Water plays a critical role in every aspect of civilization: agriculture, industry, economy, environment, recreation, transportation, culture, and health. While clean water and sanitary conditions remain an elusive luxury in many parts of the world, we, as Americans, take them for granted. Much of the United States' drinking water and wastewater infrastructure; however, is old and deteriorating. A crisis looms as our demands on these systems increase. The costs associated with renewal of these aging systems are staggering. There is a critical disconnect between the methodological remedies for infrastructure renewal problems and the current sequential or isolated manner of renewal analysis and execution. This demonstrates the need for a holistic systems perspective to address the renewal problem. Therefore, new tools are needed to provide support for water infrastructure decisions. Such decisions are necessary to sustain economic growth, environmental quality, and improved societal benefits.

Accurate prediction of wastewater pipe structural and functional deterioration plays an essential role in asset management and capital improvement planning. The key to implementing an asset management strategy is a comprehensive understanding of asset condition, performance, and risk profile. The primary objective of this research is therefore to develop protocols and methods for predicting the remaining economic life of wastewater pipes. This report presents a development of a robust performance index for wastewater pipes, including physical/structural, operational/functional, environmental and other parameters, for not only the pipe, but also the entire pipe system. An analysis of data from participating utilities was conducted to establish the statistical significance of each parameter. These parameters are grouped into pipe properties, internal environment, and external environment. The proposed performance rating system evaluates each parameter and combines them mathematically through a weighted summation and a fuzzy* inference system that reflects the importance of the various factors. The Performance Index comprises of structural and functional index. Each index evaluates pipes in scale from zero to five. Zero indicates the worst condition, whereas five indicates the best condition.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series .

ISBN: 9781780400464 (eBook)


Although the Treaty on European Union is, in many respects, an ambitious blueprint for European integration, it has little to say about a number of areas of public policy. In some of these areas, no clear guidance is given about whether responsibility for policy should remain with Member States or be re-assigned to the supranational tier. By contrast, the assignment of competences is entirely explicit in other fields. Thus, monetary union will see the transfer of responsibility for monetary policy from Member States to the European Central Bank (ECB), while fiscal policy will remain with Member States. The ECB, acting together with national Central Banks in what will be known as the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), will also have related responsibilities for assuring the viability of the European financial system. Yet even here there is ambiguity about where responsibilities will lie for different functions. Prudential supervision of banks - controls designed to assure the capital adequacy and liquidity of banks - is a good illustration of this. Thus, article 105 (5) of the Treaty states that the ESCB 'shall contribute to ... prudential supervision of credit institutions and the stability of the financial system' and in 105 (6) there is reference to the possibility that the ECB may be asked to undertake specific tasks in relation to 'prudential supervision of credit institutions and other financial institutions with the exception of insurance undertakings'. In the transition to EMU, the European Monetary Institute (EMI), which is the precursor to the ECB, is given the right to hold consultations on 'issues falling within the competence of the national central banks and affecting the stability of financial institutions and markets' (article 109f). This paper first reviews the case for supervision of banks and other credit institutions. The following section outlines a series of new problems for prudential supervisors and reviews recent relevant experience in the United States and elsewhere. The discussion then turns to an assessment of the arguments surrounding the extent of the involvement that an EU tier of government should have in this arena. Finally, a number of conclusions and proposals are presented.


BACKGROUND
Difficulties in communication and reciprocal social behavior are core features of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and are often present, to varying degrees, in other family members. This prospective longitudinal infant sibling study examines whether social-communicative features of family members may inform which infants are at increased risk for ASD and other developmental concerns.

METHOD
Two hundred and seventeen families participated in this study. Infant siblings were recruited from families with at least one older child diagnosed with an ASD (n = 135) or at least one typically developing older child (n = 82). Families completed the Social Responsiveness Scale to assess social and communication features of the broader autism phenotype (BAP), sometimes called quantitative autistic traits (QAT). Family affectedness was assessed in two ways: categorically, based on number of affected older siblings (i.e., typical, simplex, multiplex risk groups) and dimensionally, by assessing varying degrees of QAT in all family members. Infant siblings were assessed at 36 months of age and completed the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning.

RESULTS
In structural equation models, comparisons between multiplex, simplex and typical groups revealed the highest rates of QAT in the multiplex group followed by the simplex and typical groups. Infant sibling outcomes were predicted by gender, family risk group, proband QAT, and additional sibling QAT.

CONCLUSIONS
Replicating previous cross-sectional and family history findings, the present study found elevated social and communication features of the BAP in siblings and fathers of ASD families, but not in mothers. While social and communication features of the BAP in mothers, fathers, and undiagnosed siblings did not predict infant sibling outcomes, having more than one affected older sibling did. Infant siblings from multiplex families were at significantly higher risk for ASD than infant siblings from simplex families in this sample.


