Depending on the data source, between half a million and 2.48 million children in families experience homelessness each year in the United States. Recent data suggest that approximately half of all homeless children are under the age of 6. A considerable body of quantitative research has documented the occurrence of poor outcomes associated with childhood homelessness in the domains of social–emotional development, physical and behavioral health, academic achievement, and family stability. This qualitative study presents results from 19 interviewers with formerly homeless parents reflecting upon how the experience of being homeless affected their young children and their ability to parent. Findings are contextualized within an attachment perspective. Parental reported effects included confusion, sadness, anxiety or depression, withdrawal, lack of appetite, aggression, and disregard for authority. Parents also talked about the disempowering experience of parenting while in shelter. Unexpectedly, parents of infants said their children were not affected by homelessness, and few parents identified the need for mental health services for their children. The experiences of parents with whom we spoke provide invaluable insight into what shelter staff, social service agencies, philanthropy, policymakers, and researchers can do to support and respect the parent–child relationship in families who are experiencing homelessness.


* ABSTRACT Collagen IV is a major component of basement membranes, and mutations in COL4A1 , which encodes collagen IV alpha chain 1, cause a multisystemic disease encompassing cerebrovascular, eye and kidney defects. However, COL4A1 renal disease remains poorly characterized and its pathomolecular mechanisms are unknown. We show that Col4a1 mutations in mice cause hypotension and renal disease, including proteinuria and defects in Bowman ' s capsule and the glomerular basement membrane, indicating a role for Col4a1 in glomerular filtration. Impaired sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle and distal nephron despite elevated aldosterone levels indicates that tubular defects contribute to the hypotension, highlighting a novel role for the basement membrane in vascular homeostasis by modulation of the tubular response to aldosterone. Col4a1 mutations also cause diabetes insipidus, whereby the tubular defects lead to polyuria associated with medullary atrophy and a subsequent reduction in the ability to upregulate aquaporin 2 and concentrate urine. Moreover, haematuria, haemorrhage and vascular basement membrane defects confirm an important vascular component. Interestingly, although structural and compositional basement membrane defects occurred in the glomerulus and Bowman ' s capsule, no tubular basement membrane defects were detected. By contrast, medullary atrophy was associated with chronic ER stress, providing evidence for cell-type-dependent molecular mechanisms of Col4a1 mutations. These data show that both basement membrane defects and ER stress contribute to Col4a1 renal disease, which has important implications for the development of treatment strategies for


The Notch Peak Formation (Late Cambrian, Sunwaptan) of western Utah yields diverse silicified trilobite faunas that provide new information on the anatomy of many taxa. The family Ptychaspididae Raymond, 1924, is represented by species of Keithiella Rasetti, 1944; Idiomesus Raymond, 1924; Euptychaspis Ulrich in Bridge, 1931; and Macronoda Lochman, 1964. At least four species are new, of which E. lawsonensis and M. notchpeakensis are named formally. Much previous work on Late Cambrian trilobites has emphasized biostratigraphic utility and the recognition of geographically widespread species. Data from new silicified collections indicate that this approach is difficult to justify because many putative 'index species' actually represent a plexus of closely related species whose biostratigraphic significance has yet to be determined. One such plexus is represented by E. kirki Kobayashi, 1935, whose previously reported occurrences in Texas, Oklahoma, Utah, Nevada and northern Canada record at least four distinct species. Similarly, Macronoda can now be shown to consist of at least five late Sunwaptan species in south-central and western North America.


With the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta approaching, interest has been piqued in the charter, which influenced the development of the common law in its early stages. One debate surrounding the charter is the degree to which Roman and canon law influenced the text. This debate has important implications for the identity of the common law. We tend to think of common law as an English institution, very different from those continental civil-law systems that trace their ancestry back to medieval Roman and canon law. If Roman and canon law influenced the charter, it could serve as evidence that the early common law was not so insular in its outlook as we have thought, and that it really should be placed in a broader European context.Roman and canon law — collectively called the ius commune in the Middle Ages — certainly made their mark on Magna Carta, but this paper argues that the elements of the ius commune that found their way into Magna Carta were inserted not to influence the early development of the common law, as many scholars have assumed, but rather because ius commune, and more particularly canon law, was a political language that appealed to various important constituencies in England and abroad. Appeals to canon law in Magna Carta were more likely placed there to elicit support from the papacy than to reform English law. This paper places Magna Carta in the longer context of the Church reform movement and its instantiation in England — the Becket dispute — and argues that Magna Carta's ius commune-influenced provisions were attempts by English actors to give universal significance to their local disputes.


While disinfection of drinking water reduces the risks of pathogenic infection, threats to human health due to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may arise due to natural organic precursors. Regression-based models characterizing the formation of DBPs are derived from data for 28 conventional water treatment plants in Ontario. DBPs are shown to be correlated statistically with dissolved organic carbon, pre-and post-chlorination dosages, pH and temperature. Using backward elimination nonlinear regression, a set of mathematical functions are obtained ( R 2=0.62 to 0.79) for an array of DBPs. The models are used to guide decision-markers in the selection and operation of drinking water treatment processes to decrease DBP formation, indicating that a shift from emphasis on pre-chlorination to post-chlorination has the most effect on DBP formation.


Cartledge's insistence that Alexander was guided by the heroic 'moral code of honour' is considered in terms of paradigms established in Stewart's Honor, and in contrast with Holt's view of the 'Homeric code'. This paper deals first with Alexander's pursuit of honour in the successive phases of his career, and then with his attempt to accommodate competing codes of honour as he won control of the Achaemenid Empire.


A molecular water oxidation catalyst (2) has been synthesized and immobilized together with a molecular photosensitizer (1) on nanostructured TiO2 particles on FTO conducting glass, forming a photoactive anode (TiO2(1+2)). By using the TiO2(1+2) as working electrode in a three-electrode photoelectrochemical cell (PEC), visible light driven water splitting has been successfully demonstrated in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8), with oxygen and hydrogen bubbles evolved respectively from the working electrode and counter electrode. By applying 0.2 V external bias vs NHE, a high photocurrent density of more than 1.7 mA·cm(-2) has been achieved. This value is higher than any PEC devices with molecular components reported in literature.


The potential benefit of breast cancer screening is mitigated by the risk of false positives and overdiagnosis, thus advocating for a more personalized approach, based on the individual benefit‐harm balance. Since personality might influence the women's appraisal of this balance, this prospective observational cohort study examined whether it could influence mammography use. A total of 2691 postmenopausal women of the GAZEL Cohort Study completed the Bortner Type A Rating Scale and the Buss and Durkee Hostility Inventory in 1993. Associations between personality scores and subsequent mammography use, self‐reported through up to five triennial follow‐up questionnaires, were estimated with Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with logistic mixed model regressions, adjusting for age, occupational grade, marital status, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche, age at first delivery, gynecological follow‐up, hormone therapy use, and depressive symptoms. Individual propensity scores were used to weight the analyses to control for potential selection biases. More than 90% of the participants completed at least two follow‐up questionnaires. Type A personality, but not hostility, was associated with mammography use in both univariate (crude OR [95% CI]: 1.62 [1.24–2.11], P < 0.001) and multivariate analyses (OR [95% CI]: 1.46 [1.13–1.90], P < 0.01). Type A personality traits (i.e., sense of time urgency, high job involvement, competitiveness) independently predicted mammography use among postmenopausal women. While paying more attention to the adherence of women with low levels of these traits, clinicians may help those with higher levels to better consider the risks of false positives and overdiagnosis.


The ecological niche is key to our understanding of trophic interactions, species distributions, trait evolution, and competitive dynamics. The wide array of applications of the niche is matched by the diversity of its meanings, and it has been variously defined to be the ecological opportunities available in a community, the functional roles that species play in their community, the environmental conditions necessary for species persistence, the resource-use distribution of species, or combinations of these. Despite this heterogeneity all the niche definitions have assumed that species differ in their relation to the environment, and that understanding the ways in which these relations differ is essential for responding to questions in ecology and evolution.My thesis uses historical, modelling, and experimental methods to explore how the niche has informed ecological thought, and how its current use can guide ecological and evolutionary research, especially as it regards competition. I used a citation network analysis to explore the structure of the niche literature from 1917-1999 and the pattern of its disciplinary spread from its origins among animal researchers. Surprisingly, this analysis revealed that while the niche had spread to a number of sub-disciplines by the close of the 20th century, integration between key sub-disciplines in the network was not strong, suggesting that a common niche literature had not yet emerged. Neutral theory has recently challenged niche theory by suggesting that in some cases competitors may actually be equivalent, and thus that competition may be driven by stochastic processes and not inherent differences between competitors. I applied a modelling approach to assess the predictability of competitive outcome along gradients of fitness inequality (the difference in competitive ability between competitors) and demographic stochasticity, and found that both gradients interacted to affect competition. Outcomes not predicted by niche theory were common in some conditions, which suggests that competitive dynamics may be niche or neutrally structured dependent on how environmental conditions affect fitness inequality and stochasticity. Finally, I experimentally approached the question of how ecological niches might change in response to the imposition of environmental stressors, and found that while the niches of some populations were relatively unaffected by some forms of stress, other populations saw contraction in the size of their niches, and declines in their fitness within the niche after selection in some environments. While my thesis demonstrates that the use and predictions of niche theory are context dependent, niche theory has productively inspired ecological thought in many areas, and is perennially changing in response to its own limitations. As the corner-stone of ecological thought for how organisms relate to their environments it will no doubt continue to be at the forefront of responses to emerging questions in ecology and evolution.%%%%La niche ecologique est au coeur…


Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome the hallmarks of which are a chronic diffuse musculoskeletal pain, tender points, and fatigue. The majority of those who have FM are middle-aged women. The aim of this study was to illuminate the transitions experienced by women with FM. Twenty-five women with FM were interviewed about living with FM. The interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The analysis revealed five categories; transitions in patterns of daily life, family life, social life, and working life, and learning to live with the changes brought about by FM. The categories were subsumed into one theme: FM as the choreographer of activity and relationships. The transitions experienced were illuminated in a core story. The experience of transitions is apparently something that is invisible to almost everyone except the women themselves. Paradoxically, the women described transitions in life due to the illness, but they felt that other people saw them as healthy. It is like living in two worlds simultaneously, the world of the sick and the world of the healthy.


