Abstract Surficial carbonate sediments on the southern continental shelf of Australia are cool-water in aspect and composed of biogenic particles produced largely during the late Quaternary. Current understanding is that such sediments are calcite-dominated, as were their older Cenozoic counterparts. The Holocene fraction of these sediments in modern open-shelf, neritic environments between 30 and 350 meters water depth is, however, 50% to 80% aragonite. Scant evidence of significant former aragonite in many cool-water carbonate sedimentary rocks implies that most aragonite is lost before such sediments exit the marine diagenetic environment. Although marine dissolution must be taking place in such settings, the conundrum is exacerbated because seawater over the shelf in southern Australia is saturated with respect to aragonite. It is proposed that the aragonite, from skeletons of gastropods, infaunal bivalves, and certain bryozoans, is dissolved in the shallow subsurface, probably as the byproduct of bacterial degradation of sedimentary organic matter. As a consequence, the geological and paleontological record of many cool-water carbonates is strongly biased, and the inferred original calcitic composition of such sediments is the product of early diagenetic taphonomic loss, not selective biogenic productivity. The net result is not only dissolution of aragonite but also neomorphism of Mg-calcite to calcite with a marine geochemical signature. Synsedimentary aragonite loss, by removing CaCO3 that is usually available for calcite cementation during meteoric diagenesis, leads to retarded lithification of these cool-water carbonates until deeply buried. Such removal of a significant carbonate fraction during deposition likely contributes to the low rates of cool-water sediment accumulation.


The thesis studies the optimization of a specific type of computer graphic representation: polygon-based, textured models. More precisely, we focus on meshes having 4-8 connectivity. We study a progressive and adaptive representation for textured 4-8 meshes suitable for transmission. Our results are valid for 4-8 meshes built from matrices of amplitudes, or given as approximations of a subdivision surface. In the latter case, the models can have arbitrary topology. In order to clarify our goals, we first describe a transmission system for computer graphics models (Chapter 1). Then, we review approximation techniques (Chapter 2) and study the computational properties of 4-8 meshes (Chapter 3). We provide an efficient method to store and access our dataset (Chapter 4). We address the problem of 4-8 mesh simplification and give an efficient θ(n log n) algorithm to compute progressive and adaptive representations of 4-8 meshes using global error (Chapter 5). We study the joint optimization of mesh and texture (Chapter 6). Finally, we conclude and give future research directions (Chapter 7).


Although re-transection of a conglutinated hepatic resection plane is rarely necessary for repeated systematized hepatectomy, the operative procedure carries the risk of massive bleeding since it requires re-exposure of the main hepatic vein. We present a safe technique that allows successful re-transection of a tightly conglutinated resection plane. A 38-year-old man with liver metastasis of rectal cancer had undergone multiple repeated hepatic resections, including extended subsegmentectomy (segment 8), in which the middle hepatic vein was resected and the right hepatic vein was exposed on the resection plane of the right side. At presentation, the metastatic tumor located in segment 4 and the right hepatic vein was tightly conglutinated with the resection plane of segment 4. Segmentectomy (Segment 4) with re-transection of conglutinated resection plane was necessary for both curability of tumor and preservation of remnant hepatic function. Resection of the remaining common channel of the left and middle hepatic vein allowed the tightly conglutinated resection plane to be safely resected from the left side, which was loosely conglutinated. Moreover, wide re-exposure of the right hepatic vein from the root side allowed the control of any massive bleeding during this procedure. No blood transfusion was needed and the postoperative course was uneventful.


Sensitive cosmic X-ray surveys with the Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR observatories have revolutionized our ability to find and study distant active galactic nuclei (AGNs), the main sites of supermassive black hole growth in the Universe. The speaker will describe some of the resulting discoveries about the demographics, physics, and ecology of AGNs. Topics covered will include the utility of deep X-ray plus multiwavelength surveys for investigating distant AGNs; evolution constraints for the typical AGNs of the distant Universe; the cosmic balance of power between supermassive black holes and stars; interactions between AGNs and their hosting galaxies; and the AGN content of newly forming galaxies. The speaker will end by discussing some key outstanding questions and new observations and missions that aim to answer them.


Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires (NWs) were prepared inside an autoclave by a hydrothermal procedure at temperatures above 100°C (HP). The effects of synthesis temperature and time on the morphology of ZnO NWs were carefully studied. The performance of HP ZnO NWs was compared with that of ZnO NWs grown by a conventional ambient pressure hydrothermal method at temperatures below 100°C (LP) as photoanodes in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSCs). HP ZnO NWs provided DSCs with more than two-fold higher power conversion efficiencies than LP ZnO NWs. Improved efficiencies are associated to the larger higher aspect ratio and improved crystallinity of HP ZnO NWs.


The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the diversified picture of the tax systems and tax reforms in the former communist countries after the first decade of their transition from a centrally planned to a market economy system. While CEB countries are seriously advanced in synchronization of their tax systems with those of the EU, the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) suffer a lot of instability and distortions in this sphere (and Balkan countries staying in the middle between both groups). Thus, the CIS countries, including Russia and Ukraine, face a challenge of further substantial tax reforms related to list of existing taxes and quasi-tax obligations, construction of basic taxes, tax administration and procedures, issue of fiscal federalism (particularly in Russia), and many others. The authors' intention is to give the overall characteristics of the tax systems in two broad groups of countries (i.e. the EU candidates, and the CIS+ countries) with a special emphasis devoted to principal shortcomings of tax regulations, and remaining challenges of tax reform.


Antibodies to deamidated gliadin present a new tool in the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). In children, the ELISA for the determination of IgG antibodies to (deamidated) gliadin‐analogous fusion peptides (GAF3X) has a superior performance compared to the ELISA for the determination of antibodies against native gliadin and is comparable to assays for IgA antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (IgA‐anti‐tTG). The combined investigation of IgG antibodies to GAF3X (IgG‐anti‐GAF3X) and IgA‐anti‐tTG significantly increases the fraction of children definitely identified as either CD or non‐CD patients. The new IgG‐anti‐GAF3X ELISA was also able to detect CD in three cases of IgA deficiency and in two cases of latent CD and was also useful in the diagnosis of children younger than 2 years of age.


This is a corpus-based study which tries to compare lexical networks of Turkish EFL learners with native speakers of English; it also tries to verify the validity of an online database (coh-metrix), which is used for lexical computations of texts written in English. The lexical computations are performed through 60 indices such as syntax, general word and text formation and referential and semantic aspects. Three different corpora (one learner, two native) were employed to test the tool's ability to differentiate learner texts from native ones. The learner text sets were written by 49 intermediate Turkish students learning English, and the other two text sets were written by two different native groups of speakers of English (100 native speakers in total). A number of statistical testing techniques including Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U-test were used. Some of the indices yielded statistically significant differences between three groups; some of them were able to exclude the learner text sets from the native text sets regardless of average number of words in the texts and the prompts for the essays. The results showed that sentences in the essays written by the Turkish EFL learners lacked lexical cohesion when compared to the sentences produced by the native groups.


VI. Notes from the Editor Crowdfunding Initiative on the Occasion of the 10th Anniversary of Perspectives on Terrorism Dear Reader, Perspectives on Terrorism, by some accounts the most widely-read peer-reviewed journal in the field of terrorism research, is celebrating its 10-year anniversary! The Terrorism Research Initiative (TRI), the non-profit organization behind Perspectives on Terrorism, has continually sought to provide the research community with free and non-partisan information on developments in terrorism and counter-terrorism from around the world. For the past ten years, the journal's editorial team, led by Alex P. Schmid, James J. Forest and Robert Wesley– the three directors of TRI – have not only volunteered their time, but have also fully financed the publishing of Perspectives on Terrorism out of their own pockets. Now, as we prepare to ensure the next 10 years of service to the terrorism research community, we are, with this letter, appealing to those who value open access scholarship to help alleviate at least some of the financial burden associated with the publication of Perspectives on Terrorism. To this end, we are inviting our readers and supporters to contribute to our new crowdfunding campaign in order to help keep Perspectives on Terrorism free of charge, openly accessible for its tens of thousands of regular and occasional readers. Any and all contributions are welcome, and can be made online via the website link provided below. We run Perspectives on Terrorism on a shoestring budget – so a little money goes a long way! TRI is a US non-profit (501c3) organization, so donations may be tax deductible. We hope you will recognize our efforts to produce an independent journal on behalf of the international research community, and we thank you in advance for your contribution! Sincerely,


The way the firm uses its technological resources and competences, the ability to combine/recombine components, methods, processes and techniques to offer products and services plays a central role on the innovation process (AFUAH, 2002). As Indarti (2010) points out, the interactions are a key element in the process of gaining access to, acquire, and develop knowledge for the stimulation of a firm's activities in the field of innovation. From the intra‐firm perspective, to innovate, Paruchuri (2010) argues that a firm that can improve the diffusion of knowledge internally will benefit from enhanced innovative activity. Aalbers (2015) reflecting on the governance of knowledge sharing inside organizations, suggest that knowledge may come to be difficult to transfer because of the boundaries dynamics. In light of these authors insights the aim of this paper is to present an overview of the research regarding Interactions, Innovation and Intra‐firm Coordination. For that, we performed a bibliometrics study within the Web of Science (WoS) and the Elsevier's Scopus libraries. A final sample of 111 papers were built after several refinements. The results suggest a growing tendency of the publications on the subject. The most cited papers have a gap of almost twelve years in between it, which shows that the construction of knowledge, about the topics innovation interactions and intra‐firm coordination are still attached to what was published a long time ago, for the initiators of this research field, but the works of Dolfsma et al (2008) and Leendert et al (2015) shows us a new trend and that new researchers are using these brand new works as references to perform new studies.


