Stem cell maintenance and differentiation are regulated by local inductive cues; one potential source of inductive cues is the extracellular matrix. The fundamental hypothesis of the thesis was that differentiation of embryonic stem cells can be manipulated by substrates onto which cells are plated thus, our first experimental chapter explores the impact of the extracellular matrix proteins, laminin, fibronectin and type IV collagen on neural induction of E14Tg2a mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) plated as adherent monolayers. In-cell Western assays were carried out to determine coating efficiency of selected matrix proteins. Cell viability and proliferation was estimated using the MTT assay. In addition, the effect of matrix proteins on neurite outgrowth of mESCs-derived neurons was evaluated by counting the number of primary neurites (using βIII tubulin labelling) and neural progenitor (nestin). Total neurite length per neuron was quantified on neurons derived from the differentiated mESCs. Immunocytochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase and βIII tubulin was used to observe the progression of neuronal maturation of cells plated onto matrix proteins. The MTT assay was used to determine the effect of each matrix on adhesion of mESCs, 24 hours after replating. The results showed that laminin and fibronectin were associated with increase in cell adhesion and they also enhanced the proliferation rate of mESCs when compared to type IV collagen. Laminin significantly increased the number of βIII tubulin positive cells 96 hours after re-plating, but failed to result in a larger numbers of positive catecholaminergic neurons. Second experimental chapter focused on effect of the immobilization of growth factors [sonic hedgehog (Shh), fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF8) and fibroblast growth factor basic (FGF2)] on the generation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from mESCs. A combination of matrix proteins components was produced by incubating laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen and heparan sulphate in a ratio of 1:1:1:0.1. This mixture was used to immobilize growth factors within matrix proteins via non-covalent interactions. In-cell Western assays were carried out to identify stable immobilization of growth factors onto the matrix proteins. The effect of matrix proteins with and without growth factors on neural differentiation was investigated by determining the expression of the AMPR gene (encoding beta-lactamase) in Lmx1a-AMP mESCs. Immunocytochemistry was used to observe the progression of neuronal maturation under different conditions. FGF2 and FGF8b were successfully immobilized on a combination of selected matrix proteins but the immobilized factors failed to demonstrate any significant effect on the proportion of cells expressing Lmx1a. This is likely to be explained by the unexpected high proportion of Lmx1a expressing cells produced even in the absence of specific growth factors. In the last experimental chapter the focus was on investigation of the signaling pathways that regulate differentiations. New tools to promote the differentiation of stem cells into particular cell types can be generated by identifying specific cues in the microenvironments and deciphering how neighbouring cells and the extracellular matrix control developmental fate. It is well established that complex interactions between soluble and extracellular matrix molecules regulate intracellular signaling and differentiation. Many of these signaling events involve one or more kinases including; focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt, hereafter called Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) – such as those also known as Extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs). However, the relevance of a given signaling molecule in mediating the pro-survival signaling induced by extracellular matrix appears to be cell–type specific. Therefore, it is desirable to determine which of these intracellular signaling pathways might be involved in the effects of extracellular matrix on survival and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This chapter explores the role of small molecule inhibitors of FAK, PI3K, Akt and MAPK-ERK on adhesion and proliferation of cells produced by neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells. The focus of the chapter is on early events in neural induction making use of Sox1-eGFP reporter ESCs. This cell line expresses the eGFP reporter under control of the Sox1 promoter, one allele expressing eGFP and the other Sox1. The work showed that plating onto laminin (but not gelatin or poly-D-lysine) activated PI3K-Akt and MAPK-ERK survival signaling pathways. Plating of cells on laminin in the presence of CHIR99021, or in combination with PF562271, resulted in significant conversion of viable embryonic stem cells to Sox1+ neural stem/progenitor cells, indicating the role of laminin in the generation and survival of neurons.


With the premature death of Milosevic in March 2006 his trial was left unfinished. Although the traditional objectives of criminal law, such as retribution, justice for victims, and deterrence, were not achieved, the Milosevic trial archive is a significant historical resource for researchers from various fields. This book extracts details from the collection of documentary and transcript evidence that makes up the trial record – sources which would be almost impossible to extricate without an insider's guiding hand – to allow readers to trace the threads of several historical narratives. The value of this methodology is particularly evident in the Milosevic case as, acting as his own defence counsel, he responded to, and interacted with, almost all witnesses and evidence presented against him. By providing snapshots of the behaviour displayed by Milosevic in court while conducting his defence, in combination with passages of carefully selected evidence from an immense archive familiar to few scholars, this volume reveals how these trial records, and trail records in general, are a truly invaluable historical source. The book underlines the premise that any record of a mass atrocities trial, whether finished or unfinished, establishes a record of past events, contributes to interpretations of a historical period and influences the shaping of collective memory.


Accounting for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere is being widely implemented at many spatial, temporal, and organizational scales—country or city, year or day, corporation or consumer—and we pose the question, "What are the useful scales of carbon accounting and what issues does scale bring?" Financial accounting is typically at the level of an entity, defined in terms of ownership, management control, or responsibility. Carbon accounting raises similar accounting concerns, but has different issues of scale.


Objective To assess interrelationships among neuroimaging findings with neurocognitive test performance and symptom endorsement in a cohort of retired professional (NFL) football players. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Neurology clinic. Participants Forty-five retired NFL players. Intervention MRI scan assessment of cavum septum pellucidi, global mean score of Fractional Anisotropy (FA), and microhemorrhages. Outcome measures Nine neuropsychological tests and multiple symptom and depression scores. Associations among the three independent neuroimaging results with these outcome measures were assessed utilising Pearson's, Spearman's Rank, and Point-Biserial Correlations. Results The retirees reported an average of 6.9 (±6.2) concussions and 13.0 (±7.9) sport-related "dings" in the NFL. Assessment of cavum septum pellucidum yielded a negative finding in 10 subjects (22%), while 32 (71%) had a small, and 3 (7%) had a large one. Four (9%) of the subjects had microhemorrhages present and average FA mean was 0.459 (±0.035). Number of sport-related "dings" was correlated with an increased risk of microhemorrhages (r=0.305, p=0.042). The majority (50.8%) of the correlations obtained among the three neuroimaging parameters and the neurocognitive/symptom scores were below the threshold of a "small" effect size (r<0.10). The remaining (49.2%) correlations fell somewhere between "small" and "medium" effect sizes (0.1< r<0.3). However, all correlations were statistically non-significant. Conclusions The current results demonstrate minimal and statistically non-significant correlations among neuroimaging, neurocognitive, and symptom scores examined in a cohort of NFL retirees. While an often-accepted paradigm, certain neuroimaging findings may not relate consistently and directly with neurocognitive test performance and clinical symptom burden. Competing interests None. GS Solomon receives consulting fees from the Tennessee Titans (NFL), the Nashville Predators (NHL), and the athletic departments of several universities; all fees paid to institution. In addition he is a member of the ImPACT Scientific Advisory Board and receives reimbursement for expenses to board meetings AK Sills is a consulting physician to the Nashville Predators (uncompensated) and also serves as an unaffiliated neurotrauma consultant for the NFL Examinations of the NFL retirees were sponsored by the National Football League (NFL) and coordinated with the NFL Players Association (NFLPA). IR Casson served as a member of the NFL MTBI Committee from 1994-2009 and as a co-chair from 2007-2009. He has done consulting for law firms and insurance companies.


Background The effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) eligibility expansions on patient outcomes, including rates of timely ART initiation among those enrolling in care, has not been assessed on a large scale. In addition, it is not known whether ART eligibility expansions may lead to "crowding out" of sicker patients. Methods and findings We examined changes in timely ART initiation (within 6 months) at the original site of HIV care enrollment after ART eligibility expansions among 284,740 adult ART-naïve patients at 171 International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) network sites in 22 countries where national policies expanding ART eligibility were introduced between 2007 and 2015. Half of the sites included in this analysis were from Southern Africa, one-third were from East Africa, and the remainder were from the Asia-Pacific, Central Africa, North America, and South and Central America regions. The median age of patients enrolling in care at contributing sites was 33.5 years, and the median percentage of female patients at these clinics was 62.5%. We assessed the 6-month cumulative incidence of timely ART initiation (CI-ART) before and after major expansions of ART eligibility (i.e., expansion to treat persons with CD4 ≤ 350 cells/μL [145 sites in 22 countries] and CD4 ≤ 500 cells/μL [152 sites in 15 countries]). Random effects metaregression models were used to estimate absolute changes in CI-ART at each site before and after guideline expansion. The crude pooled estimate of change in CI-ART was 4.3 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6 to 6.1) after ART eligibility expansion to CD4 ≤ 350, from a baseline median CI-ART of 53%; and 15.9 percentage points (pp) (95% CI 14.3 to 17.4) after ART eligibility expansion to CD4 ≤ 500, from a baseline median CI-ART of 57%. The largest increases in CI-ART were observed among those newly eligible for treatment (18.2 pp after expansion to CD4 ≤ 350 and 47.4 pp after expansion to CD4 ≤ 500), with no change or small increases among those eligible under prior guidelines (CD4 ≤ 350: −0.6 pp, 95% CI −2.0 to 0.7 pp; CD4 ≤ 500: 4.9 pp, 95% CI 3.3 to 6.5 pp). For ART eligibility expansion to CD4 ≤ 500, changes in CI-ART were largest among younger patients (16–24 years: 21.5 pp, 95% CI 18.9 to 24.2 pp). Key limitations include the lack of a counterfactual and difficulty accounting for secular outcome trends, due to universal exposure to guideline changes in each country. Conclusions These findings underscore the potential of ART eligibility expansion to improve the timeliness of ART initiation globally, particularly for young adults.


