Heat has been widely applied to trace groundwater‐surface water exchanges in inland environments, but it is infrequently applied in coastal sediment where head oscillations induce periodicity in water flux magnitude/direction and heat advection. This complicates interpretation of temperatures to estimate water fluxes. We investigate the convolution of thermal and hydraulic signals to assess the viability of using heat as a tracer in environments with tidal head oscillations superimposed on submarine groundwater discharge. We first generate sediment temperature and head time series for conditions ranging from no tide to mega‐tidal using a numerical model (SUTRA) forced with periodic temperature and tidal head signals. We then analyze these synthetic temperature time series using heat tracing software (VFLUX2 and 1DTempPro) to evaluate if conventional terrestrial approaches to infer fluxes from temperatures are applicable for coastal settings. We consider high‐frequency water flux variability within a tidal signal and averaged over tidal signals. Results show that VFLUX2 analytical methods reasonably estimated the mean discharge fluxes in most cases but could not reproduce the flux variability within tidal cycles. The model results further reveal that high‐frequency time series of water fluxes varying in magnitude and direction can be accurately estimated if paired temperatures and hydraulic heads are analyzed using numerical models (e.g., 1DTempPro) that consider both dynamic hydraulic gradients and thermal signals. These results point to the opportunity to incorporate pressure sensors within heat tracing instrumentation to better assess sub‐daily flux oscillations and associated reactive processes.


The Actuator Line Method (ALM), combining a lumped-parameter representation of the rotating blades with the CFD resolution of the turbine flow field, stands out among the modern simulation methods for wind turbines as probably the most interesting compromise between accuracy and computational cost. Being however a method relying on tabulated coefficients for modeling the blade-flow interaction, the correct implementation of the sub-models to account for higher order aerodynamic effects is pivotal. Inter alia, the introduction of a dynamic stall model is extremely challenging: first, it is important to extrapolate a correct value of the angle of attack (AoA) from the solved flow field; second, the AoA history needed to calculate the rate of dynamic variation of the angle itself is characterized by a low signal-to-noise ratio, leading to severe numerical oscillations of the solution.
 The study introduces a robust procedure to improve the quality of the AoA signal extracted from an ALM simulation. It combines a novel method for sampling the inflow velocity from the numerical flow field with a low-pass filtering of the corresponding AoA signal based on Cubic Spline Smoothing. Such procedure has been implemented in the Actuator Line module developed by the authors for the commercial ANSYS® FLUENT® solver. To verify the reliability of the methodology, two-dimensional unsteady RANS simulations of a test 2-blade Darrieus H-rotor, for which high-fidelity experimental and numerical blade loading data were available, have been performed for a selected unstable operation point.


3D models are usually designed by 3D modelling tools, which are not suited for generative art. This presentation proposes two methods for designing and printing generative 3D objects. First, by using a 3D turtle-graphics-based method, the designer decides self-motion (self-centered motion) of a turtle and print a trajectory of the turtle as a 3D object. The trajectory is printed using a fused-deposition-modelling (FDM) 3D printer, which is the most popular type of 3D printer. Second, by using the assembly-and-deformation method, the designer assembles parts on a palette, each of which represents stacked filaments, applies deformations to the assembled model, and prints the resulting object by an FDM 3D printer. The designer can also map textures, characters, or pictures on the surface of the object. Various shapes can be generated by using the assembly-and-deformation method. If the initial model is a thin helix with a very low cylinder (i.e., an empty cylinder with a bottom), shapes like cups, dishes, or pods with attractive brilliance can be generated, and a globe and other shapes can be generated from a helix. Python APIs for these methods have been publicly available.


The Paleocene and Eocene are characterized by strong greenhouse climates. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global temperatures were much higher than today. The period from 60 to 50 million years ago (Ma) is marked by a gradual warming trend of ~8 oC in the deep ocean. The interval from 56 to 50 Ma is further characterized by several transient perturbations of the carbon cycle. Essentially, these perturbations, or "hyperthermal" events mark phases of rapid (103 – 104 years) warming, associated with a drop in the stable carbon isotopic composition of the global exogenic carbon pool, which provides strong evidence that these warming events are related to rapid anomalous carbon input from a reservoir outside the global exogenic carbon cycle. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) is the hyperthermal with the largest magnitude of global warming (+4 oC) and negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE; >3‰). Ample evidence for large-scale environmental perturbations and biotic migrations have been recorded, such as the quasi-global acme of the subtropical dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) genus Apectodinium. As global temperatures increased, the hydrological cycle accelerated and oceans experienced lower oxygen concentrations, both in bottom and surface waters. Several outstanding questions regarding carbon cycling, biotic response, spatial characteristics of temperature change during the PETM remain and are addressed in this thesis. A first record showing Northern Hemisphere sea surface temperature (SST) evolution across the late Paleocene to Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO) is presented, based on a record from Siberia. Both the short and long-term warming and presence and abundance of thermophilic biota, notably Apectodinium, are strongly associated. In contrast, two tropical sections in the equatorial Atlantic are marked by a large drop in diversity and number of dinocysts, as well as the absence of planktonic foraminifera, as SSTs rise >36 oC during the PETM. Since temperature is the only variable at the studied localities in the eastern equatorial Atlantic that may cause such an effect across so many different species and plankton groups, it is concluded that heat-stress negatively affects their abundance. The new data from the equatorial Atlantic, together with available literature also showed that temperature most likely rose before the CIE. This has important implications for the global carbon cycle, as it suggests that the CIE is the result of a positive feedback, in this case most likely methane hydrate dissociation, and not the driver of the entire warming. The question what caused the initial warming remains open, although enhanced volcanism in the North Atlantic is proposed as a potential carbon source. New dinocyst and isotope data from the North Atlantic shows that thermogenic methane was released during the ~70 kyr-long anomalously warm period of the PETM. This period, the so-called "body" phase, distinguishes the PETM from other early Eocene hyperthermals. Based on our new data and carbon cycle modelling, we propose thermogenic methane as an important carbon source during the PETM. Lastly, all the proxy and dinocyst assemblage data generated for this thesis was combined to resolve large scale ecological affinities of extinct dinocyst genera.


Invasion of lakes and rivers by dreissenid mussels pushed out native species, particularly freshwater mussels in the Unionidae, across the northern hemisphere, and perhaps most infamously, within the Laurentian Great Lakes. However, several coastal areas along the shallowest of these lakes, Lake Erie, may be refugia for native species, but the conditions under which native species persist are unknown. I surveyed river mouths of small streams along the Lake Erie coastline and compared species abundance to land use assessed by remote sensing techniques and to standard measures of water chemistry. Sampling focused on stream zones influenced by lake-water levels for three streams each in the western and central basins of Lake Erie and in Sandusky Bay. Eight of the nine streams possessed mussels: Pyganodon grandis (7 streams), Toxolasma parvum (5 streams), Quadrula quadrula (5 streams), Lasmigona complanata (5 streams), Leptodea fragilis (4 streams), and Utterbackia imbecillus (2 streams), while Amblema plicata, Obliquaria reflexa and Uniomerus tetralasmus were found each in only one stream. Distinct bathymetric features did not affect diversity levels, although water chemistry may have reduced abundance in some streams and unionid abundance was positively correlated with turbidity. Regional land use altered species dominance, as streams within physiographic regions containing higher amounts of silt were dominated by Q. quadrula, while more mixed habitat was dominated by P. grandis. Because, river mouths are refugia for unionid mussels, these areas must return to or come under


In this work, we consider the scheduling problem of a set of periodic implicit-deadline and synchronous tasks, on a real-time multiprocessor composed of m identical processors. It is known that the cost of migrations and preemptions has significant influence on global system performances. The EKG algorithm which is optimal for k=m, can generate a great number of migrant tasks, but it has the advantage that each migrant task migrates between two processors only. Later, Kato et al. [10] have proposed the EDHS algorithm in order to minimize the number of migrant tasks of EKG. Although EDHS minimizes the number of migration compared to EKG, its drawback is the generation of additional preemptions caused by the migrations on several processors. In this paper we propose a new tasks allocation algorithm that aims to combine the advantages of EKG (migrations between two processors only) and those of EDHS (reduction of number of migrations).


OBJECTIVE
Clinical data have suggested that obesity protects against osteoporosis. Leptin, mainly secreted by white adipose tissue, might be involved by mediating an effect on bone metabolism. This study was conducted to investigate a possible relationship of leptin and bone turn-over in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

METHODS
We measured bone mineral density (BMD), serum leptin levels and markers of bone metabolism, including osteocalcin and cross-laps in 44 patients with osteoporosis. The main group consisted of 32 postmenopausal women.

RESULTS
Mean serum leptin was 13.1 microg/L and showed no statistically significant difference to the levels measured in a collective of normal persons adjusted for age and BMI. When related to serum cross-laps as markers of bone resorption, a positive correlation (p<0.05) was observed, whereas no correlation with osteocalcin could be seen.

CONCLUSIONS
A dual control of bone formation by leptin is assumed: This involves local mechanisms acting on osteoblasts and a central inhibitory effect on bone metabolism via a hypothalamic relay. Our data indicate that the net effect of circulating leptin may cause bone loss and is significantly related to high-turnover serum bone markers, at least in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.