Plasma Pulse Geo Drilling (PPGD) is a contact-less drilling technique, where an electric discharge across a rock sample causes the rock to fracture. Experimental results have shown PPGD drilling operations are successful if certain electrode spacings, pulse voltages, and pulse rise times are given. However, the underlying physics of the electric breakdown within the rock, which cause damage in the process, are still poorly understood. This study presents a novel methodology to numerically study plasma generation for electric pulses between 200 and 500 kV in rock pores with a width between 10 and 100 μm. We further investigate whether the pressure increase, induced by the plasma generation, is sufficient to cause rock fracturing, which is indicative of the onset of drilling success. We find that rock fracturing occurs in simulations with a 100 μm pore size and an imposed pulse voltage of approximately 400 kV. Furthermore, pulses with voltages lower than 400 kV induce damage near the electrodes, which expands from pulse to pulse, and eventually, rock fracturing occurs. Additionally, we find that the likelihood for fracturing increases with increasing pore voltage drop, which increases with pore size, electric pulse voltage, and rock effective relative permittivity while being inversely proportional to the rock porosity and pulse rise time.


Study Design. Prospective study in 150 consecutive outpatients affected by adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Objectives. The purposes were to (1) identify a correlation between hump dimensions and the severity of scoliotic curve, and (2) evaluate how the treatment influenced the main parameters of scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. The existence of a relationship between clinical deformities and curve severity in AIS is still debated. Furthemore, only a few studies have investigated the effectiveness of conservative treatment for idiopathic scoliosis taking into account both clinical and radiologic factors. Methods. 150 consecutive outpatients (mean age 12.8 ± 1.9 years) affected by AIS were subjected to conservative brace-based treatment. 134 participants completed the treatment protocol. Two parameters were considered to evaluate the treatment progress: the hump and the Cobb angle. Measurements were determined at the beginning and the end of treatment. Statistical analyses were performed in the whole sample and after dividing the study participants into 4 subgroups: patients with lumbar (n = 66) or thoracic curves (n = 68), patients ranging in age between 6 and 13 years (n = 89) and patients ≥ 14 years of age (n = 45). Results. A positive correlation was detected between the hump dimension and curve severity at the beginning and the end of treatment, except for lumbar curves at baseline. The deformity was effectively corrected by the orthotic treatment (Cobb angle: 29.4 ± 8.5° at baseline and 19.3 ± 9.8° at the end of treatment; hump severity: 11.6 ± 5.6 mm at baseline and 6.2 ± 4.6 mm at the end). In addition, our data indicate that the hump correction is more evident than that of the curve registered in Cobb degrees. Conclusion. A significant correlation exists between the hump dimension and curve severity both at the beginning and the end of treatment, except for lumbar curves at baseline. The brace treatment confirmed its effectiveness in arresting the deformity progression and inducing a remodeling both of the scoliotic curve and the hump.


The potential of using acid hydrogen peroxide under Fenton conditions to lowerthe electrical energy consumed during the production of Black spruce (Piceamariana) thermomechanical pulp (TMP) was investigated in pilot scale. Thechemical system, which consisted of ferrous sulphate, hydrogen peroxide andoptionally an enhancer (such as a chelating agent), was evaluated as an inter-stagetreatment. The produced TMPs were thoroughly characterised in order to explainthe effect of the chemical system on fibre development and to be able to propose amechanism for the impact on refining energy reduction. The possibility to improvethe optical properties by washing, chelating and sodium dithionite or hydrogenperoxide bleaching the treated pulps was evaluated. The system of lignocellulosicmaterial, a Norway spruce (Picea abies) TMP, and Fenton chemistry was alsoevaluated in a model study to understand more about how conditions such as e.g.initial pH, dissolved organic material and reaction time affect the reactions.Ferrous and ferric ions (free and chelated) and different anions were evaluated.Moreover, it was examined whether hydroxyl radicals could be detected andmonitored.The results obtained in pilot scale showed that it is possible to significantly reducethe specific energy consumption by approximately 20% and 35% at a freenessvalue of 100 ml CSF or a tensile index of 45 Nm/g by using 1% and 2% hydrogenperoxide respectively. The energy reduction was obtained without any substantialchange to the fractional composition of the pulp, although tear strength wasslightly reduced, as were brightness and pulp yield. No major differences betweenthe reference pulp and the chemically treated pulps were found with respect tofibre length, width or cross-sectional dimensions. However, the acid hydrogenperoxide-treated pulps tended to have more collapsed fibres, higher flexibility, alarger specific surface area and a lower coarseness value. The yield lossiiiaccompanying the treatment was mainly a consequence of degradedhemicelluloses. It was also found that the total charge of the chemically treatedpulps was higher compared to the reference pulps; something that may haveinfluenced the softening behaviour of the fibre wall.A washing or chelating procedure could significantly reduce the metal ion contentof the chemically treated TMPs. The amount of iron could be further reduced to alevel similar to that of untreated pulps by performing a reducing agent-assistedchelating stage with dithionite. The discoloration could not, however, becompletely eliminated. The brightness decrease of the treated pulps was thereforenot only caused by the greater iron content in the pulp, but was also dependent onthe type of iron compound and/or other coloured compounds connected with theacid hydrogen peroxide treatment. Oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxidewas more effective than reductive bleaching using sodium dithionite in regainingthe brightness that was lost during the energy reductive treatment.From the model study and by using a chemiluminescence method, it could beconcluded that hydroxyl radicals were present in the system of Fenton chemicalsand lignocellulosic material (TMP). Initial pH, retention time, pulp consistency,type of catalyst (free or chelated) and dissolved organic material had an impact onthe reactions between TMP and acid hydrogen peroxide. Different anions(sulphate, nitrate and chloride) of ferric ion salt gave a similar catalytic effect.There appeared to be more reactions with the TMP when there was less dissolvedorganic material in the liquid phase from the start. A catalyst of ferrous sulphatehad a greater impact on the pulp (increased total fibre charge and carbonyl groups,more dissolved organic material in filtrate) than ferric ions chelated withethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at an initial pH of about 3-7. If using ferric-EDG(ethanol diglycinic acid) as catalyst, the measured effect on the pulp was similar orless compared to using ferrous sulphate. Ferric-EDG, however, gave higherhydrogen peroxide consumption and more detectable hydroxyl radicals than usingferrous sulphate (initial pH 5-8). It is likely that the iron catalyst must bind to theTMP, or be in close proximity to it, for the hydroxyl radicals to be able to react withthe material.A mechanism was proposed: the hydroxyl radicals generated in the Fentonreaction will probably attack and oxidise the available outer fibre surfaces,weakening these layers, and simultaneously dissolve some of the organic material.This can facilitate fibre development, give a better bonding pulp and reduce theelectrical energy required during refining.


In this paper we examine the influence of what we call market standards on design. We do this using the case of the design of commercial offices and the effects of standards on moves towards less energy demanding designs. Theoretically the paper builds on concepts drawn from a range of literatures examining standards, including science and technology studies and the sociology of standards. We argue that standards do important 'work' in design processes that require closer scrutiny. We show that in the case of commercial offices this affect the likelihood of the incorporation of low energy technologies. Our analysis reveals: the importance of taking greater account of normative and cultural forms of market standards and their role in design; the value of explaining how standards break the relationship between design and social practice, in our case this meaning that low energy technologies that might adequately cater for office work much of the time are considered inappropriate due to a lack of understanding of office work practices; how standards interlock to legitimate incumbent (higher energy) technologies, and in turn de-legitimise (lower energy) alternatives, through the way they define what is 'needed'; the value of tactics within energy and sustainability policies designed to govern non-regulatory standards and their effects. The paper thus makes an important contribution to understanding the 'work' of standards, and more broadly the production of energy demand in offices.