Black pod is an important fungal disease of Theobroma cacao L. which causes significant yield losses in the field and consequently, inhibits the growth and development of the plant. For this purpose, the objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of phosphates solubilizing bacteria on growth of cocoa-tree and the biocontrol of Phytophthora megakarya, which is the most aggressive agent of black pod disease. Five strains of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were characterized on petri dishes and in liquid media in order to determine their aptitude to solubilize different types of rock phosphate. The aptitude of the strains to inhibit P. megakarya was been evaluated on discs of leaves under in vitro and in vivo culture. The results shown that, Pantoea sp. (63B) with index of solubilization (IS) =5.5 and Enterobacter sp. (196B) with IS = 434.364 are the strains able to solubilize the five different types of rock phosphates used. Moreover, the antagonism test shown that Pantoea sp. (111B) with 90.35%, presented the greatest percentage of inhibition on plate. Bacillus sp. (104B) with 0.5 for the tolerant hybrid genotype and 1.75 for the sensitive hybrid genotype and Pantoea sp. (111B) with 1 for the tolerant hybrid genotype and 1.75 for the sensitive hybrid genotype are the highest foliar sensitivity reduction. In addition, the growth of cocoa tree has been very improved by the strain Enterobacter sp. (196B) for the tolerant hybrid genotype which had increased the plant high up to 50%, 35% for the number of leaves, 38.88% for the stem base diameter and 67.37% for the total dry mass compared to the negative control which did not receive microorganisms. With regard to the hybrids of sensitive cocoa-tree, Pantoea sp. 63B involves an increase of 43.28% of plant high and of 61.11% of the total dry mass, Enterobacter sp. (196B) involves an increase of 22.05% of number of leaves and 31.76% for the stem base diameter compared to the negative control. These strains can therefore be recommended to farmers in order to improve cocoa cultivation in the field.

 Keys words: Rock phosphates, Phytophthora megakarya, biocontrol, black pod disease, Thebroma cacao.


GigaPan Conversations is jointly organized by the UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE) and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in collaboration with the UNESCO Associated Schools Project Network (ASPnet). The objective of this project is to promote empathy and understanding between cultures. Through inquiry-based and participatory practices in the curriculum, this project aims to promote dialogue and exchanges between school-age students on selected topics such as inclusion, Learning to Live Together, equity, cross-cultural inclusion and environment. This is with a view to foster a more in-depth approach to cultural and social issues, as well as enhanced inter-cultural understanding across different geographical regions and cultures. A major focus of the project is to use GigaPan technology and integrate it within a curricular framework to establish a robust Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education project capable of delivering tangible improvements in both classroom experience and learning results. This report details the motivation behind this work and initial experiences based on the first pilots conducted between Soweto township (South Africa) and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


The poor locality of operation descriptions expressed in the Web Service Description Language (WSDL) makes them difficult to analyze and compare in web service discovery tasks. This problem has led us to develop a new method for service operation comparison involving contextualizing operation descriptions by inlining related type information from other sections of the service description. In this paper, we show that this contextualization of web service descriptions can enable topic models (statistical techniques for identifying relationships) to produce semantically meaningful results that can be used to reverse engineer service-oriented web systems and automatically identify related web service operations. Specifically, we model contextualized WSDL service operations using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and show how this approach can be used to more accurately find similar web service operations.


One of the objectives of IIASA's Study "Future Environments for Europe: Some Implications of Alternative Development Paths" is to characterize the large-scale and long-term environmental transformations that could be associated with plausible scenarios of Europe's socio-economic development over the next century. The purpose of this task is to help foresee potentially serious environmental problems before they actually occur. This Working Paper is an important contribution toward that goal.

It is becoming increasingly clear that the linkages between technologies and their long-term effects on the environment require more careful attention and forethought than has been the case in the past. The socio-economic benefits of technologies are usually proportional to their scale of application, and the rewards are reaped almost instantaneously. The problem, however, is that the "disbenefits", in terms of ecological degradation, often very nonlinearly with the scale of application, and are manifested on relatively slow time scales. The danger of this syndrome is that the technology may tend to become entrenched over time, making it difficult for adjustment or change by the time the disbenefits become manifest.

Therefore, this timely paper should be of interest to all those who ponder the long-term trade-offs between technological development and environmental degradation.


This thesis examines the dispute that arose between the United States and key European members of NATO (Britain, West Germany and France) over the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). The debate is traced from its inception on March 23, 1983, when Reagan announced his decision to accelerate ballistic missile defence research, to the eclipse of SDI as a major source of transatlantic and international controversy when Presidents Reagan and Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty in December 1987. The transatlantic SDI debate is investigated to determine: (1) the underlying cause, or reasons, for the controversy, (2) how the Alliance managed the differences which arose, and (3) how East-West relations affected the manner in which the controversy was handled. This study includes analysis of past transatlantic controversies about military strategy; reasons why Reagan launched SDI as a unilateral programme; the nature and reasons for West European opposition to SDI; how compromises over SDI were sought and effected (or rejected) between the U.S. and Britain, West Germany and France; the role of the ATBM debate in the SDI controversy; and the significance of the Reykjavik summit and the INF treaty in the SDI debate. Three main and related conclusions emerge from this study. First, that differing conceptions of what constituted a credible nuclear strategy and a stable nuclear regime, rather than the issue of BMD deployment, was the primary cause of the SDI controversy. Second, that in managing the SDI dispute, the Alliance ignored the salience of differing conceptions of strategy and sought agreement on the terms of SDI research in order to maintain NATO unity. And third, that contrary to what the literature on alliances posits, the improvement in East-West relations toward the end of the SDI debate increased rather than decreased NATO unity.


Human exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM, particles less than 5 µm in diameter) was assessed for Low-Income Group (LIG) and Middle-Income Group (MIG) respondents who were monitored for 48-hour integrated exposure in Mumbai, India. Using personal samplers, each respondent was sampled once a week on average from October 2002 to January 2003. An activity diary was recorded and a questionnaire survey carried out by the research team to collect information about workplace and home characteristics. For LIG respondent, the average personal exposure to RPM was 186 µg/m 3 (n = 8, Std. Dev. = 184). For MIG respondent, it was 73 µg/m 3 (n = 14, Std. Dev. = 39). The Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) was exceeded by 86% for LIG respondent. The respirable dust collected on polycarbonate membrane filter was digested and further analyzed for metals using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Average lead concentration of 0.284 µg/m 3 was much below the NAAQS of 1 µg/m 3 . Metals concentration data were used for source apportionment using factor analysis technique. The analysis resulted in three factors, represented by groups of metals associated with industrial, residential and crustal sources for all samples combined. A separate factor analysis resulted in two and three sources for MIG and LIG respondents, respectively. The third LIG source represented metals associated with residential living conditions, such as poor ventilation and burning of low-grade fuel. The ambient air concentration for PM10 in the study area was 291 µg/m 3 (n = 10). Investigation of source apportionment by statistical analysis can quantify contributions of various indoor and outdoor sources to personal exposure, thus assisting policy makers in developing relevant control and planning strategies.


We present a census of the molecular gas properties of galaxies in the most distant known X-ray cluster, CLJ1001, at z = 2.51, using deep observations of CO(1-0) with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. In total, 14 cluster members with M* > 1010.5 M⊙ are detected, including all of the massive star-forming members within the virial radius, providing the largest galaxy sample in a single cluster at z > 2 with CO(1-0) measurements. We find a large variety in the gas content of these cluster galaxies, which is correlated with their relative positions (or accretion states), with those closer to the cluster core being increasingly gas-poor. Moreover, despite their low gas content, the galaxies in the cluster center exhibit an elevated star formation efficiency (SFE; SFE = SFR/Mgas) compared to field galaxies, suggesting that the suppression on the SFR is likely delayed compared to that on the gas content. Their gas depletion time is around tdep ∼ 400 Myr, which is comparable to the cluster dynamical time. This implies that they will consume all of their gas within a single orbit around the cluster center, and form a passive cluster core by z ∼ 2. This result is one of the first direct pieces of evidence for the influence of environment on the gas reservoirs and SFE of z > 2 cluster galaxies, thereby providing new insights into the rapid formation and quenching of the most massive galaxies in the early universe.


A large number of functional forms have been suggested in the literature for estimating Lorenz curves that describe the relationship between income and population shares. One way of choosing a particular functional form is to pick the one that best fits the data in some sense. Another approach, and the one followed here, is to use Bayesian model averaging to average the alternative functional forms. In this averaging process, the different Lorenz curves are weighted by their posterior probabilities of being correct. Unlike a strategy of picking the best-fitting function, Bayesian model averaging gives posterior standard deviations that reflect the functional form uncertainty. Building on our earlier work (Chotikapanich and Griffiths 2002), we construct likelihood functions using the Dirichlet distribution and estimate a number of Lorenz functions for Australian income units. Prior information is formulated in terms of the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the poorest 10% and poorest 90% of the population. Posterior density functions for these quantities are derived for each Lorenz function and are averaged over all the Lorenz functions.


