Theorists of punishment typically construe the criminal justice system as the means to achieve retribution or to deter or otherwise prevent crime. But a close look at the way the American penal system actually operates makes clear the poor fit between these more conventional explanations and the realities of American penal practice. Taking actual practice as its starting point, this essay argues instead that the animating mission of the American carceral project is the exclusion and control of those people officially labeled as criminals. It maps the contours of exclusion and control, exploring how this institution operates, the ideological discourse that justifies it, and the resulting normative framework that has successfully made a set of practices that might otherwise seem both inhumane and self-defeating appear instead perennially necessary and appropriate. Appreciating the "cognitive conventions" by which current penal practices are rendered at once logical and legitimate proves to shed light on a number of mystifying features of the Americanpenal landscape, including why LWOP and supermax have proliferated so widely; why sentences are so often grossly disproportionate to the offense; why, given the multiple complex causes of crime, the state persists in responding to criminal conduct by locking up the actors; why prison conditions are so harsh; why recidivism is so high; why extremely long sentences are so frequently imposed even for relatively non-serious crimes; and even why the people we incarcerate are disproportionately African-American. Without claiming to provide comprehensive answers to these vexing questions, this essay offers a framework that helps to explain these striking aspects of the American carceral system. This framework takes as its starting point the practical demands incarceration imposes on the state itself: the exclusion and control of the people sentenced to prison. But as will be shown, in the American context, efforts to make sense of this way of responding to antisocial behavior quickly lead beyond practicalities to a moral economy on which the incarcerated lose not only their liberty but also their full moral status as fellow human beings and fellow citizens. What happens to them is thus no longer a matter for public concern. And as a consequence of this collective indifference, penal practices that may otherwise seem counterproductive, unnecessarily harsh, and even cruel become comprehensible and even inevitable. Part II of this essay sketches the structure of the American carceral system, exposing both its dependence on the logic of exclusion and control and the moral economy that drives it. Part III explores the self-defeating nature of current carceral practices — the way the combination of prison conditions and postcarceral burdens ensures that many people who have done time will return to society more prone to criminal activity than previously. Part IV considers the question of how such an evidently self-defeating system has been able to sustain itself, and locates the answer in the radically individualist ideology, pervasive in the criminal context, that construes all criminal conduct as exclusively the product of the offender's free will. Part V illustrates the way this individualist discourse constructs criminal offenders as not just unrepentant evildoers but also sub-human — a process referred to as "making monsters" — and examines the work this normative reframing does both to vindicate the penal strategy of exclusion and control and to justify the arguably inhumane treatment of prisoners. Part VI explores the way that perceiving criminal offenders as moral monsters makes it difficult to distinguish the relatively few individuals who are genuinely congenitally violent and dangerous from the vast majority who are not; through this ideological (re)construction, all people who persist in committing crimes, even nonviolent offenders, can come to seem appropriate targets for extended and even permanent exclusion. Part VII considers the racial implications of exclusion and control, in particular the way the cultural construction of African Americans as "incorrigible" may explain why members of this group are overrepresented as targets of the American carceral system. Part VIII shifts the focus to the prison itself, where the self-defeating logic of exclusion and control has reappeared behind bars in the form of the supermax prison. Finally, the Conclusion considers how the destructive and self-defeating dynamic of exclusion and control may be disrupted. It argues that a political strategy emphasizing the financial costs of incarceration is bound to fail unless it also generates an ideological reorientation towards recognizing the people the state incarcerates as fellow human beings and fellow citizens, entitled to respect and consideration as such.


The heat transfer capability of the underground geothermal heat exchanger (GHE) is influenced by groundwater advection, and heat conduction and groundwater heat advection is coupled. Based on porous medium theory, the GHE's mathematical model under coupled heat conduction and advection is established with correspond simplifications. Through numerical simulation, the performance of the GHE with groundwater advection is analyzed. The GHE's heat transfer effect in winter in the continuous operation mode(COM) and the intermittent operation mode(IOM) is compared, furthermore the soil recovering effect in IOM is analyzed, finally the heat recovering time which the soil demands in a system running period is researched. It supplies theory support and technology accumulation for the application of ground-source heat pump (GSHP).


OBJECTIVE
To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for health care professionals on lifestyle changes to prevent and control hypertension in otherwise healthy adults (except pregnant women).

OPTIONS
For people at risk for hypertension, there are a number of lifestyle options that may avert the condition--maintaining a healthy body weight, moderating consumption of alcohol, exercising, reducing sodium intake, altering intake of calcium, magnesium and potassium, and reducing stress. Following these options will maintain or reduce the risk of hypertension. For people who already have hypertension, the options for controlling the condition are lifestyle modification, antihypertensive medications or a combination of these options; with no treatment, these people remain at risk for the complications of hypertension.

OUTCOMES
The health outcomes considered were changes in blood pressure and in morbidity and mortality rates. Because of insufficient evidence, no economic outcomes were considered.

EVIDENCE
A MEDLINE search was conducted for the period January 1996 to September 1996 for each of the interventions studied. Reference lists were scanned, experts were polled, and the personal files of the authors were used to identify other studies. All relevant articles were reviewed, classified according to study design and graded according to level of evidence.

VALUES
A high value was placed on the avoidance of cardiovascular morbidity and premature death caused by untreated hypertension.

BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS
Lifestyle modification by means of weight loss (or maintenance of healthy body weight), regular exercise and low alcohol consumption will reduce the blood pressure of appropriately selected normotensive and hypertensive people. Sodium restriction and stress management will reduce the blood pressure of appropriately selected hypertensive patients. The side effects of these therapies are few, and the indirect benefits are well known. There are certainly costs associated with lifestyle modification, but they were not measured in the studies reviewed. Supplementing the diet with potassium, calcium and magnesium has not been associated with a clinically important reduction in blood pressure in people consuming a healthy diet.

RECOMMENDATIONS
(1) It is recommended that health care professionals determine the body mass index (weight in kilograms/[height in metres]2) and alcohol consumption of all adult patients and assess sodium consumption and stress levels in all hypertensive patients. (2) To reduce blood pressure in the population at large, it is recommended that Canadians attain and maintain a healthy body mass index. For those who choose to drink alcohol intake should be limited to 2 or fewer standard drinks per day (maximum of 14/week for men and 9/week for women). Adults should exercise regularly. (3) To reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients, individualized therapy is recommended. This therapy should emphasize weight loss for overweight patients, abstinence from or moderation in alcohol intake, regular exercise, restriction of sodium intake and, in appropriate circumstances, individualized cognitive behaviour modification to reduce the negative effects of stress.

VALIDATION
The recommendations were reviewed by all of the sponsoring organizations and by participants in a satellite symposium of the fourth international Conference on Preventive Cardiology. They are similar to those of the World Hypertension League and the Joint National committee, with the exception of the recommendations on stress management, which are based on new information. They have not been clinically tested.

SPONSORS
The Canadian Hypertension Society, the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at health Canada, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.


Now, researchers have come up with a rather simple scheme for providing quantum error controls: entangle atoms from two different elements so that manipulating won't affect the second. Not only is this highly effective, the researchers show that they can construct quantum logic gates with the setup. And while they were at it, they demonstrate the quantum nature of entanglement with a precision that's 40 standard deviations away from classic physical behavior. [12]


Natural forest is a mosaic of structural phases. Different growth stages have different
productivity level. The main objective of this study is to estimate the net primary
productivity (NPP) of three different growth stages in Air Hitam Forest Reserve by
using the summation method.
The first study area is a more mature and diverse stand (Biodiversity Plot, BP). The
second (Macaranga Plot I, MPI) and third study (Macaranga Plot II, MPII) areas are
younger and more homogenous stands.
Trees in Diameter Class 10-20 em dominated all the study plots accounting for
between 56 and 78 % of all the trees in the plots. The basal area for BP was 21.1
m2/ha, in MPI was 27.9 m2/ha and MPH was 19.7 m2/ha. The most common species
in BP was Eugenia griffithii while in MPI and MPH it was Macaranga gigantea.
A modified equation was derived from Acacia mangium biomass equations and
Kato's et al. (1978) equation. The total biomass estimated was 201.7 t/ha in BP, 273.6 t/ha in MPI and 15l.8 t/ha in MPH. Biomass was estimated over two
consecutive occasions. The estimated annual biomass increment (∆Y) was 0.8 t/ha/yr
in BP, 1.3 t/ha/yr in MPI and 2.0 t/ha/yr in MPII.


We have proposed in a previous work an unrestricted character encoding for Japanese (UCEJ). This encoding features an advanced structure, relying on three dimensions, in order to enhance the code usability, easier character lookup being one application. This is in comparison of, for instance, Unicode. In this paper, we propose several important refinements to the UCEJ encoding: first, the addition of the Latin and kana character sets as ubiquitous in Japanese, and second, the inclusion of character stroke order and stroke types into the code and the corresponding binary representation. We estimate the average and worst-case memory complexity of the proposed encoding, and conduct an experiment to measure the required memory size in practice, each time comparing the proposal to conventional encodings.


