This article explores the differences between "social capital" and "network capital", which are used in the context of network reflection. It is emphasized, that both capitals are interpretative variables and can be seen differently, depending on a semantic context. Every social structure implies branched social relations. That is why methodological tools of network approach are "convenient" for the study of social capital. In its core we find nuances of the interpretation of social capital. They depend not only on the nature of network actors but also on the researcher's focus, on the network connections configuration or their content. Regardless of the course of the research, social capital is necessary for understanding social networks and social processes and is a result of said processes. As regards network capital, it can be defined as a form of social capital giving access to resources through interpersonal relationships (relational dimension). Defining characteristics of such relationships are trust and mutuality. However, the semantic emphasis can be transferred from the nature of relations to their modern support technologies. And so network capital appears as a measure of the value of communications maintained through telecommunication channels. The extreme position to social and network capitals suggests that social capital should be removed from the network approach and be completely replaced by the network capital. Otherwise, science denies other social forms of capital with their social characteristics. The author pays special attention to the ways of studying social networks using the theoretical capabilities of network capital in all its interpretations. The standpoint of its disregard, individualistic, and group approaches are highlighted.


This article describes the Modified Circle process and its potential for increasing criminal desistance with the aim of influencing corrections programs to use the process. A Modified Restorative Circle is a group process for an incarcerated individual to plan for meeting his or her needs for a successful reintegration back into the community. The process is similar to the Restorative Circle process except no loved ones participate during the Modified Circle, which other incarcerated people attend instead. The process is solution‐focused and promotes desistance from crime for both the individual having the Modified Circle and the participating incarcerated people. Qualitative evidence shows the process successfully assists incarcerated people in rescripting their life stories; assists them in developing plans for reconciling with loved ones and the community; and helps them find ways to meet their other needs for a positive life and successful reintegration.


Nowadays, robots are programmed with a mix of discrete and continuous low level behaviors by experts in a very time consuming and expensive process. Existing automated planning approaches are either based on hybrid model predictive control techniques, which do not scale well due to time discretization, or temporal planners, which sacrifice plan expressivity by only supporting discretized fixed rates of change in continuous effects. We introduce Scotty, a mixed discrete-continuous generative planner that finds the middle ground between these two. Scotty can reason with linear time evolving effects whose behaviors can be modified by bounded control variables, with no discretization involved. Our planner exploits the expressivity of flow tubes, which compactly encapsulate continuous effects, and the performance of heuristic forward search. The generated solution plans are better suited for robust execution, as executives can use the flexibility in both time and continuous control variables to react to disturbances.


We take you on the journey from continuous equations to their discrete matrix representations using the finite-volume method for the direct current (DC) resistivity problem. These techniques are widely applicable across geophysical simulation types and have their parallels in finite element and finite difference. We show derivations visually, as you would on a whiteboard, and have provided an accompanying notebook at http://github.com/seg to explore the numerical results using SimPEG (Cockett et al., 2015).


When considering implementing educational change there are three important questions that must be addressed, regardless of what the proposed change may be. First, we must reflect on why change is needed and have a clear understanding of the issue. Then we must investigate the most appropriate innovation for addressing the identified problem and finally we must consider the actual process of change itself. The purpose of this paper is to examine each of these questions through the lens of system-wide assessment reform; exploring how a more future-focused rendition of an ePortfolio can provide an innovative answer to the challenges facing current assessment practice in senior secondary compulsory education.


STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to explore the relationship between dementia, impairment of mobility, and incontinence and the implications for management. DESIGN--The study was a survey of a sample population drawn from a general practice register. SETTING--A large general practice serving the entire population of Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK. PARTICIPANTS--Of 1329 persons aged 75 or over, 1203 (90%) took part in the survey. Of non-responders, refusers accounted for 5%, deaths 4%, and failure to trace 1%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--12% of the population complained of incontinence. No more than 24% of these cases were demented. Dementia and isolated locomotor problems were significantly associated with presence of incontinence, but 31% of cases were completely free of either problem. A minimum estimate of 56% of cases of incontinence were considered to be due to local physical disorders of the bladder. CONCLUSIONS--A search for local disorders causing incontinence is important, and more attention should be paid to the management of locomotor problems and possibly depression in the relief of incontinence.


This report synthesises Young Lives research into the role of education in the lives of children growing up in diverse contexts and draws on evidence about the effectiveness of school systems in delivering positive outcomes for all children and combatting the effects of child poverty; but also, the respects in which school systems may fail to ensure quality learning for all and may be reinforcing poverty-linked inequalities.

Our starting point for this report is the key challenge for 21st century education systems, which we summarise as 'delivering on every child's right to basic skills'.


Tajikistan teeters on the brink of failure. This mountainous and landlocked country, the poorest in Central Asia, confronts the challenges of good governance and economic survival. These domestic struggles become even more problematic as international forces prepare to withdraw from neighbouring Afghanistan, leaving Central Asian countries to ensure regional stability. In Tajikistan's Difficult Development Path , Martha Brill Olcott traces the political, economic, and social change following the country's independence and international efforts to avert state collapse. The Tajik government's commitment to reform has been inconsistent, and substantial foreign assistance provided since the end of the country's civil war has not led to the desired economic and political development. Olcott concludes that the Tajik leadership faces a serious dilemma: fully embrace reform or continue moving toward state failure. Tajikistan's decision will have very real implications for this troubled region.


This paper extends the baseline framework used in recent quantitative studies of sovereign default by assuming that the government can borrow using long-duration bonds. This contrasts with previous studies, which assume the government can borrow using bonds that mature after one quarter. We show that, when we assume that the government issues bonds with a duration similar to the average duration of sovereign bonds in emerging economies, the model generates an interest rate that is substantially higher and more volatile than the one obtained assuming one-quarter bonds. This narrows the gap between the predictions of the model and the data, which indicates that the introduction of long-duration bonds may be a useful tool for future research about emerging economies. Our analysis is also relevant for the study of other credit markets.


Abstract High density Fe3Al was produced through transient liquid phase sintering, using rapid heating rates of greater than 150 K min-1 and a mixture of prealloyed and elemental powders. Prealloyed Fe2Al5/FeAl2 (50Fe/50Al, wt-%) powder was added to elemental iron powder in a ratio appropriate for producing an overall Fe3Al (13·87 wt-%) ratio. The heating rate, sintering time, sintering temperature, green density and powder particle size were controlled during the study. Heating rate, sintering time and powder particle size had the most significant influence upon the sintered density of the compacts. The highest sintered density of 6·12 Mg m-3 (92% of the theoretical density for Fe3Al) was achieved after 15 minutes of sintering at 1350°C, using a 250 K min- 1 heating rate, 1-6 μm Fe powders and 5·66 μm alloy powders. SEM microscopy suggests that agglomerated Fe2Al5/ FeAl2 particles, which form a liquid during sintering, are responsible for a significant portion of the remaining porosity in high sintered density compacts, creating stable pores, larger than 100 μm diameter, after melting. High density was achieved by minimising the Kirkendall porosity formed during heating by unbalanced diffusion and solubility between the iron and Fe2Al5/FeAl2 components. The lower diffusion rate of aluminium in the prealloyed powder into the iron compared with elemental aluminium in iron, coupled with a fast heating rate, is expected to permit minimal iron-aluminium interdiffusion during heating so that when a liquid forms the aluminium dissolves in the iron to promote solidification at a lower aluminium content. This leads to a further reduction in porosity.


We report on the effect of the substrate temperature on the growth dynamics and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 epitaxial films on Nb:SrTiO3 (001) substrates. By real-time reflection high energy electron diffraction analysis, we quantitatively estimated the adatoms surface diffusivity as a function of temperature. The increase of the substrate temperature promotes surface diffusion, which reflects in the improvement of BaTiO3 ferroelectric properties up to 680 °C. Above this temperature, Ba re-evaporation occurs, leading to a rapid deterioration of the dielectric and ferroelectric properties. This work shed light on thermally activated physical mechanisms which determine the ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3 films.