In the fierce and tight competition with other brands that doing the same business of manufacturing and selling office stationery products, especially PVC LAF, it is necessary to know why customers in Surabaya buy Bantex PVC LAF so that the company can maintain the existing customers. Therefore, the purpose of this Final Assignment Report is to identify the factors that influence customers in Surabaya to buy Bantex PVC LAF. The research conducted in several areas in Surabaya, using non probability sampling method with purposive judgment sampling. The methodology of the research is descriptive research. The writer distributed questionnaires to 60 respondents. Primary data was collected and analyzed using Factor Analysis and Descriptive Analysis (based on Likert Scale). To run the analysis, the writer used SPSS 15 for Windows. The result of the research shows that there are three re-label factors, which are Factor 1, Factor 2 and Factor 4.


Satellite and in situ observations are used to test model dynamics for the California Current System (CCS). The model and data are combined to reconstruct the mesoscale ocean structure during a given three-week period. The resulting physical flow field is used to drive a 3D ecosystem model to interpret SeaWiFS and in situ chlorophyll-a (chl-a) variations. With this approach a more complete and consistent picture of the physical and ecosystem processes of the CCS is obtained, providing the basis for addressing fundamental questions about dynamics and predictability of the coastal ocean.


In fair division problems with indivisible goods it is well known that one cannot have any guarantees for the classic fairness notions of envy-freeness and proportionality. As a result, several relaxations have been introduced, most of which in quite recent works. We focus on four such notions, namely envy-freeness up to one good (EF1), envy-freeness up to any good (EFX), maximin share fairness (MMS), and pairwise maximin share fairness (PMMS). Since obtaining these relaxations also turns out to be problematic in several scenarios, approximate versions of them have also been considered. In this work, we investigate further the connections  between the four notions mentioned above and their approximate versions. We establish several tight or almost tight results concerning the approximation quality that any of these notions guarantees for the others, providing an almost complete picture of this landscape. Some of our findings reveal interesting and surprising consequences regarding the power of these notions, e.g., PMMS and EFX provide the same worst-case guarantee for MMS, despite PMMS being a strictly stronger notion than EFX. We believe such implications provide further insight on the quality of approximately fair solutions.


This article charts a media historical relation between radiation and celluloid film, ranging from the downwind 1956 production of The Conqueror to early scientific imaging practices, war photography, war documentaries, military industrial film, and contemporary artists working on radiation aesthetics. Posing the collection as a diagnostic media ecology, this article argues that the valuable evidence provided by the environmental metadata stored in celluloid film is the product of ecological warfare and violence. By turning to the material sciences for a better understanding of how nuclear weapons affect media on large spatial and temporal scales we gain a parallax view to how photographic practices – defined as the aesthetic exchange of light and energy – occur autonomously within our ecology, although some of these forces aremobilised in deadly and imperceptible ways. By demonstrating that non-human agencies released by Cold War energy policies have contaminated military industrial and commercial film archives alike, this article asserts that nuclear testing and warfare have contributed to a global condition of test-subjectivity that can be evidenced by diagnostic media ecology.


Membrane proteins are fundamental elements of a cell that play essential roles nearly in all the cellular processes. Prediction of membrane protein types using biological experiments are often complicated and time consuming. Therefore it is highly desirable to develop a robust, reliable and high-throughput silico method to predict membrane protein types. In this study, the authors have used two feature extraction strategies known as dipeptide and pseudo amino acid (PseAA) compositions for classification of membrane proteins types. In addition, a composite model is also developed by concatenating dipeptide and PseAA composition based features. Further, two feature selection methods such as neighbourhood preserving embedding and locally linear embedding (LLE) are applied to reduce the dimensionality of the composite model. The performance of these feature extraction strategies is evaluated using four different classifiers: K-nearest neighbour, probabilistic neural network (PNN), support vector machine (SVM) and grey incidence degree. The highest success rates have been observed using the LLE-based reduced features. SVM has yielded the best accuracy of 88.2% in case of jackknife test. Although in case of independent dataset test, PNN has obtained the highest accuracy of 98.4%. Performance measures other than accuracy are also used such as 'Mathew correlation coefficient', sensitivity and precision. The authors simulated results show that the composite model has significantly discriminated the types of membrane protein and might be useful for future research and drug discovery.


Canada geese (Branta canadensis) often cause significant damage when they strike aircraft. They are responsible for a reported minimum of $2.6 million in damage per year to civil aviation in the United States. Knowledge of goose movements in relation to airports would allow wildlife managers to allocate time and funds to manage those populations that pose the greatest threat to aircraft. We placed alpha-numeric neck collars on 300 Canada geese within 8 km of both John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFKIA) and LaGuardia Airport in New York, New York. We conducted weekly observations for 2 years within a 12-km radius of JFKIA at locations used by the geese. At the conclusion of the study, 45% of the collared geese remained within an 8-km radius of JFKIA, and four were killed at JFKIA during wildlife control operations. We observed birds at their original banding sites 75% of the time, and within 5 km of the banding location 95% of the time. Geese that remained in the study area were re-sighted at a mean straight-line distance of 3.6 (±3.1) km from their original banding location. We note that 78% of the re-sighting locations used by geese were within 8 km of JFKIA and that movements of these geese could take them over or onto JFKIA. Oiling goose eggs to kill the embryos, rounding up of flightless birds within 8 km of the airport, and bird-control activities at JFKIA and nearby areas all should be continued to reduce the probability of a catastrophic bird strike between aircraft using JFKIA and local Canada geese.


Wieland C21000, also known as gilding metal, is a 95Cu-5Zn alloy. This versatile, low-cost alloy is often the choice of engineers for deep drawn parts such as bullet jackets and coined products. The combination of moderate conductivity and improved strength make C21000 a valuable option for electrical applications where performance requirements preclude the use of standard copper. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-909. Producer or source: Wieland Rolled Products NA.


Patent eligibility is one of the most important and controversial issues in intellectual property law. Although the relevant constitutional and statutory text is extremely broad, the Supreme Court has significantly narrowed the scope of patentable eligibility by creating exceptions for inventions directed to abstract ideas, laws of nature, and natural phenomenon. In particular, the Supreme Court's decisions on this issue over the past decade have created considerable uncertainty regarding the patentability of important innovations. As a result, numerous stakeholders have called for reform of the current rules regarding patent eligibility, and members of Congress have introduced legislation to amend the Patent Act to provide greater clarity.

The current quandary regarding patent eligibility is nothing new, however. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the Supreme Court was similarly challenged by inventors' attempts to obtain patent rights to a number of then-emerging technologies, including computer software and genetically-modified organisms. After initially concluding that processes consisting of or including an algorithm were not patentable subject matter in Gottschalk v. Benson (1972) and Parker v. Flook (1978), the Court abruptly changed course in Diamond v. Diehr (1981), holding that the use of a computer program to implement a method for curing synthetic rubber was eligible for patenting. Similarly, in the life sciences, the Court overturned a USPTO decision rejecting a patent on a genetically-modified bacteria, concluding in Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980) that a non-naturally occurring organism was patent eligible. These decisions ultimately opened the door to thousands of patents covering computer software and biotechnology innovations. Moreover, they remain good law and are widely cited, including by the Court itself.

To better understand these older patent eligibility decisions, this Article examines archival material from the chambers of Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., who was one of the "swing" votes on the Burger Court. Using this previously-untapped resource, we report several notable findings, including that the Court initially voted to find the process in Flook to be patent eligible, only for two Justices to subsequently switch their votes. In addition, Justice Powell privately expressed the view that his vote in Flook was in error, ultimately changing sides in Diehr to adopt a more expansive view of patent eligibility. We also find evidence that the Justices and their clerks often struggled with the technological complexity of these new innovations in assessing their patentability, frequently commenting that Congress was better body for addressing such issues. We then offer several implications from these findings for the ongoing debate regarding the scope of patent eligibility.


Complaints about "double standards" in global governance are widespread. When governments from the Global South criticize powerful Western states for applying double standards in implementing norms such as international criminal justice, this is usually taken to indicate that they disagree with the substance of these norms. In contrast, this article argues that the criticism can also be understood as expressing dissatisfaction with the procedures for applying those norms. Based on insights from empirical justice research in social psychology, the article highlights the significance of procedural fairness for the legitimacy of institutions and illustrates the importance of concerns about procedural unfairness in recent complaints about the International Criminal Court (ICC) by African governments.