Archaeology plays a unique role in the rediscovery and restoration of lost moments of cultural memory. It also bears a responsibility beyond the narrow confines of academia, and can and should play a role in the public perception of the past. Understanding the material basis of a shared past is now more important than ever, as humankind is engaged in perhaps the most challenging endeavor in its history – learning how to manage the constant expansion, articulation, and integration of our global material culture. However, academic archaeology is an inherently self-referential field, and often fails to engage the public on these larger issues. This article examines an attempt to bridge that communication gap through the development of an innovative, radically cross-disciplinary curriculum.


Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that treatment outcome is an important indicator to monitor tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control program. This study analyzed TB treatment outcome taking regimen change in continuation phase from EH (Ethambutol- Isoniazid) to RH (Rifampicin-Isoniazid) into account in Ethiopia as a factor.
Objective: to assess tuberculosis treatment success rate and associated factors in Gamo Gofa zone, Ethiopia.
Methods: We did a register based, retrospective crosssectional study among TB patients who received treatment in five health facilities with high tuberculosis case load in Gamo Gofa zone. The study was conducted from October 2013 to May 2014. All eligible patients were studied. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were carried out to identify factors associated with successful treatment outcome.
Results: Among 2,019 TB patients registered for treatment, treatment outcome was evaluated for 1,667 (82.6%). Among these, 86.6% were successfully treated. Rural residence [AOR=0.62 (95% CI: 0.46-0.83)], being HIV Positive [AOR= 0.56 (95% CI: 0.39-0.81)], having smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis [AOR=0.59 (0.35- 0.99)] and being on EH based anti-TB continuation phase treatment regimen [AOR= 0.72 (95% CI: 0.54-0.96)] were associated with lesser odds of having treatment success.
Conclusion: Treatment success in this study was very good. The level of treatment success in this study was encouraging at 86.6%. Transitioning continuation phase anti-TB treatment regimen to RH contributed to the improvement of tuberculosis treatment outcome.


Respiratory infections stemming from influenza viruses and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) represent a serious public health threat as emerging pandemics. Despite efforts to identify the critical interactions of these viruses with host machinery, the key regulatory events that lead to disease pathology remain poorly targeted with therapeutics. Here we implement an integrated network interrogation approach, in which proteome and transcriptome datasets from infection of both viruses in human lung epithelial cells are utilized to predict regulatory genes involved in the host response. We take advantage of a novel "crowd-based" approach to identify and combine ranking metrics that isolate genes/proteins likely related to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV and influenza virus. Subsequently, a multivariate regression model is used to compare predicted lung epithelial regulatory influences with data derived from other respiratory virus infection models. We predicted a small set of regulatory factors with conserved behavior for consideration as important components of viral pathogenesis that might also serve as therapeutic targets for intervention. Our results demonstrate the utility of integrating diverse 'omic datasets to predict and prioritize regulatory features conserved across multiple pathogen infection models.


Abstract : While human tutoring and mentoring are common teaching tools, current US Army standards for training and education are group instruction and classroom training, also known as one-to-many instruction. Recently, the US Army has placed significant emphasis on self-regulated learning (SRL) methods to augment institutional training where Soldiers will be largely responsible for managing their own learning. In support of the US Army Learning Model and to provide affordable, tailored SRL training and educational capabilities for the US Army, the US Army Research Laboratory is investigating and developing adaptive tools and methods to largely automate the authoring (creation), delivery of instruction, and evaluation of computer-regulated training and education capabilities. A major goal within this research program is to reduce the time and skill required to author, deliver, and evaluate adaptive technologies to make them usable by a larger segment of the training and educational community. This research includes 6 interdependent research vectors: individual learner and unit modeling, instructional management principles, domain modeling, authoring tools and methods, and evaluation tools and methods. This report (one of 6 interdependent research outlines) focuses on effectiveness evaluation research for adaptive training and education with the goal of determining the individual, training, and organizational characteristics that influence the adaptive tutoring process before, during, and after training.


Embedded systems have become ubiquitous and as a result optimization of the design and performance of programs that run on these systems have continued to remain as significant challenges to the computer systems research community. This dissertation addresses several key problems in the optimization of programs for embedded systems which include digital signal processors as the core processor.
Chapter 2 develops an efficient and effective algorithm to construct a worm partition graph by finding a longest worm at the moment and maintaining the legality of scheduling. Proper assignment of offsets to variables in embedded DSPs plays a key role in determining the execution time and amount of program memory needed. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach of introducing a weight adjustment function and showed that its experimental results are slightly better and at least as well as the results of the previous works. Our solutions address several problems such as handling fragmented paths resulting from graph-based solutions, dealing with modify registers, and the effective utilization of multiple address registers. In addition to offset assignment, address register allocation is important for embedded DSPs. Chapter 4 develops a lower bound and an algorithm that can eliminate the explicit use of address register instructions in loops with array references.
Scheduling of computations and the associated memory requirement are closely interrelated for loop computations. In Chapter 5, we develop a general framework for studying the trade-off between scheduling and storage requirements in nested loops that access multi-dimensional arrays.
Tiling has long been used to improve the memory performance of loops. Only a sufficient condition for the legality of tiling was known previously. While it was conjectured that the sufficient condition would also become necessary for "large enough" tiles, there had been no precise characterization of what is "large enough." Chapter 6 develops a new framework for characterizing tiling by viewing tiles as points on a lattice. This also leads to the development of conditions under the legality condition for tiling is both necessary and sufficient.


Today there is demand to monitor environmental factors almost in all research institutes and industries and even for domestic uses. The analog data measurement requires manual effort to note readings and there may be a possibility of human error. Such type of systems fail to provide and store precise values of parameters with high accuracy. Analog systems are having drawback of storage/memory. Therefore, there is a requirement of a smart system which is fully automated, accurate and capable enough to monitor all the environmental parameters with utmost possible accuracy. Besides, it should be cost-effective as well as portable too. This paper represents the Wireless Sensor(WS) data communication using DHT11, Arduino, SIM900A GSM module, a mobile device and Liquid Crystal Display(LCD). Experimental setup includes the heating arrangement of DHT11 and transmission of its data using Arduino and SIM900A GSM shield. The mobile device receives the data using Arduino, GSM shield and displays it on LCD too. Heating arrangement is used to heat and cool the temperature sensor to study its characteristics.


We prospectively studied South African children with cancer for viral isolates during episodes of febrile neutropaenia. Viruses were found in seven (31.8 per cent) and bacteria in five (22.7 per cent) of 22 episodes. The most common isolate was the herpes simplex virus and the most common source was from nasopharyngeal aspirates. There was no dual detection of viral and bacterial isolates. This study emphasizes the important contribution of viruses to febrile neutropaenia.


PURPOSE
Develop a planning platform for real-time interactive manipulation of dose distributions including DVHs and other dose metrics.

METHODS
Intercomparisons of fixed beam IMRT, VMAT and Tomotherapy have been performed by several investigators. Other studies have compared number of beams, number of arcs and type of MLC. Generally these studies have shown only small differences in dose distribution quality. The hypothesis presented here is that delivery systems for photon external beam radiation therapy have reached a fundamental limit in their ability to create arbitrary dose distributions and that achievable dose distributions may be modeled more efficiently without requiring an exact representation of delivery parameters and beam characteristics. An interactive dose manipulation system was developed that incorporates a novel method for modeling achievable dose distributions. Computationally efficient methods for 3D fluence projection, photon scatter and electron transport were developed. Graphical navigation of dose distributions is achieved by a sophisticated method of identifying contributing fluence elements, modifying those elements and re-computing the entire dose distribution.

RESULTS
Full 3D dose distributions are calculated in ∼15-20 milliseconds. Including graphics processing overhead, clinicians may visually interact with the dose distribution (e.g. "drag" a DVH) and display updates of the dose distribution at a rate of∼ 20 times per second. Testing on various sites shows that interactive planning is completed in ∼2-5 minutes, depending on the complexity of the case (number of targets and OARs). Dose distributions were shown to be achievable through a final plan optimization step using a conventional VMAT planning system.

CONCLUSION
Real-time interactive planning using DVHs and other dose metrics was realized through the use of a novel dose modeling and dose manipulation system. Trade-offs between Target(s) and OARs may be evaluated efficiently providing a better understanding of the dosimetric options available to each patient in static or adaptive RT. K Otto has a commercial interest in the presented materials.


Human breath and body odors have been used for diagnosis of serious and life-threatening conditions since the dawn of medical practice. More recently, it has been recognized that malodors without accompanying physical symptoms could be a sign of psychologically but not physically debilitating disorders such as Trimethylaminuria (TMAU). Self-reported intermittent odors without apparent cause, are, however, still treated with suspicion by medical professionals. Most cases of socially-disabling idiopathic malodor remain undiagnosed and there are no guidelines for diagnostic tests nor treatment options that extend beyond TMAU. Internationally-recruited volunteers with undiagnosed body odor and halitosis enrolled to participate in our study, registered as NCT02692495 at clinicaltrials.gov. Each volunteer underwent several blood and urine tests conducted by Biolab Medical Unit, a medical referral laboratory in London, specializing in nutritional and environmental medicine. Intestinal permeability measurements were strikingly different for subjects that named the nose/mouth as the malodor source(s) versus other, often unidentified, body regions. Furthermore, metabolite levels in blood and urine allowed matching of participants by dietary sensitivities and the type of odor reported, emphasizing the potential of harnessing patients' olfactory observations. In discussing the anecdotal "People are Allergic to Me" condition (PATM), we show how it fits into the picture.