Lithium garnets are promising solid-state electrolytes for next generation lithium-ion batteries. These materials have high ionic conductivity, a wide electrochemical window and stability with Li metal. However, lithium garnets have a maximum limit of 7 lithium atoms per formula unit (e.g. La3Zr2Li7O12), before the system transitions from a cubic to a tetragonal phase with poor ionic mobility. This arises from full occupation of the Li sites. Hence, the most conductive lithium garnets have Li between 6-6.55 Li per formula unit, which maintains the cubic symmetry and the disordered Li sub-lattice. The tetragonal phase, however, forms the highly conducting cubic phase at higher temperatures, thought to arise from increased cell volume and entropic stabilisation permitting Li disorder. However, little work has been undertaken in understanding the controlling factors of this phase transition, which could enable enhanced dopant strategies to maintain room temperature cubic garnet at higher Li contents. Here, a series of nine tetragonal garnets were synthesised and analysed via variable temperature XRD to understand the dependence of site substitution on the phase transition temperature. Interestingly the octahedral site cation radius was identified as the key parameter for the transition temperature with larger or smaller dopants altering the transition temperature noticeably. A site substitution was, however, found to make little difference irrespective of significant changes to cell volume.


Many procellariiform (tube-nosed) seabirds employ a dual-foraging strategy involving repeated alternation of short and long foraging trips. For species breeding at sites around the South- ern Ocean, long trips typically extend to areas of enhanced productivity at great distance from the nest. Evidence concerning the use of such areas during dual-foraging in other oceanographic regions is, however, limited. The present study examines the foraging strategy, locations and behaviour at sea of Cory's shearwaters in the Azores, a chain of 9 islands and associated islets in 3 groups straddling the mid-Atlantic ridge (MAR) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Adults used a dual-foraging strategy with an average of 3 short (1 to 4 d) trips followed by a long trip of up to 20 d (average 9 d). Short trips were evenly distributed around breeding sites within an average range of 75 km, whereas long trips without exception headed north of the Azores and extended up to 1800 km from the nest. Core foraging areas for long trips were within apparent regions of enhanced productivity resulting from cold water upwelling along the MAR north of the colony (for birds from the central Azores) or over the western flank of the MAR northwest of the colony (for birds from the western Azores). On long trips from all 3 island groups birds also visited an additional area of enhanced productivity in the region of Flemish Cap, close to the North American continental shelf edge. Birds commuted to and from distant foraging sites relatively quickly (25 km h -1 on average), but individual parents did not co-ordinate their foraging activity to reduce the frequency of nights when chicks were unfed. As a result, chicks experienced much longer intervals between feeds (up to 9 nights) than conspecifics at other North Atlantic islands in the absence of dual-foraging (maximum 4 nights). However, chicks in the Azores received much larger meals when they were fed, and so the overall food provisioning rate (g d -1 ) was similar to that recorded elsewhere.


A trend in the industrial domain is that the networks are growing and becoming more complex, this is further accelerated by the digitalization trend. In order to address this, there is a need to improve the efficiency when moving between the R&D phases. For example, integrate innovative research findings into industrial systems, shorten time to market, improve product quality and reduce the number of issues. Despite a huge research effort on network simulators and emulators there are still some issues that needs to be addressed. This paper presents challenges that needs to be resolved, in order for the industry to adopt and benefit from using network simulators and emulators. The major challenges streamlining the workflow in and between the different R&D phases while preserving the real-time aspects in the entire industrial distributed control system.


This paper presents the FPGA implementation of a number of popular decoding algorithms for a regular rate-1/2 low density parity check code with block length 504 bits. The so-called min-sum (MS) algorithm and two of its variants, known as MS with successive relaxation (SR-MS) and MS with unconditional correction (MS-UC), are implemented. We implement the algorithms on a Xilinx XC2VP100 FPGA device with 4-bit quantization. We show that for MS-UC, the circuit utilization increases by about 2% compared to standard MS and that the throughput is the same as that of MS. For SR-MS, the device utilization is increased by about 26% and the throughput is decreased by approximately 20% compared to standard MS. While the throughput and the area and power consumption of our implementation is comparable to the most recent FPGA implementations of LDPC decoders, ours is the first attempt at implementing an iterative decoding algorithm with memory (SR-MS).


This master's thesis concerns a new instep for the LowEntry truck segment of Scania. The current instep has major ergonomic, safety and aesthetic issues. The solution is manufactured by an external supplier therefore it does not have a coherent design under the Scania brand. Regarding the problems a study about the truck segment, the existing solutions in Scania and the market, the standard and regulations as well as a user analysis has been conducted. The set requirements gotten from the study has been used as a base for the design proposals in the next phase. Different concepts both on steps and step wells and finally an instep as a design were proposed. The last phase has been the development of the potential solutions, choosing the best set, designing it in details and progressing to a complete and tested prototype.


Inundation of coastal areas by tsunamis during the 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano led to the deposition of unusual pumice- enriched deposits. Fractal analysis of pumice shapes and lithologic characterization of the deposits suggest that the source of the abundant pumiceous material was widespread pumice rafts on the surface of the Sunda Straits that formed by fallout and pyroclastic flow activity. The rafts contained pumices rounded by particle-to- particle abrasion and were strongly depleted in dense components, such as lithics and crystals, by differential settling. Stranding of the floating pumice is inferred to have occurred during the receding phase of tsunamis after they had inundated low-lying coastal areas. Other pumice-bearing tsunami deposits contain significant amounts of coral fragments and nonvolcanic beach sediment. These units represent redeposition of beach and shallow-water sediments that were mixed with varying proportions of primary pyroclastic material. The Krakatau example illustrates the great diversity of lithofacies that may occur in deposits formed from volcanogenic tsunamis. Recognition of such deposits in coastal areas near centers of active explosive volcanism may provide an additional criterion with which to assess volcanic hazards.


This essay proposes the artist Joseph Beuys and his work as paradigmatic for art that through its own diversity of approach can show possibilities for addressing diverse audiences, diverging receptions and modes of participation. It arises from a symposium on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the artist's death held at the Goethe Institut Dublin, 23 January 2006. The argument focuses on Beuys practice from his Ulysses-Extension to the Migration Workshop at documenta 6, 1977, the FIU, as well as his work (and legacy) in Ireland. Relevant theories include Ecos openness and Adorno's negative and positive representation, since Beuys works relationship to the Holocaust and trauma turns out to be central. Beuys is offered as predecessor of current discourse such as Bourriaud's Relational Aesthetics and Documenta11. The article concludes with a new theoretization of participation in culture, Irit Rogoff's Looking Away. It is supported by Beuys multi-layered, diversity-sustaining practice.


Independently, the Sami people in northern Scandinavia and native people in the north temperate and boreal zone of North America have utilized the cambium layer of bark from both coniferous and deciduous trees as food, medicine, as well as material for other requirements; clothes, baskets and various kinds of wrapping. The sharp seasonal environments created food shortages in certain periods and inner bark thus became an important food component. Dating of bark scars indicates a slight difference between periods of bark use in Scandinavia and North America. The final cessation of inner bark use was dependent on an increased access to substitutive foodstuff as sugar and cereals, as well as authorities trying to prevent bark harvest. Cambium harvest was primarily a task for women, and sometimes children. Generally, bark was peeled in springtime, when the sap was "running", the proper time varying among tree species. During this period, the cambium had a comparatively high nutritional value and an appealing taste. Simultaneously, the supply of animal food/protein was generally low. Inner bark contains a relatively high amount of carbohydrates and healthy food fibers, as well as vitamins and essential minerals, making it a nutritional complement to protein rich food. Naturally, the tree species used for bark peeling differ in the areas described according to latitude and, consequently, bioclimatical zonation. The materials, as well as shaping of bark peeling tools were similar in northern Scandinavia and North America. In North America, there is an evident material transition from bones and antlers to metals, which occurred when trading with the white man began. The peoples described herein had a sacred relationship with nature, which meant that bark was not peeled all round the tree trunk. Therefore, avoiding girdling the tree and killing it. North and south were spiritually important directions to the Sami and consequently trees were primarily peeled to the north. Similar data is presented in survey material from Vancouver Island. However, indigenous people in North America likely had practical intentions when bark stripping a tree directionally. The shaded side had a better cambium taste as well as fewer branches. This side was often directed to the north. Occasionally, cambium was processed in cooking pits in both Scandinavia and North America, but it was an unusual phenomenon. In North America, these pits were primarily used for the processing of roots. Construction and function of cooking pits are similar. The heat generated in cooking pits breaks down large or complex carbohydrates into smaller, more digestible polymers, along with making food tissues less toxic. There is no clear distinction between food and emergency food. Due to some statements from Swedes as well as North Americans, bark cambium was emergency food. But, dating of scars reveals a regular use of bark. This fact points towards bark as a natural element of the diet. Although, bark use presumably increased during harsh periods when animal food was absent.


The patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common disorder of the knee; it's often caused by an excessive lateral traction of the patella. Subjects with this syndrome usually present a disruption in the activation of Vastus Mediallis Obliquus (VMO), which provides the patellar medial pull. Non-operative treatment includes quadriceps strengthening in order to promote better patellar stability and traction. Many researchers have been trying to selectively recruit the VMO, in order to improve treatments. The main purpose of this study is to investigate, using electromyography, the interference of angular speed and different ways of fixing the elastic tube on the quadriceps activity. Ten male subjects without any kind of muscle or joint injury participated in this study. Subjects with a Q angle value out of 10-15° were excluded from this study. The elastic tube was fixed parallel and oblique to the subjects' body. Knee extensions were performed at 60°/sec and 120°/sec. No selective activity of the VMO was found. By comparing the levels of muscular activity, there was an increase of the electromyographic activity level in all portions of the quadriceps at the two angular speeds, only for parallel-fixed elastic tubes. These results suggest a synergic activity between VMO and the other portions of the quadriceps.


from the back cover:
Horseracing is the sport of kings, perhaps because racehorses are very expensive animals. But when they win races, they can make a lot of money too - money for the owners, for the trainers, and for the people who put bets on them to win.

