The City is a Thinking Machine is a research project bringing together in an exhibition, Geddes' collection of city plans with his thinking and lecture notes. The exhibition also includes projects by eight practices affiliated with the Geddes Institute at the University of Dundee. Affiliates include members of the academic and professional communities from Scotland and abroad, and include artists, architects, and the Local and Strategic Planning Authorities. Our aim is to demonstrate the continuing significance of the thought on cities and society by polymathic Scottish planner and botanist Patrick Geddes. The city plans were drawn from Geddes' touring Cities Exhibition, most of which have not been brought to the public view since the Outlook Tower closed in 1949. The lecture notes include his 'thinking machine' diagrams, drawn on folded paper, which trace the linked evolution of civic society and the places they build to live well in them. Most of the diagrams have not, to our knowledge, been exhibited or published before, nor have they been seen together with the plans. The project included a public lecture program whose aim was to contextualise the work represented in the exhibition. The project marks the centenary of the publication of Geddes' Cities in Evolution (1915). The project was run by Deepak Gopinath, Lorens Holm, and Matthew Jarron at the University of Dundee, with strong visual assistance from Cameron McEwan and Tracey Dixon. Photographs of the opening by Cameron McEwan. Photographs of the exhibition and exhibition materials by Tracey
Dixon. Website by Tracey Dixon. Exhibition vitrines organised by Lyle McCance. Publication curated by Lorens Holm, designed by Cameron McEwan. Exhibition, curated by Lorens Holm, in the Lamb Gallery, University of Dundee, under the directorship of Matthew Jarron. For video recordings of the opening and lectures, visit the Geddes Institute website: http://www.dundee.ac.uk/geddesinstitute/projects/citythink/.

Volume I: The Exhibition
Volume II: The Geddes Archives
Volume III: The Geddes Institute
Volume IV: The Talks


As detailed in this submission, we support many of the amendments to the framework for trustee remuneration proposed by the paper. However, we are concerned that the tenor of the paper is primarily designed to ensure certainty for registered trustees rather than balance the interests of all involved – registered trustees, creditors and debtors. While registered trustees do deserve fair remuneration for their services, in practice, debtors' interests are often being sidelined in favour of trustees or creditors. We believe that amendments are required to both bankruptcy regulations and their enforcement, to ensure the weakest participants in the system – debtors and bankrupts – are not taken advantage of.


Largely shut out of American theaters since the 1920s, foreign films such as Open City, Bicycle Thief, Rashomon, The Seventh Seal, Breathless, La Dolce Vita, and L'Avventura played after World War II in a growing number of art houses around the country and created a small but influential art film market devoted to the acquisition, distribution, and exhibition of foreign-language and English-language films produced abroad. Nurtured by successive waves of imports from Italy, Great Britain, France, Sweden, Japan, and the Soviet Bloc, the renaissance was kick-started by independent distributors working out of New York; by the 1960s, however, the market had been subsumed by Hollywood. From Roberto Rossellini's Open City in 1946 to Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango in Paris in 1973, Tino Balio tracks the critical reception in the press of such filmmakers as Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni, Tony Richardson, Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa, Luis Bunuel, Satyajit Ray, and Milos Forman. Their releases paled in comparison to Hollywood fare at the box office, but their impact on American film culture was enormous. The reception accorded to art house cinema attacked motion picture censorship, promoted the director as auteur, and celebrated film as an international art. Championing the cause was the new "cinephile" generation, which was mostly made up of college students under thirty. The fashion for foreign films depended in part on their frankness about sex. When Hollywood abolished the Production Code in the late 1960s, American-made films began to treat adult themes with maturity and candor. In this new environment, foreign films lost their cachet and the art film market went into decline.


Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome due to
decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart
muscle is unable to function properly or dies. The most common symptom is chest
pain, often radiating to the left arm or angle of the jaw, pressure-like in
character, and associated with nausea and sweating. Acute coronary syndrome is
usually caused by one of three problems: ST elevation myocardial infarction
(STEMI, 30%), non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, 25%), or unstable
angina (38%). ACS should be distinguished from stable angina, which develops
during exertion and resolves at rest. In contrast with stable angina, unstable
angina occurs suddenly, often at rest or with minimal exertion, or at lesser
degrees of exertion than the individual's previous angina ("crescendo angina").
New onset angina is also considered unstable angina, since it suggests a new
problem in a coronary artery.

 In the present book, fifteen typical
literatures about acute coronary syndrome published
on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the
worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on medical
science, ischemic heart diseases, cardiovascular
disease, epidemiology, ect. We hope
this book can demonstrate advances in acute coronary syndrome as well as give
references to the researchers, students and other related people.


The care of patients with ETs is important, because pulmonary perfusion and oxygen ventilation play vital roles during the recovery process. Although several research studies have been conducted on various aspects of ET care, no standard of care on intubated patients has been developed based on results of these research studies. The value of the research findings should be recognized to ensure effective nursing interventions, minimize complications, and provide optimal nursing care.


This study presents a new approach for measuring denitrification at depth in the marsh rhizosphere (below 5 cm). The method combines the push‐pull technique and the 15N‐isotope pairing technique, here referred to as the PPIPT. The PPIPT allows ambient denitrification rates to be measured in situ at depth in the marsh rhizosphere with minimal damage to roots and rhizomes and minimal disturbance of the ambient pore water composition. In this method, pore water is extracted from the sediment using micropiezometers without contact with the atmosphere. The porewater is amended with 15NO3− to trace denitrification, and Ar(g) is added to trace potential gas loss of denitrification end products. The "spiked" pore water is injected back into the sediment for incubation. Subsequently, samples are sequentially extracted from the sediment for analysis of 28N2, 29N2, 30N2, and Ar. Denitrification rates are calculated using the isotope paring technique and corrected for dilution and gaseous losses using the argon tracer. After several trials in the laboratory and in the field to optimize the method, the PPIPT was applied in the field to measure denitrification in the rhizosphere of various vegetation zones in two New England marshes in northeastern USA. The field applications verified the PPIPT method as a useful tool for measuring ambient rates of denitrification at depth in salt marsh rhizospheres. Generally, the rates measured were low (0–12 µmol m−2 h−1) and showed a high spatial variability in the marsh rhizosphere among different vegetation zones.


Alignment between the real and the virtual has been a defining quality of mixed and augmented reality. With the emergence of Indirect Augmented Reality the problem of alignment is no longer primarily concerned with the relationship between a live video feed and a 3D graphics layer at the level of the screen, but with the relationship between the visual information on the display and the real world perspective outside the display of the device. Experiments show that users easily connect the perspective into the 3D virtual environment on the full screen with their parallel perspective in the real world. It also turns out that although congruence and alignment between the two perspectives is fundamental to the user experience, in certain contexts it may be transcended. This paper describes and discusses applications of Indirect Augmented Reality where we explore how the discrepancy between the virtual and the real perspectives in a variety of ways can be used to improve the user experience. We call these features views. The views will be exemplified with several Indirect Augmented Reality applications: reconstructions of Augustus' Forum and the Republican Forum in Rome and a preconstruction of the planned National Museum in Oslo. The applications have been tested with users on location, and their feedback and evaluation is included in the discussion. Finally, we relate the experiential value of the views to some epistemological and pedagogical perspectives.


[1] The upper halocline of the Arctic Ocean has a distinct chemical signature with high nutrient concentrations as well as low oxygen and pH values. This signature is formed in the Chukchi and East Siberian seas, by a combination of mineralization of organic matter and release of decay products to the sea ice brine enriched bottom water. Salinity and total alkalinity data show that the fraction of sea ice brine in the nutrient-enriched upper halocline water in the central Arctic Ocean is up to 4%. In the East Siberian Sea the bottom waters with exceptional high nutrient concentration and low pH have typically between 5 and 10% of sea ice brine as computed from salinity and oxygen-18 values. On the continental slope, over bottom depths of 150–200 m, the brine contribution was 6% at the nutrient maximum depth (50–100 m). At the same location as well as over the deeper basin the silicate maximum was found over a wider salinity range than traditionally found in the Canada Basin, in agreement with earlier observations east of the Chukchi Plateau. A detailed evaluation of the chemical and the temperature-salinity properties suggests at least two different areas for the formation of the nutrient-rich halocline within the East Siberian Sea. This has not been observed before 2004 and it could be a sign of a changing marine climate in the East Siberian Sea, caused by more open water in the summer season followed by more sea ice formation and brine production in the fall/winter.


