4Ni3-xFexO10-δ system (x = 0.0 – 3.0 and Δx = 0.1), 62 samples were synthesised,
resulting in identifying a greatly increased phase boundary, up to a maximum Fe
content of La4Ni2.06Fe0.94O10. Secondly for the La4Ni3-xMxO10-δ and La3Ni2-xMxO7-δ
systems (x = 0.0 – 2.0. Δx = 0.2 and M = Mn, Al, Pd, Ga) in which 240 samples were
synthesised. La4Ni3-xGaxO10-δ was isolated up to a maximum Ga content of x = 0.6,
and La2Ni1-xPdxO4 could be synthesised with a maximum Pd content of x = 0.4.


We discuss the paraxial approximation for optical systems with an oblique orientation of the optical axis. Our investigation provides modifications necessary to adapt the parabolic approximation of conventional optics to planar integrated free-space optics. Our results are applied to a planar imaging system. For a single-lens system we discuss a design for arbitrary magnification factors. In addition, we calculate the space–bandwidth product of the imaging system, considering geometrical constraints of the concept of planar integration. This provides an upper bound for the number of spatial data channels that can be realized with planar optics.


We report the results of a three-year-long dedicated monitoring campaign of a restless luminous blue variable (LBV) in NGC 7259. The object, named SN 2009ip, was observed photometrically and spectroscopically in the optical and near-infrared domains. We monitored a number of erupting episodes in the past few years, and increased the density of our observations during eruptive episodes. In this paper, we present the full historical data set from 2009 to 2012 with multi-wavelength dense coverage of the two high-luminosity events between 2012 August and September. We construct bolometric light curves and measure the total luminosities of these eruptive or explosive events. We label them the 2012a event (lasting ∼50 days) with a peak of 3 × 1041 erg s−1, and the 2012b event (14 day rise time, still ongoing) with a peak of 8 × 1042 erg s−1. The latter event reached an absolute R-band magnitude of about −18, comparable to that of a core-collapse supernova (SN). Our historical monitoring has detected high-velocity spectral features (∼13,000 km s−1) in 2011 September, one year before the current SN-like event. This implies that the detection of such high-velocity outflows cannot, conclusively, point to a core-collapse SN origin. We suggest that the initial peak in the 2012a event was unlikely to be due to a faint core-collapse SN. We propose that the high intrinsic luminosity of the latest peak, the variability history of SN 2009ip, and the detection of broad spectral lines indicative of high-velocity ejecta are consistent with a pulsational pair-instability event, and that the star may have survived the last outburst. The question of the survival of the LBV progenitor star and its future fate remain open issues, only to be answered with future monitoring of this historically unique explosion.


No strategy lasts forever. The time has come to review and to complete the European Security Strategy. The necessity is evident; so is the opportunity, with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. A new External Action Service needs a clear mandate: a new strategy.


The lack of country and region specific data poses a serious limitation to converting area estimates of deforestation and forest degradation to carbon stock change estimates for most tropical countries. Thus we cannot make accurate and precise estimates of emissions and removals in national REDD+ programmes and REDD+ demonstration activities. Progress on building the institutional capacity of countries to conduct forest inventories and other measurements for improving greenhouse gas inventories in forestry and other land use sectors has been slow in most non-Annex I countries. The above constraints can be overcome if coordinated, targeted investments are made and productive partnerships are developed between the technical services in REDD+ host countries, intergovernmental agencies and advanced research institutes in developed countries during the readiness phase.


The biomass distributions of marine benthic meta- zoans (meio- to macro-fauna, 1 µg-32 mg wet weight) across three contrasting sites were investigated to test the hy- pothesis that allometry can consistently explain observed trends in biomass spectra. Biomass (and abundance) size spectra were determined from observations made at the Faroe-Shetland Channel (FSC) in the Northeast Atlantic (water depth 1600 m), the Fladen Ground (FG) in the North Sea (150 m), and the hypoxic Oman Margin (OM) in the Arabian Sea (500 m). Observed biomass increased with body size as a power law at FG (scaling exponent, bD 0:16) and FSC (bD 0:32), but less convincingly at OM (bD 0:12 but not significantly different from 0). A simple model was con- structed to represent the same 16 metazoan size classes used for the observed spectra, all reliant on a common detrital food pool, and allowing the three key processes of ingestion, respi- ration and mortality to scale with body size. A micro-genetic algorithm was used to fit the model to observations at the sites. The model accurately reproduces the observed scal- ing without needing to include the effects of local influences such as hypoxia. Our results suggest that the size-scaling of mortality and ingestion are dominant factors determining the distribution of biomass across the meio- to macrofaunal size range in contrasting marine sediment communities. Both the observations and the model results are broadly in agree- ment with the "metabolic theory of ecology" in predicting a quarter power scaling of biomass across geometric body size classes.


Previous theoretical treatments of fluid-scale turbulence in the solar wind have concentrated on describing the state and dynamical evolution of fluctuations in the inertial range, which are characterized by power law energy spectra. In the present paper a model for the evolution of somewhat larger, more energetic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluctuations is developed by analogy with classical hydrodynamic turbulence in the quasi-equilibrium range. The model is constructed by assembling and extending existing phenomenologies of homogeneous MHD turbulence, as well as simple two-length-scale models for transport of MHD turbulence in a weakly inhomogeneous medium. A set of equations is presented for the evolution of the turbulence, including the transport and nonlinear evolution of magnetic and kinetic energy, cross helicity, and their correlation scales. Two versions of the model are derived, depending on whether the fluctuations are distributed isotropically in three dimensions or restricted to the two-dimensional plane perpendicular to the mean magnetic field. This model includes a number of potentially important physical effects that have been neglected in previous discussions of transport of solar wind turbulence. Numerical solutions are shown for several cases of interest that demonstrate the advantages of this approach. We suggest that this model may prove useful in studies of solar wind heating and acceleration, as well as in describing the response of interplanetary turbulence to wave energy injected by pickup ions and planetary upstream waves.