Objective: This study tested the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) among prisoners. It is the first fully powered randomized trial of any treatment (pharmacological or psychosocial) targeting MDD among incarcerated individuals. Method: One hundred eighty-one male (n = 117) and female (n = 64) prisoners from prison facilities in 2 states were randomized to group IPT (delivered by master's-level and nonspecialist prison counselors) for MDD plus prison treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU alone. Participants' average age was 39 (range = 20–61); 20% were African American and 19% were Hispanic. Outcomes assessed at posttreatment and 3-month follow-up included depressive symptoms (primary; assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), suicidality (assessed with the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and Beck Hopelessness Scale), in-prison functioning (i.e., enrollment in correctional programs; discipline reports; aggression/victimization; and social support), remission from MDD, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Results: IPT reduced depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and increased rates of MDD remission relative to prison TAU alone. Effects on hopelessness were particularly strong. Cost per patient was $2,054 including costs for IPT training and supervision or $575 without these costs. For providers running their second or subsequent IPT group, cost per additional week in remission from MDD (relative to TAU alone) was $524 ($148 excluding training and supervision costs, which would not be needed for established programs). Conclusions: IPT is effective and cost-effective and we recommend its use for MDD among prisoners. It is currently the only treatment for MDD evaluated among incarcerated individuals.


ABSTRACT: Marijuana policy is rapidly evolving in the United States and elsewhere, with cannabis sales fully legalized and regulated in some jurisdictions and use of the drug for medicinal purposes permitted in many others. Amidst this political change, patients and families are increasingly asking whether cannabis and its derivatives may have therapeutic utility for a number of conditions, including developmental and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. This review examines the epidemiology of cannabis use among children and adolescents, including those with developmental and behavioral diagnoses. It then outlines the increasingly well-recognized neurocognitive changes shown to occur in adolescents who use cannabis regularly, highlighting the unique susceptibility of the developing adolescent brain and describing the role of the endocannabinoid system in normal neurodevelopment. The review then discusses some of the proposed uses of cannabis in developmental and behavioral conditions, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Throughout, the review outlines gaps in current knowledge and highlights directions for future research, especially in light of a dearth of studies specifically examining neurocognitive and psychiatric outcomes among children and adolescents with developmental and behavioral concerns exposed to cannabis.


This paper reports a survey conducted in May 2010 on a nationally representative sample of fifteen-yearolds from 70 lower secondary schools. The general research question concerned the prevalence of Polish adolescents who did not read books after completing the phase of compulsory education. The aim of this study was to describe the place of books in teenage everyday life in terms of their reading for school, leisure, spontaneous choice of reading matter, their favourites, books they recommended, value placed on enjoyable reading and their social circle of readers. Gender was found to be a differentiating factor in the reading habits of these young people which the paper broadly describes.


Oportunidades (formerly PROGRESA) is a conditional cash transfer program ran by the Mexican federal government designed to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty. Among other activities, it provides free delivery attendance for women enrolled in the program. Skilled attendance at delivery has been identified as an effective strategy to reduce maternal mortality, an important health problem in Mexico. In this paper we assess the impact of Oportunidades on skilled attendance at delivery taking advantage of the experimental design implemented for the evaluation of this program in rural areas and using a variety of analytical techniques. The main results of the study indicate that Oportunidades had, at best, only a small effect on skilled attendance at delivery in treatment communities. The program had larger effects on those women who had one birth just prior to the experimental treatment and another birth subsequent to the experimental treatment. These results should lead to a review about the strategies used by Oportunidades to increase skilled attendance at delivery.


Every year, thousands of individuals leave their houses for studying in universities and experiencing a new environment. In the course of such relocation, one of the main challenges of individuals is the lack of adaptation to the new environment. The present study has been carried out with the objective of explaining the relationship between public open spaces in the faculties and the students' place attachment. Based on the study's theoretical model, place attachment is an emotional, cognitive and behavioral bond between the students and the faculty. On the other hand, the faculty's public open spaces have been defined as the resultant of the physical factors. The study's theoretical model was subjected to test in the fine arts faculty of Tehran University using the survey research method. To gather the data, use was made of a closed-ended questionnaire. Moreover, Structural Equation Modeling was the method of choice for analyzing the answers. In the current research paper, the measurement model of students' place attachment and the faculty's public open spaces were seminally tested; their fit indices were subsequently evaluated and the study's structural model was eventually examined. The study findings indicated that the public open spaces have a significant effect on the students' attachment to place. Corresponding to the study findings, the favorability of the meeting spaces is the most important factor forming and strengthening the attachment to place in the university students. Favorable meeting spaces set the ground for interaction establishment opportunities so they can enhance the social interactions between the students that can per se effectively influence the students' attachment to place. Therefore, according to the study results that indicated the main role of social interactions in the formation of attachment to place in the students, the designing of the faculties' public open spaces should be conducted in such a way that it can result in face-to-face interactions amongst the students to the maximum possible extent. Furthermore, the study results indicated that the favorability of the meeting spaces significantly associated with the existence of artistic or architectural elements and suitability of the green spaces. Artistic or architectural elements play their role by the formation of a distinct and meaningful environmental personality for the students and the green spaces by creating visual fascination.


An inverse relationship between employment and crime is well established, although the mechanisms that account for the correlation remain poorly understood. In the current study, we investigate the role of work quality, measured objectively (hours, income) as well as subjectively (commitment). A routine activities perspective is proposed for the work–crime relationship, and it inspires hypotheses about the way that work reduces crime indirectly, in part, through unstructured leisure and substance-using behaviors that tend to carry situational inducements to offend. The results derive from within-person analyses of monthly data provided by adult male offenders recently admitted to state prison in the Second Nebraska Inmate Study (N = 717; NT = 21,965). The findings indicate that employment significantly reduces self-report crime but only when employed men report strong commitment to their jobs, whereas other work characteristics are unrelated to crime. This indicates that, among serious criminally involved men, the subjective experience of work takes priority over its objective characteristics. The results also indicate that routine activities only partly mediate the relationship among work, job commitment, and crime, whereas the majority of the work–crime relationship remains unmediated.


Milk production methods and pasture usage have gained increasing attention in recent years. This paper studies possible influences on the decision to adopt grazing practices as well as on the extent of these practices. German dairy farms were analyzed using a multivariate sample-selection model. Results indicate that specialized farms and farms with greater pasture acreage per cow are more likely to adopt grazing practices; farms with larger herds are less likely to adopt. For farmers utilizing grazing, length of daily pasture access depends on production-related variables, while the annual period depends only on farm specialization.


The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the concept of action research. With inspiration from work performed by Checkland and McKay & Marchall the conceptualisation we are suggesting is illustrated in a model consisting of three different prac-tices. Action research means a meeting between a research practice and a business practice. This meeting constitutes a third practice, which is at the same time a business change practice and an intervening empirical research practice. In the paper, we show how the three practices are interlinked to each other. The analysis is based on a work practice theory (ToP).


The ATHENA observatory is the second large-class mission in ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025, with a launch foreseen in 2028 towards the L2 orbit. The mission addresses the science theme "The Hot and Energetic Universe", by coupling a high-performance X-ray Telescope with two complementary focal-plane instruments. One of these is the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU): it is a TES based kilo-pixel order array able to provide spatially resolved high-resolution spectroscopy (2.5 eV at 6 keV) over a 5 arcmin FoV. The X-IFU sensitivity is degraded by the particles background expected at L2 orbit, which is induced by primary protons of both galactic and solar origin, and mostly by secondary electrons. To reduce the background level and enable the mission science goals, a Cryogenic Anticoincidence (CryoAC) detector is placed < 1 mm below the TES array. It is a 4- pixel TES based detector, with wide Silicon absorbers sensed by Ir:Au TESes. The CryoAC development schedule foresees by Q1 2017 the delivery of a Demonstration Model (DM) to the X-IFU FPA development team. The DM is a single-pixel detector that will address the final design of the CryoAC. It will verify some representative requirements at single-pixel level, especially the detector operation at 50 mK thermal bath and the threshold energy at 20 keV. To reach the final DM design we have developed and tested the AC-S7 prototype, with 1 cm2 absorber area sensed by 65 Ir TESes. Here we will discuss the pulse analysis of this detector, which has been illuminated by the 60 keV line from a 241Am source. First, we will present the analysis performed to investigate pulses timings and spectrum, and to disentangle the athermal component of the pulses from the thermal one. Furthermore, we will show the application to our dataset of an alternative method of pulse processing, based upon Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This kind of analysis allow us to recover better energy spectra than achievable with traditional methods, improving the evaluation of the detector threshold energy, a fundamental parameter characterizing the CryoAC particle rejection efficiency.