This research was aimed to observe the response of different clones and specifi c organs due to the somatic embryogenesis regeneration. It was arranged in factorial randomized completely design with three replication. The fi rst factor was cocoa clones i.e. ICCRI 01, ICCRI 02, ICCRI 03, ICCRI 04, KW 514, RCC72, and Sca 6. The second factor was fl ower parts i.e. petal, staminode and anther. Every explant was regenerated on initiation, induction, multiplication and rooting media. Almost all treatments showed high response of embryogenic calli which range 89.5 to 100% at initial stage, but different results were found at the following process of somatic embryogenesis. The experiment showed that each clones and each different part of flhad different response to somatic embryogenesis. The highest response of the explant number resulted from Sca 6 clone, which produce 35.8% embryo with average number of embryo per explant (1.34) followed by RCC 72 (28.4%, averaged 0.7) ICCRI 03 (24.7%, averaged 1.3) ICCRI 04 (18.6%, averaged 0.6). While ICCRI 02 showed the lowest responsive clone. Especially for ICCRI 01, 55.8% explant was rooted and only 1.3% explant producing embryo. The highest response of somatic embryo was resulted form petal.


The theory of the backscattering method, which so far has been known only for multimode fibers, is extended to single-mode fibers. Under certain conditions the result of the present investigation is nearly the same as for multimode fibers although the theory in the latter case is based on a ray optical approach.


We explore the effects of management innovations on worker well-being using private sector linked employer-employee data for Britain. We find management innovations are associated with lower worker well-being and lower job satisfaction, an effect which becomes more pronounced when we account for the endogeneity of innovation. This is the case for three different count measures of innovation – a global measure of innovation and measures for labour innovations and capital innovations. The effects are ameliorated when workers are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.


"Prepared by Extension Entomologists of the North Central States in cooperation with the Federal Extension Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture."


What factors affect the occurrence of interracial and interethnic relationships among adolescents? Social demographer Kara Joyner is focusing on this and related questions, paying close attention to the social structure of schools. Remember the scene from the musical West Side Story where Tony and Maria first meet during the dance at the gym, where their eyes connect from across the room and through the racial barriers that separate them? If Kara Joyner had been there, she would have been taking copious notes, and she might have pulled them aside for an interview. Joyner, an assistant professor in the Department of Policy Analysis and Management, is studying interracial and interethnic friendships and romantic relationships among teenagers. She and a colleague at the University of Pennsylvania just received an $825,000 grant from the National Institutes of Health to conduct a four-year study. Joyner began studying interracial relationships as a postdoctoral student at the Carolina Population Center, a research institute affiliated with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "I was trained as a social demographer," she says. "Social demographers are concerned about the relationship between demographic and sociological factors. I am particularly interested in how demographic factors, such as the composition of a population, influence the development of different types of relationships and how those relationships, in turn, influence individual well-being." Joyner first began studying relationships while doing her Ph.D. work at the University of Chicago, writing her dissertation on social exchange and the stability of married and cohabiting relationships. It was there that she met Grace Kao, a fellow doctoral student, who was doing work on racial and ethnic identity. Joined by their overlapping research interests, they stayed in touch when Kao began her position in the Sociology Department at the University of Pennsylvania and Joyner joined the Sociology Department at McGill University in Canada, and they started a proposal together to study interracial relationships among adolescents. When Joyner came to Cornell in 2000, they submitted their proposal to the National Institutes of Health, and this past summer they were awarded the grant. She and Kao are the co-principal investigators. Most of Joyner's recent studies on relationships among adolescents have been based on data collected from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994-95), a nationally representative sample of schools from across the country. Richard Udry, a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was the director of the study, known as Add Health, and Joyner worked closely with him during her postdoctoral studies. The data in the national study were collected from 134 schools all over the country--from large city schools with diverse populations to rural schools, large and small, with very homogenous student populations--and from almost 100,000 students ages 12 to 18. Joyner found that nearly a fifth of all surveyed students had a romantic relationship with someone of a different race during the previous year and a half, and the rate was just about equal for the fraction of students who had a current close friendship with someone of a different race. In examining the data, Joyner says she first comes up with what the estimated likelihood of interracial dating and friendship would be if it were left to pure mathematical chance. "Then I compare it with the actual likelihood," she says. "What I consider particularly interesting is how much our friendship and relationship choices are constrained by our social structure. One of the very first things that we found is that a major determinant of whether you have a friend or romantic partner of a different race is the size of your racial group relative to the size of other racial groups. …


Movies often provide a window through which we can observe human behavior and legal institutions as they existed when the film was made. However, this is not true of the subjects of marital disintegration and divorce. Hollywood's rigid system of self-censorship, embodied in the Hays Code and the Production Code Administration, nearly blotted divorce themes right off the screen. What little was said of the subject during the middle third of the twentieth century was wildly wrong. The Code was written by and administered by staunch Catholics, largely to stave off boycott threats by the Catholic Legion of Decency. As a result, it reflected Catholic moral teachings, particularly the prohibition of divorce. This article surveys films about divorce from the pre-Code era (1930-34), the Code era (1934-68), and the immediate post-Code era (1968-1980s). It discovers that divorce themes were candidly portrayed during the pre-Code era but were thoroughly suppressed during the Code era. In the post-Code era, the subject crept back to the screen in a series of memorable films about divorce in the late 1970's and early 1980's. The article then analyzes Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) in detail, finding it to be one of the few classic treatments in film of divorce and family law.


Background: Intestinal parasite and malnutrition are prevalent among children in general and school aged children in particular, in the Ethiopian context. There is limited information how these factors are associated with school performance. Objective: This study assessed the effect of intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status on academic performance of school children. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected 601 school childrenattending grades 5th-8th. Data was collected using standardized, closed ended and coded questionnaire. Physical health assessment, parasitological laboratory examinations and anthropometric measurements were the means used to assess the presence of parasitic infections and nutritional status. Grade scores were used to evaluate school performance. Graduate nurses and laboratory technicians were involved in the data collection. EPO INFO version 6.04 and SPSS version 13.0 were used for data management and analysis, respectively. Results : Out of the 601 students, who had stool examination, 216 (35.9%) had at least one parasite. Of those, the dominant parasite was E-histolytica , 80 (13.3%), followed by ascariasis , 50 (8.3%). The prevalence of underweight (BMI value below the 5th percentile) in the area was 30(5%) in all age groups.The mean of the students' grade is 62.25% (SD±9.25). Three hundred twenty-eight (54.6%) of the students had scored below the mean. The rate of absenteeism in the group below five days was 540 (74.9%) students who had parasitic infection were less likely to achieve higher academic performance than those who had not (AOR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.83). Nutritional status as measured by BMI did not shows an association with academic performance. Conclusion: Even though the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the area seemed low, it affected school performance in the Arb-Gebeya school. However, nutritional status did not affect academic performance according to this study.


Detail, decorative rustic elements on gable end; Weston Field is an athletic field with an open stadium in Williamstown, Massachusetts. The stadium holds 10,000 people and opened in 1883. The Gargoyle Gate was presented to the college by the Gargoyle Society (a student honor society for seniors), dedicated June 21, 1903 (groundbreaking ceremony). It serves as an entrance gate and ticket office. The stone used in its construction was from Goodrich Hall, which had been demolished. It is in a rusticated revival style with eyebrow arches in the roof which evoke traditional thatched roofs. The architects were Frederick Squires, Williams class of 1900, and John Wynkoop. Squires and Wynkoop (firm 1904-1914) established their architectural firm in New York City, shortly after graduating from Columbia. Squires later became a petroleum engineer and received an honorary doctorate from Williams in 1953. Source: Stoddard, Whitney S.; Reflections on the Architecture of Williams College, Williamstown MA: Williams College, 2001 (0915081059) (accessed 6/29/2012)


As the essential techniques for the CD (Critical Dimension) measurement of the LCD pattern, there are various modules such as an optics design, auto-focus [1-4], and precise edge detection. Since the operation of image enhancement to improve the CD measurement repeatability, a ring type of the reflected lighting optics is devised. It has a simpler structure than the transmission light optics, but it delivers the same output. The edge detection is the most essential function of the CD measurements. The CD measurement is a vital inspection for LCDs [5-6] and semiconductors [7-8] to improve the production yield rate, there are numbers of techniques to measure the CD. So in this study, a new subpixel algorithm is developed through facet modeling, which complements the previous sub-pixel edge detection algorithm. Currently this CD measurement system is being used in LCD manufacturing systems for repeatability of less than 30 nm.


Extracted from text ... T
Corporate citizenship:
a conceptual model for business
Claudia Appels (left) and Lisette van Duin both have masters
degrees from The Netherlands and worked on a conceptual model
to systematically describe the organisation of corporate
citizenship enterprises. The authors are continuing their research
at the School of Management, Radboud University Nijmegen in
the Netherlands.
There is a movement going on out there.
Corporate citizenship has become an important
'trend' in management thinking.
Its essence is developing to a focus not only
on the economic side of doing business,
but also to take into account its social and
environmental considerations. ..


The Norwegian National government has recently developed policies to reduce health inequalities; this should be achieved by a Health in all Policies approach (HIAP). Most policies are to be implemented at the local level and municipalities are responsible for the implementation. The aim of this paper is to answer this question: How can municipalities reduce social inequalities and among families with children through a mixed methods approach, using surveys as well as qualitative interviews in the collection of data? The main conclusion is that they are in different places when it comes to implementing public health and health promotion policies. The responsibility for public health and health promotion is to a large degree still left to the health sector, including those in positions as public health coordinators. To achieve HIAP, these positions should have an executive function in order to coordinate and influence local policies using a combination of universal and targeted measures. However, no extra funding has been allocated via the national budgets, and intensified efforts are still funded via projects. Still, we observe a change towards increased awareness of the HIAP approach to reduce social inequalities.