Two groups identify additional regulators of mitochondrial dynamics and degradation. Mitochondria are both producers of cellular energy and regulators of lipid metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction is found in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson disease, which affects motor control due to the death of a specific set of dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles undergoing fusion, which involves the protein mitofusin (Mfn), and fission, which involves the protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Parkin and the kinase PINK1 regulate mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy: Parkin is recruited to dysfunctional mitochondrial by PINK1, which is stabilized under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction, and Parkin mediates the ubiquitylation of multiple mitochondrial proteins, including Mfn, to promote mitophagy. Two groups report the results of experiments initiated using the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Yun et al. characterized a mitochondria-associated ubiquitin and SUMO ligase MUL1, and Ivatt et al. found a connection between lipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitophagy. Yun et al. found that overexpression of MUL1, but not a ligase-inactive mutant, suppressed the mitochondrial phenotypes associated with loss of PINK1 function in fly dopaminergic neurons and flight muscles. Flies genetically deficient in MUL1 or in which MUL1 was knocked down exhibited elongated mitochondria, indicating a function for MUL1 in promoting mitochondrial fission. Consistent with this function, overexpression of MUL1 resulted in reduced amounts of Mfn both in wild-type flies and in flies deficient in PINK1; knockout of MUL1 resulted in increased amounts of Mfn. Overexpression of Mfn phenocopied defects that occurred in PINK1- or Parkin-deficient flies and these defects were rescued by overexpression of MUL1. Genetic analysis of single and double mutants indicated that the MUL1 and PINK1-Parkin function in parallel pathways. Cultured human cancer cells (HeLa) overexpressing MUL1 had smaller globular mitochondria compared with those not overexpressing MUL1, demonstrating that the role of MUL1 in promoting mitochondrial fission is conserved across species. Furthermore, knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of MUL1 stabilized both Mfn1 and Mfn2 in HeLa cells. Although knockout of MUL1 did not affect the recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in response to chemicals that disrupt mitochondrial function, the knockdown of MUL1 exacerbated the fragmentation and retraction of axons of cortical neurons from Parkin-knockout mice and caused a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in the Parkin-knockout neurons. Thus, this study indicated that MUL1 functioned in a parallel pathway to PINK1-Parkin to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and that loss of MUL1 function can exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration associated with loss of function of the PINK1-parkin pathway. Ivatt et al. provide evidence for a connection between regulation of mitophagy and lipid biosynthesis from a genome-wide RNA interference screen in Drosophila S2 cells for genes that altered the recruitment of Parkin fused to green fluorescent protein (Parkin-GFP) to the mitochondria in response to chemicals, such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), that disrupt mitochondrial function. Twenty candidate genes were validated to function as positive regulators of mitophagy. Several of these encoded proteins that function in lipid biosynthesis: SREBF1, a transcription factor of the SREBP family that promotes lipid biosynthesis; FBXW7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets SREBP and also functions with Parkin; and GSK3α, a serine-threonine kinase involved in many cellular processes. Knockdown of SREBF1, FBXW7, or GSK3α in HeLa cells reduced mitophagy and Parkin translocation to mitochondria in response to chemical disruption of mitochondrial function. Cells exposed to CCCP and in which either SREBF1 or FBXW7 were knocked down had normal rates of autophagic flux and expression of PINK1, but the mitochondrial membrane potential was lost, confirming that the effects of loss of SREBF1 and FBXW7 were related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Knockdown of SREBF1, but not FBXW7, reduced the abundance of PINK1 and its recruitment to puncta in cells exposed to CCCP. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum exchange lipids and both contribute to lipid metabolism. Supplementing the medium with either cholesterol or cholesterol with fatty acids stabilized PINK1 and restored the accumulation of Parkin in mitochondrial puncta in the SREBF1-knockdown cells exposed to CCCP. SREBF1 was identified in GWAS (genome-wide association studies) of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Thus, the SREBP-mediated lipid biosynthesis pathway positively contributes to mitophagy, which may explain the association of SREBF1 with sporadic Parkinson's disease. J. Yun, R. Puri, H. Yang, M. A. Lizzio, C. Wu, Z.-H. Sheng, M. Guo, MUL1 acts in parallel to the PINK1/parkin pathway in regulating mitofusin and compensates for loss of PINK1/parkin. eLife 3, e01958 (2014). [PubMed] R. M. Ivatt, A. Sanchez-Martinez, V. K. Godena, S. Brown, E. Ziviani, A. J. Whitworth, Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies the Parkinson disease GWAS risk locus SREBF1 as a regulator of mitophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 8494–8499 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text]


: Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD) comprises gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, gastric stasis, bloating, abdominal pain, and opioid-induced constipation, which significantly impair patients' quality of life and may lead to undertreatment of pain. Traditional laxatives are often prescribed for OIBD symptoms, although they display limited efficacy and exert adverse effects. Other strategies include prokinetics and change of opioids or their administration route. However, these approaches do not address underlying causes of OIBD associated with opioid effects on mostly peripheral opioid receptors located in the GI tract. Targeted management of OIBD comprises purely peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonists and a combination of opioid receptor agonist and antagonist. Methylnaltrexone induces laxation in 50%–60% of patients with advanced diseases and OIBD who do not respond to traditional oral laxatives without inducing opioid withdrawal symptoms with similar response (45%–50%) after an oral administration of naloxegol. A combination of prolonged-release oxycodone with prolonged-release naloxone (OXN) in one tablet (a ratio of 2:1) provides analgesia with limited negative effect on the bowel function, as oxycodone displays high oral bioavailability and naloxone demonstrates local antagonist effect on opioid receptors in the GI tract and is totally inactivated in the liver. OXN in daily doses of up to 80 mg/40 mg provides equally effective analgesia with improved bowel function compared to oxycodone administered alone in patients with chronic non-malignant and cancer-related pain. OIBD is a common complication of long-term opioid therapy and may lead to quality of life deterioration and undertreatment of pain. Thus, a complex assessment and management that addresses underlying causes and patomechanisms of OIBD is recommended. Newer strategies comprise methylnaltrexone or OXN administration in the management of OIBD, and OXN may be also considered as a preventive measure of OIBD development in patients who require opioid administration.