Johannes Grave, Der "ideale Kunstkorper": Johann Wolfgang Goethe als Sammler von Druckgraphiken und Zeichnungen. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006. 648 pp. This investigation by Johannes Grave of Goethe as a collector of graphic art and drawings is the author's revised 2004 Jena doctoral dissertation. In his introduction Grave cites from a diary note the phrase "Nicht von der Kunst in abstracto," written by Goethe on his return from Italy to Weimar in 1788, which, according to Grave, serves as Goethe's motto for his art collection. One should not write about art in abstract terms and, as Goethe added, especially without reference to artworks. Except the years 1786-88, during which Goethe intensely studied treatises on architecture, he consciously avoided reading any art-theoretical treatises and he tried, as Grave shows at length, to base all of his comments on his own personal observations and experiences with the visual. Grave draws from Manfred Sommer's insight that collections of art are "Refugien der Sinnlichkeit" and considers them the last sanctuaries where residues of unspoiled sense perceptions can be located. Goethe's vast collections of graphic prints and drawings allow a glimpse into his own practices as a collector and offer something which helps to position him not via his words but his actions. Whereas most studies on Goethe's collections of artworks use them merely as secondary factors or "Belege" in order to document a certain idea, Grave focuses his readers' attention first and foremost on the physical collections themselves rather than engaging with ideas or ideals. Since Grave believes that Goethe did not base his art collections on any logical premises that can be drawn from his writings (a statement one is tempted to question, especially considering the Propylaen project) and since Grave does not want to impose any theoretical matrix on his study of Goethe's art-collecting activities, he embarks on a daring undertaking in trying to construct a theory retrospectively through an analysis of what Goethe actually collected. Through a comparative study of the artworks' characteristics, structures, and differences, Grave finds that there is a preference for certain media and art forms during specific periods of Goethe's life. He makes us wonder about the preference for graphic prints and drawings over oil paintings and brings to our attention Goethe's amazing sensibility for even the most subtle graphic qualities, which is evidenced by his collecting of numerous reproductions of the same motif or the same work by an artist. Goethe seems to have been striving for a better understanding of art history by carefully examining numerous examples within the same movement or epoch. He was curious about reproduction techniques and the materials that were used. Grave's research method is a material based one, systematic yet anti-theoretical. His interest is historical and he wants to come up with an intellectual "profile" of Goethe. …


New York City is one of the most diverse cities in the United States. However, its schools remain some of the most segregated. The crown jewel of the City's public education system, Specialized High Schools, are among the nation's top public institutions. But in a city where over 60 percent of children are Black or Latinx, less than 10 percent of the students admitted into these prestigious schools come from these communities. Due to a 1971 New York state law, admission into the Specialized High Schools is granted solely on the basis of a standardized exam, the Specialized High School Admissions Test, which students can opt to take during their eighth grade. The statute allows only one exception to this rule, the Discovery program, which allows the City to place "disadvantaged" students near the cutoff score in a preparatory summer program that would grant them admission into a Specialized High School.

Recently, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio expanded this program to make up 20 percent of the seats at Specialized High Schools and redefined the Discovery program's parameters to only accept those students who go to high-poverty middle schools. A lawsuit currently before the Southern District of New York alleges that this policy is discriminatory against Asian American students. This Note argues that this lawsuit constitutional challenges is against a facially-neutral affirmative action policy, which undercuts the two major competing Equal Protection frameworks: anti-classification and anti-subordination. Subsequently, this Note contends that Justice Brett Kavanaugh's ascent to the U.S. Supreme Court tilts the Court's Equal Protection jurisprudence sharply towards the Court's anti-classificationist wing, making it even more important to consider other means of reducing racial homogeny that could withstand judicial scrutiny. Further, this Note suggests that the conservative scrutiny facing the revamped Discovery guidelines is due to a distinction between the "deserving" and "undeserving" poor, as the political right's support of class-based affirmative action has not extended to the present case in New York City.

Ultimately, this Note contends that the Southern District of New York should rule in favor of New York City to remain consistent with Supreme Court precedent in cases regarding facial-neutrality, such as Fisher v. University of Texas. Should the district court decide otherwise, this Note asserts that it will have "pierced the veil" of facial-neutrality, overturning the Court's precedent and leaving uncertain the constitutionality of facially-neutral programs.

In conclusion, the Note holds that even the adapted Discovery program guidelines do not go far enough to ensure inclusive enrollment at these prestigious institutions. More must be done to provide every child in New York City has the opportunity for a better life — the very foundational value upon which the Specialized High Schools were created.


Development of complex systems often requires building a large number of models with many interconnections and dependencies among them. The success of a project can be compromised by cognitive overload or limits of developers, who might miss relationships between elements of the models. Developing Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a typical example of where this may occur. Despite of its potential, this technology has not yet been widely adopted by industry due to its complexity and frequent errors in modelling activities. These errors typically propagate to later phases of the MAS development lifecycle, becoming costlier to fix and then lowering the quality of the final product. Early validation of MAS models can prevent rework efforts or building a system that is non-compliant with the client's specification. In this paper we propose a process to support developers in modelling tasks using ontologies to validate and improve the quality of requirement analysis models as they are being developed and at the same time bridging the traditional gap between developers and clients. The proposed ontology-mediated validation is easily applicable to other kinds of architectures, however we illustrate this for MAS development as its complexity justifies any additional cost associated with applying it.


Equestrian sports are popular in the United Kingdom (UK), with approximately 2.7 million people of all ages participating in equine-related sports in 2015. These sports are not without risk; the position of the mounted rider puts them at risk of injuries sustained by fall from a height, compounded by movement at speed. The aim of this study was to characterise demographics and injury patterns of equine-related trauma presentations at a major trauma centre in the UK.From a trauma admissions database and electronic search of radiology requests including keywords "equine", "equestrian", "horse", and "pony" with cross-referencing from ICD-10 coding, 144 patients were identified to have presented to an adult major trauma centre with equine-related injuries from falls while mounted over a 3-year period.Females accounted for 86% of patients (n = 123). The most common presenting age group was age 20-29, but most injuries occurred with patients of ages 50-59. Spinal injuries accounted for 41% (n = 69) of all injuries and occurred in a similar proportion in all age groups. Upper limb injuries accounted for 100% of injuries in those aged 0-9. 39% (n = 56) of patients required operative management for their injuries.We have been able to identify which body zones of injury are more at-risk in equine-related sports following falls from mounted riders, and recognize how certain injury patterns may be more prevalent in particular age groups. Spinal injuries have been demonstrated to be a new leading zone of injury, possibly due to stricter legislation from government and industry leading to the relative reduction of head injuries. Reducing the number and severity of these injuries will not only improve patient outcomes but reduce the burden on the healthcare system.


We propose a digital driving technique using pulse-density modulation (PDM) for an active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) to effectively suppress the false image contour in conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM) while achieving considerably low operating frequency. A compact first-order digital ΔΣ modulator provides the PDM signal to the panel. A 2.2-inch QVGA AMOLED system using the proposed technique shows no false image contour problem while allowing relaxed minimum gate scan time.


Bilateral asymmetry in peak crank toque has been observed in both cyclist and non-cyclist. However, the relationship between exercise intensity, cadence rates, and bilateral asymmetry is not fully understood. Additionally, a need for establishment of normative values for bilateral asymmetry still exists. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine bilateral asymmetry in peak crank torque during 3 graded exercise tests (GXT) at 3 different cadence zones. METHODS: 20 subjects, 10 females and 10 males, participated in this study. Subjects were classified to either a cycling trained group (CT, n=8) or no-cycling trained group (NCT, n=12). Over the course of 3 visits subjects, both groups performed 3 GXTs at 3 different cadence zones. Cadence zones consisted of Self-Selected (SS), High (100 to 115 rpm), and Low (55 to 70 rpm). The first GXT was performed at the SS cadence with the remaining two being performed either at High or Low cadence, which was randomly assigned. Peak crank torque was measured using a dual power meter on cycle ergometer, and calculated as the absolute difference between the lower limbs. Peak crank torque was assessed at the initial stage (IS), the stage in which the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) occurred, and the stage in which peak power output (PPO) was achieved for the 3 different GXTs. Two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine if significant differences between groups and conditions existed. RESULTS: Significant group by condition interactions were present. No significant condition differences were present between all cadences zones (IS, OBLA, or PPO) (P>0.05). No significant group differences were present at IS or OBLA. However, significant group differences were present at PPO (CT 7.69±5.61 vs. NCT 4.42±4.47). CONCLUSION: The findings of the current study suggest that torque is unaffected by cadence selection at IS, OBLA, and PPO. The current study also showed that significant differences did not exist between the CE and NCE in torque asymmetry until PPO. This finding suggests that at PPO cyclist may be altering their kinematics in order to maintain desired cadences or power outputs more so than noncyclists. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the potential effect on cycling performance.


CD8+ T cell responses are crucial for immunity against intracellular infections and can mediate tumor regression. While CD8+ T cells are widely recognized as cytolytic effector cells (cytolytic T cells; CTLs), little is known about their immunoregulatory functions and their impact on dendritic cells (DCs). A similar area of controversy is the role of DC in regulating the induction of CD8+ T cell effector functions and CD8+ T cell memory. This dissertation addresses the impact of bidirectional communication between DCs and CD8+ T cells, during different phases of the immune response, upon the functions of both these cell types. In order to reconcile the apparently contrasting notions that CD8+ T cells perform both "suppressor" and "helper" functions, I compared the DC-modulating activity of CD8+ T cells at different stages of activation. I observed that DC-killing and DC-activating (and protective) functions are exerted sequentially by activated CD8+ T cells. In contrast to the effector cells that kill DCs in a granzyme B/perforin-dependent manner, memory CD8+ T cells promote IL-12 production in DCs and support CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, memory CD8+ T cells instruct DC to over-express granzyme B inhibitor PI-9, protecting them from elimination by CTLs. I observed that the inclusion of "heterologous" CD8+ T cell epitopes in cancer vaccines, promoting the interaction of vaccine-bearing DCs with large numbers of tumor-unrelated CD8+ T cells, strongly enhances the immunologic and therapeutic activity of vaccination against established tumors that are resistant to standard vaccines.Since the character of the vaccination-induced CD8+ T cells is important for the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, I have analyzed the role of DCs in influencing the cytolytic function and peripheral tissue-homing ability of CD8+ T cells. I observed that short-term-activated "inflammatory-type" DCs, capable of producing high levels of IL-12 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, support induction of cytotoxic function and a switch from lymphoid to peripheral chemokine receptors in CD8+ T cells. In contrast, "exhausted" DCs matured for extended periods of time or matured under the influence of the mediators of chronic inflammation, favor CD8+ T cell expansion alone without acquisition of effector functions.Collectively, the findings presented in this dissertation broaden our understanding of the feedback circuitry between CD8+ T cells and DCs and will help us to design improved vaccines against cancer and chronic infections.


