Organization design in its verb form is explored through a study of the design practices of a major contemporary architect, Frank O. Gehry, and his firm, Gehry Partners, LLP. Through four case studies, we explore how the organization design of his architectural projects is an outcome of Gehry Partners design gestalt. We argue that this design gestalt is a primary source of their organization designing and is composed of an architectural vision, the tight coupling of multiple representation technologies, and a commitment to a collaborative process of design and construction. These elements of design together form a holistic, organizing patterntheir design gestaltthat is evident in all of Gehry Partners projects, both their buildings and their organizational forms. We offer three characteristics of organization designingfocus on form giving, relation to environment, and temporality. We argue that developing a design gestalt and strengthening the capacity for organization designing is crucial for firms in our increasingly knowledge- and experience-based economy.


This paper proposes a process of Handwritten Character Recognition to recognize and convert images of individual Bangla handwritten characters into electronically editable format, which will create opportunities for further research and can also have various practical applications. The dataset used in this experiment is the BanglaLekha-Isolated dataset [1]. Using Convolutional Neural Network, this model achieves 91.81% accuracy on the alphabets (50 character classes) on the base dataset, and after expanding the number of images to 200,000 using data augmentation, the accuracy achieved on the test set is 95.25%. The model was hosted on a web server for the ease of testing and interaction with the model. Furthermore, a comparison with other machine learning approaches is presented.


System-provided explanations for recommendations are an important component towards transparent and trustworthy AI. In state-of-the-art research, this is a one-way signal, though, to improve user acceptance. In this paper, we turn the role of explanations around and investigate how they can contribute to enhancing the quality of generated recommendations themselves. We devise a human-in-the-loop framework, called Elixir, where user feedback on explanations is leveraged for pairwise learning of user preferences. Elixir leverages feedback on pairs of recommendations and explanations to learn user-specific latent preference vectors, overcoming sparseness by label propagation with item-similarity-based neighborhoods. Our framework is instantiated using generalized graph recommendation via Random Walk with Restart. Insightful experiments with a real user study show significant improvements in movie and book recommendations over item-level feedback.


This suite of images by the Congolese photographer and video artist Sammy Baloji explores colonial architecture and copper mines in the city of Lubumbashi and the southeastern Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. For Baloji and others of his generation, who were born after the country's independence in 1960, the colonial period was a time when hard work transformed a sparsely inhabited area into a modern city. In contrast, Baloji's images portray an industrial environment haunted by the physical absence of humanity: no one is inside the buildings, machines are rusting and idle, and train tracks sit without trains. Like many people in the Congo today, Baloji aims to understand and reconnect two strikingly different eras.


The long‐chain diol index (LDI) is a relatively new proxy for sea surface temperature (SST) which has been rarely applied in upwelling regions. Here, we evaluated its application by comparison with other SST records obtained by commonly used proxies, that is, the Mg/Ca ratio of the planktonic foraminifera species Globigerinoides ruber and the alkenone paleothermometer UK´37. We focused on the last glacial–interglacial transition of four different sedimentary archives from the western and northern Arabian Sea, which are currently under the influence of monsoon‐induced upwelling and the associated development of an oxygen minimum zone. The UK′37 ${{\mathrm{U}}^{\mathrm{K}\prime }}_{37}$ and Mg/CaG.ruber SST records revealed an increase of 0.6–3.4°C from the Last Glacial Maximum to the late Holocene with somewhat higher amplitude in the northern part of the Arabian Sea than compared to the western part. In contrast, the LDI SSTs did not reveal major changes during the last glacial–interglacial transition which was followed by a decreasing trend during the Holocene. The LGM versus the Holocene LDI SSTs ranged between −0.2 and −2.7°C. Particularly at one record, offshore Oman, the SST decrease during the Holocene was high in amplitude, suggesting a potential cold bias, possibly related to changes in upwelling intensity. This indicates that care has to be taken when applying the LDI for annual mean SST reconstruction in upwelling regions.


Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading cancer causes of death worldwide with high incidence of mortality. With limited available data from the previous literature, cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC) seems to provide substantial survival benefits to the advanced GC patients, especially in those with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). However, it is also considered as a high morbid approach. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the perioperative safety of CRS-HIPEC in advanced GC patients. According to the currently available evidence, CRS-HIPEC causes surgery-related morbidity including abscess, fistula, and anastomotic leak, and chemotherapy-related morbidities such as leucopenia, anemia, thrombopenia, and heart, liver or renal toxicity. The incidence of the morbidity and mortality approximate 20% and 4.8% respectively, which are comparable to a major gastrointestinal surgery. Repeated evidence demonstrates that incidence of morbidity or mortality is significantly influenced by the institutional experience. Centers undertaking this treatment strategy must aim to minimize morbidity and mortality by learning from the experienced units and carefully selecting candidate patients. Patients with advanced age or greater disease burden seem to be at greater risks and thus application of CRS-HIPEC on them must be based on an extensive evaluation and multi-disciplinary team (MDT) discussion.


Streetcars have returned to many cities in the United States, and dozens of cities are contemplating making their own streetcar investments. Yet most streetcars carry relatively few riders per unit of service at a relatively high cost per ride. The streetcar's poor transportation performance thus raises questions about the purpose of these investments. From a case study of five cities, the authors seek to better understand the streetcar's appeal in the face of the mode's poor transportation performance. The authors draw on interviews with developers, business leaders, local officials, transit planners, streetcar advocates, and other key respondents, as well as on documentary sources, and find that private actors with business and development interests in downtown and nearby areas are the main drivers behind the streetcar resurgence. These actors operate within growth-oriented public–private coalitions (growth machines) and typically regard streetcars as economic development, image-making, and tourism promotion tools rather than transportation investments. Rent-seeking behavior underlies growth machine dynamics, and thus streetcar projects remain appealing to these actors, despite the streetcar's weak transportation performance. The focus on nontransportation goals as primary streetcar objectives affects local decision making and likely leads to the streetcar's underperformance as a mode of transit.


Amy F. Wiesen Using "Social Stories" To Enhance the Social and Behavior Skills of Preschool Children with Autism or Pervasive Developmental Disorder 1999 Dr. Jay Kuder, Thesis Advisor Special Education Program Autistic or Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) children may exhibit impairments with communication skills, social skills, and cognitive skills. A treatment strategy called social stories maybe an effective visual aid that provides individuals with autism/PDD accurate information regarding situations they encounter or skills they are working on. This thesis examined whether the use of social stories would increase the academic, social, and behavior skills of autistic/PDD children. A study was conducted over a three month period on three preschool students from the Bancroft Preschool. The purpose of writing a social story for each child was to teach the students to perform suitable social skills in a variety of settings. Data on the percentages of occurrences was taken on each individual before and during the intervention to show whether the social stories helped make a positive impact on their behaviors. Overall, the statistical and practical results in this study suggest that social stories may be useful in teaching social behavior skills to children with autism/PDD. MINI-ABSRACT Amy F. Wiesen Using "Social Stories" To Enhance the Social and Behavior Skills of Preschool Children with Autism or Pervasive Developmental Disorder


The important features of wavelet transform and different methods in compression of fingerprint images have been implemented. Image quality is measured objectively using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE).A comparative study using discrete cosine transform based Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG) standard , wavelet based basic Set Partitioning in Hierarchical trees(SPIHT) and Modified SPIHT is done. The comparison shows that Modified SPIHT offers better compression than basic SPIHT and JPEG. The results will help application developers to choose a good wavelet compression system for their applications.


Background. Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease involved in cerebrovascular disease (CVD), coronary arterial disease (CAD), and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis is an important cause of ischemic stroke, accounting for approximately 20-30% of all ischemic strokes. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and Carotid angioplasty stent (CAS) are interventional treatment for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic and treatment criteria in patients with severe carotid uni/bilateral stenosis in different circumstances: symptomatic/asymptomatic, with recent or old ischemic stroke, candidates for (CEA) or stent (CAS), with/without involvement of coronary arteries and peripheral endothelial function. Material and methods. The study included 85 patients with severe carotid stenosis (over 70%) that have been evaluated for CEA or CAS. Patients were evaluated with Carotid Doppler and/or Angio CT of the cervical region, cardiac ultrasound and cerebral/coronary/peripheral angiography, thus assessing the degree of coronary and peripheral involvement. The following have been calculated: ejection fraction (EF) (%), telediastolic volume (TDV) (ml), overall cardiovascular risk - blood pressure score (Score BP), (ranging 1-4 according to severity) and 2 composite scores: global cardiovascular and hemodynamic risk score (GCVHRS), (ranging 1-10 according to risk factors summation) and organic vascular risk score (OVRS), (ranging 1-10 according to the number and topographic status of stenosis). Patients were divided into four groups: a) with carotid stenosis only (CaAS), b) with CaAS damage and coronary stenosis (CoAS), c) with CaAS damage and peripheral stenosis (PAS) and d) global vascular involvement (CaAS,CoAS,PAS). All study patients were compared with 85 matched patients with cardiovascular risk factors without signs of clinical organ damage. Results. Among the 85 patients with severe carotid stenosis, 52 (61.2%) patients had ICA stenosis between 90%-99%, 37 (43.5%) patients had CaAS involvement and 14(16.5%) patients had multiple organ vascular damage. GCVHRS was significantly higher in the patient group with both CaAS and CoAS (scoring 5.80+/-2.33*) and also OVRS in patients with severe multiple organ vascular involvement (scoring of 6.78+/-1.42*), compared to the other groups of patients (p < 0.05). The hemodynamic risk evaluation in CaAS had a EF mean of 52.27+/-7.56 (%) and a TDV mean of 92.13+/-30.27* (ml) while in the global vascular involvement group EF dropped to a mean of 45.71+/-13.56 (%) and TDV increased to a mean of 124.28+/-51.38 (ml). Conclusions. Higher composite scores (GCVHRS and OVRS) and decrease of EF best correlated with: the degree of carotid stenosis, with the presence of left internal carotid involvement, with the presence of a contralateral involvement (stenosis/occlusion). Secondary vascular disease prevention is mandatory in patients with carotid, coronary and peripheral arterial disease. A composite vascular risk evaluation is useful for individually tailoring our interventional treatment strategy thus improving the global functional outcome of any given patient.*P < 0.05