In the current competitive environment, finding a suitable job with accordance to the qualification levels is actually a challenge especially in a developing country like Sri Lanka, where a considerable unemployment rate can be seen among the educated youth. Therefore universities and other institutional bodies should take interest in providing industrial training as a prime role of them. Hence our study is focused on revealing the impact of internships in finding successful job placements. This study was conducted among recently passed out graduates of the Faculty of Management and Commerce of South Eastern University from 2013 to 2015.  210 graduates were selected as the sample for this study using the propionate random sampling method which covered all three departments of all three years. Multiple data collection techniques were used to conduct this study which included semi-structured questionnaire, direct interviews, and interviews through social media. The findings revealed though most of the respondents experienced internships only few of them have experienced relevant training, and the rest has been irrelevant which indicates that there is a mismatch between the theoretical knowledge and practical exposure. The researcher suggests that the drawbacks can be eliminated through revising the faculty academic calendar, focusing on attending to number of MOU's with relevant industries, making industrial training compulsory, and continuous monitoring and feedback. Keywords: Internships, Graduates, Employability Skills, Job Placements


Background It is well recognised in healthcare settings that clinical staff have a major influence over change in how services are provided. If a culture of systematic service improvement is to be established, it is essential that clinical staff have an understanding of what is required and their role in its application. Methods This paper describes the development of short educational interventions (a module of 6–8 contact hours or a longer module of 18–30 h) for inclusion in the initial training of future clinical staff (nursing, medicine, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, dietetics, social work, operating department practice, public health and clinical psychology) and presents the results of an evaluation of their introduction. Each module included teaching on process/systems thinking, initiating and sustaining change, personal and organisational development, and public and patient involvement. Results Over 90% of students considered the modules relevant to their career. Nearly 90% of students felt that they could put their learning into practice, although the actual rate of implementation of changes during the pilot period was much lower. The barriers to implementation most commonly cited were blocks presented by existing staff, lack of time and lack of status of students within the workforce. Conclusion This pilot demonstrates that short educational interventions focused on service improvement are valued by students and that those completing them feel ready to contribute. Nevertheless, the rate of translation into practice is low. While this may reflect the status of students in the health service, further research is needed to understand how this might be enhanced.


Given an undirected hypergraph and a subset of vertices S ⊆ V with a specified root vertex r ∈ S, the Steiner Rooted-Orientation problem is to find an orientation of all the hyperedges so that in the resulting directed hypergraph the " connectivity " from the root r to the vertices in S is maximized. This is motivated by a multicasting problem in undirected networks as well as a generalization of some classical problems in graph theory. The main results of this paper are the following approximate min-max relations: • Given an undirected hypergraph H, if S is 2k-hyperedge-connected in H, then H has a Steiner rooted k-hyperarc-connected orientation. • Given an undirected graph G, if S is 2k-element-connected in G, then G has a Steiner rooted k-element-connected orientation. Both results are tight in terms of the connectivity bounds. These also give polynomial time constant factor approximation algorithms for both problems. The proofs are based on submodular techniques, and a graph decomposition technique used in the Steiner Tree Packing problem. Some complementary hardness results are presented at the end.


Professor Steven Shafer alerted conference delegates at a recent international meeting to the value of considering topics for future research in terms of what the most important questions are that remain to be solved1. He quoted from an issue of Science magazine, in which the editors reported questions they thought pointed to the greatest current scientific knowledge gaps2. Two of the top 25 related to anaesthesia in a broad sense: the biological basis of consciousness and how memories are stored and retrieved. Others have noted the relevance of asking patients what they considered research priorities to be3,4. We designed a simple study to ask patients what topics they thought were the most important for future anaesthesia research.


As a subject of universal appeal, spatial demonstratives have been studied extensively from a variety of disciplines. What marks the present study as distinct is that it is an English-Chinese comparative study set in a cognitive-linguistic framework and that the methodology features a parallel corpora-based, discourse analysis approach. The framework illuminates the nature of the demonstratives' basic and extended meaning and use, the connections between them, and the mechanisms that govern and constrain their trends of extension. The corpora place the English and Chinese demonstratives in comparable discourse contexts and processes, providing an "ecological" environment for the observation of how their behavior fits into the respective structural and discourse systems of the two languages. The study also illuminates important issues such as the subjectivity of language, language as a representational system and a vehicle of communication, the interface between form and function, and the role of context in discourse comprehension.


We carried out Z-scan measurements on lyotropic liquid crystals and on lyotropic liquid crystals doped with ferrofluid. In these experiments, the sample is translated through the focal region of a focused Gaussian laser beam. The dependence of the far-field intensity on sample position due to intensity-dependent optical nonlinearities has been analyzed on the basis of the thermal-lens model of Gordon et al. and the Gaussian decomposition analysis of Sheik-Bahae et al. The thermal-lens model is nonlocal in space and time, whereas the Gaussian decomposition is predicated on a strictly local response. We compare the goodness of fit of the predictions of these models to experimental data, and we discuss limitations of these models in describing Z-scan experiments on systems with nonlocal response.


Telephone conversation is ubiquitous within the office setting. Overhearing a telephone conversation—whereby only one of the two speakers is heard—is subjectively more annoying and objectively more distracting than overhearing a full conversation. The present study sought to determine whether this "halfalogue" effect is attributable to unexpected offsets and onsets within the background speech (acoustic unexpectedness) or to the tendency to predict the unheard part of the conversation (semantic [un]predictability), and whether these effects can be shielded against through top-down cognitive control. In Experiment 1, participants performed an office-related task in quiet or in the presence of halfalogue and dialogue background speech. Irrelevant speech was either meaningful or meaningless speech. The halfalogue effect was only present for the meaningful speech condition. Experiment 2 addressed whether higher task-engagement could shield against the halfalogue effect by manipulating the font of the to-be-read material. Although the halfalogue effect was found with an easy-to-read font (fluent text), the use of a difficult-to-read font (disfluent text) eliminated the effect. The halfalogue effect is thus attributable to the semantic (un)predictability, not the acoustic unexpectedness, of background telephone conversation and can be prevented by simple means such as increasing the level of engagement required by the focal task.


BACKGROUND
Body Mass Index (BMI) offers a simple and reasonable measure of obesity that, with the use of the appropriate reference, can help in the early detection of children with weight problems. Our aim was to compare the two most commonly used international BMI references and the national Greek BMI reference in identifying Greek children being overweight and obese.

METHODS
A group of 1557 children (820 girls and 737 boys, mean age: 11.42 ± 3.51 years) were studied. Weight and height was measured using standard methods, and BMI was calculated. Overweight and obesity were determined using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-forage curves and the most recent Greek BMI-for-age curves.

RESULTS
RESULTS showed that the IOTF's cut-off limits identifies a significantly higher prevalence of overweight (22.4%) compared with both the CDC's (11.8%, p=0.03) and the Greek's (7.4%, p=0.002) cut-off limits. However, the prevalence of obesity was generally increased when it was determined using the CDC's cut-off limits (13.9%) compared to the prevalence calculated with both the IOTF's (6.5%, p=0.05) and the Greek's (6.9%, n.s.) cut off limits.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of the national Greek reference standards for BMI underestimates the true prevalence of overweight and obesity. On the contrary, both the IOTF and the CDC standards, although independently, detect an increased number of overweight and obese children and thus they should be adopted in the clinical practice for an earlier identification and a timelier intervention.


Background: Alpha monoglucosyl-rutin (4G-α-D-glucopyranosyl rutin, αMR) has been shown to stimulate antioxidant defenses and anti-glycation. We evaluated the effects of αMR on body weight gain in mice.Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: Control low-fat diet, low-fat diet + 0.5% αMR, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet + 0.5% αMR. Blood chemistry, hepatic lipids, and serum metabolic hormones and cytokines were evaluated after 4 and 13 weeks.Results: After 6 weeks, the high-fat diet group gained more weight than the low-fat diet group. Supplementing the high-fat diet with αMR suppressed weight gain by week 13. Visceral fat weight was higher in the high-fat diet group on weeks 4 and 13, while αMR supplementation inhibited increase on week 13 but not on week 4. Serum levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide were higher in the high-fat-diet group than in the low-fat-diet group. αMR supplementation inhibited this elevation and regulated levels of serum leptin and hepatic triglycerides.Conclusion: For the first time, we demonstrated how daily consumption of αMR inhibits diet-induced visceral fat accumulation by regulating the secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, which thereby prevents excess weight gain. Therefore, αMR may be a promising potential functional food.Keywords: Anti-obesity; gastric inhibitory polypeptide; mouse; alpha monoglucosyl-rutin; quercetin


This book provides a detailed historical description of the evolution of corporate governance and stock markets in Brazil in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The analysis details the practices of corporate governance, in particular the rights that shareholders have to restrict the actions of managers, and how that shaped different approaches to corporate finance over time. In the case of Brazil, even if the protections for investors included in national laws were relatively weak before 1940, corporate charters contained a series of provisions that protected minority shareholders against the abuses of large shareholders, managers, or other corporate insiders. The investigation uses the Brazilian case to challenge some of the key findings of a recent literature that argues that legal systems (e.g., common vs. civil law) shape the extent of development of stock and bond markets in different nations.


