Four detailed field experiments were conducted in the Goondiwindi district (Queensland, Australia) over the summers of 2000-01 and 2001-02 to examine the effects of row configuration (single skip row, double skip and solid planted) on yield, yield components, biomass production, canopy architecture and light interception, water use and patterns of soil water extraction in grain sorghum hybrid MR Buster. Grain yield in skip row treatments was equal to or greater than that of solid plant treatments at yield levels below about 2.5 t/ha. Soil water measurements confirmed that this effect was due to the conservation of soil water in the centre of the skip areas for use by the crop after anthesis. A root front velocity of 2 cm/day was observed in all directions from the base of the sorghum plant. Light interception in skip row configurations was shown to be the same as in solid plant configurations between pairs of rows and up to 50 cm into the skip area. Further into the skip area, light interception was effectively nil. These results provide the basis to refine the APSIM Sorghum model to allow simulation of the effect of various row configurations over a range of climatic and soil conditions.


Sonographs of the inner continental shelf off Halifax, Nova Scotia, show a large part of the inner shelf area consisting of exposed bedrock in which the inferred sequence of structural events is clearer than the record on land. Ribbed moraines overlie eroded drumlins and provide new information on the deglaciation history. Morphologic features allow a precise definition of the maximum postglacial lowstand of sealevel at -65 to -70 m. A 1000 km 2 area in eastern Canada was surveyed with a multibeam sounder EM100, manufactured by Simrad of Norway. A 100% coverage of the sea floor was achieved with 50 to 100 m track spacing, and position control was achieved using the differential global positioning system (DGPS) with an accuracy of 1-2 m. Data were corrected for ship motion, gridded at a 10 m spacing, and displayed as obliquely illuminated relief image. The sonograph revealed characteristics of the sea bed in detail for the interpretation of bedrock and surficial structures and processes. The bathymetric images may be more useful for geologic mapping than air photographs and satellite images on nearby land, where vegetation commonly obscures the geologic features.


From time to time the question has been raised: 'Is the character of Beckmesser an embodiment of Wagner's notorious anti-semitism?' Theodor Adorno, who stated with reference to Beckmesser, Alberich and Mime that 'all the rejects of Wagner's works are caricatures of Jews', is frequently invoked, but the question is generally brushed aside, or answered summarily in the negative. Yet neither Adorno nor, to my knowledge, anyone else has examined the question in the depth it deserves. A fuller investigation of the evidence leads, I submit, to the conclusions that anti-semitism is woven into the ideological fabric of Die Meister-singer, and that the representation of Beckmesser incorporates unmistakable antisemitic characteristics. If this is indeed the case, then the implications for our understanding of the opera are profound.


The present authors independently from one another studied oological material from Java. The results of their studies are combined in the present paper. Hellebrekers deals with three collections, held by the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, brought together (a) by M. E. G. Bartels and his sons (4770 shells), (b) by J. G. Kooiman (280 shells), and (c) by H. J. V. Sody (175 shells). Of these collections those made by Bartels and Sody consist almost exclusively of eggs from West Java, while that made by Kooiman originates from East Java. Hoogerwerf gives details of 1020 shells of his own collection, almost all of which originate from West Java. These were obtained after the appearance in 1949 of a paper in which he published the colour descriptions and measurements of 5680 Javanese eggs which, however, were not weighed (Hoogerwerf, 1949). In the present paper the weights of 2200 of these previously discussed shells are published by Hoogerwerf. The remainder of the 1949 material (including the Bouma collection from Central Java) is in the Zoological Museum at Bogor, Indonesia, and therefore could not be weighed for the present study. In total, below are published the measurements of 6245 and the weights of 8240 shells. A large number of eggs of the families Phalacrocoracidae, Ardeidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae and Plataleidae of which Hoogerwerf gives details here, were not collected, but put back into the nests after being measured, as this was done also with part of the material reported by him in 1949. In Hoogerwerf's part it often happens that the number of measured shells is not in accordance with that of the weighed ones. This is caused by the fact that weights of previously examined shells — of which the measurements are not included in the present paper — are added; also the measurements


We propose a new microscopy simulation system that can depict atomistic models in a micrograph visual style, similar to results of physical electron microscopy imaging. This system is scalable, able to represent simulation of electron microscopy of tens of viral particles and synthesizes the image faster than previous methods. On top of that, the simulator is differentiable, both its deterministic as well as stochastic stages that form signal and noise representations in the micrograph. This notable property has the capability for solving inverse problems by means of optimization and thus allows for generation of microscopy simulations using the parameter settings estimated from real data. We demonstrate this learning capability through two applications: (1) estimating the parameters of the modulation transfer function defining the detector properties of the simulated and real micrographs, and (2) denoising the real data based on parameters trained from the simulated examples. While current simulators do not support any parameter estimation due to their forward design, we show that the results obtained using estimated parameters are very similar to the results of real micrographs. Additionally, we evaluate the denoising capabilities of our approach and show that the results showed an improvement over state-of-the-art methods. Denoised micrographs exhibit less noise in the tilt-series tomography reconstructions, ultimately reducing the visual dominance of noise in direct volume rendering of microscopy tomograms.


The phenomenon of extraterritorial jurisdiction, or the exercise of legal power beyond territorial borders, presents lawyers, courts, and scholars with analytical onions comprising layers of national and international legal issues; as each layer peels away, more issues are revealed. U.S. courts, including the Supreme Court, have increasingly been wrestling this conceptual and doctrinal Hydra. Any legal analysis of extraterritorial jurisdiction leans heavily on the answers to two key definitional questions: What do we mean by "extraterritorial"? And, what do we mean by "jurisdiction"? Because the answer to the first question is often conditional on the answer to the second, the questions are probably better addressed in reverse order, that is: What type of "jurisdiction" is at issue? And, is its exercise "extraterritorial"? This Article aims to supply legal thinkers, practitioners, and decision-makers with tools to go about answering these increasingly prevalent and multi-layered questions of U.S. law — the answers to which hold potentially massive consequences for a rapidly and diversely growing number of cases and fields, from corporate and securities law, to human rights, to anti-drug trafficking and terrorism. The Article addresses major issues of constitutional law, statutory construction (including the Supreme Court's most recent decisions in Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum), and common law choice-of-law methodology.The proliferating phenomenon of extraterritoriality across diverse fields has thus far resisted trans-substantive and systematic analysis. Yet the legal and practical stakes of resolving a mounting array of extraterritorial jurisdiction issues have never been higher. This Article seeks to approach extraterritoriality as a fundamentally singular phenomenon with myriad doctrinal manifestations instead of a scattershot smattering of discrete legal issues in isolated areas. My principal aim in doing so is to help legal thinkers and decision makers not only to resolve extraterritoriality issues but also to comprehend how their resolutions fit within a larger jurisprudence on increasingly important questions of when and how the United States may exercise legal power beyond U.S. borders.


This paper examines how different types of interactions with U.S. markets by non-U.S. firms are associated with higher levels of CEO pay, greater emphasis on incentive-based compensation, and smaller pay gaps with U.S. firms. Using a sample of CEOs of UK firms and using both broad cross-sectional and narrow event-window tests, we find that capital market relationship in the form of a U.S. exchange listing is related to higher UK CEO pay; however, the effect is similar when UK firms have a listing in any foreign country, implying a foreign listing effect not unique to the United States. Product market relationships measured by the extent of sales in the United States by UK companies are associated with higher pay, greater use of U.S.-style pay arrangements, and a reduction in the U.S.--UK pay gap. The product market effect is incremental to the effect of a U.S. exchange listing, the extent of the firm's non-U.S. foreign market interactions, and the characteristics of the executive. The U.S.--UK CEO pay gap reduces in UK firms that make U.S. acquisitions. Furthermore, the firm's use of a U.S. compensation consultant increases the sensitivity of UK pay practices to U.S. product market relationships. This paper was accepted by Gerard P. Cachon, accounting.


This paper offers an investigation into the interface between science, in the form of astronomy, and culture, in the form of religion and the calendar. Early societies made use of a variety of mechanisms to mark time, based on the cycles of the sun, moon and stars, whether separately or in combination. In this paper I provide a survey of the use of one of these cycles, namely that of the stars, in one ancient culture, that of the Greeks. I show how gradually the night sky was mapped out with a number of distinct constellations, the number increasing over time. The Greeks used the first and last visible risings and settings of these stars at dawn and dusk as 'event markers', in order to signal the appropriate time for pivotal activities, especially in the agricultural sphere, such as ploughing, sowing and harvesting. At the same time, Greek societies used the moon as the basis for their civil and religious calendar, and within the lunar months were situated regular festivals of an agricultural nature. Agriculture is tied to the seasons and hence the sun, which the star cycle matches fairly well, but the moon runs on a different cycle which does not keep pace with the sun and stars. The increased refinement of the star calendars with a larger number of constellations might be a result of a desire to help synchronise the divergent seasonal and lunar timetables. Examples are provided to illustrate how particulars stars might have been associated with particular divinities and festivals.