Currently there is a trend towards increased focus on the importance of the purchasing function and costs of maintenance, repair, and operation (MRO) goods. This has led to companies investing in electronic procurement tools in order to reduce those costs and increase efficiency. However, studies have shown that only 20-27% of these investments are successful. To ensure the success of such investments, it is beneficial to consider critical success factors (CSFs) covering important aspects of the implementation. The aim of this master's thesis is to validate and assess the relevance of a framework covering eleven CSFs for three distinctive project phases of an electronic procurement implementation. The main research question is "Are different CSFs more or less relevant for different types of end-users in an e-procurement implementation context?", but is limited to some parts of the framework considering its comprehensiveness. The purpose of the framework is to aid managers in decision-making by presenting a framework with clear managerial implications. In addition, the framework is also intended to assist the ongoing implementation of an electronic ordering system at the case company, St Olav's Hospital, to which both this master's and our pre-diploma thesis were written in collaboration with. The framework in focus was developed by us in our pre-diploma thesis, but although looking promising, it needed further validation. This master's thesis will continue the work by employing a case study survey research design and quantitatively analyzing the results of a survey deployed to 803 end-users at the case company, capturing the end-user perspective of the implementation. The findings of the thesis show that some of the investigated CSFs are indeed important to the sample of end-users, and that there are differences, especially regarding sex and age, in how important end-users consider the CSFs to be. For example, training is found to be more important for both females and for older respondents, while communication is found to be important for all end-users. Moreover, an exploratory factor analysis suggests that there is room for improving the framework, by finding that the perceptions towards electronic systems are important to consider. Furthermore, these findings imply that companies should not only consider the CSFs in the framework, but also the differences that may exist between end-users.


We investigate implementation of lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) code on the Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing (KNL). The most time consuming part of the numerical simulations of lattice QCD is a solver of linear equation for a large sparse matrix that represents the strong interaction among quarks. To establish widely applicable prescriptions, we examine rather general methods for the SIMD architecture of KNL, such as using intrinsics and manual prefetching, to the matrix multiplication and iterative solver algorithms. Based on the performance measured on the Oakforest-PACS system, we discuss the performance tuning on KNL as well as the code design for facilitating such tuning on SIMD architecture and massively parallel machines.


This article summarizes the proceedings of a conference hosted by the Bank of Canada in May 1998. This was the second Bank conference to focus directly on issues concerning financial markets. The topic for 1998-the extraction of information from the prices of financial assets-has been an area of extensive research by central banks worldwide because of its connection to monetary policy. The Bank wanted to encourage such work by Canadian researchers as well as solicit feedback on work conducted internally. It also wanted to broaden the understanding of the interplay in the markets between central banks and other participants. It therefore assembled a wide mix of researchers, central bankers, and market participants. The summary briefly outlines the papers presented as well as the wrap-up discussion.


After colonoscopic perforation, laparotomy was performed in a 28-year-old woman. Seromuscular tears and lacerations were found in an adjacent loop of sigmoid colon that appeared normal through the colonoscope. At laparotomy, the mucosa of that loop was entirely intact. Six weeks later, a laparotomy was again performed, revealing well-healed lacerations with extensive adhesion formation. The incidence of this complication in patients undergoing colonoscopy is unknown.


The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 584 subjects from 111 multiplex families at three sequencing centers. Genotype calling of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion-deletion variants (indels) was performed centrally using GATK-HaplotypeCaller and Atlas V2. The ADSP Quality Control (QC) Working Group applied QC protocols to project-level variant call format files (VCFs) from each pipeline, and developed and implemented a novel protocol, termed "consensus calling," to combine genotype calls from both pipelines into a single high-quality set. QC was applied to autosomal bi-allelic SNVs and indels, and included pipeline-recommended QC filters, variant-level QC, and sample-level QC. Low-quality variants or genotypes were excluded, and sample outliers were noted. Quality was assessed by examining Mendelian inconsistencies (MIs) among 67 parent-offspring pairs, and MIs were used to establish additional genotype-specific filters for GATK calls. After QC, 578 subjects remained. Pipeline-specific QC excluded ~12.0% of GATK and 14.5% of Atlas SNVs. Between pipelines, ~91% of SNV genotypes across all QCed variants were concordant; 4.23% and 4.56% of genotypes were exclusive to Atlas or GATK, respectively; the remaining ~0.01% of discordant genotypes were excluded. For indels, variant-level QC excluded ~36.8% of GATK and 35.3% of Atlas indels. Between pipelines, ~55.6% of indel genotypes were concordant; while 10.3% and 28.3% were exclusive to Atlas or GATK, respectively; and ~0.29% of discordant genotypes were. The final WGS consensus dataset contains 27,896,774 SNVs and 3,133,926 indels and is publicly available. Abbreviations AD, Alzheimer's disease; QC, Quality Control; LSSAC, Large-Scale Sequencing and Analysis Center; Broad, Broad Institute Genomics Service; Baylor, Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center; WashU, Washington University-St. Louis McDonnell Genome Institute; WGS, whole genome sequencing; WES, whole exome sequencing; indel, insertion-deletion variants; VCF, variant control format; MI, Mendelian inconsistency; MC, Mendelian consistency; GWAS, genome-wide association study; VR, referent allele read depth; DP, overall read depth; MS, mapping score; GQ, genotype quality score; Ti/Tv, Transition/Transversion; CS, concordance code


The manufacturing of integrated circuits is not a perfect fault-free process. The constant
downscaling of integrated circuits requiring higher accuracy each generation also allows the
designer to fit more transistors in the same area. From a manufacturing point of view, this
downscaling introduces additional possible sources of error, which forces a constant struggle
to keep the yield or ratio of successfully manufactured chips high enough to be profitable. The
manufacturing success ratio, or yield, is a major component of what determines the time and
material cost it takes to manufacture an integrated circuit.
To increase yield a common approach is to add redundant or spare parts to the system
requiring only enough of them to work.
Redundancy has long been a common concept in memories. For random logic blocks, the
overhead cost has been too large to be reasonable. But for multi core systems, with several
instances of the same logic block, the situation is starting to resemble the case of a memory.
The manufacturing yield can be predicted by statistical models. Such models may consist of
analytical expressions based on very low level information such as the exact layout features of
every transistor and wire of the entire chip. However the addition of a spare core for a multi
core cluster is an architectural decision that has to be made in the early stages of the design
where low level details are not readily available.
The modeling approach taken in this project uses a collection of simplified models previously
used for yield calculations for memories. The model results in estimates of the yield before
and after the addition of redundant cores. The input parameters to the model are based on gate
counts and global routing estimates of an early floor plan together with information about the
manufacturing process in the form a fault density.
When sources of defects are found and suppressed, the yield ramps up. The yield model
presented here also shows the effect the redundancy has on the yield ramp, pushing it towards
an earlier volume production date, potentially decreasing the product time to market.


The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is one of the mostly used options in variable-speed wind power generation. The present paper deals with the transient behavior of the DFIG during network voltage dips. The dynamic model used for the transient analysis of the DFIG during network disturbances is presented. Vector control strategy is used to ensure independent control of the active and reactive powers. In order to illustrate the behavior of the DFIG during network disturbances, two symmetrical voltage dips are applied the DFIG stator terminals. These voltage dips are both selected within the limits set by the grid codes considered in the present paper. Simulation results showing large transient stator and rotor currents are presented and discussed. Finally, the mostly used technique to ensure a low voltage ride-through capability for the DFIG and to minimize the effects of grid disturbances on the doubly fed induction generator is reviewed.


Spinel ferrite nano-powders are highly useful in applications such as drug-delivery, ferrofluids, gas sensors, etc. because of their semiconductor and ferromagnetic properties. There are various methods by which the spinel ferrites can be synthesized, i.e., hydro-thermal route, solid-state route, sol-gel route, thermal deposition route, mechanical milling, etc. In this work, nano-crystalline Cu-Zn ferrites with the composition of (Cu0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4) were synthesized from metal nitrate and acetate precursors by the hydro-thermal route and sol-gel auto-combustion route. Citric acid was used as a fuel to increase the rate of reaction. Synthesized powders were heat-treated for different holding time. The crystal structures of these compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystal size and lattice parameter were determined by using Maud analysis and Williamson-hall plots. The Rietveld analysis and X'Pert Highscore peak match analysis confirmed the formation of single-phase Cu0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4. It was observed that crystallite size and peak intensity increased after heat treatment. Also, on increasing the holding time of heat treatment, an increase in the peak intensity and crystallite size was observed.