We describe a technique for executing highly-parallel programs on a network and a prototype system that uses the technique. The programs are written in the Lucid family of programming languages. Lucid is a multidimensional declarative programming language in which computations are performed in an implicit evaluation context. The execution engine is using a demand-driven execution model and operates in a client/server environment. High-level Lucid code is translated at compile-time into an object-oriented representation in which each Lucid identifier is represented by a class and each Lucid value (identifier in a context) is an instance of this class. The execution engine uses a cache to improve the overall performance and is designed to achieve both flexibility and efficiency.


The role of college athletics in the University system has long been a topic of interest. Previous studies have addressed the effects of general success in athletics on incoming student quantity and quality at a university, finding that there is some positive correlation. This study focuses on a specific type of sports success, an upset, and attempts to explain its effects on the quantity and quality of incoming students. This research suggests a strong positive correlation between upset wins and the quantity of incoming students. This study does not find any statistically significant correlation between an upset and the incoming student quality at a University. These findings suggest that prospective students perceive a University's athletics program as a form of signal regarding the quality of the institution.


Connecting Histories: Decolonization and the Cold War in Southeast Asia draws on newly available archival documentation from both Western and Asian countries to explore decolonization, the Cold War, and the establishment of a new international order in post-World War II Southeast Asia. Major historical forces intersected here-of power, politics, economics, and culture-on trajectories East to West, North to South, across the South itself, and along less defined tracks. Especially important, democratic-communist competitions sought the loyalties of Southeast Asian nationalists, even as some colonial powers sought to resume their prewar dominance. These intersections are the focus of the contributions to this book, which use new sources and approaches to examine some of the most important historical trajectories of the twentieth century in Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia, and a number of other countries.


This book provides an authoritative guide for postgraduate students and academic researchers in electronics, computer and network engineering, telecommunications, energy technology and home automation, as well as R&D managers in industrial sectors such as wireless technology, consumer electronics, telecommunications and networking, information technology, energy technology and home automation. Part One outlines the key principles and technologies needed for ecological smart home networks. Beginning with a thorough overview of the concept behind ecological smart home network design, the book reviews such important areas as power line communications, hybrid systems and middleware platforms. Part Two then goes on to discuss some important applications of this technology, with wireless smart sensor networks for home and telecare, and smart home networking for content and energy management (including the intelligent Zero Emission Urban System), all explored in detail.More systematic and comprehensive coverage: the book covers ecological design and technology requirements, performance and applications for smart home networksBetter focus on industry needs: the book covers current and emerging smart home networking technologies. It explains how the technologies work, how they have developed, their capabilities and the markets that they targetBetter coverage of the best international research: the book is multi-contributor and brings together the leading researchers from around the world


The initial concentrations of S (1,600 ppm) and Cl (1,100 ppm) in the high-Al2O3 basaltic magma from the 1974 eruptions of Fuego Volcano, Guatemala, were inferred from trapped glass inclusions in phenocrysts. During the explosive eruptions, as much as 33% of the S and 17% of the Cl fell quickly back to Earth as acid aerosol particles absorbed on the ash. An additional 5% of the S and 20% of the Cl was trapped in the silicate ash. The remaining S and Cl was released to the atmosphere. By estimating the volume of ash and applying the above values for S and Cl, 2.2 × 1011 g of S and 1.6 × 1011 g of Cl were calculated to be the atmospheric contribution of the 1974 Fuego eruption. These figures are minimum values because an undetermined amount of intrusive magma may have contributed volatiles to the eruption. Airborne in-the-plume measurements, together with the existing approaches, are the best way to eliminate this uncertainty. The absolute concentrations of scavenged elements on ash are seen to be a function of plume flux and particle trajectory, both of which vary greatly during an eruption. Intense pyroclastic activity produces higher S/Cl ratios in the coating acquired by the ash particles; this implies that there are higher S/Cl ratios in volcanic gas during more explosive phases of an eruption.


Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following a centipede bite has been very rarely reported. Here, we describe a 22 year-old man who had ST-segment elevation AMI after a centipede bite. He presented with typical chest pain, electro and echocardiographic abnormalities, and elevated cardiac enzymes with normal coronary angiography. The probable mechanisms were described. Practitioners treating centipede bites shall not consider it lightly, as centipede envenomation may produce a variety of systemic and local manifestations in susceptible individuals.


Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk with small populations experiencing an inherently higher risk of extinction due to genetic threats and stochastic fluctuations in survival, fecundity and environmental conditions. For many species, natural populations are experiencing a dramatic decline in numbers and distribution as a direct result of human activities. The severity of the threats facing some species necessitates the movement of remaining individuals into protected areas or captive breeding programs where resources can be concentrated to promote recovery. Moreover, increasing levels of population fragmentation has led to metapopulation management being regarded as an integral part of many conservation strategies, particularly for large vertebrates. The translocation of individuals between populations across an inhospitable matrix is often needed to offset the detrimental effects of small population size and to maintain natural evolutionary processes. Whilst the benefits of active conservation management involving the mixing of individuals from hitherto isolated populations has been demonstrated in a number of cases, the impact on historic population structure and the potential for outbreeding depression is often poorly understood. Moreover an increasing body of theoretical and empirical work is demonstrating that mate selective choices are mediated not only by additive effects but by non-additive effects, most specifically the amount of genetic similarity between individuals. Recent studies on natural populations have demonstrated that there is a fitness cost associated with choosing maximally dissimilar mates and that even for intrapopulation breeding, individuals exercise a preference for mates of intermediate similarity. Populations subject to active conservation management are typically small admixed populations where individuals are presented with a limited number of potential mates, representing a greater spectrum of genetic divergence than would typically be present in non-managed populations. With many in situ and ex situ conservation programs reporting poor population growth rates linked to low or declining reproduction understanding the genetic influences on mate choice in these populations is potentially of great importance.
This thesis examines (1) the effects of active conservation management on levels of genetic diversity and (2) historic population structure in the eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). It also examines the relative influences of additive and non-additive effects on female mate choice in this actively managed conservation priority species. The eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) has been subject to one
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of the severest human induced declines of any mammalian species. The subspecies formally ranged across East Africa from northern Tanzania to Somalia, with its largest populations in Kenya. A significant increase in poaching of rhinoceros for their horn during the 1970s and 1980s eliminated D. b. michaeli from Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda and Rwanda. Extensive populations in Tanzania were reduced to just two small populations and the subspecies was reduced from an estimated Kenyan population of 20,000 in 1970 to just 380 by 1987. In the face of the imminent extinction of the Kenyan population, the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) implemented a policy of moving all animals outside protected areas into fenced sanctuaries where resources could be concentrated to counter the poaching threat. The sanctuary system proved successful and as of 2006 Kenya had approximately 540 black rhinoceros protected within 14 separate populations. With the sanctuary system largely successful in countering the continued threat of poaching, emphasis has shifted to metapopulation management to ensure the viability of the small isolated populations within the sanctuary system.
To assist in the effective metapopulation management of these isolated populations, data is presented here both on the current levels of genetic diversity and the range of historic genetic diversity captured within five enclosed sanctuary populations. A total of 166 individually identified black rhinoceros were genotyped for 9 microsatellite loci and a 507 bp segment of the mtDNA control region, with the majority of the genotyping conducted on DNA extracted from faeces. To assist in the identification of faecal samples from mixed sex pairings a simple, accurate, single-stage 5′-exonuclease assay for gender determination in the black rhinoceros from low-copy template DNA is presented. Genetic analysis and the examination of translocation records shows that the five sanctuaries are comprised of historic populations from three geographic regions within the country and that significant admixture has occurred between these historically divergent populations. These historically divergent populations are shown by molecular dating to have originated from the south of the country following an expansion which is putatively linked to the contraction of the Pleistocene forests approximately 300 KYA. Examination of mutation bias in the species reveals low levels of mutagenesis in concordance with other studies and evidence of ectopic gene conversion between eutherian sex chromosomes. The current metapopulation retains significant levels of genetic diversity for both nucleic (A = 5.0, HE = 0.689) and organellar (π = 0.007) genomes, with levels of diversity in individual populations related to
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the amount of admixture of former populations. Parentage analysis was undertaken for 107 individuals from three sanctuary populations representing approximately 16 years of successful reproductive activity in these populations. It is demonstrated that in the black rhinoceros male genetic diversity is a significant predictor of reproductive success and that females balance male genetic quality with intermediate levels of genetic similarity in admixed populations. This is the first time these effects have been investigated in a conservation priority species subject to active management and it is anticipated these results will have a profound impact on future management strategies for the species. In particular the overall results of this thesis provide a framework whereby the management of the Kenyan black rhinoceros metapopulation can be guided by the way rhinoceros are shown to manage their own reproductive success.


Calculated reaction rates for two hydrogen isotopes, one 36 times heavier than the other, agree with experiments at 500 kelvin. The neutral muonic helium atom may be regarded as the heaviest isotope of the hydrogen atom, with a mass of ~4.1 atomic mass units (4.1H), because the negative muon almost perfectly screens one proton charge. We report the reaction rate of 4.1H with 1H2 to produce 4.1H1H + 1H at 295 to 500 kelvin. The experimental rate constants are compared with the predictions of accurate quantum-mechanical dynamics calculations carried out on an accurate Born-Huang potential energy surface and with previously measured rate constants of 0.11H (where 0.11H is shorthand for muonium). Kinetic isotope effects can be compared for the unprecedentedly large mass ratio of 36. The agreement with accurate quantum dynamics is quantitative at 500 kelvin, and variational transition-state theory is used to interpret the extremely low (large inverse) kinetic isotope effects in the 10−4 to 10−2 range.