Fabrication of gold nanoclusters (GNCs) with tunable fluorescence characteristics inside polymer thin films is attractive from the device application perspective. In this study, GNCs are generated in situ in poly(methyl methacrylate) films exploiting their weak reducing capability with no additional reducing agent, and by short and mild thermal annealing; the chemistry involved is probed through control experiments. The nanoclusters formed with ∼0.5 weight percent of gold are very stable and show appreciable fluorescence emission with a small Stokes shift (∼40 nm); interestingly, blending polystyrene enhances the fluorescence. The Au10 clusters formed in situ are characterized by using mass spectrometry, microscopy and computational modeling. Composite thin films fabricated with a gold content of ∼9 weight percent showed an unusually distinct absorption peak and enhanced fluorescence emission. Gradual coalescence of the nanoclusters in these films could be arrested by incorporating thiourea; the mechanistic aspects of the thiourea interaction are probed. The resulting films showed strong, stable and visible red emission, with very large Stokes shift (∼320 nm) and quantum yield (∼30%), attributable to ligand effects and nanocluster aggregation in the film. The study presents a novel and facile route to the in situ generation of GNCs in polymer thin films, exhibiting fluorescence emission with variable energy, intensity and Stokes shift. Preliminary experiments show that Au10 cluster embedded thin films can be used for the detection of POCl3, an important precursor for nerve agents.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


In this introductory essay to the Special Issue of Sinergie, our aim is first to portray the main features of the Strategic Management Society Special Conference entitled "New Frontiers of Entrepreneurship: Strategy Governance and Evolution" that was hosted on May 23-25, 2007 by the School of Economics and Business at the University of Catania. Second, we feature multiple roles of "agents of change" that management researchers and professors are increasingly called to assume in the current university landscape and will be even more often called to undertake as part of their general tasks in the future; i.e., the ones respectively of scientific entrepreneurs, knowledge brokers and managers of cultural events. Third, we eventually marshal some conclusions on the budding complexities in the responsibility range of management researchers and professor and how it is possible to deal with them.


This article is concerned with the ways in which bodies and subjects are enacted and negotiated in the encounter between client and practitioner within specialized kinesiology - a specific Complementary and Alternative Medical (CAM) practice. In the article we trace the ideas of connections and disconnections, which are conceptualized and practiced within kinesiology. We attempt to come to grips with these specific notions of relatedness through the introduction of the concept 'energetic kinship' and to relate them to more general discussions about the nature of subjects, bodies and social identity in late-modern society. We argue that through the particular approach to the body as a prime locus of knowledge on which kinesiological treatment practices are based, kinesiology offers clients an alternative understanding of being-in-the-world. The understanding of the body as the locus of knowledge might, on the one hand, potentially alleviate the individual from the weight of a late-modern focus on self-responsible, rational and autonomous individuality, whilst on the other hand, it simultaneously supports this understanding. Hence, we argue that kinesiology operates with a subject, which is both inherently related AND individual at the same time, and that these particular understandings may be appealing in a world in which health and illness is increasingly seen as a question of individual responsibility. The article was written on the basis of interviews and participant observation among kinesiological teachers and practitioners in Denmark.


Previous equilibrium "business cycle" models are extended by the incorporation of an economy-wide capital market. One aspect of this ex-tension is that the relative price that appears in commodity supply and demand functions becomes an anticipated real rate of return on earning assets, rather than a ratio of actual to expected prices. From the stand-point of expectation formation, the key aspect of the extended model is that observation of the economy-wide nominal interest rate conveys current global information to individuals. With respect to the effect of money supply shocks on output, the model yields results that are similar to those generated in simpler models. Anew result concerns the behavior of the anticipated real rate of return on earning assets. Because this variable is the pertinent relative price for commodity supply and demand decisions, it turns out to be unambiguous that positive money surprises raise the anticipated real rate of return. In fact, this response provides the essential channel in this equilibrium model by which a money shock can raise the supply of commodities and thereby increase output. However, it is possible through a sort of "liquidity" effect that positive money surprises can depress the economy-wide nominal interest rate.


For several years, European financial markets have been the place of important mutations. These mutations have hit both stock markets themselves as well as the infrastructures including all necessary services for the transactions on financial securities. Among the market services to which the investors appeal, is the clearing of the orders, the service which allows reducing exchanged flows while guaranteeing their safety. The market of clearing became strongly competitive with the arrival of new Pan European clearing houses. Confronted with aggressive pricing policies, "incumbent" clearing houses have to adopt new strategies : merger, simple or mutual links of interoperability. We develop a model of industrial organization to appreciate the consequences of these various strategies in terms of price and social welfare. The strategic incentives of clearing houses and their effects on their customers, i.e. investors, are observed by means of a sequential game. We show that the interoperability agreements are never reached at the equilibrium in spite of the fact that the "European code of good practice" of postmarkets incites them to accept this type of agreements. On the other hand, a merger between incumbent clearing houses can occur under some conditions. The merger is beneficial to these last ones as well as to the investors, but it is unfavourable to the Pan European clearing houses.


This paper describes a system capable of classifying stochastic self-affine nonstationary signals produced by nonlinear systems. The classification and the analysis of these signals are important because these are generated by many real-world processes. The first stage of the signal classification process entails the transformation of the signal into the multifractal dimension domain, through the computation of the variance fractal dimension trajectory (VFDT). Features can then be extracted from the VFDT using a Kohonen self-organizing feature map. The second stage involves the use of a complex domain neural network and a probabilistic neural network to determine the class of a signal based on these extracted features. The results of this paper show that these techniques can be successful in creating a classification system which can obtain correct classification rates of about 87% when performing classification of such signals without knowing the number of classes.


The retina may suffer neurodegenerative damages, as other tissues of the central nervous system do, and serious eye diseases may develop. One of them is age-related macular degeneration, which causes progressive loss of vision due to retina degeneration. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration focuses on antioxidant agents and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compounds, among others, that prevent/diminish oxidative stress and reduce neovascularisation respectively. The phytochemicals, medicinal plants and/or plant-diet supplements might be a useful adjunct in prevention or treatment of age-related macular degeneration owing to their antioxidant and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor properties. This review article presents the most investigated plants and natural products in relation to age-related macular degeneration, such as saffron, ginkgo, bilberry and blueberry, curcuma or turmeric, carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins C and E. This study provides up-to-date information on the effects, treatments, safety and efficiency of these phytotherapy products.


OBJECTIVE
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3B is a key enzyme involved in the anti-lipolytic action of insulin in adipocytes. PDE3B activation results in a reduced output of free fatty acids (FFA), whereas elevated serum FFA is known to cause insulin resistance. We have recently reported that reduced PDE3B gene expression is restored by treatment with pioglitazone, in the adipose tissues of obese, insulin-resistant diabetic KKAy mice. To determine whether the altered PDE3B gene expression is specific for adipocytes, the expression of this gene in liver and epididymal fat tissues of KKAy mice was examined. The effect of JTT-501, another peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma ligand, which is different from thiazolidinedione, was also examined.

METHODS
PDE3B mRNA and protein were quantified by an RNase protection assay and Western blotting respectively. Membrane-bound PDE activities were also measured.

RESULTS
In adipose tissues of KKAy mice, PDE3B mRNA, protein and membrane-bound PDE activity were reduced to 47%, 57% and 51% respectively relative to those in C57BL/6J control mice. JTT-501 increased PDE3B mRNA, protein and membrane-bound PDE activity by 2.2-, 1.6- and 1.7-fold respectively over those of untreated KKAy mice. In the liver, PDE3B gene expression remained unchanged in KKAy mice, and was not affected by JTT-501. JTT-501 reduced the elevated levels of serum insulin, glucose, FFA and triglyceride in KKAy mice.

CONCLUSIONS
PDE3B gene expression was specifically reduced in the adipose tissues of KKAy mice. JTT-501 restored this reduced gene expression with an accompanying improvement in elevated serum FFA and insulin resistance.


Random Forests are widely used for data prediction and interpretation purposes. They
show many appealing characteristics, such as the ability to deal with high dimensional data,
complex interactions and correlations. Furthermore, missing values can easily be processed
by the built-in procedure of surrogate splits. However, there is only little knowledge about
the properties of recursive partitioning in missing data situations. Therefore, extensive
simulation studies and empirical evaluations have been conducted to gain deeper insight.
In addition, new methods have been developed to enhance methodology and solve current
issues of data interpretation, prediction and variable selection.
A variable's relevance in a Random Forest can be assessed by means of importance
measures. Unfortunately, existing methods cannot be applied when the data contain miss-
ing values. Thus, one of the most appreciated properties of Random Forests – its ability
to handle missing values – gets lost for the computation of such measures. This work
presents a new approach that is designed to deal with missing values in an intuitive and
straightforward way, yet retains widely appreciated qualities of existing methods. Results
indicate that it meets sensible requirements and shows good variable ranking properties.
Random Forests provide variable selection that is usually based on importance mea-
sures. An extensive review of corresponding literature led to the development of a new
approach that is based on a profound theoretical framework and meets important statis-
tical properties. A comparison to another eight popular methods showed that it controls
the test-wise and family-wise error rate, provides a higher power to distinguish relevant
from non-relevant variables and leads to models located among the best performing ones.
Alternative ways to handle missing values are the application of imputation methods
and complete case analysis. Yet it is unknown to what extent these approaches are able
to provide sensible variable rankings and meaningful variable selections. Investigations
showed that complete case analysis leads to inaccurate variable selection as it may in-
appropriately penalize the importance of fully observed variables. By contrast, the new
importance measure decreases for variables with missing values and therefore causes se-
lections that accurately reflect the information given in actual data situations. Multiple
imputation leads to an assessment of a variable's importance and to selection frequencies
that would be expected for data that was completely observed. In several performance
evaluations the best prediction accuracy emerged from multiple imputation, closely fol-
lowed by the application of surrogate splits. Complete case analysis clearly performed
worst.