Genetic variation among 596 individuals from 22 natural and 3 planted populations of Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae) sampled from the montane forests of Ethiopia was investigated at amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci. We observed 106 unequivocally scorable AFLP markers out of which 91.5 percent were polymorphic. Populations harbored varying genetic diversities (He = 0.139-0.362), and showed low but significant genetic differentiation among them (FST = 0.077). Significant differentiation was observed even though previous paleoecological studies indicated that Hagenia abyssinica recolonized Ethiopia only after the Last Glacial Maximum, and our earlier analyses of maternally inherited chloroplast DNA revealed low mixing of recolonizing lineages through seeds and rare long distance seed dispersal. Genetic diversity did not decrease along recolonization routes, confirming effective gene flow, most likely through pollen, among populations. The observed variation at putatively neutral AFLPs does not reflect clinal variation patterns. As expected, population differentiation is lower at anonymous, mostly biparentally inherited, AFLPs than at maternally inherited chloroplast haplotypes. Despite presumably efficient seed and pollen dispersal of H. abyssinica by wind, a significant non-random fine-scale spatial genetic structure was observed up to 80 m in some populations. Due to significant pair-wise differentiation observed between populations, as many populations as possible should be considered for conservation, tree improvement and forestation programs.


Different spatial distributions of food abundance and predators may urge birds to make a trade-off between food intake and danger. Such a trade-off might be solved in different ways in migrant birds that either follow a time-minimizing or energy-minimizing strategy; these strategies have been assigned to two sub-species of Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica that use the European Wadden Sea during northward migration. At the study area on Terschelling we recorded feeding site selection, time budgets and intake rates (prey/min) in the period that both lapponica (energy minimizer) and taymyrensis (time minimizer) sub-species were present (late April till the end of May 2007). Prey availability (number of prey/m2) was negatively correlated to the distance from cover. Based on resightings of colour-ringed Bar-tailed Godwits, taymyrensis was foraging closer to cover, and for a higher proportion of time than lapponica (67% vs. 33%). During the high tide period taymyrensis was also foraging on inland coastal meadows, Moreover, taymyrensis was more vigilant than lapponica, whereas lapponica showed more resting and preening behaviour. Lapponica had a higher instantaneous intake rate, but taymyrensis had a higher overall intake rate and the birds were more successful in taking larger prey items than lapponica. Supposedly, due to the increased foraging time and additional foraging on the inland meadows, the time-minimizing taymyrensis achieved a higher fuel deposition rate than lapponica. Taymyrensis shifted towards food-rich areas, apparently accepting higher predation risks, whereas energy-minimizing lapponica avoided predation danger by foraging further from cover.


People's activities naturally involve the coordination of gaze and hand. Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) endeavours to enable users to exploit this multimodality for enhanced interaction. With the abundance of touch screen devices, direct manipulation of an interface has become a dominating interaction technique. Although touch enabled devices are prolific in both public and private spaces, interactions with these devices do not fully utilise the benefits from the correlation between gaze and hand. Touch enabled devices do not employ the richness of the continuous manual activity above their display surface for interaction and a lot of information expressed by users through their hand movements is ignored. This thesis aims at investigating the correlation between gaze and hand during natural interaction with touch enabled devices to address these issues. To do so, we set three objectives. Firstly, we seek to describe the correlation between gaze and hand in order to understand how they operate together: what is the spatial and temporal relationship between these modalities when users interact with touch enabled devices? Secondly, we want to know the role of some of the inherent factors brought by the interaction with touch enabled devices on the correlation between gaze and hand, because identifying what modulates the correlation is crucial to design more efficient applications: what are the impacts of the individual differences, the task characteristics and the features of the on-screen targets? Thirdly, as we want to see whether additional information related to the user can be extracted from the correlation between gaze and hand, we investigate the latter for the detection of users' cognitive state while they interact with touch enabled devices: can the correlation reveal the users' hesitation? To meet the objectives, we devised two data collections for gaze and hand. In the first data collection, we cover the manual interaction on-screen. In the second data collection, we focus instead on the manual interaction in-the-air. We dissect the correlation between gaze and hand using three common hand events users perform while interacting with touch enabled devices. These events comprise taps, stationary hand events and the motion between taps and stationary hand events. We use a tablet as a touch enabled device because of its medium size and the ease to integrate both eye and hand tracking sensors. We study the correlation between gaze and hand for tap events by collecting gaze estimation data and taps on tablet in the context of Internet related tasks, representative of typical activities executed using tablets. The correlation is described in the spatial and temporal dimensions. Individual differences and effects of the task nature and target type are also investigated. To study the correlation between gaze and hand when the hand is in a stationary situation, we conducted a data collection in the context of a Memory Game, chosen to generate enough cognitive load during playing while requiring the hand to leave the tablet's surface. We introduce and evaluate three detection algorithms, inspired by eye tracking, based on the analogy between gaze and hand patterns. Afterwards, spatial comparisons between gaze and hands are analysed to describe the correlation. We study the effects on the task difficulty and how the hesitation of the participants influences the correlation. Since there is no certain way of knowing when a participant hesitates, we approximate the hesitation with the failure of matching a pair of already seen tiles. We study the correlation between gaze and hand during hand motion between taps and stationary hand events from the same data collection context than the case mentioned above. We first align gaze and hand data in time and report the correlation coefficients in both X and Y axis. After considering the general case, we examine the impact of the different factors implicated in the context: participants, task difficulty, duration and type of the hand motion. Our results show that the correlation between gaze and hand, throughout the interaction, is stronger in the horizontal dimension of the tablet rather than in its vertical dimension, and that it varies widely across users, especially spatially. We also confirm the eyes lead the hand for target acquisition. Moreover, we find out that the correlation between gaze and hand when the hand is in the air above the tablet's surface depends on where the users look at on the tablet. As well, we show that the correlation during eye and hand during stationary hand events can indicate the users' indecision, and that while the hand is moving, the correlation depends on different factors, such as the degree of difficulty of the task performed on the tablet and the nature of the event before/after the motion.