Developing and maintaining software is difficult and error prone. This can at least partially be attributed to its constantly evolving nature. Requirements are seldom finalized before the development begins, but evolve constantly as new details about the system become known and stakeholder objectives change. As requirements are altered, the software architecture must be updated to accommodate these changes. This includes updating the architecture documentation, which serves as the design specification as well as a means of comprehending complex systems. Furthermore, the software architecture of the implementation must be adapted in order to ensure that the system complies with both functional and non-functional requirements.
In practice, however, software changes are often applied in an ad-hoc manner. As a result, the implementation frequently deviates from the architecture documentation, rendering the latter useless for supporting system engineers in comprehending the system and aiding maintenance tasks. Furthermore, errors that are introduced during the implementation lead to discrepancies between the system and the intended architecture design. Consequently, it cannot be guaranteed that the system meets the desired quality objectives, such as reliability and dependability.
We present the behavioral reflexion model approach, which aims to support the system engineer in identifying and resolving discrepancies between software architecture representations. In our approach, the system engineer is supported in producing architecture documentation that reflects the intended architecture. Furthermore, discrepancies between the implementation and documentation are identified. These discrepancies are then illustrated graphically in a reflexion model, which guides debugging activities.
In this research, we are concerned with architecture representations of system behaviors and focus in particular on distributed systems. In this thesis, we describe how architecture discrepancies are introduced and the implications for the reliability and maintainability of the system. We then discuss the individual components of the behavioral reflexion model approach in detail. Finally, we provide an evaluation of our approach in the form of two case studies. In these studies, we applied the behavioral reflexion model approach to two space-mission systems with the goal to resolve problems in their reliability and maintainability.


ABSTRACT Macrocystis C. Agardh, Durvillaea Bory and Lessonia Bory are three brown seaweeds genera of commercial importance for Chilean fishermen. Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh (Laminariales, Laminariaceae) is one of the world's most ecologically and economically important seaweed collected in Chile for alginate extraction; and as food for abalone aquaculture, Lessonia spicata (Suhr) Santelices (Laminariales, Lessoniaceae) represents more than 70% of the total brown seaweeds annual landing in Chile; and Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot (Fucales, Durvillaeaceae) is consumed as food, being considered very healthy because of its iodine content. Despite the economic importance of these species their nuclear DNA content is unknown until this moment. The present research was initiated to determine the nuclear DNA content and the intraindividual ploidy level variation in these seaweeds. The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and red blood cell (chicken erythrocyte) standard were used to estimate the nuclear DNA contents by image analysis. Durvillaea antarctica presented lower 2C DNA (1.2 pg) content and narrower range of DNA contents (1C-2C) than the Laminariales, which showed higher 2C DNA contents (1.4 -1.5 pg) and a wider range of ploidy level, achieving up to 4C in L. spicata and up to 8C in M. pyrifera. This higher ploidy levels observed would be related with the more complex cortical organization in the Laminariales than D. antarctica. 1C nuclei were only found in mature antheridia (D. antarctica) and sporangia (M. pyrifera and L. spicata). The 2C values observed for the taxa assessed were in the range of other previously published Fucales and Laminariales.


Interstation Rayleigh - and Love wave phase and group velocities have been determined for seismic recording stations in East Africa. Single station group velocities have also been determined for events in the African continent. The phase velocities cover the period range of 15 - 60 sec and the group velocities extend from 12 - 50 sec. The most characteristic feature of this set of Rayleigh wave phase velocity curves is that there is a definite merging of phase velocities from longer to shorter periods. The spread at 60 sec period is 0.33 km/sec whereas at 20 sec period this is reduced to 0,1 km/Fourier analysis method is used to determine the phase velocities and Multiple filter techniques to determine the group velocities. A number of non-linear optimization techniques have been developed to derive the shear velocity - depth structure of the crust and upper mantle from surface wave dispersion data. These techniques have a number of advantages over Least Square Inversion techniques. The non uniqueness problem is investigated in detail; and a method is proposed to determine the order of magnitude of the thickness of the layers to overcome such a problem. The structural models derived show that the total thickness of the crustal layers is roughly the same throughout East Africa, and is between 34 to 42 km, except along the centre of the eastern rift valley where crustal thinning is indicated by refraction and gravity studies (Griffiths et al, 1971). There is some indication of modification of the lower crustal layer towards shear velocity along the flanks of the eastern rift valley system. The upper mantle structure beneath the eastern rift valley system is similar to that beneath Iceland; further this structure extends to a greater distance south of Nairobi. It seems the eastern and the western rift valley systems are separated by a shield type structure Lake Victoria. P - delay at Addis Ababa and Nairobi is found to be nearly the same as that for stations in the western United States and Iceland. P - delay at Lwiro is about half as that at Nairobi. The rift valley system in East Africa has not yet developed to a stage comparable to Mid-ocean ridges.


With ageing, human voices undergo several changes which are typically characterized by increased hoarseness and changes in articulation patterns. In this study, we have examined the effect on Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and found that the Word Error Rates (WER) on older voices is 10% absolute higher compared to those of adult voices. Subsequently, we compared several voice source parameters including fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, harmonicity, and cepstral peak prominence of adult and older males. Several of these parameters show statistically significant difference for the two groups. However, artificially increasing jitter and shimmer measures do not effect the ASR accuracies significantly. Artificially lowering the fundamental frequency degrades the ASR performance marginally but this drop in performance can be overcome to some extent using Vocal Tract Length Normalisation (VTLN). Overall, we observe that the changes in the voice source parameters do not have a significant impact on ASR performance. Comparison of the likelihood scores of all the phonemes for the two age groups show that there is a systematic mismatch in the acoustic space of the two age groups. Comparison of the phoneme recognition rates show that mid vowels, nasals, and phonemes that depend on the ability to create constrictions with tongue tip for articulation are more affected by ageing than other phonemes.


Pair programming is a collaborative programming practice that places participants in dyads, working in tandem at one computer to complete programming assignments. Pair programming studies with Computer Science (CS) and Software Engineering (SE) majors have identified benefits such as technical productivity, program/design quality, academic performance, and increased satisfaction for their participants. In this paper, pair programming is studied with Management Information Systems (MIS) majors, who (unlike CS and SE majors taking several programming courses) typically take only one programming course and often struggle to develop advanced programming skills within that single course. The researchers conducted two pair programming experiments in an introductory software development course for MIS majors over three semesters to determine if pair programming could enhance learning for MIS students. The program results, researchers' direct observations, and participants' responses to a survey questionnaire were analyzed after each experiment. The results indicate that pair programming appears to be beneficial to MIS students' technical productivity and program design quality, specifically the ability to create programs using high-level concepts. Additionally, results confirmed increased student satisfaction and reduced frustration, as the pairs worked collaboratively to produce a program while actively communicating and enjoying the process.


We examine the relationship between MIDAS regressions and the estimation of state space models applied to mixed frequency data. While in some cases the binding function is known, in general it is not, and therefore indirect inference is called for. The approach is appealing when we consider state space models which feature stochastic volatility, or other non-Gaussian and nonlinear settings where maximum likelihood methods require computationally demanding approximate filters. The stochastic volatility feature is particularly relevant when considering high frequency financial series. In addition, we propose a filtering scheme which relies on a combination of re-projection methods and now-casting MIDAS regressions with ARCH models. We assess the efficiency of our indirect inference estimator for the stochastic volatility model by comparing it with the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator in Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The ML estimate is computed with a simulation-based Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, in which the smoothing distribution required in the E step is obtained via a particle forward-filtering/backward-smoothing algorithm. Our Monte Carlo simulations show that the Indirect Inference procedure is very appealing, as its statistical accuracy is close to that of MLE but the former procedure has clear advantages in terms of computational efficiency. An application to forecasting quarterly GDP growth in the Euro area with monthly macroeconomic indicators illustrates the usefulness of our procedure in empirical analysis.


This article deals mainly with the question why the Romans did not know agency and how they successfully managed to cope without it. Various relevant matters are discussed, such as the position of slaves and children in the paterfamilias's power, the praetorian actions that made commerce possible despite the lack of an institution such as agency, and the peculium. Although Roman law never really developed an institution of direct representation, it gradually adapted to the increasing commercial needs and approached recognition of agency in contracts. Factors that contributed to this, were firstly the considerable use of slaves and sons subject to power, and secondly the defacto agency exercised by institores and exercitores.


This paper introduces a new technique for predicting latent software bugs, called change classification. Change classification uses a machine learning classifier to determine whether a new software change is more similar to prior buggy changes or clean changes. In this manner, change classification predicts the existence of bugs in software changes. The classifier is trained using features (in the machine learning sense) extracted from the revision history of a software project stored in its software configuration management repository. The trained classifier can classify changes as buggy or clean, with a 78 percent accuracy and a 60 percent buggy change recall on average. Change classification has several desirable qualities: 1) The prediction granularity is small (a change to a single file), 2) predictions do not require semantic information about the source code, 3) the technique works for a broad array of project types and programming languages, and 4) predictions can be made immediately upon the completion of a change. Contributions of this paper include a description of the change classification approach, techniques for extracting features from the source code and change histories, a characterization of the performance of change classification across 12 open source projects, and an evaluation of the predictive power of different groups of features.