Given a matrix M over a ring K, a target rank r and a bound k, we want to decide whether the rank of M can be brought down to below r by changing at most k entries of M. This is a decision version of the well-studied notion of matrix rigidity. We examine the complexity of the following related problems and obtain completeness results for small (counting logspace or smaller) classes: (a) computing the determinant, testing singularity, and computing the rank for matrices with special structure, (b) determining whether k 2 O(1) changes to a matrix suffice to bring its rank below a specified value, and (c) constructing a singular matrix closest (in a restricted sense) to the given matrix. We then consider bounded rigidity, where the magnitude of individual changes is bounded by a pre-specified value, and show NP hardness in general, and tighter bounds in special cases. We also extend the rigidity lower and upper bounds for the full-1s lower triangular matrices to full-1s extended lower triangular matrices, with a small gap between the two.


Background/Context Educational researchers have long sought to understand the factors that enable or constrain persistence in non-formal adult education and family literacy programs. Scholars typically posit three sets of factors influencing persistence: situational (learners' life circumstances), institutional (programmatic factors), and dispositional (learners' personal experiences and attitudes). This body of literature tends to emphasize institutional and dispositional factors such as program quality, learner motivation, and self-efficacy. Situational factors, such as lack of childcare, are often considered less influential and/or beyond practitioners' control. However, by focusing on individualistic and programmatic factors, scholars and educators risk overlooking the ways in which social structures and community contexts shape educational participation and achievement, thereby underestimating the chronic socio-economic insecurity experienced by families in poverty. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of this article is to analyze how family literacy practitioners utilize individual and/or structural factors in explaining the determinants of adult persistence in family literacy programs and the causes of poverty for adult learners and other community residents. Research Design This article is based on a qualitative study of persistence in family literacy programs across urban and rural contexts. The data are drawn from interviews with 30 family literacy professionals at 20 program sites across Pennsylvania, supplemented by interviews with 17 learners in three programs. Conclusions/Recommendations The family literacy practitioners in this study tended to attribute learner persistence mainly to individual qualities such as motivation, and often described adult learners in terms consistent with the culture of poverty thesis, specifically, the failure to value education, lack of motivation, and the view that poverty is an intergenerational cycle perpetuated by the habits and traits of the poor. Contrary to culture of poverty stereotypes, family literacy participants characterized themselves as determined individuals who value education and want to make something of themselves. Individual-level explanations characterize the dominant understandings of poverty and educational persistence in the U.S., and thus shape practitioner thinking about adult learners' economic circumstances and the reasons they stay in or drop out of adult education. The pervasiveness of the culture of poverty thesis in professional environments and discourses helps explain why dedicated, compassionate practitioners frame persistence and poverty individualistically. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interrelationship between individual and structural dimensions of persistence, suggesting how a constellation of poverty-related factors disrupts program participation. We argue that motivation and other personal attributes are socially constructed, geographically distributed, and inextricably linked to structural factors such as the economic exclusion of the poor.


In this paper, we investigate the limiting behavior of a continuous-time counterpart of the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithm applied to two-layer overparameterized neural networks, as the number or neurons (ie, the size of the hidden layer) $N \to +\infty$. Following a probabilistic approach, we show 'propagation of chaos' for the particle system defined by this continuous-time dynamics under different scenarios, indicating that the statistical interaction between the particles asymptotically vanishes. In particular, we establish quantitative convergence with respect to $N$ of any particle to a solution of a mean-field McKean-Vlasov equation in the metric space endowed with the Wasserstein distance. In comparison to previous works on the subject, we consider settings in which the sequence of stepsizes in SGD can potentially depend on the number of neurons and the iterations. We then identify two regimes under which different mean-field limits are obtained, one of them corresponding to an implicitly regularized version of the minimization problem at hand. We perform various experiments on real datasets to validate our theoretical results, assessing the existence of these two regimes on classification problems and illustrating our convergence results.


Household is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless or otherwise the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. She or he is generally the person who bears the chief responsibility for the maintenance of the household and takes decisions on behalf of the household. Now days in India as elsewhere in the world, Female Headed Households are increasing rapidly for various reasons. The main intension of the study is to analyze the growth of female headed households in India and to examine the various features of female headed households in India. The study has been prepared on the basis of secondary data collected from census of India 2001 and 2011. The study has used simple percentages, growth rates, tables and graphs. The paper concluded that, an in-depth study of the growth and features of the female headed households help in preparing the government budget that is the so called gender budgeting. Gender development, gender main streaming, women empowerment have become the most popular concepts in development policy and governance. In fact, under valuation of invisible work rendered by women has resulted in the underestimation of GDP. Since 1980's, the feminist movement has been fighting for the cause of 'care economy' which produces family and community oriented goods and services. Gender mainstreaming demands not only disaggregated data but also results of empirical studies across various regions in the country. This will facilitate both gender development policies and ensure gender equity.


Molecularly imprinted polymeric membranes were prepared from cellulose acetate (CA), which acetyl content was 40%, by applying the alternative molecular imprinting technique. The Boc-L-Glu imprinted polymeric membranes thus obtained recognized L-Glu in preference to D-Glu from racemic Glu mixtures. Enantioselective electrodialysis was attained with the present membranes, and L-Glu was preferentially permeated, reflecting their adsorption selectivity. The present study suggests that the molecularly imprinted CA membranes are applicable to the optical resolution of racemic amino acids.


We present a review of a few research topics developed within the "Theory and Atomistic Computer Simulation" Department at CINaM. The bottom line of the scientific activity is to use up–to–date theoretical and computer simulation techniques to address physics and materials science problems, often at the nanometric scale, in close contact with experimental groups. It ranges from the study of the structure and properties of molecular systems for organic electronics to metallic clusters and alloys, magnetic oxides, nuclear fuels and carbon–based nanostructures. These studies are motivated by fundamental research questions as well as more applied goals including environmental and energy issues, or information technologies. This broad spectrum of activities requires a large range of techniques, from theory and ab initio calculations to semi–empirical models incorporated in Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulations.


This paper describes how Semantic Web technologies have been used in an online community for knowledge sharing between clinicians in oral medicine in Sweden. The main purpose of this community is to serve as repository of interesting and difficult cases, and as a support for monthly teleconferences. All information regarding users, meetings, news, and cases is stored in RDF. The community was built using the Struts framework and Jena was used for interacting with RDF.


This Norton Critical Edition includes five of Chekhov's major plays-Ivanov, The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard-and three early one-act farces that inform his later work-The Bear, The Wedding, and The Celebration. Laurence Senelick's masterful translations closely preserve Chekhov's singular style-his abundant jokes and literary allusions and his careful use of phrase repetition to bind the plays together. "Letters" is the largest collection of Chekhov's commentary on his plays ever to appear in an English-language edition. "Criticism" includes eleven essays by leading European and Russian Chekhov scholars, most appearing in English for the first time, including those by Boris Zingerman, Maria Deppermann, and Lev Shestor. This volume also provides discussion of Chekhov's plays by some of the twentieth century's great directors, including Konstantin Stanislavsky, Peter Brook, and Mark Rozovsky. A Chronology and Selected Bibliography are also included.


Medical testing in the workplace is raising growing concern in light of increasingly available genetic tests and what is perceived as a general assault on individual privacy in the United States. Almost seventy percent of major U.S. firms require individuals who receive job offers to undergo medical testing prior to the commencement of employment, and the law does not restrict the scope of these examinations. Thus, employers test job candidates not only for fitness for duty and use of illegal substances, but also for a variety of conditions including susceptibility to workplace hazards, breast and colon cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, sickle cell anemia, pregnancy, and Huntington Disease. Over fifteen percent of employers require applicants to provide family medical histories, nearly forty percent utilize psychological testing, and a small percentage already conduct genetic testing. This article explores the legal and policy implications of preplacement medical examinations. It recommends that the Americans with Disabilities Act be amended so that it would prohibit employers from conducting preplacement examinations that are not job-related. The author argues that non-job-related medical testing constitutes an unjustifiable invasion of the examinee's privacy and creates temptations and opportunities for discrimination on the part of employers. Furthermore, individuals who undergo testing and receive unexpected and distressing results without obtaining appropriate counseling may suffer significant psychological trauma. For employers, medical examinations that are not job-related constitute an unnecessary financial expenditure and create a risk of litigation based on invasion of privacy, discrimination, and other theories. In addition, invasive medical testing can erode morale and productivity in the workplace.