The purpose of this study was to design a climate-ready drinking water system for a newly constructed school in Cumayasa, Dominican Republic while developing components of a Community Climate Change Strategy (CCCS). The goal of the CCCS is to bridge the gap between macro-scale climate change science and drinking water system development at the community level. In this proposed CCCS, "no-regrets" and "low-regrets" decision-making is applied to water system design for small, rural or peri-urban communities. The CCCS was designed to be used in all phases of a project's lifecycle, with adaptation actions corresponding to each phase of the project process. This paper addresses the adaptation actions for the first three phases of the project process: project formation phase; assessment phase; and alternatives analysis phase. The Dominican Republic is listed in the lowest third out of 100 countries based on the Vulnerability-Resilience Indicator Model (VRIM) and is vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events. Therefore, Cumayasa was selected as a location to study the possible ways to prepare for and adapt to climate change and sea level rise. The CCCS used inputs from the World Resources Institute's AQUEDUCT Water Risk Atlas and summaries of climate change projections based on the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre's derivation from observed climate data sources and climate model projections using a General Circulation Model (GCM) ensemble of 15 models and the Regional Climate Model (RCM), PRECIS, to determine Climate Risk Assessment Value Ratings (CRAVR) and ease of implementation scores. The CRAVR and ease of implementation inputs were used to build a location specific Climate Adaptation Matrix for Prioritization (CAMP). Adaptation solutions were categorized as high, medium, or low priority. The high priority design adaptations identified using the CCCS process were incorporated into the system design. An overview of the system design including the adaptations to climate change and sea level rise was provided. Following the CCCS process, information for the Dominican Republic and Cumayasa region was applied to generate the CAMP. The results obtained from the CAMP showed eight high priority, five medium priority, and five low priority design adaptations. Due to factors such as financial and technical capacity, incorporating all potential design adaptations was not feasible. By understanding how current and future climate hazards affect the functionality of water technologies and impact water sources, water treatment technologies and water sources were prioritized and the best alternatives to improve Cumayasa's resilience to climate change were selected. All of the high priority design adaptations were related to flood risk. The high priority adaptations recommended in the CAMP for Cumayasa included: conducting field assessments to identify potential water supply contaminants and designing a robust treatment system; using an activated carbon filter to remove chemical contaminants; incorporating chlorine disinfection into the design; incorporating a 5-micron membrane filter to remove turbidity; ensuring proper maintenance and protection of the underground storage cistern; elevating the electricpowered pump to protect from flood events; and diversifying water sources (groundwater and rainwater). This framework could be a valuable tool to help engineers and decision-makers prioritize climate change adaptation solutions for community-based water systems. By providing guidance on identifying current and future climate risks and vulnerabilities; mapping pathways between climate hazards (e.g., flood and drought), impacts, and design adaptations; and prioritizing appropriate solutions to select which adaptations should be incorporated in the design, adaptations can be incorporated into community-based water systems. The CCCS was designed for water systems in small, rural or peri-urban communities. Therefore, it can provide a sufficient level of detail for water system design at the community-level while remaining relatively concise. The CCCS could provide rural or peri-urban communities around the world with the capability of adapting water systems to climate change.


Composite structures may undergo several types of damages such as delamination, fiber breakage, etc. due to the defects in the manufacturing process or fatigue loading during service which in turn affects the effective performance of the structure. The damage in the composite is anisotropic in nature whose extent is distributed in several orthogonal directions and the extent of damage in any orthogonal direction is independent of the other. The anisotropic damage is introduced into the composite using concept of reduction in stiffness due to reduction in effective load bearing area which is represented by damage parameters or variables. Vibration based damage detection is one of an effective scheme to detect damages due to its simplicity in implementation and ability of acquiring both the global and the local damage information of the structure. From the literature, it has been revealed that the frequency response function (FRF) based damage detection is more accurate compared to frequency based damage detection since it provide much more information on damage for a particular frequency range. A numerical procedure is developed in MATLAB to detect and quantify damages in composite structures using vibration response parameters with the help of unified particle swarm optimization (UPSO) algorithm. From the numerical and experimental results it is inferred that the presence of damage in composite structure affect the vibration characteristics such as frequency, mode shapes and FRF curves as well. Moreover, the damage parameters show strong orthogonality on vibration characteristics. It has been observed that, damage in the direction of fiber results in steeper deterioration of natural frequencies. The outcome shows that as the intensity of damage or the area of damage increases, the natural frequency deteriorates irrespective of ply orientation. The proposed methodology is able to detect and quantify damages accurately for various single and multiple damage scenarios.


In this paper, we develop a systematic method that employs transfer function considering encoder, fiber channel, and decoder to analyze the frequency-hopping (FH) optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) system. We analyze the FH-OCDMA system when both single-mode fiber and dispersion-shifted fiber are employed as the transmission medium. The difference of group velocities affects system performance more seriously than dispersion effect does. The results show that single-mode fiber is not proper for a FH-OCDMA system, even if the transmission length is no more than 1 km. The dispersion-shifted fiber is suitable for a FH-OCDMA system, especially in an access network. We also propose an optical device to compensate the group velocities.


Limited knowledge of the movements of post-fledging albatross represents a significant gap in understanding albatross biology and conservation. Without clearer understanding of at-sea distribution and mortality during this life-history stage, the threats to albatrosses cannot be managed appropriately. We investigated this early at-sea behaviour of shy albatrosses Thalassarche cauta, which breed only in Tasmania. We deployed 48 satellite transmitters on fledgling birds from each of the 3 Tasmanian populations over 4 separate seasons. We observed population differences in the at- sea distribution, with the northern Albatross Island population foraging exclusively in southern Aus- tralian shelf waters to the west of the breeding colony. Birds from the 2 populations in southern Tas- mania (Mewstone and Pedra Branca) also favoured these areas; however, they showed greater tendency to traverse the high seas and forage further west. These differences in spatial distribution mean populations have different exposure to fisheries and consequent risk of bycatch. Analysis of the satellite data and supporting evidence from band recoveries showed that juvenile mortality is high- est in the period immediately after fledging. We speculate that this is related to foraging failure of naive birds. Differences between the 3 populations in post-fledging mortality were apparent. Alba- tross Island birds have greater chance of surviving the crucial initial learning period after fledging than either of the 2 southern populations, possibly due to proximity to food resources.


Visitors' expectations of museums in the modern world
consist of both utilitarian and hedonic aspects. Given visitors' diverse expectations
and demands, traditional museums have taken actions to attract more visitors.
Taking advantage of new technologies is the current action and trend in the
museum industry. The emergence of digital museums is the reflection of this
tendency, which use digital technologies such as projectors, surrounded sound,
ambient lights, and multisensory cues to present a virtual environment. In the
virtual environment, emotional state and sense of presence are considered to be
useful to provide a more engaging experience. Therefore, this research
empirically investigated digital museum visitor experience perceptions and the
influence of emotional state and sense of presence on experience perceptions.
The different impact of multisensory cues on experience and the relative mediation
effect were also examined.

Data were collected with a scenario-based online survey
conducted through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). A split-sample approach with a
total of 382 respondents was used for analysis. Exploratory factor analysis and
confirmatory factor analysis were used to explore visitor experience perceptions
of the digital museum. Structural equation modeling was used to discover the
impact of emotional state and sense of presence. One-way analysis of variance
was used to compare the difference in impact of multisensory cues on overall visitor
experience. This research also employed the PROCESS macro in SPSS for
demonstrating the mediating effect of emotional state and sense of presence
through the impact of multisensory cues on overall visitor experience. The
findings of this study revealed three experience perceptions—respectively,
joviality, personal escapism, and localness experiences—of digital museums.
Also, this research presented the positive effect of emotional state on
joviality experience and negative effect of emotional state on localness
experience. In addition, a notable positive impact of sense of presence on joviality,
personal escapism, and localness experience perceptions was found. No
significant effect of emotional state on personal escapism was found in this
research. Moreover, visual and auditory cues together were confirmed as the
most powerful indicator for triggering the greatest experience level. The
impact was found to be valid due to the mediating role of emotional state and
sense of presence.

This research contributed theoretically and practically
to museum literature and experience research. Theoretical implications were discussed
to indicate this research as the framework to measure digital museum visitor experience
based on the proposed three-factor structure. Practical implications were
provided for museum managers. Limitations and future research were discussed.


The foundation for a long-term investment strategy is rebalancing to fixed asset class positions, which are determined in a one-period portfolio choice problem where the asset weights reflect the investor's attitude toward risk. Rebalancing is a counter-cyclical strategy that has worked well even during the Great Depression in the 1930s and during the Lost Decade of the 2000s. Rebalancing goes against investors' behavioral tendencies and is also a short volatility strategy. When there are liabilities and asset returns vary over time, the long-term investor's optimal portfolio consists of (i) a liability-hedging portfolio, (ii) a market (or myopic demand) portfolio that reflects optimal short-run asset positions, and (iii) an opportunistic (or long-term hedging demand) portfolio that allows a long-run investor to take advantage of changing investment returns.