Synopsis Microchemical characterization of gold grains collected from a probable site of old gold processing at the confluence of the Mennock Water and Whitestone Cleuch in the Leadhills–Wanlockhead auriferous area has led to the identification of a type of gold previously unrecorded in the area. Within the Leadhills–Wanlockhead gold region the alluvial gold is dominated by a type which contains typically 10–12% Ag, little or no Cu and Hg, and an opaque inclusion suite containing sulphides (about 60%) and sulpharsenides (about 40%). Alluvial gold grains recovered from the Mennock Water and Whitestone Cleuch during this study are of this type. In contrast, gold grains recovered from the base of pits at the study site contain between 5.6 and 7.4% Ag, negligible Cu and Hg, and an opaque mineral inclusion suite characterized by pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and tetrahedrite. Sulpharsenides are absent. This microchemical signature is more similar to that previously recorded in alluvial gold from two other sites in the Southern Uplands: the Tweed headwaters and the Glengaber Burn. The distinctive microchemical signature of gold from the study site has not been observed in any other gold grains recovered from the Mennock Water catchment (c. 20 km2) or elsewhere in the Leadhills–Wanlockhead region. These grains frequently exhibit textures incompatible with any fluvial transport, but characteristic of gold grains liberated through crushing ore. Thus, the evidence from gold composition and grain textures suggests that a distinctive bedrock source of gold was crushed and presumably beneficiated at this site. This discovery represents evidence for an unrecorded site of possible in-situ gold exploitation.


Provides unifying framework for estimating the abundance of open populations that are subject to births, deaths and movement in and out of the population

Going beyond the estimation of abundance, teaches ways of determining the reasons for variation in abundance over time and survival probabilities

Ecologists and wildlife managers will learn to model dynamics in annual cycles for populations of large vertebrates, including discrete time models

This book gives a unifying framework for estimating the abundance of open populations: populations subject to births, deaths and movement, given imperfect measurements or samples of the populations. The focus is primarily on populations of vertebrates for which dynamics are typically modelled within the framework of an annual cycle, and for which stochastic variability in the demographic processes is usually modest. Discrete-time models are developed in which animals can be assigned to discrete states such as age class, gender, maturity, population (within a metapopulation), or species (for multi-species models).

The book goes well beyond estimation of abundance, allowing inference on underlying population processes such as birth or recruitment, survival and movement. This requires the formulation and fitting of population dynamics models. The resulting fitted models yield both estimates of abundance and estimates of parameters characterizing the underlying processes.


Objective To evaluate the performance of a hybrid expert approach for retrospective occupational exposure assessment. Methods PROtEuS is a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer in Montreal, Canada, comprising approximately 4000 subjects. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to collect lifetime occupational histories. Experts evaluated exposure to 345 agents, assigning semi-quantitative levels (3 categories) by certainty, intensity and frequency of exposure. Towards this, they used job-exposure profiles (JEPs) developed using traditional expert ratings from a case-control study of lung cancer conducted in Montreal in the 1990s. JEPs present summaries of ratings across agents by job title, as well as guidelines helping experts adjust their ratings based on specific exposure circumstances. We compared expert ratings with JEP distributions to evaluate how experts modulated their assessments beyond those proposed by the JEPs while taking into account the information provided by study subjects. We restricted comparisons to blue collar occupations, and to agents and 7-digit 1971 Canadian Classification and Dictionary of Occupation codes common between the two sets. Results A total of 279 agents and 667 blue collar occupations were retained for analysis. Experts rated exposures with higher certainty (OR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.16–1.21) and intensity (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04–1.10) relative to JEPs, while the opposite trend was found for frequency (OR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.73–0.76). Weighted Kappa values for the agreement between the ratings assigned by experts with those with the highest proportion of jobs in JEPs was highest for frequency (0.70) and intensity (0.66) compared to certainty (0.44). Conclusions PROtEuS experts provided with JEPs rated exposures with higher certainty and intensity, and with lower frequency, compared to the ratings from the JEPs themselves. This suggests that experts can use subjects' job descriptions to modulate the ratings proposed by JEPs towards an overall greater confidence in their occupational exposure assignments.


Researchers in Hungary have yet paid much attention to the factors and socio-economic conditions that contribute to the formation of the so-called "linear" infrastructure, including communications networks. They have mostly concentrated on the reasons and factors that influence the location of industrial plants that can be represented in a "one-point" economic model. In his stop-gap research the author considers regional interest to be the most decisive socio-economic factor in shaping, developing and modifying the spatial structure of modern transport, and within this the railway network. (Regional interest, in its most general interpretations means the basically economic interest of people of different sexes, ages, qualification and social status, related to their residence or the environment in which they spend their leisure. The population is directly interested in properly maintaining, shaping and supplying with infrastructure these locations that constitute their common environment.) The present research has revealed that it is the confrontation of interests between regional units of different hierarchic ranking and quite frequently the various sectors (e.g. mining, agrarian-industriall or in some cases the resulting compromises that created the present network which can only partly come up to the requirements of today's spatial system of production and settlement network. The Austrian Monarchy that, in an autocratic way, annexed Hungary, was interested in establishing a network with its main railway line between Vienna and Triest, avoiding the largest Hungarian economic-social centre, Budapest, to ensure cheap wheat imports for Austria and increase profits of Austrian Commercial Houses. These interests, however, could only be partly realized by the construction of a few railway lines because of the opposition of the Hungarian national interests that called for a monocentrical network to make Budapest a pendant of Vienna while wheat exports would have been realized at external markets through Fiume. After the compromise of 1867, and from tha 1880s in particular, the centralist Hungarian state policy, supported by the lobby of food industrialists in Budapest, managed to create a capitalcentred network, stopping the construction of the transversal lines that had already started. This extremely monocentrical concept changed only after the turning of the century. Branch lines were built by local railway companies; their routes and the settlements they were to connect largely depended upon the regional interests of trading and industrial chambers, the provincial interests enforced with various autocratic and financial means by the county organs, as well as the local interests represented by the settlement administration. The study contains a lot of examples to illustrate these statements and also analyzes the economic aspects of these regional interests.


Taking Thomas Pynchon's critique of the cause-effect mentality as a point of departure, the social or literary critic is reluctant to accept arguments of influence. It may be both correct and interesting to argue that Pynchon has read this or that author, but such an argument also suggests that there is a traceable, even causal connection between the works read and the works produced. By distancing himself as much as possible from this approach, the critic widens his field of research to the point where anything may provide insights into Pynchon's work. The critical act then becomes not so much a proof of influence as a process of juxtaposition. The result is, at best, a series of illuminating observations that are in keeping with the thought processes Pynchon portrays.


Governments all around the world are faced with economic and social problems borne from the need for modern and reliable infrastructure. Rapid urbanization, increasing population size and economic growth are the main causes of increasing infrastructure investment needs in the world. While the need is growing, government budgets are increasingly squeezed by demands for healthcare improvements, defence, education and many others. The problems in the provision of finance for these investments are aggravated with the new Covid crisis, as the funds reserved for infrastructure investments are now likely to be allocated to urgent needs such as healthcare and unemployment benefits. In such a volatile environment, identifying future investment needs and discussing how these needs will be met is important and timely more than ever. This paper, introduces the global infrastructure investment trends in the future and discusses the use of public and private finance for infrastructure spending. In this concept, the following questions are explored, (1) What is the volume and trend of global infrastructure investment needs? (2) How do infrastructure investment needs differ among regions? (3) How will this infrastructure investment needs be financed?, and (4) What may be some of the future issues to be solved? To find out future infrastructure investment needs and trends, reports outlining the future prospects of the infrastructure sector are examined and trends are revealed. Then, a review of financing mechanisms is introduced in the light of the main procurement systems used by governments for realizing infrastructure projects. In this concept, design-bid-build, design-build and project finance models are explored in terms of their organizational and financial structure. Future issues to be solved are mainly derived from a cross examination of concerns raised in published infrastructure investment case studies and of future trends. Results reveal that the need for investment in infrastructure is growing steadily. As a response to this growth, the use of private finance is increasingly being encouraged by governments all over the world and a variety of international organizations. However, it appears that long-standing private finance issues predominantly observed in demand-based projects will continue to be discussed over the coming years by policymakers, scholars and communities. Indeed, many governments and organizations are already speeding up research efforts into ensuring the resilience of public private partnerships (PPP) in infrastructure projects. The insights from this research are expected to revive interest and research efforts into the potential future challenges for infrastructure financing and options available for governments.


