The growing involvement of lawyers in approving military operations, coupled with the disappearance of the soldier's unmediated gaze of the battlefield, increase the probability for the execution of a certain kind of manifestly unlawful orders. Two different versions of the criminal defense that requires soldiers to disregard manifestly unlawful orders are conflated in judgments and scholarly writings. According to the first version, when the order's illegality is obvious, the soldier should refuse to obey. According to the second version, when the order is morally repulsive, the soldier should refuse to obey. The history of military atrocities shows that unmediated eye contact plays a crucial role in breaking soldiers' disassociation from potential victims and thus creating an emotional reaction of repulsion towards certain orders. Yet, in the modern battlefield, more and more of the killings are carried out without the solider seeing the battlefield with his own eyes, without him experiencing the battlefield. Rather, the killings are done by aerial vehicles operated from afar. In addition, the rise of the reign of lawyers in approving the legality of military operations makes every order executed legal on the face of it and thus further reduces any inclination of the combatant to disobey, and for the military to adopt solely the first version of the criminal defense. Together, these two developments increase the potential for the feeling of repulsion to remain dormant in soldiers, making the second version obsolete and thus increasing the probability for the execution of certain manifestly unlawful orders that in the past might have been disobeyed.


Opus Dei is one of the most talked about but least known religious organizations of our time. For years no one has been allowed access to its secrets. Until now. Here, Vatican insider John Allen uncovers its true nature. Granted unlimited access to those within its ranks, gaining a wealth of interviews with the heads of Opus Dei around the world, Allen finally separates the myths from the facts: the actual use of whips and the cilice; the true extent of Opus Dei's funds; the identities of its influential members in politics, banking and high office; and how much power this shadowy group really has. Definitive, persuasive and absorbing' - "Daily Telegraph". Focuses on some of the most controversial aspects of the organization, from its treatment of women to its recruitment and its money' - "Independent". He reports on all aspects of the Opus Dei cult (including structure and finance, and the practice of mortifying the flesh with a cilice) and, most usefully, includes details of the bishops and personnel around the world who are Opus Dei clergy' - "New Statesman". An admirable book the first stop for anyone interested in [Opus Dei]' - "Sunday Times".


We examined the effect of spatial scale on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in Mediterranean streams from six basins distributed across southern Europe, including Spain, France, Italy, and Greece. We classified the studied streams according to their long-term aquatic regime into the three following types: (i) permanent (P), (ii) intermittent with summer pools (I-P), and (iii) intermittent with summer dry channels (I-D). For each stream type, we analyzed taxonomic and trait diversity, as well as the composition of the macroinvertebrate community, following a spatially nested design at three spatial scales of analysis: microhabitat (substratum patches), mesohabitat (pools vs. riffles), and macrohabitat (streams). In order to assess intrinsic seasonal variability in streams from the Mediterranean region, 20 Surber samples were taken from each stream according to mesoand microhabitat frequency in the wet and the dry season during 2010. Given the need for adaptation to specific hydrological conditions and the fact that microhabitats should encompass the niche requirements of particular taxa, we hypothesized that this spatial scale would have a greater influence on macroinvertebrate taxa composition and biological traits than the other two larger spatial scales in intermittent streams. We observed that patterns in the relative importance of variance components across hierarchical spatial scales changed with time because low flow or droughts altered both mesohabitat prevalence and microhabitat composition. Our results confirm the importance of the microhabitat scale in I-P streams in the wet season but not in the dry one, when a loss of microhabitat diversity occurred. Stream-to-stream variability was more important in P and I-D streams. Our study also explored the relationships between traits and aquatic regimes. We found that aquatic macroinvertebrates inhabiting permanent streams exhibited traits related to the longer duration of life cycles in these rivers (e.g. large size of adult stages) and adaptations to flowing conditions (e.g. modes of aquatic dispersal), whereas aquatic macroinvertebrates inhabiting intermittent streams with summer pools had traits adapted to depositional conditions and ecological preferences for confined habitats (i.e. disconnected pools without flow). Finally, aquatic macroinvertebrates from intermittent streams with summer dry channels had adaptations conferring ability to survive periods with no water (e.g. modes of aerial dispersal, resistant stages). These results indicate that microhabitat conditions should not be neglected as they can play an important role in certain situations.


This is a bold take on the crucial role of emotion in politics. Emotions work to define who we are as well as shape what we do and this is no more powerfully at play than in the world of politics. Ahmed considers how emotions keep us invested in relationships of power, and also shows how this use of emotion could be crucial to feminist and queer political movements. Debates on international terrorism, asylum and migration, as well as reconciliation and reparation are explored through topical case studies. In this textbook the difficult issues are confronted head on. New for this edition: a substantial 15,000-word Afterword on 'Emotions and Their Objects' which provides an original contribution to the burgeoning field of affect studies; a revised Bibliography; and updated throughout.


Problem statement: Human beings shape the organization, and structure of their settlements, based on their lifestyle. On the other hand, in every environment, differences in social, economic, cultural, and symbolic capitals lead to the formation of different social classes and differences in the way of life. Accordingly, the search for how the pattern and structure of the houses of the upper and middle-classes of Ardabil in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods are shaped by the status of the social class of the inhabitants, is the main issue of research. Aim: The importance and necessity of research in regard to different types of housing, especially middle-class houses, irradiation on part of Ardabil›s architectural history, and attention to the role of Non-structural components (culture and society) in residential architecture. The purpose of the present study is to explain the effect of different capital combinations of the middle and the upper classes on lifestyle and to analyze how the structure of houses is influenced by the way of life in the case studies. Research method: The research method is descriptive-analytical. After analyzing the spatial dimension of the houses, during a comparative review, the effect of lifestyle on the structure of houses based on capital ratios in the middle and the upper classes has been discussed. Required information is extracted through documentary studies, interviewing, observing, and field studies. Conclusion: Findings of the study shows that physical and spatial differences in the houses of the upper and middle-classes of Ardabil in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, has been influenced by the amount of their economic capital. Findings of the study shows that the people of Ardabil have been sharing each other with many components of social and cultural capitals. In the meantime, what made class differentiation was the kind of different approaches to these components. As the upper class often acted more deeply and in a sense of differentiation in the face of issues such as status, social relationships, taste, and so on. Physical-Spatial representation of these items can be seen in the entrance, facade, guestroom, service spaces, home furnishings, and the decorations of the upper and middle-class houses.


One of the most striking features of aetosaurs is the possession of an extensive bony armour composed of dorsal, ventral and appendicular osteoderms. With the purpose of establishing the main histological changes during ontogeny and the degree of histological variation within the armour, we analysed the bone histology of dorsal (paramedian and lateral), ventral and appendicular osteoderms from different taxa from the Late Triassic of South America, including Aetosauroides scagliai, Aetobarbakinoides brasiliensis and Neoaetosauroides engaeus. Histological data support an intramembranous origin for osteoderms. Nevertheless, evidence for metaplastic ossification (i.e. structural fibres) at advanced ontogenetic stages, in at least some elements, is also present. A variant type of parallel fibred bone, which we have named 'crossed parallel fibred bone', is characterized for aetosaurs. In this pseudosuchian group, osteoderms exhibit very important microstructural changes during ontogeny, which can be useful for determining ontogenetic stages from isolated elements. Histological data suggest a relatively early onset of sexual maturity among aetosaurs. Microanatomical analysis from different taxa reveal that having high values of compactness is the plesiomorphic condition for Aetosauria. The notably increased compactness of the osteoderms does not appear to be related to size, ontogeny, sex or reproductive status of the individuals. Although a high degree of compactness of osteoderms and other bones has been considered as evidence for an aquatic lifestyle in vertebrates, such an inference contradicts the current concept of a fully terrestrial lifestyle in aetosaurs.