The Garden of Error and Decay is a poetic visualization of real-time world catastrophes. It reflects on the network media reality of the 21st century through a continuous story of current world disasters, expressed by animated pictograms. Every time a disaster-related topic is discussed on Twitter, a new animation appears. Stock exchange information also influences the storytelling. Users interacting with the Garden have the opportunity to either eliminate or multiply the disaster scenes with a shooting device. However, it is not the user who actually has the power to decide in which direction the story develops once an event is triggered. As in real life, everything is driven by stock exchange dynamics; these dictate whether disasters proliferate or die down. This innovative moving image format is not a film, not a game, and not a nonlinear interactive story, but instead a real-time, data-driven narrative.


This work is the continuation of our high precision immittance synthesis paper series introduced in IEEE TCAS-I. In the present manuscript, we modified the previously introduced high precision Bandpass LC-ladder synthesis algorithm to include the extraction of finite frequency and right half plane (RHP) transmission zeros of an impedance function as Brune/Darlington Type-C sections. Finite frequency and RHP transmission zeros are extracted employing our newly introduced modified impedance and chain parameters based algorithms one by one. After each transmission zero extraction, remaining immittance function is corrected using parametric approach. It is shown that propsed high precision synthesis algorithms can synthesize immittance functions up to 40 reactive elements with accumulated relative error in the order of 10 - 1 . The modified high precision synthesis package is developed in MatLab environment and it is integrated with the real frequency techniques to design matching networks over broadbands. Examples are presented to exhibit the usage of the newly proposed high precision synthesis algorithms.


Resveratrol alters human T cell responsiveness to antigens, coupling a replication stress response to metabolic reprogramming. Resveratrol and lymphocyte responses Resveratrol is a polyphenolic plant compound, which has attracted much interest as a pharmacological agent because of its potential therapeutic effects against cancer, aging, and inflammation. However, many studies have produced conflicting evidence of the effects of resveratrol in different contexts. Craveiro et al. found that high doses of resveratrol inhibited the responses of human CD4+ T cells to antigens. However, low doses of the drug reprogrammed the metabolism of the cells to make them more responsive to antigens and produce increased amounts of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ. These data suggest that the use of resveratrol to treat various pathologies should be carefully assessed, especially in an autoimmune setting. The polyphenol resveratrol activates the deacetylase Sirt1, resulting in various antioxidant, chemoprotectant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. We found that at high concentrations of resveratrol, human CD4+ T cells showed defective antigen receptor signaling and arrest at the G1 stage of the cell cycle, whereas at low concentrations, cells were readily activated and exhibited enhanced Sirt1 deacetylase activity. Nevertheless, low-dose resveratrol rapidly stimulated genotoxic stress in the T cells, which resulted in engagement of a DNA damage response pathway that depended on the kinase ATR [ataxia telangiectasia–mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related], but not ATM, and subsequently in premitotic cell cycle arrest. The concomitant activation of p53 was coupled to the expression of gene products that regulate cell metabolism, leading to a metabolic reprogramming that was characterized by decreased glycolysis, increased glutamine consumption, and a shift to oxidative phosphorylation. These alterations in the bioenergetic homeostasis of CD4+ T cells resulted in enhanced effector function, with both naïve and memory CD4+ T cells secreting increased amounts of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ. Thus, our data highlight the wide range of metabolic adaptations that CD4+ T lymphocytes undergo in response to genomic stress.


Alcohol misuse is a serious problem plaguing the United States as well as Missouri. The largest problems stemming from alcohol misuse are impaired driving, underage drinking, and binge drinking. The Harvard School of Public Health lists "property damage, physical injuries, unwanted sexual advances, and encounters with police" as problems stemming from heavy episodic (binge) drinking. Underage drinking is linked to "youth crimes, suicides, rapes, assaults, alcohol poisoning and unintentional injuries" that costs society "$53 billion annually." Alcohol is involved in 40% of all fatal traffic crashes. Mandatory server training is a program that can address all of these problems but its primary benefit is its potential to reduce motor vehicle accidents.


High-energy X-ray surface diffraction in transmission geometry is combined with a microfluidic thin layer flow cell for in situ studies of the local structure of electrodeposited epitaxial films. The capabilities of this approach are illustrated using Bi films on Au(100) single crystals as an example. We demonstrate that the local film thickness, the strain, and the orientation of the deposits' crystallites can be mapped with a spatial resolution of a few micrometers. The high heterogeneity of the Bi films provides deposits with a wide range of structural properties, allowing to establish correlations between the different parameters as a function of the local thickness.


Construction of road embankments or other infrastructures on soft peat is a challenge. The main problems are high compressibility and rather low undrained shear strength of peat. Mass stabilization provides a solution to improve the properties of a peaty subgrade. Mass stabilization is a ground improvement method, where hardened soil mass is created by adding binder into soil and by controlled in situ mixing. Mass stabilization poses an alternative solution for conventional mass replacement or other techniques, which leave peat in place. The chapter deals with mass stabilization of soft peat soil. Specific attention is paid to design, research and construction considerations, and experience obtained during last three decades. Peat properties before and after stabilization, design methods including pre-testing, stabilization technique and machinery, quality control methods and practices, binder technology, long-term performance of mass stabilized peat, environmental effects, feasibility, applications, and limitations are all presented and discussed in this chapter. The long-term observations (during the last 25 years) have shown that the strength of stabilized peat has continued to increase in average 1.6 times from the strength of 30 days. Therefore, mass stabilization has proven to be a flexible ground improvement method for peat layers with maximum thickness of 8 m.


Documents related to the case of The State of Texas vs. Bob Tanner, accused of murder of W. J. Healy, filed February 4, 1886. Documents include requests for witness attachments submitted by the prosecution and defense, a letter concerning witnesses from James K. Schmick (Sheriff and Tax Collector, Eastland County), Special Venire forms of jurors, a write of Habeas Corpus signed by judge F. A. Williams, witness subpoenas and attachments, a petition for a writ of Habeas Corpus signed by R. L. Tanner, a precept to serve a copy of the Venire and indictment to Bob Tanner, an arrest warrant for Bob Tanner, and a bill of indictment signed by grand jury foreman B. W. Wofford. The jury's verdict (not guilty) is written on the back of the indictment.


Considers how dynamic queries allow users to "fly through" databases by adjusting widgets and viewing the animated results. In studies, users reacted to this approach with an enthusiasm more commonly associated with video games. Adoption requires research into retrieval and display algorithms and user-interface design. The author discusses how experts may benefit from visual interfaces because they will be able to formulate more complex queries and interpret intricate results.<<ETX>>


The main focus of this research is to use graph-theoretic formulations to develop an automated algorithm for the generation of sensitivity equations. The idea is to combine the benefits of direct differentiation with that of graph-theoretic formulation. The primary deliverable of this work is the developed software module which can derive the system equations and the sensitivity equations directly from the linear graph of the system. Sensitivity analysis refers to the study of changes in system behaviour brought about by the changes in model parameters. Due to the rapid increase in the sizes and complexities of the models being analyzed, it is important to extend the capabilities of the current tools of sensitivity analysis, and an automated, efficient, and accurate method for the generation of sensitivity equations is highly desirable. In this work, a graph-theoretic algorithm is developed to generate the sensitivity equations. In the current implementation, the proposed algorithm uses direct differentiation to generate sensitivity equations at the component level and graph-theoretic methods to assemble the equation fragments to form the sensitivity equations. This way certain amount of control can be established over the size and complexity of the generated sensitivity equations. The implementation of the algorithm is based on a commercial software package MapleSim[Multibody] and can generate governing and sensitivity equations for multibody models created in MapleSim. In this thesis, the algorithm is tested on various mechanical, hydraulic, electro-chemical, multibody, and multi-domain systems. The generated sensitivity information are used to perform design optimization and parametric importance studies. The sensitivity results are validated using finite difference formulations. The results demonstrate that graph-theoretic sensitivity analysis is an automated, accurate, algorithmic method of generation for sensitivity equations, which enables the user to have some control over the form and complexity of the generated equations. The results show that the graph-theoretic method is more efficient than the finite difference approach. It is also demonstrated that the efficiency of the generated equations are at par or better than the equation obtained by direct differentiation. The developed software module can be used to generate sensitivity equations for multibody systems which can subsequently be used for design optimization, parameter identification, model simplification, and other related applications.


A fast graphics processing unit implementation of the finite-difference time-domain model was used to determine the computational effort required to accurately characterize the mean scattering functions of randomly orientated aspherical particles. The influence of the number of randomized rotational positions on the accuracy of the mean scattering phase function curve was appraised. In general, multiplying the number of orientations by 100 gives increased accuracy of factor 10. Dependent on particle shape, certain regions of the phase function were insensitive to particle orientation. In addition, an error in a key previous publication on scattering by aspherical particles was identified.


The paper seeks to lay out a stock-flow-based theoretical framework that provides a foundation for a general theory of pricing. Contemporary marginalist economics is usually based on the assumption that prices are set in line with the value placed on goods by consumers. It does not take into account expectations, or the fact that real goods are often simultaneously assets. Meanwhile, contemporary theories of asset markets are flawed in that they either rely, implicitly or explicitly, on a market equilibrium framework or provide no framework at all. This paper offers a working alternative that relies, not on a market equilibrium framework, but rather on a stock-flow equilibrium framework. In doing so, we lay out a properly general theory of pricing that can be applied to any market—whether financial, real, or a real market that has been financialized—and which does not require that prices inevitably tend toward some prespecified market equilibrium.