This paper examines the political origins of the Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) through the lens of two research questions: (1) Why did the Japanese government undertake the JOCV project in 1965? and (2) Why did the project pursue multifaceted objectives –technical assistance, international friendship, and youth development? These questions are important for two reasons. First, as the country was struggling economically, experiencing domestic turmoil, and vulnerable to international conflict, it is surprising that the government would begin sending young volunteers to developing countries. Second, the JOCV's objectives are inconsistent with each other, and therefore their coexistencerequires further examination. Using a multi-level analysis strategy, we explore international and domestic factors. The analysis of international structures focused on the Japan-US relationship and the Cold War in Asia, and proved that two factors motivated the Japanese government to create the JOCV: Prime Minister Ikeda's desire to approach economic development in Southeast Asia; and the US government's demand that Japan take some action regarding the US goal of expanding the idea of the Peace Corps. Our inquiry into the domestic structures focused on youth problems such as unemployment in rural areas, the anti-Security Treaty movement, and rising crime in cities. We have discussed that leaders of youth associations and young members of the governing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) considered overseas voluntary service like the Kennedy's Peace Corps as a potential solution to these problems. The analysis of agential factors sheds lights on the policy-making. There was disagreement between actors over the definition of the new project. While a coalition of youth associations and young members of the LDP advocated an overseas voluntary service project, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) insisted on dispatching experts rather than volunteers. Eventually, the two sides reached a compromise: the JOCV would be defined as a project providing both technical assistance and youth volunteers; and it should be managedunder the supervision of MOFA.Finally, this study demonstrates that when the state sends young volunteers abroad, external ideas and political actors' concern for youth development matter. It also implies that state-sponsored volunteering can be defined as a hybrid of the state project and individual activities, which neither realism nor constructivism in international politics can solely explain.


Present low interest rates environment brings about numerous economic effects. Insurance companies are also strongly affected, since traditional insurance products often provide guaranteed returns to policyholders. As guaranteed returns are related to market interest rates, the question about the optimality of currently applied guaranteed returns becomes increasingly compelling in the insurance sector. This paper examines optimality of guaranteed returns from a solvency aspect. With the applied theoretical approach it is possible to identify multiple optima, from which the "best" is defined as the efficient one. In this framework, some theoretical properties of optimal guaranteed returns are described and existence criteria for the efficient optimum are derived. The paper aims at contributing to the literature also by highlighting a price sensitivity related effect of the choice of guaranteed returns in the insurance sector.


This is the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and multilingual bibliography on "Women and Gender in East Central Europe and the Balkans (Vol. 1)" and "The Lands of the Former Soviet Union (Vol. 2)" over the past millennium. The coverage encompasses the relevant territories of the Russian, Hapsburg, and Ottoman empires, Germany and Greece, and the Jewish and Roma diasporas. Topics range from legal status and marital customs to economic participation and gender roles, plus unparalleled documentation of women writers and artists, and autobiographical works of all kinds. The volumes include approximately 30,000 bibliographic entries on works published through the end of 2000, as well as web sites and unpublished dissertations. Many of the individual entries are annotated with brief descriptions of major works and the tables of contents for collections and anthologies. The entries are cross-referenced and each volume includes indexes.


Optical arbitrary waveform generation using the line-by-line pulse shaping technique has been shown to be sensitive to variations in the offset frequency of the input frequency comb due to time-domain waveform interference. Here we present a frequency-domain model that is able to predict waveform changes arising from offset frequency variations. In experiments we controllably shift the frequency of a comb derived from a phase-modulated CW laser, which allows us to quantitatively investigate waveforms generated by pulse shaping as a function of offset frequency. Experimental data are in excellent agreement with the predictions of our frequency-domain model. In addition, we propose and analyze new waveforms designed for monitoring of offset frequency variations by pulse shaping.


Interesting target detection and matching algorithm in complex natural backgrounds images is studied in this paper. Firstly, logGabor filter bank is analyzed, which is consistent with human visual system characteristics. Several kinds of local features from the filter bank can form the integrated feature. Integrated feature congruency (IFC) model is established. And upon compensating noise for IFC, an improved integrated feature congruency (IIFC) model is obtained, in which, target detecting is translated to find the interest points that are significant across scales and orientations. This model is applied to complex natural backgrounds images for target detection and matching. Experimental results show that this method's performance.


Background: Population monitoring has been introduced in UK primary schools in an effort to track the growing obesity epidemic. It has been argued that parents should be informed of their child's results, but is there evidence that moving from monitoring to screening would be effective? We describe what is known about the effectiveness of monitoring and screening for overweight and obesity in primary school children and highlight areas where evidence is lacking and research should be prioritised. Design: Systematic review with discussion of evidence gaps and future research. Data sources: Published and unpublished studies (any language) from electronic databases (inception to July 2005), clinical experts, Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities, and reference lists of retrieved studies. Review methods: We included any study that evaluated measures of overweight and obesity as part of a population-level assessment and excluded studies whose primary outcome measure was prevalence. Results: There were no trials assessing the effectiveness of monitoring or screening for overweight and obesity. Studies focussed on the diagnostic accuracy of measurements. Information on the attitudes of children, parents and health professionals to monitoring was extremely sparse. Conclusions: Our review found a lack of data on the potential impact of population monitoring or screening for obesity and more research is indicated. Identification of effective weight reduction strategies for children and clarification of the role of preventative measures are priorities. It is difficult to see how screening to identify individual children can be justified without effective interventions.


In colloquial Standard Mandarin, monosyllabic tonal function words (such as classifiers, prepositions, personal pronouns, etc.), are regularly pronounced as unstressed and phonetically reduced (e.g. tā 他 [thə]), unless they are emphasized ([thaː]). Their unstressed forms play an important role in speech rhythm. This study investigates this group of words. I open the discussion by addressing the general issue of stress in Mandarin, arguing that de-stress might be an essential notion here. English words with weak forms (articles, prepositions, etc.) are then introduced. I establish a similar group of words in Chinese, coining a new term for them: the cliticoids . The strong resemblance between both groups is pointed out. Finally, pedagogical implications of the findings are proposed: the proper handling of the cliticoids may help L2 learners to improve their oral performance.


Hydrological changes associated with irrigation, in conjunction with increased nutrient concentrations and aquatic plant densities, have greatly impacted fish habitat values on the Burdekin River floodplain. The two most significant weeds in the Burdekin floodplain are water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and para grass (Urochloa mutica). Water hyacinth creates a base for the para grass (and then other weeds) to grow out into deeper water, creating weed mats that can then only be removed by mechanical means or floods of the largest magnitude. We attempted to rehabilitate floodplain lagoons by the mechanical removal of floating weed mats and monitored the result by measuring the subsequent effects on fish habitats and fish communities. Prior to weed removal, fish habitats were generally of poor quality, and fish community structure was skewed away from rich native assemblages to depauperate communities dominated in some instances by alien species. Poor water quality arising from floating weed mats is considered to be the main determinant of reduced fish abundance and diversity. After mechanical weed removal, recovery of water quality and physical habitat led to the re‐establishment of many native fish species. Key refuge habitats within the distribution channels were a critical source of recruits for fishes dispersing during times of elevated seasonal flows into the newly rehabilitated reaches. This study demonstrates that floating alien weed mats have significant negative effects upon aquatic communities and that mechanical removal of these weed mats (as opposed to chemical removal) results in dramatic improvements in native fish species richness and abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The fusion of digital media and the built environment is commonly summarized under the umbrella term Media Architecture, a field where we have conducted intensive academic research during the past eight years. To connect our research expertise towards new application areas we want to share approaches designing a highly aesthetic form of mobile Media Architecture visualized via Low-Resolution (low-res) lighting displays, we hereafter refer to as Mobile Low-Resolution Media Architecture (MLRMA) where we mainly focus on civic open data application areas. In this MAB 2018 workshop we will therefore outline how our previous research informs and connects to MLRMA and present a design tool led by a set of challenges to pave the road for further investigations.


ABSTRACT The use of bioacoustics as a tool for bat research is rapidly increasing worldwide. There is substantial evidence that environmental factors such as weather conditions or habitat structure can affect echolocation call structure in bats and thus compromise proper species identification. However, intraspecific differences in echolocation due to geographical variation are poorly understood, which poses a number of issues in terms of method standardization. We examined acoustic data for Pteronotus cf. rubiginosus from the Central Amazon and the Guiana Shield. We provide the first evidence of intraspecific geographic variation in bat echolocation in the Neotropics, with calls significantly differing in almost all standard acoustic parameters for the two lineages of this clade. We complement our bioacoustic data with molecular and morphological data for both species. Considerable overlap in trait values prevents reliable discrimination between the two sympatric Pteronotus based on morphological characters. On the other hand, significant divergence in the frequency of maximum energy suggests that bioacoustics can be used to readily separate both taxa despite extensive intraspecific variability in their echolocation across the Amazon. Given the relative lack of barriers preventing contact between bat populations from the Central Amazon and French Guiana, the documented acoustic variation needs to be further studied in geographically intermediate locations to understand the potential isolation processes that could be causing the described divergence in echolocation and to determine whether this variation is either discrete or continuous.


Interdisciplinary collaboration is a sensible approach for addressing complex problems. However, academic training and the resulting disciplinary habitus (and competition) often leave such collaborative skills woefully underdeveloped. This contribution outlines how ethnographic sensibilities and skills may contribute to overcoming borders between disciplinary practitioners and enhancing self-awareness within and across scientific and scholarly practice. It thus proposes ethnographic attention as interdisciplinary midwifery.