Article case meta-nosological of pragmatic disease definition and classification Abstract: Nosology is the science of defining and classifying diseases. Meta-nosology is the study of how we do this, on what principles nosological practices are based, the quality of the resulting medical taxonomy, and primarily, whether/how diseases can be defined better than they are now. In modern western medicine there are a wide variety of ways in which diseases are defined and categorized. Examples include by the symptoms they present with (syndromic), their underlying causes (etiological), the biological mechanisms involved (pathogenetic), available treatments, historical precedent, and through diagnostic exclusion. Here I explore the hypothesis that how we define diseases has an impact on how (and how effectively) we research and treat them. I explore the philosophical implications of this thesis, and suggest a direction that the underlying metaphysics of disease definition might follow. I conclude that further research is warranted into whether our current disease definitions could be improved upon.


Excerpt] Nanotechnology—a term encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology—is focused on understanding, controlling, and exploiting the unique properties of matter that can emerge at scales of one to 100 nanometers. A key issue before Congress regarding nanotechnology is how best to protect human health, safety, and the environment as nanoscale materials and products are researched, developed, manufactured, used, and discarded. While the rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is believed by many to offer significant economic and societal benefits, some research results have raised concerns about the potential adverse environmental, health, and safety (EHS) implications of nanoscale materials. Some have described nanotechnology as a two-edged sword. On the one hand, some are concerned that nanoscale particles may enter and accumulate in vital organs, such as the lungs and brains, potentially causing harm or death to humans and animals, and that the diffusion of nanoscale particles in the environment might harm ecosystems. On the other hand, some believe that nanotechnology has the potential to deliver important EHS benefits such as reducing energy consumption, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions; remediating environmental damage; curing, managing, or preventing diseases; and offering new safety-enhancing materials that are stronger, self-repairing, and able to adapt to provide protection. Stakeholders generally agree that concerns about potential detrimental effects of nanoscale materials and devices—both real and perceived—must be addressed to protect and improve human health, safety, and the environment; enable accurate and efficient risk assessment, risk management, and cost-benefit trade-offs; foster innovation and public confidence; and ensure that society can enjoy the widespread economic and societal benefits that nanotechnology may offer. Congressionally-mandated reviews of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) by the National Research Council and the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology have concluded that additional research is required to make a rigorous risk assessment of nanoscale materials.


Samples of Topopah Spring tuff from Yucca Mountain, Nevada have been tested and analyzed. Laboratory tests conducted include standard uniaxial and triaxial compression tests, and special 'damage' tests in which samples are loaded to some proportion of their strength and analyzed with SEM microscopy. Based on the SEM analysis of the damaged samples, the micromechanics of rock deformation and failure in Topopah Spring tuff is determined. The results indicated that pores are the major initial microstructures in Topopah Spring tuff. Also, several mechanisms have been found for microcracking under compressive stresses, including pore crackling, the linking of pore cracks, and the formation of en echelon arrays of axial cracks. The macroscopic cracks tend to propagate in the locations with the highest pore density. The final failure of Topopah Spring tuff is due to shear localization near the peak stress. The microbuckling of crack-induced columns has been found to be the major mechanism for inducing shear localization. The heating of Topopah Spring specimens up to 200°C results in no significant microcracking.


Representing the true label as one-hot vector is the common practice in training text classification models. However, the one-hot representation may not adequately reflect the relation between the instance and labels, as labels are often not completely independent and instances may relate to multiple labels in practice. The inadequate one-hot representations tend to train the model to be over-confident, which may result in arbitrary prediction and model overfitting, especially for confused datasets (datasets with very similar labels) or noisy datasets (datasets with labeling errors). While training models with label smoothing can ease this problem in some degree, it still fails to capture the realistic relation among labels. In this paper, we propose a novel Label Confusion Model (LCM) as an enhancement component to current popular text classification models. LCM can learn label confusion to capture semantic overlap among labels by calculating the similarity between instance and labels during training and generate a better label distribution to replace the original one-hot label vector, thus improving the final classification performance. Extensive experiments on five text classification benchmark datasets reveal the effectiveness of LCM for several widely used deep learning classification models. Further experiments also verify that LCM is especially helpful for confused or noisy datasets and superior to the label smoothing method.


With modern global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, the FFT-based parallel code search acquisition must handle the frequent sign transitions due to the data or the secondary code. There is a straightforward solution to this problem, which consists in doubling the length of the FFTs, leading to a significant increase of the complexity. The authors already proposed a method to reduce the complexity without impairing the probability of detection. In particular, this led to a 50% memory reduction for an FPGA implementation. In this paper, the authors propose another approach, namely, the splitting of a large FFT into three or five smaller FFTs, providing better performances and higher flexibility. For an FPGA implementation, compared to the previously proposed approach, at the expense of a slight increase of the logic and multiplier resources, the splitting into three and five allows, respectively, a reduction of 40% and 64% of the memory, and of 25% and 37.5% of the processing time. Moreover, with the splitting into three FFTs, the algorithm is applicable for sampling frequencies up to 24.576 MHz for L5 band signals, against 21.846 MHz with the previously proposed algorithm. The algorithm is applied here to the GPS L5 and Galileo E5a, E5b, and E1 signals.


OF DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Economics The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico


ABSTRACT This article, while unsympathetic to Donald Trump, critiques the frequent tone of moral omnipotence and narcissistic display of good-heartedness in much current political discourse in the American psychoanalytic community. The author argues, from the perspective of a Scandinavian psychoanalyst, that the United States violated basic human rights long before the Trump era, and that the problems with the Trump era lie on a continuum with what came before, rather than suddenly crossing an unacceptable line. It suggests that there are dangers in seeing a bad other, rather than exploring our own dominant behavior. Invoking Akhtar´s term "beguiling generosity," the author cites studies of "moral self-licensing" that suggest that, paradoxically, people who commit a self-consciously ethical act tend to feel free to behave unethically afterward. It explores some dangers in taking satisfaction for being the good, critical anti-Trump voice.


Semiconductor quantum dot (QD) structures are considered as promising building block for spintronic applications with the advantage of prolonged spin relaxation time owing to 0D character of confined carriers or excitons. However, feasible application is haunted by severe spin injection loss from its adjacent barrier layers and its mechanism is still not fully understood. Here, we show that exciton spin injection in self-assembled InAs/GaAs QD molecular structures (QMSs) is dominated by localized excitons confined within the QD-like regions of the wetting layer (WL) and GaAs barrier layer surrounding QD structures. The origin of spin injection loss is attribute to finite anisotropic exchange interaction (AEI) of the localized excitons subjected to asymmetric confinement potential in the injection layers. As a result, the AEI of the injected excitons and, thus, the spin injection efficiency is determined to be correlated with the overall geometric symmetry of QMSs, which hold strong influence on the confinement potential of the localized excitons in the surrounding barrier layers. Our results shed light on the microscopic origin of the spin injection loss in QD structures. More importantly, they offer a useful guideline to significantly improve spin injection efficiency by optimizing the lateral arrangement of QMSs and overcome a major challenge in the QD based spintronic device applications.


As autonomous vehicles become an every-day reality, high-accuracy pedestrian detection is of paramount practical importance. Pedestrian detection is a highly researched topic with mature methods, but most datasets (for both training and evaluation) focus on common scenes of people engaged in typical walking poses on sidewalks. But performance is most crucial for dangerous scenarios that are rarely observed, such as children playing in the street and people using bicycles/skateboards in unexpected ways. Such in-the-tail data is notoriously hard to observe, making both training and testing difficult. To analyze this problem, we have collected a novel annotated dataset of dangerous scenarios called the Precarious Pedestrian dataset. Even given a dedicated collection effort, it is relatively small by contemporary standards (≈ 1000 images). To explore large-scale data-driven learning, we explore the use of synthetic data generated by a game engine. A significant challenge is selected the right priors or parameters for synthesis: we would like realistic data with realistic poses and object configurations. Inspired by Generative Adversarial Networks, we generate a massive amount of synthetic data and train a discriminative classifier to select a realistic subset (that fools the classifier), which we deem Synthetic Imposters. We demonstrate that this pipeline allows one to generate realistic (or adverserial) training data by making use of rendering/animation engines. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that such data can be used to rank algorithms, suggesting that Synthetic Imposters can also be used for in-the-tail validation at test-time, a notoriously difficult challenge for real-world deployment.


Glacial/interglacial changes in Southern Ocean's air-sea gas exchange have been considered as important mechanisms contributing to the glacial/interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2. Hence, understanding past variability in Southern Ocean intermediate to deep water chemistry and circulation is fundamental to constrain the role of these processes on modulating glacial/interglacial changes in the global carbon cycle. Our study focused on the glacial/interglacial variability in the vertical extent of southwest Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). We compared carbon and oxygen isotope records from epibenthic foraminifera of sediment cores bathed in modern AAIW and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW; 943-2066 m water depth) to monitor changes in water mass circulation spanning the past 350,000 years. We propose that pronounced freshwater input by melting sea ice into the glacial AAIW significantly hampered the downward expansion of southwest Pacific AAIW, consistent with climate model results for the Last Glacial Maximum. This process led to a pronounced upward displacement of the AAIW-UCDW interface during colder climate conditions and therefore to an expansion of the glacial carbon pool.