Since the Supreme Court's decision in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, (1) federal courts have attempted to apply state "substantive" law and federal "procedural" law when sitting in diversity. (2) Courts draw this distinction differently depending on whether a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (Federal Rule) "directly conflicts" with the state law. (3) When a court determines that a Federal Rule does not govern a question, it then applies the "twin aims of Erie" test to determine whether state law should apply. (4) This test asks if applying state law is necessary to (1) avoid inequity between in-state and out-of-state litigants, and (2) avoid incentives for forum-shopping. (5) Courts often read a Federal Rule quite narrowly to avoid a conflict with "substantive" state law. (6) In Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., (7) however, the Court held that when a Federal Rule directly conflicts with state law, the Federal Rule must govern unless it is facially invalid for conflicting with the Rules Enabling Act. (8) The Act authorizes the Supreme Court to promulgate rules of procedure for federal courts, with the proviso that such rules not "abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right." (9) This limitation has been construed as authorizing any federal rule that is "arguably procedural" (10) without regard for the nature of the substantive rights that may be modified by application of the rule in particular cases. Last Term, in Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Insurance Co., (11) the Supreme Court held that the Federal Rules permit a class action suit to go forward in federal court even though it would have been barred in state court. This ruling frustrates important state legislative objectives and exposes defendants to massive liability in diversity suits. The "arguably procedural" approach is at odds with the plain meaning of the statute and should be retired. In its place, the Court should adopt an "as applied" test for determining how Federal Rules apply in diversity suits. Petitioner Shady Grove, a healthcare provider, alleged that Allstate Insurance was routinely late in paying out benefits and refused to pay the two-percent monthly interest penalty required by New York law. (12) Shady Grove filed a diversity suit in the Eastern District of New York "on behalf of itself and a class of all others to whom Allstate owes interest." (13) Under New York Civil Practice Law Section 901(b) (Section 901(b)), a class action "may not be maintained" to recover a "penalty" or statutory minimum damages, (14) thus limiting class certification to plaintiffs seeking only actual damages. There is no comparable prohibition in Federal Rule 23, which contains its own, apparently exclusive, criteria for class certification. (15) New York enacted its prohibition out of concern that combining statutory minimum penalties with the class action device could lead to "annihilating punishment." (16) A common purpose of both statutory penalties and the class action device is to incentivize lawsuits that might not otherwise be worth the time, effort, or cost; so combining the two devices would greatly magnify incentives to sue. Both the Eastern District of New York and the Second Circuit held that Rule 23 and section 901(b) could be applied simultaneously. According to the Second Circuit, the New York statute creates a threshold inquiry--whether certain causes of action are even eligible for class treatment--that must be answered before the procedural criteria of Rule 23 can be applied. (17) Because the court found no conflict between the Federal Rule and the state statute, the court analyzed Section 901(b) under the "twin aims of Erie" test. The obvious conclusion was that a failure to apply the New York prohibition on class actions seeking penalties would create an enormous incentive for plaintiffs to choose the federal forum. (18) In so ruling, the Second Circuit followed "the overwhelming majority of district courts that have concluded that section 901(b) is a substantive law that must be applied in the federal forum, just as it is in state court. …


Consensus exercises have identified and prioritized domains of measurement for studies in acute and chronic gout. In parallel, the technical properties of instruments for measurement in many of these domains have been assessed, with the main objective to consider the instruments in the context of the OMERACT filter of truth, discrimination, and feasibility. These data were presented and discussed at OMERACT 9 in the gout workshop, in breakout groups, and at informal meetings of the gout group. In acute gout, instruments for domains of pain, joint swelling, joint tenderness, and patient and physician global assessment have been assessed. In chronic gout, some validation exercises have been performed in instruments for domains serum urate, tophus measurement, health-related quality of life (HRQOL). In voting at OMERACT 9, the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 was endorsed as a valid instrument for measurement of HRQOL. Methods of tophus measurement were considered to have met some criteria of the OMERACT filter, but these require further work, particularly regarding sensitivity to change over shorter time periods. Priorities for future research include measurement of joint inflammation in acute gout and disability in acute and chronic gout.


Electrochemical reduction of silicon from SiCl 4 in 1-butyl-1-metyl-pyrrolidin-ium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMP][TFSI] and in propylene carbonate (PC) with SiCl 4 as a precursor is performed at room temperature. The process is studied by means of Linear Sweep Voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results exhibit considerable differences during the silicon deposition for copper and nickel. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the layers shows a rough surface morphology. The composition of Si deposit is confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Furthermore, the deposition of silicon onto TiO 2 nanotubes is discussed. In conclusion, a method of recycling the used ionic liquid by a simple extraction procedure is presented.


An orphan G protein–coupled receptor is required in Schwann cells to trigger myelination. Contact between axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and Schwann cells is required for Schwann cells to produce the myelin sheaths that electrically insulate these axons. An as-yet-unidentified signal from the axon increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) within the Schwann cell, leading to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the subsequent expression of oct6 and krox20, which encode transcription factors required for the production of myelin basic protein (MBP), a component of the myelin sheath. Monk et al. (see the Perspective by Meijer) report that the orphan G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) gpr126 is required in Schwann cells for the increase in cAMP induced by axonal contact. In zebrafish that carried loss-of-function mutations in gpr126, there was no myelination of sensory or motor neurons, and Schwann cells stopped developing at the promyelination stage and failed to express oct6 and krox20. Because signaling by neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) through the ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors can also activate oct6 expression and the myelination program, the authors examined expression of nrg1 and erbb3 in gpr126 mutants, where they found no abnormalities. Similarly, gpr126 expression was not affected in erbb2 mutants, which suggests that Nrg1 signaling and signaling through gpr126 may regulate myelination independently. Treating mutant embryos with forskolin, which increases cAMP production, rescued the myelination phenotype and restored oct6 and krox20 expression in gpr126 mutants but did not rescue myelination or mbp expression in krox20 mutants, indicating that the increase in cAMP in Schwann cells occurs upstream of the activation of krox20 by Oct6. Because many GPCRs signal through cAMP, the authors propose that signaling through gpr126 in Schwann cells stimulates cAMP production to activate the myelination program. K. R. Monk, S. G. Naylor, T. D. Glenn, S. Mercurio, J. R. Perlin, C. Dominguez, C. B. Moens, W. S. Talbot, A G protein–coupled receptor is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination. Science 325, 1402–1405 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] D. Meijer, Went fishing, caught a snake. Science 325, 1353–1354 (2009). [Summary] [Full Text]


In this paper, we present a method for automatic refinement of training data. Many classifiers from machine learning used in applications in the remote sensing domain, rely on previously labelled training data. This labelling is often done by human operators and is bound to time constraints. Hence, selection of training data must be kept practical which implies a certain inaccuracy. This results in erroneously tagged regions enclosed within competing classes. For that purpose, we propose a method that removes outliers from training data by using an iterative training-classification scheme. Outliers are detected by their newly determined class membership as well as through analysis of uncertainty of classified samples. The sample selection method which incorporates quality of neighbouring samples is presented and compared to alternative strategies. Additionally, iterative approaches tend to propagate errors which might lead to degenerating classes. Therefore, a robust stopping criterion based on training data characteristics is described. Our experiments using a support vector machine (SVM) show, that outliers are reliably removed, allowing a more convenient sample selection. The classification result for unknown scenes of the accordant validation set improves from 70.36% to 79.12% on average. Additionally, the average complexity of the SVM model is decreased by 82.75% resulting in similar reduction of processing time.


Integrating livestock management with the required devices and sensors is now seen as a critical factor in the agricultural sector's long-term success. The findings revealed that the agricultural business sector is open to implementing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions, so the aim of this paper is to determine how advantageous it is for Romanian farmers to invest in a project that employs smart cattle farming methods that incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and the Internet of Things (IOT). An unstructured interview was used to gather empirical evidence during a focus group meeting. Analyzing the selected primary performance metrics, it was projected that the farm's profitability would increase by 19 percent, productivity would increase by 21 percent, and the farm's environmental impact would decrease by 22 percent. Automation and remote work would help minimize the farm's worker burden while also making control panels, decision-making files, and data analysis more available. In order for the domain to be as prosperous as possible, farmers must be made aware of the benefits of using these emerging technologies for closing the gap between farmers and Information Technology (IT) solution providers, and this can be accomplished through continuous training for both farmers and their technology vendors.


Abstract. Although not trained as treatment providers, teachers are increasingly faced with students who present challenging behavioral issues that require intervention. Teachers often resort to reactive and punitive strategies that have many negative side effects and drawbacks because they lack specific training in managing problem behavior in the classroom. Functional analysis and assessment approaches are commonly recommended by clinical researchers and have been demonstrated effective for managing problem behavior, but are sometimes impractical for regular classroom use. In this article, we propose a "keystone" approach to classroom management that may meet the clinical needs of children with challenging behavior while potentially serving as a more practical classroom alternative to commonly recommended strategies. With this approach, teachers are taught to focus on a circumscribed set of skills that have the potential to produce widespread improvement in child outcomes and render problem behavior unnecessary. Empirical support for individual components of this approach is discussed.


The Model Sheltering Experiment deals with the planning arrangement of the proposed harbor and is done by the worst wave condition (with respect to wave direction, wave height, and wave period) which probably occurred on the proposed harbor. The objectives of this experiment are to get the wave pattern of the harbor basin and to understand the various phenomena of the wave refraction, diffraction, and reflection caused by model test due to different harbor arrangement, and to comprehend the sheltering effect of the outer breakwaters. From the analysis of these test results, harbor planning of the most effective arrangement - the most economic length of breakwaters and the most ideal width of harbor entrance could be selected. For the purpose of analyzing results of model tests; comparison of theoretical wave diffraction calculation is proposed.