The Only Flame in Town Unusual for mammals, humans are notably socially monogamous, with pair bonding sometimes lasting decades. Why? Lukas and Clutton-Brock (p. 526; see the Perspective by Kappeler) examined data from over 2500 mammalian species across 26 orders containing 60 evolutionary transitions to monogamy. In every case, the ancestral condition was one where females were solitary and where male infanticide was unusual. Monogamy appears to arise not as a response to a need for paternal care, but largely as a mate-guarding strategy. Social monogamy developed in mammalian species where males could not defend access to multiple females. [Also see Perspective by Kappeler] The evolution of social monogamy has intrigued biologists for over a century. Here, we show that the ancestral condition for all mammalian groups is of solitary individuals and that social monogamy is derived almost exclusively from this social system. The evolution of social monogamy does not appear to have been associated with a high risk of male infanticide, and paternal care is a consequence rather than a cause of social monogamy. Social monogamy has evolved in nonhuman mammals where breeding females are intolerant of each other and female density is low, suggesting that it represents a mating strategy that has developed where males are unable to defend access to multiple females.


Exosomal secretion of microRNAs from noncancerous cells can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cells undergo competitive interactions as a homeostatic mechanism that enables the elimination of damaged cells and ensures appropriate cell number in a limited niche. Noting that noncancerous cells can inhibit the growth of co-cultured cancer cells, and that cancer cells can be deficient in tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs), Kosaka et al. explored the possibility that nonmalignant cells might restrain the proliferation of neighboring cancer cells by secreting such miRNAs. Medium in which the noncancerous prostate cancer cell line PNT-2 had grown (PNT-2 CM) inhibited the proliferation of a hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cell line (PC-3M-luc), whereas medium in which the cancer cells themselves had grown did not. MiRNAs can be secreted in small ceramide-rich vesicles known as exosomes, through a process that depends on neutral sphingomyelinase 2. Various approaches indicated that exosomes secreted by PNT-2 cells were incorporated into PC-3M-luc cells and mediated the antiproliferative message. These included co-culture analyses in which the PNT-2 cells had been preincubated with a fluorescent BODIPY-ceramide dye, exposure of PC-3M-luc cells to a fluorescently labeled exosomal fraction of PNT-2 CM, and treatment of PNT-2 cells with the neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inhibitor GW4869. The intracellular and extracellular abundance of multiple miRNAs, including miR-143, was decreased in PC-3M-luc compared with PNT-2 cells; moreover, GW4869 suppressed miR-143 secretion from PNT-2 cells. The proliferation of PC-3M-luc cells exposed to CM from miR-143–overexpressing HEK293 cells was decreased compared to those treated with CM from control HEK293 cells; moreover, PC-3M-luc cells exposed to CM from the miR-143–overexpressing HEK293 cells showed increased miR-143 abundance and decreased abundance of the miR-143 target KRAS. Indeed, compared with CM from control HEK293 cells, local injection of CM from the miR-143–overexpressing HEK293 cells suppressed the growth of PC-3M-luc cell–derived tumors in nude mice and decreased the abundance of the kinases KRAS and ERK5 in the tumors. The authors thus conclude that exosomal secretion of miRNAs from noncancerous cells can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. N. Kosaka, H. Iguchi, Y. Yoshioka, K. Hagiwara, F. Takeshita, T. Ochiya, Competitive interactions of cancer cells and normal cells via secretory microRNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 1397–1405 (2012). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Who am I? I investigate this question, using graphic inventories and written narratives as autoethnographic method to document social selves . I utilise Ian Burkitt s theoretical discussion of social selves , but draw on my own experiences of the home and the family to represent and display social individuality as auto ethnography. I suggest that social and historical relationships are not separate from the self and I argue that the self is formed in daily social relations with others, which can be documented through drawing and writing. I
use autoethonography to employ a practice that creates works through narrative and inventory. I use a practice-led methodology to frame my use of autoethnography as a method of creating art practice through narratives and inventories
The body of the thesis is structured in three sections. Situating Practice (Chapters One-
Three, which establish my theoretical parameters) and Inventories and Narratives
(Chapters Four-Nine, which record my domestic spaces, such as cupboards, and narrate my
family interactions and activities). My social relations are remembered as behaviours, which
constitute self-knowledge and are accessed through material culture in objects. In positioning my relations with spaces and objects I refer to artists such as Mark Dion, Michael Landy and Rachel Whiteread. The Findings section of the thesis discusses the application of Burkitt s social selves as a form of art practice. I conclude that written narratives and graphic inventories can change the display of social selves and the practise of creating them; by showing and telling is an attempt to answer the question Who am I? .


This article defines the construct of self-compassion and describes the development of the Self-Compassion Scale. Self-compassion entails being kind and understanding toward oneself in instances of pain or failure rather than being harshly self-critical; perceiving one's experiences as part of the larger human experience rather than seeing them as isolating; and holding painful thoughts and feelings in mindful awareness rather than over-identifying with them. Evidence for the validity and reliability of the scale is presented in a series of studies. Results indicate that self-compassion is significantly correlated with positive mental health outcomes such as less depression and anxiety and greater life satisfaction. Evidence is also provided for the discriminant validity of the scale, including with regard to self-esteem measures.


The economic expansion of China is one of the most spectacular cases of today?s global economy, where this East Asian country is increasingly integrated through foreign direct investments (FDI) and rising trade flows. Chinese firms has been building strong economic ties with Asia, Latin America and Africa where they search for markets and natural resources. Developed economies of Europe and the United States also became their important targets recently, offering markets for Chinese products and assets Chinese firms lack. We can observe rising Chinese economic presence in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) too. Investment inflows are currently expected to increase further due to recent political developments, while the intensity of trade has been growing too, especially with certain countries. The aim of the paper is to analyse the characteristics of Chinese economic presence in CEE countries focusing on investment and trade flows. After the introductory section and the discussion of theory and literature, the paper presents the changing patterns and motivations of Chinese foreign economic relations. The main part of the paper describes the China-CEE economic relations highlighting the similarities and differences of Chinese practices in CEE and other developed economies. According to our first hypothesis, Chinese motivations and practices in the CEE region differ somewhat (a) from the developed countries? presence in the CEE region as well as (b) from the motivations and practices of Chinese companies in developing countries. As a second hypothesis we set that the crisis accelerated the Chinese companies? interest toward this region due to new opportunities for Chinese companies and increasing receptiveness from CEE side. The first part of this paper examines Chinese investment in the six main CEE destination countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia), analyzing the most important sectors, motivations, trends and differences of FDI inflow. We apply the eclectic paradigm of Dunning for explaining Chinese investments, analyzing to what extent they are valid. The second part describes trade flows between China and the main CEE partners. We find that the bulk of foreign trade between CEE countries and China can be bound to certain products and certain multinational companies. Mutual trade flows thus are largely dependent on the activities of global value chains. Finally we draw some policy implications concerning mutual economic relationship.


BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that social norms have an influence on young adults' life course transitions. However, few studies have explicitly and directly tested the idea that perceived age norms affect the decision to leave the parental home. OBJECTIVE I ask whether normative factors are correlated with the decision to leave the family nest in Italy, and whether this association depends on a system of perceived costs and benefits, parental approval of their children's decisions, and the quality of parent-child relationships. METHODS Using the panel component of Family and Social Subjects data (2003 and 2007), logit and multinomial logit models were adopted to analyze the connection between perceived norms and behavior. The Karlson, Holm, and Breen (2012) decomposition method was used to test the relevance of confounding and mediating factors. RESULTS The findings show that young adults who consider themselves as too young to leave the parental home are less likely to move out of the family nest in order to marry. The interaction between a 'stay' norm, the perceived benefits of leaving home, and parental approval significantly affects the transition to independence. CONTRIBUTION In Italy, decision-making about leaving home and getting married is shaped by age norms concerning extended coresidence. Young adults tend to comply with age norms when they perceive that their decision implies benefits and/or a violation will lead to penalties. Perceived parental disapproval reduces the influence of normative factors on individual actual behaviors, which suggests that young adults adhere to norms that are supported by parents. 1 London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. Tosi: Age norms, family relationships, and home leaving in Italy 282 http://www.demographic-research.org