H.E.S.S. is one of the most sensitive instruments in the very high energy (VHE; > 100 GeV) gamma-ray domain and has revealed many new sources along the Galactic Plane. After the successful first VHE Galactic Plane Survey of 2004, H.E.S.S. has continued and extended that survey in 2005-2008, discovering a number of new sources, many of which are unidentified. Some of the unidentified H.E.S.S. sources have several positional counterparts and hence several different possible scenarios for the origin of the VHE gamma-ray emission; their identification remains unclear. Others have so far no counterparts at any other wavelength. Particularly, the lack of an X-ray counterpart puts serious constraints on emission models. Several newly discovered and still unidentified VHE sources are reported here.


Banks in the northern eurozone have capital ratios that are, on average, less than half of the capital ratios of banks in the eurozone's periphery. The authors explain this by the fact that northern eurozone banks profit from the financial solidity of their governments and follow business strategies aimed at issuing too much subsidised debt. In doing so, they weaken their balance sheets and become more fragile – less able to withstand future shocks. Paradoxically, financially strong governments breed fragile banks. The opposite occurs in countries with financially weak governments. In these countries banks are forced to strengthen themselves because they are unable to rely on their governments. As a result they have significantly more capital and reserves than banks in the northern eurozone. Recommendations More than in the south, the governments of northern Europe should stand up and force the banks to issue more equity. This should go much further than what is foreseen in the Basel III accord. If the experience of the southern eurozone countries is any guide, banks in the north of the eurozone should at least double the capital and the reserves as a percentage of their balance sheets. Failure to do so risks destroying the financial solidity of the northern European governments when, in the future, negative shocks force these governments to come to the rescue of their undercapitalised banks. The new responsibilities entrusted to the European Central Bank as the single supervisor in the eurozone create a unique opportunity for that institution to change the regulatory and supervisory culture in the eurozone – one that has allowed the large banks to continue living dangerously, with insufficient capital.


Abstract This essay is an interpretation of Nietzsche's enigmatic idea of the Eternal Return of the Same in the context of his life rather than of his philosophy. Nietzsche never explained his 'abysmal thought' and referred to it directly only in a few passages of his published writings, but numerous interpretations have been made in secondary literature. None of these, however, has examined the significance of this thought for Nietzsche, the man. The idea belongs to a moment of ecstasy which Nietzsche experienced during the summer of 1881 in Sils-Maria, in the Swiss Alps. Like Dante, in 'the middle of life', he walked down the wooded Alpine slope and entered his own Inferno. On the anniversary of long-buried loss and pain, his psyche was temporarily flooded by archetypal imagery. This event is interpreted in the light of Freud's theory of repetition compulsion, the uncanny, and the oedipal confrontation with the unconscious. From the turbulent and frightful experience, a symbol of transfiguration emerged in the shape of Eternal Return. Its likeness to Mandala, a Jungian archetype of wholeness and the self, is striking. In the years that followed, Nietzsche produced his greatest works that assured him an unassailable place in Western philosophy. And yet, there was something disturbing about this dream-thought, and Nietzsche shuddered at any mention of the thought. Linking it with the head of Medusa in his unpublished notes, he hinted at its petrifying quality. The beguiling beauty of Medusa makes her an ambiguous symbol of exhilaration, as well as terror. Under her captivating gaze, a hero's journey towards selfhood becomes a journey into the night of madness.


When moyamoya vasculopathy results from an associated disease, this vasculopathy is then referred to as moyamoya syndrome. Moyamoya syndrome has been reported in association with sickle cell disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, Down syndrome, radiation exposure, and other predisposing factors. Other than sickle cell disease, rare hemoglobinopathies, such as hemoglobin Fairfax and hemoglobin Alesha, have been reported to occur with moyamoya. We present a case of moyamoya syndrome associated with an unstable hemoglobinopathy, hemoglobin Southampton (Casper). This is the first reported case of moyamoya associated with this hemoglobinopathy.


Although the United States and the European Union were both seriously impacted by the financial crisis of 2007, resulting policy debates and regulatory responses have differed considerably on the two sides of the Atlantic. In this paper the authors examine the debates on the problem posed by "too big to fail" financial institutions. They identify variations in historical experiences, financial system structures, and political institutions that help one understand the differences of approaches between the United States, EU member states, and the EU institutions in addressing this problem. The authors then turn to possible remedies and how they may be differentially implemented in America and Europe. They conclude on which policy developments are likely in the near future.


Mass measurement of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions is a rather well established technique. However there is a broad consensus in the scientific community about the importance of smaller particle size fractions regarding epidemiological and environmental aspects. We present aerosol mass measurement performed with two different aerosol impactors operated simultaneously – a commercial real cascade impactor and a custom made cascade virtual impaction plate impactor. Both instruments have size segregation for 10, 2.5 and 1 µm in terms of an aerodynamic diameter, hence corresponding to PM10, PM2.5 and PM1. Furthermore the Vienna Telephotometer delivers information about the extinction coefficient in the vicinity of local particle sampling. The time-resolved size distributions of the PM1 fraction are measured by means of the scanning differential mobility analyzer and are merged with the time-resolved aerosol extinction coefficient data in the area of interest, along with the particle surface and mass concentration measurement. Results show the importance of time resolved measurement of the PM1 size fraction and indicate a good correlation between the ratio of PM1 to PM2.5 and PM10 with the extinction coefficient.


We explore four issues concerning annuitization options that retirees might use in the decumulation phase of an individual accounts' retirement saving system. First, we investigate the operation of both real and nominal annuity individual annuity markets in the United Kingdom. The widespread availability of real annuities in the U.K. dispels the argument that private insurance markets could not, or would not, provide real annuities to retirees. Second, we consider the current structure of two inflation-linked insurance products available in the United States, only one of which proves to be a real annuity. Third, we evaluate the potential of assets such as stocks, bonds, and bills, to provide retiree protection from inflation. Because equity real returns have been high over the last seven decades, a retiree who received income linked to equity returns would have fared very well on average. Nevertheless we cast doubt on the inflation insurance' aspect of equity, since this is mainly due to stocks' high average return, and not because stock returns move in tandem with inflation. Finally, we use a simulation model to assess potential retiree willingness to pay for real, nominal, and variable payout equity-linked annuities. For plausible degrees of risk aversion, inflation protection appears to have only modest value. People would be expected to value a variable payout equity-linked annuity more highly than a real annuity because the additional real returns associated with common stocks more than compensate for the volatility of prospective payouts. These finding are germane to concerns raised in connection with Social Security reform plans that include individual accounts.


Description Logics (DLs) are knowledge representation formalisms that provide, for example, the logical underpinning of the W3C OWL standards. Conjunctive queries (CQs), the standard query language in databases, have recently gained significant attention for querying DL knowledge bases. Several different techniques are available for a wide range of DLs. Nevertheless, for OWL 1 DL and OWL 2 DL, decidability of CQ entailment is an open problem. So far, the combination of nominals, inverse roles, and number restrictions caused unsolvable problems. We tackle this problem and present a decidability result for entailment of unions of CQs in a DL with all three problematic constructors. For queries with only simple roles, our result also shows decidability in the logic that underpins OWL 1 DL and we believe that the presented results will pave the way for further progress towards CQ entailment decision procedures for OWL.


This paper examines the long-run consequences of Russian serfdom. We use novel data measuring the intensity of labor coercion at the district level in 1861. Our results show that a greater legacy of serfdom is associated with lower economic well-being today. We apply an IV strategy that exploits the transfer of serfs from monastic lands in 1764 to establish causality. Exploring mechanisms, we find a positive correlation between the earlier experience of serfdom and pre-Soviet urbanization and land inequality, with negative implications for human capital investment and agglomeration over the long-run.


Quantization of optical solitons is discussed, using the nonlinear Fourier-transform (inverse-scattering) method. A quantum soliton is described in terms of two sets of conjugate variables such as the photon number and the phase, and the momentum and the center position. The theory of a soliton collision is extended to describe the quantum-nondemolition measurement of soliton photon number and momentum. These two variables are indeed quantum-nondemolition observables and can be measured by means of the phase and the center position of the probe soliton. It is demonstrated that the measurement error and backaction noise on the conjugate variable satisfy an uncertainty product.


We theoretically investigate the low-temperature phase of the recently synthesized Lu$_2$Mo$_2$O$_5$N$_2$ material, an extraordinarily rare realization of a $S=1/2$ three-dimensional pyrochlore Heisenberg antiferromagnet in which Mo$^{5+}$ are the $S=1/2$ magnetic species. Despite a Curie-Weiss temperature ($\Theta_{\rm CW}$) of $-121(1)$ K, experiments have found no signature of magnetic ordering $or$ spin freezing down to $T^*\approx0.5$ K. Using density functional theory, we find that the compound is well described by a Heisenberg model with exchange parameters up to third nearest neighbors. The analysis of this model via the pseudofermion functional renormalization group method reveals paramagnetic behavior down to a temperature of at least $T=|\Theta_{\rm CW}|/100$, in agreement with the experimental findings hinting at a possible three-dimensional quantum spin liquid. The spin susceptibility profile in reciprocal space shows momentum-dependent features forming a "gearwheel" pattern, characterizing what may be viewed as a molten version of a chiral noncoplanar incommensurate spiral order under the action of quantum fluctuations. Our calculated reciprocal space susceptibility maps provide benchmarks for future neutron scattering experiments on single crystals of Lu$_2$Mo$_2$O$_5$N$_2$.