Fifty-teachers-in-training went into a classroom to work with individual students, targeting specific behavioral or academic interventions for each student. This was the experimental condition. Forty-seven students were not involved in the mentoring program (control condition). All 90 students were in an educational psychology class, with all other conditions (lectures, texts, testing, discussion) the same for both groups. All students were assessed in the area of teacher efficacy, in a pretest-posttest format. Results indicated that all students had significant gains in efficacy during the 10-week intervention period. Experimental subjects had direct and supervised experiences in goal-setting, collecting baseline data, charting and evaluating progress. Possible reasons for the gains in both groups are discussed, and qualitative data is presented to show vicarious enhancement for controls. The current study was conducted to determine the impact of an experiential activity on teachers-in-training. The activity consisted of going into a public school classroom to work on an individual basis with targeted public school students, developing and implementing an individualized plan to improve either an academic or a behavioral status of the targeted child. The objectives of the study were as follows: 1. To assess changes in teachers' efficacy as a result of planning, implementing, and evaluating individualized behavioral and/or academic interventions. 2. To determine if measured teacher efficacy of teachers-in-training who carried out in-classroom, individualized behavioral and/or academic interventions is greater than the teacher efficacy of similar teachers-in-training who did not have in-classroom experiences. 3. To investigate the effects of implementation of behavioral and/or academic intervention programs conducted by teachers-in-training. It was also expected that a side effect of the study would be vicarious learning by way of peer discussion and reporting among the experimental subjects. Theoretical Perspectives Two areas related to classroom education are tapped in this study. The first is classroom management, both in the monitoring and intervention with academic progress and the maintenance of appropriate and positive student behavior. The second is teacher efficacy, which is related to both teacher motivation and metacognition as teachers focus on the plans and serendipitous events that may create either a productive or nonproductive learning environment. More globally, the impact of these variables is assessed in the population known as teachers-in-training, a most fertile area for didactic, cognitive, and practical interventions and implications. Kounin' s (1970) concept of "withitness" has become a vital part of instruction for both teachers-in-training and seasoned teachers. Evertson's (1982, 1988, 1989) work, along with that of Emmer (1981, 1994) and Good (1981) and Good and Brophy (1987), continue to serve as didactic models for classroom management training. In more recent years, classroom management has been further subdivided into categories such as pupil control. (Doyle, 1986; Hoy & Woolfolk, 1990), communication with students (Kagan & Tippins, 1991), teaching techniques (Ross, 1994), and keeping students motivated or on task (Woolfolk, Rosoff, & Hoy, 1990). There is a place for individual intervention in the work of a teacher, whether the student is affecting other students, the teacher's self-perceived effectiveness, or even when his/her academic strategies or behavioral patterns are detrimental only to his/her own progress and success in the classroom (Sudzina & Gay, 1993). There is often a need to formulate and implement specific individualized student programs for a short duration. Evertson et al. (1989) suggest some very specific and practical ways to develop and implement individual programs. From isolation to individual contracts to parent involvement to check or demerit systems, there are certain elements common to all individualized plans. …


Spain's development from a premodern society into a modern unified nation-state with an integrated economy was painfully slow and varied widely by region. Economic historians have long argued that high internal transportation costs limited domestic market integration, while at the same time the Castilian capital city of Madrid drew resources from surrounding Spanish regions as it pursued its quest for centralization. According to this view, powerful Madrid thwarted trade over large geographic distances by destroying an integrated network of manufacturing towns in the Spanish interior. Challenging this long-held view, Regina Grafe argues that decentralization, not a strong and powerful Madrid, is to blame for Spain's slow march to modernity. Through a groundbreaking analysis of the market for bacalao--dried and salted codfish that was a transatlantic commodity and staple food during this period--Grafe shows how peripheral historic territories and powerful interior towns obstructed Spain's economic development through jurisdictional obstacles to trade, which exacerbated already high transport costs. She reveals how the early phases of globalization made these regions much more externally focused, and how coastal elites that were engaged in trade outside Spain sought to sustain their positions of power in relation to Madrid. Distant Tyranny offers a needed reassessment of the haphazard and regionally diverse process of state formation and market integration in early modern Spain, showing how local and regional agency paradoxically led to legitimate governance but economic backwardness


This paper introduces an innovative new model for measuring the impact of digital heritage resources - the Balanced Value Impact Model. The Balanced Value Impact Model (BVI Model) brings together into a holistic framework aspects from disparate Impact Assessment (IA) disciplines into a cohesive and logical process. This model balances vital tangible gains from economic, social and innovation perspectives with harder to measure cultural values. The model has found wide acceptance in the targeted communities, and is being adopted and implemented in a number of organizations, in particular, the Europeana Impact Task Force, which Simon Tanner chairs. Recent research into the value and impact of digitized collections has shown that there are clear benefits and value in the activity, but there is also a lack of measures to back up assertions about Impact with significant evidence beyond the anecdotal. The approach we took was to look outside the heritage community and see how Impact is measured in other sectors, where there are well-understood methods and substantial results. We consulted expert practitioners within and outside the cultural sector, including professionals in the health, environment and transport fields. Our focus was upon unifying knowledge from disparate perspectives. The outcome of this cross-disciplinary approach is a new and targeted model of IA for the cultural and heritage sector. The research that led to the BVI Model was funded by the Arcadia Fund in 2012 and developed by Simon Tanner and Marilyn Deegan at the Department of Digital Humanities, King's College London.


Macrophages block tumors' spread Tumors constantly communicate with their surrounding tissue and the immune system. One way tumors likely do this is by secreting extracellular vesicles (tEVs), which can carry bits of the tumor to distant sites in the body. Pucci et al. tracked tEVs in tumor-bearing mice and people and studied how they affect cancer progression. They found that tEVs disseminate through lymph to nearby lymph nodes, where a specialized population of macrophages largely block any further travel. This barrier breaks down, however, as cancer progresses and also in the face of certain therapies. The tEVs can then penetrate lymph nodes, where they interact with B cells that promote further tumor growth. Science, this issue p. 242 Lymph node macrophages provide a physical barrier against tumor spread. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) are important signals in tumor–host cell communication, yet it remains unclear how endogenously produced tEVs affect the host in different areas of the body. We combined imaging and genetic analysis to track melanoma-derived vesicles at organismal, cellular, and molecular scales to show that endogenous tEVs efficiently disseminate via lymphatics and preferentially bind subcapsular sinus (SCS) CD169+ macrophages in tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) in mice and humans. The CD169+ macrophage layer physically blocks tEV dissemination but is undermined during tumor progression and by therapeutic agents. A disrupted SCS macrophage barrier enables tEVs to enter the lymph node cortex, interact with B cells, and foster tumor-promoting humoral immunity. Thus, CD169+ macrophages may act as tumor suppressors by containing tEV spread and ensuing cancer-enhancing immunity.


Motivated by a conjecture of Frid, Puzynina, and Zamboni, we investigate infinite words with the property that for infinitely many n, every length-n factor is a product of two palindromes. We show that every Sturmian word has this property, but this does not characterize the class of Sturmian words. We also show that the Thue-Morse word does not have this property. We investigate finite words with the maximal number of distinct palindrome pair factors and characterize the binary words that are not palindrome pairs but have the property that every proper factor is a palindrome pair.


Abstract Background: Primary health care involves a sustained partnership between patients and providers that addresses the majority of a population's health needs over time. Patients' perception of satisfaction is an aspect of healthcare quality that is being increasingly recognised for its importance. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors contributing to patients' satisfaction with and their rating of the quality of care in Extension II Clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which 360 systematically selected participants completed five-point Likert scale self-administered questionnaires. Results: Overall, participants were quite satisfied (mean score = 3.75) with the services provided by the different service providers. The participants indicated that overall, the quality of care of the health care facility was good (mean score = 3.45). The pharmacy received the highest satisfaction level with a mean rating of 4.1. Thirty-eight per cent of the participants rated the services provided by the doctors as best despite giving the highest quality ratings with a mean of 3.9 to the pharmacy compared to mean ratings of 3.4 for the doctors. The participants' greatest displeasure was with the time spent at the facility, as 63.9% of them were displeased with this aspect. A total of 36.9% was most pleased with information given to them as a factor of importance. Conclusion: The participants were quite satisfied with the services provided as well as the quality of care provided by the different service providers of the health care facility. There is, however, a need for interventions in terms of time spent at the facility, which would promote good customer-focused service delivery.


The microbiome is the complex collection of microorganisms, their genes, and their metabolites, colonizing the human and animal mucosal surfaces, digestive tract, and skin. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in digestion and detoxification, supporting immunity, protecting against pathogens, and maintaining health. Studies published to date have demonstrated that healthy individuals are often colonized with different microbiomes than those with disease involving various organ systems. This review covers a brief history of the development of the microbiome field, the main objectives of the Human Microbiome Project, and the most common microbiomes inhabiting the human respiratory tract, companion animal digestive tract, and skin in humans and companion animals. The main changes in the microbiomes in patients with pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous lesions are described.