Motion pictures were taken at 1,850 frames per second of the spray penetration and combustion occurring in the N.A.C.A. combustion apparatus arranged to operate as a compression-ignition engine. Indicator cards were taken simultaneously with the motion pictures by means of the N.A.C.A. optical indicator. The motion pictures showed that when ignition occurred during injection it started in the spray envelope. If ignition occurred after injection cut-off, however, and after considerable mixing had taken place, it was impossible to predict where the ignition would start. The pictures also showed that ignition usually started at several points in the combustion chamber. With this apparatus, as the injection advance angle increased from 0 degrees to 40 degrees before top center, the rate of flame spread increased and the duration of the burning decreased.


Although the observational status of data produced by instruments has been widely discussed among philosophers of science, those who defend it (e.g. Shapere (1982), Hacking (1983), Humphreys (2004) and many others) still do not completely account for contemporary practices of observation. Indeed, these data are very often computationally processed before they are examined by scientists and tend to be more and more so, as most detectors now produce data in a digital form. Hence, the raw data (the data detected and not yet modified) are stored as matrices or vectors that can easily be mathematically processed. In addition, while computational data processing shares important features with simulations, as both practices are based on the solving of equations associated to models, philosophical analyses of simulations (e.g. Humphreys (1994 and 2004), Hartman (1996)) are unable to account for data processing in observation, for in these different studies of simulations, the model aims to describe the phenomenon which is precisely at the center of scientific investigation. On the contrary, in data processing for observation, scientists make use of two types of models which are both neutral regarding the studied object or phenomenon. The first type of models concerns the different steps of data acquisition, and permits the scientist to predict the data corresponding to a given phenomenon. When used the other way around in an inverse problem, this type of treatments allows to specify the original phenomenon from the data, in a greater purity or in a spatial representation that can be grasped more easily by the observer. Hence, one can "deblur" (or deconvolve) images that are blurry due to a detector that is not accurate enough (e.g. in microscopy) or give a 3D representation of a phenomenon for which we originally could only produce 2D images (e.g. in CAT-scan imaging.) The second type of models, which deals more specifically with images, aims to describe some mechanism of vision such as the demarcation (or segmentation) of objects or the simplification of images, for example by making homogeneous some regions which are not so, but that we would tend to see as such. This permits to facilitate the reading of images and to obtain a better correlation between what two different observers see. While the inferential nature of the treatments applied to data is not dubious (see Delehanty (2005) for positron emission tomography (PET) images), the fundamental distinction in the context of observation is not between inferential and non-inferential, but rather between inferences which concern the very object of the scientific inquiry, and those which concern data acquisition and perception processes, since only the two latter types of inferences can be compatible with observation. More specifically, I shall argue that computer treatments which involve models of data acquisition do not bring any additional difficulty regarding the observational status of data, compared to the raw data produced by the same instrument, since the treatments only make explicit use of the knowledge of processes that the observer already adheres to (explicitly or implicitly). By implementing this knowledge in a systematic and reliable way, they also permit one to reduce the gap between (raw) data and phenomena. However, the role of treatments that make use of models of perception in observation is much harder to defend, since the resulting images often lack many of the original features of the raw data.


Abstract We examined the impact of feedback on the accuracy of people′s judgments of their opponents′ interests and on the quality of negotiated outcomes. Pairs of subjects engaged in four bargaining tasks. Following each task, some subjects received a complete diagnosis of their opponent′s interests in the preceding task (full feedback); others learned only about their opponents final outcomes (outcome feedback); some did not receive any information about their opponent (control). We predicted that subjects who received a complete diagnosis would make more accurate judgments about their opponent′s interests and reach more integrative agreements in subsequent negotiation situations. Results supported the hypothesis. However, outcome-only feedback did not improve judgment accuracy and performance. We interpret the results as supporting a judgment-action-outcome model of feedback.


This paper discusses the process of signature identification using computer by implementing the artificial neural network of backpropagation and the function of activation using sigmoid biner by initializing small random numbers for weights and biases, and value range generated between 0 and 1. The method of analysis and its design use Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) through the approach of Prototype and its test uses black box. This application receives the input of signature pattern using digital image in the format of bmp, jpg, png, gif and tif sized in 300 x 300 pixels or the signature pattern directly drawn by using mouse in a specified area. The architecture of artificial neural network of backpropagation is 400 nodes of input layer, 50 nodes of hidden layer and 4 nodes of output layer. Keywords:         Signature pattern, artificial neural network of backpropagation, sigmoid biner, object-oriented analysis and design, prototype, black box


Standard economic analysis predicts that increased U.S. trade with unskilled labor–abundant countries should reduce the relative wages of U.S. unskilled labor, but empirical studies in the 1990s found only a modest effect. Has the situation changed in this decade, given the surge in imports from very low wage countries? In fact, most of this increase has been in skill-intensive goods such as computers, so that one would expect little additional impact on U.S. relative wages. However, developing countries appear to be specializing in unskilled labor–intensive niches within these industries. If so, the effect on wage inequality could still be significant. The paper develops a model and a numerical example showing that when developing countries can take over the unskilled labor–intensive portions of vertically specialized industries, the consequences can closely resemble the textbook effect. But determining the actual impact will require more finely disaggregated factor content data than are currently available.