Governance in the European Union is being transformed through the increased use of agencies to perform a range of functions in a variety of policy areas. The European Commission believes that agencies can add value but admits that their establishment has not been accompanied with a "common understanding" of their roles and purposes. In this thesis, I take the approach that such an understanding is best reached through examination of existing agencies. Focusing on the most common type of agency in the EU, i.e. Community Agencies, this thesis provides a four-level analysis. At the conceptual level, the thesis deals with the 'agency' concept. Drawing on public management literature, the empirical level involves classification of these diverse bodies. The contribution of the thesis at the theoretical level is to identify the key driving factors behind agency establishment; following a theoretical framework devised from new institutionalist theories I trace and analyse the establishment process of four case study agencies. The research reveals that to fully understand the establishment of agencies we need to draw on more than one strand of new institutionalism, as they can explain different aspects of agency creation. As a wider outlook the thesis reflects on the role of agencies, relating it to the wider academic debates on the 'regulatory state' and its implications for legitimacy.


Summary Ecological theory attempts to predict how impacts for native species arise from biological invasions. A fundamental question centres on the feeding interactions of invasive and native species: whether invasion will result in increased interspecific competition, which would result in negative consequences for the competing species, or trophic niche divergence, which would facilitate the invader's integration into the community and their coexistence with native species. Here, the feeding interactions of a highly invasive fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, with three native and functionally similar fishes were studied to determine whether patterns of either niche overlap or divergence detected in mesocosm experiments were apparent between the species at larger spatial scales. Using stable isotope analysis, their feeding relationships were assessed initially in the mesocosms (1000 L) and then in small ponds (<400 m2) and large ponds (>600 m2). In the mesocosms, a consistent pattern of trophic niche divergence was evident between the sympatric fishes, with niches shifting further apart in isotopic space than suggested in allopatry, revealing that sharing of food resources was limited. Sympatric P. parva also had a smaller niche than their allopatric populations. In eight small ponds where P. parva had coexisted for several years with at least one of the fish species used in the mesocosms, strong patterns of niche differentiation were also apparent, with P. parva always at a lower trophic position than the other fishes, as also occurred in the mesocosms. Where these fishes were sympatric within more complex fish communities in the large ponds, similar patterns were also apparent, with strong evidence of trophic niche differentiation. Aspects of the ecological impacts of P. parva invasion for native communities in larger ponds were consistent with those in the mesocosm experiments. Their invasion resulted in divergence in trophic niches, partly due to their reduced niche widths when in sympatry with other species, facilitating their coexistence in invaded ecosystems. Our study highlights the utility of controlled mesocosm studies for predicting the trophic relationships that can develop from introductions of non‐native species into more complex ecosystems and at larger spatial scales.


A three-year study was conducted to determine if regression models could be developed to predict yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) before harvest, using Riesling in the New York Finger Lakes region as a model. Berry samples were taken from 62 commercial Riesling vineyards around the Finger Lakes at veraison, two weeks before harvest, and harvest. Samples were measured for berry weight, Brix, pH, titratable acidity, ammonia, primary amino nitrogen, and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN). The average YAN concentration at harvest was 91.8 mg/L, and there were no significant differences in harvest YAN concentration among years. Linear regression models created using preharvest YAN concentrations (p < 0.05) had a cross-validated R2 (Q2) of 70%. Models using only preharvest ammonia had less predictive power (Q2 = 63%) but may allow winemakers more analytical flexibility than those requiring complete YAN measurements. Models created using multiple linear regression provided better predictive power (Q2 = 73.6%). Finally, a multivariate approach using partial least squares regression was used to create models with the highest predictive power (Q2 = 74.2%). The additional analysis required to obtain values for additional prediction variables may limit the practicality of multiple linear regression and partial least squares approaches. Because many winemakers are not able to perform the analyses required to calculate YAN during the busy time of harvest, the development of these regression models as predictive tools may allow winemakers to use preharvest analysis to calculate accurate supplemental nitrogen additions, allowing targeted supplementation and lowering the risk of excessive prophylactic additions.


Research has identified developmental pathways linking childhood abuse and poor parenting to cognitive impairment or general antisociality in adolescence. We examined pathways in adult offenders, aiming to reproduce pathways identified in the limited existing research with male forensic inpatients and testing their robustness and relation to clinical outcomes. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we examined antisociality, neurodevelopmental problems, and antisocial parenting as statistical predictors of criminal violence, in 638 cases. Using exploratory factor analysis and SEM, we developed and tested similar models for health status on admission and institutional outcomes (symptoms and aggressive behaviors) in subsamples of 269 and 335 cases. A three-factor measurement model was obtained, replicating previous work and supporting antisociality and neurodevelopmental problems as pathways to criminal violence and poor adult health. Models of institutional outcomes were not well supported. Findings indicate robustness of antisocial development and neurodevelopmental pathways.


Ketamine is currently being used as an anesthetic/antiepileptic drug in refractory status epilepticus. To validate its use, 2 clinical trials are recruiting patients. However, preclinical studies of its use in chemically induced status epilepticus in rodents have shown that it is remarkably neuroprotective, through N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate–receptor blockade, even when given after the onset of status epilepticus. Human studies have shown that status epilepticus–induced brain damage can be caused by a glutamate analogue and that it occurs in the same brain regions as in the animal studies. We therefore propose that ketamine be started early in the course of human status epilepticus as a neuroprotectant and that it be continued until epileptic discharges are eliminated. Using it as an anesthetic/antiepileptic drug late in the course of refractory status epilepticus only ensures that it is given after widespread brain damage has occurred.


The story of the greatest of all philosophical friendships?and how it influenced modern thought

 David Hume is widely regarded as the most important philosopher ever to write in English, but during his lifetime he was attacked as ?"he Great Infidel" for his skeptical religious views and deemed unfit to teach the young. In contrast, Adam Smith was a revered professor of moral philosophy, and is now often hailed as the founding father of capitalism. Remarkably, the two were best friends for most of their adult lives, sharing what Dennis Rasmussen calls the greatest of all philosophical friendships. The Infidel and the Professor is the first book to tell the fascinating story of the friendship of these towering Enlightenment thinkers, and how it influenced their world-changing ideas.

 The book follows Hume and Smith's relationship from their first meeting in 1749 until Hume's death in 1776. It describes how they commented on each other's writings, supported each other's careers and literary ambitions, and advised each other on personal matters, most notably after Hume's quarrel with Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Members of a vibrant intellectual scene in Enlightenment Scotland, Hume and Smith made many of the same friends (and enemies), joined the same clubs, and were interested in many of the same subjects well beyond philosophy and economics - from psychology and history to politics and Britain's conflict with the American colonies. The book reveals that Smith's private religious views were considerably closer to Hume's public ones than is usually believed. It also shows that Hume contributed more to economics - and Smith contributed more to philosophy - than is generally recognized.

 Vividly written, The Infidel and the Professor is a compelling account of a great friendship that had great consequences for modern thought.


KB (Kungliga biblioteket, The Royal Library), The National Library of Sweden, was founded in the 1500s. Since 1661, when the first Legal Deposit Law was introduced, it has functioned as the kingdom's national memory. Today KB receives everything printed that is distributed to the public in the form of books, journals, posters, maps, advertisements, catalogues and so on. Since 1994, following the latest version of the Legal Deposit Law, KB has also stored electronic publications 'in fixed form', i.e. published on CD‐ROM, tape or diskette. The total growth at KB is about 1.5 shelf‐kilometres per year. At that rate, KB's underground storage will be completely full by the year 2050.


The network security paradigm is currently shifting toward a new reality as advanced hacking methods become more prevalent and harder to detect. An example of such a method is advanced evasion techniques (AETs). Although evasions have been documented extensively in the last 15 years, security vendors have systematically ignored the significance of evasions. Some vendors have even downplayed the threat posed by evasions as being purely theoretical. Yet this debate misses the bigger issue: the risk of network security systems being compromised by AETs continues to grow as more and more cybercriminals actively exploit this vulnerability. McAfee ® Next Generation Firewall addresses this challenge. Combining stream-based inspection with data normalization on multiple protocol layers, McAfee Next Generation Firewall is highly resistant to AETs and offers a novel approach to design and implementation to prevent these evasion techniques. This paper explains the technical and design principles behind our breakthrough anti-evasion technology.


We present an external labeling laid over small and/or overlapping 2D objects as an efficient representation for their selection. The approximation of objects with points allows us to transform the labeling problem to graph layout problem, which we solve by means of force-based algorithm. The input parameters allow us to influence the resulting layout of label boxes (e.g. to adapt their distance for imprecise input devices). In a study with 15 participants two implementations of our algorithm were compared against labeling method, where all label boxes share the same offset from corresponding objects. The results of the study show that implementation using a special functionality (temporary freezing of the label box position recalculation) was 14% faster with a comparable accuracy. The subjective evaluation revealed that the implementation with temporary freezing is perceived as most comfortable, fastest and most accurate. The implementation without temporary freezing showed much higher error rate and cannot be recommended.


From the classical conceptualisations and discourses of Aristotle and Plato to the disturbing situatedness of the existentialists, philosophy provides perspectives on aspects of existence, thought and knowledge that illuminate and explain as well as connecting the somewhat specialised and inaccessible theory of software and systems engineering to the wider consciousness. This paper summarises the positions of selected philosophers that have been interpreted by some influential authors in software engineering to strengthen their arguments and in turn influence software methodology. Consideration of these philosophical perspectives can usefully influence the design of research projects and the analysis of results, particularly where the enquiry involves the business, industrial and other situated contexts in which contemporary system design and development is done.