95 Copyright © 2012 The Korean Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.e-acfs.org pISSN 2287-1152 eISSN 2287-5603 한국 영화와 드라마에 나타난 성형외과 의사와 성형 수술의 이미지


Abstract Sliding mode control is an effective methodology for controlling systems with variable structures, providing a systematic approach to the problem of maintaining stability and consistent performance in the presence of modeling imprecision, uncertainties, and disturbances. The observation problem of the uncertain and nonlinear nuclear systems is investigated by using sliding mode observers (SMOs). Three different applications with uncertainties are under consideration: point reactor kinetics equations, nonlinear xenon dynamics, and a U-tube steam generator system. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the SMO.


For many centuries urban waste management in Europe and Northern America consisted of private – to – private arrangements to remove waste from the city centre and so restrain the spread of cholera and other diseases, odour and nuisances. The agricultural and industrial value chains provided a destination and a motivation to extract and valorise rags, ashes, dust, excreta, metals, food scraps, and many other forms of secondary resources which had some value to someone. The business of recycling developed alongside of municipal waste management, and absorbed many discarded materials, but remained a separate sector with its own practices, institutions, and economic rationality. The management of solid waste management became primarily focused on dumping waste outside the city boundaries. The 'discovery' of the relationship between open dumping and groundwater contamination in the 1960s set the stage for a round of modernisation of waste management practices and institutions in high-income countries. The widely recognised and celebrated result was the shift from open dumping and open burning of waste to the engineered "regional sanitary landfill" as a large technical facility that concentrates waste, isolates it from population centres, protects ground-water and thus allows for safe modern disposal of increasingly complex materials. This proved to be a costly affair though, and triggered a process of ecological modernisation in solid waste management characterised by institutional and financial reforms, which elevated the cost of removal. Disposal became costly, and as cities expanded, land to dump became a scarce resource. This set the stage for incorporating valorisation into the modernised waste management landscape as an alternative to modernised disposal. The ecological modernisation process that took place in Northern Europe and North America in the 1980s and early 1990s changed the policies and practices of waste management in fundamental but seldom understood ways. Pricing of disposal in high-income countries represents a core financial reform which in turn stimulates local authorities to invest in their own recycling (composting, reuse) infrastructure as a lower-cost and environmentally attractive alternative. Municipal recycling emerges as a key modernised institution in the landscape of integrated waste management, where investment in recycling produces higher and higher recovery rates and a virtuous circle of more investment, more recovery, less waste, co-operation with the value chains which have been re-constituted as "recycling markets," and lower system costs. In municipal recycling, the agricultural and industrial value chains function as alternative and lower-cost sinks, complementing the landfill and lowering costs for the whole waste management system. In low- and middle-income countries, in contrast, the ecological modernisation of solid waste is problematic and incomplete, and 'recycling' becomes a key new area of global conflict. Priced disposal does not come about, either because of low levels of disposable income or unwillingness of elected officials to impose a burden on tax- and rate-payers, or because the motivation to modernise disposal comes from global institutions and is insufficiently embedded in genuinely local policymaking. Without it the system-internal benefits of diverting materials from disposal to valorisation are missing. Municipal recycling does not emerge, and the virtuous cycle of increasing recovery ambitions and performance is replaced by a vicious cycle of interrupted private value chain transactions, declining valorisation rates, and increasing volumes of materials requiring expensive disposal. City authorities in low- and middle-income countries seeking to gain the financial benefits of selling materials compete with private (informal) waste pickers, recyclers, and livestock feeding operations, claim monopoly rights to materials, and criminalise value chain activities. But they are unable to organise effective valorisation themselves, as they lack knowledge and commercial channels to reach the value chains. The value chain actors are blamed for not buying materials, but also for exploiting poor workers in miserable working conditions. Valorisation businesses are unwilling to do business with municipalities who supply low-quality materials, so the value chain transactions fail, and both avoided costs of disposal and offsetting revenues from valorisation remain elusive. Municipalities, waste system users, and the environment lose in this situation when local authorities are unable to pay landfill operating costs, and the expensive sanitary landfill infrastructure reverts to the status of a pre-modern dumpsite, which has to handle more and more waste. Agricultural and industrial value chains also suffer, because the thousands of individual and family enterprises in waste picking, recycling, and animal feeding are at risk to lose their livelihoods, or see reduced returns on their efforts due to monopoly behaviour, criminalisation, or harassment from the formal waste system actors. Mid-level value chain enterprises get fewer materials, and increasing volumes of potentially recoverable resources end up in the dump. But there are already some examples of how changing the model can produce improved results. In a small number of cities in low- and middle-income countries, the ecological modernisation of the waste management system appears to be leading to the emergence of a new model for institutionalised valorisation, provisionally called inclusive recycling. Inclusive recycling is a model for public sector acceptance of private value chain activities of valorisation. It is a model of shared ownership, risks, and benefits, where each set of actors does what they are best at. While it builds upon the techniques for participatory planning and stakeholder engagement, as well as on technical innovations for separate collection, processing, and environmental education that characterised the development of municipal recycling in the 1980s in OECD countries, inclusive recycling does not rely on the institutional reform of priced disposal. Rather, it maintains the centre of gravity of valorisation activities in the industrial or agricultural value chains, where the knowledge and infrastructure exists to receive, process, and market materials. Instead of re-inventing recycling as a part of the municipal solid waste department's responsibilities, inclusive recycling looks to intermediary institutions such as labour unions or recycling co-operatives to facilitate shared risks and responsibilities between local authorities and value chain actors. Inclusive recycling can be seen in some of its emerging forms in Asia and Latin America, particularly in situations where there is a tradition of co-operation between civil society and local authorities, large numbers of waste pickers at the base of the value chain pyramid, and where the paper and metal value chains are long, healthy, and deeply rooted. In place of a single municipal recycling system, inclusive recycling is a mixed system where there are many different types of actors, economic niches, and business models. The results may be high levels of recovery and diversion from disposal, making it comparable to municipal recycling as a modernised institution. Like municipal recycling, inclusive recycling contributes to the pluralism of the modernised system, with a proliferation of actors, activities, and economic niches, which qualify it as what ecological modernization scholars have called a 'modernised mixture'. However, inclusive recycling is not municipal recycling, and in the absence of priced disposal, the risks for both local authorities and value chain actors remain high. Combining global knowledge with local control of ecological modernisation processes is one approach to keeping the risks limited and enlarging the space for the virtuous circle of inclusive recycling to take root and flourish.