The Aude, a rural departement in southwest France, is the site of one of the longest-lived European concentrations of counter-cultural practice. Here, villages abandoned by the devastating rural exodus post WWII were discovered by enthusiastic radicals of the '68 generation, who were able to establish themselves because property was cheap. From ethnographic research, we find that a receptive community, inexpensive resources and a strongly interventionist welfare state provide a fertile ground into which practitioners of plenitude may enact a non-normative approach to work and money, which takes root, grows and spreads. We identify a continuum of alternative economic practices encompassing a range of approaches to work itself— some privileging a life of radical simplicity and autonomy, and others interested in developing more successful artisanal businesses. We find a place for neo-medievalists/ruralists who fetishize practices like the horse-drawn plough, and large-scale organic farmers. Finally, we show that the plenitude practices among the Aude alternatifs are tied together by communal reliance—by networks of support and cooperation that rely on being amongst and caring for others. Gifting and 'lending a hand' are key to these economies, enabling them to flourish. While this raises questions about the cost of living for those who do not participate for whatever reason in this exchange network, we see gifting as fundamental to long lasting alternative economies. This case refines our understanding of long-standing debates around the necessity and desirability of selfsufficiency. Key words: alternative economies, communal reliance, sustainable agriculture, l'Aude, alienation


An essential experience of being a baseball fan is the hopeful anticipation of seeing the hometown nine make a run at winning the World Series. In Paths to Glory, Mark L. Armour and Daniel R. Levitt review how teams build themselves up into winners. What makes a winning team like the 1900 Brooklyn Superbas or the 1917 White Sox or the 1997 Florida Marlins? And how are these teams different? What makes each championship team a unique product of its time? Armour and Levitt provide the historical context to show how the sport's business side has changed dramatically but its competitive environment remains the same. Utilizing new statistics to evaluate a player's value and career patterns, Armour and Levitt explore the teams that took risks, created their own opportunities, and changed the game. How did the Washington Senators achieve the unthinkable and blow past Babe Ruth's Yankees in 1924 and 1925? How did the 1965 Minnesota Twins quickly rise to the top and why did they just as suddenly fall? Did Charlie Finley assemble the last old-fashioned championship team before free agency, or was the Moustache Gang another example of winning by building from within? Why did the star-laden Red Sox of the 1930s keep falling short? In exploring these teams and more, Armour and Levitt analyze the players, the managers, and the executives who built teams to win and then lived with the consequences.


Abstract This article presents a report on technological and aesthetic practices in the variable-acoustics performance hall, Espace de Projection, at the Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique. The hall is surrounded by a 350-loudspeaker array for sound-field reproduction using holophonic approaches such as wave-field synthesis and higher-order Ambisonics. First we present the design and implementation of the audio system and discuss the challenges of both hardware and software architectures. This is followed by a discussion of spatial composition techniques, aesthetic approaches, and methodologies for composing computer music for high-density loudspeaker arrays, explored through the paradigmatic examples of pieces produced by two artist-in-research residencies.


Due to the high degree of uncertainty accompanying projections of greenhouse-induced climate change, specific impacts cannot be predicted with any accuracy. At best, a range of projected climate change bounded by its high and low extremes can be used to produce a range of impacts, results that are often too broad to be of practical use in planning for adaptation and mitigation. How- ever, by addressing outcomes in the initial stages of an impact assessment through the construction of user-defined thresholds, it is possible to identify outcomes that should either be avoided, in the case of a negative impact, or aimed for, in the case of a positive impact. By quantifying these thresholds as functions of key climatic variables, and creating projections for these variables that take account of a comprehensive range of quantifiable uncertainties, the risk of threshold exceedance can be analysed. This information can then be used in a risk assessment to identify windows for adaptation, describing the timing and degree of adaptation needed to prevent 'dangerous' climate change occurring for a particular activity. This procedure is illustrated through the use of an irrigation demand model for perennial pasture, based on data collected from a farm in northern Victoria, Australia. Seasonal water- use is used to estimate an annual farm cap of 12 Ml ha -1 based on the annual water right. The exceedance of this farm cap in 50% of years is taken to represent a critical threshold beyond which the farmer cannot adapt. The method of risk analysis utilises projected ranges of regional rainfall and tem- perature change, combined with a sensitivity analysis, to construct risk response surfaces. Monte Carlo sampling is used to scale 100 yr of weather-generated data to calculate the probability of the annual farm cap being exceeded across ranges of temperature and rainfall change projected at 10 yr intervals from 2000 to 2100. Based on the model projections of changing water demand, some degree of adapta- tion is indicated by 2030, although the theoretical critical threshold is not approached until 2050. This procedure represents a considerable advance in 'bottom up' studies where the impact on a specific activity is being addressed. It provides a basis for the planning of adaptation measures and can poten- tially contribute to the assessment of dangerous climate change as required by the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change.


Proportional-share resource management is becoming increasingly important in today's computing environments. In particular, the growing use of the computational resources of central service providers argues for a proportional-share approach that allows resource principals to obtain allocations that reflect their relative importance. In such environments, resource principals must be isolated from one another to prevent the activities of one principal from impinging on the resource rights of others. However, such isolation limits the flexibility with which resource allocations can be modified to reflect the actual needs of applications. We present extensions to the lottery-scheduling resource management framework that increase its flexibility while preserving its ability to provide secure isolation. To demonstrate how this extended framework safely overcomes the limits imposed by existing proportional-share schemes, we have implemented a prototype system that uses the framework to manage CPU time, physical memory, and disk bandwidth. We present the results of experiments that evaluate the prototype, and we show that our framework has the potential to enable server applications to achieve significant gains in performance.


Abstract Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an indigenous larval endoparasitoid of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, reports suggest that C. sesamiae occurs as two biotypes. Biotype avirulent to B. fusca gets encapsulated by haemocytes in this host and is unable to complete development. Biotype virulent to B. fusca is able to overcome immune defences. Factors present in the calyx fluid such as the PolyDNAviruses (PDV), venom and calyx fluid proteins have been implicated in the variation of C. sesamiae virulence against B. fusca. In the present study, calyx fluid proteins of the two C. sesamiae biotypes were compared using 2-D gel electrophoresis. More protein spots were observed in the virulent parasitoid calyx fluid, but some proteins were specifically observed in the avirulent parasitoid calyx fluid while others were observed in both. To study changes in proteins due to parasitism of B. fusca larvae by the two strains, SDS-PAGE gel were performed on fat body tissues and the haemolymph at three time points. Differences between the two strains were observed in both the fat body and haemolymph tissues. Parasitism-specific protein bands were detectable in fat body tissues of B. fusca larvae parasitized by the two C. sesamiae strains. These proteins were absent in unparasitized larvae. Implications for using C. sesamiae as a biocontrol agent of B. fusca in Africa are discussed.


Chemical compositions and magnetic susceptibility data were compared for 12 dolerite bluestone implements including axes, axe-hammers and battle-axes, 11 Stonehenge monoliths (chemical data only), and potential source outcrops in Preseli, South Wales. Most of the studied artefacts are of spotted dolerite, a small number being unspotted dolerite. Bivariate graphs, discriminant analysis and t-tests were used singly and in combination to show, respectively, that the implements found at sites in England are mainly similar to Stonehenge monoliths, while the implements found in Wales have a variety of compositions and are much less similar to Stonehenge monoliths. The dichotomy between English and Welsh dolerite bluestone implements could be explained by exploitation of different Preseli outcrops or erratic assemblages derived from them. A small number of spotted dolerite implements have previously been shown to have chemical compositions atypical of and marginal to Preseli, suggesting the possibility of a source of spotted dolerite outside Preseli. Previously published analytical data in combination with the new implement/outcrop comparisons presented in this paper support derivation of the majority of analysed Stonehenge monoliths at one particular outcrop within the group of four identified by Thorpe et al. 15 years ago. Analysis of all the extant bluestone monoliths at Stonehenge (now possible using non-destructive methods) would allow progress in identifying monolith outcrop sources, and in understanding the links with the bluestone axe trade.


Large pieces of plastic greater than a millimetre in diameter contaminate marine habitats worldwide and the associated environmental problems are well documented. In addition tiny fragments of plastic debris less than a millimetre in size have recently been reported. This thesis examines the distribution and environmental consequences of microscopic particles of plastic within marine habitats. To quantify the relative influence of wind and depositional environment on the accumulation of plastic debris, a mensurative experiment was conducted in a macrotidal Estuary. The overall trend was that material accumulated in down-wind sites. However, the relative importance of wind as a transport agent depended on the size and density of the plastic. Natural sediments are transported according to their size; but the extent to which models of sediment dynamics could be applied to the transport of plastic debris remains untested. I examined relationships between the abundance of microplastic debris and sediment particle size, latitude and human population density using samples from sandy shores worldwide. Microplastic was found at every location, showing the global extent of this contamination and there was a significant positive correlation between human population density and microplastic abundance. Sewage sludge disposal grounds were examined as potential sources of microplastic. Replicate sediment grab samples showed that disposal grounds near Plymouth and Newcastle (UK) had greater abundance of microplastic debris compared to reference sites. To investigate the biological consequences of ingesting clean microplastic particles the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L. ) was used as a model organism. The fate of ingested plastic was tracked within the body tissues using a laboratory trial. Mussels were exposed to 3.0 and 9.61Lm microplastic particles in seawater for 3 hours and then transferred to clean conditions. After 3 days ingested microplastic had accumulated in the circulatory fluid of M edulis. Smaller particles 3.0 nn were present in the haemolymph in consistently higher numbers than larger particles, and both sizes were still present after 48 days. There were no measurable changes in organismal health from ingestion of this material. However, it has been frequently suggested that plastics debris may transfer chemical contaminants to marine life. To test this, the sorption-affinity of candidate environmental hydrophobic contaminants from aqueous solution onto microscopic particles of polyvinylchloride and similar sized particles of sand was compared. Chemical analysis confirmed that polyvinylchloride absorbed more contaminants than sand. A second experiment examined the bioavailability of sorbed contaminants and chemical additives that are incorporated into plastic during manufacture. Laboratory trials using Arenicola marina (L. ) showed that the sorbed contaminants and additives bioconcentrated in gut tissues leading to deleterious biological effects. In conclusion, microplastic debris is a ubiquitous form of contamination and when ingested, this material can translocate from the gut to the circulatory system and haemocytes, and can transfer chemicals into animal tissues, and reduce the health of animals near the base of the food chain. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to potential measures to improve the management of plastics in society and to reduce the amount of plastic entering the environment.