Background: Increased availability of novel biological therapies for severe asthma has emphasised the need for studies investigating the prevalence of severe asthma. However, currently the prevalence of severe asthma in specialist care is only poorly investigated. Aim: To describe the prevalence of severe asthma in a real-life population of asthma patients managed in specialist care and to explore the proportion of patients with severe asthma who are eligible for biological therapies with anti-IgE or anti-IL5. Methods: Patients (≥18 years) with a diagnosis of asthma seen in four respiratory outpatients clinics over a year were screened for having severe asthma according to the ERS/ATS 2014 guidelines. Patients fulfilling the criteria for severe asthma were invited to participate in the SATS study in which the asthma control questionnaire (ACQ), asthma exacerbations, airway inflammation and lung function were investigated systematically. Results: Among 1034 asthma patients, 16.9% (175 patients) fulfilled the criteria for having severe asthma. In total, 120 patients with severe asthma accepted study inclusion. Among these, 6.7% (8/120) were suitable for anti-IgE treatment due to ACQ≥1.5, ≥2 exacerbations last 12 months, postFEV1 9 /L or sputum eosinophils≥3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of severe asthma in a real-life population of asthma patients managed in specialist care was 16.9%. Among these, 13.3% and 6.7% were eligible for anti-IL5 or anti-IgE therapies, respectively.


There is no data available about the mosquito fauna of Istanbul. In 2003, a project to improve mosquito control and to reduce mosquito densities to an acceptable level began in the Istanbul metropolitan area. The present study gives an overview of data on the species composition, abundance and distribution of mosquito larvae in the Istanbul metropolitan area.
Larval samples were collected between May and October, 2003-2007. A total of 293655 larvae were examined from 1701 different samples taken in 15 different potential larval habitats. 45.05% (n=132307) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 54.95% (n=161348) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Istanbul harbors 21 larval species from the genera Culex, Anopheles, Aedes, Ochlerotatus and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, it was found that Cx. pipiens was dominant (91%) and frequent (100%). The highest intensity was in July (134972 larvae) while the lowest was in October (2035 larvae). The larvae intensity and species diversity decreased from 2003 (223079 larvae/15 species) to 2007 (12700/9 species).
The present work demonstrates that Cx. pipiens was dominant in Istanbul and larvae intensity and species diversity decreased during this study period. It is likely that this reduction was due to the mosquito control strategy used in the Istanbul metropolitan area.


An upgraded optical coherence tomography system with integrated retinal tracker (TOCT) was developed. The upgraded system uses improved components to extend the tracking bandwidth, fully integrates the tracking hardware into the optical head of the clinical OCT system, and operates from a single software platform. The system was able to achieve transverse scan registration with sub-pixel accuracy (~10 microm). We demonstrate several advanced scan sequences with the TOCT, including composite scans averaged (co-added) from multiple B-scans taken consecutively and several hours apart, en face images collected by summing the A-scans of circular, line, and raster scans, and three-dimensional (3D) retinal maps of the fovea and optic disc. The new system achieves highly accurate OCT scan registration yielding composite images with significantly improved spatial resolution, increased signal-to-noise ratio, and reduced speckle while maintaining well-defined boundaries and sharp fine structure compared to single scans. Precise re-registration of multiple scans over separate imaging sessions demonstrates TOCT utility for longitudinal studies. En face images and 3D data cubes generated from these data reveal high fidelity image registration with tracking, despite scan durations of more than one minute.


We present a heuristic-based search method for path planning in shared human-robot control scenarios in which the robot should adhere to specific motion constraints imposed by the human's control interface. This approach to path planning gives special consideration to kinematic and dynamic constraints introduced to reconcile discrepancies between the control space of the user and the control space of the robot. The resulting paths more closely mirror paths produced by users of the same interface; which is helpful, for example, when inferring human intent or for control sharing. Our first insight is to develop a hierarchical finite state machine describing the constrained state space, state transitions and associated costs. We then use this definition to embed the constraints of the interface into our heuristic planning algorithm, named C*, with simple modifications to the A*/D* family of graph search algorithms. This approach allows us to maintain powerful theoretical guarantees such as complexity and completeness. In this paper, we ground our augmented path planning algorithm with an implementation on a robotic wheelchair system and a Sip-and-Puff interface. We demonstrate that the new approach produces paths and control signals that more closely resemble user-generated data and can easily be incorporated into real hardware systems.


As is well documented in the media, the standard of living in many African countries is extremely low. In fact, in the most recent edition of the Human Development Report, released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), thirty-seven of the forty-one countries classified as "low development" (the lowest ranking on the development scale), are African nations. It is equally well-known that many African nations are 'blessed' with valuable natural resource endowments that should bring enormous revenues to these countries. The disparity between theory and reality leads one to wonder, why do these revenues not raise the standard of living for a country's inhabitants? The natural resource curse hypothesis attempts to explain why the revenues are not allocated efficiently. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol20/iss1/13 The Park Place Economist, Volume XX 47 ELECTRICITY: A CURSED RESOURCE?


abstract We conduct a laboratory experiment to test the effect on charitable donations to international development NGOs (INGOs) of emphasising current deprivation in a developing country, versus emphasising the potential good a donation can achieve. Using a double-blind dictator experiment with earned endowments, we find that varying the information/emphasis has no significant effect on total donations, nor on the probability of donating. We find suggestive evidence that an emphasis on current deprivation may raise the variance of donations, and thus the size of donations conditional on donating, but the effect is not significant in hurdle models that explicitly recognise this.


The present study examined the anatomical features of the stem and petiole besides measurements of the leaf epidermal cells and stomata of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. belonging to Asteraceae family which is regarded as a newly recorded genera in Jazan region, KSA. The stem had a primary structure. It has 11 closed collateral vascular bundles. The petiole is un-stratified with glabrous papillomatous cells with a laminar collenchyma composed of 2 cell layers. There are multiseriate non-glandular trichomes on the epidermis. Stomata are anisocytic which are surrounded by a girdle of three subsidiary cells. Stomata frequency was 20-24 and stomata index was 26.82.In general anatomical charecteristics are very important and could be used in diagnostic key of taxa at all taxonomic levels.


Writing a thesis is required as the final assignment for university students to get the degree in their field. The thesis is expected to be right, correct, and achieved its unity. There should be oneness between one chapter and other chapters. As a matter of fact, many statements of problems stated in chapter I are not answered appropriately in findings (chapter IV). In other words, there are missing link between statement of problems and findings. The research was conducted to know whether or not there is missing link between statement of problems and findings and the percentage of missing links, and the causes of missing links in theses of educational research of English Department published in 2003 at Muhammadiyah University of Malang. And, the causes of missing link between statement of problems and findings are determined into 4 criteria. Those are lack of related references, inappropriate instruments, wrong data analysis, and insufficient background of study. The research design used in this study is a descriptive qualitative design. The researcher took educational theses in 2003 publication of English Department at Muhammadiyah University of Malang as the population. The total number of population is 45 theses. The researcher took all the theses as the sample because the amount of theses is less than 100. The researcher employed document analysis. The result of study showed that there are 4 theses or 0.089% have missing link between statement of problems and findings. The cause of missing link is wrong data analysis.


I am really happy to be part of this tribute to Paul Verkuil. It may surprise those in the audience to learn that I am bringing some needed diversity to today's proceedings - I am the only other Dutch American on the program! But perhaps my twenty years at the "Administrative Conference" also qualifies me to say a few words about how thrilled I am that we have it back - "ACUS 2.0" we can call it, complete with a website this time- and that Paul is at its helm. And I want to thank Paul for bringing me back to the ACUS team as a Special Counsel. I am not ordinarily a believer in divine intervention, or even karma, but it must have been something like that when just at the time the Administrative Conference finally achieved funding to start up again after a fourteen-year hiatus, Paul Verkuil was also just ending his one year stint as Acting Dean at the University of Miami School of Law and was therefore available for the ACUS chairmanship. Many of us who followed the long rebirth of ACUS urged the powers-that-be in the White House to consider Paul for that post because he combined such a perfect blend of administrative law scholarship, proven leadership of many great institutions, and a bi-partisan approach to issues that was tailor-made for ACUS. President Obama heard these messages and announced his intent to nominate Paul on November 2, 2009. And it is a testament to his stature that, even in this age of Senate holds and Committee without a hearing, and was unanimously confirmed on the Senate consent calendar on March 3, 2010.What made this even more appropriate was that Paul was returning to head an agency that he had served at the very beginning of his academic career, and one that had served as a forum for some of his most enduring works of scholarship. I am going to devote my remarks to those works.His overall body of work covers the core issues of administrative law-adjudication, rulemaking, and judicial review, while also commenting on specific areas of concern in the world of government administration such as immigration, mass adjudication, and outsourcing. His take on administrative procedure is classical - let us try to improve it by focusing on efficiency, fairness, and acceptability - and it is a nice blend of theory and practice.I will discuss his ACUS works in chronological order. My own first knowledge of Paul's work came when I was a fledgling administrative law instructor at the University of Miami School of Law in the spring of 1975 - trying to get a class of night students excited about the Kenneth Culp Davis textbook (which I had learned from myself two years earlier at Chicago). I was having rough sledding (if I can say that about Miami) until I discovered the Problem Supplement for the Gellhorn and Byse casebook co-written by a young assistant professor at the University of North Carolina named Paul Verkuil. The lively problems in that little volume saved the day for me in that class.