Pasture-based dairies in the Midwest have a difficult time providing high-quality pasture during winter. Little is known about the yield and nutritive value of festulolium when stockpiled for winter grazing compared to tall fescue. In this study, the yield and nutritive value of 'Jesup' endophyte-free tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub.] and 'Spring Green' festulolium [Festulolium loliaceum (Hudson) P.V. Fournier] were evaluated monthly from November to March over three years. The research was conducted near Mt. Vernon, MO, on a Gerald silt loam (fine, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Fragiaqualf). In two of the three years, stockpiled tall fescue out-yielded festulolium by as much as 930 kg ha -1 . Both tall fescue and festulolium yields decreased over winter by approximately the same percentage; losses from November to March ranged from 32 to >75%. The nutritive value of stockpiled festulolium was consistently greater than stockpiled tall fescue during winter. Both stockpiled festulolium and tall fescue contain sufficient crude protein and total digestible nutrients at one times maintenance to maintain most small breed dairy cows during their dry period but would be severely lacking once lactation started. Despite the greater nutritive value of stockpiled Spring Green festulolium compared to Jesup tall fescue, the low forage yield of festulolium makes its use questionable for pasture-based dairies.


Introduction: A paucity of information exists on the range of femoral version, its effect on hip stability, clinical examination, and presentation in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to describe the range of version in symptomatic acetabular dysplasia, the association between femoral version and proximal femoral morphology and degree of dysplasia, and the effect of version on clinically measured hip range of motion and on preoperatively measured hip outcome scores. Methods: We reviewed 314 patients prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal clinical study on periacetabular osteotomy between January 2014 and August 2015 and measured femoral version, morphologic characteristics of the upper femur and acetabulum, and preoperative clinical outcome scores. Results: The average femoral version was 19.7° ± 11.2° (range, −20° to 50°). Femoral version correlated strongly with clinically measured hip range of motion but did not correlate linearly with either radiographic severity of acetabular dysplasia or preoperative symptomatology. Discussion: Despite concerns that transverse plane femoral anatomy influences the stability of the hip joint after skeletal maturity, we did not find a statistical association between femoral version and severity of dysplasia or presenting symptomatology. This finding suggests that femoral version is not a major influence on the clinical presentation of acetabular dysplasia. Level of Evidence: Level IIIb


A large part of worlds remaining oil and gas resources is found in harsh environments such as deep water and arctic conditions. The development of such oil and gas fields requires advanced process and transport solutions. Wax is precipitated out of solution as reservoir fluid cools down during transport. Wax precipitation may cause operational problems when unprocessed well streams are transported in undersea pipelines. The goal of this work is to investigate modelling concept for controlled wax deposition and controlled wax loosening that is applicable to subsea flowlines in oil and gas production systems. An approach to wax control using the annulus pipe in pipe flow concept is modelled and also described. Wax thermodynamic and deposition models is reviewed and evaluated. The review is aimed to provide accurate prediction analysis of wax precipitation and to serve as a reliable knowledge input into wax deposition modelling in oil and gas flow systems. The cold flow concept for wax deposition solution is developed using an annulus pipe in pipe configuration for the cooling of oil below the wax appearance temperature. A wax deposition zone is created, an effect of a large temperature gradient, which is the driving force between cooling water and the flowing oil in the annulus cooling section of the pipeline. Co-current and counter current oil cooling cases is tested. The counter current annulus-cooling case is validated to adequately knock out potential wax from the oil in the wax deposition zone. The annulus cooling approach is considered to provide an efficient and economic wax control strategy for the mechanical removal of wax in a wax control zone when pigging of wax is to be employed in a flowline eliminating excessively long pigging routes and high cost of pigging operation in typical subsea pipelines. A wax-loosening model is further developed to determine potential loosening and potential transport tendencies of stable wax solids liberated from the wall flowline downstream the annulus. Experimental results from the Porsgrunn flow loop of Statoil AS reveals that stable wax solid is released from wax deposits on pipeline walls when the inner wall is heated for a short period of time such that released stable wax is transported in the cool stream with no or low tendency of re-deposition downstream the flowline. Deposited wax in the wax deposition zone is liberated using hot water sent through the annulus. Model results show re-deposition downstream the flowline. Ability of this wax deposition module to predict wax loosening is criticised. OLGA shows good representation of wax deposition growth in the annulus but incapable to represent expected wax liberation in the flowline at temperatures higher than the wax appearance temperature but below the dissolution temperature. A cold flow wax liberation model using active fluid forces with minimum wall heating for effective stripping of wax from the wax deposition zone is proposed.


In metabolic modeling, experimental data is used to constrain the solution space of allowable flux distributions to biologically feasible phenotypes. This makes metabolic modeling a powerful tool for integrating information from different experimental sources. In this study we integrate transcriptomics with metabolomics for the first time. For this, we generated a new formulation of transcriptomics-based constraints (derived from IMAT), and we integrated Thermodynamics-Based Metabolic Flux Analysis (TMFA) constraints into an E. coli Genome Scale model. We found that when used separately, thermodynamic and transcriptomic constraints produced contradicting results. The optimal solutions for a model with transcript constraints alone were not thermodynamically feasible. This conflict forces us to choose between a solution space that is "optimally" constrained by transcriptomics or one that is thermodynamically feasible. All models should be thermodynamically consistent, whereas the integration of transcriptomics is only desirable. Adding transcription constraints is complicated because of the large amount of thresholds and/or assumptions that are required by the currently available methods. The proposed method enforces TMFA and transcript-based constraints together, ensuring solutions that are feasible for both data sets simultaneously. The combination reduces the solution space much more than each method would individually. Hence, we can reduce the bias introduced by transcriptomics-based constraints, while still obtaining a desired level of flexibility in our model.


Abstract. The production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) produced from phytoplankton and its subsequent degradation both of which occur constantly under diurnal-day time sunlight and by night time dark-microbial processes, influence markedly several biogeochemical processes and functions in aquatic environments and can be feasibly related to global warming (GW). In this work sunlight-mediated high-temperature was shown to accelerate the production of FDOM, but also its complete disappearance over a 24-h diurnal period in July, but not in lower temperature months. In July, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), an early-state DOM, were produced from phytoplankton in early morning (06:00–09:00), then were degraded into four FDOM components over midday (10:00–15:00), which was followed by simultaneous production and almost complete degradation of FDOM with reformation of EPS during night time (02:00–06:00). Such transformations occurred simultaneously with the fluctuating production of nutrients (NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, PO43− and dissolved Si), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and the two isotopes (δ15N and δ18O) of NO3−. The FDOM components identified by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis consisted of EPS, autochthonous humic-like substances (AHLS) of C and M types distinctly, a combined form of C and M types of AHLS, protein-like substances (PLS), newly-released PLS, tryptophan-like substances (TLS), tyrosine-like substances (TYLS), a combined form of TYLS and phenylalanine-like substances (PALS), as well as their degradation products. Finally, stepwise degradation and production processes are synthesized in a pathway for FDOM components production and their subsequent transformation under different diurnal temperature conditions, which provided a broader paradigm for future impacts on GW-mediated DOM dynamics in lake water.


This study investigated traumatic stress symptoms in severely burned survivors of two fire disasters and two comparison groups of patients with "non-disaster" burn injuries, as well as risk factors associated with acute and chronic stress symptoms. Patients were admitted to one out of eight burn centers in the Netherlands or Belgium. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to 61 and 33 survivors respectively of two fire disasters and 54 and 57 patients with "non-disaster" burn etiologies at 2 weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after the event. We used latent growth modeling (LGM) analyses to investigate the stress trajectories and predictors in the two disaster and two comparison groups. The results showed that initial traumatic stress reactions in disaster survivors with severe burns are more intense and prolonged during several months relative to survivors of "non-disaster" burn injuries. Excluding the industrial fire group, all participants' symptoms on average decreased over the two year period. Burn severity, peritraumatic anxiety and dissociation predicted the long-term negative outcomes only in the industrial fire group. In conclusion, fire disaster survivors appear to experience higher levels of traumatic stress symptoms on the short term, but the long-term outcome appears dependent on factors different from the first response. Likely, the younger age, and several beneficial post-disaster factors such as psychosocial aftercare and social support, along with swift judicial procedures, contributed to the positive outcome in one disaster cohort.


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 Featuring the in-depth instruction, insight, and advice from the world's top coaches and archers, Archery sets a new standard in resources for those who compete with the recurve or compound bow.
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Mean water age for spring discharge in Hot Springs National Park was calculated as approximately 4,400 years by Bedinger et al (1978) using carbon-14. Their analysis indicated that the water was a mixture of a small portion of cold water that was less than twenty years old with a preponderance of hot water. However, this result includes some error due to Bedinger et al. using general isotopic values for soil dissolved inorganic carbon and mineral carbon instead of obtaining actual values from the study area. A more accurate age calculation for the springs has been made possible by additional geological and geochemical data collected (Bell and Hays, 2007; Kresse and Hays, 2009).An improved age model for the Hot Springs National Park was be developed using the USGS software NETPATH-WIN; this program models the isotopic compositions and net geochemical mass balance reactions along the flowpath. NETPATH-WIN is capable of calculating possible combinations of mass transfers. Rayleigh distillation calculations can also be applied to each model to predict carbon and radiocarbon dates at the end path. Seven different A0 models will be tested in conjunction with three different geochemical systems with mixing and non-mixing scenarios. Geochemical, physical, and selected field parameters were collected from 10 cold-water springs, 30 cold-water wells, and 16 thermal springs, primarily by USGS personnel during three sampling events: 1) from January through September 1972; 2) from September 2007 to June 2008; and 3) during June 2018 by the author. Analysis from the 181 model runs that passed a QA/QC check determined that the most applicable most applicable geochemical system scenario and A0 model for the flow system is the Non-Mixing Alkaline-Earth geochemical system with the Mass Balance (1990) A0 model that produced a median mass residence time of 4,375 years.