UNLABELLED
The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of different forms of magnesium supplementation on its serum concentrations and the frequency of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). One hundred and twenty adult patients were examined. All of them received intravenous infusions of MgSO4 during surgery and the early postoperative period (18 hours). Moreover, some of them received preoperative Mg supplementation. Therefore, patients were divided into six groups: A) patients, receiving an intravenous infusion 3.33 mg of MgSO4 per min; B) those receiving preoperative, oral Mg supplementation (OPS-Mg) and intravenous 3.33 mg of MgSO4 per min; C) patients receiving intravenous 6.66 mg of MgSO4 per min; D) patients receiving OPS-Mg and 6.66 mg of MgSO4 per min; E) patients receiving intravenous 10 mg of MgSO4 per min; F) those receiving OPS-Mg and 10 mg of MgSO4 per min. Additionally, all patients were divided into three groups: O (patients, who did not receive dopamine or dobutamine infusions), DOP (those receiving dopamine infusions in doses dependent on their clinical state) and DOB (those receiving dobutamine infusions in doses dependent on their clinical state). Total serum Mg concentrations (Mg(t)) were measured at five points: 1) 10 min before anaesthesia; 2) 10 min after ECC; 3) 10 min after surgery, 4) in the morning of postoperative day 1, 5) in the morning of postoperative day 2. The data were analyzed statistically; values at the first measurement points were considered as baseline. In group A, Mg(t) decreased at time points 2, 3, 4. Similar changes were observed in group B, however, in both groups Mg(t) returned to the baseline value at time point 5. In groups C and D, Mg(t) decreased at point 2 and 3, whereas in groups E and F it was increased during all the study period. The changes in Mg(t) were slightly less in patients receiving OPS-Mg, these patients had a significantly higher Mg(t) at time point 1. Mg(t) decreased in the O, DOP and DOB groups at measurement points 2 and 3. Moreover, the lowest Mg(t) was observed in the DOP group. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was noted in 33 patients (27.5%). The highest percentage of patients with AF during the early postoperative days was observed in groups A and B (45%). In groups C, D, E and F, AF was detected in 25%, 20%, 20% and 10% of patients, respectively. The incidence of AF was significantly higher in groups A and B compared to the other groups. Moreover, episodes of AF were rarer in patients receiving preoperative, oral Mg supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS
1) ECC resulted in a decrease in Mg(t); 2) Mg infusion at the dose of 3.33 mg/min had little effect for the prevention of postoperative AF; 3) the infusion of 10 mg/min of MgSO4 maintained the level of Mg(t) during CABG and most effectively reduced AF; 4) OPS-Mg played a beneficial role in Mg(t) disturbances during CABG; 5) dopamine caused the most severe disturbances in serum Mg(t) concentration.


This article is a pledge that we actually should care about the differences between what has recently been coined 'small' versus 'big' stories because they represent very different approaches to narrative inquiry. In the attempt to pull other contributions of this special issue into the debate between small and big, I argue that the small story approach is able to theoretically and methodologically enrich traditional narrative inquiry — not in a peaceful, complementary fashion, but by more radically re-positioning big story approaches as grounded in dialogical/discursive approaches such as small story research.


Tensiometers are commonly used for measuring soil water matric pressures. Unfortunately, the water‐filled reservoir of conventional tensiometers limits their applicability to soil water matric pressures above approximately −0.085 MPa. Tensiometers filled with a polymer solution instead of water are able to measure a larger range of soil water matric pressures. We designed and constructed six prototype polymer tensiometers (previously called osmotic tensiometers) consisting of a wide‐range pressure transducer with a temperature sensor, a stainless steel casing, and a ceramic plate with a membrane preventing polymer leakage. A polymer chamber (0.1–2.2 cm3) was located between the pressure transducer and the plate. We tested the polymer tensiometers for long‐term operation, the effects of temperature, response times, and performance in a repacked sandy loam under laboratory conditions. Several months of continuous operation caused a gradual drop in the osmotic pressure, for which we developed a suitable correction. The osmotic potential of polymer solutions is temperature dependent, and requires calibration before installation. The response times to sudden and gradual changes in ambient temperature were found to be affected by polymer chamber height and polymer type. Practically useful response times (<0.2 d) are feasible, particularly for chambers shorter than 0.20 cm. We demonstrated the ability of the instrument to measure the range of soil water pressures in which plant roots are able to take up water (from 0 to −1.6 MPa), to regain pressure without user interference and to function properly for time periods of up to 1 yr.


Two types of guidelines can be obtained from a DEA (data envelopment analysis) analysis. Firstly, the firm can reduce input or increase production according to the DEA results. Secondly, an inefficient firm might be able to identify reference units. This makes it possible for the inefficient firm to, on site, study production that is more efficient, and thereby get information on e.g. efficient organisational solutions. In this study, we focus on how to detect these firm-relevant reference units. While applying the existing methods for identification of reference units, i.e. the intensity variable method and the dominance method, on a data set concerning booking centres in the Swedish taxi market, shortcomings in these methods were identified. This motivates the development of a new method. This new method, the sphere measure, enables an inefficient unit to identify existing and efficient units that have the largest similarity with itself. The identified units will thus be firmrelevant reference units.