Transport forms an essential element of people's lives. It is transport which determines how people access important resources and it influences the mobility of people. Transport availability improves access to resources and hence fights isolation, which derives from lack of access to resources. This case study examines the influence of transport on access to state grants and health services. The study was based on sample of 170 recipients of state grants and was carried out in September 2000. A quantitative survey through face-to-face interviews of pensioners and other recipients of state grants at two remote rural points was carried out. The results of the study showed that poor road and path infrastructure impacts negatively on old people's access to pension payout points and health services. As a result of poor road infrastructure, people have limited access to alternative means of transport and hence have to pay too much for transport to reach services essential to their livelihoods. In addition to the transport cost these elderly have to pay, they also have an extra burden of having to care for the orphans and unemployed adults staying with them. This puts an enormous pressure on their limited resources and hence deepens the cycle of poverty. The majority of people interviewed were positive about the quality of health service they are receiving and the attitude of health workers. There was no correlation between the quality of services received and the demand for using them. Amongst other things, it has been suggested that locating basic services particularly welfare services and health services nearer rural communities will improve the quality of life and minimize the cost of reaching such services. Furthermore infra structural intervention will impact positively on rural communities by providing them with a wider choice of transport and promoting intermediate means of transport. This will have a positive impact on rural communities by increasing the accessibility of services and improving mobility.


This paper describes a new reliable method, based on modal interval analysis (MIA) and set inversion (SI) techniques, for the characterization of solution sets defined by quantified constraints satisfaction problems (QCSP) over continuous domains. The presented methodology, called quantified set inversion (QSI), can be used over a wide range of engineering problems involving uncertain nonlinear models. Finally, an application on parameter identification is presented


Clerics in the Early Middle Ages Hierarchy and Image. By Roger E. Reynolds. [Variorum Collected Studies Series.] (Brookfield, Vermont: Variorum, Ashgate. 1999. Pp. x, 334. $110.95.) Clerical Orders in the Early Middle Ages- Duties and Ordination. By Roger E. Reynolds. [Variorum Collected Studies Series. I (Brookfield,Vermont: Variorum,Ashgate. 1999. PP. x, 334,$106.95.) The last thirty or so years have witnessed a growing fascination on the part of medievalists and social historians with lay and religious movements in the Middle Ages. Popes, cardinals, bishops, and monks, on the other hand, have all enjoyed a perennial appeal among scholars. Amazingly little research, however, has focused on priests and on the clerical grades preceding ordination to the priesthood. This is particularly ironic in view of the vast number of men and boys who were tonsured and admitted to various degrees of clerical status throughout the medieval period and beyond. These companion volumes bring together some twenty-three articles of varying length on clerics and clerical orders as reflected in patristic and medieval texts. Roger Reynolds draws upon a wide spectrum of sources, including letters, sermons, treatises, liturgical commentaries, ordination instructions, and canon law materials from the fifth to the twelfth centuries. Most of the articles have appeared elsewhere over the past three decades and hence Ashgate/Variorum has maintained their original pagination wherever possible, assigning to each a Roman numeral in order of appearance, as listed in the table of contents. Some articles have been so thoroughly revised or else now appear in much lengthier, unabridged form that any attempt to retain their original pagination would have proven impossible. Clerics in the Early Middle Ages: Hierarchy and Image contains four studies which appear for the first time; one of the articles in Clerical Orders in the Early Middle Ages: Duties and Ordination is likewise a first publication. Reynolds begins the first volume by mapping out as it were the clerical landscape of the early Middle Ages, describing the clerical grades and their functions in the various western European systems: Roman, Spanish, Irish, and Gallo-Frankish. Another study, entitled "Christ as Cleric: The Ordinals of Christ," examines the widespread phenomenon of identifying Christ, through his words or actions, with each of the clerical grades. In an essay on the mathematics of sacred orders, the author shows that the 'traditional' seven ecclesiastical grades were by no means as fixed or as consistent in the patristic and early medieval periods as later scholastic theologians would have preferred. Several medieval systems of sacred orders in fact ran as low as six and as high as eight or nine clerical grades. A fourth article discusses the status of the subdiaconate as a sacred or `major' order. "Patristic Presbyterianism" explores the relationship of the priesthood to the episcopate in the writings of theologians from Jerome and Ambrosiaster to the Master of the Sentences, Peter Lombard. The highest of the ecclesiastical orders, Peter maintained, is the priesthood. Indeed, Lombard cited Isidore of Seville to the effect that, according to ancient authorities, bishops and presbyters were originally the same. This equation of the priesthood with the order of bishop naturally would give rise to 'presbyterian' consequences in the Reformation period. In discussing the origins, duties, conferral, and arrangement of sacred orders, Reynolds does a good job of linking text with image, as in the case of the Raganaldus Sacramentary, the Landulf Pontifical Roll, and the Drogo Sacramentary. These studies feature clear, attractive black and white reproductions of the manuscript sources. Again juxtaposing medieval accounts and a generous selection of artistic depictions of clerics arrayed in attendance at church councils, Reynolds analyzes rites and signs of conciliar decisions in the Middle Ages. …


Twitter is a social media giant famous for the exchange of short, 140-character messages called "tweets". In the scientific community, the microblogging site is known for openness in sharing its data. It provides a glance into its millions of users and billions of tweets through a "Streaming API" which provides a sample of all tweets matching some parameters preset by the API user. The API service has been used by many researchers, companies, and governmental institutions that want to extract knowledge in accordance with a diverse array of questions pertaining to social media. The essential drawback of the Twitter API is the lack of documentation concerning what and how much data users get. This leads researchers to question whether the sampled data is a valid representation of the overall activity on Twitter. In this work we embark on answering this question by comparing data collected using Twitter's sampled API service with data collected using the full, albeit costly, Firehose stream that includes every single published tweet. We compare both datasets using common statistical metrics as well as metrics that allow us to compare topics, networks, and locations of tweets. The results of our work will help researchers and practitioners understand the implications of using the Streaming API.


The Constitutional Law "On the State of Lithuania" that was adopted on 11 February, 1991 is the first constitutional law in the history of Lithuania's law. The author describes the circumstances in which this constitutional law was adopted and discloses the relation of this law to the general poll (plebiscite) held on 9 February, 1991. The article shows how this constitutional law is different from the institute of constitutional laws established in the Constitution that is in force at present. The Constitutional Law "On the State of Lithuania" has been included into the Constitution of 1992 as its constituent part (Article 150 of the Constitution), therefore, its legal power is the same as that of the entire Constitution, i.e., the constitutional law in question has the supreme legal power as the rest provisions of the Constitution do. The Constitution also consolidates constitutional laws of a different type, i.e., the constitutional laws that must be included into the list of constitutional laws (Paragraph 3 of Article 69 of the Constitution), as well as the laws that are referred to as the constitutional ones in separate articles of the Constitution (Paragraph 3 of Article 47 of the Constitution). One is not allowed to identify the constitutional laws included into the list of constitutional laws and the constitutional law specified in Paragraph 3 of Article 47 of the Constitution, on the one hand, with the constitutional laws (constitutional acts) specified in Article 150 of the Constitution, on the other hand, since the legal power of the constitutional laws included into the list of constitutional laws and the constitutional law specified in Paragraph 3 of Article 47 of the Constitution is lower than the legal power of the Constitution. The arguments of the article are critical of the opinion found in the scientific legal literature that the general poll (plebiscite) was held "in order to grant the constitutional status to the provision regarding the sovereignty and form of the State of Lithuania".