This study examines the social conditions for the nature and development of theatrical dance as a historically constructed field. The first part consists of a sociologically informed narrative of the making of dance from its initiation as a courtly practice (court ballet) to its contemporary form (ballet and modern dance), with an emphasis on the social, political and aesthetic contexts in which it was shaped. This narrative outlines the logic of symbolic negotiation, focusing specifically on conflicts over the content, bodily forms and techniques of dance, which take place in different spaces and modes of production. These symbolic negotiations are conceived as reconfigurations of social and political struggles but they are of course expressed through the practices of specific individuals within the field.

 This historical analysis sets the scene for an examination of the particular logic or rules that govern dance production in contemporary Britain and Greece. Although ballet in Greece has been relatively dependent on the development of the from in Britain, the two countries are approached as separate cases. The experience of thirty working dancers and choreographers (twelve in Greece and eighteen in the UK) is charted within very divergent conditions, namely training and performing as institutionalized in each country. These dancers and choreographers shape their bodies and tailor their practices in relation to ideal types of performers. They form highly diverse dance styles, especially given their interest in differentiating their own practice from current dance forms. Such styles stand in competition to each other, resulting in conflicting definitions of dance – and of course – dancing experiences.

 These particular meanings of dancing and dance making are highlighted by artists' various trajectories within the fields or subfields. The interviews reveal the interdependency of the British and Greek systems of dance production. As will be shown, the individual dancers' and choreographers' trajectories depend on their possession of capitals (economic, social, cultural). It is claimed that the "talented dancing body" in each society is shaped with reference to the particular aesthetic and technical components promoted by the different dance styles.


Cloeon perkinsi was described from South Africa in 1932 by Barnard. Despite being relatively common in Africa, it was mentioned in the literature quite rarely, and its known distribution to date includes most of sub-Saharan Africa. Material collected recently in Ethiopia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen extends its distribution in East Africa, Arabian Peninsula and the Levant. We examined this material, and provide a re-description of adults (females and males) and nymphs of the species. It represents a much-needed urge mainly due to inconsistencies in literature reports regarding colouration, and sometimes incomplete morphological description of all stages. We demonstrate the intraspecific morphological variability that we have witnessed, and provide information regarding the range of habitats colonised by C. perkinsi . Based on geological and climatic history of the studied region, taken together with among countries genetic distances of the mitochondrial barcoding gene COI, we propose colonisation mechanisms for the north-easternmost limit of distribution. The fragmented distribution pattern of the species highlights the conservation importance of isolated aquatic habitats in the region, as well as current knowledge gaps.


This paper advances the idea that in German, Italian and English multi-word determiner phrases, termed Complex Nominal Determiners (CND), exist which are formed by at least a noun (N1) followed by a preposition ( von, di, of ). CNDs either quantify the referent of the noun they determine (N2) or simultaneously quantify and qualify it. Syntactic tests show that the structure of NPs with a CND can be paralleled to that of clauses with support verbs (Double Analysis) insofar as they are structurally ambiguous. N2, traditionally regarded as a dependent ( of -phrase), can be the phrasal head. Semantic tests provide evidence that in a CND N1 carries neither referential nor lexical meaning and works as a functionword. Our study is based on data drawn from a written corpus for German and two corpora (written and spoken) for Italian. The data for English mainly comes from electronic dictionaries.


Why have South Africa and the U.S. adopted and maintained different foreign policy stances towards the crisis in Zimbabwe? This question is of particular importance due to the political, economic, and humanitarian implications of the Zimbabwean situation since 2000, the regional impact of the crisis, and the recent potential for positive developments under the newly established Zimbabwean unity government. Previous studies predominately concentrate on analyzing either the western or the regional approach towards Zimbabwe to the detriment of gaining a complete understanding of why these approaches have differed. This study builds upon the existing literature by employing a comparative approach to demonstrate the ways in which the U.S. and South Africa have varied towards Zimbabwe and the effect this variance has had on the crisis. Following field research and interviews in South Africa and Washington D.C., I trace the history of the crisis in Zimbabwe and discuss the external relations of the U.S. and South Africa towards Zimbabwe. The study identifies four main factors that explain the source of variance – differences in geographic proximity, hegemonic influence, interpretation of the source of the crisis, and the primary goal for engagement. In addition, the study argues that greater cooperation between the U.S. and South Africa on the issue would strengthen both states' ability to effectively respond to the crisis. The report concludes with policy recommendations for how joint collaboration can be achieved to better influence positive change in Zimbabwe. 1 Eldredge: Responding to Crisis: A Comparative Look at South Africa's and th Published by Digital Commons @ Colgate, 2012 ! 10!


Botanical studies were slow to be influenced by experimental method, since the learned were immersed in the demanding work of collecting, observing, listing, and describing. The transition to 'modern science' was therefore delayed, for natural history prevailed at the expense of experimentation. Although Francis Bacon's (1561-1626) experimental method also concerned natural history and botany, his programmatic reformation of science was underdeveloped and incomplete. The other champion of early modern philosophy, René Descartes (15961650), rejected natural history and grounded his science on intellectual evidence, the converse of Bacon's natural philosophy. The object of this paper is to understand whether or not Descartes' science includes botany within the order of reason, reducing its variety into a grey ontology. Some pages of a lesser known manuscript where Descartes jotted down notes about plants, the Excerpta Anatomica, allow a reconstruction of his botanical work against the natural historical endeavours of his contemporaries. Do Descartes' botanical studies methodically include botany within science: handling botany beyond natural history, providing it with theoretical frame and direction, postulating causes and explaining effects, and eventually adhering to his physical laws of nature and to his mechanical physiology?


We consider a geometric flow introduced by Gigli and Mantegazza which, in the case of smooth compact manifolds with smooth metrics, is tangen- tial to the Ricci flow almost-everywhere along geodesics. To study spaces with geometric singularities, we consider this flow in the context of smooth manifolds with rough metrics with sufficiently regular heat kernels. On an appropriate non- singular open region, we provide a family of metric tensors evolving in time and provide a regularity theory for this flow in terms of the regularity of the heat kernel.
When the rough metric induces a metric measure space satisfying a Riemannian Curvature Dimension condition, we demonstrate that the distance induced by the flow is identical to the evolving distance metric defined by Gigli and Mantegazza on appropriate admissible points. Consequently, we demonstrate that a smooth compact manifold with a finite number of geometric conical singularities remains a smooth manifold with a smooth metric away from the cone points for all future times. Moreover, we show that the distance induced by the evolving metric tensor agrees with the flow of RCD(K, N) spaces defined by Gigli-Mantegazza.


Architects are increasingly using digital tools during the design process, particularly as they approach complex problems such as designing for successful daylighting performance. However, while simulation tools may provide the designer with valuable information, they do not necessarily guide the user towards design changes which will improve performance. This paper proposes an interactive, goal-based expert system for daylighting design, intended for use during the early design phase. The expert system consists of two major components: a daylighting knowledge-base which contains information regarding the effects of a variety of design conditions on resultant daylighting performance, and a fuzzy rule-based decision-making logic which is used to determine those design changes most likely to improve performance for a given design. The system gives the user the ability to input an initial model and a set of daylighting performance goals in the form of illuminance and daylighting-specific glare metrics. The system acts as a "virtual daylighting consultant," guiding the user towards improved performance while maintaining the integrity of the original design and of the design process itself.


The efficient harnessing of land resources remains key to unlocking the potential of economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Land administration systems provide a veritable platform for coordinating the efforts aimed at maximising the overall value of a country's land resources. Extant studies, however, provide scanty and unorganised insight into the problems and benefits of the formal and informal land administration systems co-existing in Nigeria and how they affect physical development on land. Using a cross-sectional survey, this study investigated the benefits and problems of formal and informal land administration systems in Epe, Lagos, and ascertained the relationship between the level of land development and land occupants' type of occupancy (which may be formal or informal). A major problem of the formal land administration system is that to be allocated land; one needs to know a government official, while its key benefit is that anyone can be allocated land anywhere irrespective of their state of origin. Under the informal land administration system, the main problem is that additional "settlement(s)" are required before one can build on the land, while its key benefit is that one purchases land in the place of one's choice. Using logistic regression analysis, it was observed that the level of development of land is independent of the type of occupancy held by the occupant. The study concludes that formal land administration system does not necessarily lead to higher land development than informal land administration. Future land formalisation policies should seek to optimise the merits and minimise the challenges of the two systems of land administration.


Intrinsic variability occurs between individual MOSFET transistors caused by atomic-scale differences in the construction of devices. The impact of this variability will become a major issue in future circuit design as the devices scale below 50nm. In this thesis, the background
to the causes and effects of intrinsic variability, in particular that of random dopant placement and line-edge roughness, is discuss. A system is developed which uses a genetic algorithm to attempt to optimise the dimensions of transistors within standard-cell libraries, with the aim of
improving performance and reducing the impact of intrinsic variability in terms of the effect on circuit delay and power consumption. The genetic algorithm uses a multi-objective fitness function to allow a number of circuit characteristics to be considered in the evolution process.
The system is tested using different standard-cell libraries from open-source and commercial providers, with developments and alterations to the system that have been made throughout the course of the experiments discussed. Comparisons of the performance with other optimisation techniques, hill climbing and simulated-annealing, are discussed. The optimisation process concludes with the use of e-Science techniques to allow for detailed statistical
analysis of the evolved designs on high-performance computing clusters. The observed results for two-input logic gates demonstrate that the technique can be effective in the reduction of statistical spread in the delay and power consumption of circuits subject to intrinsic variability.
The thesis finishes with the investigation of larger circuits which are assembled from the optimised cells. A proposed design methodology is introduced, in which the processes of logic design are broken into small blocks, each of which uses techniques from evolutionary computation to improve performance. This includes an investigation into the application of a multi-objective fitness function to improve the performance of logic circuits evolved using Cartesian Genetic Programming, which produces designs for logic multiplier and display driver circuits which are competitive with human-produced designs and other evolved designs. These designs are assessed for their variability tolerance, with the multiplier circuit demonstrating
an improvement in delay variability.