This project examines the attitudes of students towards two courses run in the Department of Hotel and Catering at Sheffeld City Polytechnic. The relevant courses are the HND in Hotel, Catering and Institutional management and the B.Sc. (Hons) in Catering Systems.The focus of the research was from entry in October until the end of the first industrial placement, a period of eighteen months. The major concern of the research was the development of scales to measure attitudes and expectancies. These scales were then examined to see if there was any relationship between students responses and exam performance. It was not the aim of the project to produce a definitive predictive measure but rather to identify areas which may be related to student failure and or withdrawal. Four main aspects of students attitudes were considered, they were relevance of and interest in a subject, attitudes towards staff and department and attitudes towards teaching methods. Students expectancies concerning the course were also examined. It was hypothesised that students who had inaccurate expectancies and poor attitudes would be more at risk than their counterparts.The project also briefly looked at the students first industrial placement, taking the work of Smithers (1976) as a basis from which student attitudes were measured but also examining skills and benefits needed and gained and the relationship between college and industry. It was hoped that this section would provide information of how well students were being prepared by the courses for industry, what students were gaining from their training and whether catering courses and industry were complimenting each other or providing the students with conflicting experiences.Although the instruments developed were to some degree successful they served to illustrate the difficulties in identifying major factors affecting performance. From interviews conducted it had been noted that some aspects of the course acted as a source of satisfaction/dissatisfaction which led to the suggestion that rather than concentrating on students personal qualities alone it may be more productive to manipulate these factors within the course structure itself. Finally the results of the research into industrial training were most encouraging indicating that the course and industry were seen to be equally relevant and complimentary by students and that the students felt they gained valuable skills from their training period.


Assessing climate change impacts on pesticide leaching requires careful consideration of different sources of uncertainty. We investigated the uncertainty related to climate scenario input and its importance relative to parameter uncertainty of the pesticide leaching model. The pesticide fate model MACRO was calibrated against a comprehensive one-year field data set for a well-structured clay soil in south-western Sweden. We obtained an ensemble of 56 acceptable parameter sets that represented the parameter uncertainty. Nine different climate model projections of the regional climate model RCA3 were available as driven by different combinations of global climate models (GCM), greenhouse gas emission scenarios and initial states of the GCM. The future time series of weather data used to drive the MACRO model were generated by scaling a reference climate data set (1970–1999) for an important agricultural production area in south-western Sweden based on monthly change factors for 2070–2099. 30 yr simulations were performed for different combinations of pesticide properties and application seasons. Our analysis showed that both the magnitude and the direction of predicted change in pesticide leaching from present to future depended strongly on the particular climate scenario. The effect of parameter uncertainty was of major importance for simulating absolute pesticide losses, whereas the climate uncertainty was relatively more important for predictions of changes of pesticide losses from present to future. The climate uncertainty should be accounted for by applying an ensemble of different climate scenarios. The aggregated ensemble prediction based on both acceptable parameterizations and different climate scenarios has the potential to provide robust probabilistic estimates of future pesticide losses.


Assessment of risk and uncertainty is crucial for natural hazard risk management, facilitating risk communication and informing strategies to successfully mitigate our society's vulnerability to natural disasters. Written by some of the world's leading experts, this book provides a state-of-the-art overview of risk and uncertainty assessment in natural hazards. It presents the core statistical concepts using clearly defined terminology applicable across all types of natural hazards and addresses the full range of sources of uncertainty, the role of expert judgement and the practice of uncertainty elicitation. The core of the book provides detailed coverage of all the main hazard types and concluding chapters address the wider societal context of risk management. This is an invaluable compendium for academic researchers and professionals working in the fields of natural hazards science, risk assessment and management and environmental science and will be of interest to anyone involved in natural hazards policy.


During this unique moment of feminist inquiry wherein breastfeeding has been a focal point of interdisciplinary research, little sociological scholarship has been presented which has centered on the various meanings that African American mothers, as a diverse group, attach to their experiences with breastfeeding and/or infant formula use. While patterns of behavior have been explored in a cross-racial context, most social science studies have not focused on how the choice between breastfeeding, using infant formula, or using a combination of the two has impacted (or has been shaped by) African American mothers' constructs of self, motherhood/mothering, their birth experiences, and their sexuality. In order to understand the interplay of the decisionmaking process and these constructs, I conducted a qualitative study in which I participated in face-to-face interviews with a diverse group of thirty African-American mothers. They ranged in age from 18 years-old to 50-years-old. At the time of her interview, each mother had at least one child who was threeyears-old or younger. Through our discussions, we explored how pre-pregnancy perceptions, lived experiences as a mother, familial influences, and the discourses surrounding motherhood within an African-American context affected the perceptions and experiences that the mothers in the study had with their infant feeding practice(s). Findings suggest that while African Americans mothers know that "breast is best," that knowledge is not the only reason for their decisions. The first step in understanding why African-American mothers choose the feeding method(s) that they choose is embracing the reality that choosing is an ongoing and dynamic process which is often informed by what she does versus "is supposed to do" versus how she is portrayed weighed with the consequences of her choice(s) for herself and her family. Further, African American mothers are in the active process of negotiating an evolving definition of themselves within this post-Civil Rights, Affirmative Action context wherein choices appear abundant, but the choosing always comes with a price. INDEX WORDS: African-American women, Mothers, Breastfeeding, Infant formula, Qualitative methods, Black feminism, Sociology, Sexuality, Birth, Body image, Good mother, Bad mother, Pregnancy, Breast pump, Lactation Consultant, Sexuality NIPPLE MATTERS: A BLACK FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICS OF INFANT FEEDING AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN MOTHERS


A study of a ring resonator in a Sagnac loop is presented. The results of a theoretical analysis based on Jones calculus are confirmed by experiments. Comparison of a ring resonator in a Sagnac loop with a ring only is performed, and the advantages of our scheme are pointed out. The scheme can be used to increase the measurement sensitivity to small birefringence and associated polarization mode dispersion and to decrease the threshold for Sagnac-loop-based nonlinear switching and laser mode locking.


The purpose of this study was to check the effect of different potassium nitrate sprays on flowering induction of 'Carabao' mango shoots in the Philippines. Newly-emerging shoots on the trees were tagged, to get shoots of 4,5 to 8,5 months old. In August and at monthly interval thereafter up to December, randomly designated shoots were sprayed with 0, 10, 20 or 40 g/l KNO3. The control shoots were sprayed with tap water. All potassium nitrate treatments at 10 to 40 g/l induced the flowering of 4,5 to 8,5 old 'Carabao' mango shoots. The oldest shoots of 8,5 months required only 10 g/l KNO3 to produce the best flowering response. The best results were obtained with the younger shoots (4,5 to 7,5 months) and sprays of 20 g/l KNO3. The high concentration treatment (40 g/l KNO3) reduced percentage of flowering, panicle length and number of flowers at all stages of maturity for mango shoots. All control shoots did not flower.


Abstract. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.6 has been revised with regard to the representation of chlorine (HCl, ClNO 2 ) and sulfur (dimethylsulfide, or DMS, and H 2 S), and evaluated against observations and earlier published models. Chemistry parameterizations were based on published reaction kinetic data and a recently developed cloud chemistry model that includes heterogeneous reactions of organic sulfur compounds. Evaluation of the revised model was conducted using a recently enhanced data base of natural emissions that includes ocean and continental sources of DMS, H 2 S, chlorinated gases and lightning NO x for the continental United States and surrounding regions. Results using 2002 meteorology and emissions indicated that most simulated "natural" (plus background) chemical and aerosol species exhibit the expected seasonal variations at the surface. Ozone exhibits a winter and early spring maximum consistent with ozone data and an earlier published model. Ozone distributions reflect the influences of atmospheric dynamics and pollutant background levels imposed on the CMAQ simulation by boundary conditions derived from a global model. A series of model experiments reveals that the consideration of gas-phase organic sulfur chemistry leads to sulfate aerosol increases over most of the continental United States. Cloud chemistry parameterization changes result in widespread decreases in SO 2 across the modeling domain and both increases and decreases in sulfate. Most cloud-mediated sulfate increases occurred mainly over the Pacific Ocean (up to about 0.1 μg m −3 ) but also over and downwind from the Gulf of Mexico (including parts of the eastern US). Geographic variations in simulated SO 2 and sulfate are due to the link between DMS/H 2 S and their byproduct SO 2 , the heterogeneity of cloud cover and precipitation (precipitating clouds act as net sinks for SO 2 and sulfate), and the persistence of cloud cover (the largest relative sulfate increases occurred over the persistently cloudy Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean). Overall, the addition of organic sulfur chemistry increased hourly surface sulfate levels by up to 1–2 μg m −3 but reduced sulfate levels in the vicinity of high SO 2 emissions (e.g., wildfires). Simulated surface levels of DMS compare reasonably well with observations in the marine boundary layer where DMS oxidation product levels are lower than observed. This implies either a low bias in model oxidation rates of organic sulfur species or a low bias in the boundary conditions for DMS oxidation products. This revised version of CMAQ provides a tool for realistically simulating the influence of natural emissions on air quality.