At present the commercially available rapid prototyping (RP) machines can mainly produce parts that can be used
either as models for visualization or for rapid tooling. The emphasis of the on going research in this field is to produce parts that can physically imitate and work like a component produced by a conventional manufacturing technique. Thus the idea is to produce "form-fit-functional" parts rather than prototypes for visualization. Parts made by metals are of specific interest and welding based RP has good prospects in this regard; with the specific possibility to produce fully dense metallic parts and tools. However, the big draw back of using welding as the deposition process is the large heat input to the substrate or to the previously deposited layers, thus causing high temperature gradients
and resulting in deformations, warpage, residual stresses,
delamination and poor surface quality. In addition the layer by layer additive manufacturing nature results in non-homogeneous structures, porosity and anisotropic material properties. Parts thus produced are of near net shape and out of tolerance. In order to predict and minimize these problems, knowledge of thermal gradients and temperature history during manufacture is important. Moreover, to overcome the problem of surface quality and out of tolerance parts a hybrid welding/CNC milling based RP system can be a good option. These problems associated with the use of welding as RP tool needs to be minimized by the proper investigation of the different deposition parameters and process conditions e.g. intermediate machining, deposition patterns, heat sink size, interpass cooling time, preheating and constant control temperatures on the material properties and mechanical behaviors of the finally produced parts. This dissertation presents an analysis based on a numerical and experimental approach for the effects of different deposition and process parameters on welding based rapid prototyping process. The entire work is divided into two main parts. The first part is an experimental comparison of microstructure and material properties of the simple GMAW based layered manufacturing (LM) with the hybrid vi welding/milling based LM process. Material properties were investigated both on a macro and microscopic level. The microstructure for the two deposition procedures were studied and compared. The hardness test results for the two procedures were investigated and the results were studied in the light of the respective microstructures. Tensile test samples were developed and testing was performed to investigate the directional properties in the deposited materials. Reaustenitised and un-reaustenitised regions were found in the entire body of deposition without machining (DWM) while these are confined to the top layer of deposition with intermediate machining (DWIM) changing alternatively across the weld direction with intervals equal to the inter-bead spacing. The central layers of the DWIM deposit comprise only of reaustenitised region varying sequentially in grain size in both longitudinal and perpendicular direction. This sequential variation is in accordance with the inter-bead spacing in the across direction, and with the layer thickness in the perpendicular direction. The hardness results are in good agreement with the variation of the microstructure both for DWIM and DWM. The hardness
values are higher at the top and interface layer while it is comparatively less in the central layers of DWIM samples. However, in DWM samples the hardness values are relatively higher in the top layer only. The correlation for hardness values as related to the tensile strength also holds within normal expectations. The tensile test results show no variation in the yield strengths of samples
produced longitudinal and perpendicular to the deposition direction; however there is a slight difference in elongation. Moreover a sharp yield point was observed in the DWIM samples in contrast to the DWM samples. The second part presents a finite element (FE) based 3D analysis to study the thermal and structural effects of different
deposition parameters and deposition patterns in welding based LM. A commercial finite element software ANSYS is coupled with a user programmed subroutine to implement the welding parameters like Goldak double ellipsoidal heat source, material addition,temperature dependent material properties. The effects of interpass cooling duration were studied and it was found that an intermediate value of interpass time is suitable for a nominal level of deformations and stresses. A similar finding was made from the studies about different weld bead starting temperatures. The studies regarding different boundary conditions revealed that the deformations are least for adiabatic case while isothermal case produced the maximum deformations. Simulations carried out with various deposition sequences revealed that the thermal and
structural effects, on the work piece, are different for different deposition patterns. The sequence starting from outside and ending at the center is identified as the one which produces minimum warpage. The results presented are for deposition by gas metal arc welding but can be applied to other deposition process employing
moving heat source. The parametric results suggest that in order to minimize the harmful effect of residual stresses, proper combination of deposition parameters is essential. Proper selection of deposition patterns, substrate thermal insulation, and nominal interpass cooling / control temperature can reduce the part warpage due to residual stresses


Fault-tolerant distributed algorithms play an important role in many critical/high-availability applications. These algorithms are notoriously difficult to implement correctly, due to asynchronous communication and the occurrence of faults, such as the network dropping messages or computers crashing. We introduce PSync, a domain specific language based on the Heard-Of model, which views asynchronous faulty systems as synchronous ones with an adversarial environment that simulates asynchrony and faults by dropping messages. We define a runtime system for PSync that efficiently executes on asynchronous networks. We formalise the relation between the runtime system and PSync in terms of observational refinement. The high-level lockstep abstraction introduced by PSync simplifies the design and implementation of fault-tolerant distributed algorithms and enables automated formal verification. We have implemented an embedding of PSync in the Scala programming language with a runtime system for partially synchronous networks. We show the applicability of PSync by implementing several important fault-tolerant distributed algorithms and we compare the implementation of consensus algorithms in PSync against implementations in other languages in terms of code size, runtime efficiency, and verification.


Abstract : Hysteresis in smart actuators presents a challenge in control of these actuators. A fundamental idea to cope with hysteresis is inverse compensation. In this paper we study modeling, identification and inverse control of hysteresis in smart actuators through the example of controlling a commercially available magnetostrictive actuator. The (rate-independent) Preisach operator has been used extensively to model the hysteresis in smart actuators. We present efficient inversion algorithms for the Preisach operator that are implementable in real-time. The magnetostrictive hysteresis is rate-dependent at high frequencies. For this we propose a novel dynamic hysteresis model by coupling a Preisach operator to an ordinary differential equation. This model can capture the dynamic and hysteretic behavior of the magnetostrictive actuator, and it provides insight into modeling of rate-dependent hysteresis in other smart materials. The effectiveness of the identification and inverse control schemes is demonstrated through extensive experimental results.


This article examines the roles of economics and politics in U.S. antitrust from several perspectives. It explains why the modern debate over the economic welfare standard that enforcers and courts should pursue is unsatisfying. It connects economics and politics by describing antitrust's economic goals as the product of a mid-20th century political understanding about the nature of economic regulation that has continued in force to this day. To protect that understanding, it explains, antitrust rules should now be implemented using a qualified consumer welfare standard. The article also identifies contemporary political tensions that threaten to create regulatory gridlock, or even to undermine the political understanding, and uses that framework to sketch several possible futures for competition policy. The article concludes with a comment on the indispensable role of economics in shaping and applying modern antitrust.


Background In the past century, maternal support during childbirth has been changed according to the different approaches suggested by various health care paradigms. Objective The aim of this review was to argue the maternity supportive care paradigms of the past century and to closely analyze each paradigm. Methods This is a historical review, in which published articles were retrieved from databases including Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar. Sage Journals and Springer's publications were also searched due to the high citation rate of their articles. The keywords entered were "Labor support", "Normal delivery", "Birth attendance", "Supportive approaches", "Health care paradigms", and "Midwifery models of care". They were entered alone or in combinations using "AND". Also, Persian articles were searched in local databases including Irandoc, SID, IranMedex, and Magiran using the above-mentioned keywords in Persian. Sixty articles met inclusion criteria. Results The review revealed four main themes including the definitions of continuous labor support, the technocratic paradigm, the humanistic paradigm and the naturalistic paradigm as models of labor support. According to the evidence, labor support has changed from technocratic to humanistic and holistic approaches, which in turn, caused some changes in midwifery models of care used by midwives in the practice. Conclusion Labor support based on the holistic approaches and the naturalistic paradigms could bring about remarkable outcomes, the most important being satisfied with the birth experience, increased mother's self-confidence, enhanced mother's ability in childbirth and better completion of the childbirth process.


The Nomarksi differential interference contrast microscope is examined as a tool for determination of metallic mirror surface topography. This discussion includes the development of an optical model for the Nomarski system, an examination of the key results of the model's application to sloped sample surfaces, and recommended procedures for implementation. The functional relationship is developed between image intensity and the component of surface slope along the Nomarski shear direction, the fixed parameters in the Nimarksi system, and the adjustable phase shifts related to Nomarski prism position. Equations are also developed to allow the determination of surface slope from relative image intensity when sample reflectively is uniform and slopes are small.