"This anthology brings together an international selection of short stories by distinguished modern writers from five continents (America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe).

The fifteen stories collected here were all written in English within the last fifty years. Each has something to say about cultural encounters, often arising from experiences of migration or uprooting. In tone and mood the stories are as varied as in their geographical settings - their predominantly realist temper promotes vivid, imaginative connections between the worlds of fiction and the worlds of its readers.

The book's theme of 'difference' is echoed in the diversity of writers represented: Nobel Laureates (Nadine Gordimer, V.S. Naipaul); masters of the short story (Raymond Carver, Mavis Gallant, William Trevor); and a younger generation of late twentieth-century writers on their way to establishing international reputations (Ana Menendez, Zadie Smith).

Each story is introduced by a photographic and biographic portrait of its author".


In this study, findings of the qualities and quantities of commercial and trash catches from beach-seining in coastal waters of the Aegean Sea are presented. A total of 62 finfish and eight invertebrate taxa were identified in catches sampled during May, June, July and September 1996, with 42 taxa being retained and 28 taxa being genuine trash catches. The estimated total ratio of commercial to genuine trash catch (kg) was 1:0.273. The fish and invertebrate species caught from beach seine fishery were typical of those that inhabit coastal embayments in the Aegean Sea. Diplodus vulgaris, Diplodus annularis, Sarpa salpa, Pagellus erythrinus, Boops boops, Spicara flexuosa and Mullus barbatus species dominated finfish catch, whereas Loligo vulgaris, Octopus vulgaris and Eledone moschata species from Cephalopods dominated in the commercial catch. Serranus cabrilla, Chromis chromis, Raja mirelatus, Bothus podas, Crenilabrus tinca, Dasyatis pastinaca, Lepidotrigla cavillone, Raja clavata and Serranus scriba species dominated the finfish catch and Holothuria tubulosa from the class Holothuridea dominated and some Crustaceans (e.g. Squilla mantis, Palaemon sp.) in the genuine trash catch. The rate of trash fish was found to be 21% of the total catch. This proportion supports the continued prohibition on the use of beach-seining gear.


A common approach in machine learning is to use a large amount of labeled data to train a model. Usually this model can then only be used to classify data in the same feature space. However, labeled data is often expensive to obtain. A number of strategies have been developed by the machine learning community in recent years to address this problem, including: semi-supervised learning,domain adaptation,multi-task learning,and self-taught learning. While training data and test may have different distributions, they must remain in the same feature set. Furthermore, all the above methods work in the same feature space. In this paper, we consider an extreme case of transfer learning called heterogeneous transfer learning — where the feature spaces of the source task and the target tasks are disjoint. Previous approaches mostly fall in the multi-view learning category, where co-occurrence data from both feature spaces is required. We generalize the previous work on cross-lingual adaptation and propose a multi-task strategy for the task. We also propose the use of a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), a special type of probabilistic graphical models, as an implementation. We present experiments on two tasks: action recognition and cross-lingual sentiment classification.


This paper develops measures of emerging market credit spreads for the 1990s, based on data on new bond issues and bank loans, that cover a broader range of borrowers than the Brady bond spreads most commonly used to date. These measures are used to identify the impacts of credit ratings, maturity and currency denomination on spreads. We find important regional differences in spreads across the developing world, even after controlling for risk and maturity. We also identify the evolution of spreads during the 1990s up until the advent of the Asian financial crisis, holding other determinants constant, and find that emerging market spreads declined by more than can be explained by improvements in risk. However, for emerging market instruments with relatively favourable credit ratings, trends in spreads differed considerably from those experienced by Brady bonds. Finally, and in contrast to much market commentary, we find that variations in industrial country short-term interest rates explain relatively little of the decline in emerging market bond spreads. Longer-term trends, perhaps reflecting globalisation, along with the temporary impact of the Mexican financial crisis, may have been more important factors in the behaviour of emerging market spreads.


Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction generates large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) aggregates. Also, large quantities of sawdust are generated by logging industries worldwide. This paper presents results of the laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of sawdust ash (SDA) stabilized RAP with a view to determine its suitability for use as subbase and base material in flexible pavements. The RAP-SDA mixtures were subjected to British standard light (BSL) (standard Proctor) compactive effort to determine the compaction characteristics and California bearing ratio (CBR). Test results show that the properties of RAP improved with SDA treatment. The particle grading improved from 99 % coarse aggregate and 1 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-1-a for 100 % RAP to 29–95 % coarse aggregate and 5–71 % fines, with AASHTO classification that range from A-1-a (granular materials), for the various RAP-SDA mix proportions to A-4 (silty materials) for 100 % SDA. Maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with higher SDA content in the mixes. The CBR values initially decreased with higher SDA content to a minimum value of 11 % recorded for 30%RAP/70%SDA mix and thereafter increased. With the potential of time-dependent increase in strength in view, the 90%RAP/10%SDA mix that recorded a CBR value of 26 % (soaked for 24 h) can be used as subbase material in flexible pavements. This research provides an initial lead to the evaluation of SDA stabilized RAP as highway construction material, as it is based on CBR determination, a limited parameter that does not provide information concerning all important solicitations that bases and subbases are subjected to. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load, as well as the assessment of permanent deformation of SDA stabilized RAP. Insignificant expansion and insignificant water absorption were observed.


Adaptability is emerging as a crucial enabling capability for many applications, particularly those deployed in dynamically changing environments such as environment monitoring, disaster management, and military systems. One of the challenges that these pose to RE is that of complexity and how to handle the requirements arising from different states of the environment, and the requirements for coping when the environment changes. One approach to handling this complexity at the architectural level is to augment middleware systems with adaptive capabilities. This paper examines how adaptive middleware can be exploited by analysts handling requirements for adaptive systems. Here, requirements for adaptability, and the associated requirements for identifying when and how to adapt are allocated to the middleware. We describe how this is achieved in the Gridkit middleware that has been developed to support adaptive grid applications. Gridkit exploits a set of frameworks, each responsible for different types of middleware behaviour. This mechanism provides the basic capability for adaptation, while adaptability requirements are encoded as rules that are consulted at run-time when a change in the underlying environment is detected.


This paper examines the equilibrium convergence properties of no-regret learning with exponential weights in potential games. To establish convergence with minimal information requirements on the players' side, we focus on two frameworks: the semi-bandit case (where players have access to a noisy estimate of their payoff vectors, including strategies they did not play), and the bandit case (where players are only able to observe their in-game, realized payoffs). In the semi-bandit case, we show that the induced sequence of play converges almost surely to a Nash equilibrium at a quasi-exponential rate. In the bandit case, the same result holds for approximate Nash equilibria if we introduce a constant exploration factor that guarantees that action choice probabilities never become arbitrarily small. In particular, if the algorithm is run with a suitably decreasing exploration factor, the sequence of play converges to a bona fide Nash equilibrium with probability 1.


We run a novel experiment to explore the relationship between the perception of real-life risks and the demand for risk reduction. Subjects play a series of loss lotteries in which the odds are matched to the likelihood of lethal events in real life. For each risk, subjects can pay premiums in order to reduce the likelihood of total bankruptcy. Our results show a complex interplay of mortality perception and demand for risk reduction. We observe that perceived annual mortality positively affects the demand for risk reduction. Moreover, we find certain risk characteristics to affect perceived mortality, others to drive the demand for risk reduction, and some to alter both. Our findings suggest that 30 percent of all insurance payments are due to biased perceptions of annual mortality while perfect precaution could lower payments by 45 percent. Implications for risk management policies are discussed.


Local redistribution policy creates incentives for welfare migration that may result in 'underprovision' or even a 'race to the bottom'. This paper evaluates the empirical importance of welfare competition. Our contribution is to separate between the policy decision and the actual welfare benefit payments and to introduce income distribution as a determinant of welfare policy. Utilizing spatial econometric methods we find statistical significant strategic interaction between local governments for both the welfare benefit norm decided by the local council and the expected welfare benefits of a standardized person. No robust relationship is found between inequality and welfare benefits and thus we offer no strong support for the Romer-Meltzer-Richard hypothesis. We conclude that there is a geographic pattern in welfare benefits. This does not necessarily imply underprovision, since the grant financing of the local governments may generate overall excessive public spending.


The motion of disks spun on tables has the well-known feature that the associated acoustic signal increases in frequency as the motion tends towards its abrupt halt. Recently, a commercial toy, known as Euler's disk, was designed to maximize the time before this abrupt ending. In this paper, we present and simulate a rigid body model for Euler's disk. Based on the nature of the contact force between the disk and the table revealed by the simulations, we conjecture a new mechanism for the abrupt halt of the disk and the increased acoustic frequency associated with the decline of the disk.


