This study addresses the economic reasons of the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire. On the contrary to the previous researches, by undertaking both global and domestic developments, the paper examines the decline of the empire from an economical point of perspective. Although international developments such as industrialization in European countries, pressure on the Ottomans in terms of integrating with the world economy, global economic factors like depressions and wars, as well as domestic factors such as weaknesses of the central government in rural areas, traditional style of governing and structure of economic institutions along with demographic characteristics of the empire had great influence on the decline, the main reason is found to be the inability of the empire to adapt itself to the both internal and external changes and not being resilient which resulted in significant economical trauma.


In an academic paper search, particularly a search to confirm the originality of a user's research and to create survey articles, it is important that the search returns comprehensive results related to the user's information need. [1] proposes a method for efficiently selecting relevant research papers from a vast abstract set, which is based on a topic model and search formula created by the user. In this paper, we construct a system that visually expresses categories included in the reduced set of papers from [1], using a clustering based on the user's information need and selecting clusters having relevant papers. To generate the clusters based on the user's information need, it is important to know which structures (such as "background" and "method") in the abstract are relevant to the information need. This is based on the knowledge that if a user searches the papers related to the automatic construction of a thesaurus, he/she will judge whether a paper is relevant from sentences in the abstract describing the research purpose and method. We therefore propose a method using only the sentence content that matches the information need in the clustering.


We have conducted a protein interaction study of components within a specific sub-compartment of a eukaryotic flagellum. The trypanosome flagellum contains a para-crystalline extra-axonemal structure termed the paraflagellar rod (PFR) with around forty identified components. We have used a Gateway cloning approach coupled with yeast two-hybrid, RNAi and 2D DiGE to define a protein-protein interaction network taking place in this structure. We define two clusters of interactions; the first being characterised by two proteins with a shared domain which is not sufficient for maintaining the interaction. The other cohort is populated by eight proteins, a number of which possess a PFR domain and sub-populations of this network exhibit dependency relationships. Finally, we provide clues as to the structural organisation of the PFR at the molecular level. This multi-strand approach shows that protein interactome data can be generated for insoluble protein complexes.


This practice brief explores women and gender issues in SNV Netherlands Development Organisation's support to agricultural value chains in Africa and Asia. Across the two regions there are wide disparities in women's access to and control over productive resources, service delivery and market opportunities. Drawing on a wide variety of case studies, the Brief describes various ways in which the underlying gender constraints are identified and addressed, through an explicit focus on women's economic and social empowerment. Taken together the experiences show that substantial improvements can be realised when women's interests and capacities are taken into account and when the diverse, yet complementary, roles of female and male farmers and entrepreneurs are acknowledged. Overall, the Brief offers rich insights into the range of gender-specific strategies that can be used to encourage women's full participation in development interventions and ensure that they derive an equal share of the benefits through improved household incomes, employment opportunities and food security.


Drought cause yield loss of soybean production is the major reason to yield losing of soybean. To improve the germination and growth of soybean seeds under drought stress; We studied the effect of the single walled carbon nanotubes (SwCNTs) material in seed germination and the physiological changes occurred under drought condition, performed SwCNTs treatments in soybean (Zhonghuang 35) seeds at PEG drought stress, evaluated the germination, root and shoot length, fresh weight, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and the contents of maleic dialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (AsA) and H2O2. The results showed that under osmotic potentials of 0, -0.3, -0.6 with PEG 6000, the germination percentage of SwCNTs-treated seeds was higher than the control treatment (SwCNTs-untreated seeds). The fresh weight of SwCNTs-treated seeds were evidently higher than that of the controls under the osmotic potentials of 0, -0.3, -0.6 MPa. The root and shoot length were also longer than control in SwCNTs-treated seeds at 0,-0.3, -0.6 MPa (P


This work describes one of the first stages in the development of time-resolved photo-induced small-molecule single-crystal diffraction, whereby transient electron density perturbations, with lifetimes down to the nanosecond level, can be resolved at the atomic level. Knowledge of such ephemeral electronic effects is likely to yield key information regarding the origins of certain important physical properties, e.g. luminescent and non-linear optical effects, since it will allow the dynamics of electron density to be identified and quantified, and it is this that underpins such phenomena in a given molecule. The experimental methodology employs phase-locking pump-probe techniques such that the inherent time-structure of a synchrotron X-ray beam (nanoseconds) is harnessed and time-gated in-phase with a femtosecond laser. The resultant beams, made coincident on the crystal in a periodic manner, and a diffraction pattern are recorded as a function of the Bragg angle, theta. Such technology is based upon the pioneering work carried out in sub-nanosecond time-resolved crystallography of macromolecular biological moieties (non-atomic resolution) at the ESRF, although one crucial difference here is the use of monochromatic irradiation and oscillatory motion rather than Laue 'snapshot' methodology, so that atomic resolution is possible. The experimental details of a case study conducted on ID9 at the ESRF, France, are described, whereby the feasibility of the excited-state structure determination of a luminescent rhenium carbene complex, [HNCH2CH2NHCRe(2,2'-bipyridine)(CO)3]Br, is realised. Key experimental parameters that are required for the success of such an experiment are discussed in the light of this study, together with other feasibility work conducted at the SRS, UK, and in the laboratory. Plans, designs and tests for the implementation of this technique in the UK, first at the SRS, and then at DIAMOND, the forthcoming UK synchrotron, are described, in particular with reference to the world-leading potential that DIAMOND could lend toward the development of this technique.


This article examines the Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign in order to analyze the ways in which HPV and the threat of cervical cancer are framed as well as the individual risk management strategies that are made available to mothers and their daughters. The authors argue that the HPV campaign is illustrative of the moralization of health, a convergence of the regulatory discourses of moralization and medicalization in an era of bio-politics. Significantly, these discourses are put into play by a complex professional alliance that is mobilized by the extensive resources of the pharmaceutical industry. The convergence of both medical and market interests responsibilizes parents, specifically mothers, as well as schools, resulting in a vaccination program that verges on one that is mandatory. As such, HPV and cer-vical cancer prevention discourses constitute a moral regulation project directed at the regulation of the bodies of young women.


Lane changing manoeuvres have a substantial impact on microscopic and macroscopic traffic flow characteristics due to the interference effect they have on surrounding vehicles. The interference effects of heavy vehicles' lane changing manoeuvres on surrounding traffic are likely to be greater than when passenger cars execute lane changing manoeuvre. While heavy vehicles account for a minority of traffic stream, heavy vehicles have a pronounced effect on traffic flow and produce a disproportionate effect particularly during heavy traffic conditions. Heavy vehicles impose physical and psychological effects on surrounding traffic which are the results of physical and operational characteristics of heavy vehicles. The number of heavy vehicles on urban freeways has increased over the past three decades and this trend is likely to continue over the next decade. Despite the increasing number of heavy vehicles on freeways, previous studies have predominantly focused on the behaviour of passenger car drivers. In the previous lane changing models, heavy vehicles are accommodated in current lane changing models by calibrating the parameters of a general lane changing model for heavy vehicles rather than by incorporating a lane changing model developed specifically for the heavy vehicle drivers. However, heavy vehicle and passenger car drivers may have fundamentally different lane changing behaviour.

In this study, the trajectory dataset is based on the video images of two freeway sections. In general, extracting the trajectory dataset from video images makes it impossible to capture some physical (e.g. weight) and operational (e.g. power) characteristics of vehicles. The length of vehicles is one of their physical characteristics that can be extracted from video images. Therefore, vehicle length is used to identify heavy vehicles in this research. The vehicles with the length of equal to or greater than 6 meters are classified as heavy vehicles. This classification is consistent with the definition of the heavy vehicles in the trajectory dataset used for this study.

In this research, the lane changing behaviour of a driver has been characterized as a sequence of three stages including motivation to change lanes, selection of the target lane and the execution of the lane change. This research has provided new insight into the role that traffic parameters associated with the surrounding vehicles plays in the lane changing behaviour of heavy vehicle and passenger car drivers. From detailed examination of vehicle trajectory data, differences were identified in the lane changing of heavy vehicle and passenger car drivers in terms of the three stages of lane changing behaviour.

To understand the influencing factors on heavy vehicle drivers' lane changing, it is required to analyse the surrounding traffic characteristics at the time that the heavy vehicle drives change lanes as well as when they do not wish to execute lane changing manoeuvre. From detailed examination of the surrounding traffic characteristics, the explanatory variables in heavy vehicle drivers' lane changing decision were identified.