Alaungmintaya's rise from village headman to kingship in less than five years raises manifold questions regarding the perception of Buddhist kingship in Myanmar. The new king had to establish his credentials not only on the battlefield, but also within a particular cultural and religious environment. Based largely on the edicts and letters of the king himself, this paper takes a look at the way that the king communicated his claims to royal status to other kings and his subjects. It focuses in particular on the common notion of kingship by merit which, in the king's mind, not only explained and legitimized his political rise, but also made explicit the cosmic relevance of his mission to protect the Buddhist religion. For Alaungmintaya, kingship was not only a reward due to past merits, but the fulfillment of a higher mission with divine approval. By paying close attention to the religious connotations of key terms within their cultural and textual context, the paper tries to highlight the complexity of royal self-representation.


During wayfinding, pedestrians do not always choose the shortest available route. Instead, route choices are guided by several well-known wayfinding strategies or heuristics. These heuristics minimize cognitive effort and usually lead to satisfactory route choices. The length of the route obtained from applying a wayfinding heuristic is dependent on the spatial arrangement or morphology of the urban pedestrian network. This study evaluates the cost of four popular wayfinding heuristics across nine different urban network morphologies. It observes that the cost of these wayfinding heuristics vary significantly and individually differently with morphology, supporting the assumption that people choose heuristics by environment.


Geographical remoteness has not prevented Australia from pursuing its ambition to become a major hub for international commercial arbitration (ICA). While regional competitors in the Asia-Pacific region such as Singapore and Hong Kong have already achieved great success in the arbitration world, Australia's 'Tyranny of Distance' requires extra efforts to attract ICA cases. Recent marketing from the Australian government emphasises (1) a harmonised legal framework for ICA in line with international standards; (2) sophisticated arbitration institutions; and (3) some of the world's leading arbitration practitioners.

While these factors do reveal strong potential to attract ICA cases, to ensure that this goes beyond a mere possibility, the Australian government and judiciary are making quite concerted broader efforts. The former has recently become more vigorous in marketing Australia-based ICA in and out of the country. The latter has generally tried to issue pro-arbitration judgments particularly over the last ten years, and in public speeches or publications leading judges have been actively summarising and promoting Australian developments both domestically and world-wide. However the court system has structural problems, due to the shared ICA jurisdiction of State and Territory Courts alongside the Federal Courts, compared to the unitary system in Hong Kong and Singapore. There are also persistent delays in court-related ICA matters under the IAA, even in the Federal Court of Australia. Nonetheless, perfection is never attainable.

The rest of this paper argues that Australia has significantly improved legal environment for ICA in line with international standards, focusing on the main topics identified for a wider cross-jurisdictional research project: (1) arbitrator bias; (2) conflicts of interests; (3) procedural irregularities and arbitrator's misconduct during proceedings; (4) arbitrability (objective arbitrability) (5) judicial interpretation of arbitration clauses (subjective arbitrability); and (6) enforceability of arbitral awards.


This dissertation addressed whether and how theories of marriage apply to samesex relationships. These theories correspond to two main research questions. First, does the legal recognition of same-sex relationships provide the same benefits for members of same-sex couples that it does for different-sex spouses? Second, how do same-sex couples divide household labor, and, should inequalities emerge, what factors explain the division of labor? Marriage provides numerous benefits to husband/wife couples who wed, including better mental and physical health, greater financial security, and higher levels of sexual satisfaction. Using results from a web-based survey of members of same-sex couples and same-sex-attracted singles (N=429), I tested the applicability of the "marriage benefits model" to same-sex marriages, civil unions, domestic partnerships, and cohabiting couples. Although the focus of the same-sex marriage debate has been on the positive attributes of marriage, marriage for different-sex couples is also associated with great inequity in the division of household labor. Explanations for the housework gap point to gender or are tied up in correlates of gender, such as income and work hours. I also explored variations in the division of household labor in same-sex marriages and partnerships and tested extant theories of housework inequality. Results indicated that legal recognition (marriages and civil unions) does provide some benefits to financial well-being and physical health. Defining one's own relationship as a marriage (regardless of legal recognition) was more strongly associated with "marriage" benefits, including greater financial well-being, an improved sexual relationship, and fewer healthrisk behaviors. Femininity was positively related to proportional housework contributions, and proportional work hours were inversely related, to proportional housework, supporting both the gender and time availability explanations of housework inequalities. Interactions between gender and relationship characteristics and between time availability and relationship characteristics were also explored.


Abstract Long Kesh/Maze, once Northern Ireland's largest prison, is one of its most important sites of conflict. Since closure in 2000, its demolition and development have been contested. Its material culture, the remaining architecture as well as the artefacts that belonged to either prisoners or prison officers are implicated in the processes of remembering or forgetting violence and defining perpetrators and victims of conflict. The traces of the prison feature in the hesitant process of conflict-resolution and a vibrant trade in conflict heritage. This article examines both political debate concerning the future of the prison site and eBay auctions of the traces of its past.