Using a Markov switching unobserved component model we decompose the term premium of the North American CDX index into a permanent and a stationary component. We establish that the inversion of the CDX term premium is induced by sudden changes in the unobserved stationary component, which represents the evolution of the fundamentals underpinning the probability of default in the economy. We find evidence that the monetary policy response from the Fed during the crisis period was effective in reducing the volatility of the term premium. We also show that equity returns make a substantial contribution to the term premium over the entire sample period. JEL Classification: G01, G15, G21, G24


Axolotl oocyte extract (AOE) has the ability to reprogram the breast cancer cell epigenome by modifying DNA methylation and histone modifications at the promoter region of silenced tumour suppressor genes, resulting in loss of cellular tumourigenicity (Allegrucci et al., 2011). The present study aimed to determine the signalling pathways and associated chromatin modifications involved in tumour reversion mediated by AOE in an attempt to identify specific oocyte molecules responsible for the reprogramming of breast cancer cells. Microarray analysis of reprogrammed tumours revealed a cell cycle block that was confirmed by BrdU labelling of xenograft tumours. The phenotype was recapitulated in vitro cultures up to 4 days after reprogramming, with AOE-treated cells showing a significant decreased entry in S phase of the cell cycle. Reduced expression of JUN and up-regulation of CDKN1B (p27) were measured, together with a reduction of phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK signalling pathway. CDKN1B protein also showed a nuclear localisation in reprogrammed tumour xenografts compared to untreated controls. The reprogramming of breast cancer cells at genome-wide level was associated with a decrease in H3K9me2, H3K9me3 and H4K20me1 and in increase in H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9Ac, H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 immediately after reprogramming (6 hours) and the pattern of changes was generally maintained at the time point of injection into xenografts (12 hours after reprogramming). Specific histone modifiers inhibitors were used during AOE treatment to dissect histone modification activities during cells reprogramming. Altogether, the results obtained suggest that axolotl oocytes contain complex activities that may cooperate to remodel the epigenetic and signalling landscape of breast cancer cells leading to reversion of malignancy by inducing cell cycle arrest and a state of quiescence. Therefore, this work has the potential to develop new therapeutic approaches based on oocyte molecules that could be tested in different types of breast cancer, especially those with poor prognosis and patient outcome.


Planning for realistic problems in a static and deterministic environment with complete information faces exponential search spaces and, more often than not, should produce plans comprehensible for the user. This article introduces new planning strategies inspired by proof planning examples in order to tackle the search-space-problem and the structured-plan-problem. Island planning and refinement as well as subproblem refinement are integrated into a general planning framework and some exemplary control knowledge suitable for proof planning is given.


3D designs can be created using generative processes, which can be transformed and adapted almost infinitely if they remain within their digital design software. For example, it is easy to alter a 3D object's colour, size, transparency, topology and geometry by adjusting values associated with those attributes. Significantly, these design processes can be seen as morphogenetic, where form is grown out of bottom-up logic's and processes. However, when the designs created using these processes are fabricated using traditional manufacturing processes and materials they lose all of these abilities. For example, even the basic ability to change a shapes' size or colour is lost. This is partly because the relationships that govern the changes of a digital design are no longer present once fabricated. The motivating aim is: how can structures be grown and adapted throughout the fabrication processes using programmable self-assembly? In comparison the highly desirable attribute of physical adaptation and change is universally present within animals and biological processes. Various biological organisms and their systems (muscular or skeletal) can continually adapt to the world around them to meet changing demands across different ranges of time and to varying degrees. For example, a cuttlefish changes its skin colour and texture almost immediately to hide from predators. Muscles grow in response to exercise, and over longer time periods bones remodel and heal when broken, meaning biological structures can adapt to become more efficient at meeting regularly imposed demands. Emerging research is rethinking how digital designs are fabricated and the materials they are made from, leading to physically responsive and reconfigurable structures. This research establishes an interdisciplinary and novel methodology for building towards an adaptive design and fabrication system when utilising material scale computation process (e.g. self-assembly) within the fabrication process, which are guided by stimuli. In this context, adaption is the ability of a physical design (shape, pattern) to change its local material and or global properties, such as: shape, composition, texture and volume. Any changes to these properties are not predefined or constrained to set limits when subjected to environmental stimulus, (temperature, pH, magnetism, electrical current). Here, the stimulus is the fabrication mechanisms, which are governed and monitored by digital design tools. In doing so digital design tools will guide processes of material scale self-assembly and the resultant physical properties. The fabrication system is created through multiple experiments based on various material processes and platforms, from paint and additives, to ink diffusion and the mineral accretion process. A research through design methodology is used to develop the experiments, although the experiments by nature are explorative and incremental. Collectively they are a mixture of analogue and digital explorations, which establish principles and a method of how to grow physical designs, which can adapt based on digital augmentations by guiding material scale self-assembly. The results demonstrate that it is possible to grow physical 2D and 3D designs (shapes and patterns) that could have their properties tuned and adapted by creating tuneable environments to guide the mineral accretion process. Meaning, the desirable and dynamic traits of digital computational designs can be leveraged and extended the as they are made physical. Tuneable environments are developed and defined thought the series experiments within this thesis. Tuneable environments are not restricted to the mineral accretion process, as it is demonstrated how they can manipulate ink cloud patterns (liquid diffusion), which are less constrained in comparison to the mineral accretion process. This is possible due to the use of support mediums that dissipate energy and also contrast materially (they do not diffuse). Combining contrasting conditions (support mediums, resultant material effects) with the idea of tuneable environments reveals how: 1) material growth and properties can be monitored and 2) the possibilities of growing 3D designs using material scale self-assembly, which is not confined to a scaffold framework. The results and methodology highlight how tuneable environments can be applied to advance other areas of emerging research, such as altering environmental conditions during methods of additive manufacturing, such as, suspended deposition, rapid liquid printing, computed axial lithography or even some strategies of bioprinting. During the process, deposited materials and global properties could adapt because of changing conditions. Going further and combining it with the idea of contrasting mediums, this could lead to new types 3D holographic displays, which are grown and not restricted to scaffold frameworks. The results also point towards a potential future where buildings and infrastructure are part of a material ecosystem, which can share resources to meet fluctuating demands, such as, solar shading, traffic congestion, live loading.


Social epistemology is a relatively new and booming field of research. It studies the social dimension of the pursuit of acquiring true beliefs and requires philosophical as well as sociological and economic expertise. The insights gained in social epistemology are not only of theoretical interest; they also improve our understanding of social and political processes, as the field includes the analysis of group deliberation and group decision-making. However, surprisingly little work has so far been done on the epistemic properties of group deliberation, belief aggregation and decision-making procedures. To close this gap, the construction and analysis of formal models are especially promising as formal modeling combines representational adequacy with instructive analytical results. This special issue collects papers that follow this strategy from the point of view of different disciplines.

A familiar strategy of describing the collective pursuit of knowledge consists in setting up an economic model of how scientists contribute to research programs, pursue incentives and collect rewards. De Langhe and Greiff elaborate the consequences of such a model and draw conclusions on how knowledge is produced, and the role of consent and dissent in science. A similar perspective is adopted by Zamora who describes how methodological norms in science can be embedded into the "game of science". Weirich's contribution is also inspired by game theory: he investigates whether rational players will achieve an efficient outcome in an (ideal) coalitional game.

The three remaining papers adopt a mathematical or statistical take. Douven and Riegler apply a mathematical model by Hegselmann and Krause to a number of normative questions in social epistemology. Wagner examines under which circumstances opinion pooling commutes with Jeffrey updating. Finally, Hartmann and Sprenger present an analysis of information pooling under a more realistic loss function.

Predecessors of the papers published in this special issue were presented at the workshop "Formal Modeling in Social Epistemology", which took place at the Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (TiLPS) in October 2008. The workshop was made possible by the generous financial support from the Gesellschaft fur Analytische Philosophie (GAP), the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW), and TiLPS. We would also like to thank the authors and referees of the papers for their work, and Dov Gabbay for his support and encouragement.


A basic understanding of how the landscape impedes, or creates resistance to, the dispersal of organisms and hence gene (cid:29)ow is paramount for successful conservation science and management. Spatially structured ecological networks are often used to represent spatial landscape-genetic relationships, where nodes represent individuals or populations and resistance to movement is represented using non-binary edge weights. Weights are typically assigned or estimated by the user, rather than observed, and validating such weights is challenging. We provide a synthesis of current methods used to estimate edge weights and an overview of common model types, stressing the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and their ability to model landscape-genetic data. We further explore a set of spatial-statistical methods that provide ecologists with alternative approaches for modeling spatially explicit processes that may a(cid:27)ect genetic structure. This includes an overview of spatial autoregressive models, 20 with a particular focus on how correlation and partial correlation are used to 21 represent neighborhood structure with the inverse of the covariance matrix (i.e., 22 precision matrix). We then demonstrate how to model resistance by specifying 23 an appropriate statistical model on the nodes, conditioned on the edge weights, 24 through the precision matrix. This integration of network ecology and spatial 25 statistics provides a practical analytical framework for landscape-genetic 26 studies. The results can be used to make statistical inferences about the relative importance of individual landscape characteristics, such as the 28 vegetative cover, hillslope, or the presence of roads or rivers, on gene (cid:29)ow. In 29 addition, the R code we include allows readers to explore landscape-genetic structure in their own datasets, which will potentially provide new insights into the evolutionary processes that generated ecological networks, as well as valuable information about the optimal characteristics of conservation corridors.