New novelnderivatives of 1-( ( 1 (piperidine-1-yl-methyl) /(morpholinomethyl) / (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl-methyl )-6- nitro- 1H-benzo [d] imidazol-2-yl ) methyl -6-(4-substituted phenoxy)-4,8-dihydro-1H-[1,3,2] dioxaphosphepino [5,6-d] imidazole-6-oxide (9a-h) were prepared by condensation of 4-substituted of phenyl phosphorodichloridates (8a-f) with 1-((1- (piperidin-1-ylmethyl) / (morpholinomethyl) / (4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-6-nitro-1Hbenzo[ d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl) 1H-imidazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol(7a-c). The synthons (7a-c) was obtained by deprotection of isopropylidene of 6,6-dimethyl-1-((6-nitro-1-((1-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl) / (morpholinomethyl) / (4- methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-4,8-dihydro-1H-[1,3]-dioxepino [5,6-d] imidazole (6a-c). The synthons (6a-c) was obtained by the reaction of mannich reaction of 6,6-dimethyl-1-( ( 6-nitro-1H-benzo [d] imidazol-2-yl ) methyl ) -4,8-dihydro - 1H - [1,3] - dioxepino[5,6-d] imidazole (5) with secondary heterocyclic amines and formaldehyde in DMF. The synthon (5) was obtained by the condensation of 2-(6,6-dimethyl-4,8- dihydro-1H-[1,3] dioxepino [5,6-d] imidazole-1-yl) acetic acid (3) with 4-nitro benzene 1,2-diamine(4).


The fundamental equation of mineral production
allows to model and design the dynamics of mineral production, however complex
they are or could be. It considers not only the case of a constant production
to reserves ratio for given intervals of time, but with a piecewise approach, it
is also enabled to account the variation on time of this ratio. With a constant
production to reserves ratio, the limit expression of the fundamental equation
takes the form of an Erlang distribution with a fixed shape parameter. The rate
parameter equals the scale factor. The discrete piecewise version, instead of
considering the reserves and the production to reserves ratio being constant
through certain intervals of time, updates both variables by units of time. This
version, using either lineal or non lineal functions for the variables involved,
let to model known production profiles or to forecast them by experimental
design. The Hubbert's linearization updated with recent data and the p-box
method applied to determine ultimate recovery of U.S. crude oil reserves
indicate official accounts underestimate them. The analysis of the ideal model
of production based on Hubbert's linearization and curve, can be made by decomposing
it in the distribution with time of the reserves and of the production to
reserves ratio. The distribution of reserves with time is synchronized for both
the ideal Hubbert's curve and real profiles, disregarding whether they match or
not. The departure of real profiles from the ideal Hubbert's curve lies on the
differences or correspondences of the distribution with time of the production
to reserves ratio. The MonteCarlo simulation applied to forecast US crude oil
production for the next five years points to a slow decline, with average annual
yields presenting a difference lower than 10% between the start and the end of
the simulation.


Contrary to the popular notion that the advancing frontier of urban development has been swallowing and destroying natural ecosystems we present evidence that the sprawl of cities creates ample open space in peri-urban areas. Traditional view of city–nature dichotomy and clear spatial separation should be substituted by a vision that reflects the complex spatial dynamics of city–rural–natural fabric with extended areas of overlap among them. We present a survey of the relevant research concerning urban and ecological systems spatial dynamics and conclude that nonregular, leapfrogging spatial expansion, characteristic of the majority of the modern western cities, may buffer between urban and intensively cultivated agricultural areas and counter their impacts on natural ecosystems. The wealthy sprawling suburbs provide essential habitats for native species and ensure their survival.


No nineteenth-century composer had more diverse ties to his contemporary world than Franz Liszt (1811-1886). At various points in his life he made his home in Vienna, Paris, Weimar, Rome, and Budapest. In his roles as keyboard virtuoso, conductor, master teacher, and abbe, he reinvented the concert experience, advanced a progressive agenda for symphonic and dramatic music, rethought the possibilities of church music and the oratorio, and transmitted the foundations of modern pianism. The essays brought together in Franz Liszt and His World advance our understanding of the composer with fresh perspectives and an emphasis on historical contexts. Rainer Kleinertz examines Wagner's enthusiasm for Liszt's symphonic poem Orpheus; Christopher Gibbs discusses Liszt's pathbreaking Viennese concerts of 1838; Dana Gooley assesses Liszt against the backdrop of antivirtuosity polemics; Ryan Minor investigates two cantatas written in honor of Beethoven; Anna Celenza offers new insights about Liszt's experience of Italy; Susan Youens shows how Liszt's songs engage with the modernity of Heinrich Heine's poems; James Deaville looks at how publishers sustained Liszt's popularity; and Leon Botstein explores Liszt's role in the transformation of nineteenth-century preoccupations regarding religion, the nation, and art. Franz Liszt and His World also includes key biographical and critical documents from Liszt's lifetime, which open new windows on how Liszt was viewed by his contemporaries and how he wished to be viewed by posterity. Introductions to and commentaries on these documents are provided by Peter Bloom, Jose Bowen, James Deaville, Allan Keiler, Rainer Kleinertz, Ralph Locke, Rena Charnin Mueller, and Benjamin Walton.


This paper proposes a 40Gbit/s-class-λ-tunable WDM/TDM-PON for flexible photonic aggregation networks that achieves the aggregation of a large number of users using the DWBA algorithm without an L2-SW. It also clarifies the scalability of the proposed system in terms of the transmission distance and the number of users. A λ-switching transmission experiment was conducted using a newly developed 10Gbit/s x 4λ selectable B-Tx and 4 x 4 cyclic AWG router.


Child nutrition has become a well accepted marker of a population's health. Consequently, in the past decades it has been common for health surveys to collect anthropometric measurements of children. Cross sectional data including that of demographic health surveys, therefore, provides a framework for analysis of progress in health of children in the developing world. Using data from the Zimbabwe Demographic Health Surveys (ZDHS) of 1988, 1994 and 1999, this dissertation describes the levels, patterns of distribution, and the changes in determinants of child malnutrition in Zimbabwe between 1988 and 1999. The study employed complimentary methodology by using both the quantitative as well as the qualitative data. Standardized anthropometric measures (weight and height/length of children 3-35 months) from ZDHS were converted into the three indices (weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age) to measure patterns of child malnutrition using the Epi-Info software. In addition, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and regression models in the three cross-sectional data sets. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the effects of independent variables for child malnutrition in the year 1988, 1994 and 1999. The qualitative methodology was used to compliment and fill the gaps from the quantitative data. Focus group discussion indepth interviews were held with community stakeholders in two regions in Zimbabwe. It was observed that malnutrition patterns in Zimbabwe has slightly decreased between 1988 and 1994 before rising again in 1999 based on the current World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Stunting and underweight are more significant forms of malnutrition in Zimbabwe in all the survey years. The education of mothers, child age, had highly significant effects on the nutritional status of children, while other independent variable had varying significance over the years. Factors such as child's age, mother's education, and sources of water, and toilet facilities are important in explaining child malnutrition in Zimbabwe over the past years. The analysis of anthropometric data from demographic health surveys contributes a useful approach to evaluate and inform child health policy and interventions in the developing countries. The results also demonstrates how the second round and third round assessment of Demographic Health Survey anthropometry can add some advantages oflongitudinal measurement to the cross sectional datasets.


We analyze optimal patent design when innovators can rely on secrecy to protect their innovations. Secrecy has no fixed term but does not preclude accidental disclosure nor independent creation by other inventors. We derive the optimal scope of the rights conferred to such second inventors, showing that if the patent life is set optimally, second inventors should be allowed to patent and to exclude first inventors who have relied on secrecy. We then identify conditions under which it is socially desirable to increase patent life as much as is necessary to induce first inventors to patent. The circumstances in which it is preferable that they rely on secrecy seem rather limited.


The global economic downturn of 2008 and the financial and ongoing fiscal crisis in the eurozone have proved to be extremely painful for newer EU Member States Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. At the same time, however, the crises have revealed some significant differences between these three small, seemingly homogenous countries, and especially in the effectiveness of their anti-crisis policies. The diverse results of these policies were shaped in several respects by internal factors, such as the sensitivity of their economies to foreign markets or the different response times of the governments to the first signs of the economic downturn as well as the socio-political background at the time of the crisis. However, the Baltics have indeed learnt lessons, as each one implemented austerity-style policies. Since 2011, economic growth has accelerated in all of the Baltic States, and their struggle with the crisis already seems to be a unique success story that affects regional cooperation as well as relations with Russia.


Rash and other cutaneous adverse events are class-effect toxicities seen with therapeutic agents such as the small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib and monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the treatment of cancer. Rash has been reported in approximately two thirds of patients treated with these agents in phase II/III clinical trials in different tumor types. The rash that occurs with EGFR-targeted agents is generally mild to moderate; severe (grade 3/4) rash is rare (< 15% in non-small-cell lung carcinoma trials). In a number of clinical trials, the association of the incidence and severity of rash with response and survival after treatment with erlotinib or gefitinib has been analyzed. Although the significance of the association is yet to be determined, in most studies, a positive correlation between rash and clinical outcomes with EGFR-targeted therapy has been demonstrated. Therefore, the potential of using rash as a surrogate marker for efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer therapy exists and needs to be further explored. This article provides a review of the data evaluating the association between rash and treatment outcomes and summarizes the current knowledge regarding the significance of this association. Understanding the biology/etiology of the rash resulting from EGFR inhibitors and assessing its correlation with treatment outcomes in large, prospective trials will help define the role of rash as a surrogate marker for efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy.