A reliable model has been developed in this thesis to estimate the lane changing behaviour of heavy vehicle drivers. Drivers' lane changing behaviour has been characterised as a sequence of two stages: the decision to change lanes and the execution of the lane change. Hence, separate models were considered for those two stages of the heavy vehicle drivers' lane changing behaviour. Fuzzy logic was used to develop a model of the lane changing decision of heavy vehicle drivers. The lane changing decision has been defined as the motivation for selecting either the right adjacent lane (slower lane) or the left adjacent lane (faster lane). Therefore, two separate models were developed for the lane changing decision of heavy vehicle drivers: Lane Changing to Slower Lane (LCSL) and Lane Changing to Faster Lane (LCFL). The explanatory variables in motivating heavy vehicle drivers to move into the slower lane include: the front space gap, the rear space gap, the lag space gap in the right lane and the average speed of the surrounding vehicles in the current lane. The explanatory variables in motivating heavy vehicle drivers to move into the faster lane include: the front relative speed, the lag relative speed in the left lane and the average speeds of the surrounding vehicles in the current lane and the left lane. A triangular membership function was used for all fuzzy sets in the lane changing decision model. The leave-one-out cross-validation method was used to examine the accuracy of the models in estimating the lane changing manoeuvres of heavy vehicle drivers. The obtained results showed that the LCFL model has higher percentage of accurately estimating the heavy vehicle drivers' lane changing decision. This may be due to the fact that heavy vehicle drivers mainly move into the faster lane to gain speed advantages which could be modelled by the microscopic traffic characteristics of surrounding vehicles in the current and the left lanes. However, the heavy vehicle drivers may have other motivations for moving into the slower lane than only the differences in microscopic traffic characteristics in the current and the right lanes.

The speed and acceleration/deceleration profiles of heavy vehicles were analysed in detail from the start to the end of lane changing manoeuvres. The results showed that heavy vehicle drivers maintain an almost constant speed during lane changing execution. They do not accelerate or decelerate to adjust their speed according to the speeds of the surrounding vehicles in the target lane. Subsequently, a simple constant speed model could be assumed for the heavy vehicles during the lane changing execution.

Finally, the performance of the heavy vehicle drivers' lane changing model was examined macroscopically and microscopically using VISSIM (German abbreviation for 'traffic simulation in cities') microscopic traffic simulation model. The heavy vehicle lane changing model in VISSIM was substituted with a combination of the fuzzy logic heavy vehicle lane changing decision model and a constant speed lane changing execution model. The traffic measurements obtained from the fuzzy logic model were compared to those obtained from a calibrated VISSIM lane changing model and the actual field observations. The results show that using the fuzzy logic heavy vehicle lane changing model provided more accurate estimates of the macroscopic traffic measurements. The number of heavy vehicle lane changing manoeuvres estimated by the fuzzy logic model was found to be more accurate than the estimates from default lane changing model in VISSIM. The microscopic analysis of the lane changing manoeuvres shows that using the fuzzy logic model more accurately replicated the microscopic lane changing behaviour of the heavy vehicle drivers. In particular, the fuzzy logic model accurately replicates the observed speed profile of heavy vehicles and the observed space gap and speed profiles of the surrounding vehicles during lane changing manoeuvres. The superior performance of the fuzzy logic heavy vehicle drivers' lane changing model highlights the importance of developing an exclusive lane changing model for heavy vehicle drivers. Employing a purpose built heavy vehicle lane changing model has been shown to increase the accuracy of the microscopic traffic simulation model.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate effects of various imidazoline and nonimidazoline α-adrenergic agents on aggregation and antiaggregation of bovine and equine platelets.

SAMPLE
Blood samples obtained from 8 healthy adult cattle and 16 healthy adult Thoroughbreds.

PROCEDURES
Aggregation and antiaggregation effects of various imidazoline and nonimidazoline α-adrenergic agents on bovine and equine platelets were determined via a turbidimetric method. Collagen and ADP were used to initiate aggregation.

RESULTS
Adrenaline, noradrenaline, or α-adrenoceptor agents alone did not induce changes in aggregation of bovine or equine platelets or potentiate ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Adrenaline and the α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine had an inhibitory effect on ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of bovine platelets. The α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine and yohimbine also inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of bovine platelets. Noradrenaline, other α-adrenoceptor agonists (xylazine, oxymetazoline, and medetomidine), and α-adrenoceptor antagonists (atipamezole, idazoxan, tolazoline, and prazosin) were less effective or completely ineffective in inhibiting ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of bovine platelets. The imidazoline α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist oxymetazoline submaximally inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of equine platelets, and the α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan, along with phentolamine and yohimbine, also inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of equine platelets. The imidazoline compound antazoline inhibited both ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of equine platelets.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Several drugs had effects on aggregation of platelets of cattle and horses, and effective doses of ADP and collagen also differed between species. The α(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (xylazine and medetomidine) and antagonists (tolazoline and atipamezole) may be used by bovine and equine practitioners without concern for adverse effects on platelet function and hemostasis.


Although not a novel concept, peer-to-peer computing is associated by many users with file sharing, in particular MP3 music files, but in reality peer-to-peer computing encompasses instant messaging, group collaboration and distributed computing. The social implications of peer-to-peer computing have wide-ranging ramifications for the Internet and its users. This research at the Rand Afrikaans University had as goal to identify student behaviour and utilization patterns when interacting with peer-to-peer systems available on the Internet. The respondents, all being Information Science students, completed a questionnaire that examined aspects such as information communication technology utilization, the frequency and duration of use, type of content downloaded and shared and the social aspects of peer-to-peer file sharing. Although distributed computing has various inherent problems such as copyright and privacy issues, peer-to-peer computing can be seen as a radical new mindset, setting the stage for a decentralized Internet future.


Abstract— The purpose of this study was to investigate the acceptance of degrees earned wholly online and to define the factors that affect the perceived value of these degrees in two Arab countries; Egypt and Oman. To achieve this purpose, a societal acceptance of online distance education degrees questionnaire was developed and administered online to a sample of 479 participants from different business sectors in Egypt and Oman. The responses to the rating scales and open-ended questions were organized, analyzed, and coded to address pattern of responses. Quantitative data and open-ended responses showed that the overall perception expressed by respondents was that online distance education was viewed as inferior to traditional education, and degrees earned online are not similar to ones earned in traditional settings in terms of credibility and quality. The ANOVA tests were used to analyze the differences among groups of participants and their acceptance of online degrees. Overall, responses indicated that no significant differences existed among participants. Many aspects of online degrees, such as interaction between students and the instructor, credibility with employers, admission regulations, and quality of learning outcomes have been criticized from many perspectives.


Early requirements of information systems are often understood in terms of the elicitation of stakeholders high-level goals to be supported by the system under discussion. Stakeholders goals are considered as the ultimate explanation of requirements. It is assumed that the notion of a high-level goal is natural and that high-level goals need no explanation with regard to their origins. We believe that these assumptions result in the definition of inadequate goals. We propose an organizational model where regulation provides an explanation for high-level goals. We will show that the goals of an organization can be seen as originating from its need to maintain its stability with regard to multiple opportunities and threats it identifies in its environment. Understanding the origins of goals enables stakeholders to change and expand the set of high-level goals envisioned for the system under discussion. In this paper we show how this framework can be used with UML in order to construct models for early requirements.


The splay tree, a self-adjusting form of binary search tree, is developed and analyzed. The binary search tree is a data structure for representing tables and lists so that accessing, inserting, and deleting items is easy. On an n-node splay tree, all the standard search tree operations have an amortized time bound of O(log n) per operation, where by "amortized time" is meant the time per operation averaged over a worst-case sequence of operations. Thus splay trees are as efficient as balanced trees when total running time is the measure of interest. In addition, for sufficiently long access sequences, splay trees are as efficient, to within a constant factor, as static optimum search trees. The efficiency of splay trees comes not from an explicit structural constraint, as with balanced trees, but from applying a simple restructuring heuristic, called splaying, whenever the tree is accessed. Extensions of splaying give simplified forms of two other data structures: lexicographic or multidimensional search trees and link/cut trees.


Over the past quarter of a century, the level of taxation and other government charges from property has grown in Australia. The growth of property prices has led to more taxes, however the growth of income to the government has grown at a faster rate, partly because the rates have not been adjusted and because there have been new taxes introduced which impact on property. Early settlement in Australia had iexcise and customs forms of taxesi, but no taxation on property whatsoever. Now, nearly two hundred years later there are over ten ways of taxing property in Australia, with property becoming a good source of revenue for all sectors of government. The revised NSW (state) budget papers for the 2005-2006 financial years showed that property continues to be the largest sector for tax revenue for the state government. Total property taxation accounted for 33.9% or $5,362 million of total State Government revenue ($15.8 billion). This included Stamp Duty ($3,100 million), Land Tax ($1,737 million), Mortgage Duty ($320 million), Leases ($68 million), Parking Space levy ($44 million) and the abolished Vendor Transfer Duty ($93million). In addition to state taxes, property in Australia is also subject to taxation, levies and fees in several ways at the local and federal government levels. This paper will trace the growth of taxation, levies and charges on property and show how the established and new taxes impact on property investment in Australia.


The modern international law is considered an offshoot of European intellectual contributions as its basic foundation is deeply imbued with the political and social upheavals took place in European history. As an example, the Westphalian order emerged in the culmination of thirty years war in 1648 was regarded as the most pivotal mile stone in modern history of international law. Yet the European domination and its intellectual contribution to the development of international law systematically excluded non-European nations from international law and its protection, which finally paved the path to use international law in the 19 century as a tool of legitimizing the colonial expansion. This paper seeks to trace the historiography of modern international law and its dubious nature of disdaining nonEuropeans and their civilizational thinking. Furthermore, this paper argues how European historical encounters carved the map of international law from a vantage point, which gave an utter prominence upon the European intellectual monopoly. The results emerge from this paper will strongly suggest the need of an alternative scholarship to unveil the history of international law.