This study uses computed tomography and computer aided design software (I-DEAS(tm)) for the development of a three-dimensional electronic solids model of the lower limb of the horse. Data from two millimeter transverse contiguous slices of the distal forelimb of a yearling horse were acquired from a computed tomographic scanner and then transferred to a computer system via magnetic tape. Outline of the bony tissue for each scan slice was first obtained with a feature extraction algorithm. A solids model for each skeletal segment of the specimen was then reconstructed with I-DEAS(tm) and subsequently displayed with various graphics options. The reconstructed electronic solids model would be useful for the study of 3D joint mechanics and finite element analysis of the bony structures, as well as for diagnostic purposes providing CT images could be obtained antemortem.


Women have looked to Jane Austen's heroines as models of appropriate behaviour for nearly two centuries. Who better to understand the heart of a heroine than Austen? In this delightful epistolary 'what if', Austen serves as a 'Dear Abby' of sorts, using examples from her novels and her life to counsel modern-day heroines in trouble, she also shares with readers a compelling drama playing out in her own drawing room. Witty and wise - and perfectly capturing the tone of the author of "Persuasion" and "Pride and Prejudice" - "Dear Jane Austen" is as satisfying as sitting down to tea with the novelist herself.


The proposal would reverse the holding of Childs v. Commissioner, 103 T.C. 634 (1994), and clarify that a contractual payment obligation received by a service provider is subject to immediate taxation under section 83 if the obligor is a person other than the recipient of the service provider's services. As a result, the proposal would ensure the appropriate taxation of investment income in structured payment arrangements. The proposal is based on a more comprehensive article by the authors, forthcoming in volume 51 of the Boston College Law Review, titled ''Taxing Structured Settlements,'' a draft of which is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1403248. The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration by tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress when it needs to raise revenue. Shelf Project proposals are intended to raise revenue without raising tax rates, because the best systems have taxes that are unavoidable to reach the lowest feasible tax rates. Shelf Project proposals defend the tax base and improve the rationality and efficiency of the tax system. Given the calls for economic stimulus, some proposals may stay on the shelf for a while. A longer description of the Shelf Project is found at ''The Shelf Project: Revenue-Raising Proposals That Defend the Tax Base,'' Tax Notes, Dec. 10, 2007, p. 1077, Doc 2007-22632, or 2007 TNT 238-37. Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.


"Look unto Abraham Your Father" Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you. (Isaiah 51:2) Over the past few decades or so I have had the privilege of studying the life and teachings of Abraham, and it has been as interest ing as it has been fulfilling in both my personal and professional life. The driving force behind my interest in Abraham was initially fueled by verses from Isaiah quoted in my patriarchal blessing: "Hearken unto me, ye that follow after righteousness. Look unto the rock from whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit from whence ye are digged. Look unto Abraham, your father, and unto Sarah, she that bare you; for I called him alone, and blessed him" (2 Nephi 8:1–2; cf. Isaiah 51:1–2). Since receiving this first inspired and personal emphasis on Abra ham, which has continued to direct my life, others have helped me to see and appreciate Abraham in personal and uplifting ways. In my view, E. Douglas Clark's book, The Blessings of Abraham: Becoming a Review of E. Douglas Clark. The Blessings of Abraham: Becoming a Zion People. American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications, 2005. 331 pp., with appendix, chart, abbreviation lists, and bibliography. $29.95. Brian M. Hauglid 420 • The FARMS Review 18/1 (2006) Zion People, is worthy, with only a couple of reservations, to sit on my bookshelves beside other favorite works on Abraham. Stylistic and Devotional Considerations In the introduction to his book, Clark gives the main thesis: "Together Abraham and Sarah built Zion, and together they are to be remembered by their righteous posterity who aspire to build Zion. Together they teach us how to build Zion and qualify for the very blessings once bestowed on them for their faithfulness" (p. 26). For the next twelve chapters, which cover the life of Abraham from birth to death, Clark stays assiduously close to this purpose. His prose carries each event, concept, idea, principle, or doctrine smoothly and clearly forward. I found that this helped the book flow from one chapter to the next in a most satisfying and readable manner. From a devotional perspective, Clark focuses on the best charac teristics of Abraham (and Sarah) as he weaves together a tapestry of ancient Jewish, Christian, and Islamic lore in support of or expand ing on the scriptural text. For instance, according to Abraham 1:31, Abraham learned the "knowledge of the beginning of the creation, and also of the planets, and of the stars." Here Clark notes that Abraham had the Urim and Thummim and that rabbinic tradition evidences Abraham owning a "'rare stone in which he could read a man's des tiny'" (p. 113); also, in the Apocalypse of Abraham, Abraham prayed and "received revelation upon revelation teaching him about history, astronomy, theology, and science" (p. 114). To expand on this further, Clark uses Jewish tradition to demonstrate that Abraham "possessed great genius," "spoke every tongue and mastered every art," and "was the greatest scientist of his day" (p. 114). Clark then builds on some of these ancient traditions with state ments from modern scripture and prominent church leaders in order to apply learned gospel concepts and principles to the contemporary Latterday Saint. As Abraham sought for his "appointment unto the Priesthood" (Abraham 1:4), according to President Spencer W. Kimball and President Ezra Taft Benson, so should every worthy male member of the church (p. 65); as Abraham was hospitable to all, Clark, Blessings of Abraham (Hauglid) • 421 President Harold B. Lee and President Gordon B. Hinckley encour age us to show gratitude to God through our service to those in need (pp. 130–31); as Sarah was the great exemplar of patience and good motherhood, so, as Sheri Dew teaches, the sisters of the church should look to Sarah (pp. 167–68). Clark does not overuse statements by the Brethren, but instead inserts them at appropriate times for a spiritual lesson. On more than one occasion I found myself inspired, moved, and seeking to pattern my own life more on the example of Abraham. This one aspect alone made the book a worthwhile read for me. I also found that Clark provided many interesting bits of information and told the story of Abraham in an engaging manner. I feel the chapter on the Akedah (chap. 10), the binding of Isaac, is particularly insight ful and instructive. Academic Considerations Clark's use of sources demonstrates an impressive knowledge of ancient Jewish, Christian, and Muslim lore. His use of secondary works and church sources also shows he has paid the price to fill this book with as much insightful and helpful information as possible. But his use of sources also raises some important questions: How should we use ancient lore with the scriptures? Can ancient nonscriptural accounts provide truth? And if so, how are we to sift through these traditions to find it? What kinds of criteria should we use to discrim inate among these traditions? These issues need to be probed more fully at some point. These were everpresent questions as research and writing pro gressed for Traditions about the Early Life of Abraham. As we worked on that collection, we found that the Book of Abraham could not have been produced in the early nineteenth century—it contained too many themes and characteristics from antiquity. In other words, we were not trying to prove that the Book of Abraham was true. However, 1. John A. Tvedtnes, Brian M. Hauglid, and John Gee, eds., Traditions about the Early Life of Abraham (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2001). 422 • The FARMS Review 18/1 (2006) it is apparent that it fits more comfortably in the ancient world than in Joseph Smith's time period. I do not believe that Clark is trying to prove the truth of the Book of Abraham, but he does sometimes cite ancient tradition in support of weak assumptions not confirmed in the scriptures. Concerning Enoch, for instance, Clark argues from ancient lore that Enoch saved Abraham from near death on the altar (p. 77), ordained Abraham to the patriarchal priesthood (p. 84), inspired Abraham to desire transla tion (to Enoch's city) (p. 92), presided over the sacrifice in Genesis 15 (pp. 147–48), and stayed Abraham's hand from sacrificing Isaac (p. 221). Of course, none of this is specifically supported in the scriptures. The reader should also be aware that ancient sources are used indiscriminately throughout the book. No attempt is made to evaluate which sources may be more reliable than others. Sometimes a source will appear to be cited as if it were the true account. Could the number of converts in Haran reach the thousands because the Book of Jasher says it was seventytwo (heads of families) (p. 87)? Did Pharaoh in Abraham's day really convert to the gospel, according to a Samaritan and a late Muslim account, so that possibly widespread conversions occurred in Egypt (p. 121)? Does Rashi (like many later commenta tors faced with difficult verses) take liberty in rescuing Sarah from her harshness against Hagar in Genesis 16:5 (pp. 162–63)? Does Martin Luther give the correct interpretation of Sarah's "laugh" in Genesis 18:11–12 (p. 176)? How correct is the obscure Jewish tradition that says that Sarah had no hatred for Ishmael? Could this be, as commonly happened, a later "improvement" on the text made by commentators sympathetic to Sarah (p. 196)? Later rabbinic, Christian, and Muslim commentators often ex panded on the scriptural text because, in most cases, the sacred text leaves room for conjecture and speculation. For the biblical scholar these traditions serve to provide a peek into the world of the commen tator and how the scriptural text was once viewed by redactors. To determine if a certain tradition in a nonbiblical text is factual, how ever, is difficult. A good starting point for this type of investigation is the work of James Kugel in volumes such as Traditions of the Bible: Clark, Blessings of Abraham (Hauglid) • 423 A Guide to the Bible as It Was at the Start of the Common Era and In Potiphar's House: The Interpretive Life of Biblical Texts. The Blessings of Abraham is not a scholarly work that painstak ingly sifts through these many traditions, thus making a distinction between the reliable and unreliable. Therefore, the reader should be cautioned in accepting these traditions wholesale. My advice is to read them for the feel and flow of Abraham's life but with an appropriate grain of salt. Although not a serious concern, I noticed other weaknesses in the book. For example, we know, according to Abraham 1:31, that Abraham had records from which he learned about astronomy. Does this mean, as Clark suggests (p. 71), that Abraham had access to our version of the Book of Moses account about Enoch? This could imply that our version is a direct translation from a text that would have existed during the time of Abraham. However, we have no clear evi dence of this. Phrases such as "Abraham would have read" (pp. 71, 72, 77, 78, 79) or "Abraham may well have recognized" (p. 74) denote the shakiness of the assumption. I have noted above other examples of weak assumptions connected to questions of source reliability and discrimination. However, this is a good book. If Clark wrote it to give an inspira tional and uplifting view of Abraham and Sarah, he has succeeded. But readers should not accept all that the ancient Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions say as true and factual.