While cultural critics and historians have demonstrated that print culture was an essential tool in the development of national, regional, and local communal identities in Latin América, the role of oral culture, as a topic of inquiry and a source itself, has been more fraught. Printed and hand-written texts often leave behind tangible archival evidence of their existence, but it can be more difficult to trace the role of oral culture in the development of such identities. Historically, Western society has deeply undervalued oral cultures, especially those practiced or created by non-Westerners and non-elites. Even before the arrival of the first printing presses to the Americas, starting with the very first encounters between Spaniards and indigenous peoples in the Americas in the late-15th and early-16th centuries, European conquerors understood and portrayed European alphabetic written script as a more legitimate, and therefore more valuable, form of history and knowledge-making than oral forms. Those cultures without alphabetic writing were deemed barbaric, according to this logic. Despite its undervaluation, oral culture was one of the principal ways in which vast numbers of Latinas/os were exposed to, engaged with, and exchanged ideas about politics, religion, social change, and local and regional community identity during the colonial period. In particular, oral culture often offers the perspective of underrepresented voices, such as those of peasants, indigenous communities, afro-Latinas/os, women, and the urban poor, in Latina/o historical, literary, and cultural studies. During the colonial period especially, many of these communities often did not produce their own European script writing or find their perspectives and experiences illuminated in the writings of the letrados, or lettered elites, and their voices thus remain largely excluded from the print archive. Studies of oral culture offer a corrective to this omission, since it was through oral cultural practices that many of these communities engaged with, contested, and redefined the public discourses of their day.
 Oral culture in the colonial period comprised a broad range of rich cultural and artistic practices, including music, various types of poetry and balladry, oral history, legend, performance, religious rituals, ceremonies, festivals, and much more. These practices served as a way to remember and share ideas, values, and experiences both intraculturally and interculturally, as well as across generations. Oral culture also changes how the impact of print culture is understood, since written texts were often disseminated to the masses through oral practices. In the missions of California and the present-day US Southwest, for example, religious plays served as one of the major vehicles for the forced education and indoctrination of indigenous communities during the colonial period. To understand such a play, it is important to consider not just the printed text but also the performance of the play, as well as the ways in which the audience understands and engages with the play and its religious teachings. The study of oral culture in the Latina/o context, therefore, includes an examination of how literate, illiterate, and semi-literate Latinas/os have engaged with, resisted, or repurposed various written forms, such as poetry, letters, theater, testimonios, juridical documents, broadsides, political treatises, religious texts, and the sermon, through oral cultural practices and with various objectives in mind. Oral culture, in all of its many forms, has thus served as an important means for the circulation of knowledge and the expression of diverse world views for Latinas/os throughout the colonial period and into the 21st century.


The free and open source software movement, from its origins in hacker culture, through the development of GNU and Linux, to its commercial use today. In the 1980s, there was a revolution with far-reaching consequences-a revolution to restore software freedom. In the early 1980s, after decades of making source code available with programs, most programmers ceased sharing code freely. A band of revolutionaries, self-described "hackers," challenged this new norm by building operating systems with source code that could be freely shared. In For Fun and Profit, Christopher Tozzi offers an account of the free and open source software (FOSS) revolution, from its origins as an obscure, marginal effort by a small group of programmers to the widespread commercial use of open source software today. Tozzi explains FOSS's historical trajectory, shaped by eccentric personalities-including Richard Stallman and Linus Torvalds-and driven both by ideology and pragmatism, by fun and profit. Tozzi examines hacker culture and its influence on the Unix operating system, the reaction to Unix's commercialization, and the history of early Linux development. He describes the commercial boom that followed, when companies invested billions of dollars in products using FOSS operating systems; the subsequent tensions within the FOSS movement; and the battles with closed source software companies (especially Microsoft) that saw FOSS as a threat. Finally, Tozzi describes FOSS's current dominance in embedded computing, mobile devices, and the cloud, as well as its cultural and intellectual influence.


Study design: Systematic review Objectives: Understand the typical presentation, risk factors, location, size, treatment and outcome of spontaneous spinal epidural haematomas (SSEH). Methods: Systematic review of the English literature from 1 January 1960 to 1 March 2018. Individual patient data was extracted and collated. Outcome measures were mode of presentation, risk factors, initial neurological findings, presumed diagnosis, diagnostic investigations, site and size of the SSEH, treatment, neurological recovery and survival. Results: 160 publications (254 patients) were reviewed. Most patients (98%) presented with back pain and radicular pain. Pregnancy was common in those aged under 40years (24%), whereas anticoagulation therapy (30%) and hypertension (30%) was common in those aged 50-80years. Most patients present with neurological dysfunction. 15% were initially suspected of having an alternative diagnosis, including 7.5% who were suspected of ischaemia for which anti-coagulation therapy was either planned or given. MRI and/or CT myelogram was performed in 98% of cases. The mid-cervical spine and cervico-thoracic junction were most commonly affected and the average haematoma size extended across 5.4 vertebral levels. Most patients underwent surgical decompression (76%) and most improved their neurological function (85%). Conclusions: SSEH affects all age groups and presents with variable neurological signs sometimes mimicking cerebral or cardiac ischaemia. Cross-sectional spinal imaging with MRI or CT is diagnostic and avoids inappropriate anticoagulation therapy. Most SSEHs are located in the mid-cervical spine and cervico-thoracic junction and affect multiple spinal levels. Surgical intervention is not always indicated, but with appropriate management most patients will improve or resolve their neurological deficit.


We examine thousands of U.S. private equity (PE) buyouts from 1980 to 2013, a period that saw huge swings in credit market tightness and GDP growth. Our results show striking, systematic differences in the real-side effects of PE buyouts, depending on buyout type and external conditions. Employment at target firms shrinks 13% over two years in buyouts of publicly listed firms but expands 13% in buyouts of privately held firms, both relative to contemporaneous outcomes at control firms. Labor productivity rises 8% at targets over two years post buyout (again, relative to controls), with large gains for both public-to-private and private-to-private buyouts. Target productivity gains are larger yet for deals executed amidst tight credit conditions. A post-buyout widening of credit spreads or slowdown in GDP growth lowers employment growth at targets and sharply curtails productivity gains in public-to-private and divisional buyouts. Average earnings per worker fall by 1.7% at target firms after buyouts, largely erasing a pre-buyout wage premium relative to controls. Wage effects are also heterogeneous. In these and other respects, the economic effects of private equity vary greatly by buyout type and with external conditions.


Background: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal accumulation of pathogenic isoform the prion protein, which induces the formation of conglomerates protein resistant to degradation. They are also responsible for synaptic dysfunction, neuronal damage and the classic symptoms of disease. This membrane protein is encoded by exon 2 of the gene PRNP, located on the short arm of chromosome 20 and appears to be involved in synaptic transmission, signal transduction, the antioxidant activity of the superoxid dismutasa, neuroplasticity and cell survival. One polymorphism at codon 129 is associated with differential susceptibility to disease sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Aim: Clinical, pathological and molecular report on an 58 year-old woman with pathological diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob sporadic disease. Methods and results. The clinic course appears with a behavior depressive disorder with progressive dementia and symptoms. At the end of the disease, the scenario progressed to a neurological deficit focused on the visual area. The MRI showed nonspecific hyperintensity in cortico-subcortical nucleus in the striatum, the EEG showed patterns of recurrent generalized discharges and complex three-phase, the brain biopsy post-morten showed severe loss of the neuronal population in all the layers, vacuoles in the neuropil, in the neuronal soma and the glial. The analysis of sequence of the gene PRNP identified homozygotes for methionine at codon 129. The patient died at 3 months of the onset of symptoms. Conclusions: Epidemiology, clinical course and paraclinical examinations confirmed the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob sporadic. The genotyping for polymorphisms of risk becomes useful tool to complement through molecular diagnosis and to deepen the understanding of the pathophysiology of CreutzfeldtJakob disease, both for sporadic forms and for the new variant.