High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) technology attracts the interest of the industry as the coatings deposited by HiPIMS demonstrate improved properties compared to conventional dc magnetron sputtered (dcMS) coatings. This is because HiPIMS generates very dense plasma, which results in a large fraction of ionized sputtered particles. We report on the HiPIMS with titanium target in the argon atmosphere with an addition of acetylene gas. Such a process can be referred to either as hybrid PVD-PECVD [1] or non-saturated reactive process [2]. The non-invasive method called effective branching fraction method is utilized in order to evaluate the absolute ground state number densities of the sputtered titanium species for various flows of acetylene gas. Further, the HiPIMS process is modelled by a modified Berg model. The presented model incorporates the production of thick carbon layer at the target and the back-attraction of the sputtered titanium ions to the target. The simulated trends agree well with the measured ones.


A mathematical model is developed to account for the fixing and developing behavior of holographic gratings in photorefractive materials such as LiNbO3. All transport processes for the carriers (electrons and protons) are considered. Moreover, unlike in previous studies, the thermal excitation of carriers is taken into account. Two possible experimental procedures that involve fixing during or after writing are theoretically described. The model is applied to simulate the kinetics, overall efficiency, and temperature dependence of the fixing process for LiNbO3:Fe, for which the most experimental information is available.


BACKGROUND
End-stage liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common indication for liver transplantation in U.S. veterans. We investigated the influence of HCV genotypes on the incidence and timing of recurrent HCV hepatitis, survival, infectious morbidity, and response to interferon-alpha therapy in this unique patient population.

METHODS
HCV genotype was determined by direct sequencing of the NS5 region of HCV with type-specific primers.

RESULTS
Genotype 1a (66%, 32/47) was the predominant genotype. Type 1b was found in 25% (12/47) of patients and type 2b was found in 9% (4/47). Histopathologically recurrent HCV hepatitis developed in 53% (25/47) of the patients after transplantation. This group included 45% (14/31) of the patients with type 1a, 67% (8/12) of the patients with type 1b, and 25% (1/4) of the patients with type 2b (P>0.5). The time to recurrence and the severity of HCV recurrence as defined by aminotransferase levels or Knodell scores were not different among the three genotypes. There was a trend toward a higher incidence of major infections in patients with type 1b (75%) versus type 1a (48%) and type 2b (50%) (P=0.11). The response to interferon-a therapy did not differ significantly among the genotypes. Mortality at 5 years was 16% (5/31) in patients with genotype 1a, 42% (5/12) in patients with genotype 1b, and 50% (2/4) in patients with genotype 2b (P=0.06).

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence, time to recurrence, and response to interferon-alpha therapy did not differ between the various genotypes in our liver transplant recipients. However, there was a trend toward higher infectious morbidity and overall mortality in patients with genotype 1b after transplantation.


The objective of this study was to investigate college students' perceptions of their foreign and domestic classroom instructors. Two hundred and eleven college students participated in the study. The potential participants were approached and offered extra credit to participate, and all needed to have at least one domestic instructor and one international instructor during the semester of the research study. Participants filled out a series of measures first examining their personal levels of individualism/collectivism and ethnocentrism, followed by a set of questions related to the participants' perceptions of their international instructor and then about their domestic instructor. To ensure that participants perceptions were consistent, the Generalized Ethnocentrism Measure was given at the beginning of the survey and then after the international instructor section and before the domestic instructor section. Results revealed support for findings of previous research, which found that domestic instructors were perceived as more effective than their intercultural counterparts on a variety of variables. In contrast, foreign instructors were considered to produce more communication satisfaction among college students. The specific characteristics of instructors that are likely to account for more effective and satisfying communication are discussed. The results of this study are useful for instructors who would like to be more competent and effective in the college classroom. DOI:  10.18870/hlrc.v4i4.187


This paper sets out to examine the trends and shifting paradigms in the teaching of poetry in Anglophone Cameroon. The main thrust of the argument of this paper is built around the hypothetical contention that the three phases that characterized the evolut ion and development of Anglophone Cameroonian poetry have facilitated the teaching of this genre. The three phases which are adopt, adapt and the adept have constituted the framework for this pedagogic methodology. Using the New historicist critical theory and the precepts enunciated by Erwin R. Goodenough, G. Van der Peet, M. Afr. and Walter Lippmann, for the evaluation of the poetry of Bernard Fonlon, Bongasu - Tanla Kishani, Konglanjo!(1988) and John Ngong Kum Ngong 's Snatched from the Grave, ( 2010) this p aper proposes a thorough consideration of these three phases in the teaching of poetry.


This paper proposes a new full non-orthogonal integration scheme for unicast and broadcast data streams in future OFDM system, in which broadcast is deployed in single cell scenario. It is firstly analyzed why today's research results of the integration of unicast and broadcast in Single Frequency Network (SFN) manner cannot work in single cell deployment scenario. By adjusting the modulation constellation map of today's integration system, the proposed scheme, called crossed-HM, works well in the discussed scenario. System level performances are investigated in this paper, which show that the proposed scheme has 40% gain against the discussed SFN integration scheme in terms of effective frequency efficiency. Performances for single cell broadcast without integration to unicast are shown for comparison.


Inorganic nanotube structures (INTs) can be synthesised through the direct �filling of carbon nanotube templates with molten salts. The resulting structures, usually
rationalised in terms of known bulk crystal structures, are shown to be contained within a general set of structures classifi�ed in terms of folded sheets of in�finite squares
and hexagons.
A flexible model for the carbon nanotube is employed (using a Terso� II potential), a signifi�cant development on previous work in which a rigid description was utilised. As a result, the nanotube is free to rotate, vibrate and translate within the simulation cell and analysis techniques are developed to account for this behaviour.
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed using different molten salt models.
These salt models are chosen so as to reflect different relative energetics of the underlying bulk crystal structures. In this context, a new model is developed and
characterised in which key bulk structures have equal energies. The molten salts are observed to directly �ll the carbon nanotubes which vary in diameter. The stability
of novel key structures, which are characterised as having non-circular cross sections, are rationalised with reference to elliptical carbon nanotube distortions. For small diameter carbon nanotubes a preference for square net based INTs is observed.
The energy landscapes of the inorganic nanotubes, that are revealed by the molecular dynamics simulations, appear more complex than that of the carbon nanotubes themselves. The structures of larger inorganic nanotubes formed are
dependent both on the nanotube diameter and the radius ratio of the ionic salt of choice. In contrast, the morphologies of small diameter inorganic nanotubes are dependent on the nanotube diameter only. A �first principles analysis of the atomistic interactions is developed to explain this novel observation. The resulting theory is
consistent with the ubiquitous nature of the rock salt nanocrystallites observed in experiment.


Conventional wisdom and rational choice theory agree: few citizens read election manifestos. The empirical observations that people do search for manifestos online and that UK parties do find buyers when selling their manifestos, therefore pose a puzzle. From studying these phenomena in the context of the 2005 and 2010 General Elections, we can learn that the standard view needs to be qualified and can gain additional insights into those elections. The article suggests two explanations of manifesto acquisition: highly-interested citizens may obtain the documents of several parties, or strong partisan supporters may secure themselves the manifesto of 'their' party, and both mechanisms may be reinforced by the competitiveness of constituency races. Analyses of original behavioural data on manifesto sales and internet search activity show that there is indeed interesting empirical variation in the demand for election manifestos across space and time. Results from Bayesian ecological inference models of the sales data slightly favour the partisan explanation.


We provide new evidence of the impact of the ongoing deep financial crisis on the performance of Dutch IPOs during the period from January 1990 to May 2012. The findings indicate an increasing level of underpricing as a result of the recent financial crunch. This situation is attributed to the aggressive efforts of underwriters to create demand as well as their strong focus on rewarding investors for their participation. Their actions build the soil for long-term underperformance, a conclusion supported by multiple studies in the literature. Pre-owner loyalty signals the IPOs' quality and promotes compensation by less underpricing. Going public with the aid of a reputable underwriter does not pay off, as it does not reduce the amount of money left on the table. Consistent with the information revelation theory, we argue that the underpricing phenomenon can be largely explained by a general desire for listing.