Stomach/gastric ulcer is a debilitating disease affecting more than 10% of the global population. Sufferers often have chronic pains with life-threatening gastrointestinal haemorrhage or perforation. Since the first diagnosis of stomach ulcer (SU) in the 19th century, excessive gastric juice that eroded the mucosa of the stomach was opined as its major cause. Efforts were channelled toward effective control of the resulting acid build-up through the use of antiulcer medications and reduction in stress-induced activities, which may aggravate gastric hyperacidity. An intense treatment option involved vagotomy (surgically severing the nerves surrounding an ulcer) to prevent hyperacidity and further perforation of the stomach epithelium. Despite these interventions, SU disease remained an impediment to clinical practice. Literatures revealed that many botanicals have been used to treat SU and this is hinged on their being endowed with antiulcerogenic phytonutrients of therapeutic significance. In this review, attempts have been made to highlight the main mechanisms of action and limitations of the conventional antiulcerogenic drugs, various antiulcerogenic experimental models, as well as compile selected medicinal plants and their implicated phytonutrients that will ultimately and eventually present effective and globally competitive exciting opportunities for the development of new lead therapeutics for the management of SU disorders.


The method introduced in this paper extends the trim-loss problem or also known as 2D rectangular SLOPP to the multiple sheet situation where N same size two-dimensional sheets have to be cut optimally producing demand items that partially or totally satisfy the requirements of a given order.  The cutting methodology is constrained to be of the guillotine type and rotation of pieces is allowed. Sets of patterns are generated in a sequential way. For each set found, an integer program is solved to produce a feasible or sometimes optimal solution to the N-sheet problem if possible.  If a feasible solution cannot be identified, the waste acceptance tolerance is relaxed somewhat until solutions are obtained. Sets of cutting patterns consisting of N cutting patterns, one for each of the N sheets, is then analysed for optimality using criteria developed here.  This process continues until an optimal solution is identified.  Finally, it is indicated how a given order of demand items can be totally satisfied in an optimal way by identifying the smallest N and associated cutting patterns to minimize wastage. Empirical results are reported on a set of 120 problem instances based on well known problems from the literature.  The results reported for this data set of problems suggest the feasibility of this approach to optimize the cutting stock problem over more than one same size stock sheet. The main contribution of this research shows the details of an extension of the Wang methodology to obtain and prove exact solutions for the multiple same size stock sheet case.


Radix Tetrastigma (RT), a herbal medicine and functional food in China, showed strong antiproliferative activities in vitro. However, the effects and the underlying mechanism of phenolic-rich extract of RT in H22 tumor-bearing mice are still unknown. Thus, the phenolic profiles and antitumor/antioxidant activities of a solid phase extraction (SPE) semi-purified extract of RT were investigated by a combination of chemical assays, LC-QTOF-MS/LC-QqQ-MS techniques and a tumor-bearing mice model. As a result, the total phenolic/flavonoid contents (TPC/TFC) and 24 individual phenolics were identified and quantified, which showed higher contents than that of crude extract. Results also indicated that RT extract could inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and activating the caspase family proteins as well as suppressing tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Besides, the interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and NK cell levels were increased by RT administration, while RT significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)/glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Summarily, the findings clearly demonstrated that RT extract could inhibit tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis as well as preventing cancer by improving the immune functions and antioxidant activities.


A study was conducted on the changes in cellular structure, physiology and physiochemical
of Musa AAA 'Berangan' and 'Cavendish' as the ripening progressed at
18+2 and 2722 OC. Mature green (ripening stage (RS) 1) bananas were initiated to
ripen using 0.02% acetylene from calcium carbide (CaC2) source (with an equivalent
of 1 g cac2.kg-' fruit) for 24 h. A hand of Berangan and Cavendish fmit was split
into 2 clusters. One of the clusters was initiated and ripened at 18t2 OC RH 90-
94%, while the other was initiated and ripened at 2722 OC RH 75-80%. The
experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with four
replications. Five fruits per replicate were used. The various ripening stages were
evaluated with the aid of FAMA visual colour score until the fruit turned intosdl?
yellow at RS 6. For the Cavendish ripened at 27+2 OC (C27) where the fruit failed
to degreen, the evaluation was done daily until senescence, when brown specks
appeared on the peel. Data from measurements of ripening duration, L*, C* and h0
values, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls, water loss, stomatal density, stomatal
length and opening, peel thickness, peel and pulp fresh and dry weight, cell length
and width of photosynthetic, epidermal, crystalliferous, tanniferous and starch
granules, pulp firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity and pH
were analysed using analysis of variance and differences between means were
determined by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Data from starch iodine test, cellular
structure and ultrastructure were documented as photographs or micrographs.
Berangan degreened naturally under tropical ripening temperature of 27+2 OC, and a
golden yellow fruit of RS 6 was obtained within 4 d of ripening. In contrast,
Cavendish failed to degreen at 27+2 OC even though the pulp had softened. By day 5
after the acetylene treatment brown specks started to appear on the fruit surface
indicating senescence had commenced. Cavendish could only degreen when ripened
at 1822 OC, and a yellow fruit of RS 6 was obtained after 9 d of ripening. On the
contrary, Berangan could not degreen and ripen under 1822 OC thus the fruit was
discarded. TEM revealed that at RS 6 the grana-thylakoid membrane of chromoplast
Berangan ripened at 2722 OC (B27) and Cavendish ripened at 1852 OC (C18) had
lysed. Besides, plastoglobuli increased in number, and types of staining density and
vesicles increased in number and size. However at day 5 of C27, the grana-thylakoid
membrane retained and this was in concurrent with the high retention of chlorophyll
content in fruit peel. The total chlorophyll retained in C27 was 57%, while only 25
and 40% of total chlorophyll was retained in B27 and C18 respectively. The high
retention of chlorophyll content in C27 had caused it to correlate significantly with
L*, C* and h0 values. Among B27, C18 and C27, C27 encountered the most water
loss. However, there was no correlation between water loss and stomata1 density and
opening. The existence of cracks and pores on the banana peel surface could be the
iii
passage for water loss. The severe water loss caused the peel thickness of C27 to be
the thinnest among the bananas studied although initially its peel was thicker than
B27. The fruit pulp and peel behaved differently towards ripening temperature. The
moisture content in pulp increased, while no moisture content in peel decreased as
ripening progressed. This led to increase of pulp to peel fresh weight ratio and C27
had the highest ratio as compared to C18 and B27. The softening of the banana fruit
was due to starch degradation and dissolution of middle lamellae. SEM revealed
that the pulp starch granules decreased in size and density as ripening progressed.
The blue-black stained area of starch-iodine complex cleared from the central core
of fmit towards the periphery of peel in all the bananas studied. The clearing pattern
was most rapid in C27. The hydrolysed starch increased the SSC of all the bananas
studied but the most significant increase was in C27. The titratable acidity of the
three bananas studied increased then decreased as ripening progressed. In contrast,
the pH decreased then increased as contrary to the trend of titratable acidity. The
tropical temperature of 2722 OC, besides failing to degreen, had caused poor keeping
and eating quality of Cavendish.


Spread of digital technology leads to establishment of new environments of collective memory. Digital platforms, such as YouTube, not only offer additional opportunities to spread the available stories about the past, but also incentivize the emergence of new memory narratives. The amateur narratives would often suggest a simplified or biased interpretation of the past. However, the instrumental use of digital infrastructure of the platforms, such as search algorithms, allows them to be broadly disseminated and to impact the collective memory of society.

Digital turnaround and the related algorithmic turn require the rethinking of old and emergence of new methods to research collective memory. Many conventional quality methods, such as close reading or the analysis of speech acts, shall take into account the multimedia nature of digital narratives about the past. As a result, it generates a number of conceptual and methodological challenges. At the same time, the growth of memory content actualizes the use of quantitative methods of memory research, such as automatic recognition of historical images, and text classifications, as well as the algorithmic audit to identify an impact of algorithms on representation of the past. The lecture will use the case of YouTube to illustrate new opportunities to research memory. Coming from quantitative methods, and challenges in using them.

The lecture includes several thematic blocks: 1) digital and algorithmic turn in collective memory; 2) qualitative methods of memory research; 3) quantitative methods of memory research.