Two perceptions dominate discussions of the topic of this essay. (1) On the one hand, it is widely said that the need for an ecumenical discussion of ethics and ethical questions is ever more important, both because of the need for the church to give a common moral witness and because of the appearance of new, potentially church-dividing or communion-hindering ethical disputes between and within the churches. (2) On the other hand, laments are common that ecumenical dialogues, mired down in arguments over classical dogmatic differences, have generally failed to take up ethical matters. (3) The first perception is all too accurate. The churches certainly do need to give a common moral witness. The 2008 American presidential election demonstrated the divisive potential of differences between churches over ethics. Many of us, myself included, have been pulled into difficult conversations about the continuing unity or lack thereof of our denominations as they are ripped apart by disagreements on sexual ethics. The second perception, however, that ecumenical dialogues have neglected ethical matters, is less accurate. As the list of dialogues that have addressed ethical matters shows (see appendices to this essay), a wide range of dialogues have taken up the nature of Christian ethics, the place of ethics in the unity of the church, and specific moral questions, and they have done so steadily since the 1960's. The literature is far more extensive than I had anticipated. The list is, I will grant, somewhat misleading, in that many dialogues have taken up ethical matters only in passing. Nevertheless, we should remember that, when the current wave of ecumenical dialogues began to gain momentum in the 1960's, ethical differences were rarely seen as church-dividing. We should not be surprised that dialogues have given more attention to such matters as baptism, eucharist, and ministry, whose role in division is manifest, than to ethical questions whose divisive potential is only now becoming evident. In this essay I will survey and briefly analyze the discussions of ethics in ecumenical dialogues. To do so in a text of this length means that I must often handle matters quickly that deserve greater attention and will not be able to present the full range of supporting citations. Much of the presentation will be simply descriptive, which I hope will be informative. 1 will end with some comments on to the general question of differences over ethics as church-dividing matters. I must first, however, delimit the topic. Defining "ethics" is an elusive task. Is the distinct field of "ethics" a modern invention, perhaps bound up with unique aspects of modernity? (4) Even if that is true, some distinction between fides et mores is ancient in the church, and the distinction between the ceremonial, the governmental, and the moral law of the Hebrew Scriptures was important for its appropriation by the early church. (5) I will make a commonsense (but utterly circular) discrimination that ethical matters are those where judgments of ethical right or wrong or ethical obligation are paramount. Ethical matters cannot be separated strictly from others, however. In ecumenical discussions of divorce and remarriage, the ethical and sacramental are inextricably intertwined. In this essay, I will focus only on the ethical side of such questions. A decision must also be made about the other half of my title: "ecumenical dialogues." I will focus only on official dialogues between the churches and thus will not discuss Evangelicals and Catholics Together, admittedly an important example of dialogue on ethical questions, nor the work of such others as the Groupe des Dombes. I will take up multilateral dialogues (for example, by the Faith and Order Commission of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.) when these have the character of a dialogue, that is, an encounter of the churches on an ethical question. …


We report on a 4-year progression-free survival of a 54-year-old female first diagnosed in December 2007 with advanced bilateral ovarian cancer FIGO IIIc, disseminated peritoneal carcinosis and malignant diaphragm invasion. Treatment started in January 2008 with 6 cycles of Taxol 175 mg/m2/carboplatin AUC 5 in 3-week intervals. Twenty-four hours following each chemotherapy session, fever-range long-duration whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) was performed at the temperature plateau of 40°C body core temperature for 6 h. Three months after completion of chemotherapy, 4 more long-duration WBH procedures were performed in monthly intervals. Importantly, long-duration WBH was paralleled with intradermal vaccination of autologous dendritic cells. No other treatment was given to the patient. Four years following the first diagnosis, the patient is still in complete remission with no evidence of disease.


Local food producers are often advised to collaborate with other local food producers to jointly participate in marketing and sales activities. Local food producers are often small and must operate many different activities to run their company, so the idea to collaborate may help them to become more efficient. We explore the role of marketing in local food networks through an analysis of marketing strategies and marketing mix in six local food networks in central Norway. When producers participate in food networks, they disconnect from direct relationships with their consumers. The value of this relationship must be considered in addition to costs related to sales and distribution in the network. The networks rely on regional products and regional branding as the main marketing strategy and promote local and localized products.


The emergence and spread of infectious disease are a major issue associated with environmental change. Contributing to this is the effect climate variability and change may play in altering disease risk. The aims of this study were to investigate the association between climate and infectious diseases in humans throughout New Zealand from 1997 2007, then use the identified associations to project the burden of disease in 2015, 2040 and 2090 with respect to future climate change scenarios. The four infectious diseases selected and investigated were campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, influenza hospitalisations and meningococcal disease. The association of weather variables and other confounders with the incidence risk (IR) of disease were explored using a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model, indicating that weather variables were significantly associated with disease risk. These results, along with expert opinion on epidemiological plausibility, were used to select confounders for the past association models. Climate variation was associated with the IR of campylobacteriosis and cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand from 1997 2007. Campylobacteriosis notifications were found to be positively associated with the weekly absolute humidity. Additionally, campylobacteriosis notification risk factors were increasing beef and dairy density, intermediate and poor drinking water quality, being over 65 years of age and identifying with Pacific Island or Asian ethnicity. Protective factors were being less than 4 years of age and identifying with Maori ethnicity. Cryptosporidiosis notifications were found to be positively associated with the weekly average temperature and negatively associated with the weekly average rainfall. Risk factors for cryptosporidiosis notifications were poor drinking water quality, being less than 4 years of age and living in rural areas. Protective factors were identifying with Maori ethnicity and unknown drinking water quality. Influenza hospitalisations and meningococcal disease notifications were not significantly associated with past climate variation. Identifying with Maori ethnicity was found to be a risk factor for influenza hospitalisations, with no protective factors identified. Risk factors for meningococcal disease notifications were an increasing social deprivation index (SDI) score,


We detail an algorithm that transforms any higher order hidden Markov model (HMM) to an equivalent first order HMM. This makes it possible to process higher order HMMs with standard techniques applicable to first order models. Based on this equivalence, a fast incremental algorithm is developed for training higher order HMMs from lower order approximations, thereby avoiding the training of redundant parameters. This makes training of high order HMMs practical for many applications.


The numerical integration of the heat diffusion equation applied to the Bi/Si-heterosystem is presented for times larger than the characteristic time of electron-phonon coupling. By comparing the numerical results to experimental data, it is shown that the thermal boundary resistance of the interface can be directly determined from the characteristic decay time of the observed surface cooling, and an elaborate simulation of the temporal surface temperature evolution can be omitted. Additionally, the numerical solution shows that the substrate temperature only negligibly varies with time and can be considered constant. In this case, an analytical solution can be found. A thorough examination of the analytical solution shows that the surface cooling behavior strongly depends on the initial temperature distribution which can be used to study energy transport properties at short delays after the excitation.


The monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) undergoes side reactions in the presence of R group functional xanthates and impurities. The fate of the monomer NVP and a selection of six O-ethyl xanthates during xanthate-mediated polymerization were studied via NMR spectroscopy. A high number of by-products were identified. Significant side reactions affecting NVP include the formation of an unsaturated dimer and hydration products in bulk or in solution in C6D6. In addition, the xanthate adjacent to a NVP unit was found to undergo elimination at moderate temperature (60-70 °C), resulting in unsaturated species and the formation of new xanthate species. The presence of the chlorinated compound -chlorophenyl acetic acid, ethyl ester, a precursor in the synthesis of the xanthate S-(2-ethyl phenylacetate) O-ethyl xanthate, resulted in a dramatic increase in the rate of side reactions such as unsaturated dimer formation and a high ratio of unsaturated chain ends. The conditions for the occurrence of such side reactions are discussed in this article, with relevance to increasing the control over the polymerization kinetics, endgroup functionality, and control over the molar mass distribution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals,


Poster presented at the Cranfield Doctoral Network Annual Event 2018.Developments in Carbon Dioxide Compression and Purication Unit (CPU) for Oxyfuel Combustion Power Plant. Oxyfuel combustion technology as one of three major carbon capture technologies, which has been largely investigated from bench scale to demonstration scale. The difference of carbon dioxide gas quality in oxyfuel combustion technology which require additional process with high cost and energy penalty than that of pre- and post-combustion capture technology. In this work, previous work from the oxyfuel combustion demonstration projects and industrial technologies of CPU led by Air Products, Air Liquide, Linde and Praxair have been reviewed. A novel concept that using wet ozone direct oxidation absorption for simultaneous removal SOx and NOx for CPU has been proposed and validated in Aspen Plus. The results indicated that 99% NO, 90% NO2 and nearly 100% of SO2 was removed at pH 11 before compression and the purity of product CO2 can achieve 99.7%. Comparison with the previous technologies, this method achieve high purity of product CO2 with simplified process and can realize the negative emission in oxyfuel combustion power plant.


The transfer of knowledge from research and academic communities to clinical practice presents an enormous challenge. This is particularly true for when attempting to convey the clinical relevance and implications of laboratory-based research. A landmark consensus workshop was staged in Europe (La Granja, Spain, November 2012) jointly by the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Interpretation of high-throughput genomics data based on biological pathways constitutes a constant challenge, partly because of the lack of supporting pathway database. In this study, we created a functional genomics knowledgebase in mouse, which includes 33,261 pathways and gene sets compiled from 40 sources such as Gene Ontology, KEGG, GeneSetDB, PANTHER, microRNA and transcription factor target genes, etc. In addition, we also manually collected and curated 8,747 lists of differentially expressed genes from 2,526 published gene expression studies to enable the detection of similarity to previously reported gene expression signatures. These two types of data constitute a Gene Set Knowledgebase (GSKB), which can be readily used by various pathway analysis software such as gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Using our knowledgebase, we were able to detect the correct microRNA (miR-29) pathway that was suppressed using antisense oligonucleotides and confirmed its role in inhibiting fibrogenesis, which might involve upregulation of transcription factor SMAD3. The knowledgebase can be queried as a source of published gene lists for further meta-analysis. Through meta-analysis of 56 published gene lists related to retina cells, we revealed two fundamentally different types of gene expression changes. One is related to stress and inflammatory response blamed for causing blindness in many diseases; the other associated with visual perception by normal retina cells. GSKB is available online at http://ge-lab.org/gs/, and also as a Bioconductor package (gskb, https://bioconductor.org/packages/gskb/). This database enables in-depth interpretation of mouse genomics data both in terms of known pathways and the context of thousands of published expression signatures.