In early 1989, after the passage of IGRA, the Pequots announced that they intended to build a casino alongside their bingo hall. (273) The tribe sought to negotiate a compact with the State of Connecticut, but officials declined. (274) The attorney general took the position that Connecticut law did not allow casino gambling, and thus the state could not grant the tribe's request for a compact. (275) Connecticut law, however, did allow "Las Vegas nights," fundraisers run by non-profit or charitable organizations that featured casino games such as blackjack and roulette. (276) At "Las Vegas nights," participants gambled with play money and used their winnings to bid for prizes. (277) The Pequots argued that, if the state permitted other organizations to run casino-type games, the tribe had the legal right under the IGRA to do so. (278) To force the state government to the negotiating table, the Pequots filed suit against Connecticut on November 3, 1989. (279) The stage was set for the first battle for the Foxwoods casino. A. Context of the Initial Negotiations When approaching a negotiation, the parties must address its relevant context. A non-exclusive list of contextual factors includes economic, competitive, historical, political, institutional, and organizational matters. A good assessment of the setting is neither complete nor exhaustive but gives a useful sense of the involved and potentially involved parties, perceptions of their interests, and the nature of the process by which they are interacting. In short, assessing a negotiation's relevant context entails looking at the setting to see its implications for structure and psychology as well as the elements available for efforts to change the game. The Mashantucket Pequots and the State of Connecticut were primary stakeholders in the litigation, but other significant parties played a role in the outcome. Spearheading the Pequots' legal effort was Tureen & Margolin, a six-member law firm in Portland, Maine, that specialized in Indian affairs.280 Thomas Tureen and Barry Margolin founded the firm in 1981, shortly after the pair, legal aid attorneys in their thirties, won a historic $81.5 million settlement for two Maine Indian tribes in a land-claim case. (281) Afterwards, the two lawyers, who earned no fees in the case, decided to establish a private practice. (282) Their firm soon became general counsel not only to the two tribes Tureen and Margolin had represented in Maine but also to the Mashantucket Pequots. (283) Tureen & Margolin had ample experience representing American Indians but none in the casino business. (284) One of the firm's associates, however, had worked for former New Jersey Attorney General John Degnan, who had extensive experience in casino regulation. (285) This associate, Robert Gips, recommended that the Pequots hire his former boss to help negotiate a compact with the state. (286) Degnan advised, however, that if the Pequots were to move forward with their casino project, the tribe needed someone with even more experience in casino regulation and operations, and he suggested Michael Brown. (287) Having successfully prosecuted key members of New Jersey's Genovese crime family, Brown served as director of New Jersey's Division of Gaming Enforcement from 1980 until 19 82. (288) During his tenure, Brown oversaw the opening of seven casinos and supervised the initial licensing hearings for five others. (289) As a gaming regulator, Brown learned that modern casinos were not the corrupt, mob-run operations reminiscent of the early gambling days in Nevada. (290) Brown said, "Some of the companies, I started to realize, had developed a corporate attitude toward gaming.... They were run by people with MBAs, not broken noses." (291) After speaking with Gips, Brown agreed to join the Pequots' effort to open a casino. (292) By the time Brown joined the Pequot team, a legal battle between the Pequots and the State of Connecticut was well under way. …


Wembley, 1966. 1-5, Munich, 2001. Mexico '72 and Italy '90. Bobby Moore and Franz Beckenbauer, Paul Gascoigne and Jurgen Klinsmann. Forty years of hurt, tabloid rabble-rousing and 'Don't mention the war'. But what do the Germans really think of us? Do they even care? In Englischer Fussball, respected journalist Raphael Honigstein gives us a German's-eye view of our national game. Nearly 150 years ago the English created a sport that the world has taken to its heart. Even today, English teams still fascinate audiences across the globe. So what makes our football special? Starting with the origin of the modern game in the late nineteenth century, Honigstein traces the development of English football from its public-school origins to the glory years of Ramsey and beyond, exploring the culture and foundational myths of a peculiarly English invention. Is English football really about manliness, hard work, fair play and a never-say-die attitude? Why is there so little room in our game for individual brilliance? And just why are we so hung up on beating the Germans? Provocative, incisive and ever topical, Englischer Fussball is the product of an outsider's life-long love affair with English football, a book that explores the difference between how we see ourselves and how the rest of the world sees us. From hooligans to sex scandals, Wayne Rooney to Stanley Matthews, it asks what football can teach us about the English national character.


This study is the first to examine the fish and freshwater crayfish of the Carbunup and Buayanyup Rivers, south-western Australia. It aimed to determine the distribution of the fishes and freshwater crayfishes, their conservation significance and management implications to help ensure the ongoing viability of these communities.

Ten sites each in the Carbunup and Buayanyup Rivers were sampled for fish and freshwater crayfish in November 2008.

Carbunup River

Contained four of the eight endemic species of freshwater fishes of the south-west region, including the rare (Schedule 1 Wildlife Protection Act 1950) Mud Minnow.

The Gilgie was the most widespread crayfish species and limited numbers of the Smooth Marron were also captured.

All populations appeared viable based on abundances, distributions and population structures; however, the viability status of the Mud Minnow and Smooth Marron requires further investigation.

The estuarine site at the mouth of the Carbunup River was found to house nine species of fish and two decapods; including Black Bream, Sea Mullet and Blue Swimmer Crabs.

The estuarine habitat of the river probably provides nursery and/or spawning habitats for a number of estuarine and nearshore marine species.

The introduced Eastern Gambusia was the only introduced species recorded in the Carbunup River (although historical reports of the Redfin Perch also exist for the system). The dry season abundance and distribution of Eastern Gambusia should be assessed to better understand its impact on native fishes in the system.

Buayanyup River

Contained four endemic fishes; including the restricted Black-stripe Minnow. The identification of the species requires final confirmation by examination of a greater number of (larger) specimens or genetic analysis and, if confirmed, would represent a considerable range extension of the species.
Three native freshwater crayfishes were recorded with the Gilgie again being widespread and abundant whereas the Smooth Marron and Koonac were recorded in low numbers and had more restricted distributions.
Twelve fish and one shrimp species were recorded at the estuarine site in Buayanyup Brook; including Black Bream, Australian Salmon and Sea Mullet. As with the Carbunup.

River, the tidal reach of Buayanyup probably provides nursery and/or spawning habitat for a number of estuarine and nearshore marine species.

Both the introduced Yabbie and Eastern Gambusia were recorded in Buayanyup River with control programs of the species potentially able to reduce abundances and restrict their spread; but would be unlikely to completely eliminate them from the river.

The widespread and abundant Western Pygmy Perch in Buayanyup River would be an ideal species for the proposed captive breeding program at the Naturaliste College. This species is a successful aquarium species and, if adequate habitat, food resources and water quality are provided, should be able to be successfully bred by the students.

Future actions
Additional surveys should be undertaken to determine the distribution and viability of the Mud Minnow and Black-stripe Minnow (as well as its final identification) in the Carbunup and Buayanyup River, respectively.

Additional, dry-season surveys of the distribution and abundances of Eastern Gambusia and Yabbie should be conducted with the aim of potentially developing control programs for these species.

Greater understanding of the estuarine fish communities of both systems could be achieved by undertaking seasonal sampling in the lower reaches of these rivers.

Protection and rehabilitation of riparian and instream vegetation via River Action Plan development for these systems would enhance the long-term viability of the prevailing native fish and freshwater crayfish communities via: helping to maintain and increase water quality, supplying shelter from predators, creating spawning habitat and supplying food resources.


Despite longstanding orthodoxy, the Constitution's enumeration of congressional powers does virtually nothing to limit federal lawmaking. That's not because of some bizarre judicial failure to read the Constitution correctly. It's because the enumeration of congressional powers is not a well-designed technology for limiting federal legislation. Rather than trying to make the enumeration do work that it will not do, decisionmakers should find better ways of thinking about what lawmaking should be done locally rather than nationally. This Article suggests such a rubric, one that asks not whether Congress has permission to do a certain thing but whether a certain kind of lawmaking is more prone to pathology at the national or the state level. That inquiry could identify "suspect spheres": areas of policymaking where federal law calls for more justification than elsewhere. Federal legislation within suspect spheres would not be subject to judicial invalidation, but the judgment that legislation fell within a suspect sphere could underwrite softer forms of judicial resistance to nationalization. We illustrate the suspect-spheres model with a principle of federalism we call the corporate non-delegation doctrine, by which federal delegations of power to private corporations are to be treated skeptically. Early on, that principle animated Madison's opposition to the Bank of the United States and much of the Jacksonian approach to federalism. It later underwrote the Supreme Court's decision in Schechter Poultry. In the current century, the idea that the corporate nondelegation doctrine defines a suspect sphere helps explain otherwise puzzling judicial behaviors in federalism cases, including the presumption against preemption and the resistance to the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act. By illustrating the possibility of a suspect-sphere approach, we suggest a tool that might be useful at a time of destructively polarized national politics, when rubrics for allocating some polarizing issue spaces to state-level decisionmakers might help lower the national temperature.