Silver Blaze is a young horse, but already the winner of many races. One night he disappears from his stables, and someone kills his trainer. The police want the killer, and the owner wants his horse, but they can't find them. So what do they do?

They write to 221B Baker Street, London, of course - to ask for the help of the great detective, Sherlock Holmes.


Response-shift bias occurs when participants' initial constructs, such as self-efficacy in teaching science, are incomplete because they do not fully conceptualize something they have yet to experience. This study examines whether elementary pre-service teachers can consistently evaluate constructs such as self-efficacy and attitudes toward science throughout an elementary methods course. After the administration of traditional pre-tests, retrospective pre-tests, and post-tests, this study examined whether a response-shift bias consistently occurred in scales indicating science teaching self-efficacy (as measured by the Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument-B), attitudes toward science (modified Attitudes Toward Science Inventory), and relevancy of science (Changes in Attitudes about the Relevancy of Science). Results indicate that a significant response-shift bias occurred in the scales relating to self-efficacy, confidence, and attitudes toward science; while no response-shift bias occurred in scales relating to outcome expectancy, value, and relevancy of science. Our data provide evidence that response-shifts naturally discriminate among different constructs and that participants successfully and consistently reported certain constructs over time which may be of interest for program evaluators and self-efficacy researchers. This research could have implications for program evaluators and researchers who need to measure program impacts on pre-service teachers with limited science-teaching experiences.


The objective of this project was to develop a long-span guardrail design that meets National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 evaluation criteria and is less expensive to construct than the existing design. The researchers reviewed design details of the long-span guardrails previously developed, especially the design presented by Mak, to evaluate expected behavior of the guardrail when subjected to NCHRP Report 350 tests. Design features that have been found to be important in terms of capacity of the guardrail to contain and redirect a vehicle are the structural strength and geometries of the guardrail. Lateral stiffness of the guardrail system is the primary design feature that determines maximum deflection of the guardrail during a collision and changes in lateral stiffness of the guardrail system along its length are the key features influencing pocketing of the vehicle. The BARRIER VII computer program was used to evaluate expected performance of the proposed design in NCHRP Report 350 tests. This program models a collision in two dimensions with a simple characterization of a vehicle and a detailed characterization of the guardrail. It was used to evaluate the expected deflections of the barrier and to predict any potential of the barrier to allow any unacceptable pocketing of the vehicle. Reported herein are the details and results of the full-scale crash test performed on the long-span guardrail. The rail element ruptured and allowed the vehicle to penetrate the rail system. The vehicle subsequently rolled onto its side. Therefore, the rail failed evaluation criteria for NCHRP Report 350 test 3-11. The abrupt change in stiffness of the rail element where it changes from two layer of W-beam (nested) to a single layer may have contributed to rupture of the single layer rail element.


AT MIDNIGHT ON JULY 1, 1997, GREAT Britain's 99-year lease on Hong Kong will expire, and jurisdiction over one of the most modern capitalist cities in the world will officially pass into the hands of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Hong Kong presents China with a great economic opportunity. Hong Kong is the world's eighth largest trading entity and the sixth busiest foreign exchange market. Its growth has been exceptional. In the 1990s, Hong Kong's real GDP has grown by approximately five percent per year. With a 1993 per capita GDP of US$18,800, Hong Kong ranks alongside Great Britain and Australia in income--an impressive accomplishment for an island only 75 square kilometers in size. This spectacular growth has occured despite the fact that, since 1984, Hong Kong's economy has been shadowed by the impending change in government. In 1984, China denied Great Britain's efforts to renew its lease on the colony. The only agreement that Britain could attain was the Sino-British Joint Declaration. In this statement, Britain agreed to give up its colony on July 1, 1997, on the conditions that Hong Kong would maintain a high degree of autonomy and that its lifestyle would continue unchanged for the next 50 years. After July 1, 1997, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region (SAR) within the PRC. This policy is known as "one nation, two systems." At the time, this news was greeted with great enthusiasm by the residents of Hong Kong. They were thrilled at finally throwing off the yoke of British colonialism. However, the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989 turned their joy to apprehension. People wondered how the Beijing government, willing to treat its own people so brutally, would treat its new province. The Hong Kong Dilemma China has two alternatives concerning the treatment of Hong Kong. It can destroy Hong Kong's civil liberties, or it can adhere to its promise to leave the island alone for 50 years and allow Hong Kong's economy to grow freely. There is a precedent for the latter approach in Beijing's policies toward five other largely autonomous regions within China. In fact, two of these regions, Guangdong and Shenzhen, are Hong Kong's nearest mainland neighbors. Guangdong is largely self-financing, sets its own economic policy, pays little of its tax revenue to Beijing, and generally ignores central power. Hong Kong could wind up in a similar situation. Such a hands-off approach is in the PRC's interest. China needs an economically strong Hong Kong to help finance badly-needed infrastructure projects. Shortages of power and poor transportation continue to plague the PRC; China must build more dams, power plants, highways, and railways. Its antiquated telecommunications systems also needs an overhaul. All of these projects are projected to cost over US$1 trillion by the year 2000. Investment from Hong Kong would facilitate China's modernization. Hong Kong has a number of other economic advantages as well. It occupies a key geographic location; it has often been called the gateway to China. It has the largest container port in the world, handling 70 percent of the mainland's export shipments. Furthermore, 91 percent of Hong Kong's re-exports either originate from or are bound for China, and it currently acts as a trade buffer between the estranged nations China and Taiwan. In 1993, US$8.7 billion worth of trade passed between the the PRC and Taiwan through Hong Kong. Thus, Hong Kong plays a crucial role in linking Chinese trade with the rest of the globe. However, from China's perspective, the Hong Kong issue is not merely economic. If China were to take a completely hands-off approach, it would have to leave in place all the legal structures created by Great Britain, including a popularly elected legislature and a Bill of Rights that was implemented just last year. Such an arrangement would make Hong Kong a hotbed of democracy in China. Beijing cannot afford this situation. …


Estimating unknown signal in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) requires sensor nodes to transmit their observations of the signal over a multiple access channel to a Fusion Center (FC). The FC uses the received observations, which is corrupted by observation noise and both channel fading and noise, to find the minimum Mean Square Error (MSE) estimate of the signal. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the source-node correlation (the correlation between sensor node observations and the source signal) and the inter-node correlation (the correlation between sensor node observations) on the performance of the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) estimator for three correlation models in the presence of channel fading. First, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the achieved distortion (i.e., MSE) resulting from both the observation and channel noise in a non-fading channel. Then, the effect of channel fading is considered and the corresponding distortion outage probability, the probability that the distortion exceeds a certain value, is found. By representing the distortion as a ratio of indefinite quadratic forms, a closed-form expression is derived for the outage probability that shows its dependency on the correlation. Finally, the new representation of the outage probability allows us to propose an iterative solution for the power allocation problem to minimize the outage probability under total and individual power constraints. Numerical simulations are provided to verify our analytic results.


Phenomenology has been defined by Husserl as "theory of the essences of pure phenomena," yet the ontological status of essences in Husserlian phenomenology is far from a settled issue. The late Husserlian emphasis on genetic constitution and the historicity of the lifeworld is not immediately reconcilable with the 'unchangeable' nature that is prima facie attributed to essences. However, the problem of the nature of ideality cannot be dropped from phenomenological accounts without jeopardizing the phenomenological enterprise as such. Through an immanent analysis of Husserl's meditation on essences a positive account of their ontological status is provided. Essences are interpreted as ontological thresholds, primordially rooted in our motivated confrontation with sensuous transcendence. Essences appear as emergent ontological features, which are not reducible to their particular realizations and which exhibit a fundamental continuity between consciousness and being. They manifest themselves as prospectively a priori (a precondition for further experiences), but retrospectively a posteriori (they are founded in experience). Finally, essences manifest the 'co-essential' nature of consciousness and sensuous transcendence: they are the way in which we are motivated and constitutively bound to articulate being, which in turn is apt to be thus articulated.


Over recent decades a quiet revolution has taken place in the application of modern imaging theory to many fields of applied imaging. Nowhere has this movement been more dramatic than within the field of diagnostic medical x-ray imaging, to the extent that there is now a growing consensus around a universal imaging language for the description and comparison of the increasingly diverse range of technologies. This common language, which owes much to the basic quantum-limited approach pioneered by Rose and his contemporaries, embodies the fundamentally statistical nature of image signals and enables scientists and engineers to simultaneously develop new system designs optimized for the detection of small signals while constraining patient x-ray exposures to tolerable levels. We attempt to provide a summary of some of the more salient features of progress being made in the understanding of the signal-to-noise limitations of medical imaging systems and to place this progress within a historical context. Emphasis is placed on medical diagnostics based on x-ray imaging techniques.