Integrative Analysis to Evaluate Similarity Between BRCAness Tumors and BRCA Tumors Weston Reed Bodily Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science The term "BRCAness" is used to describe breast-cancer patients who lack a germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, yet who are believed to express characteristics similar to patients who do have a germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Although it is hypothesized that BRCAness is related to deficiency in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways, relatively little is understood about what drives BRCAness or what criteria should be used to assign patients to this category. We hypothesized that patients whose tumor carries a genomic or epigenomic aberration in BRCA1 or BRCA2 should be classified under the BRCAness category and that these tumors would exhibit downstream effects (additional mutations or gene-expression changes) similar to patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. To better understand BRCAness, we examined similarities and differences in gene-expression profiles and somatic-mutation "signatures" among 1054 breast-cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. First, we categorized patients into three categories: those who carried a germline BRCA1/2 mutation, those whose tumor carried a genomic aberration or DNA hypermethylation in BRCA1/2 (the BRCAness group), and those who fell into neither of the first two groups. Upon evaluating the gene-expression data in context of the PAM50 subtypes, we did not observe significant similarity between the germline BRCA1/2 and BRCAness groups, but we did observe enrichment within the basal subtype, especially for BRCAness tumors with hypermethylation of BRCA1/2. However, the gene-expression profiles were fairly heterogeneous; for example, BRCA1 patients differed significantly from BRCA2 patients. In agreement with prior findings, certain mutational signatures—especially "Signature 3"—were enriched for patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations as well as for BRCAness patients. Furthermore, we observed significant similarity between germline BRCA1/2 patients and patients with germline mutations in PALB2, RAD51B, and RAD51C, genes that are key parts of the HRR pathway and that interact with BRCA1/2. Our findings suggest that the BRCAness category does have biological and clinical relevance but that the criteria for including patients in this category should be carefully defined, potentially including BRCA1/2 hypermethylation and homozygous deletions as well as germline mutations in PALB2, RAD51B, and RAD51C.


Innovation is stated to be one of the most powerful engines for economic growth in firms, markets and nations today. It is therefore not surprising that policy-makers would like to see innovations as a benefit of publicly spent money; making innovations an additional aim of public procurement (public procurement for innovation). The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of a science organization's procurement practices on innovation. The intention is also to show how different and contradicting goals and expectations regarding public procurement are described and acted upon by the science organization and its suppliers, and to what extent the outcome of public procurement is innovation. Empirically, the study addresses how the European Organization for Nuclear Research, i.e. CERN, works with procurement; and how their procurement in turn affects CERN's suppliers. Based on a large case study in which more than 100 interviews were conducted over a time period of 8 years, the study contributes to the understanding of the limitations CERN's procurement rules put on interaction and on innovation. The understanding of the implications of restricting interaction, but also the understanding of the reasons why these rules are put into place, and the dilemmas that follow, are all important contributions.


We developed a novel photo-polymerized hydrogel material and a new technique for embedding a crystalline colloidal array (CCA) within a thermo-reversible gelation polymer. The CCA lattice is locked into place within a polymeric hydrogel, forming a polymerized crystalline colloidal array (PCCA). The face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice into which the CCA self-assembles, Bragg diffracts light in the visible, near IR and UV regions of the spectrum. We utilized a poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) hydrogel to detect ammonia in both buffer solutions and human serum. Phenols attached to the hydrogel backbone cross-link upon the addition of hypochlorite in a sample containing ammonia. The cross-linking causes an increase in the elastic constant of the hydrogel which forces the gel to shrink, blue-shifting the wavelength of Bragg diffracted light proportional to the concentration of ammonia present in solution. The sensor functions within the clinically relevant ammonia interval with a 50 μM detection limit in 1:1 serum/buffer solutions.A slight modification of this hydrogel material enabled its use within a bi-modular sensing approach for an organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent. The bi-modular sensing utilized the enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and the pH-sensitive group 3-aminophenol as recognition agents. OPH hydrolyzes OPs at basic pH and produces protons. These protons lower the pH inside the hydrogel changing the phenolates to phenols, lowering the free-energy of mixing and blue-shifting the Bragg diffracted light wavelength proportional to the OP concentration. The sensor is reversible, functions in high-ionic strength media, and has a 0.2 μM OP detection limit in aqueous media.We also developed a new technique for the synthesis of PCCA materials by embedding CCA within a thermo-reversible gelation polymer. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in a solution of water and DMSO exhibits cononsolvency resulting in the formation of nanocrystallites, which act as physical cross-links. The hydrogel formed is thermo-reversible. It melts at 70oC and is optically clear when formed at temperatures below −10 oC. This gelation technique enables the facile synthesis of arbitrarily large PCCA materials.


Activity recognition and prediction in buildings can have multiple positive effects in buildings: improve elderly monitoring, detect intrusions, maximize energy savings and optimize occupant comfort. In this paper we apply human activity recognition by using data coming from a network of motion and door sensors distributed in a Smart Home environment. We use Hidden Markov Models (HMM) as the basis of a machine learning algorithm on data collected over an 8-month period from a single-occupant home available as part of the WSU CASAS Smart Home project. In the first implementation the HMM models 24 hours of activities and classifies them in 8 distinct activity categories with an accuracy rate of 84.6%. To improve the identification rate and to help detect potential abnormalities related with the duration of an activity (i.e. when certain activities last too much), we implement minimum duration modeling where the algorithm is forced to remain in a certain state for a specific amount of time. Two subsequent implementations of the minimum duration HMM (mean-based length modeling and quantile length modeling) yield a further 2% improvement of the identification rate. To predict the sequence of activities in the future, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are employed and identified activities clustered in 3 principal activity groups with an average accuracy rate of 71-77.5%, depending on the forecasting window. To explore the energy savings potential, we apply thermal dynamic simulations on buildings in central European climate for a period of 65 days during the winter and we obtain energy savings for space heating of up to 17% with 3-hour forecasting for two different types of buildings.


This chapter spells out the theoretical framework for the discussion and case studies of the book. First, it provides precise definitions of technological change and classify technological change into different types based on their factor intensities. The discussion starts off with a single farm household. Two key concepts for understanding how that household will respond to technological changes are economic incentives and constraints. The former relates to how new technologies influence the economic return of different activities. The latter has to do with how the technologies modify the labour and capital constraints that farmers face. Then, the chapter shifts to the macro level and discusses how aggregate changes in output supply and input demand affect prices, wages, and migration. Such general equilibrium effects can modify or even reverse the conclusions obtained when only considering the individual farm households.


In the Garhwal region, India, the Malari leucogranite cuts the South Tibetan detachment system, a large-scale normal fault system at the top of the High Himalaya. The leucogranite crosscuts ductile normal-sense shear fabrics and has experienced relatively little subsolidus brittle deformation or alteration. Its relatively evolved bulk chemical composition, high Rb/Sr ratio, and normative corundum indicate a (meta)sedimentary source, likely the underlying Greater Himalayan sequence. Zircon U-Pb ages, collected by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and corrected for initial U/Th disequilibrium, indicate emplacement at 19.0 ± 0.5 Ma. Thus, ductile normal shear on the South Tibetan detachment system must have ceased by 19 Ma. Studies elsewhere in the Himalaya suggest initiation of South Tibetan detachment system ductile movement not earlier than 24 Ma, and likely ca. 22 Ma. The short duration of extension (≤5 and likely ∼3 m.y.) and early cessation contrast with channel-flow models that predict long-duration ductile normal shear, and large displacements after ca. 20 Ma. Observations are instead better explained by critical taper models, in which internal weakening of the wedge, likely from partial melting, caused a brief interval of flattening and ductile extension in the rear of the wedge.