Introduction Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common form of CJD causing 85% of all cases. Various phenotypes of sCJD have been identified including Heidenhain variant which has early and predominant visual symptoms with most pronounced neuropathological changes in occipital lobe. Methodology. We are reporting a case of sCJD with Retinitis Punctata Albescens (RPA), a variant of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), which to our knowledge has not been reported before. A 51 year old, married, right handed, Pakistani woman presented with dementia and gait problems for 3 months and visual hallucinations for 2 months. Ophthalmological examination 3 years prior to current presentation scattered white dots on the retina in both eyes centrally and peripherally and a diagnosis of retinitis punctata albescens (RPA) was made. MRI brain showed T2 hyperintensities and restricted diffusion on DWI in frontal, parietal and temporal cortices as well as caudate and putamen bilaterally. EEG showed slow posterior background activity and poorly formed tri-phasic waves. We diagnosed probable sCJD using the 1998 WHO criteria. Patient also met UCSF sCJD criteria. Discussion. Visual symptoms in sCJD are more commonly associated with posterior cortical pathology and less commonly with retinal pathology. However this is an isolated case report and warrants validation. C A S E R E P O R T


Denis Herbstein. White Lies: Canon Collins and the Secret War against Apartheid. Cape Town: HSRC Press/Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 2004. xxi + 386 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £14.95. Paper. Roger Fieldhouse. Anti-Apartheid: A History of the Movement in Britain. A Study in Pressure Group Politics. London: The Merlin Press Ltd., 2005. xiv + 546 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £20.00. Paper. £50.00. Cloth. These two accounts of the overseas humanitarian and solidarity groups that were founded in response to the increasing institutionalization of white minority rule, primarily in South Africa, can certainly be regarded as examples of what Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink have labeled "activists beyond borders" (Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Cornell University Press, 1998). Mark Israel, in his scholarly treatise South African Political Exile in the United Kingdom (St. Martin's Press, 1999) uses the felicitous term "international solidarity lobbyists" (82). What characterized both the International Defense and Aid Fund (IDAF) and the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) was that they attracted the attention of both British and South African exile activists, on the one hand, and South African government operatives and agents, on the other hand. Denis Herbstein is a South African-born journalist who wrote for The Cape Times and later moved to Britain, where he is on the staff of the The Financial Times. He began his biography of the Rev. Lewis John Collins, one of the four canons of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, as researcher for a Channel Four British television show on this topic produced by Paul Yule in 1993. Collins was a key British figure in the development and operation of the IDAF, which traced its origin to the Treason Trial Defense Fund in South Africa. IDAF's original aim was to provide funds to secure defense attorneys for those Africans who were charged with a wide array of infractions against the prevailing and increasingly remorseless internal security legislation that became an integral part of the apartheid system after 1948. Not unsurprisingly, the Pretoria regime served a banning order on the IDAF in 1966 which remained in force until 1990, so that South African defense attorneys would be subject to as much as ten years in prison if they were funded overtly by the IDAF. The title "White lies," which was also the title of the Channel Four documentary, refers to the plausible deniability of any IDAF funds reaching South African defense attorneys in these internal security trials. Neville Rubin, an exile South African lawyer whose late father, Leslie, was active in the South African Liberal Party before he immigrated to the United States, was the architect of a system of cutouts which hid the funding pipeline from the IDAF to the defense attorneys by using two layers of British legal firms and basically phantom trust funds sponsored by eminent left-leaning members of the British establishment who had a profound distaste for the apartheid judicial system. This James Bond-type of enterprise was never cracked by the South African regime, although suspicions existed about the system. Yet the IDAF was more than simply a well-camouflaged legal aid society. One of its two other tasks concerned welfare work for those near-destitute dependents of incarcerated Africans with whom a vast range of IDAF members in several Western European nations corresponded. Financial requests for aid were carefully vetted. The other task for which it was perhaps better known was as a fount of data on the status of white rule in Anglophone southern Africa. Indeed there is now a huge, indexed microfiche data bank of IDAF newspaper clippings at certain research libraries as a legacy of its information and research staff. …


In this unprecedented history of a scientific revolution, award-winning author and journalist Carl Zimmer tells the definitive story of the dawn of the age of the brain and modern consciousness. Told here for the first time, the dramatic tale of how the secrets of the brain were discovered in seventeenth-century England unfolds against a turbulent backdrop of civil war, the Great Fire of London, and plague. At the beginning of that chaotic century, no one knew how the brain worked or even what it looked like intact. But by the century's close, even the most common conceptions and dominant philosophies had been completely overturned, supplanted by a radical new vision of man, God, and the universe. Presiding over the rise of this new scientific paradigm was the founder of modern neurology, Thomas Willis, a fascinating, sympathetic, even heroic figure at the center of an extraordinary group of scientists and philosophers known as the Oxford circle. Chronicled here in vivid detail are their groundbreaking revelations and the often gory experiments that first enshrined the brain as the physical seat of intelligence -- and the seat of the human soul. "Soul Made Flesh" conveys a contagious appreciation for the brain, its structure, and its many marvelous functions, and the implications for human identity, mind, and morality.


Abstract The clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is a financial incentive intended to make economically marginal greenhouse gas (GHG) prevention projects more feasible. Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) is a possi-ble GHG mitigating strategy. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines a CCS project as a process consisting of three phases: the separation of carbon dioxide from industrial and energy-related sources; transportation of the carbon dioxide to a storage location; and long-term isola-tion of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This paper focuses on prospects of CCS as CDM projects in general and in the context of Southern Africa. Currently there is no evidence of a long term proven track record of integrated CCS systems; only three industrial scale CCS projects exist global-ly. Nevertheless, new concepts have been proposed for CCS CDM projects such as long-term liability and certified emission reduction (CER) cancellation. However, these concepts are not in the current CDM framework at present. It is thus difficult to prove CCS as an eligible CDM project without first addressing possible expansion and shortfalls of the current CDM structure. More research is also required to quantify the trade offs presented between mitigating carbon dioxide from the atmos-phere at the possible detriment of the areas of stor-age in the Southern Africa context. Only then may CCS projects be deemed more viable in the CDM context. Finally, although the potential for CCS in South Africa has been noted due to major point sources, the cost of capture and storage is a major obstacle; matching point sources and geological storage options is problematic for South Africa and neighbouring countries due to large transport dis-tances. The regulatory risks associated with CCS are further deterrents for the implementation of CCS CDM projects in Southern Africa in the near future.


Since its emergence, framing has established itself as one of the most prominent areas of study within the political communication literature. Simply defined, frames are acts of communication that present a certain interpretation of the world that can change the ways in which people understand, define and evaluate issues and events. But while scholarly understanding of framing as a concept has been refined as a consequence of many years of constructive debate, framing methodology has evolved little since the introduction of the concept several decades ago. As a consequence, the methods employed to study and understand framing effects have not kept up with more modern conceptualizations of framing and have struggled to meaningfully contribute to framing theory on the whole. Specifically, analyses of the framing literature over the past two decades suggest framing studies often fall short in properly distinguishing framing effects from broader persuasion and information effects and the current state of the literature—characterized by inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies across individual works—has made generalization difficult, hampering further theoretical development. In light of these concerns, framing scholars must utilize research approaches that allow for a more precise understanding of the mechanisms by which framing effects occur and identify strategies by which broader insights may be gleaned from both current and future work on the subject in order to enrich framing theory moving forward.


Scholars have long stressed the need to bridge the gap between science and action and seek the most efficient use of knowledge for decision making. Many contributors have attempted to consider and understand the sociopolitical forces involved in knowledge generation and exchange. We argue, however, that a model is still needed to adequately conceptualize and frame the knowledge networks in which these processes are embedded. We devised a model for knowledge mapping as a prerequisite for knowledge management in the context of conservation. Using great ape conservation to frame our approach, we propose that knowledge mapping should be based on 2 key principles. First, each conservation network results from the conglomeration of subnetworks of expertise producing and using knowledge. Second, beyond the research‐management gradient, other dimensions, such as the scale of operation, geographic location, and organizational characteristics, must also be considered. Assessing both knowledge production and trajectory across different dimensions of the network opens new space for investigating and reducing the gap between science and action.


Combines Western theories of the sublime (from Longinus to Lyotard) with indigenous Indian modes of reading in order to construct a comprehensive theory of both the Indian sublime and Indian devotional verse.

"Devotional Poetics and the Indian Sublime continues, in fruitful ways, the recent extension of comparative literature beyond the narrow regional boundaries of Europe and North America. Mishra takes up an extremely important strain in pre-colonial Indian literature, which is unfortunately little known outside Indology. His thoughtful analyses should be read by any serious comparatist interested in devotional poetry." -- Patrick Colm Hogan, coeditor of Literary India: Comparative Studies in Aesthetics, Colonialism, and Culture

The last two decades of the twentieth century have been marked by an immense revival of interest in the sublime. The sublime has been periodized (and "trans-periodized"), gendered, politicized, and even made into a commodity with specific social and economic effects. Yet past studies have used Western texts as their archives. This book dramatically shifts the focus by examining a major instance of a non-Western sublime: the Hindu Brahman.

Devotional Poetics and the Indian Sublime examines European theories of the sublime, reads them off against contemporary critical uses of the term (notably by Lyotard and Paul de Man), and proposes that the Hindu Brahman constitutes an instance of one of the most fully developed of all sublimes. Mishra argues that the negative aesthetics of Brahman (and the largely decentered rhetoric of Hinduism generally) is part of this massive culture's use of the category of the sublime (and not the beautiful) to speak about a moment when the mind is confronted with an idea too large to be presented to consciousness. The book then examines the case of one of India's dominant literary genres--devotional verse--to show that once the category of the sublime is grasped (or seen as the undertheorized category of Indian aesthetics), it soon becomes clear that this massive genre is also predicated upon Brahman, the Absolute, as the sublime object of (impossible) desire. It is the first book to offer a comprehensive theory of both the Indian sublime and Indian devotional verse.