We would like to solve the following problem: find a mathematical model formulating I) quantum entanglement, II) particle-wave duality, III) universal objects (ur-sub-Planck objects): to be defined in terms of direct or inverse limits (defined by universal mapping properties) giving microcosm behaviors of space-time so as to give the smooth macrocosm space-time, and IV) the "curved" space-time associated with particles with mass in microcosm consistent with the notion of a light cone in macrocosm. Problems I) and II) are treated in Kato G., Europhys. Lett., 68 (2004) 467. In this paper, we will focus on III) and IV). As a candidate for such a model, we have introduced the category of presheaves over a site called a t-topos. During the last several years, the methods of category and sheaf theoretic approaches have been actively employed for the foundations of quantum physics and for quantum gravity. Particles, time, and space are presheafified in the following sense: a fundamental entity is a triple (m,κ,τ) of presheaves so that for an object V in a t-site, a local datum (m(V),κ(V),τ(V)) may provide a local state of the particle m = m(V), i.e., the localization of presheaf m at V, in the neighborhood (κ(V),τ(V)) of m. By presheafifying matter, space, and time, t-topos can provide sheaf-theoretic descriptions of ur-entanglement and ur-particle and ur-wave states formulating the EPR-type non-locality and the duality in a double-slit experiment. Recall that presheaves m and m′ are said to be ur-entangled when m and m′ behave as one presheaf. Also recall: a presheaf m is said to be in particle ur-state (or wave ur-state) when the presheaf m is evaluated as m(V) at a specified object V in the t-site (or when an object in the t-site is not specified). For more comments and the precise definitions of ur-entanglement and particle and wave ur-states, see the above-mentioned paper. The applications to a double-slit experiment and the EPR-type non-locality are described in detail in the forthcoming papers Kato G. and Tanaka T., Double slit experiment and t-topos, submitted to Found. Phys. and Kafatos M., Kato G., Roy S. and Tanaka T., The EPR-type non-locality and t-topos, to be submitted to Int. J. Pure Appl. Math., respectively. By the notion of decompositions of a presheaf and of an object of the t-site, ur-sub-Planck objects are defined as direct and inverse limits, respectively, in Definitions 2.1 and 2.4 in what will follow.


Abstract This article investigates how modern neo-liberal states are 'securing by design' – harnessing design to new technologies in order to produce security, safety, and protection. We take a critical view toward 'securing by design' and the policy agendas it produces of 'designing out insecurity' and 'designing in protection' because securing by design strategies rely upon inadequate conceptualisations of security, technology, and design and inadequate understandings of their relationships to produce inadequate 'security solutions' to ready-made 'security problems'. This critique leads us to propose a new research agenda we call Redesigning Security. A Redesigning Security Approach begins from a recognition that the achievement of security is more often than not illusive, which means that the desire for security is itself problematic. Rather than encouraging the design of 'security solutions' – a securing by design – a Redesigning Security Approach explores how we might insecure securing by design. By acknowledging and then moving beyond the new security studies insight that security often produces insecurity, our approach uses design as a vehicle through which to raise questions about security problems and security solutions by collaborating with political and critical design practitioners to design concrete material objects that themselves embody questions about traditional security and about traditional design practices that use technology to depoliticise how technology is deployed by states and corporations to make us 'safe'.


Darina solenoides (Mactridae), a common intertidal bivalve in the Argentine Patagonian coast, serves as both first and second intermediate host for the gymnophallid Bartolius pierrei (Trematoda: Digenea). Cercariae enter the clams actively by piercing the mantle border; young metacercariae ascend along the space between the outer mantle epithelium and shell and they settle in the dorsal general extrapallial space just ahead of the posterior adductor muscle. Host reaction comprises mantle tissue alterations (hyperplasia and metaplasia) leading to the encapsulation of the metacercariae by the formation of a one-cell-layer thick sac, which progressively detaches from the mantle epithelium. Sacs containing fully developed metacercariae, which are surrounded by a hyaline non-cellular envelope, become internal and are found in the postero-dorsal region of the visceral mass. Two sacs usually containing from two to 44 metacercariae, one at each side of the clam, were observed. In some cases, in which the infection seems not to proceed as usual, dead and dying metacercariae and their debris were found in the same position within the extrapallial space where the host reaction usually starts. In these cases, the mantle reaction is accompanied by an inner shell surface alteration consisting of calcium carbonate deposits partially surrounding the reaction complex or other abnormal calcifications in the form of loose mineral concretions.


The use of the filamentous fungus, Ashbya gossypii, to improve riboflavin production at an industrial scale is described in this paper. A riboflavin overproducing strain was isolated by ultraviolet irradiation. Ten minutes after spore suspensions of A. gossypii were irradiated by ultraviolet light, a survival rate of 5.5% spores was observed, with 10% of the surviving spores giving rise to riboflavin-overproducing mutants. At this time point, a stable mutant of the wild strain was isolated. Riboflavin production of the mutant was two fold higher than that of the wild strain in flask culture. When the mutant was growing on the optimized medium, maximum riboflavin production could reach 6.38 g/l. It has even greater promise to increase its riboflavin production through dynamic analysis of its growth phase parameters, and riboflavin production could reach 8.12 g/l with pH was adjusted to the range of 6.0-7.0 using KH2PO4 in the later growth phase. This mutant has the potential to be used for industrial scale riboflavin production.


This study assessed the relationship between exposure to classmates with visible impairments in primary and secondary schools with later attitudes toward people with disabilities. Fifty college students (mean age = 20.28 years; 76% female) completed measures assessing the extent and quality of recalled exposure to classmates with disabilities in elementary and secondary school. Attitudes toward social inclusion and toward a hypothetical social interaction were also measured. Participants reported generally high levels and quality of exposure, with significantly more exposure at the secondary level. Quality of exposure at both the elementary and secondary levels was significantly (p < .01) correlated with more positive cognitions (i.e., thoughts) during a hypothetical social interaction. Cognitions were not significantly correlated with emotions or behaviors, and amount of elementary exposure was negatively correlated with attitudes to social inclusion (p < .05). These results suggest a possible relation between positive early experiences and later friendship intentions that should be further explored.


Occasionally, the injection of fluids into deep wells causes or triggers earthquake activity. We propose two lists of yes-or-no questions to assess 1) whether an ongoing injection project has induced an earthquake that has already occurred; or 2) whether a proposed injection project is likely to induce a nearby earthquake. The answers to these questions form a descriptive profile of the injection project that facilitates comparison with other projects. To illustrate the application of these questions, we describe the answers in detail for the first set of questions at two sites: 1) the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver, Colorado, where three significant earthquakes occurred in 1967; and 2) an injection site near Painesville, Ohio, near the epicenter of an earthquake that occurred 31 January, 1986. We also present a table of answers to these questions for several additional sites, and review other factors that may affect the potential for induced, seismic activity. The profiles of injection sites presented herein provide a convenient tool for deciding whether an injection site more closely resembles other sites where injection does, or does not induce earthquakes.


Future computer environments will include mobile computers which will either be disconnected, weakly interconnected by low speed wireless networks such as GSM, or fully interconnected by high speed networks ranging from Ethernet to ATM. Two key characteristics of such environments are: a heterogeneous processing environment; and rapid and massive fluctuations in the quality of service provided by the underlying communication infrastructure. The first of these issues, i.e. heterogeneity, can be addressed by exploiting emerging distributed systems standards such as the International Standards Organisation Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP), the Open Software Foundation's Distributed Computing Environment (OSF-DCE) or the Object Management Group's Common Object Request Broker Architecture (OMG-CORBA). Such standards provide applications with uniform computational models for accessing services and enables them to operate over a variety of processor/operating system configurations. The second of these issues, QoS fluctuations, is, we believe, one of the most fundamental problems in the field of mobile computing. We consider this issue and propose extensions to emerging distributed systems standards to support mobile computing.


Solving systems of quadratic equations is a central problem in machine learning and signal processing. One important example is phase retrieval, which aims to recover a signal from only magnitudes of its linear measurements. This paper focuses on the situation when the measurements are corrupted by arbitrary outliers, for which the recently developed non-convex gradient descent Wirtinger flow (WF) and truncated Wirtinger flow (TWF) algorithms likely fail. We develop a novel median-TWF algorithm that exploits robustness of sample median to resist arbitrary outliers in the initialization and the gradient update in each iteration. We show that such a non-convex algorithm provably recovers the signal from a near-optimal number of measurements composed of i.i.d. Gaussian entries, up to a logarithmic factor, even when a constant portion of the measurements are corrupted by arbitrary outliers. We further show that median-TWF is also robust when measurements are corrupted by both arbitrary outliers and bounded noise. Our analysis of performance guarantee is accomplished by development of non-trivial concentration measures of median-related quantities, which may be of independent interest. We further provide numerical experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.


Mesophotic coral reefs, currently defined as deep reefs between 30 and 150 m, are linked physically and biologically to their shallow water counterparts, have the potential to be refuges for shallow coral reef taxa such as coral and sponges, and might be a source of larvae that could contribute to the resiliency of shallow water reefs. Mesophotic coral reefs are found worldwide, but most are undescribed and understudied. Here, we review our current knowledge of mesophotic coral reefs and their functional ecology as it relates to their geomorphology, changes in the abiotic environment along depth gradients, trophic ecology, their reproduction, and their connectivity to shallow depths. Understanding the ecology of mesophotic coral reefs, and the connectivity between them and their shallow water counterparts, is now a primary focus for many reef studies as the worldwide degradation of shallow coral reefs, and the ecosystem services they provide, continues unabated.


Emissivity measurements on Nextel Velvet Coating 811-21 between -36 °C and 82 °C are presented. The method used is a periodic one. This method involves sample temperature modulation and signal processing of the sample temperature and the output signal of an infrared detector lacing the sample. The Fourier transform at the modulation frequency of the infrared signal is proportional to the emissivity and to the Fourier transform of the temperature raised to the fourth power. As with ordinary methods, two measurements are necessary to obtain the emissivity: one on the sample and the other on a reference. Instead of a cold reference, the hemisphere method has been employed. The sample is glued onto a modulated sample holder, the mean temperature of which can be chosen between -36 °C and 82 °C. This sample and the optical detection system are placed in a vacuum chamber. The pressure inside the chamber is less than 10 -6 mbar. At each temperature, ten measurements have been carried out. The accuracy obtained is better than 1%. The emissivity of the coating studied remains constant over the temperature range explored. This coating can be employed as a reference in this temperature range. The values obtained are consistent with values from the literature.