Computer users often must view large amounts of information through video displays which are physically limited in size. Although some methods, which automatically display/erase information units based on their degrees of importance, have been proposed, they lack an ability to keep the total amount of displayed information nearly constant. We propose a new method for information display based on fractal theory. By regarding the information structures used in computers as complex objects, we can abstract these objects as well as control their amount. Using our method, (1) the total amount of information is kept nearly constant even when users change their focuses of attention and (2) this amount can be set flexibly. Through mathematical analysis, we show our method's ability to control the amount. An application to program display is also shown. When this method is applied to the display of structured programs, it provides fisheye-like views which integrate local details around the focal point and major landmarks further away.


BACKGROUND
The paper is aimed at indicating the similarities and differences in use of benefits supporting work-life balance (WLB) between women and men working in Polish small/medium and large enterprises.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The sample included 556 workers (311 women, 245 men), aged 20-68 years old employed on the basis of employment contracts for at least a year in Polish enterprises. The respondents completed a questionnaire on the use of benefits guaranteed by the Polish Labour Code, referring to their current workplaces.

RESULTS
Women took maternity leaves and returned to the same work position after using childcare leaves more often than men. Men took leaves on demand more often than women. Our results also showed that in comparison to women working in smaller enterprises, those working in large enterprises were more likely to use almost all the analyzed WLB benefits - paid days off to take care of others, educational leaves, leaves on demand, maternity leaves and return to the same work position after childcare leave, reduction of business trips when pregnant or having young children and breastfeeding breaks. The size of enterprise, however, did not differentiate the take-up of benefits among the studied men.

CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis brought unexpected results on the lack of common availability of the WLB benefits guaranteed by the law in the case of employees who worked on the basis of employment contracts. We also found that women used most of child rearing benefits guaranteed by the law more often than men, which might reflect still a traditional division of child care responsibilities in Poland. Med Pr 2017;68(5):575-581.

http://medpr.imp.lodz.pl/pdf-73854-12671?filename=Use of work_life balance.pdf


ABSTRACT The increasing number of genome sequences of archaea and bacteria show their adaptation to different environmental conditions at the genomic level. Aeropyrum spp. are aerobic and hyperthermophilic archaea. Aeropyrum camini was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, and Aeropyrum pernix was isolated from a coastal solfataric vent. To investigate the adaptation strategy in each habitat, we compared the genomes of the two species. Shared genome features were a small genome size, a high GC content, and a large portion of orthologous genes (86 to 88%). The genomes also showed high synteny. These shared features may have been derived from the small number of mobile genetic elements and the lack of a RecBCD system, a recombinational enzyme complex. In addition, the specialized physiology (aerobic and hyperthermophilic) of Aeropyrum spp. may also contribute to the entire-genome similarity. Despite having stable genomes, interference of synteny occurred with two proviruses, A. pernix spindle-shaped virus 1 (APSV1) and A. pernix ovoid virus 1 (APOV1), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) elements. Spacer sequences derived from the A. camini CRISPR showed significant matches with protospacers of the two proviruses infecting A. pernix, indicating that A. camini interacted with viruses closely related to APSV1 and APOV1. Furthermore, a significant fraction of the nonorthologous genes (41 to 45%) were proviral genes or ORFans probably originating from viruses. Although the genomes of A. camini and A. pernix were conserved, we observed nonsynteny that was attributed primarily to virus-related elements. Our findings indicated that the genomic diversification of Aeropyrum spp. is substantially caused by viruses.


Teleological beliefs about the natural world often exist implicitly, and there is a positive relationship between teleological endorsement and belief in supernatural agents. In the current study, participants judged a series of scientifically unwarranted teleological explanations of biological organisms and natural non-living objects, under speeded or un-speeded instructions. After controlling for belief in the existence of supernatural agents, rates of implicit (speeded) and explicit (un-speeded) teleological endorsement were moderated by the belief that supernatural agents intentionally interact with the world. Amongst non-religious individuals, rates of implicit endorsement were significantly higher than explicit endorsement, whereas for highly religious individuals the difference was non-significant. This interaction was driven predominantly by explanations of natural non-living objects. These results are consistent with an intention-based theory of teleology, and help to reconcile the finding of a positive relationship between teleological endorsement and belief in supernatural agents, with the those of an enduring teleological bias.


Deep learning (DL) algorithms have already proved their effectiveness on a wide variety of application domains, including speech recognition, natural language processing, and image classification. To foster their pervasive adoption in applications where low latency, privacy issues and data bandwidth are paramount, the current trend is to perform inference tasks at the edge. This requires deployment of DL algorithms on low-energy and resource-constrained computing nodes, often heterogenous and parallel, that are usually more complex to program and to manage without adequate support and experience. In this paper, we present ALOHA, an integrated tool flow that tries to facilitate the design of DL applications and their porting on embedded heterogenous architectures. The proposed tool flow aims at automating different design steps and reducing development costs. ALOHA considers hardware-related variables and security, power efficiency, and adaptivity aspects during the whole development process, from pre-training hyperparameter optimization and algorithm configuration to deployment.


The possibility of carbon dioxide storage underground, to enable carbon capture and storage lasting many thousands of years, does of course require guarantees of possibility and reliability. The research referred to by Terry Macalister (25 April 2010, Guadian Business) has been undertaken and published by two Texas academics, who are noted for their assertive views and scepticism of climate change evidence. The original articles by M J Economides and C A Ehlig- Economides propose the idea that CO2 cannot be injected below ground, because of the resulting pressure increase. Their punch line being that "bulk CO2 injection is not feasible at any cost". These articles have become notorious for taking an extreme view, which most experts consider to be profoundly incorrect and fatally flawed.


The diffusion decision model allows detailed explanations of behavior in two-choice discrimination tasks. In this article, the model is reviewed to show how it translates behavioral dataaccuracy, mean response times, and response time distributionsinto components of cognitive processing. Three experiments are used to illustrate experimental manipulations of three components: stimulus difficulty affects the quality of information on which a decision is based; instructions emphasizing either speed or accuracy affect the criterial amounts of information that a subject requires before initiating a response; and the relative proportions of the two stimuli affect biases in drift rate and starting point. The experiments also illustrate the strong constraints that ensure the model is empirically testable and potentially falsifiable. The broad range of applications of the model is also reviewed, including research in the domains of aging and neurophysiology.


This thesis attempts to analyze coordination mechanisms between producers and suppliers in a supply chain. Since the entities in a supply chain work usually independently each from the other, it is of crucial importance to develop coordination mechanisms so that they can set their objectives together and coordinate their activities to optimize the global system performance. In the first part, some recent optimization models of coordination will be studied and discussed, like capacitated planning models for producers, lot-sizing models for suppliers and the ideal model with cooperation and sharing information from both parties. The second part will consist in extending some of these coordination models to include some additional furthers. For example, some models will be extended to the case where more competing suppliers and producers are involved. Then, a numerical investigation will also be undertaken to compare the different types of anticipation of the producer and their effects, compared to an ideal situation which performs a complete integration of the supplier into the producers model, a situation that is really difficult to apply in the real world. Moreover, the same investigation through the extended models would be undertaken to test and validate these new models. There will be a comparison between three types of models, concerning the effect of incrementing the number of suppliers, the number of producers and the number of both of them. Finally, it will be deduced that the best model for the producer would be having a reactive anticipation of the supplier's model, that is create a closer coordination which will benefit not only the producer but also the supplier. Although it is difficult to implement compared with the other two models and the information about the supplier is difficult to find, it would have a really good improvement on the final cost nearly as good as the ideal model. Related to the multiple parties, it has been concluded that in general terms the best model is the one with an individual producer and supplier. But looking more in detail there are some improvements in the total cost when the producer is divided by smaller producers, having less productivity each one. In that case, and depending on the features of the supplier, it may be some improvements on the total cost of the supply chain.


Background and Aims: Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for cardio vascular as well as overall health. Therefore, fish oil which is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids namely EPA and DHA is recommended. We supplemented vegetarian volunteers, not consuming fish, with fish oil capsules to observe the changes in lipo-protein metabolism. Methods and Results: Commercially available fish oil capsules were given to normal healthy volunteers for two weeks and lipid profiles analyzed. Lipid profile normalizing effect of triglycerides and cholesterol was observed in the consuming subjects. Concentration of omega-3 fatty acids increased in the plasma and RBC of all volunteers. Conclusion: Consumption of omega-3 fish oil capsules is beneficial and heart healthy.


Lichens and bryophytes are abundant globally and they may even form the dominant autotrophs in (sub)polar ecosystems, in deserts and at high altitudes. Moreover, they can be found in large amounts as epiphytes in old-growth forests. Here, we present the first process-based model which estimates the net carbon uptake by these organisms at the global scale, thus assessing their significance for biogeochemical cycles. The model uses gridded climate data and key properties of the habitat (e.g. disturbance intervals) to predict processes which control net carbon uptake, namely photosynthesis, respiration, water uptake and evaporation. It relies on equations used in many dynamical vegetation models, which are combined with concepts specific to lichens and bryophytes, such as poikilohydry or the effect of water content on CO2 diffusivity. To incorporate the great functional variation of lichens and bryophytes at the global scale, the model parameters are characterised by broad ranges of possible values instead of a single, globally uniform value. The predicted terrestrial net uptake of 0.34 to 3.3 Gt yr −1 of carbon and global patterns of productivity are in accordance with empirically-derived estimates. Considering that the assimilated carbon can be invested in processes such as weathering or nitrogen fixation, lichens and bryophytes may play a significant role in biogeochemical cycles.