Abstract Depression is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients post-event; however treatment of psychological symptoms has failed to reduce cardiovascular risk. We explore depression and related constructs in terms of construct overlap and intervention potential. Certain depressive symptoms may be more important than others for increasing risk. Depressive cognitions may have lesser importance than somatic symptoms, but there is potential for designing interventions based on distorted illness perceptions. Somatic depressive symptoms and vital exhaustion are associated with increased risk. However, these symptoms may be more indicative of cardiovascular disease severity. A global tendency towards negative affectivity could account for the associations seen with negative affect states, with those of Type D personality demonstrating especially high levels of risk for morbidity/mortality. Positive emotion is associated with better outcomes, and could provide clues of how to intervene with negative emotion. Construct overlap and a dearth of theoretically based studies remain significant challenges. Future research needs to encompass all relevant variables to identify the key symptoms or symptom constellations that increase cardiovascular risk. A more sophisticated understanding of these issues can lead to more precise pinpointing of the 'cardiotoxic' aspects of psychological status, and ultimately to more refined interventions.


Empirical studies of early childhood educators' experiences with learning and implementing positive guidance skills are absent from the extant literature. This study explored this topic with 63 junior and senior level university students who were involved in concurrent instructional lecture and practicum experiences. Participants defined "positive guidance" diversely with definitions ranging from accurate to inaccurate. Most participants held inaccurate or somewhat inaccurate definitions both before and after class. Participants considered several positive guidance skills difficult to master, including conflict resolution, positive language usage, setting and following through with limits, and offering choices. They rated positive language usage and conflict resolution as two of the four most improved skills during the course and addressing children's individual needs and confidence as most improved after the course ended. The majority of participants cited the hands-on aspects of class and lab as being important in contributing to positive attitudes about positive guidance.


Abstract. Quantifying the precise thermal structure of subduction zones is essential for understanding the nature of metamorphic dehydration reactions, arc volcanism, and intermediate depth seismicity. High resolution two-dimensional (2-D) models have shown that the rheology of the mantle wedge plays a critical role and establishes strong temperature gradients in the slab. The influence of three-dimensional (3-D) subduction zone geometry on thermal structure is however not yet well characterized. A common assumption for 2-D models is that the cross-section is taken normal to the strike of the trench with a corresponding velocity reduction in the case of oblique subduction, rather than taken parallel to velocity. A comparison between a full 3-D Cartesian model with oblique subduction and selected 2-D cross-sections demonstrates that the trench-normal cross-section provides a better reproduction of the slab thermal structure than the velocity-parallel cross-section. An exception is found in the case of a strongly curved trench, such as in the Marianas, where strong 3-D flow in the mantle wedge is generated. In this case it is shown that the full 3-D model should be evaluated for an accurate prediction of the slab thermal structure. The models demonstrate that the use of a dynamic slab and wedge, separated by a kinematic boundary, yields good results for describing slab velocities in 3-D.


Many religious groups refuse to own so-called "sin" stocks in companies associated with alcohol, gambling, or tobacco because they believe they are harmful and can be addictive. A coalition of religious institutions without such portfolio exclusions ("screens") has developed a strategy for dealing with the tobacco industry and its allies by using their stock to challenge issues through shareholder resolutions.

In 1972 the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility was established in New York. It now comprises a coalition of around 300 Protestant, Jewish, and Catholic institutional investors who use their investments to challenge companies on various social issues. Since 1980, members of the coalition have tried to persuade tobacco companies to limit the yields of tar and nicotine in cigarettes sold in developing countries and to add health warnings on their packaging. In the past 10 years, however, the coalition has addressed other issues associated with tobacco, including spinning off a company's tobacco related business, cigarette smuggling, carcinogens, and advertising (for example, the campaign to promote cigarettes with a cartoon character called "Joe Camel"). The coalition has also challenged companies contributing filters or glue for tobacco products, media companies with cigarette advertisements in magazines with a high youth readership, restaurant chains that are not yet smoke free, and health institutions giving preferential rates to non-smokers but which hold tobacco in their portfolios.

Although the coalition has had slight success among tobacco companies, it has had most impact on the behaviour of corporations involved discreetly in tobacco. Until challenged, these corporations were quietly benefitting from their part in the tobacco industry.

This article discusses the efforts of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility in the United States. It also briefly reviews the various positions on tobacco by religious denominations and shows how they have used stocks to try to bring about …


Looped flow processes are an efficient and versatile tool to synthesize complex macromolecular materials. Especially for light-induced ring-closure reactions, which typically require low concentrations, looped flow processes are critical for upscaling. Here, such a reactor was designed to carry out a photo-induced ring-closure reaction via a photo-enol reaction for the synthesis of cyclic polymers, leading to a reduction of required solvent in the synthesis by over a factor of 40, hence giving access to a more economical and fully scalable process.


The standard put-call parity result does not include equalities based on buy-and-hold strategies for options on the minimum or maximum of two risky assets and for quantity-adjusting options. This article generalizes put-call parity to these contracts. International put-call parity relations and the pricing of a new forward contract, an absolute-value spread forward, is derived from the put-call parity generalization to options on the minimum or maximum of two risky assets. Finally, an inequality comparing the price of quantity-adjusting options to portfolios of standard options is presented, showing that the QAO contract, in the absence of arbitrage opportunities, is cheaper than the portfolio of standard currency and equity contracts which might be used to hedge the domestic value of a foreign portfolio.


The forty-year history of rape law reform sheds light on current debates around the adjudication of campus sexual assault. Two strands of rape law reform are important. The first, a progressive reform movement, abolished the unique procedural hurdles in rape prosecutions. That movement is now transforming the key elements of the crime: force and nonconsent. The second reform movement, conservative in nature, increased criminal and civil punishments for rape. While there has been a backlash to the reformation of force and nonconsent, there has been little political or scholarly opposition to the imposition of increased punishments for rape. The Office for Civil Rights at the Department of Education recently clarified that Title IX, which outlaws sex discrimination in education, requires colleges and universities to respond promptly and equitably to allegations of campus sexual assault. In addition, colleges and universities are increasingly adopting affirmative consent rules, a standard higher than most state criminal codes, to govern sexual activity on campus. These progressive changes in campus sexual assault adjudication have faced a backlash, mirroring the backlash to progressive rape law reform. Rape law's evolution over time suggests not only that we should support campus adjudication of sexual assault under an affirmative consent standard, but also that we should oppose both unique procedural protections for those accused and mandatory punishments for those found responsible.


Network virtualisation implies the need for sharing network resources. However, exclusive resource allocation to users drives blocking probabilities and cost while potentially leaving precious resources underutilised in constrained environments. Motivated by these observations, this paper analyses careful overbooking according to Service Level Agreements that specify desired degrees of availability. Besides of full availability of the requested resources, a second level of limited availability, implying a well-defined reduction of the allocated resource, is taken into account. Particular attention is paid to the gain borderline, representing the possibility of accommodating one extra user beyond exclusive allocation without violating the SLAs. Simple but telling formulae provide insights into requirements for careful overbooking, worst-case capacity reduction factors from full to limited availability, and the conditions under which it is sensible to integrate users with different activity levels. We also link capacity reductions to potential decreases in quality of experience.


The effectiveness of any law largely depends on the clarity of legal provisions and the activity of their enforcement institutions. Securities law, which is inherently complex, must be unambiguous to be properly applied. Judges and lawyers dealing with securities litigation need to be trained properly to provide justice for the public. Laws governing initial public offerings in Bangladesh are ambiguous in many respects, and the judiciary lacks judges and lawyers sufficiently experienced in this area of law. As a result, judicial enforcement of disclosure requirements in prospectuses appears to have been a difficult task. The administrative enforcement of those requirements is not effective either. In such a situation, potential investors remain market-shy keeping the Bangladesh securities market moribund for years. This paper identifies the drawbacks of the existing mechanism of judicial enforcement of disclosure regime, and provides suggestions for their elimination.


Contemporary social and political movements like Black Lives Matter emphasize the political dimension of occupying public spaces, the fragility of racialized bodies in the political domain, and the importance of inter-relationality in subject formation. In this essay, the author uses the notion of social death to explore these topics in some healing stories in the Gospel of Luke (7:1–10; 11–17; 8:26–39). The author suggests that Luke conceives of the political sphere as a condition of possibility for salvation itself.


It is becoming increasingly common to construct network services using redundant resources geographically distributed across the Internet. Content Distribution Networks are a prime example. Such systems distribute client requests to an appropriate server based on a variety of factors---e.g., server load, network proximity, cache locality--in an effort to reduce response time and increase the system capacity under load. This paper explores the design space of strategies employed to redirect requests, and defines a class of new algorithms that carefully balance load, locality, and proximity. We use large-scale detailed simulations to evaluate the various strategies. These simulations clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our new algorithms, which yield a 60--91% improvement in system capacity when compared with the best published CDN technology, yet user-perceived response latency remains low and the system scales well with the number of servers.