In recent years empathy has become an increasingly important topic for research in different, yet related, disciplines. Perhaps one of the strongest motivations that support this scientific attempt has to do with the stipulated role that empathy plays in the manifestation of altruistic behaviors, which ultimately play to the promotion and survival of the species. It is almost generally agreed that we say someone is manifesting empathy when, by perceiving or merely imagining the emotional state or condition of another person, he or she comes to experience a similar affective state (Eisenberg, Shea, Carlo, & Knight, 1991; de Waal, 2008), while he or she has some minimal awareness that the other is the source of this affective state (Eisenberg & Strayer, 1987; de Vignemont & Singer, 2006). Empirical evidence points to the second year of life as the age when more mature-like empathic concern emerges (Knafo, Zahn- Waxler, Van Hulle, Robinson, & Rhee, 2008; Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, Wagner, & Chapman, 1992). Moreover, it seems that some individuals are more inclined to respond empathically than others and that this disposition towards empathy tends to be stable throughout the lifespan (Knafo et al., 2008; van der Mark, van IJzendoorn, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2002; Volbrecht, Lamery- Chalfant, Aksan, Zahn-Waxler, & Goldsmith, 2007). But how do these more mature-like empathic responses emerge in toddlerhood, and what are their precursors? The most common heuristic hypothesis is that from birth, infants have the ability to contagiously share the emotions perceived in other social agents around them. Later on, as a function of the development of regulation and of the sense of self, this ability develops into more other-oriented empathic concerns (Hoffman, 2000; but also see Decety & Jackson, 2004; Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992). While there is empirical evidence that points to infants being able to emotionally resonate to the affective states of others, exactly how homogeneous this class of behaviors is, is still, to an important degree, vague. Related to this, there is still not much consensus about the neuropsychological mechanisms that allow in infancy the link between detecting emotional expressions in others and experiencing a similar emotion oneself. Also, there is still a matter of debate as to what are the developmental timelines during the early years of life for these factors. Most of the research concerning those factors that are responsible for empathy development in infancy and toddlerhood has been primarily focused on how regulatory abilities modulate affect sharing reactions, and how this is linked with the manifestation of prosocial development. Less is known about the role of self-other differentiation, despite its hypothesized importance. Current evidence is scarce and weak (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992) and it is most likely that this situation is related to our understanding of the development of the sense of self. Several theoretical attempts have concluded by emphasizing how multi-faceted and complex this concept is (see for example Gergely, 2002; Rochat, 1995), which raises the natural question of which one of these multiple aspects is relevantly linked to the emergence of empathy. This special issue is a collection of theoretical and empirical papers that address different aspects of early empathy development. By revising the existent literature and by providing empirical evidence, the authors try to answer questions and, most importantly, formulate or emphasize unanswered ones in an attempt to better understand how empathy develops within the first years of life. The different theoretical backgrounds that each of them brings to the debate is one reason to consider that the matter is approached in its complexity, although it is not by far exhaustive. Empathy impairments are reported as being specific to several pathologies like autism, antisocial personality disorder, alexithymia, schizophrenia, or usual sub-clinical behavioral patterns characterized by atypical manifestation of morality (see for example Blair, 1999; Carrasco, Barker, Vitaro, & Tremblay, 2006; Decety & Moriguchi, 2007; Iacoboni & Dapretto, 2006; Shamay-Tsoory, Shur, Harari, & Levkovitz, 2007; Yirmiya, Sigman, Kasari, & Mundy, 1992), for most of which early detection and intervention is invaluable. …


The purpose of this article is to assess factors that contributed to the apparent success of the Farm Input Support Programme (FISP) in the period 2005–15, and discuss the lessons that can be learned from this experience in relation to climate change adaptation. Important factors were the ability to balance external and internal drivers that affected policy formulation, national ownership and prestige that influenced and motivated implementation capability, creation of conducive conditions for agricultural development and the demand-driven nature of the programme. However, the flooding in 2015 and the drought in 2016 revealed that Malawi is in dire need of more effective measures that can reduce long-term vulnerability and build resilience to future adverse impacts of climate change. Still, lessons learned from the social protection programme can prove useful in relation to multiple efforts towards achieving sustainable climate change adaptation that could reduce the need for future humanitarian assistance.


Two Cretan Hieroglyphic seals and three Hieroglyphic seal impressions have been found at the Minoan settlement of Myrtos-Pyrgos on the south coast of Crete west of Ierapetra. The excavation has also produced an inscription that is more likely to be Hieroglyphic than Linear A. The seals are four-sided prisms; the impressions, which include one from a four-sided prism, are on the handles of oval-mouthed amphorae. The vessel with the inscription may be classed simply as a jar. The seals are significant as inscribed objects owned, and potentially to be used, by the higher echelons of the administrative pyramid, especially because one was not only of highly refined manufacture, but was also inscribed with sequences that are often repeated in the Hieroglyphic corpus; while the inscription emphasises the close connection of Cretan Hieroglyphic to Linear A. The seals and impressions add to the considerable evidence for cultural, and probably political, links between Myrtos-Pyrgos and Malia in MM IIB at the end of the Protopalatial.


Nowadays modern displays are capable to render video content with high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG). However, most available resources are still in standard dynamic range (SDR). Therefore, there is an urgent demand to transform existing SDR-TV contents into their HDR-TV versions. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of SDRTV-to-HDRTV task by modeling the formation of SDRTV/HDRTV content. Base on the analysis, we propose a three-step solution pipeline including adaptive global color mapping, local enhancement and highlight generation. Moreover, the above analysis inspires us to present a lightweight network that utilizes global statistics as guidance to conduct image-adaptive color mapping. In addition, we construct a dataset using HDR videos in HDR10 standard, named HDRTV1K, and select five metrics to evaluate the results of SDRTV-to-HDRTV algorithms. Furthermore, our final results achieve state-of-the-art performance in quantitative comparisons and visual quality. The code and dataset are available at https://github.com/chxy95/HDRTVNet.


This paper presents some of the findings from research carried out among language teachers on translation and interpreting (T&I) degree courses in Spain, who responded to a questionnaire aiming to obtain a clearer idea of how foreign language teaching in this field of studies differed from approaches in other areas. The main purpose was to compile data based on actual practice, rather than theoretical notions. While the questions posed tended to be framed in such a way as to draw conclusions more for translation than for interpreting, a number of them were conducive to eliciting responses relating to aural and oral performance. Our paper will set forth the ensuing findings that can be applied to the development of languageand culture-based competences for subsequent interpreting courses and practices, as well as exploring possible further areas of study in the area of the teaching of both foreign languages and the mother tongue based on the specific language competences required in the different modalities of interpreting. We are, of course, immensely grateful to all those teachers who took the time and trouble to answer our questions.


Objective: To compare the effect of preoperative administration of an antihistamine, an analgesic, or a placebo on postoperative pain in maxillary molar teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Design: A randomized, controlled trial. Methods: Population: A total of 51 patients with moderate-to-severe maxillary molar tooth pain who have undergone a root canal treatment. Intervention: Preoperative administration of either an antihistamine or an analgesic. Control: Versus placebo Outcomes: Reduction in postoperative pain? The data were analyzed with chi-square, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc tests. Results: At days 1 and 3, preoperative administration of the antihistamine and analgesic resulted in lower pain levels than the placebo. At days 5 and 7, however, while preoperative administration of the antihistamine still resulted in less pain than the placebo, there was no significant difference between the analgesic and placebo (P>0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, the preoperative administration of an antihistamine can be beneficial in reducing the postoperative pain of endodontic treatments.


The main practical problem in the Logistics Department at the company is overstaffing in the unit responsible for the flow of materials. Carried out by the authors of the article, some detailed research on the process analysis in the discussed company indicates that the main cause of such a situation is related to an increase in the amount of transported material and a lack of redesigning the material flow in spite of the increased levels of production and acquisition of new projects. At present, at the company the material is prepared and transported by eleven employees whose work is not standardized and impossible to control. Such a large number of people working at the same time at the warehouse and moving through the transport corridors seriously affects the level of safety in a negative way. Therefore, the authors of the publication have suggested three solutions which involve some logistic changes in the existing process in order to increase safety and to reduce the number of staff involved in the transport.


The research focussed on how urban greyfields, especially abandoned big box retail, can be redeveloped into mixed-use walkable live/work neighbourhoods for an energy-efficient future. The history of shopping centre and big box retail and the mixed-use residential redevelopment of such sites using the new LEED Neighbourhood Development rating system were studied. Four principle concepts were found and used to guide the design projects. They were sustainable urbanism planning versus Modernist auto-dependency; mixed-use planning; walkable neighbourhood concepts; and live/work units. These help create local employment in transit-based neighbourhoods having nearby services and amenities to reduce commuting and auto-dependency. The design project on a 25-acre Toronto greyfield includes Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes for food production and a trail system promoting walking, cycling and greater contact with nature. Greyfield sites used for sustainable communities help offset valuable farmland losses and offer useful urban intensification possibilities for a looming energy crisis.


A large number of epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this way, following reference values in plasmatic antioxidants have been determined in a group of 123 blood donors (94 males, 29 females; age: 21-64 years) living in the surroundings of Liege, Belgium: vitamin A (1.5-3.62 mmol/l), vitamin C (3.68-75.21 mmol/l), vitamin E (16.98-46.46 mmol/l), ratio vitamin E/cholesterol (3.92-8.32 mmol/mmol), selenium (0.66-1.26 mmol/l), sulphydryl proteins (216-556 mmol/l), uric acid (174-477 mmol/l), superoxide dismutase (542-852 IU/g hemoglobine), glutathion peroxidase (39.55-91.83 IU/g hemoglobine). Only a few number of subjects were found with values corresponding to high risk of deficiency in antioxidants although low values in vitamin C (< 11.35 mmol/l) and in selenium (< 0.75 mmol/l) were respectively observed in 5.69 and 10.5% of our subjects. Autoantibodies against oxidized LDL, as marker of oxidative stress, and homocysteine, as a risk factor of atherosclerosis involved in the development of oxidative stress, have also been investigated. Approximatively 40% of the population presented values higher than the superior limit mean value (20.3% > 650 IU/l in autoantibodies and 19.5% > 15.2 mmol/l in homocysteine) that are, however, not correlated with age or low levels in antioxidants. The effect of smoking (25% of the population) contributed to significantly decrease vitamin C, selenium and glutathion peroxidase concentrations by 31.9 and 13% when compared to nonsmokers. Intake of 1 to 4 fruits per day resulted in a significant increase of 56.9% in vitamin C when compared to nonconsumers (26.8% of the population). In contrast, homocysteine concentrations were significantly decreased by 21.4% in fruits consumers. Thank to the development of methods allowing the routine dosage of all these parameters, general practitioners can now easily establish the oxidative stress status of their patients and, as fonction of getting patterns, detect populations at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.