Precision parts tend to get more and more complex in geometry. For the production of P/M parts, cost efficiency is essential to remain viable and continue to be the process of choice versus other competing metal forming techniques. Production cost in combination with dimensional consistency play major roles in the design of the P/M process. Even with advanced equipment and controlled powder handling system the influence from filling characteristic for the material as such play an important role. In this paper the influence of enhanced filling characteristic and segregation behavior by organically bonding of fine additives using the Starmix TM technique during a production period of more than 1 year for production parts are presented.


A class of finite discrete dynamical systems, called Sequential Dynamical Systems (SDSs), was proposed in [BMR99,BR99] as an abstract model of computer simulations. Here, we address some questions concerning two special types of the SDS configurations, namely Garden of Eden and Fixed Point configurations. A configuration $C$ of an SDS is a Garden of Eden (GE) configuration if it cannot be reached from any configuration. A necessary and sufficient condition for the non-existence of GE configurations in SDSs whose state values are from a finite domain was provided in [MR00]. We show this condition is sufficient but not necessary for SDSs whose state values are drawn from an infinite domain. We also present results that relate the existence of GE configurations to other properties of an SDS. A configuration $C$ of an SDS is a fixed point if the transition out of $C$ is to $C$ itself. The FIXED POINT EXISTENCE (or FPE) problem is to determine whether a given SDS has a fixed point. We show thatthe FPE problem is NP-complete even for some simple classes of SDSs (e.g., SDSs in which each local transition function is from the set{NAND, XNOR}). We also identify several classes of SDSs (e.g., SDSs with linear or monotone local transition functions) for which the FPE problem can be solved efficiently.


Recent advances in decision procedures and constraint solvers can enable a new generation of formal specification languages. In this paper we present a new semantic foundation for formal specifications, called open-world logic programming, which integrates with state-of-the-art solvers. Analysis, verification, and synthesis problems on open-world logic programs can be converted to constraints by a quantifier-elimination scheme using symbolic execution. This paper presents the features, semantics, and algorithms of open-world logic programs. We have implemented this approach in the FORMULA specification language, which has been used for production-quality specifications and models.


The Papua New Guinea Women and Children's Health Project sought to improve the health of women and children between 1998 and 2004. Community development and health promotion interventions sought to increase community support for the health of women and children. This research investigated the impact of the interventions on community support for the health of women and children. Green & Kreuter's (2005) PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health program planning was applied retrospectively to critique the design, implementation, and impact evaluation processes. Two years after completion of formal Project activities an outcome evaluation investigated the impact. The study identified how the community action participation and village health volunteer program activities influenced improved interaction between the community and rural health workers. The study identified key factors that influenced the success or failure of that interaction on improved maternal and child health. The outcome evaluation applied a multi-methods approach to assess the interaction of the community and health workers, and the community's use of health services. Data were collected from 175 key stakeholders (national, provincial, district, and village) and 93 communities across 10 provinces. Methods used were interviews, group discussions, site visit observations, documents and health record audit. AusAID financed field work activities. Qualitative data suggested healthier lifestyle practices had contributed to improved physical health, and social and economic well-being. New health knowledge initiated attitude and behaviour changes, which led to improvements in environment, sanitation and hygiene practices. Changes in one community positively influenced nearby communities. Key factors that influenced success were a health motivated individual as the catalyst for change; empowered leadership through new community governance structure; effective visual tools; and village health volunteers linking the community and rural health workers. Failure was attributed to poor understanding of community development; limited sharing of information; a 'top-down' approach; and weak community leadership. The study identified anomalies in health information collection processes and lack of village-level baseline data to support claims of improved community health status. Gross maternal and child health statistical indicators and incidence of illness failed to show any significant change as data cannot be disaggregated for village-level outcomes. Green & Kreuter's (2005) PRECEDE-PROCEED model fails to allow for 'inhibiting factors' as part of the educational and ecological assessment planning phase. Inhibiting factors of pre-defined objectives and contractually obligated outputs in a donor funded business model negatively influenced Project design and outcomes. Despite the context, this research confirmed the Project interventions improved the interaction between the community and health system, and influenced improved use of maternal child health services. Therefore, sustainable self-reliance in health can be achieved through community led and maintained activity.


The poorest region of Brazil, the Northeast is prone to devastating multi-annual droughts, an inherent part of its geography. The Brazilian state attributes the poverty of the Northeast to the semiarid landscape and a supposed water deficit. The state defends a water diversion project on the biggest river of the region that is rejected by the local population and civil society organizations, as a definitive solution for the water deficit of a section of the semiarid landscape. Based on a large volume of secondary data, primary data collected through open interviews with key informant and participant observation in sections of the semiarid landscape in the state of Ceara, this thesis argues that the problem of the Northeast is not water deficit. Some of the poorest areas of Brazil, in both Northeast and North regions, are abundant in water resources. Droughts have been used as an excuse to intervene in the landscape while drought oriented policies have for a long time divided and sub-divided the region, contributing to the alienation of other structural problems. Poverty and inequality are the most serious problems of the Northeast, inside and outside the limits of the semiarid landscape, just like in the other four regions of Brazil. The Sao Francisco river integration project (SFIP) reproduces the drought combat discourse and hide the economical intentions of the project. Surrounded by contradictions and certain disregard for Brazil's Constitution the governmental project benefits from the alienation of the other regions of the Northeastern reality and of the indifference of the National Congress to the conflict. The SFIP analyzed as an example of the historical relationship of interdependence between the central government and the local elite.


We present an 8 σ detection of cosmic magnification measured by the variation of quasar density due to gravitational lensing by foreground large-scale structure. To make this measurement we used 3800 deg2 of photometric observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) containing ~200,000 quasars and 13 million galaxies. Our measurement of the galaxy-quasar cross-correlation function exhibits the amplitude, angular dependence, and change in sign as a function of the slope of the observed quasar number counts that is expected from magnification bias due to weak gravitational lensing. We show that observational uncertainties (stellar contamination, Galactic dust extinction, seeing variations, and errors in the photometric redshifts) are well controlled and do not significantly affect the lensing signal. By weighting the quasars with the number count slope, we combine the cross-correlation of quasars for our full magnitude range and detect the lensing signal at >4 σ in all five SDSS filters. Our measurements of cosmic magnification probe scales ranging from 60 h-1 kpc to 10 h-1 Mpc and are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the WMAP concordance cosmology. As with galaxy-galaxy lensing, future measurements of cosmic magnification will provide useful constraints on the galaxy-mass power spectrum.


The paper investigates the relationship between economic concentration and level of financial development to illuminate the linkage of real economy structure and financial markets. Using data from 81 Russian regions for the period 2005–2011, empirical evidence is offered to show that poor diversification weakens credit. Geographical variables are used as instruments of concentration in accounting for endogeneity. This work supports previous findings at the national level that policymakers seeking to promote economic development should place stronger emphasis on output diversification.


Anaerobic methane oxidation in archaea is often presented to operate via a pathway of "reverse methanogenesis". However, if the cumulative reactions of a methanogen are run in reverse there is no apparent way to conserve energy. Recent findings suggest that chemiosmotic coupling enzymes known from their use in methylotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens—in addition to unique terminal reductases—biochemically facilitate energy conservation during complete CH4 oxidation to CO2. The apparent enzyme modularity of these organisms highlights how microbes can arrange their energy metabolisms to accommodate diverse chemical potentials in various ecological niches, even in the extreme case of utilizing "reverse" thermodynamic potentials.


1. The effect of ammonia on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis was studied in rat liver and brain in vitro. The incorporation of NaH(14)CO(3) into acid-soluble uridine nucleotide (UMP) in liver homogenates and minces was increased 2.5-4-fold on incubation with 10mm-NH(4)Cl plus N-acetyl-l-glutamate, but not with either compound alone. 2. The incorporation of NaH(14)CO(3) into orotic acid was increased 3-4-fold in liver homogenate with NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate. 3. The 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate content of liver homogenate was decreased by 50% after incubation for 10min with 10mm-NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate. 4. Concomitant with this decrease in free phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate was a 40-50% decrease in the rates of purine nucleotide synthesis, both de novo and from the preformed base. 5. Subcellular fractionation of liver indicated that the effects of NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate on pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis required a mitochondrial fraction. This effect of NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate could be duplicated in a mitochondria-free liver fraction with carbamoyl phosphate. 6. A similar series of experiments carried out with rat brain demonstrated a significant, though considerably smaller, effect on UMP synthesis de novo and purine base reutilization. 7. These data indicate that excessive amounts of ammonia may interfere with purine nucleotide biosynthesis by stimulating production of carbamoyl phosphate through the mitochondrial synthetase, with the excess carbamoyl phosphate in turn increasing pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis de novo and diminishing the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate available for purine biosynthesis.


The Sustainable Value method is a promising approach for accessing sustainability performance of a given activity using the concept of opportunity cost and the performance of a given benchmark. In this study the performance of the Hungarian agriculture is studied. Using FADN data for the period of 2002-2006, the possible effect of the EU accession on agricultural production is examined. Structural, economic and human factors are considered in order to gain better understanding of the differences.