Acyllysines were successfully prepared from reactions of free fatty acids (FFAs)
(palmitic acid, PA; oleic acid, OA), triglycerides (TGs) (tripalmitin, TP ; triolein, TO)
and palm oil fractions (palm olein, PO; palm kernel olein, PK O) with the unprotected
amino acid, L-lysine, using enzymes as biocatalyst in an organic solvent system. Such a
selective enzymatic route obviates the fastidious regime of substrate
activation/protection required in chemical synthesis. Preliminary detection and
identification of reaction products were facilitated by thin layer chromatography (TLC)
while subsequent quantitative studies on main and interactive effects of parameters
governing the reactions were conducted with TLC-photodensitometry.
Enzyme screening revealed Lipozyme IM to be the most efficient biocatalyst for the
reactions. By varying one-parameter-at-a-time, 70°C was shown to be the optimal
temperature, hexane, the most suitable solvent, and, 5:1 (PA:L-lysine), 3:1 (OA:L-lysine), 1:1 (TP:L-lysine), 1:3 (TO:L-lysine), 1:1 (pO:L-lysine) and 1:I(PKO:L-lysine)
the respective optimal substrate molar ratios. To reach equilibrium, reactions of FF As
and TGs with L-lysine required 4 days while those of the more complex PO and PKO
required 6 days. Higher biocatalyst amounts improved all reactions (except that of TP
with L-lysine), as did higher amounts of molecular sieves added to reactions ofOA and
TO with L-lysine.


For sending video data through very low bit-rate mobile channels, video codec with high compression rate is the pre-requisite. Although the H.263 video codec is recommended as one of the candidates due to its simplicity and efficiency, it is generally believed that its compression efficiency can be further improved if the content-based scalable video coding technique can be applied. In this paper, we propose a modified H.263 encoder which supports real-time content-based scalable video coding. The proposed technique is applied to real-time video surveillance systems for road traffic monitoring. For the proposed approach, the moving objects, i.e. cars, are first extracted from the steady background. Their activities are then further classified as fast or slow by assessing the regularity of their motion. The information is then passed to a modified H.263 encoder to reduce the temporal and spatial redundancies in the video. As compared with the conventional H.263 encoder using for the same application, the proposed system has a 20% increase in compression rate with negligible visual distortion. The proposed system fully complies with the ITU H.263 standard hence the encoded bit stream is completely comprehensible to the conventional H.263 decoder.


The host-finding behavior of Strongyloides stercoralis infective larvae was examined by in vitro agarose assay method. As human body fluid contains 0.85% (ca 0.15 molar) NaCl, various concentrations of sodium chloride, from 0.5M to 0.01M (7 steps), were examined. Many larvae were attracted at concentrations between 0.5 and 0.05M of sodium chloride. The concentration of 0.05M attracted the most larvae. The concentration of 0.02M of sodium chloride showed greatly reduced larval attraction compared with 0.05M. Therefore, the threshold concentration was determined as 0.05M. Then, 0.05M of chemicals were examined in a further experiment. Chloride compounds (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) were investigated. These chemicals are components of human body fluids. Distilled water was used as the control in all experiments. Only sodium chloride attracted the larvae. Next, alkaline compounds were examined [NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2]. Larvae accumulated only at the NaOH site. The results suggested that the Na cation is important for larval attraction. A high pH value did not influence attraction at all. Next, human serum was tested. The human serum used was from normal serum to 1:32 diluted sera by distilled water (7 steps). Hierarchical attraction was seen according to serum concentration. Next, human sweat was collected from a limited zone of chest skin where only eccrine glands were distributed. Non-diluted sweat attracted the most larvae. Sweat might act as one of the most probable factors for infection by this skin-penetrating nematode.


Resonant pulse combustors, one of the deflagration-based pressure gain combustion devices, can significantly increase thermal efficiency in gas turbine engines. This experimental study investigates the stability characteristics of a newly designed actively valved resonant pulse combustor, capable of sustained operation and meaningful stagnation pressure gain. The resonant pulse combustor was fired with liquid gasoline fuel while ion and pressure sensors captured the temporally-resolved heat release and chamber pressure. First, experimental results were used to demonstrate the general operating principle of the combustor. Then, the stability characteristics of the device were investigated through frequency domain analysis of the ion probe and pressure signal traces. A low frequency oscillation (also observed in steady flames and passively-valved resonant pulse combustors), was observed as the device was brought near to its blowout limit. Finally, an index was defined to predict the stability characteristics of the resonant pulse combustor by quantifying the competition between low frequency oscillations and combustion-driven resonance. Experimental results demonstrated the ability of this index to provide early prediction of a blowout event for this device.


There is a growing international consensus about the importance of social protection for children. Every child has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, the right to benefit from social security including social insurance, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right to education. The needs and the well-being of children should be given greater priority in a broad range of policies, in particular through child-sensitive social protection.

The purpose of this report is to review the social protection policy for children in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. In particular, the analysis of this report focuses on cash child benefits (family allowances) and their impact on child poverty.

This report is organized as follows: Section 1 provides a general review of child benefit policies. This section is a ground-clearing exercise based largely on existing sources. Section 2 reviews the evidence on child benefits in CEE countries, including both EU countries and non-EU countries. Section 3 concludes and makes suggestions for further work. Annex summarizes main features of child benefits in major European countries.


Communication researchers have fruitfully applied computational methods in their analysis of communication processes. However, the automation of scientific data collection and analysis confronts scholars with fundamental epistemological and practical challenges. Particularly, automation implies that the processing of data is highly standardized for all cases. In the context of social science research, this contrasts with the expectation that meaning is always attributed in individual interaction processes. Based on a literature review of peer-reviewed journal articles, our study explores the resulting tension between automated and interpretive research. We first analyze the extent to which automated methods play a role in social media research. We then identify the challenges and limitations researchers addressed in their studies. On this basis, we propose steps for a data hermeneutical perspective that combines computational methods with interpretive approaches.


Many reports show evidence of the disruption of central noradrenergic activity in the etiology of schizophrenia. A few studies show positive effects of a specific α2-agonist, clonidine, on cognition and on positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In this report, we tried clonidine for the treatment of auditory hallucinations in a patient with schizophrenia who had low compliance with antipsychotic treatment. At the end of seven days, auditory hallucinations decreased dramatically. Moreover, almost all auditory hallucinations disappeared at 6-months follow-up. This is the first case report showing the efficacy of clonidine monotherapy on auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. However, the mechanism of action of clonidine remains hypothetical. The dramatic improvement observed in this case in the absence of any adverse effects suggests that controlled trials of the effect of clonidine on auditory hallucinations may be of clinical importance.


Road infrastructure in Nigeria is in a state of decay arising from various factors such as construction with low quality materials and poor maintenance. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the materials used for construction are of the required standards and the alternative construction materials are available to reduce construction cost. In this research work, Cow Bone Ash (CBA) was used as filler in producing the asphaltic concrete samples. Then, Marshall Stability and flow test were carried out on the asphaltic concrete samples. The materials used in this study include 60/70 penetration grade bitumen, river sand, and crushed granites obtained from three selected quarries with various tests carried out to determine their suitability for use. The lower quality aggregates, based on the tests carried out on the aggregate samples, have shown to negatively affect the asphaltic concrete. The aggregate samples had average elongation index of 33.9% and abrasion index of 29.6%, while the asphaltic concrete samples had Marshall Stability values (with and without) CBA of 36.99 KN and 46.84 KN, respectively. The results of the flow test on the asphaltic concrete samples gave 8.29 mm with CBA and 14.71 mm without CBA. The study also reveals that asphaltic concrete samples produced without CBA as fillers are better as they have an average stability value of 15.61 KN and average flow value of 4.90 mm than those produced with CBA which have average stability value of 12.36 KN and an average flow value of 4.90 mm. Statistical analysis shows that the source of aggregate, significantly affects the properties of asphaltic concrete.


Introduction White Blood Cell (WBC) count, %HbF, and serum creatinine (Cr), have been identified as markers for increased mortality in sickle cell anemia (SCA) but no studies have examined the significance of longitudinal rate of change in these or other biomarkers for SCA individuals. Methods Clinical, demographic and laboratory data from SCA patients seen in 2002 by our hospital system were obtained. Those who were still followed in 2012 (survival cohort) were compared to those who had died in the interim (mortality cohort). Patients lost to follow-up were excluded. Age adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to assess hazard ratios of mortality risk associated with the direction and degree of change for each variable. Results 359 SCA patients were identified. Baseline higher levels of WBC, serum creatinine and hospital admissions were associated with increased mortality, as were alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransaminase levels. Lower baseline levels of %HbF were also associated with increased mortality. When longitudinal rates of change for individuals were assessed, increases in Hb or WBC over patient baseline values were associated with greater mortality risk (HR 1.54, p = 0.02 and HR 1.16, p = 0.01 with negative predictive values of 87.8 and 94.4 respectively), while increasing ED use was associated with decreased mortality (HR 0.84, p = 0.01). We did not detect any increased mortality risk for longitudinal changes in annual clinic visits or admissions, creatinine or %HbF. Conclusions Although initial steady state observations can help predict survival in SCA, the longitudinal course of a patient may give additional prognostic information.


In partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, EDUCAUSE explored the gaps between current learning management tools and a digital learning environment that could meet the changing needs of higher education. Consultations with more than 70 community thought leaders brought into relief the contours of a next generation digital learning environment (NGDLE). Its principal functional domains are interoperability; personalization; analytics, advising, and learning assessment; collaboration; and accessibility and universal design. Since no single application can deliver in all those domains, we recommend a "Lego" approach to realizing the NGDLE, where NGDLE-conforming components are built that allow individuals and institutions the opportunity to construct learning environments tailored to their requirements and goals.