As our living environments, homes should be expected to house objects with which we are comfortable. This applies equally to the technology we introduce to our domestic environments: it should be blended or embedded within them, or at least intuitive and unobtrusive in the space. In this paper, we survey a number of the latest Organic User Interfaces (OUIs) and discuss how these novel designs can be adopted to help build future domestic smart environments. In this sense, interior spaces, surfaces (walls, floors, tables and ceilings), and interior objects such as furniture and decorative accessories can become computationally-driven interactive artefacts, potentially changing their physical appearances, i.e., shape, colour, pattern or texture. We believe that Human-Building Interaction (HBI) will soon evolve to develop and employ OUIs in domestic environments, dynamically supporting our personal preferences and enhancing our living experiences. We propose some of the potential benefits of 'OUI Interiors' such as employing familiar intuitive interactions, supporting psychological and physiological wellbeing of inhabitants and the opportunity of designing multifaceted aesthetic interiors. Moreover, we highlight some of the challenges to building interactive interior objects, furniture and accessories, such as supporting sustained user engagements over time and designing for daily use within domestic environments with all its social, ethical and behavioural implications.


Previous work with the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease has shown that voluntary exercise implemented for long time periods (5-months) and starting at very young ages (1-month), prior to the development of disease pathology, reduces cognitive impairments; however, approximately 1-month of exercise started at 80-days failed to provide cognitive improvements for male mice. Additionally, research has shown that EGCG, a botanical polyphenol, can reduce amyloid-beta levels, mitigate oxidative stress and reduce some of the cognitive impairments associated with Alzheimer's disease in the Tg2576 murine model; however, oral administration of EGCG had not been yet evaluated in the TgCRND8 strain. The present study investigated the effects of 4-months of exercise treatment, implemented at the beginning of pathology development (2-months of age), in conjunction with the effects of EGCG treatment on: 1) behavioral measures: learning and memory performance in the Barnes maze, nest building, the open-field, anxiety in the light-dark box, and 2) soluble, amyloid-beta levels in the cortex and hippocampus. Untreated Tg mice showed deficits in nest building behaviors, as well as poor spatial learning in the Barnes maze. Four-months of EGCG and exercise treatment reversed nest building and spatial learning deficits, and lowered soluble, A1-42 levels in the cortex of Tg animals. This research was supported by NIH grant funding (2P01 AG18357).


Whiplash injuries occur due to an 'acceleration–deceleration energy transfer to the neck', usually as the result of a motor vehicle accident, although the injury may also occur while participating in sport for example, diving. Clinically, whiplash injuries are graded 0–IV (higher grade indicates increased severity) with the majority of patients (93.4%) classified as having a grade II injury (neck complaint eg, pain, stiffness or tenderness AND musculoskeletal signs eg, reduced range of motion).1 While grade II whiplash injuries are frequently managed with conservative treatment approaches, the effectiveness of specific physiotherapy interventions has not been investigated in isolation.

The authors synthesised the best available evidence to determine the short ( 12 months) effectiveness of physiotherapy outpatient management of patients presenting with grade II whiplash injury compared with either no intervention, placebo or other intervention for example, advice/education by a general practitioner, cervical collar.

Eight biomedical databases were searched from their inception until December 2010. Authors also searched selected internet/indexing sites, trial registers, key journals, reference lists, unpublished research (eg, conference proceedings, published abstracts) and personal citation tracking for key authors in the field. …


DEFENSE COUNSEL cringe at the thought of damages--whether tort, contract or statutory. After all, clients are not supposed to lose on liability, so why should they have to think about damages? But our clients occasionally do lose. As few cases are tried, effective settlements require effective damage analyses. Damages usually are the highlight of plaintiffs' cases, so defendants must meet that challenge head on. Defense counsel must learn the theories of damages, not just with some disdain but even more fluently than plaintiffs' attorneys, lest catastrophe follow. TORT DAMAGE THEORIES Within the realm of tort-based actions, the vast preponderance of cases involving architects, engineers, contractors and sureties are grounded in negligence, including negligent misrepresentation. The striking feature of the negligence cause of action is that the plaintiff must prove damages or the action fails. Put another way, damages are not presumed or inferred by the existence of liability. Rather, as Section 907, Comment a, of the Restatement (Second) of Torts states, the absence of damages is fatal to the cause of action in negligence. Parties engaged in construction are, of course, subject to occasional charges of the tort of interference with contract, which are covered by Sections 766, 766A and 776B of the Restatement. For example, a general contractor might bring an action against an engineer under the intentional tort theory so as to avoid the economic loss defense.(1) In this tort, however, the "pecuniary loss resulting to the other from the failure of the third person to perform the contract" is generally measured by contract theories of damages, according to the Restatement. Proof of liability for trespass to land carries with it a presumption of at least nominal damages, according to Sections 163 and 907 of the Restatement. Similarly, defamation in the "per se" category causes damages to be presumed. Damages available in bodily injury causes of action by workers or passersby of a construction site are beyond the territory surveyed by this article. Delay damages usually arise in contract actions. DAMAGES RECOVERABLE IN TORT A. Contrasted with Contract If one were not told that tort and contract law are "supposed to" have separate theories of damages, the purported distinctions learned in law school between the competing theories often would seem not to exist. For example, the Restatement in Section 901, Comment a, points out that the law of torts attempts primarily to restore the injured party to as good a position as held prior to the tort. The substance of many different opinions on tort damages in the construction setting suggests that the "rules" on the proper measure of damages are simply guides and not legalistic formulae to be followed in some sort of arbitrary or inflexible way. Substantial justice is the desired result, rather than legalistic adherence to harsh commandments of the law. Using different words, the Restatement notes that when a loss involves pecuniary injury only, compensatory damages are designed to place the plaintiff in a position substantially equivalent in a pecuniary way to that which he would have occupied had no tort been committed. Any personal injury lawyer knows that if the fact of damages is apparent, even if without mathematical certainty, awardable damages exist. So too, defense lawyers might concede that property damages occasionally can benefit from that leniency. Nonetheless, defense counsel should be equally ready with common law cases to argue that if the damage is indeed capable of dollars and cents computation, such computation must be supplied lest the proof fail.(2) As noted above, technical distinctions in the damages recoverable in tort, as compared to contract, may better be left behind in law school. The rules for tort and contract damages might be stated differently, but they are basically the same. …


We propose Prototypical Networks for the problem of few-shot classification, where a classifier must generalize to new classes not seen in the training set, given only a small number of examples of each new class. Prototypical Networks learn a metric space in which classification can be performed by computing distances to prototype representations of each class. Compared to recent approaches for few-shot learning, they reflect a simpler inductive bias that is beneficial in this limited-data regime, and achieve excellent results. We provide an analysis showing that some simple design decisions can yield substantial improvements over recent approaches involving complicated architectural choices and meta-learning. We further extend Prototypical Networks to zero-shot learning and achieve state-of-the-art results on the CU-Birds dataset.


Matthew A. Taylor, ""Edgar Allan Poe's (Meta)physics: A Pre-History of the Post-Human"" (pp. 193––221)

Edgar Allan Poe partakes of a social imaginary pursuing a single, unified theory of the physical and metaphysical. In this essay I examine how Poe, rather than following the predominantly utopian, utilitarian, and self-affirming teleologies of many such contemporary discourses (mesmerism, spiritualism, etc.), pictures instead the unsettling implications for human ontology consequent upon the idea that persons are less autonomous or sovereign entities than mutable effects of external, inhuman forces. Routing my discussion through a critical reading of Martin Heidegger's Being and Time , I argue that Poe's cosmological poem-essay Eureka and much of his short fiction——including ""Ligeia"" and ""The Fall of the House of Usher""——present a model of the universe and of the natural world that actively erodes the distinctions separating humanity from its physical environment, indeed that finally refuses the differentiation of subject and object altogether. My essay provides a brief genealogy for this macabre literalization of contemporary theories of the universe in Poe's writing and explores the implications that it has for a critical tradition (psychoanalytic, deconstructive, ideological) largely invested in the selves rather than the surroundings of Poe's tales.


This article examines the early development of specialized retail shops in early modern London. It argues that apothecaries' shops were sites of innovative shop design and display. These practices were responses to attitudes to consumption, the problematic nature of the medical commodities which apothecaries sold, and, particularly, contemporary concerns about their reliability, trustworthiness, and honesty. The article concludes that analyzes of the rise of the shop need to be revised to incorporate early developments by producer-retailers, such as apothecaries and goldsmiths, and suggests that investments in retailing were driven more by worries about commodities than enticing customers.


Through a study of the iconographic representation of Didier Drogba and other expatriate players in the Ivorian public space and sports press, this article examines the social meaning of footballers in Africa. It analyses expatriate footballers as 'figures of success' and examines connections with other important social fields beneficial to acquiring fame in Africa, such as music and politics. Finally, the article extends its focus on the construction and circulation of sports celebrities beyond national and continental borders.