This descriptive study examined the perceptions of new graduate registered nurses (RNs) about medication error identification, causes, and reporting; as well as the nursing education and workplace orientation experiences they believed prepared them to safely manage medications. The study also explored how prelicensure RN nursing education and hospital orientation programs in North Carolina (NC) prepared nurses to manage medications safely. The theory of situated cognition provided the organizing framework. Data were collected from the three participant groups (new graduate RNs, schools of nursing, and hospitals) using online surveys, and respondents included 131 new graduate RNs, 35 schools of nursing, and 20 hospitals/hospital systems in NC. Descriptive analyses of data from the modified Gladstone scale revealed that nurses were confident in their ability to identify and report a medication error, but inconsistently identified or reported errors when presented with medication management scenarios. Distinct differences were found between the content topics, teaching strategies, activities, and equipment used by nursing education and workplace orientation programs to teach or review medication management and what was identified as effective preparation experiences by new graduate RNs. An opportunity for improvement in nurse preparation for safe medication management was identified based on the differences between nurse-reported effective experiences for safe medication management preparation and what is being provided by nursing education and orientation programs. Implementing teaching strategies students identified as effective, such as increasing interactive experiences, use of real-world case scenarios, and clinical problem-solving, into the classroom may create a better fit with current student learning styles and ultimately safer nursing care.


Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with a core–shell structure for efficient, reliable, and selective extraction of vanillin via solid-phase extraction (SPE) and incubation methods were developed using a sol–gel process based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as the functional monomer, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the cross-linker, and vanillin as the template. An inorganic core composed of porous (SM1) and non-porous (SM2) silica microspheres was prepared by co-condensation of TEOS and (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) in a water-in-oil (W/O) macroemulsion. The thus synthesized materials were characterized in detail, and their molecular recognition properties and selectivity were demonstrated by evaluating their adsorption capacity and binding kinetics at imprinted (MIP) and non-imprinted (NIP) control materials. The proposed binding mechanism takes advantage of the amino groups associated with APTES interacting with the functional groups of the template molecules to form hydrogen-bonded complexes. Furthermore, synthesis conditions were optimized such that the imprinting efficiency and adsorption capacity were maximized. Finally, it was demonstrated via incubation experiments that the thus generated MIP core–shell hybrid microspheres provide rapid adsorption with high binding capacities (up to 5.64 mg g−1), excellent imprinting factors (IF up to 2.37), and exceptional reusability (reused >20 times).


Depression is a condition with various modes of treatment, including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and some combination of each. The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of depression relative to the role of pharmacotherapy is not well understood, and guidelines for psychotherapy in the primary care setting differ from guidelines for specialty care. There is little evidence about the circumstances in actual practice that affect the use of psychotherapy in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. We retrospectively identify the most important factors associated with the use of psychotherapy in combination with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression. Specifically, we study provider choice, health plan characteristics, and patient characteristics. We use a comprehensive medical and pharmacy claims data sample of 1,023 individuals during 1992–1994. We select persons prescribed with an antidepressant medication and diagnosed with a depressive disorder by a primary care physician, psychiatrist, or non-physician mental health specialist. Controlling for depression diagnosis and severity, comorbidity, and demographics, we examine the role of provider type and plan benefit characteristics. We study the intensity of psychotherapy using zero-inflated count regression, the intensity of pharmacotherapy using truncated count regression, and the likelihood of relapse of depression using logistic regression. Patients initially seeing a psychiatrist receive more than double the amount of psychotherapy and slightly more pharmacotherapy than patients of other providers. An additional prescription for antidepressant medication reduces by five percent the likelihood of relapse into depression, but the amount of psychotherapy does not affect relapse. Patients seeing a psychiatrist are half as likely to relapse, independent of any effect of psychotherapy. Case management and coinsurance rates do not affect the amount of psychotherapy, but the presence of case management has a positive effect on the amount of pharmacotherapy and on the likelihood of relapse. We find no discernible pattern of complementarity or substitution between pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy across providers. Although the amount of psychotherapy provided in conjunction with medication does not affect the rate of relapse to depression, psychotherapy may nonetheless provide beneficial outcomes not studied here. Choice of a psychiatrist reduces the likelihood of relapse, independent of the number of psychotherapy sessions and antidepressant prescriptions. The effect of provider choice on relapse could be an artifact of differences in provider follow-up practices or could represent a difference in provider skills. Managed care strategies do not appear to reduce the intensity of depression treatment, but case management does increase the likelihood of relapse. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy appear to be neither substitutes nor complements in the treatment of depression, suggesting that treatment is individualized. Choice of psychiatrist as the initial provider appears to reduce the likelihood of relapse, suggesting models of coordinated care may be beneficial. The link between psychiatrists and more psychotherapy is consistent with the hypothesis that patients resistant to treatment may nonetheless receive high quality care. Managed care tools such as case management and coinsurance rates do not appear to restrict the use of either psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. The association of case management with an increased likelihood of relapse suggests that plan characteristics can affect outcomes. Our study focuses on psychotherapy combined with medication and does not psychotherapy alone in the treatment of depression, which may be a preferred mode of treatment for some. Outcomes other than relapse, as well as costs, should also be considered. Our findings that psychiatrists are associated with a decreased likelihood of relapse and that case management is associated with an increased likelihood of relapse despite a correlation with greater pharmacotherapy intensity present avenues for additional study.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine leadership trends in France and Germany. It is examined whether leadership in both France and Germany is going to become participative in the near future due to increasing internationalization and due to the emergence of a new leadership generation in France and Germany with different expectations and behaviors, namely
Millennials.

Design/methodology/approach – This thesis comprises three major parts: First, leadership career paths in France and Germany are compared. Second, French and German management cultures are compared and their likelihood of convergence examined. Third, a closer look is taken at inter- as well as intra-generational differences with particular focus on Generation Y/ Millennials – the new leadership generation. Their differences and similarities in comparison with older generations as well as across national cultures are presented and discussed.

Findings – The analysis shows that outstanding leadership in both France and Germany seems to be participative. Further, French and German Millennials tend to be more open towards participative leadership than older generations. Nevertheless, participative leadership is more likely to be practiced in Germany than in France. French top managers still share very distinct national career path patterns, providing an elitist reputation and certain privileges. This often leads to rather non-participative, but authoritarian command-and-control based leadership
practices in France.

Research limitations/implications – Limitations of this thesis include the enormous scope of the topic - not everything could be covered in depth. Further, the up-to-date nature of the data used must be questioned - the incredible speed of change in today's business world makes even recent research studies outdated within a short period of time.

Originality/value – French and German top management career paths as well as French and German management practices have been examined individually as well as comparatively in countless studies. However, different than probably any research study so far, this thesis also
includes inter- generational as well as intra-generational differences and similarities in France and Germany in order to reveal future trends. All in all, this thesis provides a broad outline of leadership trends in France and Germany and points out where further research must be carried out in more depth.


Partial volume (PV) correction techniques in PET or SPECT represents a key step in image quantification methods. The PV effect arises because of the blurring induced by the imaging system's point spread function (PSF), producing intra-voxel mixing of the signals arising from different functional tissue classes. Quantification of this effect is often required to recover the mixing components within a group of voxels, from whence the true tissue concentration in a given volume or region can be estimated. In this work we consider a probabilistic methodology that uses a phenomenological distribution known as Benford's law to quantify the partial volume effect. We establish for the first time, that the probability distribution of voxels subjected to the PV effect in discrete volumetric data can be well described by Benford's law. The probabilistic framework devised here can be applied generically across different imaging modalities including PET and SPECT. Results from simulated data are presented, along with a PET phantom study utilizing registered processed CT data as ground truth, to determine the quality of the resulting probabilistic voxel classification scheme. For a water filled hot insert using a 5:1 insert:background activity concentration, we find an overall voxel RMS error of 3% (compared to ground truth) in the estimated voxel mixing vectors. This error rises to 8% for a cold air-filled insert in a warm background.


Pasifika peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand are amongst the fastest growing population of all the minority groups. The 2006 census shows that the Pasifika population makes up 6.9% of the total New Zealand population (Statistics New Zealand 2009). The current projections are that this figure will increase in 2026 to 18%. Many of the children who are at present strong in their language are in danger of becoming either monolingual, speaking English only. Samoan children in bilingual classes can achieve equally or higher than their Samoan counterparts in mainstream classrooms. This paper argues that the Samoan language has a crucial place and role to play in the teaching, learning and success of Samoan students in New Zealand schools.