The trial was carried during 2011-2013 on the second
experimental field of the Institute of forage Crops-Pleven, Bulgaria.
Populations of P1, P2, F2 and F1 of
the crosses Shtambovii × Pleven 10 and Rosacrono × Pleven 4 and their
reciprocals were investigated. Heterosis for the investigated traits was found
in the hybrids of F1 generations. The cross Rosacrono × Pleven 4 had the highest positive true heterosis for plant height (31.54%),
height to first pod (15.44%) and pod length (17.11%); the cross Shtambovii ×
Pleven 10—for nods per plant (56.10%) and pod width (20.38%); Pleven 10 ×
Shtambovii—for 1000 seeds mass (14.65%) and Pleven 4 × Rosacrono—for number of
seeds per pod. In F2 the plants from Rosacrono × Pleven 4 had the strongest
depression for plant height (28.26%), height to first pod (27.74%) and pod length (18.13%);
Shtambovii × Pleven 10—for 1000 seeds mass (32.22%) and number of seeds per pod
(13.87%). The stability of the studied characters was determined. Their
variation in F1 in the hybrid combination between Shtambovii andPleven10 was higher than F1 of Rosacrono and Pleven 4. For more traits in
direct crosses variability was found to be lower
in relation to the reciprocal crosses in both combination. The genetical part in phenotipycal expression for height to first pod
(Pleven 10 × Shtambovii), pod length and number of seeds per pod (Pleven 4 ×


Abstract. Some countries in South Asia has very limited availability of natural stones due to geological features, therefore, most of the concrete buildings of the past are made with burnt clay brick aggregates whose strength is rather low those are more vulnerable to collapse due to any extreme loads. However, ferrocement strengthening has several advantages such as good mechanical performance, cost-effectiveness, locally availability of the materials, and simplicity, this latter making available workmanship able to implement such technique (aspect which is very important in developing countries such as Bangladesh). Hence, the paper deals with the efficacy of ferrocement technique in improving the performance of reinforced concrete beams made in low-strength concrete (beam width 230 mm, height 230 mm, and length 2135 mm). The beams are made with unconventional concrete whose strength is about 12.5–13.0 MPa. The flexural tests are performed experimentally and numerically via the finite element software ABAQUS by considering the following loading configurations: (i) 2 point loads placed at L/3, (ii) 2 point loads are to the support, (iii) 2 point loads close to the mid-span, and (iv) 1 load next to the support and 1 load on the mid-span. The experimental results have shown that unsymmetrical loading decreases the overall load carrying capacity and increases the deformability due to the localization of the damage. The ferrocement beams reinforced by steel wire mesh exhibits high ultimate load carrying capacity and more ductile behavior. The outcome of this research can be used for future modeling and for the development of appropriate design guidelines on the strengthening of concrete structures dealing with different loading conditions.


The author discusses three archaeological investigations of historic sites in the polar regions. The first site is that of the Solomon A. Andree expedition camp on White Island, Svalbard. This fateful ballooning expedition to the North Pole in 1897 was the first experiment in polar aeronautics. Andree and his colleagues gave their lives but opened the door to polar flight, the backbone of polar logistics today. The other site, East Base, on Stonington Island off the Antarctic Peninsula, served the 1939-1941 U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition, under Admiral Richard Byrd, the first U.S. government-sponsored scientific and aerial mapping effort in Antarctica. In 1992, a team of archaeologists documented and secured the site that had been recently recognized as an historic monument by the Antarctic treaty nations. The third site is Marble Point on Victoria Land across from Ross Island and McMurdo Station. In conjunction with the IGY 1957-1958, a massive effort was put into laying out a 10,000-foot year-round runway and creating a fresh water reservoir and other base facilities. It was one of the premier locations for strategic aviation in Antarctica. The site was archaeologically surveyed and original engineering documentation from 1956-1957 offers superb baselines for studying permafrost, erosion, and human disturbances in the Antarctic environment. These types of sites are in situ monuments to human courage, ingenuity, and perseverance on a par with NASA's exploration of space. They require careful management and protection following the same principles as historic sites within the United States and in other nations.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the relationship between birth weight and mode of delivery among women with untreated borderline gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), treated overt GDM, and normoglycemia.

DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Three Toronto, Ontario teaching hospitals.

PATIENTS
A total of 3778 volunteers aged 24 years or older.

INTERVENTIONS
Subjects underwent a 3-hour long, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test at 28 weeks' gestation, regardless of screening test results. Usual care was provided to 143 women who met the National Diabetes Data Group criteria for GDM. Physicians were blinded to glucose tolerance test results for all others, including 115 untreated women with borderline GDM by the broader criteria of Carpenter and Coustan.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Crude and adjusted rates of cesarean delivery and neonatal macrosomia (birth weight >4000 g).

RESULTS
Compared with normoglycemic controls, the untreated borderline GDM group had increased rates of macrosomia (28.7% vs 13.7%, P<.001) and cesarean delivery (29.6% vs 20.2%, P=.02). Cesarean delivery in this subgroup was associated with macrosomia (45.5% vs 23.5%, P=.03). Usual care of known GDM normalized birth weights, but the cesarean delivery rate was about 33% whether macrosomia was present or absent. A clearly increased risk of cesarean delivery among treated patients compared with normoglycemic controls persisted after adjustment for multiple maternal risk factors (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.6).

CONCLUSIONS
Infant macrosomia was a mediating factor in high cesarean delivery rates for women with untreated borderline GDM. While detection and treatment of GDM normalized birth weights, rates of cesarean delivery remained inexplicably high. Recognition of GDM may lead to a lower threshold for surgical delivery that mitigates the potential benefits of treatment.


Colloquial Norwegian provides a step-by-step course in Norwegian as it is written and spoken today. Combining a user-friendly approach with a thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Norwegian in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Key features include: * progressive coverage of speaking, listening, reading and writing skills * structured, jargon-free explanations of grammar * an extensive range of focused and stimulating exercises * realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of scenarios * useful vocabulary lists throughout the text * additional resources available at the back of the book, including a full answer key, a grammar summary and bilingual glossaries Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Norwegian will be an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Norwegian. Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format. The paperback and CDs can also be purchased together in the great-value Colloquials pack. Paperback: 978-0-415-11009-9 (please note this does not include the audio) CDs : 978-0-415-28685-5 eBook: 978-0-203-97630-2 (available to purchase from http://ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/audio_viewbooks.aspx. Please note this does not include the audio) MP3s: 978-0-415-47079-7 (available to purchase from http://ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/audio_viewbooks.aspx) Pack : 978-0-415-45593-0 (paperback and CDs)


Abstract Thermal electron emission at 28 GHz has been measured on the TJ-II stellarator. The emission from neutral beam-heated overdense plasmas, where the plasma density is greater than the ordinary-mode (O-mode) cutoff density, is consistent with electron thermal emission from mode-converted electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) via the Bernstein wave to extraordinary mode to ordinary mode scenario (B-X-O). Emission from underdense plasmas without neutral beam injection is consistent with the measurement of oblique electron cyclotron emission. Electron Bernstein wave emission measurements are being made to determine the optimum launch angle for planned EBW heating experiments and also to provide an indication of electron temperature evolution in overdense plasmas on TJ-II.


The butterfly family Pieridae comprises approximately 1000 described species placed in 85 genera, but the higher classification has not yet been settled. We used molecular data from eight gene regions (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear protein‐coding genes) comprising a total of ~6700 bp from 96 taxa to infer a well‐supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the family. Based on this hypothesis, we revise the higher classification for all pierid genera. We resurrect the tribe Teracolini stat. rev. in the subfamily Pierinae to include the genera Teracolus, Pinacopteryx, Gideona, Ixias, Eronia, Colotis and most likely Calopieris. We transfer Hebomoia to the tribe Anthocharidini and assign the previously unplaced genera Belenois and Dixeia to the subtribe Aporiina. Three lineages near the base of Pierinae (Leptosia, Elodina and Nepheronia + Pareronia) remain unplaced. For each of these, we describe and delineate new tribes: Elodinini Braby tribus nova, Leptosiaini Braby tribus nova and Nepheroniini Braby tribus nova. The proposed higher classification is based on well‐supported monophyletic groups and is likely to remain stable even with the addition of more data.


Bilevel optimization has arisen as a powerful tool for solving a variety of machine learning problems. Two current popular bilevel optimizers AID-BiO and ITD-BiO naturally involve solving one or two sub-problems, and consequently, whether we solve these problems with loops (that take many iterations) or without loops (that take only a few iterations) can significantly affect the overall computational efficiency. Existing studies in the literature cover only some of those implementation choices, and the complexity bounds available are not refined enough to enable rigorous comparison among different implementations. In this paper, we first establish unified convergence analysis for both AID-BiO and ITD-BiO that are applicable to all implementation choices of loops. We then specialize our results to characterize the computational complexity for all implementations, which enable an explicit comparison among them. Our result indicates that for AID-BiO, the loop for estimating the optimal point of the inner function is beneficial for overall efficiency, although it causes higher complexity for each update step, and the loop for approximating the outer-level Hessian-inverse-vector product reduces the gradient complexity. For ITD-BiO, the two loops always coexist, and our convergence upper and lower bounds show that such loops are necessary to guarantee a vanishing convergence error, whereas the no-loop scheme suffers from an unavoidable non-vanishing convergence error. Our numerical experiments further corroborate our theoretical results.