We describe a method for inferring linear causal relations among multi-dimensional variables. The idea is to use an asymmetry between the distributions of cause and effect that occurs if the covariance matrix of the cause and the structure matrix mapping the cause to the effect are independently chosen. The method applies to both stochastic and deterministic causal relations, provided that the dimensionality is sufficiently high (in some experiments, 5 was enough). It is applicable to Gaussian as well as non-Gaussian data.


Panel data conventionally underpin the analysis of poverty mobility over time. However, such data are not readily available for most developing countries. Far more common are the "snap-shots" of welfare captured by cross-section surveys. This paper proposes a method to construct synthetic panel data from cross sections which can provide point estimates of poverty mobility. In contrast to traditional pseudo-panel methods that require multiple rounds of cross-sectional data to study poverty at the cohort level, the proposed method can be applied to settings with as few as two survey rounds and also permits investigation at the more disaggregated household level. The procedure is implemented using cross-section survey data from several countries, spanning different income levels and geographical regions. Estimates fall within the 95 percent confidence interval -- or even one standard error in many cases -- of those based on actual panel data. The method is not only restricted to studying poverty mobility but can also accommodate investigation of other welfare outcome dynamics.


This paper discusses the problem of knowledge discovery in image databases with particular focus on the issues which arise when absolute ground truth is not available. The problem of searching the Magellan image data set in order to automatically locate and catalog small volcanoes on the planet Venus is used as a case study. In the absence of calibrated ground truth, planetary scientists provide subjective estimates of ground truth based on visual inspection of Magellan images. The paper discusses issues which arise in terms of elicitation of subjective probabilistic opinion, learning from probabilistic labels, and effective evaluation of both scientist and algorithm performance in the absence of ground truth. Data from the Magellan volcano detection project is used to illustrate the various techniques which we have developed to handle these issues. The primary conclusion of the paper is that knowledge discovery methodologies can be modified to handle lack of absolute ground truth provided the sources of uncertainty in the data are carefully handled.


In 2005, Vietnams GDP growth rate attained 8.4%, far exceeding the 2004 figure of 7.8%. This is the highest growth rate that Vietnam has experienced since 1997. Vietnam also scored the second highest growth rate (preceded by China) compared to other East Asian countries. High economic growth rate in 2005 enabled Vietnam to fulfill its targeted average growth rate of 7.5% per annum set in the 2001-2005 Five-year Plan.


Problem Statement: Even after decades of scientific research, the application of chemotherapy in the management of neoplastic disease still presents numerous difficulties. Significant, amongst potential complications are numerous toxicity related side effects and the potential for chemoresistance. Despite the widespread tendency to include a variety of new chemotherapeutics in different combinations, progress in this area has proven slow going and unsatisfactory due to the aforementioned factors. 3
Approach: Seeking a new approach, we introduced the method of Insulin Potentiation Therapy (IPT) in our practice. The theoretical basis and the gathered experimental data on insulin's mode of action, as well as its application in practice, show that IPT is a promising method with low toxicity. Moreover, it facilitates a selectively physiological approach to the management of neoplastic disease using chemotherapy.
In this report we present the results of our three-year experience applying Insulin Potentiation Targeted Therapy Low Dose (IPTLD) in the treatment of 196 patients diagnosed with a variety of neoplastic diseases
Results: Our results showed that patients tolerated IPTLD without difficulties, without serious side effects. Our laboratory tests demonstrated that the dose related toxicity of chemotherapeutics could be largely mitigated when applied in conjunction with insulin, at a fractionated dose in accordance with a dose dense regimen. Upon follow-up, eighty five of 106 patients (80%) with advanced metastatic disease reported a subjectively significant improvement in their quality of life.
Conclusions: Future extended experimental data and clinical trials would contribute to a more complete understanding of the therapeutic potential of IPTLD.


OBJECTIVES
To report the comparative benefits and harms of exercise and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments with second-generation antidepressants (SGA) for major depressive disorder (MDD).

DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SETTINGS
Outpatient clinics.

SUBJECTS
Adults, aged 18 years and older, with MDD receiving an initial treatment attempt with SGA.

INTERVENTIONS
Any CAM or exercise intervention compared with an SGA.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Treatment response, remission, change in depression rating, adverse events, treatment discontinuation, and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events.

RESULTS
We found 22 randomized controlled trials for direct comparisons and 127 trials for network meta-analyses, including trials of acupuncture, omega-3 fatty acids, S-adenosyl methionine, St. John's wort, and exercise. For most treatment comparisons, we found no differences between treatment groups for response and remission. However, the risk of bias of these studies led us to conclude that the strength of evidence for these findings was either low or insufficient. The risk of treatment harms and treatment discontinuation attributed to adverse events was higher for selective serotonin receptor inhibitors than for St. John's wort.

CONCLUSIONS
Although we found little difference in the comparative efficacy of most CAM therapies or exercise and SGAs, the overall poor quality of the available evidence base tempers any conclusions that we might draw from those trials. Future trials should incorporate patient-oriented outcomes, treatment expectancy, depressive severity, and harms assessments into their designs; antidepressants should be administered over their full dosage ranges; and larger trials using methods to reduce sampling bias are needed.


Abstract Water-filled fractures stimulated by hydraulic fracturing will severely attenuate S-waves. By comparing the P- and S-wave amplitudes generated from perforation shots in the Marcellus gas shale, one can infer the existence and constrain the location of stimulated hydraulic fractures. The waveforms of the perforation shots in unstimulated gas shale are first analyzed to define the prestimulation radiation pattern. Then the change of perforation-shot S-wave waveform is examined for information about the development of hydraulic fractures. S-wave attenuation validates the existence of offstage hydraulic fractures and the invasion of treatment fluid from another neighbor stage. This method might have potential use in designing an active seismic survey to more effectively monitor hydraulic-fracture stimulation beyond the current microseismic mapping techniques.


This document provides a technical review of the final version of the components that make up the RAGE ecosystem. It is complimantary to D1.2 and D8.4 and covers input and feedback on asset description, functionality, technical constraints, reusability and considerations by the game developer partners. Deliverables D1.2 (Asset Integration Methodology) and D8.4 (Evaluation of the Ecosystem Services and Processes ) cover developers' experiences and component efficacy and as such it has been agreed to keep this deliverable 'light' and complimentary, focusing on the integration, constraints and reusability related aspects of various RAGE components. Through the project, many meetings, interactive sessions and bilateral contacts have continually contributed to the improvement of the RAGE components. The evaluation in this document reflects the final cycle of feedback from the game developers. The main purpose of this document is to summarize the technical experiences of the component integrators, allowing the identification of any issues so that they may be brought forward to ensure the sustainability of the RAGE ecosystem past the project's lifetime. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section provides a review of the process involved, the methodology and reasoning behind the methods used to the gather the information. The next section provides information on the asset reviewers. Next the results are provided in visual and descriptive formats, summeries specific responses where appropriate. Leading finally to the conclusions. While some issues with documentation, setup processes and technical constraints were identified and brought to light in this document, the majority of the feedback was positive showing the final versions of the RAGE components to be functional, with little constraint and reusable.


In the past ten years the Brazilian economy has experience an unprecedented wave of market liberalization as import substitution has been progressively abandoned in favour of integration into the global economy. Trade barriers have fallen, privatizations have been implemented, and government procurement has been cut back. Although these policy shifts will be familiar to many, their implications in terms of performance may not. Using a comprehensive array of primary and secondary sources and in-depth company case studies, this book examines how one vitally important Brazilian industrial sector-the non-serial capital goods sector-coped with the onset of liberalization. While liberalization undoubtedly helped to promote greater efficiency in some areas of corporate performance, the impact elsewhere was far less favourable. This differentiated response raises some interesting and troubling theoretical and policy issues.


"Transformational Tourism" deals with the important issue of how travel and tourism can change human behavior and have a positive impact on the world. The book focuses on human development in a world dominated by post-9/11 security and political challenges, economic and financial collapses, as well as environmental threats; it identifies various types of tourism that can transform human beings, such as educational, volunteer, survival, community-based, eco, farm, extreme, religious, spiritual, wellness, and mission tourism.


The ICT market is growing rapidly and more business and social networking systems is crossing over to less developed regions. This IT usage expansion is associated with increasing environmental threats in the form of greenhouse effects and hardly decommissioned e-waste. For this reason sustainable development became an issue in the last two decades of the 20 century. Recently, sustainable software engineering has become a hot research topic; it spans sustainability aspects in all stages of software lifecycle. This paper discusses sustainability issues in the human-interaction design phase, and it suggests appropriate steps which would lead to tackle HCI sustainability issues such as lower power consumption, waste and saving the wellbeing of human users.