B is a method for specifying, designing and coding software systems. It is based on Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, the concept of generalized substitution and on structuring mechanisms (machine, refinement, implementation). The concept of refinement is the key notion for developing B models of (software) systems in an incremental way. B models are accompanied by mathematical proofs that justify them. Proofs of B models convince the user (designer or specifier) that the (software) system is effectively correct. We provide a survey of the underlying logic of the B method and the semantic concepts related to the B method; we detail the B development process partially supported by the mechanical engine of the prover.


The urgent need for in-depth analyses of the patterns and determinants of food and nutrition insecurity in urban areas in Uganda cannot be overemphasized. Using cross-sectional data, this study explores the key determinants of the food security and child nutrition status among poor households in Kampala. First, raising the incomes of the urban poor may turn out to be an effective means of reducing the food insecurity problem and child malnutrition. Second, while maternal education has a stronger impact on girls' long-term nutrition, paternal education has a stronger impact on that of boys. Conversely, increases in income tend to have a bigger effect on girls' current nutrition compared to that of boys. All in all, efforts to fight poverty per se may not improve the food security and nutrition status of the urban poor; other factors need to be considered.


Abstract. We investigated the time span and spatial scale of regional new particle formation (NPF) events in Finland and Southern Sweden using measured particle number size distributions at five background stations. We define the time span of a NPF event as the time period from the first moment when the newly formed mode of aerosol particles is observable below 25 nm until the newly formed mode is not any more distinguishable from other background modes of aerosol particles after growing to bigger sizes. We identify the spatial scale of regional NPF events based on two independent approaches. The first approach is based on the observation within a network of stationary measurement stations and the second approach is based on the time span and the history of air masses back-trajectories. According to the second approach, about 60% and 28% of the events can be traced to distances longer than 220 km upwind from where the events were observed in Southern Finland (Hyytiala) and Northern Finland (Varrio), respectively. The analysis also showed that the observed regional NPF events started over the continents but not over the Atlantic Ocean. The first approach showed that although large spatial scale NPF events are frequently observed at several locations simultaneously, they are rarely identical (similar characteristics and temporal variations) due to differences in the initial meteorological and geographical conditions between the stations. The growth of the newly formed particles during large spatial scale events can be followed for more than 30 h where the newly formed aerosol particles end up in the Aitken mode (diameter 25–100 nm) and accumulation mode size ranges (diameter 0.1–1 μm). This study showed clear evidence that regional NPF events can pose a significant source for accumulation mode particles over the Scandinavian continent provided that these findings can be generalized to many of the air masses traveling over the European continent.


For surveillance of the low Earth orbit (LEO) population the orbits of resident space objects (active satellites or space debris) has to be known and cataloged. A possible solution for initial detection is the passive optical observation through wide-angle imaging systems with large fields of view (FOV). Based on measurements of these systems a short-time prediction of the object's trajectory can be determined which is sufficiently accurate to recapture it with a high resolution telescope during the pass of the object.
This paper presents the "Stare and Chase" wide-angle system for initial LEO object detection and determination developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) at the Satellite-Laser-Ranging station at the Uhlandshohe in Stuttgart. The performance of the "staring" camera is shown based on the simulation tool PROOF by ESA and compared with real measurements. Finally the recapture of space debris without prior information is presented.


The adaptability and practicality of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are highly desirable traits in the search for alternative sources of energy. An innovative application for the technology could be to power portable emergency locator transmitters (ELTs). Such devices would ideally need to be lightweight, robust and fast-in terms of response. Urine is an abundant resource, and with MFCs, could be the ideal fuel for powering ELTs, with the compelling advantage of also indicating proof of life. We developed novel origami tetrahedron MFCs (TP-MPFCs) using photocopier paper to test different urine-based inoculants. When inoculated with urine extracted from the anode chambers of working MFCs a stack of 6 abiotic MFCs produced a usable working voltage after just 3 h 15 min; enough to energise a power management system. The anodes of established TP-MFCs were then removed and air-dried for 7 days before being inserted into new paper reactors and refrigerated. After 4 weeks, these MFCs displayed an immediate response to fresh urine and achieved a functional working voltage in just 35 minutes. Two paper MFCs connected in parallel were able to transmit 85 radio signals and in a series configuration 238 broadcasts over 24 hours. These findings demonstrate that simple, inexpensive, lightweight paper MFCs can be employed as urine-activated, "proof of life" reporting systems.


There has been a considerable amount of discussion among members of the computing fraternity regarding the administration of computing: the selection of the program of a computation center, the right way to run the laboratory, and the area of responsibility for the validity of results. There are some computer laboratory directors, for example, who hold that the responsibilities of a computing extend only to the correct performance of arithmetic operations, and that the adequacy of the mathematical formulation of problems and suitability of the choice of numerical methods rest squarely on the shoulders of the client. Others admit that mathematical assistance to clients is desirable, but insist that the mathematicians' place is not in the machine room, which is to be considered sacred territory accessible only to a few chosen acolytes, mainly engineers.


Chemical properties of 1,3,4-thiadiazole have been reviewed in last fast five year. However, usefulness of 1,3,4-thiadiazole has a privileged system in the medicinal has been promoted advance on therapeutic potential of the system. This review provides a brief summary of medicinal chemistry of 1,3,4-thiadiazole system. The highlight some example of 1,3,4- thiadiazole containing the drug substance in the current literature. Several five membered aromatic systems having a three heteroatom at symmetrical position such as thiadiazole owing a several pharmacological activity. It covers the most active thiadiazole derivative and structural activity relationship of the most potent compounds. It acts as an important tool for medicinal chemist to develop a newer compound possessing the thiadiazole moiety that could be better agents in term of efficiency and safety.


Background: Traumatic brain injuries are common in multiple injured patients. Here, the impact of traumatic brain injuries according age and mortality and predictive value was investigated.
Methods: Totally 2952 patients were included into this sample. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 16 years and an injury severity score >16. The patient sample was divided into 8 groups according to the age decades. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS® for Windows version 22.0; analysis of variance was used for continuous normally distributed data and χ2 test was used for categorical data. The predictive quality for death of the different injuries was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves and is given as area under the curve (AUC). Independent predictivity was analyzed by binary logistic regression. Data were considered significant if p<0.05. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.
Results: The analysis revealed a discrepancy in the predictive quality of GCS (AUC: 0.223, p<0.001) and the abbreviated injury score (AIS) for the head (AUC: 0.764, p<0.001). The highest predictive quality of the AIS head for death was shown in the decade of 36-45 years (AUC: 0.832, p<0.001). The traumatic brain injury revealed as an independent predictor of death (p<0.001). The mortality rate was increasing according to the age significantly within the decades (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Even if the initial GCS indicates an intermediate traumatic brain injury, attention should be given to aggravating dynamics of the traumatic brain injury.
Level of evidence: Retrospective cohort study: Level II.


The piezoelectric ceramic belongs to materials with widespread spectrum of applications. It can be found in sensors as well as in ceramic capacitors. The main sources of voltage or current fluctuation in piezoelectric ceramics are thermal noise, polarization noise and low frequency 1/f noise. The observed spectra of fluctuating voltage or current can be very well described by the generalized Nyquist relation for linear dissipative system. In this work, we focused on validity of the Nyquist relation for piezoelectric ceramics in temperatures 150 K-270 K. The electrical impedance and noise spectral density are measured and compared in frequency range 100 kHz 1 MHz. The measurements were made in thermal stable condition and under equilibrium conditions in the case of noise measurement.