This paper reports on extensive experiments on nonlinear wave groups that evolve in a hydrodynamic laboratory over long distances (200 m) from the generation of simple bichromatic waves. The deepwater experiments show large deformations of the wave group, with large increase of wave heights, depending on the value for the quotient of wave amplitude and frequency difference. The experimental results show little dissipation and reflections are virtually absent. A very efficient and accurate numerical code based on the full nonlinear surface wave equations, which has been developed for this purpose, reconstructs the experiments and enables one to investigate the evolution over much longer distances (reported here until 1,200 m) than in the laboratory.


On alternating days, adult male Long-Evans rats implanted with bilateral cannulas in the nucleus accumbens received intracerebral injections of testosterone in a water-soluble cyclodextrin inclusion complex (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 microg/0.5 microl saline) or saline immediately prior to being confined for 30 min to 1 of 2 compartments of a place-preference apparatus. All rats received 8 days of pairings (4 hormone and 4 saline). On Day 9 the rats were given a 20-min test session during which they had access to all compartments of the apparatus. No hormone was injected prior to the test session. On the test day, rats spent significantly more time in the compartment previously paired with bilateral intra-accumbens injections of testosterone (0.25 and 0.5 microg/0.5 microl saline) than in the compartment previously paired with saline injections. The findings indicate that intra-accumbens injections of testosterone are sufficient to produce reward.


Abstract Neutronics assessment has been performed for molten salt breeding blanket design options that can be utilized in fusion power plants. The concepts evaluated are a self-cooled Flinabe blanket with Be multiplier and dual-coolant blankets with He-cooled FW and structure. Three different molten salts were considered including the high melting point Flibe, a low melting point Flibe, and Flinabe. The same TBR can be achieved with a thinner self-cooled blanket compared to the dual-coolant blanket. A thicker Be zone is required in designs with Flinabe. The overall TBR will be ~1.07 based on 3-D calculations without breeding in the divertor region. Using Be yields higher blanket energy multiplication than obtainable with Pb. A modest amount of tritium is produced in the Be (~3 kg) over the blanket lifetime of ~3 FPY. Using He gas in the dual-coolant blanket results in about a factor of 2 lower blanket shielding effectiveness. We show that it is possible to ensure that the shield is a lifetime component, the vacuum vessel is reweldable, and the magnets are adequately shielded. We conclude that molten salt blankets can be designed for fusion power plants with neutronics requirements such as adequate tritium breeding and shielding being satisfied.


Background: Research in plastic surgery often includes bilateral procedures. This gives rise to issues with clustered data. Clustering is when individual data points within a data set are internally related. However, many authors do not account for clustering within their data, which can lead to incorrect statistical conclusions. Methods: In February of 2020, the authors searched PubMed to investigate the prevalence of reporting issues with bilateral breast procedures in plastic surgery literature. The review focused on breast surgery, as it often involves bilateral procedures and, therefore, clustering. Based on the review, the authors developed guidelines for how to identify and address clustered data. The guidelines were modified by a multidisciplinary group consisting of a biostatistician with expertise in clustered data at the Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, and three doctors (M.D.s and Ph.D.s) with expertise in statistical analysis and scientific methodology from the Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet. Results: A total of 113 studies were included in the review. Seventy-five studies (66 percent) contained clustered data, but only eight studies (11 percent) took clustering into account in the statistical analysis. These results were used to develop the Clustered Data, or CLUDA, reporting guidelines which consist of two sections: one to identify clustering and one for reporting and analyzing clustered data. Conclusions: Clustered data are abundant in plastic surgery literature. The authors propose using the Clustered Data reporting guidelines to identify and report clustered data and consulting with a biostatistician when designing a study.


In cities around the world, underground railways offer an environmentally friendly solution to society's increasing demand for mass transport. However, they are often constructed close to sensitive buildings, where the resulting ground-borne noise and vibration can cause disturbance to both the occupants and the equipment. Such a scenario occurred in central London, where the new twin tunnels of Crossrail were bored beneath the Grand Central Recording Studios, causing an immediate concern. As a result, vibration in the studios' building was monitored throughout the Crossrail construction period. Since Crossrail is yet to operate, the resulting data provide a unique opportunity to investigate the effect of new tunnels, acting as passive buried structures, on the existing vibration environment. This paper presents the results of such an investigation, together with complementary results from a theoretical four-tunnel boundary-element model. The data analysis, presented in the first half of the paper, indicates that the construction of the second Crossrail tunnel has led to an overall reduction in the noise and vibration levels beneath the studios, due to the operation of the nearby Central line trains of London Underground. This is predominantly due to a reduction of approximately 6 dB in the 63 Hz band-limited levels but accompanied by a slight increase, of approximately 2 dB, in the 125 Hz band. Further analysis indicates that any seasonal variations in vibration levels over the measurement period are negligible, adding weight to the conclusion that the observed changes are a causal effect of the tunnel. The second half of the paper presents results from the model, which aims to simulate the dynamic interaction between the Central line tunnels and those of Crossrail. With nominal parameter values, the results demonstrate qualitative similarities with the measurement findings, thereby adding to the growing body of evidence that dynamic interaction between neighbouring tunnels can be significant.


This thesis examines the ways in which age- and sex-related bone loss in archaeological bone can
be assessed, with a view to providing criteria by which osteoporosis should be diagnosed.
Sample material for this investigation came from two London collections of skeletal material
dated 1700-1850 (Redcross Way and Farringdon Street).
A comparative study using a wide range of techniques for the detection of bone loss was carried
out on the samples from Redcross Way. Sample numbers were then increased through the
inclusion of the material from Farringdon Street in order to provide sufficient data to examine
changes seen in relation to age and sex.
Current research into bone biology and knowledge of osteoporosis in the present day population
was reviewed in the context of possible observations that can be made on archaeological bone.
There is a large body of historical literature available relating to the period covered by this study
(AD 1700-1850). A review was made of material relating to population demographics and
medical literature relating to fractures. This work showed that it is valid to study osteoporosis in
populations of this period, as a significant number of individuals reached an age at which today
they could be considered at risk of sustaining an osteoporotic fracture. Literature relating to
fractures contained significant numbers of reports of cases of fracture which, from knowledge of
such fracture in the present population, fit the criteria of osteoporotic fractures.
Archaeological bone was examined using non-invasive investigative techniques many of which
are in current clinical use for the determination of osteoporosis. These were: dual energy x-ray
absorptiometry; low angle x-ray scattering; and optical densitometry. Optical densitometry was
also applied to bone slices. Cortical bone was assessed through calculation of its area, and
thickness. The cortical index were calculated from radiographs. Trabecular bone loss was
assessed from femoral radiographs using the Singh index, and stereometric measurements made
using close range photogrammetry.
The possibility of the archaeological bone material having undergone post-mortem (diagenetic)
changes, which can adversely affect results obtained from non-invasive investigations, was briefly
addressed. Mineral deposition was found to have occurred in some of the sample material
examined.
It was found that the direct examination and measurement of the three dimensional trabecular
architecture through stereometric analysis provided the best indication of bone loss and, possibly
osteoporosis. Where sample material cannot be sectioned and non-invasive investigative
techniques have to be applied, low angle x-ray scattering, which produces quantitative and
qualitative measurements of trabecular bone, produced the most reliable results. Both these
techniques overcame the problems associated with diagenetic change in archaeological material.
The results from the investigation of the Redcross way and Farrmgdon Street skeletal material
showed that age- and sex-related bone loss was taking place, with loss occurring at an earlier age
and being more severe in females than males. The conclusion is made that patterns of loss
observed in the archaeological bone broadly mirror those seen in the present day population.


Computational models combined with electrophysiological studies have informed our understanding about the role of hippocampal subfields (dentate gyrus, DG; CA subfields, subiculum) and Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) cortex (entorhinal, perirhinal, parahippocampal cortices) during working memory (WM) tasks. Only recently have functional neuroimaging studies begun to examine under which conditions the MTL are recruited for WM processing in humans, but subfield contributions have not been examined in the WM context. Highresolution fMRI is well suited to test hypotheses regarding the recruitment of MTL subregions and hippocampal subfields. This dissertation describes three experiments using high-resolution fMRI to examine the role of hippocampal subfields and MTL structures in humans during WM. Experiment 1 investigated MTL activity when participants performed a task that required encoding and maintaining overlapping and non-overlapping vii stimulus pairs during WM. During encoding, activity in CA3/DG and CA1 was greater for stimulus pairs with overlapping features. During delay, activity in CA1 and entorhinal cortex was greater for overlapping stimuli. These results indicate that CA3/DG and CA1 support disambiguating overlapping representations while CA1 and entorhinal cortex maintain these overlapping items. Experiment 2 investigated MTL activity when participants performed a WM task that required encoding and maintaining either low or high WM loads. The results show a load effect in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex during the delay period and suggest that these regions act as a buffer for WM by actively maintaining novel information in a capacity-dependent manner. Experiment 3 investigated MTL activity when participants performed a WM task that required maintaining similar and dissimilar items at different loads. Analysis of a load by similarity interaction effect revealed areas of activity localized to the CA1 subfield. CA1 showed greater activity for higher WM loads for dissimilar, but not similar stimuli. Our findings help identify hippocampal and MTL regions that contribute to disambiguation in a WM context and regions that are active in a capacitydependent manner which may support long-term memory formation. These results help inform our understanding of the contributions of hippocampal subfields and MTL subregions during WM and help translate findings from animal work to the cognitive domain of WM in humans.