We provide methods for estimating and testing multiple structural changes occurring at unknown dates in linear models using band spectral regressions. We consider changes over time within some frequency bands, permitting the coefficients to be different across frequency bands. Using standard assumptions, we show that the limit distributions obtained are similar to those in the time domain counterpart. We show that when the coefficients change only within some frequency band, we have increased efficiency of the estimates and power of the tests. We also discuss a very useful application related to contexts in which the data is contaminated by some low frequency process (e.g., level shifts or trends) and that the researcher is interested in whether the original non-contaminated model is stable. All that is needed to obtain estimates of the break dates and tests for structural changes that are not affected by such low frequency contaminations is to truncate a low frequency band that shrinks to zero at rate log(T)/T. Simulations show that the tests have good sizes for a wide range of truncations so that the method is quite robust. We analyze the stability of the relation between hours worked and productivity. When applying structural change tests in the time domain we document strong evidence of instabilities. When excluding a few low frequencies, none of the structural change tests are significant. Hence, the results provide evidence to the effect that the relation between hours worked and productivity is stable over any spectral band that excludes the lowest frequencies, in particular it is stable over the business-cycle band.


Do image properties drive first ocular explorations of natural scene during free viewing? The response is positive, according to previous works defining image properties with statistical measures or modeled with a saliency map. But, because these works were mainly based on correlation analysis (but see Einhauser, 2002), no causal link could be established between image properties and ocular fixations. Therefore, across three experiments (180 subjects) we manipulated the saliency and semantic congruency of small regions within 72 natural scenes during a categorization task. In the 'saliency' experiment, the mean saliency of one region was reduced for half the scenes. In the 'semantic' experiment, an incongruent object (object with a very low probability of occurrence in the scene context) was introduced. This object was substituted for another but without any modification in the saliency. For both experiments the luminance distribution of the modified regions were held constant. The third experiment was a control condition (without any manipulation). Eye movements were recorded during the 3s of scene presentation. The number of fixations and the time spent inside the manipulated regions were calculated. In contrast with control condition, data analysis showed that, first, when the saliency of one region was reduced the region was less attractive (the number of fixations and the time spent inside the region were lower than in the control condition). Secondly, when an incongruent object was inserted, in contrast to the expectations of the literature (Henderson & Hollingworth, 1998), the region was less attractive. In conclusion, on one hand; we establish a causal link between saliency and ocular fixations. On the other hand; keeping most of image properties constant, we show that ocular fixations are flexibly driven by the congruency of an object and its context. Incongruent object were less attractive during the first moment of exploration, in contrary to longer exploration.


Introduction In groundwater quality research, researchers are often confronted with large, multidimensional datasets. An exploratory data analysis is often carried out, aiming at summarizing the available data, extracting useful information and formulating hypothesis for further research. The techniques traditionally used in this phase of research are basic statistics (i.e. mean, median, standard deviation) along with graphical techniques (i.e. scatterplots, histograms, time series plots). Also multivariate statistical techniques, like principal component analysis or discriminant analysis are used to explore multidimensional datasets. Kohonen's Self-Organizing Map is an artificial neural network technique, developed by Kohonen in the early '80s, especially designed for 2D visualizing and analyzing large, multidimensional datasets (Kohonen, 1995).


In the wake of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, policy-makers around the world are searching for ways to manage systemic risk in the global financial market. This article argues that one key, and currently entirely overlooked, potential mechanism for controlling and minimizing systemic financial risk is industry-wide self-regulation. However, it advocates a fundamentally new self-regulatory regime in the financial sector, which would focus explicitly on the issue of systemic risk prevention and impose responsibility to protect the broader public from financial crises directly on the financial services industry. This article further argues that the financial services industry currently lacks meaningful incentives to develop this new type of more public-minded and socially responsible self-regulation. It examines the experience with self-regulation in other sectors – in particular, the nuclear power and chemical manufacturing industries – and analyzes how the key factors that made the emergence of such self-regulatory regimes possible in those industries might play out in the context of the financial sector. Finally, this article argues that it may be possible to alter the existing incentive structure through thoughtful regulatory design and proposes some steps that may be taken in that direction.


Tennessee gave the United States three presidents Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, and Andrew Johnson. To produce this illuminating account of their lives from their own points of view, Professor Williams has drawn on letters, biographies, and monographs. Although their family backgrounds and levels of education differed, each of the three men developed an interest in politics early in his career and realized his greatest political success during the presidency. Although none of the three considered himself a reformer, each man made decisions that had lasting effects on the country. In Tennessee s Presidents, Frank B. Williams, Jr., portrays Jackson, Polk, and Johnson as men influenced by their environments, the issues of the day, and the public they served. Frank B. Williams, Jr., is professor emeritus of history, east Tennessee State University, won that institution s Distinguished Faculty Award in 1977. The author of numerous articles, he was the recipient of the 1955 McClung Award for the best article in Publications of the East Tennessee Historical Society."


Because of the heavy competition and uncertainty in market conditions, attainment of complete and certain information flow becomes harder for businesses. In such environments, decision making with fuzzy data is rather important. Problems' structures in practice are usually complicated and they include more than one criterias and alternatives. The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique For Order Performance By Similarity To Ideal Solution) Algorithm for salesperson selection in fuzzy environments where linguistic uncertainty exist. In fuzzy environments, operations with imprecise data are so important in terms of decision making. Fuzzy TOPSIS Algorithm is a multiple criteria decision making tool. This method supports group decision making and evaluation of quantitative and qualitative criterias simultaneously. In the study, a firm's salesperson selection process is analyzed. This firm has 17 sale stores with high, medium and low concept levels in Turkey's various regions. Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers used for more sensitive decision making. This study represented that Fuzzy TOPSIS Algorithm is efficiently applicable for salesperson selection in a Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problem.


In chapter 2.1. we addressed the question if metabolic or foraging models predict more accurate the energy fluxes between population levels. We calculated from our experimental results, the field encounter rates and energy fluxes between predator and prey and compared the predictive power of both metabolic and foraging model. Our results show that despite clear power law scaling of metabolic and per capita consumption rates with body mass (according to the MTE), the per link predation rates for individual prey followed hump-shaped relationships with predator-prey body-mass ratios (according to OFT). Thus, in contrast to predictions of the metabolic models, our findings suggest that for any prey species per link and total energy fluxes are highest to its predators of intermediate body size than to its largest predators. In chapter 2.2. we extended the approach of chapter 2.1., to test if our previous results are of broad generality. We studied the functional responses in dependence on allometric scaling. These scaling relationships suggest that non-linear interaction strengths can be predicted by the knowledge of predator and prey body masses and integrating these relationships into population models will allow predicting energy fluxes, food web structures and the distribution of interaction-strengths across food web links based on the knowledge of the body masses of interacting species. In chapter 2.3. we addressed the question how increased temperatures affect ingestion and metabolic rates of terrestrial arthropod predators, and how warming affects the interaction strengths and consequently the stability of the system. We could show that warming does not only increase the metabolic requirements of the predators, but also that the temperature effects were weaker on ingestion than on metabolism. From the experimental short term per capita interaction strengths we calculated long term interaction strengths, and these predicted long term per capita interaction strength decreased with temperature. Our results indicate that on the one hand warming could increase intrinsic population stability while on the other hand decreasing ingestion efficiencies increase the extinction risk of the predators. To summarize, warming is expected to have complex and in some cases drastic effects on predator-prey interactions and food web stability. Our approach of chapter 2.3 presents a simplistic and mechanistic null model of warming effects on predator prey interactions in which thermal adaptation effects need to be included in future studies. In chapter 2.4. we extended the approach of chapter 2.3 to varying prey densities including the prey trait "movement pattern" into our experiments. Here we present strong evidence that warming imposes energetic restrictions on arthropod predators by decreasing their ingestion efficiency. Consequently, warming should increase stability of the populations. Our results also confirm the suggestion that warming increases the risk of predator starvation due to decreased ingestion efficiencies. The mechanistic functional response framework of chapter 2.4. may allow making detailed predictions about consequences of increasing temperature on predator-prey interaction strengths depending on metabolic and behavioural constrains. In chapter 2.5. we investigated the influence of changes in habitat structure on the functional response and in additional experiments the prey behaviour. We show that adding habitat structure alters the functional response type II to type IV (roller-coaster). Additional experiments on the prey behaviour suggest that the decreased consumption rates at high prey densities can be explained by aggregative defence behaviour. Analysing the net energy gain of the predators in both treatments showed that with habitat structure the predators' energy net gain was limited at intermediate prey densities where prey aggregation reduced the consumption rate. Our results stress the importance of both, habitat structure and prey behaviour in shaping the functional response in soil-litter predator-prey interactions.


We review the field of result-checking and suggest that it be extended to a methodology for enforcing hardware/software reliability. We thereby formulate a vision for "self-monitoring" hardware/software whose reliability is augmented through embedded suites of run-time correctness checkers. In particular, we suggest that embedded checkers and correctors may be employed to safeguard against arithmetic errors such as that which has bedeviled the Intel Pentium Microprocessor. We specify checkers and correctors suitable for monitoring the multiplication and division functionalities of an arbitrary arithmetic processor and seamlessly correcting erroneous output which may occur for any reason during the lifetime of the chip.


This study identifies and explores evolving concepts of trust and privacy in the context of user-generated health data. We define "user-generated health data" as data captured through devices or software (whether purpose built or commercially available) and used outside of traditional clinical settings for tracking personal health data. The investigators conducted qualitative research through semistructured interviews (n = 32) with researchers, health technology start-up companies, and members of the general public to inquire why and how they interact with and understand the value of user-generated health data. We found significant results concerning new attitudes toward trust, privacy, and sharing of health data outside of clinical settings that conflict with regulations governing health data within clinical settings. Members of the general public expressed little concern about sharing health data with the companies that sold the devices or apps they used, and indicated that they rarely read the "terms and conditions" detailing how their data may be exploited by the company or third-party affiliates before consenting to them. In contrast, interviews with researchers revealed significant resistance among potential research participants to sharing their user-generated health data for purposes of scientific study. The widespread rhetoric of personalization and social sharing in "user-generated culture" appears to facilitate an understanding of user-generated health data that deemphasizes the risk of exploitation in favor of loosely defined benefits to individual and social well-being. We recommend clarification and greater transparency of regulations governing data sharing related to health.