Substances in the faeces of house dust mites are well-recognized as common allergens in the pathogenesis of asthma. There have been many trials of interventions aimed at reducing mite populations in the home, but most have been uncontrolled, too small, or too short to determine with confidence any beneficial effects. Of those which succeeded, very few used methods which reduced mite populations on a permanent basis. House dust mites are sensitive to humidity. Their geographical distribution is closely correlated to the availability of moisture. Very little work has been done on the effects of reducing humidity in the home environment in the long term, with a view to controlling dust mite populations. Two different methods which might reduce humidities to levels which could successfully reduce dust mite numbers are dehumidifiers, and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR). To date there has been no work assessing the effectiveness of dehumidifiers and very little (although promising) work on MVHR. We discuss the potential of humidity control as an adjunct to the clinical treatment of asthma.


One of the main challenges nowadays concerning nanostructured materials is the understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms, which are of the utmost relevance for many specific applications. There are different methods to characterize thermal conductivity at the nanoscale and in films, but in most cases, metrology, good resolution, fast time acquisition, and sample preparation are the issues. In this chapter, we will discuss one of the most fascinating techniques used for thermal characterization, the scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), which can provide simultaneously topographic and thermal information of the samples under study with nanometer resolution and with virtually no sample preparation needed. This method is based on using a nanothermometer, which can also be used as heater element, integrated into an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever. The chapter will start with a historical introduction of the technique, followed by the different kinds of probes and operation modes that can be used. Then, some of the equations and heating models used to extract the thermal conductivity from these measurements will be briefly discussed. Finally, different examples of actual measurements performed on films will be shown. Most of these results deal with thermoelectric thin films, where the thermal conductivity characterization is one of the most important parameters to optimize their performance for real applications.


This paper investigates the impact of separation on mothers' perception of their competence as parents. Using the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), a largescale nationally representative cohort study of children born in the UK in 2000-2001, we investigate the development of evaluations of parenting competence among a sample of 12,000 mothers who were living with the child's father when the baby was age nine months old. Specifically we ask, is parenting evaluation lower among those approximately 2000 mothers who separate compared to those who remain intact at each of three subsequent surveys at ages 3 5 and 7 years old. We look at the extent to which any negative impact of separation can be accounted for by the impact on maternal mental health or child's behaviour. We also investigate whether parenting competence tends to recover with time since separation, and whether it is positively affected by the frequency of the child's contact with his or her father. We find that mothers' perceived parenting competence is negatively affected by separation; but this can be accounted for by the impact of separation on children's behaviour and/or mother's mental health. By contrast with studies of mental health, among separated mothers we find no evidence recovery over time.


There has been much debate about the use of certain public order policing tactics in Britain in response to the disorder seen in recent years. This paper explored the use of an indiscriminate public order tactic that has received comparatively less attention, that of crowd dispersal techniques. More specifically, the use of police charges (either by mounted police or on foot) and subsequent collective flight was investigated. An interview study was conducted with 20 participants who experienced such charges at protests in English cities. Thematic analysis of the data found that although participants reported fear and initial crowd scattering, these instinctive responses were quickly replaced by more socialised reactions, such as co-operation with others and an increased sense of collective unity. Furthermore, participants reported greater determination to resist what were considered as illegitimate attacks by the police. This increased collective unity was explained in terms of a shared sense of experience that was similar to that found in previous crowd behaviour research. It was concluded that rather than fragmenting crowds, the tactic of crowd dispersal can unite previously heterogeneous groups to resist further police charges and so may be counter-productive as a public order policing strategy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en


This Country Program Evaluation (RE-365) covers the period 2003-2008, which was marked by the consequences of Jamaica's financial crisis which had erupted in 1995. During the crisis, the Bank remained the major multilateral partner engaged in the country. However, it underestimated the impact of the crisis, which left a legacy of debt overhang that continues to dominate and constrain the country's performance. Specifically, the Bank failed to recognize until quite late that the need to meet debt payments would require strong adjustment measures, undermining the public investment program. In light of Jamaica's continuing high level of public debt and economic vulnerabilities, the Country Program Evaluation makes a series of recommendations which are detailed in the paper.


Surface-layer (S-layer( supported lipid membranes on solid substrates are interfacial architectures mimicking the supramolecular principle of cell envelopes which have been optimized for billions of years of evolution in most extreme habitats. The authors implement this biological construction principle in a variety of layered supramolecular architectures consisting of a stabilizing protein monolayer and a functional phospholipid bilayer for the design and development of new types of solid-supported biomimetic membranes with a considerably extended stability and lifetime — compared to existing platforms — as required for novel types of bioanalytical sensors. First, Langmuir monolayers of lipids at the water/air interface are used as test beds for the characterization of different types of molecules which all interact with the lipid layers in various ways and, hence, are relevant for the control of the structure, stability, and function of supported membranes. As an example, the interaction of S-layer proteins from the bulk phase with a monolayer of a phospholipid synthetically conjugated with a secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) was studied as a function of the packing density of the lipids in the monolayer. Furthermore, SCWPs were used as a new molecular construction element. The exploitation of a specific lectin-type bond between the N-terminal part of selected S-layer proteins and a variety of glycans allowed for the buildup of supramolecular assemblies and thus functional membranes with a further increased stability. Next, S-layer proteins were self-assembled and characterized by the surface-sensitive techniques, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. The substrates were either planar gold or silicon dioxide sensor surfaces. The assembly of S-layer proteins from solution to solid substrates could nicely be followed in-situ and in real time. As a next step toward S-layer supported bilayer membranes, the authors characterized various architectures based on lipid molecules that were modified by a flexible spacer separating the amphiphiles from the anchor group that allows for a covalent coupling of the lipid to a solid support, e.g., using thiols for Au substrates. Impedance spectroscopy confirmed the excellent charge barrier properties of these constructs with a high electrical resistance. Structural details of various types of these tethered bimolecular lipid membranes were studied by using neutron reflectometry. Finally, first attempts are reported to develop a code based on a SPICE network analysis program which is suitable for the quantitative analysis of the transient and steady-state currents passing through these membranes upon the application of a potential gradient.


The premise of this special series is that evidence-based interventions and systems change are key foci for building capacity to serve children. In this article, we preface the series by introducing issues relevant to understanding the interplay of these foci and by describing the articles and their contributions. Common elements across these articles include the following: (a) consideration of the importance of evidence-based interventions; (b) data-guided, systematic, formative evaluation within a problem-solving model for localized service delivery and continuous quality improvement; (c) research, policy, and practice alignment; (d) comprehensive, multilayered service delivery informed by public health prevention perspectives; and (e) attention to systems factors related to adoption, adaptation, and sustainability of evidence-based interventions in school contexts.


This paper presents an attempt to make three contributions to engineering design literature on the topic of body language. Firstly, through a brief overview of existing work on the role of body language in engineering design, we propose the need for alternative tools and technologies to manual video coding. Manual video coding is time and resource consuming, and we believe that certain parts of data collection and analysis could be automated. Secondly, common tools for body language analysis not limited to engineering design is presented. These are manual video coding, vision-based motion capture, reflector-based motion capture, and inertial sensor-based motion capture. Each is presented together with a discussion of strengths and limitations, and potentially relevant use cases. Lastly, a pilot study regarding the application of a few, simple inertia-based sensors to recognise gesturing activity is shown. Wrist-mounted accelerometers were used to measure gesturing activity. This activity was compared to video material of the test subjects. Results from the pilot indicates that acceleration above a certain threshold could be linked to gesturing activity.


European rural landscapes as we experience them today are the result of ongoing processes and interactions between nature and society. These are changing fast: the future landscapes will be different from those we know currently. Written for academics, policy-makers and practitioners, this book is the first to explore the complex histories of rural landscapes in Europe as a basis for their sound governance in future. Tensions between the needs of agricultural spaces driven by economic incentives and a variety of non-agricultural functions are explored to demonstrate current challenges and the shortfalls in the policies that address them. Using inspiring case studies that highlight the roles of regional agents and communities, the authors go further than the usual analyses to illustrate the importance of local context. Written by experts currently working to revitalise the rural landscapes of Europe, the text concludes with suggestions for improving landscape policy and planning practice.


In order to optimize the hydraulic transportation system efficiency and cost in the surface extraction of Athabasca oil sand deposits in Canada, there is a desire to extend the hydraulic transport system to production faces in oil sands mines using mobile train of Flex-Rite-based flexible pipelines. Hydraulic transportation system based on flexible-pipe arrangement has been shown to be more competitive than the dump-truck transportation system. This flexible arrangement introduces a unique set of hydraulic transport problems which needs rigorous modeling, experimentation, and analysis to understand the system production capacities and efficiency. Part of the work presented here is an attempt to provide multiphase oil sand slurry simulation and modeling by developing a slurry flow simulator, a graphical user interface-based software, for Flex-Rite flexible-pipe train, a form of hydraulic transportation system. Such software provides a tool/platform for rigorous experimentation and analysis of flow and production capacities.