Community Indicators Many communities throughout the United States use indicators to determine quality of life. These might include surface water quality, births to single mothers, educational attainment, home ownership rates, conversion of crop land, income distribution, poverty rates, or energy consumption per capita.(1) Often the decision about which indicators to use to measure quality of life by a given community is the result of neighborhood meetings or visioning processes that provide a consensus about important variables that contribute to that community's definition of well-being. While there are a number of sources that provide background on the use of community indicators, only a few recent projects are presented here to provide a starting point. The aim, of course, is to assess inclusion of library-related variables as key community indicators and to suggest strategies about the inclusion of libraries in community indicator projects. The Livable Communities Initiative was created by the Clinton-Gore administration in 1999 to coordinate livable communities policies and activities across eighteen branches of the executive branch of the federal government. Four categories represent ways the federal government plays a supportive role in building livable communities: 1. expanding community choices by providing incentives; 2. expanding community choices by providing information; 3. being a good neighbor; and 4. building partnerships.(2) Topics addressed by the Livable Communities Initiative include: 1. creating better homes and work places; 2. creating community schools and civic places; 3. encouraging smart growth; 4. enhancing our water resources; 5. empowering individuals and communities; 6. preserving open space and farmland; 7. preserving our cultural heritage; 8. promoting transportation choices; 9. reclaiming brownfields; 10. securing safe streets; and 11. strengthening local economies. As part of the Livable Communities Initiative the role of community indicators is explored to enable communities to develop techniques and measures to track progress. Most importantly, "the development of indicators or measures is a critical means for achieving community livability, since indicators are necessary to track progress toward livability. Also, the involvement of local diverse stakeholders in the development of indicators is often a good mechanism for building local communication, consensus and commitment."(3) The process of selecting indicators provides a communitywide opportunity for discussion and the opportunity to assess values. A green lawn, for instance, might be a positive value in a gated community with stringent rules for homogeneity and a negative one in an area of drought. Indicators selected are the manifestation of a community's shared values. Those who participate in the discussion of the selection of indicators will have a greater chance of their values being incorporated into measurements of quality of life. However, a search of the possible indicators on the Livable Communities Web site finds no matches for library output measures or any other library-related variable as an indicator, although indicators for literacy and education would seem likely categories for which library measurements might apply. However, there has been some use of library-related variables in several community indicator projects linked to the Livable Communities Initiative. According to the Sustainable Measures database, six communities have used "public library items circulated per person" as a positive quality of life indicator. These are Jacksonville, Florida; the state of Minnesota; Pasadena, California; Pierce County, Washington; South Puget Sound Region, Washington; and Seattle, Washington. The guide Sustainable Community Indicators provides background on indicator development and ideas on how different indicators are selected for local and regional planning. …


The ensemble application of intention awareness and sentic computing techniques is hereby examined for sensemaking in joint-cognitive systems, particularly in symbiotic systems that incorporate human and associate systems. The developed framework, in particular, exploits not only situational information of the operating environment, but also causal and temporal dimensions, together with circumstantial semantics and sentics, that is, the conceptual and affective information associated with objects and actors of such an environment. The work also highlights the effects of synchronized sensemaking processes in enabling associate systems to recognize the state of human activity. Studying the phenomenon of sensemaking, in fact, has direct implications for the development of more tightly coupled <;human reasoner - associate system> pairs. Specifically, the military doctrine is examined as a family of relevant case studies to demonstrate the role and potential applications of such joint cognitive systems.


Colonial birds often demonstrate considerable breeding synchrony. In southern Sweden the semi-colonial European starling initiated the vast majority of clutches within one week. Laying dates were positively skewed so that many birds initiated clutches at similar dates early in the season. Breeding was further synchronised by a particularly strong clutch-size reduction equivalent to one third of an egg per day during the first part of the breeding season. The decline in clutch size with season also held true for separate age-classes of females, for individual females laying at different times at different years and for individual females laying at different times the same year. Trends in breeding success during nestling rearing were unlikely to explain the high degree of breeding synchrony or the seasonal decline in clutch size; nestling survival and growth were weakly related or unrelated to reproductive timing. In contrast recruitment success of fledged offspring declined sharply with season. Even within the synchronous laying period, defined as clutches initiated during the first week each year, local recruitment success declined. It is suggested that the early seasonal decline is caused by selection for synchronous fledging permitting the immediate formation of flocks after fledging, whereas the late seasonal trends may be caused by either population differences in female quality or deteriorating conditions for raising young.


Three independently measured variables (magnetic susceptibility, photoelectric factor and total gamma-ray) obtained from throughout the type Kimmeridge Clay Fm in Dorset (Southern England) were used to identify regular metre-scale, sedimentary cycles. Spectral analysis demonstrates that for long stratigraphical intervals the cycles are expressed as large-amplitude cycles of 1.87–4.05 m wavelength and smaller-amplitude cycles of around half that wavelength. These cycles are interpreted to record orbital obliquity and precession, respectively. The much larger amplitude of the inferred obliquity cycles compared with the precession cycles may indicate a high-latitude climatic forcing transferred to lower latitudes via sea-level variations. Orbital tuning indicates that the Early Kimmeridgian (sensu anglico) lasted at least 3.6 Ma (95 longer-wavelength cycles) and the Late Kimmeridgian at least 3.9 Ma (103 longer-wavelength cycles). The first detailed productivity estimates for the Kimmeridge Clay Fm, on a cycle-by-cycle calculation, indicate that average productivity of the type Kimmeridge Clay (220 g m−2 a−1) was less than the average productivity on modern continental shelves. The high average organic carbon content of the type Kimmeridge Clay (3.8% total organic carbon) cannot be attributed to high average productivity. However, the average organic carbon content is consistent with low siliciclastic mineral dilution of organic matter and/or elevated preservation linked to reduced bottom-water oxygenation.


This article presents an adaptive multilayer neural network-based controller that feedback-linearizes the system for a class of single-input single-output (SISO) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) continuous-time nonlinear systems. Control action is used to achieve tracking performances for state-feedback linearizable unknown nonlinear system. The control structure consists of a feedback linearization portion provided by neural networks (NN). In the standard problem of feedback-based control, the cost to minimize is a function of the output derivatives. When the cost function depends on the output error, the gradient method cannot be applied to adjust the neural network parameters. In this context, the stochastic approximation approach allows computation of the cost function derivatives. In order to show the feasibility and performance of this control scheme, two applications are chosen as nonlinear case studies.


"Medical Technology and Society" is a thought-provoking examination for nonspecialists of medical technology and the social and moral issues arising from it. The book describes the evolution of medicine from turn-of-the-century general practice with its few surgical techniques and scarcity of effective drugs to today's complex hierarchical delivery systems involving advanced science, sophisticated equipment, and a multitude of highly specialized personnel. The knotty economic and ethical questions that have accompanied this dramatic change are identified and discussed, enhancing our understanding not only of the science, the machinery and the organization of modern medicine but also of its origins, its social context, and its alternative futures.Introductory chapters outline the major developments since 1900. The authors then examine the technological bases of some of the most important innovations in medical technology and analyze the economic and ethical issues surrounding them. Topics include cardiovascular technology--pacemakers, defibrillators, and artificial hearts; critical care technologies--resuscitation and life-support devices; and medical imaging methods--ultrasound and computed tomography. Human experimentation, artificial prolongation of life in extreme situations, fair access to the technologies, and cost are discussed side by side with presentation of scientific and technical material. The computerization of diagnostic systems and patient records is considered along with issues of liability and privacy.A concluding chapter takes up such topical issues as spending on acute care at the expense of preventive care, the starving of basic research to feed applications development, and the dehumanizing effect on patients of highly technical medical practice.Joseph Bronzino and Maurice Wade are members of the faculty of Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut; Vincent Smith is Professor at Montana State University. "Medical Technology and Society" is included in the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation sponsored series, the New Liberal Arts.


Web-based service delivery and billing by consumption are two defining properties of Cloud Computing. They leverage novel business models and sales channels for yet to develop as well as pre-existing applications. Many pre-existing applications are already capable of running in distributed environments, but still do not meet the requirements to run as a Cloud offering. For example, applications built to run in cluster environments are designed for distribution and massive scalability and from an architectural point of view qualify to be suitable for Cloud environments as well. However, a limitation of cluster-based applications with respect to Cloud adoption is that many of them initially do not support necessary Cloud service features such as payment services or multi-tenancy. To close this gap, we propose an open framework that helps to adapt pre-existing applications into commercial Cloud offerings. The framework facilitates the process to extend pre-existing applications with the respective required web service interfaces, which ultimately allows them to be consumed as Cloud offerings in a pay-as-you-go manner. The framework approach is illustrated by the transformation of the two well-known cluster applications Hadoop MapReduce and MySQL into full-blown Cloud offerings.


A growing research community is working towards employing drama management components in interactive story-based games. These components gently guide the story towards a narrative arc that improves the player's experience. However, the success of drama management approaches has not been evaluated using human players in a real game implementation. In this paper, we evaluate our drama management approach deployed in our own implementation of an interactive fiction game Anchorhead. Our approach uses player's feedback as a basis for guiding the personalization of the interaction. The results indicate that our Drama Manager (DM) aids in providing a better overall experience for the players while guiding them through their interaction. Based on this work, we suggest that the strategies employed by the DM should take into account the player's previous playing experience with the current game as well as his general game-playing experience.


Decentralization is a popular component of public sector reform in many developing countries. Local governments are thought to be able to adapt more quickly to local conditions and to respond more appropriately to the needs of their citizens. However, decentralization also has drawbacks. Foremost is the efficiency advantage of the central government in providing public services because of economies of scale and better access to resources. The empirical literature on the effect of decentralization on development shows mixed results depending on the decentralization measure, outcome variables, and countries covered. This study looked at the relationship between decentralization and poverty using data from Philippine cities and municipalities. Results suggest that decentralization, as represented by fiscal autonomy and measured by the share of locally-sourced revenues to total local government revenues, is indeed associated with lower poverty. However, this relationship is not linear – the marginal effect of decentralization on poverty diminishes as decentralization increases. Moreover, decentralization moderates the positive effect of good governance on poverty reduction; and the magnitude of the relationship between poverty and decentralization is stronger in poorer municipalities than in richer ones.