This thesis provides the first comprehensive study of the role of
an Elizabethan Cathedral in society, perhaps doubly significant because
it deals with the only diocese in which, according to Dr Collinson,
the puritans had 'unfettered control'. How this outpost of radicalism
came to be located at Durham and the way in which the puritans used
their positions of authority are both questions which are dealt with,
but the scope of the study is much wider than this. The Cathedral is
examined as a complete unit by following the interests and activities
of the individual prebends as well as of the corporation in general:
indeed, it is only when these 2 aspects of the Cathedrals work are
examined together that meaningful conclusions can be drawn. The
involvement of the Cathedral in national and local politics and the
contributions which it made to the spiritual and economic life of
the diocese are examined in some depth, and in this way a picture is
built up of a vigorous organisation with involvements in many aspects
of government and society often far removed from prevailing notions
both of Cathedrals and of the Elizabethan clergy in the localities.
The reign of Elizabeth was in many ways the vital formulative period
for the attitudes and institutions which came to characterise the
Church of England and the Cathedral represents one area which up until
now has been largely ignored: the conclusion which emerges is of an
institution which was still basically rooted in the past yet which
became in itself something new, owing little to traditional concepts of
either the monastic or collegiate life.


Chinese housing prices rose by over 10 percent per year in real terms between 2003 and 2014, and are now between two and ten times higher than the construction cost of apartments. At the same time, Chinese developers built 100 billion square feet of residential real estate. This boom has been accompanied by a large increase in the number of vacant homes, held by both developers and households. This boom may turn out to be a housing bubble followed by a crash, yet that future is far from certain. The demand for real estate in China is so strong that current prices might be sustainable, especially given the sparse alternative investments for Chinese households, so long as the level of new supply is radically curtailed. Whether that happens depends on the policies of the Chinese government, which must weigh the benefits of price stability against the costs of restricting urban growth.


The predominant neurobiological model of working memory (WM) posits that stimulus information is stored via stable, elevated activity within highly selective neurons. On the basis of this model, which we refer to as the canonical model, the storage of stimulus information is largely associated with lateral PFC (lPFC). A growing number of studies describe results that cannot be fully explained by the canonical model, suggesting that it is in need of revision. In this study, we directly tested key elements of the canonical model. We analyzed fMRI data collected as participants performed a task requiring WM for faces and scenes. Multivariate decoding procedures identified patterns of activity containing information about the items maintained in WM (faces, scenes, or both). Although information about WM items was identified in extrastriate visual cortex (EC) and lPFC, only EC exhibited a pattern of results consistent with a sensory representation. Information in both regions persisted even in the absence of elevated activity, suggesting that elevated population activity may not represent the storage of information in WM. Additionally, we observed that WM information was distributed across EC neural populations that exhibited a broad range of selectivity for the WM items rather than restricted to highly selective EC populations. Finally, we determined that activity patterns coding for WM information were not stable, but instead varied over the course of a trial, indicating that the neural code for WM information is dynamic rather than static. Together, these findings challenge the canonical model of WM.


Today 3G mobile systems are on the ground providing IP connectivity for real-time and non-real-time services. On the other side, there are many wireless technologies that have proven to be important, with the most important ones being 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), as well as ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and wireless networks for digital TV and radio broadcast. Then, the concepts of 4G is already much discussed and it is almost certain that 4G will include several standards under a common umbrella, similarly to 3G, but with IEEE 802.xx wireless mobile networks included from the beginning. The main contribution of this paper is definition of 5G (Fifth Generation) mobile network concept, which is seen as user-centric concept instead of operator-centric as in 3G or service-centric concept as seen for 4G. In the proposed concept the mobile user is on the top of all. The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies. Each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. The paper also proposes intelligent Internet phone concept where the mobile phone can choose the best connections by selected constraints and dynamically change them during a single end-to-end connection. The proposal in this paper is fundamental shift in the mobile networking philosophy compared to existing 3G and near-soon 4G mobile technologies, and this concept is called here - the 5G.


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is familial in 10% of cases. We have identified a missense mutation in the gene encoding fused in sarcoma (FUS) in a British kindred, linked to ALS6. In a survey of 197 familial ALS index cases, we identified two further missense mutations in eight families. Postmortem analysis of three cases with FUS mutations showed FUS-immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions and predominantly lower motor neuron degeneration. Cellular expression studies revealed aberrant localization of mutant FUS protein. FUS is involved in the regulation of transcription and RNA splicing and transport, and it has functional homology to another ALS gene, TARDBP, which suggests that a common mechanism may underlie motor neuron degeneration.


What would it be like if we said one thing, and heard ourselves saying something else? Would we notice something was wrong? Or would we believe we said the thing we heard? Is feedback of our own speech only used to detect errors, or does it also help to specify the meaning of what we say? Comparator models of self-monitoring favor the first alternative, and hold that our sense of agency is given by the comparison between intentions and outcomes, while inferential models argue that agency is a more fluent construct, dependent on contextual inferences about the most likely cause of an action. In this paper, we present a theory about the use of feedback during speech. Specifically, we discuss inferential models of speech production that question the standard comparator assumption that the meaning of our utterances is fully specified before articulation. We then argue that auditory feedback provides speakers with a channel for high-level, semantic "self-comprehension". In support of this we discuss results using a method we recently developed called Real-time Speech Exchange (RSE). In our first study using RSE (Lind et al., in press) participants were fitted with headsets and performed a computerized Stroop task. We surreptitiously recorded words they said, and later in the test we played them back at the exact same time that the participants uttered something else, while blocking the actual feedback of their voice. Thus, participants said one thing, but heard themselves saying something else. The results showed that when timing conditions were ideal, more than two thirds of the manipulations went undetected. Crucially, in a large proportion of the non-detected manipulated trials, the inserted words were experienced as self-produced by the participants. This indicates that our sense of agency for speech has a strong inferential component, and that auditory feedback of our own voice acts as a pathway for semantic monitoring. We believe RSE holds great promise as a tool for investigating the role of auditory feedback during speech, and we suggest a number of future studies to serve this purpose.


Except to the extent that they have provided for a different result, the parties to a legally binding contract are taken to have agreed to pay such damages as the law requires on any breach of the agreement. The ability to provide for a different result includes an ability to agree in advance what damages are payable in the event of breach. An agreed damages clause is such an agreement. Our principal concern, as the title to the paper indicates, is to examine the role of good faith in relation to the distinction between liquidated damages and penalties, and the process of characterization that the distinction requires. To some extent the paper is prompted by the recent decision of the High Court of Australia in Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia Pty Ltd. Most of the cases on agreed damages clauses which have come before the courts in the past 40 years have involved chattel leases and hire-purchase agreements. Those decisions have tended to push the law of penalties in a particular direction, and led to suggestions that the law requires substantial accuracy between the estimated sum and the amount likely to be awarded in a common law claim. The importance of Ringrow is that it has arrested that development. Thus, the High Court approved and applied a statement of principle by Mason and Wilson JJ in AMEV-UDC Finance Ltd v Austin, to the effect that an agreed sum is only characterized as a penalty if it is out of all proportion to damage likely to be suffered as a result of breach. The High Court in Ringrow saw this approval and application as a necessary reassertion of the approach to liquidated damages enshrined in the classic decision of the House of Lords in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd, emphasizing the role of freedom of contract. Nevertheless the idea that an agreed damages clause will be characterized as a penalty only if it is out of all proportion, should not be taken at face value. There are, of necessity, limitations on the out of all proportion test. The view which we wish to put forward is that a good faith perspective assists in explaining not only why the High Court was correct in Ringrow to reassert the out of all proportion test, but also the limits on that test.


Since the beginning of mycology, studies of species concept in fungi have been mainly based on morphology, partially due to the history of mycology as part of botany. Current advances in biochemical and molecular research have provided mycologists with powerful tools that can be used for delineation of fungal taxa. Recently, an integrated approach to fungal taxonomy involving both morphological and molecular traits has found a wide application for identification of species, especially in anamorphic (mitosporic) fungi. In this thesis, I have tried to use this approach for identification of species units in two rather unrelated groups of organisms. One of the case studies concerned Colletotrichum acutatum – a worldwide economically important plant pathogenic anamorphic fungus, which is exhibiting a high level of variation in both morphological and molecular features. This fungus has been intensively studied during the past decades, and several attempts have been made to find reliable markers to separate it from other closely related species of Colletotrichum. The second case studied in this thesis was Mycelia Sterilia – an artificial group of fungi, which are deficient in production of spores of any kind, therefore lacking the main morphological feature used for assigning them to any certain fungal taxon below class level. Due to this peculiarity, Mycelia Sterilia have usually been neglected, and currently there is no working species concept applicable to these fungi. In this work, I have tried to clarify the relationships among C. acutatum and several other anamorphic (C. gloeosporioides and C. fructigenum) and teleomorphic (Glomerella acutata, G. cingulata and G. miyabeana) taxa that are closely related to each other. For this purpose, examination of morphological traits was employed in combination with comparison of DNA sequencing data from three loci and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. As a result, re-description of C. acutatum and separation of (at least) two new species was proposed. For studies of Mycelia Sterilia, a large collection of sterile strains was screened in search for biologically interesting organisms. One novel pathogen has been found, and two plant growth promoting strains with antifungal properties were selected. Attempt for tentative identification of those fungi was made based on their morphological, physiological and molecular features. Sequencing of several genes and spacers of the ribosomal DNA array revealed that the plant pathogenic strain is closely related to the teleomorphic basidiomycete genus Campanella, and plant growth-promoting isolates were identified as belonging to the anamorphic ascomycete genus Phoma. However, assigning the sterile strains to any existing species was not possible. The main conclusion of the thesis is that species in anamorphic fungi should be defined based on a combination of morphological and molecular methods, both equally important, involving as many aspects of fungal biology as is possible at our current state of knowledge.