The thesis focuses on the spatial implications of the globalisation of real estate investments and the integration of financial and real estate markets. As cities have always been places of large public and private investment in the built environment, urban development can be viewed as the interplay of capital investment of different actors and processes of political regulation. The globalisation of the real estate business has led to a partial edetachmenti of relevant actors from local and regional contexts. Aside from globalisation, the integration of real estate and financial markets as well as the concentration of real estate investors in metropolitan regions are two further trends (CLARK/LUND 2000; HEEG 2004, 2003). The globalisation process is accompanied by an expansion as well as a de- and reterritorialisation of social and economic relationships and practices (BRENNER 1997). Investing in real estate markets outside one's own national borders has become much easier to accomplish. Real estate markets, especially in metropolitan areas, have evolved from a mainly local to a strongly international orientation. One positive effect of this is that market transparency and the number of economic players have increased, resulting in changes of the institutional settings of real estate markets. The globalisation of real estate markets, the de- and reterritorialisation of social, economic relationships, practices reveals an underlying general feature of capitalist markets; the problem of coordinating market players (BECKERT 2007). In spite of increasing professionalisation of real estate business, uncertainties, frictions, contingencies persist in real estate markets. Market activities, exchange of property only take place if market players can cope with reduce uncertainties contingencies to an acceptable manner. A precondition for a stabilized mode of reducing uncertainty consists in the institutional embedding of market action (FLIGSTEIN 2001; 1996). Within real estate markets; coordination is hampered by the problem of value. Defining values for heterogeneous real estate products within the same local regional markets depends on reducing uncertainty on establishing more or less objective, standardized criteria. But this is not easy to achieve due to certain factors. Firstly; the globalisation integration of capital real estate markets extends the number of potential market players in formerly locally fixed real estate markets; e.g. institutional investors such as pension funds which invest directly ; indirectly in real estate (CLARK 2003; 2001). The different players "engage in distinct 'readings' of the markets" (BEAUREGARD 2005: 2433); as the different submarkets ; sectors of the real estate market differ in the life cycles expected return on investment, building types, demands of the tenants, users etc. Thus, the price mechanism as a means of providing the best available information about the real estate market is limited (also KEOGH/D'ARCY 1999). Secondly, the problem of finding a value is aggravated by the characteristics of real estate as "spatialized capital that unlike derivates or corporate equities, has the unique (dis)advantage of having its value held hostage by the vagaries of proximity ; its relationship to other properties" (WEBER 2002: 521). Thus, it would appear essential to ascertain how locally fixed real estate markets become international markets ; how the coordination of heterogeneous market players is achieved. The focus of this paper is on the construction of real estate markets especially on the mechanisms, institutions of the internationalisation, globalisation of real estate markets. The empirical part of this work mainly involves investigations of investments in commercial property; especially offices. Two different metropolitan areas will be compared, contrasted. The empirical work will be conducted this summer. It will mainly consist of semi-structured expert interviews.


This study evaluates the effectiveness of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict locations of urban change at a countywide level by testing various calibrations of the Land Transformation Model (LTM). It utilizes the Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator (SNNS), a common medium through which ANNs run a back-propagation algorithm, to execute neural net training. This research explores the dynamics of socioeconomic and biophysical variables (derived from the 1990 Comprehensive Plan) and how they affect model calibration for Montgomery County, Virginia. Using NLCD Retrofit Land Use data for 1992 and 2001 as base layers for urban change, we assess the sensitivity of the model with policy-influenced variables from data layers representing road accessibility, proximity to urban lands, distance from urban expansion areas, slopes, and soils. Aerial imagery from 1991 and 2002 was used to visually assess changes at site-specific locations. Results show a percent correct metric (PCM) of 32.843% and a Kappa value of 0.319. A relative operating characteristic (ROC) value of 0.660 showed that the model predicted locations of change better than chance (0.50). It performs consistently when compared to PCMs from a logistic regression model, 31.752%, and LTMs run in the absence of each driving variable ranging 27.971% – 33.494%. These figures are similar to results from other land use and land cover change (LUCC) studies sharing comparable landscape characteristics. Prediction maps resulting from LTM forecasts driven by the six variables tested provide a satisfactory means for forecasting change inside of dense urban areas and urban fringes for countywide urban planning. All images not cited within this document were created by the author between January 1, 2008 and July 11, 2008.


Author(s): Harris, Jessica Lynne | Advisor(s): Stevenson, Brenda; Symcox, Geoffrey | Abstract: "Exporting Mrs. Consumer: The American Woman in Italian Culture, 1945-1975" examines the development and growth of a mass consumer-based society in Italy after the Second World War. Employing a gendered and transnational approach, the dissertation puts women at the center of the analysis by specifically focusing on American female consumer culture's influence on Italian women's lives from 1945-1975. This study, in contrast to existing literature on the topic, provides a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of the models and messages of American female consumer culture in Italy during this period, how they influenced Italian women, and the extent of this culture's influence. Furthermore, the analysis of the intersection of the modern "American woman" (the white middle-class suburban American housewife), consumerism, and Italian female culture and identities provides new insight into the unique cultural relationship between the United States and Italy following the Second World War. The American female consumer products and institutions—beauty products, the refrigerator, mass produced ready-to-wear fashion, the department store, and the supermarket—transferred to Italy by American companies and Italian entrepreneurs during this period, introduced new models of behavior and ways of life that promised prosperity, a higher standard of living, and relief from burdensome and tiring daily chores to Italian women seeking to emerge from the suffering they endured during the war. Additionally, they promoted democratic consumer capitalist values—freedom of choice, individualism, abundance, and affluence—that contrasted with Catholic values, such as modesty and religious morality, and Communist values, such as collectivism, equality, and financial morality. As such, the modern "American woman" became a significant figure in Italy's cultural and social contest for the hearts and minds of Italians fought between the Catholic Church and the Italian Communist Party. Overall, American female consumer culture's invasion of postwar Italy challenged Italian notions regarding women's societal roles and transformed the ways in which Italian women from the upper to middle-classes styled themselves and their homes, shopped, and ultimately, how they identified themselves.


Abstract Cyberbullying among youth is an emerging public health concern that has a wide array of deleterious outcomes. The current meta-analytic review synthesized school-based cyberbullying prevention programs' impact on promoting cyber-bystander intervention among K–12 students. As a result of exhaustive searches and a thorough screening procedure, a total of 9 studies were identified as eligible. Meta-analytic synthesis of the 9 studies involving 35 effect sizes demonstrated that overall, the treatment effect was not statistically significant (g  = 0.29, SE = 0.14, p = .07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.61]). Findings of the moderator analyses suggest that incorporating an empathy activation component in the prevention program was associated with better program effectiveness in promoting cyber-bystander intervention. Further, older age was found to be associated with better program outcomes. Findings of the current meta-analysis provide important insight for developing cyberbullying prevention programs that promote cyber-bystander intervention.


The objective of the study was to determine the normal ultrasonographic appearance of mammary gland and teat of lactating cow. Mammary quarters were examined directly contact and in the water bath by a real-time 5-7.5 MHz linear array transducer connected to a real time ultrasound equipment. The data obtained by direct scanning and in the water bath were evaluated comparatively. The study was carried out a total of 150 teats and udders of the 50 cows brought to the Gynecology Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk. Ultrasonographically teat tissue is divided into 3 layers, a hyperechoic outer layer, a hypoechoic middle layer and more hyperechoic inner layer. The papillary duct and rosette of Furstenberg were monitered as hyperechoic. The teat sinus were observed as an anechoic area continuous with the gland sinus. At the base of the teat, the annular ring appeared as a hypoechoic structure extending into the lumen. The plexus venosus papillaris, in the middle layer of the teat, and the circulus venosus papillae, the annular fold area, were detected as sonographically anechoic. As a conclusion morphological structures of the bovine teat and udder can be differentiated with B-mode ultrasound. Diagnostic ultrasound can be recommended as an additional diagnostic tool for stenose and other abnormalities of the teat in dairy cows.


In an attempt to better understand the tectonic evolution of the continental crust forming SW Angola, zircon grains from the principal Precambrian rock types exposed in the Lubango area have been analysed using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe method. U–Pb ages of 2038 ± 28 Ma and 1954 ± 6 Ma were obtained on weakly deformed granite samples from the basement below the Humpata Plateau. The Chela Group on the Humpata Plateau is a relatively undeformed Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal sequence with an eruptive age of 1798 ± 11 Ma on ignimbrite of the Humpata Formation. The age of the northern part of the Kunene Complex is constrained by zircon data from a xenolith of basement gneiss and a mangerite dyke cutting anorthosite, which give an emplacement age of 1385 ± 7 Ma. The c. 2.0 Ga granites below the Chela Group are part of a Palaeoproterozoic granitoid terrane that extends from north of Lubango in Angola into NW Namibia. This terrane is referred to as the Angolan Shield. Regionally, the Angolan Shield is interpreted to be part of a Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc that extends NE from Angola and Namibia under Phanerozoic cover into NW Zambia. The resultant crustal terrane defined the southern margin of the developing Congo Craton at c. 2.0 ± 0.04 Ga. Supplementary materials: Tables summarizing the zircon U–Pb data are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18577.


This paper investigates the construction of social responsibility in a sample of articles taken from The Universe, a popular Catholic newspaper, in the late 1990s. It explores the representation of society, agency, voice, and social responsibility in a selection of articles dealing with social issues. The analysis identifies the principal social actors referred to in the texts; which of these are constructed as playing active roles; which are given voice; and for what purposes this voice is used. A distinctive pattern of construction of social responsibility is identified, in which there are three main groups of social actors: those who need help; those who are in a position to provide help (principally Governments, politicians, and multinational organisations); and those who speak on behalf of the former to the latter (principally Church organisations). I argue that this constructs a representation of the world in which the power and responsibility to act for change is largely held by elite groups, and the role of activist organisations is largely to appeal to the powerful to change things. Ordinary people watch this happening, and those disadvantaged groups who are acted for in these texts have little or no voice or active agency.


We investigate the reflection near the reststrahlen band of the optical phonon in bulk GaAs in the time domain, using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. We find that the dynamics of the reflection measured for GaAs differs strongly from the reflection dynamics that would be expected for a TO phonon with a frequency-independent dephasing time.