This paper analyzes the effects of different dimensions of religion and social trust on religious and ethnic prejudice in Europe. By including both individual and country-level variables, this paper uses the latest wave (from year 2008) from European Values Survey (EVS) data. The sample is based on 37 European countries that are currently members or potential members of the European Union (EU). Our results suggest that out of different religion measures, religious denomination is a significant predictor of both religious and racial prejudice. Specifically, individuals with no religious affiliation have the highest religious prejudice and Muslims have the highest racial prejudice. In addition, individual level of generalized trust is associated with less religious and racial prejudice. Mean level of generalized trust at the country level is associated with less religious prejudice, whereas it does not have any effect on racial prejudice. Overall these results give some support for social identity theory and intrinsic religious orientation with regards to the effects of religious affiliation and some support for social integration theory with regard to the effects of generalized trust at both individual and country levels. "Each Member State shall take the measures necessary to ensure that the following intentional conduct is punishable: (a) publicly inciting to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin"


Nieswiadomy (1998, 2006) found that economics majors scored well on the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). Since about four times as many economics majors take the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) than the LSAT, the authors address a similar issue, how well do economics majors perform on the GMAT? They find that the average GMAT score for economics majors is higher than that for any other large (2,200 or more test-takers) humanities and arts, social sciences, or business undergraduate major. However, the GMAT's quantitative content makes it not surprising that science, engineering and mathematics majors have higher average scores than economics majors. Most likely, the analytical rigor of economics courses, the broad nature of economics curricula, and brighter students' self-selection of an economics major combine to contribute to their relatively high performances on the GMAT and the LSAT.


This article examines the importance of radio in the context of public service broadcasting in Northern Ireland. It analyses the strategies used by BBC Northern Ireland to engage with the problems of the last thirty years, and argues that technological and audience developments have produced a new listening environment that demands new modes of broadcast address. The Legacy series, broadcast in Northern Ireland during 1999, is used as a case study to illustrate the ways in which this new mode of address is being constructed. The article uses examples from the Legacy broadcasts to illustrate the fact that radio in Northern Ireland could be entering a new editorial phase aimed at complementing the political changes enshrined in the Good Friday Agreement.


Despite the many solutions proposed by industry and the research community to address phishing attacks, this problem continues to cause enormous damage. Because of our inability to deter phishing attacks, the research community needs to develop new approaches to anti-phishing solutions. Most of today's anti-phishing technologies focus on automatically detecting and preventing phishing attacks. While automation makes anti-phishing tools user-friendly, automation also makes them suffer from false positives, false negatives, and various practical hurdles. As a result, attackers often find simple ways to escape automatic detection.
 This paper presents iTrustPage - an anti-phishing tool that does not rely completely on automation to detect phishing. Instead, iTrustPage relies on user input and external repositories of information to prevent users from filling out phishing Web forms. With iTrustPage, users help to decide whether or not a Web page is legitimate. Because iTrustPage is user-assisted, iTrustPage avoids the false positives and the false negatives associated with automatic phishing detection. We implemented iTrustPage as a downloadable extension to FireFox. After being featured on the Mozilla website for FireFox extensions, iTrustPage was downloaded by more than 5,000 users in a two week period. We present an analysis of our tool's effectiveness and ease of use based on our examination of usage logs collected from the 2,050 users who used iTrustPage for more than two weeks. Based on these logs, we find that iTrustPage disrupts users on fewer than 2% of the pages they visit, and the number of disruptions decreases over time.


This paper is the first of a series of working papers on data processing networks of a certain type, termed User-Oriented Networks. The need for some such series of discussions is brought about by current activities at IIASA aimed at creating a telecommunications network connecting Laxenburg with various centers in the NMOs and with at least a few large computing centers. The goals of such a network differ from those of conventional, existing networks and the nature of the network, if implemented as now being discussed, will introduce a number of new operational problems. The main purpose of this series is to bring to light the kinds of problems which will be encountered and to suggest designs which will minimize the difficulties and enhance overall effectiveness.

This series is concerned only peripherally with hardware, per se. Other investigators are much better equipped to evaluate particular componentry and necessary hardware interfaces and line protocols. At the same time, however, suggestions which will be made will have strong implications for capacity and compatibility among nodal units and the interconnecting telecommunication lines. In some parts of the series, rather specific recommendations will be made for computers needed as nodal switch points.

For the most part, this series is concerned with programming considerations, both for operation of a network and for its use. The programming of application software systems or application programs on large computers is not a principle area of discussion but, of course, the requirements for such work will arise from time to time and provide major considerations for network capability. The term "programming" is used herein in a broader sense which encompasses the flow of data among nodes of the net~ork and the kind of higher-level protocols, command and con-trol languages, symbology standards, etc., which will be required.

This writer is aware that many suggestions to be made -- or their implications -- may be impractical at the present time for either financial or political reasons. However, these cannot be considered permanent constraints or the network can never be realized. On the other hand, it is not intended that anything will be suggested which is technologically or logically infeasible. In general, it is hoped that the series will arouse discussion and criticism by a number of people at IIASA. It is necessary to think very carefully about the consequences of any design decision in such a long-range and far-reaching undertaking as an international network of the kind being contemplated.

Part I-B following defines the kind of network contemplated in terms of overall goals and then discusses nine general classes of problems which are immediately foreseen. Part II will take up the inter-user communication problem and suggest an overall network design which satisfies these requirements.


Abstract. We present velocity observations of a glacier outlet in Vatnajokull, Iceland, deduced from interferometric SAR (InSAR) data obtained during the ERS1/2 tandem mission in 1995–2000. More than a 50% decrease in glacier velocity was observed subsequent to a large jokulhlaup from the subglacial lake Grimsvotn in 1996. The glacier had not reached its former flow rate in 2000. The jokulhlaup damaged the lake's ice-dam causing persistent drainage from the lake. InSAR based studies of water accumulation within Grimsvotn suggest that a leakage of >3 m3 s−1 prevailed throughout our study period. We suggest that the lake leakage kept open a tunnel at low water pressure underneath the whole length of the glacier. The tunnel flow drained water from its surroundings, hence lowering the water pressure of a distributed drainage system, underneath the upper and centre parts of the glacier, which prior to the jokulhlaup sustained significant basal sliding. This is in accordance with theoretical prediction that tunnel flow in a steady state may cause slow-down in glacier velocity by reducing the subglacial water pressure. The width of the affected areas was ~5 km on the upper part of the glacier and ~8 km on the centre part of the glacier. This indicates that the water pressure reduction propagates laterally from the tunnel over a distance of a few km.


We present the analysis of spectroscopic time-series observations of the roAp star 10 Aql. Observations were carried out in July 2006 with the UVES and SARG spectrographs and simultaneously with the MOST mini-satellite photometry. All these data were analysed for radial velocity (RV) variations. About 150 lines out of the 1000 measured reveal a clear pulsation signal. Frequency analysis of the spectroscopic data gives three frequencies that coincide with the photometric ones. Phase-amplitude diagrams created for the lines of different elements/ions show that atmospheric pulsations may be represented by a superposition of standing and running wave components, similar to other roAp stars. The highest RV amplitudes, 300-400 ms(-1), were measured for Ce II, Dy III, Tb III, and two unidentified lines at lambda 5471, 5556 angstrom. We discovered a approximate to 0.4 period phase jump in the RV measurements across the Nd III line profiles, indicating the presence of the pulsation node in stellar atmospheres. The phase jump occurs at nearly the same atmospheric layer for the two main frequencies. There is no rotational modulation in the average spectra for the 6 different nights we analysed.