The study of flight dynamics requires a thorough understanding of the theory of the stability and control of aircraft, an appreciation of flight control systems and a grounding in the theory of automatic control. Flight Dynamics Principles is a student focused text and provides easy access to all three topics in an integrated modern systems context. Written for those coming to the subject for the first time, the book provides a secure foundation from which to move on to more advanced topics such as, non-linear flight dynamics, flight simulation, handling qualities and advanced flight control. About the author: After graduating Michael Cook joined Elliott Flight Automation as a Systems Engineer and contributed flight control systems design to several major projects. Later he joined the College of Aeronautics to research and teach flight dynamics, experimental flight mechanics and flight control. Previously leader of the Dynamics, Simulation and Control Research Group he is now retired and continues to provide part time support. In 2003 the Group was recognised as the Preferred Academic Capability Partner for Flight Dynamics by BAE SYSTEMS and in 2007 he received a Chairman's Bronze award for his contribution to a joint UAV research programme. New to this edition: * Additional examples to illustrate the application of computational procedures using tools such as MATLAB , MathCad and Program CC . * Improved compatibility with, and more expansive coverage of the North American notational style. * Expanded coverage of lateral-directional static stability, manoeuvrability, command augmentation and flight in turbulence. * An additional coursework study on flight control design for an unmanned air vehicle (UAV).


Biological and artificial agents need to deal with constant changes in the real world. We study this problem in four classical continuous control environments, augmented with morphological perturbations. Learning to locomote when the length and the thickness of different body parts vary is challenging, as the control policy is required to adapt to the morphology to successfully balance and advance the agent. We show that a control policy based on the proprioceptive state performs poorly with highly variable body configurations, while an (oracle) agent with access to a learned encoding of the perturbation performs significantly better. We introduce DMAP, a biologically-inspired, attention-based policy network architecture. DMAP combines independent proprioceptive processing, a distributed policy with individual controllers for each joint, and an attention mechanism, to dynamically gate sensory information from different body parts to different controllers. Despite not having access to the (hidden) morphology information, DMAP can be trained end-to-end in all the considered environments, overall matching or surpassing the performance of an oracle agent. Thus DMAP, implementing principles from biological motor control, provides a strong inductive bias for learning challenging sensorimotor tasks. Overall, our work corroborates the power of these principles in challenging locomotion tasks.


Faced with massive data, subsampling is a commonly used technique to improve computational efficiency, and using nonuniform subsampling probabilities is an effective approach to improve estimation efficiency. For computational efficiency, subsampling is often implemented with replacement or through Poisson subsampling. However, no rigorous investigation has been performed to study the difference between the two subsampling procedures such as their estimation efficiency and computational convenience. In the context of maximizing a general target function, this paper derives optimal subsampling probabilities for both subsampling with replacement and Poisson subsampling. The optimal subsampling probabilities minimize variance functions of the subsampling estimators. Furthermore, they provide deep insights on the theoretical similarities and differences between subsampling with replacement and Poisson subsampling. Practically implementable algorithms are proposed based on the optimal structural results, which are evaluated by both theoretical and empirical analysis.


Reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation can be an effective strategy in Mediterranean countries to overcome the pressure on freshwater resources if its economic viability is demonstrated. In this work, the assessment of the economic feasibility of irrigation and nutrient management with TWW reuse was carried out in the citrus sector in the Souss Massa region of Morocco. Considering the effects of TWW reuse on yields, water, and fertilizer requirements, a mathematical nonlinear optimization model was used to identify the optimal allocation of land and nonuniform quality irrigation water and to assess the impacts on the economic performance of the citrus sector. Different water price and irrigation technology scenarios have been simulated. Overall results indicated that the reuse of TWW—with a current price higher than the conventional resource—must be subsidized to be proposed as a convenient alternative for irrigation. A reduction in the TWW price from its current level (0.23 Euro/m3) to a level equal to that of fresh water (0.15 Euro/m3) would encourage farmers to use TWW on 59% of the total cultivated area, leading to a 350 mm reduction in quantity of used fresh water per hectare. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:898–909. © 2020 SETAC


With the Cold War over, the Asia-Pacific region is in a state of flux. The emerging regional security environment excludes both uncertainty and optimism, even as traditional conceptions and principles of security have become inadequate, if not obsolete, begging for a thorough reexamination and redefinition. It is clear, however, that in the post Cold War world, security can no longer be achieved merely by the bilateral, much less unilateral, actions of states but also through coalition-building and multilateral endeavors. The ASEAN Regional Forum, with its emerging role as a facilitator of dialogue and a key instrument for the development of confidence-building measures for the region, appears headed towards creating a breakthrough in multilateralzing regional security. The challenge is for ARF participants to consolidate their gains and build on the ARF process. To meet the challenge, member-states need to agree on a collective vision for the ARF; the pacing of its activities; the degree of its institutionalization; the extent of its membership; and the nature of its linkages with sub-regional and global processes.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation model to investigate the risk factors of metabolic
syndrome in rural women. Methods: The raw data in this study was collected from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study supervised
by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2005 to 2010. The data included physical examinations and
surveys of 1,125 women, who resided in three rural areas of South Korea. The structural model in this study was composed of five latent
variables: depression, stress, social support, health behavior, and metabolic syndrome. The structural equation model was used
to assess the relationships among the variables. Results: The results of the study showed that depression and stress had direct effects
on metabolic syndrome. Social support had a direct effect on health behavior and metabolic syndrome. Also, health behavior had a
direct effect on metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: This study may serve as a guideline for interventions and strategies used to reduce
metabolic syndrome in rural women.


Libet and colleagues, and later many others investigated brain activity during voluntary action. They found that electrophysiological "readiness potentials" (RPs) precede awareness of intention to act (W). They also found that awareness of actually moving i.e., initiation of motor command (M) follows W, and action follows M; after W, the decision to act can be consciously vetoed until the action actually starts. Libet proposed that one's brain initiates voluntary acts but not one's conscious will, and that conscious will can still control the outcome by vetoing the action. In this article, we explain why the above experimental observations (RP start, W, M, conscious veto) occur in the order they do, using the two-time interpretation of quantum mechanics. We take into account the general and objective observation that a voluntary action needs to use information pertaining to the desired future state (to go to New York, I take a train to New York not to Philadelphia). This observation is confirmed by cognitive scientists as they state that the mental image of the future must become the content of the present memory as a prerequisite to such action and that our brains are endowed with the ability to create 'memories of the future', i.e., neural models of something that, as of yet does not exist but which we want to bring into existence. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Abstract Eating is a simple behavior with complex functions. The unconscious neuroendocrine process that stops eating and brings a meal to its end is called satiation. Energy homeostasis is mediated accomplished through the control of meal size via satiation. It involves neural integrations of phasic negative-feedback signals related to ingested food and tonic signals, such as those related to adipose tissue mass. Energy homeostasis is accomplished through adjustments in meal size brought about by changes in these satiation signals. The best understood meal-derived satiation signals arise from gastrointestinal nutrient sensing. Gastrointestinal hormones secreted during the meal, including cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and PYY, mediate most of these. Other physiological signals arise from activation of metabolic-sensing neurons, mainly in the hypothalamus and caudal brainstem. We review both classes of satiation signal and their integration in the brain, including their processing by melanocortin, neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide, serotonin, noradrenaline, and oxytocin neurons. Our review is not comprehensive; rather, we discuss only what we consider the best-understood mechanisms of satiation, with a special focus on normally operating physiological mechanisms.


When the College of Fine Arts Lawn went missing, a map of the lawn the size of the lawn was created to take its place. That map is illustrated on the cover of this book. It's an arrangement of 22,500 photographs that documents the missing lawn, point for point.A map of such magnitude, however, must be abandoned. In addition to being cumbersome, it will soon yield little semblance to place it once mapped, and, not without irreverence, it is imperative the map be abandoned in due time. Hence, the purpose of this foreword is to announce the deconstruction of the map of the lawn the size of the lawn.A book of the lawn the size of the lawn will be constructed in its place. Every point of the map will become a page in the book. Co-authorship from below (i.e. readers of this book) will transform the map into a book, page by page.Consider this an invitation to author a page and dismantle the map.