Why is the difference in redistribution preferences between the rich and the poor high in some countries and low in others? In this article, we argue that it has a lot to do with the rich and very little to do with the poor. We contend that while there is a general relative income effect on redistribution preferences, the preferences of the rich are highly dependent on the macrolevel of inequality. The reason for this effect is not related to immediate tax and transfer considerations but to a negative externality of inequality: crime. We will show that the rich in more unequal regions in Western Europe are more supportive of redistribution than the rich in more equal regions because of their concern with crime. In making these distinctions between the poor and the rich, the arguments in this article challenge some influential approaches to the politics of inequality.


In recent years the field of automated planning has significantly advanced and several powerful domain-independent planners have been developed. However, none of these systems clearly outperforms all the others in every known benchmark domain. This observation motivated the idea of configuring and exploiting a portfolio of planners to perform better than any individual planner: some recent planning systems based on this idea achieved significantly good results in experimental analysis and International Planning Competitions. Such results let us suppose that future challenges of the Automated Planning community will converge on designing different approaches for combining existing planning algorithms. This paper reviews existing techniques and provides an exhaustive guide to portfolio-based planning. In addition, the paper outlines open issues of existing approaches and highlights possible future evolution of these techniques.


Abstract. The ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) is used to estimate the erodibility fraction parameter field in a coupled meteorology and dust aerosol model (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)) over the Sahara desert. Erodibility is often employed as the key parameter to map dust source. It is used along with surface winds (or surface wind stress) to calculate dust emissions. Using the Saharan desert as a test bed, a perfect model Observation System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) with 40 ensemble members, and observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD), the EAKF is shown to recover correct values of erodibility at about 80% of the points in the domain. It is found that dust advected from upstream grid points acts as noise and complicates erodibility estimation. It is also found that the rate of convergence is significantly impacted by the structure of the initial distribution of erodibility estimates; isotropic initial distributions exhibit slow convergence, while initial distributions with geographically localized structure converge more quickly. Experiments using observations of Deep Blue AOD retrievals from the MODIS satellite sensor result in erodibility estimates that are considerably lower than the values used operationally. Verification shows that the use of the tuned erodibility field results in better predictions of AOD over the west Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula.


The objective of this paper is to capture the extent of sectoral heterogeneity across Professional Service sectors. It is argued that ongoing scholarly disputes on their boundaries within the geography of industry have lost sight of the intrinsic diversity that characterizes these activities. The present study connects this cue to research on sectoral patterns and elaborates an empirical analysis of employment structures and the associated skill bases of professional service sectors. Through this focus we are able to frame the emergence of cross-sectoral variety in the context of evolving specialization.


Spoofing as it applies to GNSS/GPS is an attempt to deceive the GNSS/GPS receiver by broadcasting signals that the receiver will use instead of the live sky signals. A test system for spoofing allows testing the three major factors to consider in a spoofing attack, time synchronization to the signals to be spoofed, power level of the spoofing signal compared to the live sky signals, and accuracy of the position obtained by the spoofing signal to that of the actual position of the device being spoofed. Receivers can provide some indications that something out of the ordinary is happening during a spoofing attack. But if the system the receiver is integrated into does not monitor or attempt to use these indications, it is difficult to identify a spoofing attack. Understanding how a receiver will respond in a spoofing attack is the key to detecting spoofing. For example, using multiple GNSS systems will prevent a spoofing attack consisting of only GPS. This is only true if the receiver is set up to monitor this type of information. The spoofing test system allows full control over key parameters in a completely closed system that will not interfere with actual GNSS signals. Each of these variables is described in detail and a sample of three popular, widely-used GNSS receivers test presented. Test results include variations of time, power, and position. Tests are performed using GPS only and also a combination of GPS and GLONASS systems to understand if multi-GNSS is an effective method to overcome spoofing attacks. Using a spoofing test system will allow a user to better understand the GNSS receiver behavior and harden the system against spoofing attacks.


Today, marketing researchers have considered creating a good congruency between clients and Brands personality. Because, it has two of the most important consequences; one, creating a long term relationship and two, word of mouth. Hence, this research has been to explain the relationship of the brand personality congruency and word of mouth with mediating customer-brand relationship in the banking industry. The study sample is including all students at the Shahid Beheshti University. In the sampling, the sample was calculated using Cochran formula, minimum requirement of 385 samples. Then, randomly and easy, 412 questionnaires were collected and; their data was used. In order to analyze Questionnaire data and test hypotheses was performed description test, means comparison and structural equation modeling using Smart-PLS software. The results show that personality congruency has positive and significance effect on customer-brand relationship dimensions (Self-Connection, Partner Quality and Affective Commitment); and relationships have been confirmed. Also, relationship between customer-brand relationship dimensions and word of mouth have been confirmed; and they have positive and significance effect. According to results of total effect, the largest total effect for word of mouth, it belongs to personality congruency (0.705); and this effect is only indirect. After personality congruency, partner quality has more effective on word of mouth (0.367).


This guide was designed to support students enrolled in SBS200, however, others researching small business classes might also find the content useful.


The study of hyperons improves our understanding of nature in multiple ways. The intrinsic properties of hadrons are not fully understood at a fundamental level. Hence, the electromagnetic properties of hyperons provide complementary information to that of the nucleon and therefore allow for a broader investigation of the structure of matter. Electromagnetic form factors have been extensively studied for the nucleon, and are now addressed also in the hyperon sector. In this thesis, the electromagnetic Σ-Λ hyperon transition form factors have been determined at low energies, in a pioneering framework that makes use of dispersion relations to combine theoretical and experimental input. Subsequently this analysis has been extended to the decuplet spin-3/2 Σ∗-Λ transition. Assuming that these transition form factors are saturated by a two-pion inelasticity, their imaginary part can be written in terms of the pion vector form factor and a pion-hyperon scattering amplitude. Chiral perturbation theory at next-to-leading order has been used to calculate the latter, while the pion vector form factor and the related pion phase-shift are known from measurements.The spin properties of hyperons can be resolved through their weak decays. The angular distribution of their decay products displays both polarization parameters and decay asymmetry parameters. These originate from processes characterized by an interplay of partial waves andare useful for different purposes. The polarization is sensitive to the production mechanism; in the p¯p case, it can be used to probe the strong interaction in the non-perturbative regime while in the e+e− case it contains the relative phase between complex electromagnetic form factors. Decay asymmetry parameters, on the other hand, are used to construct observables that test CP violation. Additional sources of CP violation must be found to solve the problem of the baryon asymmetry in our universe. This work provides a systematic method to retrieve both polarization and decay asymmetry parameters directly from the angular distribution of the hyperon decay products.


This paper represents a continuation of themes I explored in The Jurisprudence of the Forced Share in the Ancient World. The article is divided into four main sections. In the first two sections, I examine three basic sets of ideas that would prove of vital significance to medieval lawyers as they justified the forced share. These were: (1) the ideal of reciprocity that came to be expressed in the noun pietas; (2) the relationship of natural law and natural rights to the moral obligation to provide for one's young; and (3) the expectation that all families would be characterized by an ideal the scholastic writers called natural love. The second two sections of the paper then explore principally the writings of the medieval canon lawyers and focus on several related themes: (1) the reemergence of the idea of testamentary freedom and the corresponding effort to restrain it through the mechanism of the forced share; (2) the jurisdictional claims of the Church to interpret wills and to judge testamentary disputes; and (3) the justification of the forced share as the final legal expression of pietas, reciprocity, natural love and natural rights.


Our aim was to investigate effects of chronic hypox ia on endocrine function in pediatric patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) . Thirty patients with cyanotic CHD (16 boys, 14 girls), and 35 control subjects (22 boys, 13 girls) were enrolled. Age means of patients and controls were 4.37±4.51 and 4.28±4.96 ye ars, respectively. Standard deviation scores (SDS) of height and weight were significantl y ower among patients compared to controls. Mean fasting glucose levels were 75±15 mg/dL and 83±12 mg/dL among patients and controls, respectively (p=0.033). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 and its SDS were significantly lower among patients (p=0.010). There was no significant difference in ACTH and cortisol levels between groups. ACTH levels were ve ry low in six patients. Oxygen saturation level was positively correlated with ACTH (p=0.041, r=0.439) and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (p=0.046, r=-0.420) and insulin (p=0.017, r =-0.494). There was no difference in insulin resistance between groups. Chronic hypoxia has negative impact on growth by reducing IGF-1 along with the nutritional deficiency in children with cyanotic CHD. ACTHadrenal axis is also affected. While cyanotic CHD h as decreased serum glucose level, it had no effect on insulin level and insulin resistance. Negative correlations between oxygen saturation, and HOMA-IR, fasting insulin levels, have suggested that these patients should be monitorized for insulin resistance.