The handling and consumption of poultry is an important source of human campylobacteriosis. It is widely assumed that the control of Campylobacter in meat-producing poultry, with the aim of reducing the numbers of Campylobacter on poultry meat at the retail level, will reduce the public health burden of human campylobacteriosis. This chapter updates the knowledge of poultry infections and their control at the farm level and extends it to include the interface between the farm and the slaughterhouse. The focus of the chapter remains on the control of Campylobacter in primary production because in this food chain, the gut of living poultry is the only amplification point for Campylobacter. Epidemiological and exposure studies have implicated the handling and consumption of poultry meat as an important source for human campylobacteriosis. Colonization is largely in the ceca and is primarily confined to the intestinal mucous layer over the intestinal crypts of the villi. Reducing human campylobacteriosis is an important public health goal in most industrialized countries. Multispecies farming is a clear risk factor for Campylobacter-positive poultry flocks on the same site. The separation of Campylobacter-positive and -negative flocks and decontamination of the meat from positive flocks is an alternative strategy to reducing the risk of campylobacteriosis in humans. One practical control strategy that can be implemented at the farm-slaughterhouse interface is to separate colonized and noncolonized flocks during processing, and to subsequently treat the meat from Campylobacter-positive flocks.


This paper discusses the applicability of the Data Distribution Service (DDS) for the development of automated and modular manufacturing systems which require a flexible and robust communication infrastructure. DDS is an emergent standard for datacentric publish/subscribe middleware systems that provides an infrastructure for platform-independent many-to-many communication. It particularly addresses the needs of real-time systems that require deterministic data transfer, have low memory footprints and high robustness requirements. After an overview of the standard, several aspects of DDS are related to current challenges for the development of modern manufacturing systems with distributed architectures. Finally, an example application is presented based on a modular active fixturing system to illustrate the described aspects. Keywords—Flexible Manufacturing, Publish/Subscribe, Plug & Produce.


Imperialism today is emerging, freshly refurbished, as the progressive answer to problems of planetary disorder. Discarding conventional euphemisms, official ideologues and establishment media—from Blair's former factotum for international security in Prospect, to opinion-makers in the Financial Times and Foreign Affairs—now openly celebrate the return of Western empire across the world. Devoted in the service of human rights and free markets, military operations proceed without compunction for their consequences. As bombs rain down on the civilian populations of Iraq, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, or Palestinians are buried in their homes, the drawl is at best of 'collateral damage'—which, indeed, one enthusiast has complained was 'almost pedantically avoided' in Operation Enduring Freedom. By comparison with such contemporary sensibility, the frankly colonial warfare of the nineteenth century could at times hold a more honourable record. If its agents were equally certain in the moral superiority of their mission, a few, at least, were troubled by the misery they caused.


We describe the ground- and excited-state electronic structure of bulk MnO and NiO, two prototypical correlated electron materials, using coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD). As a corollary, this work also reports the first implementation of unrestricted periodic ab initio equation-of motion CCSD. Starting from a Hartree-Fock reference, we find fundamental gaps of 3.46 eV and 4.83 eV for MnO and NiO respectively for the 16 unit supercell, slightly overestimated compared to experiment, although finite-size scaling suggests that the gap is more severely overestimated in the thermodynamic limit. From the character of the correlated electronic bands we find both MnO and NiO to lie in the intermediate Mott/charge-transfer insulator regime, although NiO appears as a charge transfer insulator when only the fundamental gap is considered. While the lowest quasiparticle excitations are of metal 3d and O 2p character in most of the Brillouin zone, near the Γ point, the lowest conduction band quasiparticles are of s character. Our study supports the potential of coupled cluster theory to provide high level many-body insights into correlated solids.


Since the Middle Ages, a succession of names has been added to the place nomenclature of Sweden that have been borrowed, ready-made, from other countries. In many cases, these names have the form native to Swedish, e.g., Kina 'China' and Sibirien 'Siberia'. Names borrowed in something closer to their original form have often been reshaped linguistically, once they have been incorporated into the Swedish placename stock. Borrowed names may sometimes be examples of 'pure name transfer', the principal reason for their adoption being the prestige and glory associated with their original bearers. Others may have become attached to the site in question as a result of their secondary associations, e.g., Kina for a yellow house or Sibirien to refer to fields that are remote, exposed to frost or difficult to cultivate. Medieval examples of loan names of German origin are the town names Landskrona and Falkenberg and the common settlement name Rosendal (Ger. Rosenthal). In the 18 century some French and Italian names were introduced. In the 17 and 18 centuries, many smallholdings on large estates were named after foreign places associated with Sweden's many wars, e.g., Lutzen and Narva. A special group of name borrowings consists of Biblical names, e.g., Betlehem and Jerusalem.


Abstract Precision serial lapping in combination with raster image acquisition is an efficient and versatile approach to 3-D microstructure reconstruction of geological materials. However, during associated sample preparation and data acquisition, geometric inaccuracies are introduced, which, if neglected, severely distort the desired 3-D models of minerals and rock fabrics. A novel method is presented to assess and correct the relative shifts and rotations between the images acquired at the individual erosion levels. The method relies on optical reflection prisms which provide a precise internal reference system that allows all images making up an erosion series to be registered on a common system of coordinates. Tested on a microanalyser with digital sample stage control, the method yielded position errors between successive images of approximately 1 μm. A thorough description of the mechanical design of the reference system and the coordinate transformation formulae are given.


This paper proposes a novel approach for separating defect signals from coherent noise in guided wave monitoring data. This is achieved using independent component analysis (ICA), a technique which decomposes monitoring data into constituent signal elements. ICA is applied to guided wave signals from a range of industrial inspection scenarios, with analysis performed on test data from pipe loops that have been subject to multiple temperature cycles both in undamaged and damaged states. In addition to processing data from experimental damaged conditions, simulated damage signals have been added to `undamaged' experimental data, so enabling multiple different damage scenarios to be investigated. In all scenarios investigated the independent component analysis algorithm was able to extract the defect signal, rejecting coherent noise. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/234


This paper reports on the results of preliminary analyses of two corpora of learner Chinese that students produced during study abroad in China: A written corpus and a spoken corpus of longitudinal data. Several native language corpora were used as references. Results not only revealed that learners still underused the ba-construction, they also quantified the extent of the underuse. Additionally, findings from the longitudinal spoken corpus reveal that spending an entire year studying abroad in China can help students make progress in their production of the ba-construction. Pedagogically, it is suggested that teachers should consult native as well as learner corpora in developing teaching materials, and students should be encouraged to take learning into their own hands by consulting native corpora themselves, to engage in Data Driven Learning (DDL). This paper argues for the usefulness of corpus linguistics in the research and teaching of Chinese as a second language.


Knowledge management is a relatively young topic to other older strategic tools, and it has been attracting the attention of researchers and academics over the past decade or so. In this regard globalization is already in many countries including Malaysia like many other developing countries, Malaysia is also striving to fulfil its vision of becoming a developed nation. It is a fast growing country in terms of both economy and technology. However, obstacles for successful knowledge management initiatives will be there for this country, as well. Thus, exploration of the potential barriers is essential before any Malaysian company embarks on a knowledge management journey. This research has shed light to some of the important issues and challenges with reference to knowledge management in Malaysia by providing a more thorough and clear picture of the knowledge management status amongst Malaysian organizations. This could in turn help top managers and decision makers to develop a more insightful agenda to ensure success for their respective knowledge management initiatives.


The complexity of Web sites are increasing and transforming into Web applications that contain business
logic, interactivity, transaction handling and states. This phenomenon forces the Web developers to adapt
more traditional software engineering techniques to keep the Web applications error free, maintainable,
reusable, well documented etc.
Many Web developers do not use any engineering techniques at all and design mainly to create as
fashionable applications as possible with no regards on the application's functionality. This results in
applications that are hard to maintain and with poor functionality.
The purpose with this thesis was to see if the use of a more traditional software engineering technique,
namely the Unified Modeling Language with the newly added Web Application Extension, resulted in a Web
application with good design regarding the maintainability of the application .
To investigate the maintainability of an application, the maintainability was further divided into three sub
criteria: extensibility, reusability and documentation. These three criteria were then applied on a case study
were a Web application was designed. From the analysis of the final design, using the three criteria, the
maintainability was derived.
The result of the entire investigation showed that the UML WAE had a good support for extensibility, fair
support for reusability and very good support for documentation. From these results the main conclusion was
derived, that the use of UML WAE resulted in good design regarding the maintainability.
However, the result is limited to our case study and the design created in that case. The result may have
been different if the three criteria had been applied on a different case. Another aspect to consider is that the
quality of a design is often dependent on the knowledge of the persons that carry out the design.


We present results for 2-dimensional models of rapidly rotating main sequence stars for the case where the an- gular velocity Ω is constant throughout the star. The algorithm used solves for the structure on equipotential surfaces and iteratively updates the total potential, solving Poisson's equation by Legendre polynomial decomposition; the algorithm can readily be extended to include rotation constant on cylinders. We show that this only requires a small number of Legendre polynomials to accurately represent the solution. We present results for models of homogeneous zero age main sequence stars of mass 1, 2, 5, 10 Mwith a range of angular velocities up to break up. The models have a composition X = 0.70, Z = 0.02 and were computed using the OPAL equation of state and OPAL/Alexander opacities, and a mixing length model of convection modified to include the effect of rotation. The models all show a decrease in luminosity L and polar radius Rp with increasing angular velocity, the magnitude of the decrease varying with mass but of the order of a few percent for rapid rotation, and an increase in equatorial radius Re. Due to the contribution of the gravitational multipole moments the parameter Ω 2 R 3/GM can exceed unity in very rapidly rotating stars and Re/Rp can exceed 1.5.