Harmonic dictation materials available in the Gar-Training Laboratory at Louisiana State University were programmed for computer presentation in order to observe the effects of the computer medium in comparison to the traditional laboratory approach. In accordance with the Solomon Four-Group Design, the sixty-two second-semester freshman music theory students were assigned randomly to computer and tape groups. Half of each group was assigned at random to take a pretest which was designed by the experimenter. After six withdrawals from the course, a total research population of fifty-Bix students remained. Members of both the experimental and control groups were asked to practice a minimum of thirty minutes twice a week. Additional practice was encouraged. Approximately three hours (playing time) of reel-to-reel tapes were available for practice by the control group. The actual time spent on those tapes varied greatly from one individual to another. There were ten programs available for practice by the experimental group. Each program was designed to take approximately thirty minutes for the "average" student to complete. The experiment was scheduled to begin January 19, 1981, but due to unavoidable delivery delays, the actual time period was from February 9, 1981, through March 13, 1981. The five-week experiment concluded with a posttest taken by the entire research population. In order to have points of reference for comparison for each student, scores for the final vi examination of the previous semester (December 1980) were collected. To test any long-range effect, scores from the final examination (Hay 1981) were also collected. Several analytical procedures from the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) were utilized to study the available data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, paired t-test, chi square, regression, and Pearson correlation statistics were employed. Preference for computer practice was significant at the .001 level. Mean gain scores from the December final to the posttest were significant at .01, and those from the December final to the May final were significant at .0001. Differences in mean scores on the posttest were significant at .10. Reaction to the computer was positive.


Since the establishment of the Republic in 1923, Turkey has sought its place in the West based on the premise of Turkey's Western identity. In doing so, the secular elite have consciously repressed the country's Muslim identity while simultaneously promoting Turkey as a bridge between East and West. After 9/11, however, Turkey's Muslim identity has become increasingly 'marketable', particularly under the stewardship of the Welfare and Development Party (AKP), a conservative democratic party with Islamist roots. This paper examines Turkey's value for the West as a Muslim, democratic model. Applying the theories of critical geopolitics, the author questions the adaptability of Turkey's identity to the post 9/11 world and the response of the Turkish Armed Forces—guardians of Atatürk's secular legacy.


Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is an emerging paradigm to modularize crosscutting concerns. A series of guidelines to refactor a software system into a common core and a set of variable functionalities have become known as Horizontal Decomposition (HD). In this paper we apply the HD principles to the Prevayler main memory database management system. The objective is to evaluate and refine these principles and to extract patterns of their use through a case study on a popular open-source software system. Our evaluation shows that HD reveals six crosscutting functionalities. The refactoring of these concerns yield 36 different configurations of the Prevayler system which were previously not possible. The refactoring also reduces the core Prevayler code size by 53%, demonstrates a decrease of coupling between core functionality components by 43%, and reduces the lack of cohesion of the core system by 71%. Given the heterogeneous nature of crosscutting displayed in Prevayler, the size and separation of concern metrics have not reduced for the overall refactored system, i.e., for the core composed with the aspects. A posterior analysis of the re-engineering process reveals 22 refactoring patterns that could be readily used by an automatic aspect refactoring tool.


This study focused on the work-related experiences of eight female
American football officials. The purpose was to gain a holistic perspective of
women's experiences working in the male-dominated career of sport
officiating. Previous literature has examined sports officials in regards to
retention, recruitment, and safety, but relatively little research has focused
specifically on female football officials. Using a phenomenological approach, a
series of in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant. After
thoroughly analysing the data using open, axial, and selective coding methods,
the following four themes emerged: 1) gendered experiences; 2) sense of
community; 3) mentoring; 4) passion for officiating and football. The findings
lend practical insight that can be used to assist officiating associations with
their recruitment and retention, as well as add to the literature on gender equity
in sport and on females working in male-dominated careers.


Multivariate Hawkes processes (MHP) are widely used in a variety of fields to model the occurrence of discrete events. Prior work on learning MHPs has only focused on inference in the presence of perfect traces without noise. We address the problem of learning the causal structure of MHPs when observations are subject to an unknown delay. In particular, we introduce the so-called synchronization noise, where the stream of events generated by each dimension is subject to a random and unknown time shift. We characterize the robustness of the classic maximum likelihood estimator to synchronization noise, and we introduce a new approach for learning the causal structure in the presence of noise. Our experimental results show that our approach accurately recovers the causal structure of MHPs for a wide range of noise levels, and significantly outperforms classic estimation methods.


To Move the Great Church Beyond its Divided Communions Lower Earley, England In 1989 the Church of England promulgated Canon B44, authorizing and regulating "local ecumenical projects." This canon, like so many other canons in Church history, recognized an already existing situation. "Areas of ecumenical experiment" had begun to be formed in the 1960s, and in 1969 Parliament had helped them along by legislating the "Sharing of Church Buildings Act". With the failure of union talks between Anglicans and Methodists in 1972, the mainstream Christian communions in England began thinking less about national amalgamations and more about local cooperation. "Local ecumenical projects," as they began to be called in 1973, could save money for the parent church bodies without, it seemed, compromising their identity and independence. Dozens and then scores and then hundreds of these LEP's were created, each involving some combination of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church, the Methodist Church, the United Reformed Church (URC), the Moravian Church, and the Baptist Union. By the end of 2002, the Church of England had signed into more than five hundred of them. As the LEP's grew increasingly diverse, some celebrated their adaptability, while others fretted about their untidiness. Among the latter were the church lawyers who warned that the hybrid congregations might find themselves unrecognized by Inland Revenue and the Charities Commission, with dire financial consequences. The result in the thirty years since has been a raft of denominational and ecumenical commissions, committees, legal consultants, and working groups, and a small library of theological reflections, reports, policies, and codes. New administrative structures to supervise LEP's have been created by Churches Together in England, a descendant of the old British Council of Churches. LEP's no longer feel like "projects," and since 1995 "LEP" has stood for "local ecumenical partnership." LEP's have been particularly appealing in new housing developments, of which Lower Earley is one of the best known in England. In 1971, Lower Earley was still an unpopulated green-belt south of Reading (about twenty-five miles west of Heathrow). In that fateful year the M4 motorway from London was completed through its south boundary, and the new highway corridor began attracting electronics and telecommunications companies. Soon the area was being called the "Silicon Valley of England." The pressure to develop good new housing could not be withstood. The secretary of state had already released the land for development in 1969; the master town plan was approved in 1972; new houses began to be erected in 1976. At the time, Lower Earley was reckoned to be the largest private-sector housing development in European history. In the course of the next twenty-five years, over six thousand new homes would be built on something over one thousand acres for twenty thousand new residents. The first impulse of the English churches, as they found themselves facing this great new challenge, was to ignore it. Officers of the national churches had little spare cash for new church development. The Reading Council of Churches was inclined to think that Lower Earley Christians might well prefer house churches, which, according to a teaching of the 1960s, was the way of the future. The Church of England reasoned that the responsibility for the new community belonged to the people of the church within whose parish bounds it lay. The leaders of that church, which was called Earley St. Peter's, took the view that if any of these twenty thousand new parishioners should happen to want to attend an Anglican service on a Sunday morning, they could drive a few miles to the existing church where they would have no trouble finding available seating. As for the land developers, they remembered to set aside space for soccer fields, police stations, and supermarkets, but made no provision for churches. …


Background: Early life growth failure and resulting cognitive deficits are often assumed to be very difficult to reverse after infancy. Objective: We used data from Young Lives, which is an observational cohort of 8062 children in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, to determine whether changes in growth after infancy are associated with schooling and cognitive achievement at age 8 y. Design: We represented the growth by height-for-age z score at 1 y [HAZ(1)] and height-for-age z score at 8 y that was not predicted by the HAZ(1). We also characterized growth as recovered (stunted at age 1 y and not at age 8 y), faltered (not stunted at age 1 y and stunted at age 8 y), persistently stunted (stunted at ages 1 and 8 y), or never stunted (not stunted at ages 1 and 8 y). Outcome measures were assessed at age 8 y. Results: The HAZ(1) was inversely associated with overage for grade and positively associated with mathematics achievement, reading comprehension, and receptive vocabulary. Unpredicted growth from 1 to 8 y of age was also inversely associated with overage for grade (OR range across countries: 0.80–0.84) and positively associated with mathematics achievement (effect-size range: 0.05–0.10), reading comprehension (0.02–0.10), and receptive vocabulary (0.04–0.08). Children who recovered in linear growth had better outcomes than did children who were persistently stunted but were not generally different from children who experienced growth faltering. Conclusions: Improvements in child growth after early faltering might have significant benefits on schooling and cognitive achievement. Hence, although early interventions remain critical, interventions to improve the nutrition of preprimary and early primary school–age children also merit consideration.