1.The foraging ecology of emperor penguins was examined at two colonies on the
Mawson Coast of Antarctica during the winter, spring and summer of 1988. The
study sought to quantify the penguin's reproductive performances and chick
mortality schedules, chick diet composition, energy intake and food consumption of
adults and chicks, and adult hunting performance during the period of chick care.
2. Several techniques commonly used for conducting ecological research on
penguins were modified for use on emperors. These included techniques for:
capture and restraint, measuring body masses, marking individuals for
identification, sampling stomach contents, preventing liquid radio-isotopes from
freezing in sub zero temperatures, handling adults during incubation and brooding,
withdrawing blood samples and attaching dive recorders. The techniques are of
particular relevance to field research conducted during the Antarctic winter.
3. The population size and breeding success of emperor penguins at the Auster and
Taylor Glacier colonies was estimated from winter photographs of incubating males
and collections of abandoned eggs and dead chicks. At Auster a total of 10,963
pairs produced about 6,350 fledglings for a breeding success of 58%. At Taylor
Glacier about 2,900 pairs raised 1,774 fledglings for a breeding success of 61 %.
Fledglings left Taylor Glacier over a period of 33 days at a mean mass of 10.56 kg.
4. A validation study was conducted on the tritiated water (HTO) and sodium-22
(22Na) turnover methods as estimators of dietary water and sodium intake by freeranging
emperor penguins. Penguins assimilated 76.2% and 81.8% of available
energy in squid and fish diets, respectively. Both isotopes had equilibrated with
body water and exchangeable sodium pools by 2 h after intramuscular injection.
The tritium method yielded reliable results after blood isotope levels had declined
by 35%. On average the tritium method underestimated water intake by 2.9%, with
a range of -10.3% to +11.1%. The 22Na method underestimated Na intake on
average by 15.9% with the errors among individuals ranging from -37.2% to -1.8%.
Discrepancies with 22Na turnover were significantly greater with the squid diet
than the fish diet. The results confirm the reliability of the tritium method as an
estimator of food consumption by free-living emperor penguins (provided sea water
and fresh water ingestion is known) and support the adoption of the 22Na method
v
to derive an approximation of sea water intake by tritiated emperor penguin chicks,
and by tritiated adults on foraging trips of short duration.
5. The diet composition of emperor penguin chicks was examined at Auster and
Taylor Glacier colonies by water-offloading adults serially between hatching in midwinter
and fledging in mid-summer. Chicks at both colonies consumed a similar
suite of prey species. Crustaceans occurred in 82% of stomach samples at Auster
and 87% of stomachs at Taylor Glacier and were heavily digested; their
contribution to food mass could not be quantified. Fish, primarily bentho-pelagic
species, accounted for 52% by number and 55% by mass of chick diet at Auster
and squid formed the remainder. At Taylor Glacier the corresponding values were
27% by number and 31% by mass of fish and 73% by number and 69% by mass of
squid. Of the 33 species or taxa identified the fish Trematomus eulepidotus and the
squid Psychroteuthis glacialis and Alluroteuthis antarcticus accounted for 64% and
74% of the diets by mass at Auster and Taylor Glacier respectively. The sizes of
fish varied temporally but not in a linear manner from winter to summer. Adult
penguins captured fish ranging from 60 nun (Pleuragramma antarcticum) to 250 nun
(T. eulepidotus) in length and squid (P. glacialis) from 19 nun to 280 mm mantle
length. The length-frequency distribution of P. glacialis showed seasonal variation
with the size of squid increasing from winter to summer. The energy density of
chick diet mix increased significantly prior to fledging.
6. The energy requirements and food consumption of emperor penguin chicks during
their 150-day development was studied at Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies by
means of doubly labelled water (3H2180)-derived estimates of field metabolism
and measurement of tissue energy accumulation during growth. Growth rates to
asymptotic mass ranged from 19 g.d-1 for brooded chicks to 74 g.d-1 for chicks
mid-way through their development. Tritiated water derived feeding rates ranged
from 199 g.kg-1 d-1 for brooded chicks to 44 g.kg-1.d-1 for pre-departure fledglings,
which were fed a sub-maintenance ration following attainment of asymptotic mass.
Mass-specific field metabolic rates declined from 583 kJ.kg-1.d -1 for chicks
weighing about 1 kg to 323 kJ.kg-1.d-1 for chicks near to asymptotic mass (c 12 kg).
Field metabolism scaled on body mass was best described by FM = 0.446 MO.91 (r2
= 0.74; n = 32), where FM is field metabolism (MJ.d-1) and M is chick mass (kg).
The relationship was statistically indistinguishable from tritiated water-derived
estimates of FM for chicks fed a ration suitable for maintenance (growth excluded)
only. An 'average' chick expended a total of 444 MJ metabolized energy during
development, which consisted of 125 MJ accumulated in new tissue and 319 MJ
VI
expended for maintenance. Food intake to satisfy total metabolized energy was 84
kg, which represents the amount of food required to produce an emperor penguin
chick from hatching to independence. Based on this estimate and knowledge of
chick diet composition, chicks at Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies consumed an
estimated 648 tonnes and 290 tonnes of food, respectively, during the 1988
breeding season.
7. The food and energy requirements of adult emperor penguins parenting chicks
were examined at Auster (about 11,000 pairs) and Taylor Glacier (about 2,900
pairs) colonies during the winter, spring and summer of 1988. Tritiated waterderived
estimates of adult food consumption trebled during the five-month period
of chick care. For birds at sea, estimates ranged from 89 g.kg-1.d -1 (2.3 kg.d-1) in
winter when chicks were < 5 % of adult mass, to 259 g.kg-1.d-1 (6.3 kg.d-1) in
summer, when chicks represented 40 - 50% of adult mass. These food consumption
rates were equivalent to the acquisition of 440 kJ.kg-1 d-1 (11.4 MJ.d-1) and 1,380
kJ.kg-1.d-1 (33.4 MJ.d-1) metabolizable energy in winter and summer respectively.
Chick provisioning was not accompanied by a major increase in food consumption
by adults. Adults assimilated 85-92% of their daily food intake themselves and
retained the remainder for the chick. The food ration of chicks for the three seasons
(648 tonnes at Auster) constituted only about 6% of the total food intake by the
adults during the same period. In spite of this, adults appeared to be operating
near their maximum food gathering capacity when raising chicks. Adults consumed
an estimated 482 kg of food (including the ration for the chick), which amounts to
about 10,615 tonnes and 2,800 tonnes of fish and squid consumed by the breeding
populations at Auster and Taylor Glacier, respectively.
8. The diving performance of adult emperor penguins was examined in winter,
early spring, late spring and summer. These seasons coincided with the brood,
creche, mid-growth and pre-fledging stages of chick development, respectively. The
distribution in the water column of modal depths did not appear to be affected by
season. Mean maximum dive depth (53-66 metres) was similar for all four seasons,
as was mean maximum dive duration (2.8-4.1 minutes). Maximum depths and
durations of individuals in the four groups ranged from 130-460 metres and from
6.2-22.0 minutes, respectively. Diving was restricted to daylight and twilight, and
dive rate increased as day length increased, from 64.1 ± 26.9 dives/ day in winter to
131 dives/day in summer (one individual). Deep dives occurred at any time of the
day, not only during periods of peak light intensity. The large proportion of
ben tho-pelagic prey in the emperors' diet, combined with knowledge of their dive
vii
patterns, suggests the emperors' hunted prey in the meso-pelagic region of the water
column, including on the sea bottom of the continental shelf. The penguins' prey
composition, prey habitat, marine topography, seasonal changes in the fast-ice and
the birds' diving performances are used to make some basic estimates of the
foraging locations and prey capture rates of emperor penguins.