We study the international transmission of aggregate TFP shocks by introducing demand-side shocks to government spending into an otherwise standard DSGE two-country, two-good model. In the model the substitutability in consumption between private and public goods works to limit international risk sharing. Further, the distortive taxation used to finance the provision of public goods works to increase the correlation of employment, investment and output across countries relative to standard models that lack this friction. In the quantitative analysis we can bring the predictions of the theory closer to the observed properties of the data on the comovement of macroeconomic variables between the United States and other OECD countries. We are also able to provide a potential explanation to some of the puzzles in the international RBC literature, as identified by Backus, Kehoe and Kydland (1992). The topic we study is fundamentally relevant and timely at a time when the crisis in the United States has spread to several other countries in the developed world, forcing governments to engage in active fiscal policy to help their economies in recession.


Book synopsis: Anyone observing the recent scandals in the United Kingdom could not fail to understand the political importance of the rewards of high public office. The British experience has been extreme but by no means unique, and many countries have experienced political over the pay and perquisites of public officials.

This book addresses an important element of public governance, and does so in longitudinal and comparative manner. The approach enables the contributors to make a number of key statements not only about the development of political systems but also about the differences among those systems. It provides a unique and systematic investigation of both formal and informal rewards for working in high-level positions in the public sector, and seeks to determine the impacts of the choices of reward structures.

Covering 14 countries and drawing on a wide range of data sources, this work will be of great interest to students and scholars of comparative public administration, international politics and government.


Increases in substance use prevalence among girls, as well as a lack of research conducted with urban girls of color, highlight the importance of understanding both predictors and outcomes of substance use abstinence (SUA) within this population. This study addresses gaps in SUA research through a longitudinal investigation conducted with urban black non-Latina and Latina girls (N = 597) as they transitioned through junior high school. Multivariate logistic regressions found social influences (i.e., friend/family use, drug access) to be significantly associated with girls' SUA, although differential associations were found by race/ethnicity. SUA was also associated with positive adjustment and wellness by ninth grade. Implications for gender-specific prevention programming are discussed.


Rehrauer, Owen G. Ph.D., Purdue University, August 2016. Multivariate Statistical Methods that Enable Fast Raman Spectroscopy. Major Professor: Dor Ben-Amotz. Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool in investigating interand intra-molecular interactions as well as classifying and quantifying chemical species in a sample. Many materials of societal interest, such as proteins and pharmaceuticals, have distinctive Raman spectra with sharp features. However, the adoption of Raman spectra has been hindered by the low rate of Raman scattering, interference from fluorescence, and high spectrometer costs. This work demonstrates multivariate stastical methods that enable fast Raman measurements, despite the low rate of Raman scattering. These methods include a novel type of spectrometer, that uses computer-controlled optical filters to efficiently capture Raman photons and multiplex them onto either one or two photon counting detector(s). This method, referred to as optimal-binary compressive detection (OB-CD), allows for the collection of chemical information in 10's of microseconds, rather than milliseconds as might be common for Raman spectroscopy performed using a multichannel detector. A method for orthogonalizing moderate amounts of fluorescence from Raman signal in OB-CD is presented. Fast imaging, with speeds as high as 2.5 frames-per-second, is demonstrated and algorithms for image denoising are discussed. Lastly, methods that enables Raman classification using minimal computation time and a technique for accurately processing Raman thermometry data are presented.


This paper develops the point that avoiding a legal prohibition is not free, but rather involves "avoidance costs" that must be considered in determining an optimal public law enforcement policy. While obvious in an organizational context, the point is completely general. In the case of individuals, there are more subtle types of avoidance costs in the form of lost opportunities for productive activity, which are difficult to observe directly but may have a very significant aggregate effect on social welfare. Therefore, the significance of avoidance costs extends to all types of potential offenders and offenses. The existing literature does not explicitly consider the problem of avoidance costs in determining optimal enforcement, and in some instances offers solutions that depend critically on the implicit assumption that avoidance costs are zero. If avoidance costs are considered, the optimal enforcement policy is affected in certain circumstances. In particular, the policy of setting expected penalties equal to the violator's gain, in order to reduce public enforcement costs, is shown to be sub-optimal even where it can be assumed that violators' gains are always less than the external harm created by the violation. More generally, the existence of avoidance costs and their dependence on the expected penalty level explains why optimal penalties always should be based on external harm, and never on the violator's gain.


The root canal treatment is one of the most common dental procedures, the aim of which is to save natural teeth and prevent the need for dental implants or bridges.With contemporary advances in endodontic techniques, increasingly complicated cases are undertaken of general dental practitioners —with variable results. Unfortunately, as a consequencethe majority of procedures carried out by endodontic specialists today are retreatments. The aim of this review article is to focus on some problems of endodontic treatment and their management.


I was not invited to write a foreword for this book. Dr. Cohen, knowing my busy schedule, would have considered such a request to be an imposition. I volunteered to do so in part to acknowledge my gratitude to him for having been a constant source of reference materials as I have turned my attention increasingly to informing both lay and scientific audiences concerning the biologic effects of low-level ionizing radiation. My primary reason for vol unteering, however, is to point to the importance of such a book for public education at a time when the media, in collaboration with a variety of activist groups, have developed among the people an almost phobic fear of radiation at any level. I take issue with the words of another Nobel laureate, George Wald, who states regularly "Every dose is an overdose. '" This philosophy has re sulted in women refusing mammography for the detection of breast cancer even though this methodology is the most sensitive for detection of such cancers in the early, curable stage, and even though, at present, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. It has led a Westchester County, New York legislator to state proudly in the New York Times that he v vi I FOREWORD had introduced legislation that would bar all radioactivity from the county's roads."


With the integration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) and active demand (e.g., units providing demand response, DR) in the distribution grid, the importance of monitoring the network conditions, managing the line congestions and observing the voltage levels is increasing. The distribution system operator (DSO) needs a mechanism, such as the traffic light system, to screen and approve the proposed operation schedules of the flexible active resources in the distribution grid. Their aggregated control will require the aggregators to employ advanced scheduling algorithms. The DR scheduling algorithms can be set to pursue various goals, for example, maximization of profit or cost reduction, grid support, or provision of the ancillary services. In the paper, we present a new DR scheduling approach suitable for the aggregation agent using approximate Q‐learning (AQL) algorithm scheduling. We present the AQL algorithm and the associated assumptions used in simulations on a real‐world low‐voltage (LV) grid model, comparing the AQL approach results to those of the economic scheduling and the energy scheduling approaches. Our assumption was that the AQL approach could outperform the energy or economic approaches as the AQL agent would be able to learn to avoid the scheduling penalties. The results of our research show that the aggregator agent using the economic approach shows the best economic performance, but causes the most schedule violations. The energy scheduling approach improves the network voltage profile but lowers the aggregator's profit. The AQL approach results in the agent's economic performance between the former two approaches with minimal schedule violations, confirming our research hypothesis.


Large space mirrors need to be made of ultra-lightweight materials (membranes) that have very low densities and high flexibility (compliance) for packaging. A coating application necessary for optical reflectivity may also impart to these ultra-lightweight materials a desired shape and to help maintain that shape in the harsh environment of space. When a coating is applied on the membrane substrate, stresses develop in the coating due to atomistic processes. These stresses are fundamental to the final shape of the substrate. Coatings applied to the substrate in order to maintain a particular shape are known as the 'stress coating prescription'. As there is no way one could directly measure stresses in the coatings experimentally, in this work it will be explained how finite element analysis (FEA) was used in estimating stresses in the coatings. This work mainly comprises static pressuredeflection tests (bulge tests) on the coated and uncoated membranes, and a comparison of the experimental results to FEA findings in order to estimate the stresses in the coatings. Before FEA results are matched with the experimental results, an analytical solution to the problem in hand will be derived. Uncertainties due to variation in coating thicknesses and difficulties in coating process have led to various uncertainties in this work, and these uncertainties are also discussed. The ability to use changes in vibration frequency as a measure of coating stress is also investigated.


Future climate change as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is expected to strongly affect the oceans, with shallower winter mixing and consequent reduction in primary production and oceanic carbon drawdown in low and mid-latitudinal oceanic regions. Here we test this hypothesis by examining the effects of cold and warm winters on the carbonate system in the surface waters of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean for the period between 2005 and 2007. Monthly observations were made between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay using a ship of opportunity program. During the colder winter of 2005/2006, the maximum depth of the mixed layer reached up to 650 m in the Bay of Biscay, whilst during the warmer (by 2.6 ± 0.5C) winter of 2006/2007 the mixed layer depth reached only 300 m. The inter-annual differences in late winter concentrations of nitrate (2.8± 1.1 μmol l−1) and dissolved inorganic carbon (22± 6 μmol kg−1), with higher concentrations at the end of the colder winter (2005/2006), led to differences in the dissolved oxygen anomaly and the chlorophyll a-fluorescence data for the subsequent growing season. In contrast to model predictions, the calculated air-sea CO 2 fluxes (ranging from +3.7 to −4.8 mmol m−2 d−1) showed an increased oceanic CO2 uptake in the Bay of Biscay following the warmer winter of 2006/2007 associated with wind speed and sea surface temperature differences. Correspondence to: E. P. Achterberg (email@example.com)