The Influence Of Major Lawsuits On Common Stock Returns(*) The purpose of this paper is to measure the impact on the price of a firm's common stock of the announcement or settlement of a major lawsuit against the firm. There are several reasons why such a study is important. First, the announcement or the settlement of a lawsuit against a firm is a common occurrence that is reported in the public press, and thus it constitutes readily available public information. Sometimes the dollar amount of the lawsuit represents a significant proportion of a firm's total assets. Given these facts, there is reason to believe that the announcement of such suits will represent relevant information for the pricing of common stock, and yet, to our knowledge, with the exception of the work by Jarrell[9], the impact of this type of information on stock market returns has not been studied.(1) Little is known about whether the market is efficient with respect to this type of information and thus reacts quickly and in an unbiased way. Second, unlike the case with many studies of the impact on the stock market of the announcement of various types of information, announcements concerning lawsuits carry with them publicly stated dollar costs that should be related to the economic relevance of the information announcement. This permits one to study the relationship between the magnitude of the market's reaction and the size of the suit and to detect any bias in the size of the market's reaction. Third, this form of information also permits one to determine the extent to which the market can accurately anticipate the announcement of a lawsuit or the direction of the verdict in a suit. In many cases, information concerning the impending announcement of a suit or about the progress of an ongoing suit may be leaked to the market. It is an interesting question to determine how far in advance the market can anticipate information concerning lawsuits. Finally, for some types of suits it is unlikely that the market or the defendant in the suit will be aware of the suit before it is publicly announced. For these types of suits, any dramatic movements in the price of the stock may be associated with trading by insiders in advance of the announcement of the suit. (For evidence of insider trading in advance of a merger announcement, see Keown and Pinkerton[10]). LAWSUIT DATA The data set was originally collected by hand from articles that appeared in The Wall Street Journal over a period of years by one of the authors. At the time, lawsuits were selected from different types of cases based on their interesting legal characteristics for use as case material in a business law course. Only later was it realized that this data could be used to study the previously unstudied question of the impact of lawsuits on stock returns. In preparing the sample for use in this stock return study, twelve firms were eliminated because of the unavailability of a full complement of stock return data in the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) Daily Stock Return File. Thirty-seven of these companies were eliminated because either the dollar magnitude of the suit was less than .1% of the total assets of the firm or the suit was withdrawn very shortly after it was filed. Thus, the working data set consists of 78 companies.(2) The earliest suit in the sample occurred in April, 1969, and the most recent suit occurred in August, 1984. Over 70% of the suits in the sample occurred since 1978. Two types of announcement dates are determined by screening The Wall Street Journal Index. The "filing data" will refer to the date that the first announcement appeared in The Wall Street Journal that a suit involving a particular firm had been filed. At that date, a firm is designated as either the defendant or plaintiff in the suit. The "settlement date" will refer to the date that the first announcement appeared in The Wall Street Journal that a particular existing suit had been settled or a verdict had been rendered. …


Food cooperatives play a central role in the local food movement. In addition to supporting the local economy, the cooperative movement lists "concern for the community" among their seven core principles (Healthy Foods Healthy Communities Report, 2012). Food cooperatives, however, are typically consumer-owned and primarily assert democratic control over buying practices rather than workplace operation (University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives, 2009). Therefore, unless allocated a separate means for advocacy, cooperative workers often have less autonomy than they would if they were organized and had the means to collectively negotiate their benefits and work environment. This article argues that the efforts of worker-run governance bodies are integral for securing worker citizenship yet are often excluded from the efforts of consumer cooperatives. Using a mixed methods approach that includes focus groups, individual interviews, and textual and policy analyses, this study looks at the impact of unions on the social, political and civil rights of workers in two unionized food cooperatives in Vermont. Specifically, it examines the relationship between cooperative and union governance structures and the role of each institution in generating citizen engagement both in and outside the workplace. In this study, citizenship is defined as access to social, political, and civil rights. Study findings suggest that workers view management and the union as the prime decisionmaking bodies and the benefits of consumer membership as mainly consumer-oriented and vaguely community-based. Interview data generated with workers and stakeholders indicates that the union plays a pivotal role in promoting citizen engagement and workplace democracy in food cooperatives.


Recommendation: Though literature specific to total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is lacking, based on recommendations for the management of hip and knee arthroplasties, the choice of antibiotic should be made based on the identification and sensitivities of the infecting organism(s). Dosing, frequency, and route of administration of antibiotics may be determined in consultation with an infectious disease specialist and by taking into account the patient's weight and comorbidities, such as renal impairment and the antibiogram. Level of Evidence: Consensus. Delegate Vote: Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)


In this paper we consider the enumeration of binary trees avoiding non-contiguous binary tree patterns. We begin by computing closed formulas for the number of trees avoiding a single binary tree pattern with 4 or fewer leaves and compare these results to analogous work for contiguous tree patterns. Next, we give an explicit generating function that counts binary trees avoiding a single non-contiguous tree pattern according to number of leaves and show that there is exactly one Wilf class of k-leaf tree patterns for any positive integer k.  In addition, we give a bijection between between certain sets of pattern-avoiding trees and sets of pattern-avoiding permutations.  Finally, we enumerate binary trees that simultaneously avoid more than one tree pattern.


During the First World War, the parliaments of the states involved in the conflict were, in most cases, forced to drastically limit their activity and were often precluded the possibility of fully exercising their prerogatives. More generally the spaces of freedom granted to the citizens, of which the parliamentary institution was the brightest symbol, shrank dramatically. At the same time, the power of military commands expanded, not only in trenches and on battlefields, but also in many areas of civilian life. However, in the final years of the war, the Parliaments succeeded not only in gradually regaining control, but also in pushing for an extension of their functions, initiating a process that in many states coincided with the transition from a liberal order to a full democratic order. The years of the "long" postwar period were however dense with contradictions. Legislative and executive law often grew together, while in some cases the imperative logic imposed for a long time in wartime re-emerged and consolidated. This volume, which examines several national cases, illustrates some of the ambivalent features of this dramatic phase of European history.


In the course of monthly surveys which have been carried out by the Institute for Economic Policy since 1992, Russian industrial enterprises are asked to identify factors which curb output growth. Insufficient domestic demand has been a major problem for the industry since the period of the 2008-2009 crisis.


We report on low-temperature magnetotransport and SQUID measurements on heavily doped Mn-implanted GaAs nanowires. SQUID data recorded at low magnetic fields exhibit clear signs of the onset of a spin-glass phase with a transition temperature of about 16 K. Magnetotransport experiments reveal a corresponding peak in resistance at 16 K and a large negative magnetoresistance, reaching 40% at 1.6 K and 8 T. The negative magnetoresistance decreases at elevated temperatures and vanishes at about 100 K. We interpret our transport data in terms of spin-dependent hopping in a complex magnetic nanowire landscape of magnetic polarons, separated by intermediate regions of Mn impurity spins, forming a paramagnetic/spin-glass phase.


Abstract Context. Achieving successful conservation outcomes in habitat creation and reintroductions requires an understanding of how species use their habitat and respond to these interventions. However, few initiatives directly compare microhabitat selection between remnant and managed habitats to measure effectiveness and evaluate outcomes. Probability of detection is also rarely included in studies on microhabitat use, which may lead to erroneous conclusions if detectability varies between variables. Methods. In this study, we used the endangered green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) to compare differences in microhabitat-use patterns in both a remnant and a constructed habitat. A detectability study was also conducted to determine detection probabilities among microhabitats. Key results. Aquatic vegetation was used more than expected in both the remnant and constructed habitats, and rock piles were utilised less than expected in the constructed habitat, despite their recommendation in most habitat templates. We found that detection probabilities altered the outcomes of abundance estimates for nearly all the measured microhabitat variables. Conclusions. Future management for this species should focus on providing high proportions of aquatic vegetation. Furthermore, although rock piles have been utilised greatly in past L. aurea habitat creation, placing large rocks on a managed site is expensive and time consuming. Future management initiatives may need to focus on providing smaller proportion of rocks, which would be a more appropriate use of resources. Implications. With conservation management projects increasing over the next few decades, understanding habitat use before implementing strategies should be a priority as it will provide important insights and inform decision-making for optimum habitat creation and restoration. Furthermore, accounting for detectability in microhabitat use studies is essential to avoid wrong conclusions that may negatively affect the success of ecological management strategies.


Data are presented to illustrate the inadequacy of routinely collected data on osteoarthrosis when disability and handicap are considered as distinct from impairment. In a series of prevalence studies of mixed manual workers aged 15 to 65 years in the United Kingdom 11% had diagnosable osteoarthrosis of the limbs, 2% had generalized osteoarthrosis, and 11% had vague pains of undetermined diagnosis in the limb joints. Annual sickness absence was 580 d/100 affected men for those with local osteoarthrosis and 539 d/100 and 80 d/100, respectively, for those with generalized osteoarthrosis and vague limb pain. These and other indicators of disablement (hospital attendance and admission, self therapy, and consultation with general practitioners) suggest that osteoarthrosis makes a significant contribution to the handicap of manual workers. There was no significant difference in the prevalence rates between skilled and unskilled dockyard workers; this finding contrasts with the significantly higher rates for osteoarthrosis at all ages among coal miners working in awkward postures in confined spaces than among weight-lifting manual workers in other occupations. Direct observation and assessment of specific tasks support the hypothesis that posture may be more important than weight lifting as a risk factor in the onset of osteoarthrosis.