In U.S. federal income tax, the standard deduction, along with the personal exemptions, provides taxpayers with a minimum amount of untaxed income, effectively creating a "zero bracket amount." For historical and political reasons, however, the standard deduction also operates as a simplified substitute for the itemized deductions, such as the deductions for extraordinary medical expenses, charitable contributions, and home mortgage interest. This seemingly reasonable compromise in fact leads to substantial, and surprising, conceptual complexity. In particular, close analysis of each of the two roles shows that their effects, and related criticisms, are often contradictory, which in turn makes it difficult to have coherent debates regarding the proper roles of the standard deduction and the personal deductions. This article argues that, while the standard deduction is worse than we think it is, it is also easier to fix than we think it is. We can replace the standard deduction with a true, independent zero bracket amount and a floor under the itemized deductions while staying revenue-and distribution-neutral. This would effectively divorce the two roles of the standard deduction – zero bracket amount and simplification of the itemized deductions – leading to more coherence in individual income taxation and giving more flexibility to policymakers. This article proposes further to disaggregate the single floor under the itemized deductions into multiple, independent floors under each itemized deduction. This also would lead to greater coherence and flexibility in tax system design. While creating multiple floors would marginally increase complexity for some taxpayers, the costs of such complexity are overstated relative to the benefits of more accuracy and coherence.


Abstract : When goods persist in the marketplace over time, price indices can be computed directly from observed prices. Hedonic models are used to estimate real price growth for goods that do not persist in the marketplace long enough to establish a price change history. Hedonic models attempt to explain as much price change as possible using observable quality features. We describe challenges in developing a hedonic price index for military vehicles, and propose an alternative pseudo-hedonic model based on hypothesized unobservable quality growth within in vehicle families.


Endothelial cell (EC) migration is an essential process in angiogenesis as ECs sprout from preexisting vessels, following chemotactic gradients. However, most of the data obtained about EC migration has been acquired in artificial two dimensional (2D) cell culture environments. Recent reports showed that migration in fibrillary environments can be mimicked by spatial confinement, achieved by micro patterning techniques (Doyle et al. 2009). In the first part of this work it was investigated whether a model system based on linearly structured surfaces allows to draw conclusions about the migration of ECs in fibrillary 3D collagen matrices. In order to estimate the cellular behavior of ECs on linearly structured surfaces, a comprehensive cell biological analysis was performed. ECs on narrow 3 µm wide tracks (also termed 1D in the following) migrated less efficient in comparison to ECs on broader tracks in regard to mean velocity, persistence, and run velocity. Additionally, ECs in 1D displayed a distinct actin cytoskeleton architecture, compressed nuclei, and different orientation of the centrosome in comparison to ECs on wider tracks. The frequent directional changes of ECs on narrow tracks were accompanied by pronounced membrane blebbing, while migrating and elongated cells displayed a lamellipodium as cellular protrusion. This behavior was contractility-dependent as both modes were provoked by using Blebbistatin or Calyculin A, respectively. The comparison between 1D and 3D migrating cells revealed a striking similarity in actin cytoskeleton architecture and in switching between two morphological modes. Cells migrating in 3D moved slower but more persistent after Blebbistatin treatment, which was likewise the case for cells migrating in 1D. In contrast to this, cells in the 2D system migrated faster but less persistent after Blebbistatin treatment. A Rac1 inhibitor used in this study showed the tendency to influence the migratory potential similarly in 1D and 3D, in contrast to 2D. However, a microtubule disrupting agent displayed different effects in 1D and 3D. These experiments demonstrated that the 1D system allows to draw conclusions about certain aspects of 3D migration. Thus, using this 1D migration system, important aspects of 3D migration can be mimicked in a highly controlled setting.
In the second part of this work, a system for artificial tip cell formation was investigated. For the analysis of tip and stalk cells specifically structured surfaces were designed. These structures provided areas allowing only a restricted number of cell-cell contacts and areas allowing a high number of cell-cell contacts. ECs with a low number of cell-cell contacts displayed increased VEGFR2 expression levels in comparison to cells with a high number of cell-cell contacts, a phenomenon which was inhibited by using a Notch signaling inhibitor. This system will be a useful tool in the future to decipher tip and stalk cell competition within a defined cellular population and a defined microscopic frame


Recent technological advances over the past few decades have enabled the development of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling prediction systems that are used today to support short-term (days to weeks) and medium-term (10–21 days) needs for both the operational and research communities. We overview the coupling framework, including model components and grid resolution considerations, as well as the coupling physics by examining heat fluxes between atmosphere and ocean, momentum transfer, and freshwater fluxes. These modeling systems can be run as fully coupled atmosphere-ocean and atmosphere-ocean-wave configurations. Examples of several modeling systems applied to complex coastal regions including Madeira Island, Adriatic Sea, Coastal California, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, and the Maritime Continent are presented. In many of these studies, a variety of field campaigns have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying physics associated with the atmosphere-ocean feedbacks. Examples of improvements in predictive skill when run in coupled mode versus standalone are shown. Coupled model challenges such as model initialization, data assimilation, and earth system prediction are discussed.