The resonance-enhanced surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) from a suspension of polystyrene microspheres was investigated as a function of particle size in a range of the order of the fundamental wavelength for two different second-harmonic-enhancing dyes--malachite green and pyridine 1. The two dyes gave the same strongly modulated pattern of the forward second-harmonic scattering efficiency. Direct comparison to the nonlinear Rayleigh-Gans-Debye (NLRGD) and nonlinear Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (NLWKB) model predictions showed that the NLWKB model reproduces the overall trend in the size dependence but fails with respect to the strong modulations. The standard NLRGD model was found to fail altogether in the present particle size range, which was well beyond the observed upper particle size for which the NLRGD and NLWKB models give comparable results. A generalization of the NLRGD model to allow for dispersion and to use the particle refractive indices instead of those of the surrounding medium extended its applicability range by almost an order of magnitude in particle size. There is a pronounced maximal SHG efficiency for particles with a radius that is close to the fundamental wavelength inside the particle. The optically soft particle approximation is inadequate to describe the SHG in this particle size range, as refraction andmore » reflection of the waves at the particle surface have a decisive influence. Dispersion of the media plays a negligible role for particle sizes up to about twice the optimal one for SHG.« less


Abstract. We report the direct observation of laboratory production of spherical, carbonaceous particles – "tar balls" – from smoldering combustion of two commonly occurring dry mid-latitude fuels. Real-time measurements of spectrally varying absorption Angstrom coefficients (AAC) indicate that a class of light absorbing organic carbon (OC) with wavelength dependent imaginary part of its refractive index – optically defined as "brown carbon" – is an important component of tar balls. The spectrum of the imaginary parts of their complex refractive indices can be described with a Lorentzian-like model with an effective resonance wavelength in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region. Sensitivity calculations for aerosols containing traditional OC (no absorption at visible and UV wavelengths) and brown carbon suggest that accounting for near-UV absorption by brown carbon leads to an increase in aerosol radiative forcing efficiency and increased light absorption. Since particles from smoldering combustion account for nearly three-fourths of the total carbonaceous aerosol mass emitted globally, inclusion of the optical properties of tar balls into radiative forcing models has significance for the Earth's radiation budget, optical remote sensing, and understanding of anomalous UV absorption in the troposphere.


N-Nitrosoindoles can efficiently transfer the nitroso group to nucleophilic targets in isolated purine nucleotides, causing depurination, deamination, and the formation of a novel guanine analogue, oxanine [Lucas, L. T., Gatehouse, D., and Shuker, D. E. G. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 18319-18326]. To determine the likely biological relevance of these modification pathways, the reactivity of 1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile (NIAN), a model 3-substituted N-nitrosoindole, with oligonucleotides and calf thymus DNA was examined at physiological pH and temperature. Reaction of NIAN with single-stranded oligonucleotides containing various guanine motifs resulted in the production of single-strand break products at guanine sites due to the formation of alkali-labile lesions. The number of lesions increased with NIAN concentration and incubation time. Modification of calf thymus DNA by NIAN resulted in depurination, which gave the corresponding purine bases, deamination coupled with depurination, which gave xanthine, and the formation of oxanine. The former pathway was clearly the most important, and all reaction products exhibited a dose-response relationship. Cytosine and thymine residues were inactive toward NIAN. Further studies revealed an additional product in NIAN-treated duplex DNA containing a CCGG motif that was characterized as an interstrand cross-link, the yield of which increased with increasing NIAN concentration. These results indicate that the transnitrosating ability of NIAN to modify purine residues is preserved at the macromolecular level, with guanine residues appearing to be a primary site of reaction. All of these modification processes are potentially mutagenic events if they occur in vivo.


This book represents the work of every LIFE magazine staff photographer from the 20th century, as well as a handful of others closely affiliated with the magazine, including Alfred Eisenstadt, Margaret Bourke-White, Gordon Parks, Eugene Smith, and Joe McNally. THE GREAT LIFE PHOTOGRAPHERS presents the most iconic images of the past century, as well as little-known gems from the LIFE archives. Many of these images are markers of the major milestones of history--the first pictures from inside the womb or from outer space, Robert Capas falling soldier, and memorable scenes from Tiananmen Square. Defining celebrity portraits of Sophia Loren, Marilyn Monroe, the Beatles, and Michael Jackson are also featured. This startingly rich collection of both color and black-and-white photographs is a vivid fulfillment of Henry Luces charge: To see life; to see the world....To be amazed!


In response to Ab-complement-mediated injury, podocytes can undergo lysis, apoptosis, or, when exposed to sublytic (<5% lysis) amounts of C5b-9, become activated. Following the insertion of sublytic quantities of C5b-9, there is an increase in signaling pathways and growth factor synthesis and release of proteases, oxidants, and other molecules. Despite an increase in DNA synthesis, however, sublytic C5b-9 is associated with a delay in G(2)/M phase progression in podocytes. Here we induced sublytic C5b-9 injury in vitro by exposing cultured rat podocytes or differentiated postmitotic mouse podocytes to Ab and a complement source; we also studied the passive Heymann nephritis model of experimental membranous nephropathy in rats. A major finding was that sublytic C5b-9-induced injury caused an increase in DNA damage in podocytes both in vitro and in vivo. This was associated with an increase in protein levels for p53, the CDK inhibitor p21, growth-arrest DNA damage-45 (GADD45), and the checkpoint kinases-1 and -2. Sublytic C5b-9 increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK-1 and -2), and inhibiting ERK-1 and -2 reduced the increase in p21 and GADD45 and augmented the DNA damage response to sublytic C5b-9-induced injury. These results show that sublytic C5b-9 induces DNA damage in vitro and in vivo and may explain why podocyte proliferation is limited following immune-mediated injury.


After falling overboard from his longboat, Sigurd the Viking finds himself in modern-day Flotby - a small English seaside town. Finding refuge in the aptly named Viking Hotel, Siggy's attempts to embrace modern ways end in disaster. His attempt at romance is no better off as even the course of true love doesn't run smoothly when Siggy's involved!


We estimated an optical second order nonlinearity of ferroelastic Ba2TiGe2O8 crystal in transparent crystallized glasses by means of Maker fringe technique for the first time. Transparent crystallized glasses were fabricated using a glass with the composition of 30BaO.15TiO2.55GeO2, similar to that of Ba2TiGe2O8. The crystalline layer consisting of highly oriented Ba2TiGe2O8 crystals was formed at the surface of about 9 µm thickness, and a clear second harmonic generation was observed. The optical second order nonlinearity of d33 for transparent Ba2TiGe2O8 crystallized glass was found to be ~10 pm/V, being comparable to d22 and d31 of LiNbO3, and demonstrating that Ba2TiGe2O8 crystal is an excellent candidate for nonlinear optical crystals.


The growth in Cloud Computing and the ubiquity of Mobile devices to access Cloud services has generated a new paradigm, Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). While the benefits of storing and accessing data in the Cloud are well documented there are concerns relating to the security of such data through data corruption, theft, exploitation or deletion. Innovative encryption schemes have been developed to address the challenges of data protection in the Cloud and having greater control over who should be accessing what data, one of which is Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE). ABE is a type of role-based access control encryption solution which allows data owners and data consumers or users to encrypt and decrypt based on their personal attributes (e.g. department, location, gender, role). A number of ABE schemes have been developed over the years but ABE in MCC has established its own paradigm driven by a) the use of mobile devices to access private data hosted in the Cloud and b) the physical limitations of the mobile device to perform complex computation in support of encryption and decryption in ABE. ABE in MCC is an evolving research field but given the breadth and strength of interest at time of writing it is timely to perform a survey. Due to the sheer volume of research, the survey has focused on one aspect of ABE - Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption - in line with its prominence in ABE in MCC research to date. Further, given the significant developments and interest in IoT, the survey has since been extended to assess whether the research into mobile devices has been translated to the application of attribute-based encryption in IoT where the challenges to support complex computation and data transmission are potentially more complex given the much greater heterogeneity and resource restrictions of IoT devices.


Adult respiratory distress syndrome is a phenomenon encountered by many pediatric critical care nurses. Care of these complex patients is multifaceted and requires an in-depth understanding of pathophysiology and therapeutic intervention. Several innovative treatments are now available as biomedical and technical advances have evolved. Outcomes will improve as clinicians improve patient selection, identify therapeutic endpoints, and risk/benefits. This article addresses the current understanding of pathophysiology, innovative treatments, and nursing care issues.


The core of a unique linear neutralization epitope (G5) on the glycoprotein of rabies virus, recognized by a virus-neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb 6-15C4), was determined by Pepscan analysis. The G5 epitope was defined as an octapeptide (LHDFRSDE). The contribution of the individual amino acids of the G5 epitope to the binding of MAb 6-15C4 was analysed with a set of synthetic peptides in which the individual amino acids had been replaced in turn by each of the other 19 naturally occurring amino acids. Five amino acids of the octapeptide proved to be essential for the binding of MAb 6-15C4. The conservation of the G5 epitope within the glycoprotein of the different rabies virus strains sequenced to date proved to be absolute at the amino acid level. Studies concerning the immunodominance of the G5 epitope were carried out by determining the presence of G5 epitope-specific serum antibodies in vaccinated human and mice, and by determining the frequency of G5 epitope-specific B lymphocytes in the blood of vaccinated humans. These studies indicated that antibodies to the G5 epitope constitute a minor population of the rabies virus-specific serum antibodies induced by rabies vaccination.