The need for control of the influent load to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is becoming more important. One reason for this is that there are a number of things that cannot be achieved with plant-focused control. For instance it is hard to avoid sludge loss as a result of poor settling or reducing a too high influent flow rate by in-plant control actions. It is also difficult to reduce the effects of a toxin in the influent, if the entire influent is to be biologically treated. Optimisation of the various parts of the collection system, with respect to locally defined objectives, may be counter-productive as it may increase the effluent loads when taking the whole system into account. This is typically the case as optimisation of the control of the sewer net with respect to combined sewer overflows (CSOs) leads to an increased flow to the WWTP. Equalization basins are used to control the flow rate or the load in the sewer net as well as at the WWTPs. The focus has recently been shifted from only reducing the amount of CSOs to reduce the effluent load from the sewer and the WWTP. To minimize the total load from the system the methods previously used to optimise the individual sub-systems must be used together and information from various parts of the system should be available system wide. Due to the cost associated with the construction of equalization basins, the current approach is to increase storage volume by constructing and controlling gates in the sewer net. The potential of system wide control is difficult to estimate, which is exemplified by a discussion on some existing implementations. In this thesis an equalization basin is modelled and used with an existing model of a WWTP. This system is operated with some commonly applied control strategies of equalization basins to estimate the result of control during ideal conditions. Without control of the basin, the possible benefit of construction, or providing an equal amount of storage capacity in the sewer net, is evaluated. (Less)


I met Julia Kristeva at the University of Paris VII, where she teaches a course as a member of the Faculty of Sciences of Texts and Documents. I have followed her work over a number of years and I have been especially interested in her writing on the literary and political avant-garde which
has informed a large part of my doctoral thesis. In her analysis of the work of Mallarme and Lautreamont and of its context, I saw the possibility of a critical reading of modernist texts, based on an interaction with - and a continuation of - modern terms and concerns. The intertextual relationship of linguistic, psychoanalytic and political discourses has shaped the theoretical outlook of Kristeva's work and is an ongoing commitment. As a theorist, analyst, intellectual and, since recently, a
novelist, Kristeva inhabits a space of multiple allegiances. The following discussion may show that these are manifestations of a consistent critical concern rather than expressions of a specific and specialized interest. In
answering my questions, Kristeva offered her views on poetic language and the text, on writing and its connotations and effect in a personal and political context, on love and sexual difference and on the role of the intellectual in the currently changing — and challenging — space which s/he is called to occupy in western societies.


The severe shortage of skilled and qualified personnel in the shipping industry has been addressed in various ways. This thesis looks into the issue from a new perspective where high mobility in the shipping industry is seen as a vehicle of knowledge flows that can be used for knowledge transfer. The rationality of this approach is that knowledge has been considered the most important asset that an organisation can possibly use as a leverage to gain competitive advantage, and the fact that knowledge management practices have been successfully applied into industries such as the pharmaceutical, oil and gas industries where skill shortages have been a major obstacle for development. It is argued that while an organisation cannot stop personnel leaving, it is possible, by utilising effective knowledge management practices, to retain part of the knowledge held by such personnel.
As there is a dearth of research on knowledge management in the shipping industry, the objective of this thesis is to explore the appropriate application of knowledge management practices to the industry. This is achieved by (i) identifying the components of an organisational knowledge base (OKB); (ii) examining the effects of human mobility on the OKB; and (iii) investigating management practices for effective knowledge transfer in the shipping industry. A conceptual framework is established to address these three research questions.
In order to empirically validate the research models, a sample of Chinese shipping companies (ship owners, manning companies, ship managers) was selected for a mail survey. The mail survey generated a 60 per cent response rate in which 166 valid questionnaires were returned. A wide range of statistical techniques such as reliability, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson"s correlation, factor analysis (PCA), and multiple regression, was employed to analyse the data collected from the mail survey.
The study made a number of findings. First, an OKB consists of fourteen knowledge components with four dimensions, and the perceived importance of these components vary according to business sectors, fleet sizes, and respondents" total work experience. Secondly, all personnel movements except those of ratings are considered critical to the OKB. Such perceived effects can be predicted by two of the three factors regarding current workforce stability (total preferred workforce, total stability and optimism). Finally, effective knowledge transfer practices are comprised of fourteen elements from three main management domains, that is, culture, leadership, and technology. A multiple regression analysis finds that current management practices (a four-factor solution) do not explain perceived effective knowledge transfer practices. It is found, however, that some elements are affected by the establishment of a knowledge management department or the designation of a chief knowledge officer, and that there are correlations between information communication technology related practices and the current/preferred means of communication.
It is suggested that through the identification of the composition of an OKB, an organisation should provide a supportive culture, strong leadership, and relevant resources to manage its knowledge asset through effective knowledge transfer, given the impacts that high human mobility has on the OKB


Iron micro-particles when eject to the atmosphere from industries, factory and production enterprises pollute the atmosphere and generally affect the respiratory system. This paper presents a solution to such transient problem analytically by employing Variation of Parameter Method (VPM). For proper understanding of the problem chemistry and associated time of burning, the parameters involved are meticulously studied. The radiation property of the iron particle at high temperature as well as the impact of this temperature level on density are considered by incorporating radiation and linear micro particles density variation in the governing model. The obtained exact solution using VPM is verified with Runge-Kutta and also compared with the results of other works. Furthermore, error analysis is performed and discussed. The obtained result shows how the surrounding temperature and the heat realization term continue to influence combustible temperature history until an asymptotic behaviour is attained. It is envisaged that the present study will gain application in trying to annul some of the challenges the industries and firms have to overcome on combustion of solid combustibles like iron particles and also in the optimization of different particles burning time.


This thesis describes theoretical investigations into the dynamics of superfluid films and the effects of disorder on the roughening transition of crystal surfaces. The dynamic theory of superfluid helium films, due to Ambegaokar et al., is refined to improve the precision of the predictions made. A detailed comparison is made between the predictions of the modified theory and the results from experiments on helium films and on superconducting systems. It is found that, despite the modifications in the theory, agreement with experiments on helium films remains only qualitative. Consideration is then given to the effects on the roughening transition of disorder arising from screw dislocations. A crystal surface which is threaded by screw dislocation pairs may be in one of three different states depending on the temperature of the system and the way in which screw pairs are distributed. At high temperatures the interface is rough: it is not pinned to the lattice. At low temperatures the state of the interface depends on how the screw dislocations are distributed: when distributed as closely spaced pairs they lead to a faceted state with a single ground state energy; when distributed randomly they lead to a state of the interface which, though pinned to the underlying crystal lattice, has a degenerate ground state. It is then shown that the dynamic sine-Gordon formulation of the roughening transition can be used, via a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, to model the dynamic behaviour of superfluid systems. This method provides a re-normalization group framework within which the a.c. linear response can be studied. The ways in which the approach could be extended to study the effects of disorder and atomic layering are also discussed.


The Philippines, like many of the world's poor countries, will be among the most vulnera- ble to the impacts of climate change because of its limited resources. As shown by previous studies, occurrences of extreme climatic events like droughts and floods have serious negative implications for major water reservoirs in the country. A preliminary and limited assessment of the country's water resources was undertaken through the application of general circulation model (GCM) results and cli- mate change scenarios that incorporate incremental changes in temperature and rainfall and the use of a hydrological model to simulate the future runoff-rainfall relationship. Results showed that changes in rainfall and temperature in the future will be critical to future inflow in the Angat reservoir and Lake Lanao, with rainfall variability having a greater impact than temperature variability. In the Angat reser- voir, runoff is likely to decrease in the future and be insufficient to meet future demands for water. Lake Lanao is also expected to have a decrease in runoff in the future. With the expected vulnerability of the country's water resources to global warming, possible measures to cope with future problems facing the country's water resources are identified.


The AIMS (automatic interpretation using multiple sensors) system, which uses registered laser radar and thermal imagers, is discussed. Its objective is to detect and recognize man-made objects at kilometer range in outdoor scenes. The multisensor fusion approach is applied to four sensing modalities (range, intensity, velocity, and thermal) to improve both image segmentation and interpretation. Low-level attributes of image segments (regions) are computed by the segmentation modules and then converted to the KEE format. The knowledge-based interpretation modules are constructed using KEE and Lisp. AIMS applies forward chaining in a bottom-up fashion to derive object-level interpretations from databases generated by the low-level processing modules. The efficiency of the interpretaton process is enhanced by transferring nonsymbolic processing tasks to a concurrent service manager (program). A parallel implementation of the interpretation module is reported. Experimental results using real data are presented. >


The problem of Aids has been kept largely under control in Europe, but in the Third World it is a different story. There is a devestating lack of resources for medicine and for education. When parents die at a young age, children are left behind with no-one to teach them how to avoid the same fate, and so the cycle continues. Memory Books could prove to be the most important documents in our time in answer to this crisis. When the official reports have been filed away, these slim volumes, memories recorded by those who died too soon, will remain. Through a combination of words and drawings, they can have a legacy, a hope that future generations may not suffer the same heartbreaking fate. Henning Mankell is not a public figure in the way politicians are, but he has achieved cult success with his Kurt Wallander novels and is noted for the social and moral questions raised by his fiction. He devotes much of his time to work with Aids charities. I Die But the Memory Lives on is a fable illustrating the importance of books as a means of education, of preserving memories and of sharing life. In the midst of death and suffering, a young girl plants a tree. She nurtures it as a fragment of life that will grow and survive and, like the Memory Books, outlive this global crisis. Mankell, by highlighting and humanising this catastrophe, proposes a way to help.