Why do people evade paying taxes? This is the central question addressed in this volume by Robert McGee and a multidisciplinary group of contributors from around the world. Applying insights from economics, public finance, political science, law, philosophy, theology and sociology, the authors consider the complex motivations for not paying taxes and the conditions under which this behavior might be rationalized. Applying theoretical approaches as well as empirical research, The Ethics of Tax Evasion considers three general arguments for tax evasion: (1) in cases where the government is corrupt or engaged in human rights abuses; (2) where citizens claim inability to pay, unfairness in the tax system, paying for things that do not benefit the taxpayer, excessively high tax rates, or where taxes are used to support an unpopular war; and (3) through philosophical, moral, or religious opposition. The authors further explore these issues by asking whether attitudes toward tax evasion differ by country or other demographic variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, income level, marital status, education or religion. The result is a multi-faceted analysis of tax evasion in cultural and institutional context, and, more generally, a study in ethical dilemmas and rational decision making.


Abstract Numerical simulation of multiphase flow and transport processes forms an important base for the assessment of deep geological repositories for radioactive waste. The finite volume simulation code TOUGH2-MP with its EOS7R equation-of-state module is a good starting point for large-scale simulations of the relevant processes, including solute transport of radionuclides, in and around a geological repository. On this base, we developed the equation-of-state module EOS75Rx that contains optimizations and specific extensions allowing for a much more efficient treatment of the problem at hand. First, hydrogen, which is formed by corrosion of waste containers and by radiolysis of organic wastes, replaces air as the main component of the gas phase. Second, an arbitrary number of variably long decay chains with branching can be considered. Third, solubility limitation and associated precipitation of chemical elements are modeled. Finally, a bug fix related to the source terms has been implemented. The new TOUGH2-MP EOS75Rx module has been validated using unitary tests and benchmark problems for the single- and two-phase flow and transport of radionuclides through porous media and soils. Its performance has been demonstrated by a large-scale, three-dimensional simulation of the performance of a generic deep geological repository in clay host rock.


Modern memory consistency models are complex, and it is difficult to reason about the relaxed behaviors that current systems allow. Programming languages, such as C and OpenCL, offer a memory model interface that developers can use to safely write concurrent applications. This abstraction provides functional portability across any platform that implements the interface, regardless of differences in the underlying systems. This powerful abstraction hinges on the ability of the system to correctly implement the interface. Many techniques for memory consistency model validation use empirical testing, which has been effective at uncovering undocumented behaviors and even finding bugs in trusted compilation schemes. Memory model testing consists of small concurrent unit tests called "litmus tests". In these tests, certain observations, including potential bugs, are exceedingly rare, as they may only be triggered by precise interleaving of system steps in a complex processor, which is probabilistic in nature. Thus, each test must be run many times in order to provide a high level of confidence in its coverage. In this work, we rigorously investigate empirical memory model testing. In particular, we propose methodologies for navigating complex stressing routines and analyzing large numbers of testing observations. Using these insights, we can more efficiently tune stressing parameters, which can lead to higher confidence results at a faster rate. We emphasize the need for such approaches by performing a meta-study of prior work, which reveals results with low reproducibility and inefficient use of testing time. Our investigation is presented alongside empirical data. We believe that OpenCL targeting GPUs is a pragmatic choice in this domain as there exists a variety of different platforms to test, from large HPC servers to power-efficient edge devices. The tests presented in the work span 3 GPUs from 3 different vendors. We show that our methodologies are applicable across the GPUs, despite significant variances in the results. Concretely, our results show: lossless speedups of more than 5× in tuning using data peeking; a definition of portable stressing parameters which loses only 12% efficiency when generalized across our domain; a priority order of litmus tests for tuning. We stress test a conformance test suite for the OpenCL 2.0 memory model and discover a bug in Intel's compiler. Our methods are evaluated on the other two GPUs using mutation testing. We end with recommendations for official memory model conformance tests.


People travel on commercial Aircraft worldwide on medical, social and economic indications. Although civil aviation industry acts as a fulcrum for the booming Medical Tourism, it encounters increasing number of in-flight medical emergencies in the recent years. Inflight medical events are potentially a significant problem due to aircraft at 30000 feet far from advanced medical care, restricted cabin space and resources. Several studies have shown that every day 0.7 to 3% in-flight medical events occur on board worldwide. Data collected by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation show that between August 2012 and August 2013, there was a total of 46 emergency landings, 38 were because of medical emergencies. The aim of this paper is (i) To assess the present system of cabin crew trained to meet the challenges of in-flight medical emergencies (ii) To evaluate the scientific soundness of Aviation Nursing in future. The objective is (1) To institute proper pre and post medical care in the event of any in-flight medical emergency (2) To reduce the incidence of flight diversion and emergency landing. Reviewing various literatures it was found that many authors have highlighted medical management by the trained cabin crew with the help of physician / paramedics on board, but this author raise one genuine doubt that all physicians on board would not be willing to come forward for such emergencies, it should not be an obligatory favour to tackle medical emergencies on board. Further, no published studies have touched upon the need of 'Aviation Nursing' /flight nurse for in flight medical emergencies.