From the publishers website:

Attitudes to fashion have changed radically in the twenty-first century. Dress is increasingly approached as a means of self-expression, rather than as a signifier of status or profession, and designers are increasingly treated as 'artists', as fashion moves towards art and enters the gallery, museum, and retail space. This book is the first to fully explore the causes and implications of this shift, examining the impact of technological innovation, globalization, and the growth of the internet.

The End of Fashion focuses on the ways in which our understanding of fashion and the fashion system have transformed as mass mediation and digitization continue to broaden the way that contemporary fashion is perceived and consumed. Exploring everything from the rise of online shopping to the emergence of bloggers as power elites who have revolutionized the terrain of traditional fashion reportage, this volume anatomizes a world in which runway shows now compete with live-streaming, digital fashion films, Instagram, and Pinterest.

Bringing together original, cutting-edge contributions from leading international scholars, this book is essential reading for students and scholars of fashion and cultural studies, as well as anyone interested in exploring the dramatic shifts that have shaken the fashion world this century – and what they might say about larger changes within an increasingly global and digital society.


One of the attractions of arbitration for settling disputes of various kinds is the confidentiality of the proceedings. This is particularly true of sports disputes, where the sporting community in general do not wish to 'wash their dirty sports linen in public'. The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), based in Lausanne, Switzerland, since its foundation in 1983, is establishing itself, as its founders intended, as 'the supreme court of world sport'. Its workload is increasing year on year, not only because sport is big business and spawning a wide range of disputes, but also as a result of FIFA becoming a member of the CAS in 2002 as the final court of appeal for football disputes, especially international transfer cases of which every year there are many. In theory, CAS cases are subject to a general rule of confidentiality. Article R43 of the CAS Code of Sports-related Arbitration 2010 provides as follows: "Proceedings under these procedural rules are confidential. The parties, the arbitrators and the CAS undertake not to disclose to any third party any facts or other information relating to the dispute or the proceedings without the permission of the CAS." However, the last sentence of this Article provides the following exceptions to the CAS general rule of confidentiality: "Awards shall not be made public unless all parties agree or the Division President so decides." But, in practice, more and more CAS Awards are being published, (1) especially on the CAS official website. (2) This is particularly due to the fact that the CAS is interested in developing a 'Lex Sportiva' - a discrete and consistent body of sports law - as the following extract at page xxx from Volume II of the CAS Digest of Awards makes clear: "The "Digest of CAS Awards 1986-1998 " recorded the emergence of a lex sportiva through the judicial decisions of the CAS. It is true that one of the interests of this court is to develop a jurisprudence that can be used as a reference by all the actors of world sport, thereby encouraging the harmonisation of the judicial rules and principles applied within the sports world." The aim of developing a 'Lex Sportiva' is a noble one, but, in order to achieve it, the Awards of CAS need to be published and made available to a wider audience. In fact, as the work of the CAS continues to expand and becomes more widely known and discussed, especially in the media and articles in learned journals, the need for such publicity also increases. …


Most cancer cells have acquired clonal chromosome abnormalities. An increasing number of characteristic aberrations, in particular balanced changes, are with remarkable specificity associated with distinctive morphological and clinical disease characteristics. The identification of these recurrent aberrations has several important implications. First, cytogenetics has become an increasingly important tool in the clinical management of cancer patients to help establish a correct diagnosis, to predict prognosis, and to select the most appropriate treatment. Second, the cytogenetic information has provided invaluable help to identify genes of importance in the carcinogenic process by focusing the attention to chromosomal sites that may harbour genes which when rearranged lead to neoplasia. Practically all balanced structural rearrangements that have been characterised at the molecular level have been found to exert their action through one of the two alternative mechanisms: deregulation, usually over-expression, of a seemingly normal gene in one of the breakpoints, or the creation of an abnormal hybrid gene through fusion of parts of two genes, one in each breakpoint.

Key Concepts:

Chromosome aberrations are a characteristic feature of neoplasia.

Chromosome abnormalities have been reported in almost 60 000 human neoplasms.

Recurrent balanced chromosome rearrangements, in particular translocations, are associated with distinctive tumour characteristics.

Cancer-associated chromosome changes are of clinical importance for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

The breakpoints of balanced structural chromosome aberrations point at the locations of cancer-relevant genes.

Cancer-associated structural chromosome abnormalities lead to the formation of hybrid genes through fusions of parts of two genes located in the breakpoints.

More than 600 gene fusions created by an acquired chromosome change are known, and about 30% of human cancer cases contain a fusion gene.

Keywords:

cancer;
leukaemia;
neoplasia;
chromosome aberrations;
oncogenes;
fusion genes;
cytogenetics;
molecular cytogenetics;
translocations;
cancer diagnosis


Alcohol has long been known to be the cause of significant physical, emotional and social harm in our society. Given that the manufacture, distribution and sale of alcoholic products is big business all over the world, clearly the marketing, advertising and promotion of these products is essential. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the relationship between advertising and alcohol consumption and, importantly, the influence of this advertising on harmful drinking patterns. To examine the potential influence of alcohol advertising on young people (both under and over the legal drinking age), a convenience sample of 287 young people recruited from a range of settings (including high school, university, TAFE and the workforce) were shown two advertisements (one print and one television), and asked whether they believed a range of messages were evident in each advertisement. We found that the majority of adolescents believe alcohol advertisements often include several messages which breach the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code (ABAC), highlighting the ineffective nature of this self-regulatory scheme. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Life Sciences | Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details This conference paper was originally published as Jones, SC and Gregory, P, What does alcohol advertising tell young people about drinking?, Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy (ANZMAC) Conference, 2007, 1168-1174. This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/54


This paper focuses on technical, social and psychological aspects of the use of a video wall for communications between two geographically separated halves of a university department. The overall usability of the system is related to technological limitations such as video and audio quality, and aspects connected with organizational and interpersonal psychology. A video wall creates a new type of "social space", raising new social psychology issues, and requiring new types of interpersonal behaviour. Whilst it has some close parallels with standard desk top video conferencing, it also has some unique and important differences. This paper briefly summarizes those problems and discusses the issues that are shared with other electronic collaboration tools such as desktop video conferencing, followed by a discussion of those issues unique to the video wall. Ongoing trials are being conducted with alterations to audio and video quality, and an analysis is being performed of usage of and responses to the video wall.


Abstract Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) of drilled shafts requires 1.5-in (38-mm) or 2-in (51-mm) I.D. sonic access tubes to be installed inside the steel reinforcement cage. The sonic access tubes do not contribute to the structural capacity of the drilled shaft. The proposed use of Ischebeck TITAN T73/56 CSL/Hollow Threaded Rebar for Cross Hole Sonic Logging Access Tubes Combined with Longitudinal Concrete Reinforcing in Drilled Shafts (patent pending) is discussed as an alternative method of construction and CSL probe access. The T73/56 hollow threaded rebar/sonic access tube performs as a high strength rebar while at the same time creating a 2.2-in (56-mm) I.D. sonic access tube. The deformed high strength hollow bar provides better adhesion to concrete thus reducing the problem of debonding associated with smooth PVC and steel pipe. A cost comparison using conventional rebar with added sonic access tubes is discussed. The use of T73/56 CSL/Hollow Threaded Rebar as a value engineering alternative can reduce both material and labor costs for drilled shaft construction and can provide an advantage where anchor bolt cages and longitudinal reinforcing create congestion.


Bottom trawl fishing is a controversial activity. It yields about a quarter of the world's wild seafood, but also has impacts on the marine environment. Recent advances have quantified and improved understanding of large-scale impacts of trawling on the seabed. However, such information needs to be coupled with distributions of benthic invertebrates (benthos) to assess whether these populations are being sustained under current trawling regimes. This study collated data from 13 diverse regions of the globe spanning four continents. Within each region, we combined trawl intensity distributions and predicted abundance distributions of benthos groups with impact and recovery parameters for taxonomic classes in a risk assessment model to estimate benthos status. The exposure of 220 predicted benthos-group distributions to trawling intensity (as swept area ratio) ranged between 0% and 210% (mean = 37%) of abundance. However, benthos status, an indicator of the depleted abundance under chronic trawling pressure as a proportion of untrawled state, ranged between 0.86 and 1 (mean = 0.99), with 78% of benthos groups > 0.95. Mean benthos status was lowest in regions of Europe and Africa, and for taxonomic classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Our results demonstrate that while spatial overlap studies can help infer general patterns of potential risk, actual risks cannot be evaluated without using an assessment model that incorporates trawl impact and recovery metrics. These quantitative outputs are essential for sustainability assessments, and together with reference points and thresholds, can help managers ensure use of the marine environment is sustainable under the ecosystem approach to management.


In this chapter, the authors reports that Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an initial size of 20 nm increased the cell size of human neutrophils as evidenced by optical microscopy and by flow cytometry based on the cell size forward scattered light (FSC) and the inner complexity or granularity based on the FSC. Several in vitro studies evaluated the cytotoxicity and only one or few polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) responses of different kinds of NPs, including AgNP. The in vivo studies indirectly promote the necessity and importance of investigating how AgNPs could directly alter the biology of PMNs. NPs certainly have a great potential for human needs. AgNPs are increasingly used in electronics, food adjuvants, paints, sunscreens, cosmetics and in a wide range of medical applications, including wound treatment with different silver-containing bandages. In fact, neutrophil counts are frequently used as biomarkers of inflammation in several studies.