Splash dams were in-stream structures that were used to facilitate log driving in the Oregon Coast Range (OCR) between 1880 and 1957. This study explores the potential legacy impacts of "splashing" on stream morphology in Camp Creek and the West Fork Millicoma in the Southern OCR. Field data on stream morphology, GIS analysis, and hydraulic modeling were used in a paired-reach and paired-basin approach to determine legacy impacts on stream widths, depths, cross-sectional shapes, wood accumulation and sediment size. The paired-reach approach did not demonstrate significant differences up-or downstream of past dam locations. The paired-basin approach indicates that "splashing" is associated with narrower streams and less fine sediment, although it is not clear whether this difference reflects legacy impacts of splash dams or other factors driving variations between basins. Splash dam releases significantly exceeded 100-yr flood magnitudes in headwater regions and were comparable to 100-yr flows in lower reaches.


This study explores the English language needs of learners on OU Openings or Level 1 Courses across the university, with a particular focus on learners who do not use English as their first language. Essentially this research attempted to find out the views of a small sample of tutors about the language skills learners are expected to have before they join the OU, the language skills they lack or the areas they need support in, how these learners are supported and whether the current provision of language support is sufficient.

The research was conducted with eleven tutors and one student via telephone interviews and emails for which a questionnaire was developed and given out prior to the interview. This was fundamentally a qualitative study, attempting to capture as much information as was possible in the short time available. The study was conducted in six days, which was very limited for this kind of study.

The findings suggest that these tutors perceive a clear need for English language support for the non-native speakers of English on the OU Openings or Level 1 courses. Efforts have been made at the regional level to support these learners. However, the responses in this study suggest that the current provision is not as effective or adequate as it should be.

This study also makes several recommendations about how the current situation can be improved. It should be noted that it is not possible to generalise the findings due to the size of the data sample. However, this pilot study indicates a need that deserves further investigation.


Game theory provides a descriptive or a normative account of an important class of decisions. Given the cognitive sciences' emphasis on explanation, unification with the behavioral sciences under a descriptive model would constitute a step backwards in their development. I argue for the interdependence of the cognitive and behavioral sciences and suggest that meaningful integration is already occurring through problem-based interdisciplinary research programs.


Background: This paper reports on the personal communities of a group of older widowed men. Although the incidence of widowhood is still greater for older women than it is for older men, this ratio has decreased over recent years, due in part to the increased life expectancy of men. However there remains a lack of qualitative research exploring gender differences in terms of the types and characteristics of social relationships and support during the transition.
Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted, September 2013-February 2014, with seven older widowers, 71-89 years of age, in the area of North Staffordshire, United Kingdom (UK). Interviews included personal community diagrams to identify the structure of the older men's social relationships. Data analysis included thematic analysis of interview transcripts and content analysis of personal community diagrams.

Results: The study identified four types of personal community among the older widowers, comprising different combinations of family, friends and others. The four types include two family-types and two friend-types. Ties with organisations and subsequent friendships tended to be 'task-focused' rather than purely 'social'. The majority of the older widowers had been long term carers, many of the men talked about friendships and social connections ending even before their wives had died. Conclusions: It is important to consider gender differences and preferences when designing services for older people. Policy makers and practitioners should also consider the social needs of long term carers as social isolation and loneliness can begin long before the death of a spouse.


Faced with climatic, soil deterioration and technical constraints, bean production is low and very variable in space and time. The selection of the best performing genotypes is faced with the presence of significant interaction between genotype x environment which significantly reduces effectiveness. An experiment following a randomized complete block design was conducted during two cultural seasons B2012 and B2013 in 3 edaphoclimatic characteristic sites in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Luvungi, Kashusha and Bitese and aimed to analyze the interaction genotype x environment yield of six biofortify bean genotypes, in order to identify the best in these ecosystems. Germination rate, day number to the flowering stage, days number to the physiological maturity stage, harvested plants number, pods per plant number, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds were observed. The interaction was analyzed using AMMI model and typological with by the Chord similarity indices. On one hand, genotypes with specific adaptability, namely Maharagi Kalanga in Luvungi; CodMLB001 in Kashusha and BRB194 and RWK10 in Bitese. On other hand, those broad adaptations as HM21-7 for Kashusha and Luvungi and RWR2245 for Kashusha and Bitese were also highlighted. Popularization and positive exploitation the interaction on high production potential sites and the general adaptation on relatively lower potential sites improves yield by valorizing each environment and the adoption of these genotypes by farmers.


Do commercial property owners internalize increases in tax payments or pass these increases onto the renters of commercial space? To address this question, I develop a nonlinear mixed effect multilevel model that exploits cross-sectional and longitudinal variation in a panel of office rent and tax rate data for 1,300 office buildings across 93 Eastern Massachusetts municipalities over a 27 year period. Findings for the full set of buildings indicate a full-pass-through of a dollar increase in the tax payment to the renter of space. However, incidence for less centrally located buildings (outside a 5km radius from the Boston central business district) ranges from $0.52 to $0.67 for a dollar increase in the tax payment; incidence for more central buildings (within 5km from the Boston central business district) ranges from $1.06 to $1.39. An incidence greater than one is in line with theoretical hypotheses regarding general tax incidence within imperfectly competitive markets. Further, these findings indicate that elasticity of demand for office space relative to elasticity of supply may be larger in more decentralized locations.


Purpose Visual impairment presents significant risks for occupational injuries among farmworkers, a vulnerable population with limited access to vision care. Although previous research has noted farmworkers' low lifetime experience with vision screening and high rates of complaints of eye ailments and poor vision, there have been few screening data collected to evaluate these self-reports. The objectives of this analysis are to (1) describe farmworker visual health using standardized visual acuity screening data and self-reported visual function, and (2) to compare the screening and self-report data. Methods Data are from a cross-sectional study of eye health among Latino migrant farmworkers in North Carolina with uncorrected vision (n = 289). Workers were recruited using methods to achieve a representative sample of a hard-to-reach population. Visual acuity data were collected using Snellen Tumbling E charts for nearsightedness and farsightedness. Binocular data are reported here. Interviews were conducted to obtain personal characteristics and self-assessed visual function. Results About 75% of farmworkers reported never having had a vision screening. Based on binocular screening, 1.7% (distance vision) and 6.9% (near vision) had moderate to severe visual impairment (>20/40). Farmworkers self-reported poorer visual function, compared with screening results; only 36.4% reported good or very good vision. Sensitivity of distance and near vision self-reports were 60 and 20%, respectively, but specificity was high. Conclusions This study confirms past reports of little vision screening among farmworkers. Visual impairment for distance is comparable to other studies of Latinos in the US, though these studies have not reported near vision. Self-reports of vision problems are not a sensitive measure of visual acuity among farmworkers. Screening is needed to identify visual impairment that can create occupational safety risks in this health disparate population.


As the 1950s dawned, a new level of sexual openness developed in behavior and dress. In magazines and on beaches, women appeared in revealing two-piece bathing suits called bikinis. Bunny Yeager, model and commercial photographer, forged a unique role in 1952, photographing bikinis and the beautiful women who wore them. This collection of Bunny's work from the 1950s features 169 original photographs and featuring little known models and women she helped launch to fame, such as Betty Page. The bikinis they wore were often of Bunny's own creation, sewn with her own hands. She says, "My ability helped me sell photographs to men's magazines and compete with male photographers. They didn't know how to sew!" Many of her original designs still influence styles today. This collection of photographs, along with Bunny's reflections on her life and career, the models, and the era, make an insightful addition to the literature on this photographic pioneer.


Objective To describe characteristics and outcomes of HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) over 2004–2011 in France, in particular in those previously enrolled (PE) in the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH). Methods PE patients with an incident PCP were compared with patients with an inaugural PCP revealing HIV infection (reference). Adequate adherence to care was defined as a CD4 measurement at least every 6 months. Immune reconstitution (CD4≥200/mm3) and risk of death were studied using Kaplan-Meier estimates and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results In a context of a decreasing incidence of PCP, 1259 HIV-infected patients had a PCP diagnosis, and 593 (47%) were PE patients of whom 161 (27%) have had a prior history of AIDS-defining clinical illness (prior ADI). Median time since enrolment was 8 years for PE patients; 74% had received cART. Median proportion of time with adequate adherence to care was 85% (IQR, 66–96) for all FHDH enrollees, but only 45% (IQR, 1–81) for PE patients during the 2 years before PCP. Median CD4 cell count (38/mm3) and HIV viral load (5.2 log10 copies/ml) at PCP diagnosis did not differ between PE patients and the reference group. Three year mortality rate of 25% was observed for PE prior ADI group, higher than in PE non-prior ADI group (8%) and the reference group (9%) (p<0.0001). In the PE prior ADI group, poor prognosis remained even after adjustment for virological control and immune reconstitution (HR, 2.4 [95%CI, 1.5–3.7]). Conclusion Almost 50% of PCP diagnoses in HIV-infected patients occurred presently in patients already in care, mainly with a previous cART prescription but with waning adherence to care. Having repeated ADI is contributing to the risk of death beyond its impact on immune reconstitution and viral suppression: special efforts must be undertaken to maintain those patients in care.