Studies have shown that there are a significant number of chemical species present in engine exhaust particulate matter emissions. Additionally, the majority of current world-wide regulatory methods for measuring engine particulate emissions are gravimetrically based. As modern engines considerably reduce particulate mass emissions, these methods become less stable and begin to display higher levels of measurement uncertainty. In this study, a characterization of mass emissions from three heavy-duty diesel engines, with a range of particulate emission levels, was made in order to gain a better understanding of the variability and uncertainty associated with common mass measurement methods, as well as how well these methods compare with each other. Two gravimetric mass measurement methods and a reconstructed mass method were analyzed as part of the present study. The results have shown that each of the mass measurement methods analyzed compare well at higher emission levels, but show significant disparity at the ultra-low emission levels commonly seen from modern diesel engines. Additionally, at ultra-low emissions, the uncertainty in the measurement becomes large, thus reducing confidence in the accuracy of the measurement. Based upon these findings, it would be difficult to justify a comparison between any two gravimetric measurement methods and it may be more appropriate to perform a reconstruction of the particulate mass due to a lower susceptibility to measurement error.


The authors propose novel spectrum sensing and utilisation schemes for cognitive radio networks using the chirp-z transform. To improve the spectral efficiency, a dispersed chirp-z transform is introduced with the energy detection method. The dispersed chirp-z transform enables one to analyse the dispersed frequency spectrum of any frequency range of interest. The analysis is first focused on the sensing part, including the derivations of closed-form expressions for the optimal detection thresholds minimising the total error rate over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Rician and log-normally distributed fading channels. Then, the performance analysis of the proposed system is investigated for efficient spectrum utilisation over AWGN and fading channels by presenting the receiver operating characteristics. Conventional and segmented chirp-z transform-based spectrum utilisation techniques are also introduced for performance comparison purposes. Finally, the theoretical framework and the optimal threshold derivations through simulations are verified. The analyses reveal that the proposed schemes have a considerable potential to improve the non-cooperative spectrum sensing and utilisation performance.


CBA/CaJ is a mouse strain that has no known genetic mutations affecting the inner ear thereby serving as a control model for auditory and vestibular aging. C57BL/6J and CE/J mouse strains carry the genetic mutation Cdh23753A (Ahl) which results in early-onset age-related hearing loss. CBA/CaJ and CE/J mice both exhibit an age-related decline in gravity receptor function with function declining at a considerably faster rate in the CE/J strain than in the CBA/CaJ strain. C57BL/6J mice exhibit minimal declines in gravity receptor function with age. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of age on three structures within the utricle of the inner ear; hair cells synaptic ribbons and post-synaptic receptor sites - all of which are critical to sensory transduction and compare structural aging with gravity receptor functional data across the lifespan. Utricles were dissected stained with CtBP2 (marker for hair cell nuclei and synaptic ribbons) and Shank1a (marker for post-synaptic receptor sites) and imaged using confocal microscopy. Structures were quantified and averaged over four distinct areas of the utricle at several age points across the lifespan. For the CBA/CaJ strain the number of hair cells and CtBP2 per hair cell declined by the oldest age group while Shank1a and synaptic colocalization counts per hair cell remained relatively stable across the lifespan. All structures measured for the C57BL/6J and CE/J strains were maintained with age. When compared with aging gravity receptor functional data structural results for the CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J strains were relatively consistent with their corresponding function. Maintenance of structural elements as observed for CE/J mice is disparate from severe age-related gravity receptor dysfunction observed for this strain. Overall results suggest that presynaptic elements may play a role in normal age-related gravity receptor dysfunction while the presence of Ahl does not appear to result in a significant loss of vestibular structure with age. Additional influences must be responsible for age-related declines in gravity receptor function observed in the CE/J strain.


We present a new empirical constraint on the rate of breakdown of large ejecta blocks on the Moon based on observations from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Diviner thermal radiometer. We find that the rockiness of fresh crater ejecta can be quantified using the Diviner-derived rock abundance data set, and we present a strong inverse correlation between the 95 th percentile value of the ejecta rock abundance (RA 95/5 ) and crater age. For nine craters with published model ages derived from crater counts on their continuous ejecta, RA 95/5 decreases with crater age, as (age [m.y.]) −0.46 . This result implies shorter rock survival times than predicted based on downward extrapolation of 100 m crater size-frequency distributions, and represents a new empirical constraint on the rate of comminution of large rocks not previously analyzed experimentally or through direct observation. In addition, our result provides a new method for dating young lunar craters.


Sunlight readability is a critical requirement for display devices, especially for mobile displays. Anti-reflection (AR) films can greatly improve sunlight readability by reducing the surface reflection. In this work, we demonstrate a broadband moth-eye-like AR surface on a flexible substrate, intended for flexible display applications. The moth-eye-like nanostructure was fabricated by an imprinting process onto a flexible substrate with a thin hard-coating film. The proposed nanostructure exhibits excellent AR with luminous reflectance 3  H), which is favorable for touch panels. A small bending radius (8 mm) was also demonstrated, which makes the proposed nanostructure applicable for flexible displays. Additionally, a fluoroalkyl coating was applied onto the moth-eye-like surface to improve the hydrophobicity (with a water contact angle >100°). Such a self-cleaning feature helps protect touch panels from dust and fingerprints. The proposed moth-eye-like AR film is expected to find widespread applications for sunlight readable flexible and curved displays.


Many scholars have made the call for teacher educators to provide experiences that can lead preservice teachers to embrace a culturally responsive pedagogy. We investigated the use of brief autobiographies during an internship as a tool (a) for preservice teachers to examine their multidimensional culture; and (b) for teacher educators to assess preservice teachers' developing understandings about cultural responsive pedagogy and then further design curriculum to enhance these understandings. Using qualitative methods, we analyzed the preservice teachers' (N=24) autobiographies and an interview with the professor of this course. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest teacher educators need to develop experiences and opportunities that will enable preservice teachers to reflect on how culture impacts teaching and learning behaviors. Therefore, preservice teachers will be better prepared to teach all students.