This paper describes a project to construct a process allowing for data interchange between visual and sonic media: to create a continuum in which sound could be visualized and then resonified through by both live performers and digital means. A number of processes to aid this visualisation/sonification "ecosystem" were developed. Software was created to create scores based on sonic features of "field recordings" through spectral analysis by rendering the frequency of the strongest detected sinusoidal peak of a recording vertically and its timbral characteristics by luminance, hue and saturation on a scrolling score. Along similar principals a second process was developed to generate a realtime score using graphical symbols to represent detected accents in "found sound" speech recordings. In the other direction software was built to render greyscale images (including sonograms) as sound and a second iteration to generate audio from detected analysis parameters. The imperfections in the various transcription processes are intriguing in themselves as they throw into relief the distinctions between the various forms of representation and in particular the timescales in which they are perceived. The implied circularity of processes also opened the potential for re-interrogation of materials through repeated transmutation. This discussion explores these implications in the context of the analysis of field recordings to generate visual representations that can be resonified using both performative (via notation) and machine (visual data-based) processes, to create hybrid real/mimetic sound works through the combination (and recombination) of the processes.


The Modern Olympic Games have occurred every four years (with some breaks because of World Wars) since 1896. These Games are a global event, with athletes from over 200 nations competing in over 25 sports. As a result, the Olympics are a fertile ground for nationalism. Many scholars have approached the Olympic Games at the macro-level. This exploratory study begins to create a link between this macro-level approach of nationalism and sport with a micro-level investigation of Olympic Swimmers and their national identity: how they experience national identity and when it is salient in the context of their Olympic experience. I used the theoretical concept of Benedict Anderson's notion of the nation as an Imagined Community paired with Stuart Hall's concepts of identity to explain how national identity is experienced. I collected data using two instruments. The first was a modified version of Kuhn and MacPartland's (1954) and Bochner's (1994) "Twenty Statement Test," allowing the swimmers to describe who they are in their own words. The primary research instrument was in-depth, semi-structured interviews of Olympic Swimmers. I found that, for these athletes, national identity was "wearable," was separated "politically" and "athletically," and was a collective identity experienced differently by these athletes as they represented their nation. National identity is very context-dependent for the Olympic swimmers: the athletes' national identity was salient while competing in the Olympics, but not their primary identity. Their primary identity was athlete. This exploratory study opens up a new approach to linking the macro-level and micro-level approaches to identity, national identity, and nationalism in sport.


The local parameters for kerosene–water upward flow are measured in a vertical pipe of 77.8 mm inner diameter at 4200 mm from the inlet (L/D = 54) using hot-film and dual optical probes. The effect of superficial water velocity and volumetric quality on radial distribution of two-phase flow parameters is investigated. The results show the following: (i) the profiles of volume fraction and drop frequency are very similar, and increasing superficial water velocity at low volumetric qualities (<18.6%) change the profile from a convex shape with peak at the pipe centreline to uniform then to concave shape with peak near the wall; (ii) the profiles of drop cut chord change from a parabolic shape with peak at centreline for low superficial water velocities to a flat shape at higher superficial water velocity, and the area-averaged drop diameter decreases with higher superficial water velocities for all volumetric qualities; (iii) velocity profiles for both phases have shapes similar to single phase flow, flatter at higher values of superficial water velocity and volumetric quality and centreline peaked at low superficial water velocities and volumetric qualities; (iv) the slip velocity decreases with radial distance having a peak at centreline and zero values near the wall; (v) introducing kerosene drops into single phase water flow results in a sharp increase in turbulent intensity, particularly at low water velocity, and the difference between the single phase and two-phase flow turbulence intensities decreases with higher superficial water velocities and (vi) the results show that interfacial area concentration increased with higher volumetric quality and higher number of bubbles thereby increases the contact area between the two phases. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering


We review historical, current, and projected future impacts of four classes of anthropogenic disturbance-extraction, pollution, reclamation, and changing climate-on Caribbean mangrove ecosystems (mangal). These disturbances occur, respectively, at increasing spatial and temporal scales, and require increasing recovery time. Small-scale selective extraction has little system-wide effect, but regeneration is slow even on single hectare clear-cuts due to rapid soil acidification. Petroleum is the primary pollutant of Caribbean mangal, and results in tree defoliation, stand death, and loss of associated sessile and mobile animal species. Hydrocarbons persist in mangrove sediments for decades, and are correlated with increasing seedling mutation rates. Chemical, industrial, and urban wastes are associated with increased heavy metal content of seedlings, stand die-back, reduced system-wide species richness, and higher incidence of Vibrio spp. (shellfish poisoning). Mangal has been reclaimed for urbanization, industrialization, and increasingly, for tourism. Overall, the region is losing mangrove forests at 1 percent per yr, although the rate is much faster on the Caribbean mainland (- 1.7% yr-1) than it is on the islands (=0.2% yr-1). The region's fisheries are declining at a similar rate, as most commercial shellfish and finfish use mangal for nurseries and/or refugia. Few Caribbean states have legislation or enforcement capabilities to protect or manage mangal, although at least 11 international treaties and conventions could be applied to conserve or sustainably use these forests. These treaties may protect riverine and basin mangal, but are likely to be moot with respect to fringing mangal, which may vanish as a consequence of global climate change. Growth enhancements of mangroves resulting from increasing atmospheric CO2 probably will not compensate for negative effects of concomitant rises in regional sea level.


The Fraser fir (Abies Fraseri) is a conifer commonly found in the Eastern United
States. In the Southern Appalachian Mountains Fraser fir share an ecosystem with Red
Spruce (Picea rubens) in island-like stands typically above 1500 m. The Balsam Wooly
Adelgid is recognized to be the primary reason for Fraser fir decline in the Southern
Appalachian Mountains, but atmospheric deposition may also be involved. Acid
deposition allows nutrients calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) to be leached from soil
and foliage, and allows for mobilization of toxic metals like aluminum (Al3+) to become
available for interaction with the fir. Investigation of these effects could summarize the
intensity of acidic deposition in the Southern Appalachian Mountain ranges studied.
Samples of Fraser fir foliage and surrounding soil were gathered from 8 sites in
the Great Smoky Mountains, in the Balsam Mountains, and in the Black Mountains. 30
samples were collected from each site, divided into 3 classes of life stage (10 seedlings,
10 saplings, and 10 mature trees). Using an acid digestion method for foliage and a soil
extraction method for exchangeable metals in soil, concentrations of calcium,
magnesium, and aluminum were found using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and linear regression
analysis were used to statistically compare the data.
There was a considerable amount of correlation between foliar and exchangeable
soil metal concentrations as a result of elevation or longitude. The 8 sites were divided in
half based on elevation (4 sites above 1900 m, 4 sites below 1900 m), and comparisons
were made. Western sites are closer in proximity to coal-burning power plants in
Tennessee, so they were expected to exhibit increased effects of acid deposition. Foliar
and exchangeable soil metal concentrations were tested against soil pH, and very little
correlation was found. Three life stage classes of samples were acquired (seedlings,
saplings, and mature trees) and expected to all have statistically similar concentrations of
metals in both foliage and soil, but almost all were different. No correlation was found in
soil exchangeable metal concentrations and foliar metal concentrations, but a trend
existed in soil exchangeable aluminum and foliar calcium concentrations.
The data from this experiment was also compared to previous studies from 1969,
1994, and 1996 at two different sites. The comparison to the 1996 study at Clingmans Dome showed differences in foliar magnesium and aluminum concentrations, with
decreased toxic metal and increased nutrient concentrations as expected. Differences also
existed when comparing foliar nutrient concentrations to the 1969 and 1994 studies at
Richland Balsam. Since 1994, a decline in acid deposition related effects was observed,
which could show success of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.


We study innovation contests with asymmetric information and identical contestants, where contestants' efforts and innate abilities generate inventions of varying qualities. The designer offers a reward to the contestant achieving the highest quality and receives the revenue generated by the innovation. We characterize the equilibrium behavior, outcomes and payoffs for both nondiscriminatory and discriminatory (where the reward is contestant-dependent) contests. We derive conditions under which the designer obtains a larger payoff when using a discriminatory contest and describe settings where these conditions are satisfied.


Over the last 30 or 40 years a substantial literature has grown up in which the tools of economic theory and analysis have been applied to problems in the arts and culture. Economists who have surveyed the field generally locate the origins of contemporary cultural economics as being in 1966, the year of publication of the first major work in modern times dedicated specifically to the economics of the arts. It was a book by Baumol and Bowen which showed that economic analysis could illuminate the supply of and demand for artistic services, the contribution of the arts sector to the economy, and the role of public policy. Following the appearance of the Baumol and Bowen work, interest in the economics of the arts grew steadily, embracing areas such as demand for the arts, the economic functions of artists, the role of the nonprofit sector, and other areas. Cultural economics also expanded to include the cultural or entertainment industries (the media, movies, the publishing industry, popular music), as well as heritage and museum management, property right questions (in particular copyright) and the role of new communication technologies such as the internet. The field is therefore located at the crossroads of several disciplines: economics and management, but also art history, art philosophy, sociology and law. The Handbook is placed firmly in economics, but it also builds bridges across these various disciplines and will thus be of interest to researchers in all these different fields, as well as to those who are engaged in cultural policy issues and the role of culture in the development of our societies.