Gravitational waves were predicted by Einstein, in his General Theory of Relativity in 1916. These waves can be thought of as ripples in the curvature of space-time. They have not yet been directly detected but strong indirect evidence of their existence was provided by Hulse and Taylor when they measured the rate of decay of the inspiral motion of a binary system. Research towards direct detection of gravitational radiation from astrophysical sources has been carried out for many years through the design, construction and initial operation of a network of gravitational wave detectors. Direct detection of gravitational waves will provide insights into the astrophysical sources which produce them and will provide a new method of observing events in the Universe.
Gravitational waves are quadrupole in nature and produce strains in spacetime, which have extremely small amplitudes. The largest most violent events
in the Universe are expected to cause strains of approximately 10^-22 at the Earth in the frequency band of a few Hz to a few kHz. Long baseline interferometry
between suspended test masses is currently used to search for the induced strains in space-time, and thus the direct
effects of gravitational waves of astrophysical origin.
There is currently a network of interferometer detectors running worldwide. A 600 m long detector, GEO600, was built near Hannover in Germany by a collaboration between the Institute for Gravitational Research at the University
of Glasgow, the Albert-Einstein-Intitut in Hannover and Golm, the University of Hannover and Cardiff University. There are three detectors in the United States of America forming the LIGO project. Two detectors, one of 4 km arm length and one of 2 km arm length were constructed on a site near Hanford, Washington State, and one detector of 4 km arm length was constructed near Livingston Louisiana. A 3 km detector, Virgo, was built near Cascina, Italy,
by a European collaboration involving France, Italy and more recently the Netherlands. Six data collecting science runs have taken place to date with different combinations of these detectors in operation during the various runs;
no detections have yet been made.
An important noise source in the current operating frequency band of ground-based detectors is the thermal noise of the test mass mirrors in the interferometers, and the mirror suspension elements. The research presented
in this thesis focusses on studies of techniques for quantifying and reducing the mechanical loss associated with the suspended mirrors and thus reducing the associated thermal noise thereby increasing detector sensitivity. In particular, experiments were carried out to study the loss of fused silica and investigate aspects of the hydroxy-catalysis bonding process used to joint elements of the
test mass suspensions. In addition, silicon was investigated as a potential candidate for use as a mirror substrate material for use in future gravitational
wave detectors.
In Chapter 1 the nature of gravitational waves is explained and some of the sources which are expected to produce the largest amount of gravitational wave radiation are described. The development of resonant bar detectors and
interferometers is given along with the current status of detectors and that of planned future projects. Noise sources which cause limitations to the detector sensitivity are discussed and an important noise source, thermal noise, is described in Chapter 2.
Thermal noise is an important noise source in the current frequency band of gravitational wave detectors. Reduction of thermal noise is a major challenge but is possible through careful design of the mirrors and their suspension
systems.
One technique aimed at minimising the thermal noise of a suspension system involves the creation of a quasi-monolithic suspension system by the use of
hydroxy-catalysis bonding. This is a high precision, high strength method of adjoining suspension elements. In Chapter 3 investigations were made of the strengths of hydroxy-catalysis bonds and on the effect on strength of various parameters associated with the most commonly used version of the bonding procedure, and of putting bonds through different treatments. It is shown that
the average strength of a hydroxy-catalysis bond between silica substrates is ~ 15 MPa and that somewhat elevated temperature treatment (similar to an airbake) can improve on this strength, but that thermal shock conditions can
decrease the strength. These investigations provide information on processes which can be used in the suspension construction to produce the lowest loss, highest strength suspension system.
Chapter 4 details mechanical loss measurements of bulk silica at room temperature. Different types of fused silica are studied and techniques to reduce their mechanical loss are discussed along with the effect which time and heat treatments can have on the mechanical loss of a hydroxy-catalysis bond. It is shown that Suprasil 3001 is an acceptable choice of material for the mirrors in gravitational wave detectors and that the mechanical loss of silica can be reduced through heat treatment.
In Chapter 5 the mechanical loss of bulk silicon is studied, where silicon forms a potential candidate for future generation gravitational wave detectors.
Silicon samples having two different crystal orientations, and , were studied. Both orientations were manufactured and polished by the same vendor and have equivalent doping levels. At room temperature
it is seen that the crystal orientation material yielded mechanical loss values which were slightly lower than the material. It is shown that it is possible to further reduce the loss of the material through heat treatment.
An upper limit of the mechanical loss of a hydroxy-catalysis bond between silicon substrates is determined and found to be within the range of 0.27 to 0.52.
The results presented in this thesis indicate that the mechanical losses of silica suspensions in gravitational wave detectors can be reduced through methods such as heat treatments and, potentially, chemical etching. Silicon is seen to be an interesting candidate for the suspension material in future generation detectors run at cryogenic temperatures.


This paper investigates the effect of the Federal Reserve's unconventional monetary policy on employment via a bank lending channel. We find that banks with higher mortgage-backed securities holdings issued relatively more loans after the first and third rounds of quantitative easing (QE1 and QE3). While additional volume is concentrated in refinanced mortgages after QE1, increases are driven by newly originated home purchase mortgages and additional commercial and industrial lending after QE3. Using spatial variation, we show that regions with a high share of affected banks experienced stronger employment growth after both, QE1 and QE3. While the ability of households to refinance mortgages after QE1 spurred local demand, the resulting additional employment growth was relatively weak and confined to the non-tradable goods sector. In contrast, the increase in overall employment after QE3 is sizable and can be attributed to the supply of additional credit to firms. To s upport this finding, we use new confidential loan-level data to show that firms with stronger ties to affected banks increased employment and capital investment more after QE3. Altogether, our findings suggest that unconventional monetary policy can, similar to conventional monetary policy, affect real economic outcomes.


Optimistic replication of data is a widely used tool for mobile environments, but the behavior of concurrent conflicting updates caused by the relaxed consistency model is poorly understood. Through analytical modeling, we derive an exact bound for conflict rates for the common case of two replicas. The shape of the two-replica analytic curve matches well with simulation results at 50 replicas. Our result shows that (1) both frequently and infrequently synchronized mobile machines operate in the low regions of the conflict-rate curve; (2) conflict rate is not well suited for comparing systems, since multiple system settings can result in the same conflict rate number; and (3) the conflict rate is highly dependent on the characteristics of data flow paths.


Production of biofuels from feedstocks that are diverted from food production or that are grown on land that could grow crops has two important drawbacks: higher food prices and decreased reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. If U.S. policy were to change and place greater emphasis on food prices and greenhouse gas reductions, then we would transition away from current feedstocks toward those that do not reduce our ability to produce food. Examples of such feedstocks include crop residues, algae, municipal waste, jatropha grown on degraded land, and by-products of edible oil production. Policy options that would encourage use of these alternative feedstocks include placing a hard cap on ethanol and biodiesel production that comes from corn and refined vegetable oil, thereby forcing growth in biofuel production to come from alternative feedstocks; differentiation of tax credits and subsidies so that the alternative feedstocks receive a higher incentive than do corn and refined vegetable oil; and greatly increased funding for research to hasten the feasibility of producing and refining alternative feedstocks.


Macroeconomic crises not only affect the current living standards of the poor, but their ability to grow out of poverty. This paper presents evidence on the impact of economic crisis on poverty and inequality in Latin America. Crises not only result in higher poverty rates but may cause irreversible damage to the human capital of the poor. In light of this evidence, the author concludes that crisis avoidance and a propoor response to crisis should be a major component of a poverty reduction strategy. Therefore, the role of exchange rate policy, capital controls and counter-cyclical fiscal policy in generating or avoiding crisis analyzed. Responses to macroeconomic crisis are assessed by considering the effects of different policy combinations, the use of safety nets and the composition of fiscal adjustment to protect the income of the poor in the face of macroeconomic adjustment. The main lesson is that socially responsible macroeconomic policy can protect the poor during times of crisis and simultaneously contribute to lower chronic poverty.


Introduction The Evaluation of Biological Agents, Vibeke Strand and David L. Scott Cellular Targeted Therapies Anti-CD5 Ricin A Chain Immunoconjugate Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, John J. Cash Early Clinical Studies of IL-2 Fusion Toxin in Patients with Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis Recent-Onset Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, and Psoriasis, Thasia G. Woodworth and Karen Parker Chimeric Anti-CD4 Antibody as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Larry W. Moreland and William J. Koopman CD4 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, F. C. Breedveld The Use of CE9.1, a Primatized Monoclonal Anti-CD4, in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, David E. Yocum, Alan M. Solinger, and John Lipani CAMPATH-1H Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases, Richard A. Watts and John D. Isaacs CAMPATH-1H in Rheumatoid Arthritis: United States Experience, David E. Yocum and Jeffrey M. Johnston Cytokine Targeted Therapies Interferon-Gamma in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Eric M. Veys, Herman Mielants, and Gust Verbruggen Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockade in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Michael J. Elliott, Marc Feldmann, and Ravinder N. Maini Engineered Human Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNFaAntibody, CDP571, in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ernest H. S. Choy and Gabriel S. Panayi Clinical Experience with Recombinant Human Interleukin-1 Receptor Type I (Rhu IL-1RI) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Richard M. Pope, Barbara Drevlow, Jennifer Capezio, Rosa Lovis, and Alan Landay Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, Gary R. Margolies, William J. Koopman, and Larry W. Moreland Adhesion Molecule Targeted Therapies Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with a Monoclonal Antibody to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Arthur F. Kavanaugh and Peter E. Lipsky Potential Antigen-Specific Therapies T-Cell-Receptor Peptide Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis, Arthur A. Vanderbark, Dennis N. Bourdette, Ruth H. Whitham, and Halina Offner T-Cell Receptor Peptide Vaccination Studies in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Louis W. Heck, Larry W. Moreland, and William J. Koopman Oral Tolerance for the Treatment of Autoimmune Disease, David A Hafler and Howard L. Weiner Oral Tolerance, David E. Trentham Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases, Vibeke Strand and Martin L. Lee Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis Inhibitors Inhibitors of De Novo Nucleotide Synthesis in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Robert I. Fox and Randall E. Morris Leflunomide: A New Immunosuppressive Drug, David L. Scott and Vibeke Strand Future Directions An Assessment of Novel Agents in the Treatment of the Rheumatic Diseases, Vibeke Strand and Lee S. Simon


Students with conduct problems (CPs) may present heterogeneity in terms of behavioral manifestations and service needs. Previous studies using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to capture this heterogeneity have been conducted mostly with community samples and have often applied a narrow definition of CP. Considering this context, this study investigated CP subgroups among elementary students with CP receiving special education services. LCA was conducted on 10 CP indices for 297 6–9 year old children. Latent CP subgroups were compared with 201 controls without CP. LCA suggests a three-class solution based on severity of CP and context/informant reports (home/parent, school/teacher). Multinomial logistic regressions indicated that all CP subgroups differed from the control group on social competence and surgency/extraversion temperament scale in the expected direction but varied on specific personal, family, or school correlates. Interventions aimed at reducing CP should consider differences in CP subtype and in correlated risk factors.