CollageMachine builds interactive collages from the Web. First you choose a direction. Then CollageMachine will take you surfing out across the Internet as far as it can reach. It builds a collage from the most interesting media it can find for you. You don't have to click through links. You rearrange the collage to refine your exploration. CollageMachine is an agent of recombination. Aesthetics of musical composition and conceptual detournement underlie its development. The composer John Cage and Dada artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst used structured chance procedures to create aesthetic assemblages. These works create new meaning by recontextualizing found objects. Instead of functioning as a single visual work, CollageMachine embodies the process of collage making. CollageMachine [1] deconstructs Web sites and re-presents them in collage form. The program crawls the Web, downloading sites. It breaks each page down into media elementsimages and texts. Over time, these elements stream into a collage. Point, click, drag, and drop to rearrange the media. How you organize the elements shows CollageMachine what you're interested in. You can teach it to bring media of interest to you. On the basis of your interactions, CollageMachine reasons about your interests; the evolving model informs ongoing choices of selection and placement. CollageMachine has been developed through a process of freely combining disciplines according to the principles of interface ecology.


Abstract. The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) is a climate observation system that has been designed to monitor the Earth's climate with unprecedented absolute radiometric accuracy and SI traceability. Climate Observation System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) have been generated to simulate CLARREO hyperspectral shortwave imager measurements to help define the measurement characteristics needed for CLARREO to achieve its objectives. To evaluate how well the OSSE-simulated reflectance spectra reproduce the Earth's climate variability at the beginning of the 21st century, we compared the variability of the OSSE reflectance spectra to that of the reflectance spectra measured by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY). Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate decomposition technique used to represent and study the variability of hyperspectral radiation measurements. Using PCA, between 99.7% and 99.9% of the total variance the OSSE and SCIAMACHY data sets can be explained by subspaces defined by six principal components (PCs). To quantify how much information is shared between the simulated and observed data sets, we spectrally decomposed the intersection of the two data set subspaces. The results from four cases in 2004 showed that the two data sets share eight (January and October) and seven (April and July) dimensions, which correspond to about 99.9% of the total SCIAMACHY variance for each month. The spectral nature of these shared spaces, understood by examining the transformed eigenvectors calculated from the subspace intersections, exhibit similar physical characteristics to the original PCs calculated from each data set, such as water vapor absorption, vegetation reflectance, and cloud reflectance.


During oogenesis in Drosophila, the border cells detach from the anterior side and migrate as a group of eight cells (six outer cells and two polar cells) toward the oocyte in the posterior, and then they turn and migrate dorsally toward the oocyte nucleus. Bianco et al. found that the cells use two different mechanisms to achieve this migration. It was known that two receptor tyrosine kinases--platelet-derived growth factor- and vascular endothelial growth factor-related receptor (PVR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)--were involved in the process, with the two receptors functioning redundantly in the initial migratory phases and then EGFR taking over for the later phases. Bianco et al. investigated the downstream signaling events by creating loss-of-function mutants or mosaic animals in which only a subset of the cells were mutant. They found that a Rac, Mbc (myoblast city, also known as DOCK180, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor), and the downstream effector ELMO (engulfment and cell motility, also known as Ced-12) were essential for the initial phase of posterior migration. ELMO-deficient cells arrested early in migration and failed to exhibit filamentous actin accumulation in response to constitutive PVR signaling. In mosaic border cells, during the initial posterior migration phase, ELMO-deficient cells were in the rear, which would be expected for cells that were not contributing to the migration process but were carried along by the wild-type cells, whereas ELMO-deficient cells were frequently in the leading position during dorsal migration. Screening for phosphotyrosine-binding proteins that interacted with the tyrosine in the EGFR that was critical for migration identified Shc, an adaptor that links receptor tyrosine kinases to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Border cells lacking functional Shc did not migrate dorsally. Double-mutant cells lacking both MAPK and PLC-γ signaling initiated migration but were delayed in reaching the posterior and did not migrate dorsally. Live-cell imaging of the border cells revealed that the movement occurred in two phases: a fast phase in which two highly polarized cells led the group, and a slower phase that occurred midway to the oocyte, during which the cells were round and the cluster tended to shuffle such that the leading cell changed approximately every 18 minutes. The early fast phase corresponds to the time when the Rac-Mbc-ELMO pathway is active, whereas the later phase corresponds to the time when MAPK and PLC-γ are important. Within individual cells, MAPK signaling was uniform; however, relative to other cells in the cluster, the cell with the highest MAPK signaling [phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)] was located at the front of the cluster. With mosaic border cells, the authors showed that cells in which MAPK signaling was genetically increased tended to stay at or near the front. Thus, the authors suggest that, for the later phase of migration, the border cell cluster uses a "collective guidance" mechanism whereby each cell transmits guidance information to the entire cluster and the cells with the highest intensity of signaling compete for the front position, enabling forward movement. A. Bianco, M. Poukkula, A. Cliffe, J. Mathieu, C. M. Luque, T. A. Fulga, P. Rørth, Two distinct modes of guidance signalling during collective migration of border cells. Nature 448, 362-365 (2007). [PubMed]


Great efforts are being presently devoted to the development of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors for a large variety of applications, such as the basic, medical, industrial, and space research. The purpose of this work is to present the spectroscopic proper ties of some CZT crystals grown by the boron oxide encapsulated vertical Bridgman method, which has been recently implemented at IMEM-CNR. By this technique the crystal, during the growth, is fully encapsulated by a thin layer of liquid boron oxide, so that the crystal-crucible contact is prevented, thus allowing larger single grains with lower dislocation density to be obtained. Several detectors were realized about 4 mm x 4 mm x 1 mm in size, with two planar gold contacts on both the surfaces realized by an electroless technique. The behavior of these detectors was studied as a function of the bias voltage, irradiation geometry and energy of the interacting photons. Good electron charge collection properties have been demonstrated and electric field distribution has been investigated using the Pockels effect.