Hashimoto, Hajime (Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan), and Susumu Mitsuhashi. Drug resistance of enteric bacteria. VII. Recombination of R factors with tetracycline-sensitive mutants. J. Bacteriol. 92:1351–1356. 1966.—The transmissible drug-resistance factor R is able to confer resistance to tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM), and sulfonamide (SA) on a host bacterium when infected by cell-to-cell contact. Tetracycline-sensitive mutants were isolated from either CM- or SM-sensitive mutants of an R factor. Among 30 mutants isolated, 10 were point mutants which could recombine with each other, forming recombinant R factors able to grow on plates containing 50 μg/ml of TC. The recombination frequency of TC-resistant recombinants was 10−2 to 10−3 in bacterial cells carrying two types of TC-sensitive R factors by superinfection with both factors. Segregational patterns of the various markers on the R factor, i.e., chl, str, sul, and m, the locus determining R mating, and their linkage order, were investigated among TC-resistant recombinants of the R factor. When TC was used as the selective drug, the tet locus mapped on the R factor as an end marker. In view of the fact that these results are inconsistent with the linkage order of various markers reported previously, a circular genetic structure for the R factor which includes five tet-s and three chl-s loci is presented.


We propose a single access point-based fine-grained indoor localization system in multipath environments using 802.11ac Wi-Fi signals. The physical layer of 802.11ac supports orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation (OFDM) scheme, more antennas, and multiuser multiple-input multiple-output. Angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the paths can be obtained using the phase difference among all the antennas. Similarly, time of arrival (TOA) information is estimated from the phase difference among all the subcarriers of the OFDM signal. After obtaining the AOA and TOA information of the dominant paths, an auto paring approach is proposed to identify the line-of-sight (LOS) path. Mobile device can be localized using the estimated AOA and TOA information of the LOS path. Performance analysis of the proposed method is provided. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance. Based on the simulation results, meter or submeter level accuracy is obtained for the proposed method.


Several aspects of the thermalisation process in non-Abelian gauge theories are investigated. Both numerical simulations in the classical statistical approximation and analytical computations in the framework of the two-particle-irreducible effective action are carried out and their results are compared to each other. The physical quantities of central importance are the correlation functions of the gauge field in Coulomb and temporal axial gauge as well as the gauge invariant energy-momentum tensor. Following a general introduction, the theoretical framework of the ensuing investigations is outlined. In doing so, the range of validity of the employed approximation schemes is discussed as well. The first main part of the thesis is concerned with the early stage of the thermalisation process where particular emphasis is on the role of plasma instabilities. These investigations are relevant to the phenomenological understanding of present heavy ion collision experiments. First, an ensemble of initial conditions motivated by the "colour glass condensate" is developed which captures characteristic properties of the plasma created in heavy ion collisions. Here, the strong anisotropy and the large occupation numbers of low-momentum degrees of freedom are to be highlighted. Numerical calculations demonstrate the occurrence of two kinds of instabilities. Primary instabilities result from the specific initial conditions. Secondary instabilities are caused by nonlinear fluctuation effects of the preceding primary instabilities. The time scale associated with the instabilities is of order 1 fm/c. It is shown that the plasma instabilities isotropize the initially strongly anisotropic ensemble in the domain of low momenta (less than approximately 1 GeV). Essential results can be translated from the gauge group SU(2) to SU(3) by a simple rescaling procedure. Finally, the role of Nielsen-Olesen instabilities in an idealised setup is investigated. In the second part, the quasi-stationary phase following the saturation of instabilities is studied. Numerical as well as analytical calculations show that the classical time evolution drives the system towards a nonthermal fixed point which exhibits properties of turbulence. The fixed point is characterised by power-law correlation functions of the gauge field. The determined exponents 4/3 and 5/3 are identical to those found in scalar field theories, which provides indication for universality out of thermal equilibrium. Taking into account the quantum contributions in the analytical approach it is demonstrated that the full quantum theory does not possess a nonthermal fixed point at large momenta.


Did our Founders wage a Revolution to dethrone the king and aristocratical monarchy of England to establish an aristocracy here in America? Nay. The promise of Independence, the whole purpose of conducting a war in the name of unalienable rights, was to secure a just system of self-rule, a government of, by, and for, the People – the republican form. This bipartisan promise was not a form of government that would forever be secure once established, but a form that We the People could forever preserve through electing those representatives faithful to what Jefferson described as "the principles of 1776." The ultimate question of today, is whether those fundamental principles characteristic of our republican form demand (more) regulation of money in elections, or, whether changes in time have made the First Amendment an election issue substantially different from the Founding? Has the role of free speech in the realm of election law since 1976 been consistent with the principles of 1776? And if the "corruption of every government begins almost always with the corruption of its principles," is it not necessary to recur to those principles in attempting to answer this, perhaps age-defining question? The first part of the article is "a recurrence" to the principles underlying the Revolution. Through deploying an arsenal of Founding sources which illuminate original intent, we will fully analyze the essential elements of republicanism. In learning why the Framers fixed reapportionment of The House in the Constitution – to ensure that Congress did not "cease to be the Representatives of the people," as noted by George Mason – we will discover why the Great Compromise was indeed great. For the compromise sheds bright light on the meaning of equal representation and its synonymous relation to securing a 'true majority.' The second part of the article, an extension of the fundamental principle of preserving the republican form, details the power given to Congress in Art. I Sec. 4 of the Constitution. Given that elections are the "natural cure" for maladministration in republics, Federalist 59 describes this power as "the means of [Congress's] own preservation," and multiple State Conventions viewed the power as necessary to secure representation. In clarifying the Framing bases for property qualifications – how they were intended to prevent corruption, while most voters owned land in 1787 – assumptions of the Founders might be altered. Where even if one believes that our Founders were aristocrats due to their property qualifications, restricting the franchise by property is fundamentally different from the free or non-corrupt electoral process (manner), on which the existence of the republican form is predicated. For the 'aristocratic manner of election' in eighteenth century England where the 'royal interests' of the crown, "the few," increased their power in Parliament through the use of wealth – usurping the power of "the many" – lead directly to the poor policies which preceded our Revolution. Thus, we come back to the pivotal question, the focus of part 3: free speech or free elections? Expanding on Professor Lawrence Lessig's "dependence corruption," the article delineates a conception of corruption in light of Federalist Nos. 73 and 79, and the principles of representation demanded by the Revolution (as ensouled in the Constitution). In utilizing a multitude of original Framing sources, this article differs from related scholarship in how it analyzes today's electoral process through the vision of the Founders and their generation – through tapping the "spirit of 1776."