Government officials and academics offer starkly different portraits of insider trading enforcement. In popular rhetoric, insider trading cases are about leveling the playing field between elite market participants and ordinary investors. Academic critiques vary. Some depict an untethered insider trading doctrine that enforcers use to expand their power and enhance their discretion. Others see enforcers beset with agency cost problems who bring predominantly simple, easily resolved cases to create the veneer of vigorous enforcement. Unfortunately, this debate has, so far, been based mostly on anecdote and conjecture rather than empirical evidence. This article addresses that gap by collecting extensive data on 465 individual defendants in civil, criminal, and administrative actions to assess how enforcers actually operationalize insider trading doctrine. The cases enforcement authorities bring are shaped by a complex and cross-cutting set of institutional and individual incentives, cognitive biases, legal requirements, the history of failed enforcement efforts, and the way in which the agency and the self-regulatory organizations deploy their investigatory resources. SEC enforcement is dominated by small stakes, opportunistic trading by mid-level employees and their friends and family, most often involving M&A transactions. Those cases settle quickly, half within 30 days of filing. Criminal enforcement is generally reserved for more serious cases, measured by, among other things, the type of defendant, the size of the insider trading network, and the profits earned. In both settings, there is little evidence that enforcers are systematically stretching the boundaries of insider trading doctrine, suggesting that there is little need for more precise statutory language to curb enforcement overreach.


The libraries of the United States are integral and valued parts of the communities and institutions they serve. There are a number of kinds of libraries commonplace in the United States, including public, school, college and university, legal, and research libraries, each of which has a constituency they serve. The libraries with which people have the greatest familiarity and the two types they utilize on the most frequent basis are the public libraries, those which primarily serve municipalities, and school libraries, those which serve kindergarten through twelfth grade schools. It is upon these two that this paper places its greatest emphasis. Public and school libraries have been changed for the better by and their patrons benefited from the adoption of advanced means of access to library materials, such as computerized library catalogs, online databases for research, and computers available for public use. Libraries are now much more than buildings housing collections of books and periodicals, where children gather for "story hour" on Saturday mornings. Libraries and librarians are now challenged as well by both the actuality and the pace of technological advance in American society, most especially by the recent availability and capability of the digitization of data and documents. The digital revolution has caused many in society including policy makers, citizens-atlarge, and librarians themselves to ask whether it is important that libraries be relevant to their communities. This paper will address the question of why relevant libraries are important to American society and how librarians are working to maintain and enhance their libraries relevance. 3 WHY LIBRARIES ARE RELEVANT IN THE DIGITAL AGE


Neutron-induced fission cross sections of 238U and 235U are used as standards in the fast neutron region up to 200 MeV. A high accuracy of the standards is relevant to experimentally determine other neutron reaction cross sections. Therefore, the detection effciency should be corrected by using the angular distribution of the fission fragments (FFAD), which are barely known above 20 MeV. In addition, the angular distribution of the fragments produced in the fission of highly excited and deformed nuclei is an important observable to investigate the nuclear fission process.In order to measure the FFAD of neutron-induced reactions, a fission detection setup based on parallel-plate avalanche counters (PPACs) has been developed and successfully used at the CERN-n_TOF facility. In this work, we present the preliminary results on the analysis of new 235 U(n,f) and 238 U(n,f) data in the extended energy range up to 200 MeV compared to the existing experimental data.


Radon concentration measurements have been carried out in the selected dwelling houses in Rahovec city, using continuous radon monitor Model CRM-510. This study has covered a region of Kosovo which has not investigated before for radon concentration and the scope of this study is to contribute on Kosovo Radon Map, which is not still completed. Also, has been analysed the impact of age of buildings, type of walls and windows on selected dwelling houses chosen for radon concentration measurements. The average radon concentration on living room has been found to vary from 103.7 ± 19.8 Bq/m3 to 207.1 ± 48.1 Bq/m3. The annual effective dose is found to be lower than action levels of annual effective dose recommended by International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP).


Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between sexually unrelated species has recently been documented for higher plants, but mechanistic explanations for HGTs have remained speculative. We show that a parasitic relationship may facilitate HGT between flowering plants. The endophytic parasites Rafflesiaceae are placed in the diverse order Malpighiales. Our multigene phylogenetic analyses of Malpighiales show that mitochrodrial (matR) and nuclear loci (18S ribosomal DNA and PHYC) place Rafflesiaceae in Malpighiales, perhaps near Ochnaceae/Clusiaceae. Mitochondrial nad1B-C, however, groups them within Vitaceae, near their obligate host Tetrastigma. These discordant phylogenetic hypotheses strongly suggest that part of the mitochondrial genome in Rafflesiaceae was acquired via HGT from their hosts.


A review of current daylighting design tools indicates that over 30 tools are now available, including nomographs, protractors, overlays, and programs for micro-, mini-, and mainframe computers. Computer-based tools allow testing and analyzing of more design alternatives under a wider variety of conditions than was previously practical with slower techniques, but they have not fundamentally changed the information available to the design professional. These tools are applicable to certain limited functions of the design process and do not address the varying information needs of the designer at various points in the design process. We describe a concept for a computer-based building envelope design tool that is structured to overcome many of the limitations of the existing tools. The tool would address daylighting design in the context of the overall building envelope design, covering a range of environmental quality issues in addition to quantitative aspects of lighting and energy use. It would be useful throughout the process of design, construction, and occupancy, and is intended to provide important feedback that is often missing between those stages of the building's life cycle. A cost-effective tool with these performance features is not technically feasible using today's hardware technology. However, examination of the developmentmore » of the necessary technologies provides strong evidence for future feasibility; accordingly, we are developing the tool to be used in a 1990+ time frame. To date we have studied the features and capabilities that such a tool should have, as well as several key areas, such as the design process, computer graphics, imaging systems, expert systems, and building science data bases.« less


This study aimed to identify employees' perceptions of their managers' mentoring-style communication. It examined employees' descriptions of interactions with their managers, using content-coding and statistical analyses. The literature on mentoring, including gender differences in mentoring was also used. Drawing upon the conceptual frameworks of Communication Accommodation Theory and Social Identity Theory, the findings supported the hypotheses that managers who providing task, career and psychosocial support for their employees are considered more effective as mentors. Further, it was found that early-stage employees felt they gain more benefits from psychosocial mentoring than instrumental career assistance. It was also found that female managers were perceived to be more dominating and controlling by female employees than male employees. Theoretical and applied implications for communication in mentoring relationships are discussed.


Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacteria is becoming standard practice in many laboratories. Applications for WGS analysis include phylogeography and molecular epidemiology, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as the unit of evolution. The Northern Arizona SNP Pipeline (NASP) was developed as a reproducible pipeline that scales well with the large amount of WGS data typically used in comparative genomics applications. In this study, we demonstrate how NASP compares to other tools in the analysis of two real bacterial genomics datasets and one simulated dataset. Our results demonstrate that NASP produces comparable, and often better, results to other pipelines, but is much more flexible in terms of data input types, job management systems, diversity of supported tools, and output formats. We also demonstrate differences in results based on the choice of the reference genome and choice of inferring phylogenies from concatenated SNPs or alignments including monomorphic positions. NASP represents a source-available, version-controlled, unit-tested method and can be obtained from tgennorth.github.io/NASP.


Optimization of the plasma discharge is related to determination of the optimal time evolution of the plasma parameters to reach a specific plasma state taken into account certain physical and technical constraints. The set of plasma parameters which should be optimized consists of the parameters significantly changing the plasma state and can be defined from the different tokamak actuator inputs: plasma current, EC, NBI heating or current drive power, density, etc. In this work we carry out the optimization study of the current ramp down. Numerical optimization of this phase can prescribe evolution of the plasma parameters to terminate plasma as fast as possible and in the same time to avoid disruptions in the real experiments. The simulation is performed with the RAPTOR code. It is a light and fast transport code with a simplified transport model which includes transport equations for electron temperature and poloidal flux. However, this code was constructed assuming a fixed plasma equilibrium, whereas plasma geometry might change during ramp-down phase. Therefore RAPTOR has been extended to include time varying terms. In this way, time varying plasma geometry can be used in the optimization procedure and for example plasma elongation can be an additional parameter for the trajectory optimization. The results of the simulation with the extended transport model and optimization procedure of ramp-down phase of AUG-like plasma parameters are presented.


We derive galaxy source counts at 70 and 160 μm using the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) to map the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) and other fields. At 70 μm, our observations extend upward about 2 orders of magnitude in flux density from a threshold of 15 mJy, and at 160 μm they extend about an order of magnitude upward from 50 mJy. The counts are consistent with previous observations on the bright end. Significant evolution is detected at the faint end of the counts in both bands, by factors of 2-3 over no-evolution models. This evolution agrees well with models that indicate most of the faint galaxies lie at redshifts between 0.7 and 0.9. The new Spitzer data already resolve about 23% of the cosmic far-infrared background at 70 μm and about 7% at 160 μm. Subject headings: infrared: galaxies – galaxies: evolution – galaxies: statistics