It has been shown that diabetes causes a decrease in antioxidant capacity. Since the decrease of antioxidant capacities are related to the pathology of diabetic retinopathy; we aimed to evaluate the effect of Astaxanthin (ASTA), a powerful natural antioxidant, on catalase content in retinal tissue. Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups (n =8-12 for each group): Control, Control-treated, Diabetic and Diabetic-treated groups. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight, intravenously). Animals with a blood glucose more than 350 mg were selected as diabetic animals. Treatment with ASTA, (20 mg/kg) was administrated orally once a day by gavages over six weeks. After six weeks the final blood glucose concentration and body weight were measured. The animals were then euthanized by a lethal dose of Ketamine and Diazepam, the eyeballs removed and the retinas quickly extracted for catalase (CAT) measurement and histopathological assessments. Hyperglycemia decreased the enzymatic activity of CAT in retinal tissue of the Diabetic group but, with ASTA treatment, it returned toward normal value and ASTA treatment in Control-treated group increased the CAT capacity significantly. Retinal ganglion cell layer (RGC) in both Diabetic and Diabetic-treated groups showed fluid retention and edema but in the Diabetic-treated group, it was lower than inthe Diabetic group. We suggest that the increase of CAT activity and decrease of fluid retention in the Diabetic-treated group compared with the Diabetic group are related to the ability of ASTA to balance excess ROS production.


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The ever increasing internationalization of company activities and the expanding use of mixed-nationality teams in organizations highlight the need for intercultural management competence. The task of this project is therefore to examine the impact of the international element within management teams: are teams made up of two or more nationalities different from corresponding nationally homogeneous teams in term of decision-making, co-operation, mutual exchange of information, work satisfaction in the company, skill utilization, conflicts and standardization (of products, tasks, goals, corporate identity and culture). The existing cross-national management literature cannot answer this question adequately and there is a need for research examining the face-to-face interaction of different national management styles. This project conducted an empirical examination of nationally heterogeneous teams made up of French, British and/or German managers and contrasted them with nationally homogeneous French, British and German teams. Firstly it presents significant differences between the French, British and German management styles and in this respect contributes to previous cross-national management literature. Secondly, it demonstrates how nationally heterogeneous management teams are different from nationally homogeneous ones, by exploring a route, which we called Social Cross-National Management. This approach was achieved by going to the operational interface of management teams and designing a questionnaire which required them to make two distinct judgments about two modes of action. A non-traditional principal component analysis was conducted, which individually scored teams along benchmarks like satisfaction with the work, team effectiveness, views about increased participation and the opportunities to use competence. The main results are that the mixed nationality element (significantly) decreases skill utilization, exchange of information and team effectiveness, that it significantly increases dysfunctional results, that it negatively affects satisfaction with participation, satisfaction with the work and satisfaction within the team and finally that conflicts do not result significantly more often from the mixed nationality element. Other results are indecisive or non-significant.


From the Publisher:
In an increasingly mobile world, millions of developers with Windows programming experience need to quickly transfer their skills to creating compact, asynchronous CE applications. This book presents a roadmap to guide developers through the intricate tasks of porting and reworking Win32 applications to enable them to run efficiently and usefully on Windows CE-based mobile devices.
Presents a set of metrics for developers to determine when and how best to proceed in porting Win32 applications Shows developers how to understand the embedded-system bias inherent in Windows CE and how to write applications that use this as a strength Covers Unicode, which is mandatory for Windows CE, and explains how to consider the effect of various screen resolutions


We report an experimental demonstration that shows that the spatial structure carried by engineered coherent superpositions of light beams with orbital angular momentum can be mapped into the nonlinear polarization induced in a cloud of cold cesium atoms. The structure of such polarization was revealed by nearly degenerate four-wave-mixing processes.


As entrepreneurship education expands, increasing numbers of educational institutions are requiring students in science and engineering to be taught about entrepreneurship, management and innovation. Existing textbooks in these areas are focused on business students and are often inappropriate for science and engineering students. This is the first comprehensive, rigorous and yet accessible textbook for non-business based entrepreneurship courses. Authored by a team with experience of science and industry, the book synthesises the major research in the field, providing students with the knowledge needed to enhance case discussion and analysis. In particular it links the entrepreneur with all the innovation activities necessary to turn technology into a business. This accessible text will be useful for all non-business students who need to understand entrepreneurship, management and innovation. It will also prove a useful introduction to all Masters-level students taking these subjects in business schools.


This thesis discusses the use of indirect speech in Akan radio paneldiscussions. This work employs the use of a contemporary approach in its analysis.This contemporary approach is Relevance Theory as propounded by Dan Sperber andDeirdre Wilson. This thesis also relates to Face Theory and the principle of politenessas presented by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson to find out the reasonswhy panellists in radio discussions sometimes prefer to be indirect in theirutterances. Chapter 1 deals with the introduction of the thesis where the goals andmotivation for this work are stated. The methods and theoretical framework as wellas the language used for the analysis are also introduced. Chapter 2 discusses the use and understanding of indirect speech in Akanradio programmes. It presents the results of the fieldwork in Ghana and gives tabularpresentations of the results. In Chapter 3, examples of my data in Akan are analyzed using Relevancetheoretic principles with much discussions on how addressees are either able toarrive at the intended interpretations or not. Chapter 4 focuses on the social perspective of indirect speech by discussingFace Theory and the principle of politeness. In that chapter, I relate this theory andits principles to indirect speech in Akan radio panel discussion. Chapter 5 summarises and concludes the whole thesis.


The collapse in the subprime mortgage market, along with multiple signals of distress in the broader housing market, has already drawn forth a large body of comment. Some people think the upheaval will turn out to be contagious, causing a major slowdown or even a recession later in 2007. Others believe that the turmoil will be contained, and that the U.S. economy will recover quite rapidly and resume the steady growth it has enjoyed during the last four years or so. Yet no participants in the public discussion, so far as we know, have framed their views in the context of a formal model that enables them to draw well-argued conclusions (however conditional) about the magnitude and timing of the impact of recent events on the overall economy in the medium term--not just the next few months.


Despite the dominant role corporations play in our economy, culture, and politics, the nature and purpose of corporations remains hotly contested. This conflict was brought to the fore in the recent Supreme Court opinions in Citizens United and Hobby Lobby. Although the prevailing narrative for the past quarter-century has been that corporations "belong" to shareholders and should pursue "shareholder value," support for this approach, which has been justified as essential for managerial accountability, is eroding. It persists today primarily in the form of the argument that corporations should seek "long-term" shareholder value. Yet, as this Article shows, when shareholder value is interpreted to mean "long-term" shareholder value, it no longer offers the sought-after managerial accountability.
What can? This Article argues that systems theory offers an answer. Systems theory is a well-developed design and performance measuring methodology routinely applied in fields such as engineering, biology, computer science, and environmental science. It provides an approach to understanding the nature and purpose of corporate entities that is not only consistent with elements of the many otherwise-conflicting visions of the corporation that have been developed, but also with important and otherwise difficult-to-explain features of corporate law and practice. It offers proven methods for measuring corporate performance that recognize the possibility of multiple goals and the importance of sustainability. And it cautions that, by ignoring the lessons of systems theory, shareholder value thinking may have encouraged regulatory and policy interventions into corporate governance that are not only ineffective, but destructive.


Environmental practitioners may find cooperative modeling
an effective tool to address complex environmental
management needs. The method involves convening a
multidisciplinary team to collaboratively construct a system
dynamics model. Advances in computational tools
have made this technique increasingly effective because
the process and the product allow individuals to better
understand the complexity inherent in the system being
studied. The authors describe four cooperative modeling
projects and document some of the "lessons learned"
from these experiences. Two of these projects were largely
academic and team members were all professionals who
agreed to work together to build a model. The other two
teams were convened to contribute to water management
processes. One of these emanated from a regional planning
exercise and the team included professionals and
volunteers from the public. The final project team presented
includes professionals, members of the public, and
government agency personnel. Like any multidisciplinary
effort, the teams encountered communication challenges.
The overarching lessons derived from these efforts are
that teams can never pay too much attention to group
dynamics and that the proximity to a "real" management
decision does influence the cooperative modeling process.
Recommendations to others embarking on a cooperative
modeling effort include reviewing the literature regarding
previous projects; establishing clear guidelines for team
interaction early in the project; and remaining flexible, to
allow the project to evolve.


The representation of information content by graphical maps is an extended ongoing research topic. The objective of this article consists in verifying whether it is possible to create map displays using Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) codes (using co-classification analysis) for the purpose of creating a graphical table of contents for a library collection. The application of UDC codes was introduced to subject maps development using the following graphic representation methods: (1) multidimensional scaling; (2) cluster analysis; and (3) neural networks (self-organizing maps). Finally, the authors conclude that the different kinds of maps have slightly different degrees of viability and types of application.


An important source of carbon dioxide emissions is the aviation industry, which accounts approximately for 2 percent globally. Therefore, reducing these emissions has become a major challenge for air travel authorities worldwide. One solution to the problem is the deployment of bio jet fuel, which is a green alternative to the traditional jet fuel and can result in an 80 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. The production of bio jet fuel, however, is to date more expensive relative to the production of traditional jet fuel and leads, as a result, to a higher price of flight tickets. Consequently, this study investigates Swedish companies' willingness to pay for flying with 50 percent bio jet fuel by employing the contingent valuation method. The results obtained show that the average price premium is 11.5 percent, and that significant differences in the level of willingness to pay are found for different flight destinations; a result that provides valuable insights into pricing strategies for airlines operating on these destinations. The fact that companies employ certain booking policies have as well significant impacts on the estimated willingness to pay. Overall, the results of this study will increase airlines' awareness about the economic possibilities for them to begin the process of implementing the green alternative.