In a truly global context, the contemporary urban landscape is changing dramatically. The megaregion has emerged as the primary scale of economic development and the home of the world's wealth, innovation and progress. Increasingly expensive and scarce land, as well as the protection and preservation of farmlands and habitats, are driving up density. A renewed emphasis on environmental sustainability means not just greener building treatments and improved fuel efficiencies, but a need to redirect infrastructural investments in far more efficient ways. If, as the Regional Plan Association asserts, megaregions have replaced metropolitan regions and cities as the geographic units of the global economy, they must be planned, structured and supplied to maximize their potential as such. This thesis proposes a regional plan for the Windsor/Quebec corridor that attempts to satisfy any qualitative aspirations of the current "Places to Grow" plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe while strategically repositioning growth in the region to be more globally competitive and sustainable. This proposal utilizes two very specific existing elements in expanded roles; the 400 series highways as an infrastructural distribution network, and the regional shopping mall as a strategic site for discreet, distributed urban cores. Together, these two elements form a conceptual city at the megaregional scale; a concentrated, sprawl-free, efficient and sustainable form of city-making that also integrates seamlessly into the existing urban morphology.


Dominant ideologies of motherhood have limited the choices many women have made about when, if, or how they become mothers. Adrienne Rich describes this as the "institution" of motherhood. This thesis explores the question of how twenty-first century mothers feel constrained or empowered by current mothering ideologies. Interviews were conducted with eight Greater Vancouver mothers representing a variety of racial, socio-economic, and marital backgrounds. Some mothers stated that at times they feel pressured to measure up to an idealized standard of motherhood; others believed that decisions they make in relation to mothering are mostly influenced by their own free-will and resourcefulness. Motherhood in the twenty-first century is as diverse as individual mothers themselves. Andrea O'Reilly's nuanced theoretical understanding of resistance helps us to see how women redefine what motherhood means to them and how to legitimize diverse ways of mothering.


Spectral lights, while constant in purity, differ in saturation. Saturation-discrimination experiments have not always indicated this variation of saturation with wavelength. For example, several early investigators determined the size of the first just-noticeable step from the spectrum locus and found it to be approximately constant as a function of wavelength. When we performed this experiment we found saturation functions with minima near 570 nm; however, the ranges of the functions were more compressed than saturation-discrimination functions near white. The saturation-discrimination function results are compared with saturation functions determined by several other empirical and theoretical methods.


We present a new deformation pipeline that is independent of the integration solver used and allows fast rendering of deformable soft bodies on the GPU. The proposed method exploits the transform feedback mechanism of the modern GPU to bypass the CPU read-back, thus, reusing the modified positions and/or velocities of the deformable object in a single pass in real time. The whole process is being carried out on the GPU. Prior approaches have resorted to CPU read-back along with the GPGPU mechanism. In contrast, our approach does not require these steps thus saving the GPU bandwidth for other tasks. We describe our algorithm along with implementation details on the modern GPU and finally conclude with a look at the experimental results. We show how easy it is to integrate any existing integration solver into the proposed pipeline by implementing explicit Euler integration in the vertex shader on the GPU.


Planners, designers, citizens, and governmental agencies are interested in measuring and assessing urban design treatments that are environmentally sensitive across numerous environmental design issues such as stormwater, adapting to climate change, wildlife suitability, visual quality, and maintaining soil productivity. This chapter examines a case study in the Grand Rapids Michigan, exploring design ideas for the extension of a medical campus and adjoining areas. The results of the case study present newly derived equations to assess soil productivity. The results of the soil equation development indicate that the soil productivity of an area has two primary dimen‐ sions, forming an annual plant preference cluster, a woody plant preference cluster, and a wetland plant preference cluster, where each soil setting requires a different soil profile. The equations explain between 90 and 97% of the variance and are definitive ( p -value<.001). The environmental variables examined in the study, including the soil productivity, indicate that the developed master plan for the site is significantly better than traditional approaches and the existing site characteristics ( p -value < 0.05).