A number of species are known in which pyrophosphate is used in place of ATP for some of the housekeeping enzymes of metabolism. Pyrophosphates derived from volcanic gasses and dissolved in the earliest ocean as orthophosphate could—when recharged by protons to pyroand tri-phosphate in a hydrothermal mound—have constituted the main energy storage molecules at an early period in evolution of life, before the advent of nucleic acids and their encoding of amino acids. Triphosphates have been shown to phosphorylate glycines and other amino acids in the laboratory to form cyclic acylphosphoramidates that react with further amino acids to produce dipeptides. The dipeptides then react with such cyclic acylphosphoramidates to generate tripeptides and so on, forming higher oligopeptides. Sequence-independent glycine-rich oligopeptides of eight or more residues are surmised to adopt a conformation in the presence of pyro- and tri-phosphate that both binds them and acts enzymically to catalyze their interconversions with phosphates and pyrophosphates. Oligopeptides and pyro/triphosphates are potentially synergistic as they encourage each other's synthesis. This synergy would have been a key feature of this early stage in evolution before the advent of the ribosome. A hydrothermal mound forming over a hottish (≤100oC) alkaline (pH 10-11) spring at the bottom of the carbonic and thereby acidulous (PH 5.56) Hadean Ocean affords an appropriate setting for this synergy. The peptide-bound phosphate molecules became arranged in inorganic membranes comprising the outer margins of the hydrothermal mound in such a way that the protons needed for this reaction come from outside of the existing large pH gradient across an inorganic divide, driving pyro/triphosphate, and hence also oligopeptide, synthesis.


Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to understand the risks managers and individual supply chains perceive from e-business.

Design/methodology/approach
– This research takes a long-term, staged view of the risks managers and individual supply chains perceive from e-business. By taking a two-stage approach, investigating four supply chains at a three year interval, the research considers perceived risks from e-business and the extent to which these risks obtained.

Findings
– E-business has the potential to deliver substantial benefits, but it also involves new and different risks. This research finds that small firms (SMEs) adopted a "watching brief" rather than implemented e-business. Between the two studies it emerges that e-business can support rather than detract from inter-organisational relationships. Global forces are in evidence in terms of low cost competition, but low cost competitors are not e-enabled.

Research limitations/implications
– Limitations, pragmatism and opportunism in the sampling is acknowledged. For example, the work and concepts that led to the expectation of e-business dominating and decimating industrial supply chains may have been based in chains more open to external forces than the ones examined here. Further research is required that identifies the minimum critical mass necessary to retain national manufacturing capacity at a chain or sector level, and empirical work is needed on the suggested link between supply chain stability and certainty of payment. The cases here are based on four UK supply chains, so various chain forms are likely to have been excluded.

Originality/value
– This research, by taking a staged approach and going back to the same chain and reviewing perceived risks, identifies how the build up of numerous – but small – events, for example factory closures, can aggregate over time to be just as significant as high profile, headline-worthy risks. Methods that produce a snapshot such as a one-off survey may be inadequate for fully exploring an area such as risk. Especially if the risks are hard to assess and are biased toward high profile events – catastrophic risks rather than accumulations of smaller, less noticeable risks.


Policy and entrepreneurial communities are increasingly promoting innovation by using prizes but their distinguishing features remain inadequately understood. Models of patents treat winning a patent as winning a prize; other models distinguish prizes primarily as public lump-sum (re)purchase of a patent. We examine advantages of prizes based on the ability to customize rewards, manage competition, generate publicity, and cover achievements otherwise not patentable. We compare prizes to patents using a model based first on whether the procuring party knows its needs and technology, its needs but not its technology, or neither. The second factor is the risk that the investment in research will prove profitable, where the greater the risk, the more the procuring party should share in it through ex ante cost coverage or payment commitment. The model suggests a framework that may be extended to cover other means of technology inducement, including grants, customized procurement, and off-the-shelf purchase.


Biopesticides have gained prominence as potential plant protecting agents. Biological activity of solvent extracts of Catharanthus roseus L (G) Don. were evaluated against larvae of gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Antifeedant and larvicidal activity of methanol crude, petroleum ether, methanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of leaf extracts of C. roseus were estimated in the present study. Preliminary screening of the extracts was tested at a concentration of 1,000 ppm. The larval mortality was observed after 24h of exposure to the extracts. All extracts exhibited moderate larvicidal effects. However, highest larval mortality was observed in ethyl acetate fraction (4.1, 4.1, 17.4, 42.2, 55.6 and 84.5) of leaf extract of C. roseus, followed by methanol fraction (10.6, 12.7, 26.9, 59.4, 68.3 and 106.7) against the I, II, III, IV, V and VI instar larvae of H. armigera respectively. Further, the most active ethyl acetate fraction of C. roseus was used to estimate larvicidal activity. The results suggest that ethyl acetate fractions of leaf extract of C. roseus holds a potential to be used as bio-pesticide for the control of destructive polyphagous agricultural pest - H. armigera.


Part I of this two-part article, published in the March 204 issue, addressed five components of the employment process in order to "make the first cut" when seeking a teaching position. The purpose of this article (Part two) is to provide teacher candidates with the necessary skills to understand and navigate the application process and on up to the interview, and signing of the contract. The five components to be discussed in this article include the various stages of the employment process from: (1). The Position Search Process. (2). Application Process, (3). Preparing for the Interview, (4). Development of the Professional Portfolio, and (5). Employment Opportunities, and Resources. ********** One of the least worries on a student teacher's mind during the student teaching experience is completing an application for a teaching position. Traditionally, during Student Teaching Seminar the focus of the "Employment Session," is on how to articulate one's educational philosophy, and on how to construct the cover letter and resume. At times a principals panel supports the session and if time allows a mock interview is also demonstrated. Less time or "no time" is spent in providing teacher candidates with examples of the various types of teaching applications or on the strategies needed to make the employment process more efficient and less frustrating. The following describes the various stages of the employment process: (1). The Position Search Process, (2). Application Process, (3). Preparing for the Interview, (4). Development of the Professional Portfolio, and (5). Employment Opportunities and Resources. The Teaching Position Search Process Career Services Office. One of the most effective ways in searching for teaching positions can be through the use of your local university's career services and placement office. They are the "Cent-Com" (Central Command) which gathers recent position vacancy notices from school districts throughout the United States. They also employ a professional staff who are ready to assist teacher candidates in their employment search prior to and after graduation. Depending on the management configuration they may be the depository for setting up the professional placement file as well. Some large institutions also have their own placement file services housed in their respective schools and colleges (School of Education, School of Nursing, etc.). For example, the credential analyst in some institutions sometimes house and manage the placement files for all credential candidates (teaching, counseling, educational administration, etc.). The career services office assists candidates in the employment search, constructing the cover letter and resume, providing opportunities for mock interviews, posting current notifications of employment positions and job fairs, sponsoring on campus career fairs and allowing school districts to conduct on-campus interviews, and career counseling. The career services office also acts as a referral agency that can further lead to other sources of assistance in the teaching employment process. Professional Networking. A strategy that is very helpful in the search process is building and nurturing a network of professionals in the field of education. There is a saying "it's not what you know but who you know." That is, having strong qualifications is first priority, and being referred by particular individuals also helps. You want to begin networking at an early stage of the employment process. It can begin early during the student teaching phase, while taking credential methods courses and even during the field service or practicum experience. Many times classroom teachers are the first to know where and which teaching vacancies will become available. If possible, take the time to meet with the school Principal to discuss employment opportunities at the school or in the district. Many times school Principals recommend teacher candidates to one another in an effort to get the best teacher candidates first. …


Extensively revised and updated, this authoritative biochemistry text is known worldwide for its comprehensive and up-to-date coverage. Extensively illustrated and user-friendly, the text offers examples of how knowledge of biochemistry is essential for understanding the molecular basis of health and disease. The 26th edition also features expanded content on results of the "Human Genome Project". It is perfect as both text and USMLE review.


Let Π be a k-dimensional subspace of Rn(n ≥ 2) and let Π┴ denote its orthogonal complement. If x ∈ Rn we shall write x = x0 + x′ with x0 ∈ Πand x′ ∈ Π ┴. If f(x) is a real measurable function on Rn, the k-plane integral F(Π,x′ )is defined as the integral of f over the affine subspace Π + x′ with respect to k-dimensional Lebesgue measure (assuming that the integral exists). If k = 1 we get the x-ray transform that arises in the problem of radiographic reconstruction, and if k = n − 1, the k-plane integral is the usual projection or Radon transform. The paper by Smith, Solmon and Wagner (4) contains a survey of results on k-plane integrals. Here we shall be interested in the behaviour of the F (Π, x′ ) regarded as a function of x′ for fixed Π for various classes of function f. We shall obtain some surprisingly strong results on the continuity and differentiability of F(Π,x′) with respect to x′ for almost all Π (in the sense of the appropriate Haar measure). As will be seen the dimensions n and k have a crucial effect on what may be said, and most of our results will be confined to the cases where k > ½n.