-In education, children's poor nutrition and health status is rarely recognised as a significant factor for school enrolment, participation and achievement. However, there has been ever growing empirical evidence from global research pointing out that malnourishment among young children influences schooling in several direct and indirect ways. Malnutrition is a wide-spread problem that results from a complex interaction between environmental deprivation and under nutrition. Malnourished children typically experience a range of other environmental difficulties associated with poverty, such as poor housing, poor health-care, weak family and community support systems. There is a need to understand the way child malnutrition and poor health influence access and school participation of children. In this paper, an attempt is made to draw broad contours for developing such an understanding of the issue rooted in the Indian context. A general overview of the research evidence on the linkage between malnutrition and cognitive development has been presented. The scale and nature of malnourishment among young children in India has been detailed, highlighting the distribution across population groups and states in the country. The paper also presents a discussion of the research evidence in India that correlates malnutrition and other factors related to school participation. Further, two major national intervention programmes aimed at early stimulation and improvement of nutritional status of children have been discussed. Based on the analysis presented in the paper, the last section of the paper identifies areas that need further exploration.


There is a number of important aspects due to which the interpretation of the definition of a 'worker' is relevant and problematic. Neither primary EU law that sets out the basic provision of free movement of workers, nor secondary legislation that was passed to implement Article 45, propose the definition of a 'worker'. The interpretation of the definition of a 'worker' is important, as it determines the width of the application of the principle of free movement of workers that is fundamental to the EU. The Court of Justice of the EU determines three elements of the definition of a 'worker': (1) employment performance; (2) relationship of subordination; (3) remuneration. The content of these elements is not sufficiently elaborated and clear. The interpretation of the first element is the most problematic. Therefore, in this publication, the author analyzes the specification of 'effective and genuine' activities and deals with the problem of rehabilitation or reintegration activities of persons employed under special programs and of those who perform preparatory services. Through a disclosure of the contents of the second element, the author analyzes the question of the differentiation of employed and self-employed persons and the issue of the attribution of a company's management personnel to the field of the application of Artcle 45. What regards the third element (remuneration), the author makes an attempt to determine whether the rate of pay, especially when it is below the state's standard of living, may be crucial for the recognition of an employee's status.


ABSTRACT Whitley, A.E.; Figlus, J.; Valsamidis, A., and Reeve, D.E., 2021. One-line modeling of mega-nourishment evolution. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(6), 1224–1234. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. As many coastal areas of the world suffer from chronic erosion, innovative solutions beyond traditional local nourishment must be explored. One such solution is the implementation of mega-nourishments (MNs), where a large sediment volume is deposited in a single location and redistributed via natural processes, thereby feeding adjacent beaches. Robust numerical modeling methods are needed to evaluate potential MN sites at coastal locations around the world. Two one-line numerical modeling approaches of MN evolution are presented using the Coastline Evolution Model (CEM) and GENESIS + Cascade (GenCade). Both models are parameterized for the Sand Motor (SM) that has been constructed on the Dutch coast to explore the feasibility of the MN approach. Here, a variety of K coefficients in the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) sediment transport equation are tested since traditionally calibrated and used values may not apply for MN features. Both models are found capable of reproducing the shoreline morphological patterns observed at the SM over the first 3.5 years. GenCade shows a low difference between measured and modeled coastline position overall, showing accurate predictions of absolute shoreline position. CEM is able to capture feature tip migration due to its wave shadowing algorithm. The best results from both models can be obtained for higher K values than those commonly suggested in the literature. Given the size of a mega-nourishment relative to traditional nourishments, it is likely that a higher-than-usual K value may be a better fit when simulating mega-nourishments in a one-line model.


This article is designed to assist nurses in providing prayer to patients from all faith traditions. Included are guidelines for conducting an assessment to determine the patient's prayer preferences, strategies for overcoming barriers to prayer, resources for finding suitable prayers for healing, and some short, practical prayers for nurses and patients. Praying with patients is one way for nurses to honor a patient's spirit through Watson's caring science. The goal is to assist nurses to include prayer in their practice for patients who desire prayer.


The Definitive Guide to Quantifying, Classifying, and Measuring Enterprise IT Security OperationsSecurity Metrics is the first comprehensive best-practice guide to defining, creating, and utilizing security metrics in the enterprise.Using sample charts, graphics, case studies, and war stories, Yankee Group Security Expert Andrew Jaquith demonstrates exactly how to establish effective metrics based on your organization's unique requirements. You'll discover how to quantify hard-to-measure security activities, compile and analyze all relevant data, identify strengths and weaknesses, set cost-effective priorities for improvement, and craft compelling messages for senior management.Security Metrics successfully bridges management's quantitative viewpoint with the nuts-and-bolts approach typically taken by security professionals. It brings together expert solutions drawn from Jaquith's extensive consulting work in the software, aerospace, and financial services industries, including new metrics presented nowhere else. You'll learn how to:· Replace nonstop crisis response with a systematic approach to security improvement· Understand the differences between "good" and "bad" metrics· Measure coverage and control, vulnerability management, password quality, patch latency, benchmark scoring, and business-adjusted risk· Quantify the effectiveness of security acquisition, implementation, and other program activities· Organize, aggregate, and analyze your data to bring out key insights· Use visualization to understand and communicate security issues more clearly· Capture valuable data from firewalls and antivirus logs, third-party auditor reports, and other resources· Implement balanced scorecards that present compact, holistic views of organizational security effectivenessWhether you're an engineer or consultant responsible for security and reporting to managementi??or an executive who needs better information for decision-makingi??Security Metrics is the resource you have been searching for.Andrew Jaquith, program manager for Yankee Group's Security Solutions and Services Decision Service, advises enterprise clients on prioritizing and managing security resources. He also helps security vendors develop product, service, and go-to-market strategies for reaching enterprise customers. He co-founded @stake, Inc., a security consulting pioneer acquired by Symantec Corporation in 2004. His application security and metrics research has been featured in CIO, CSO, InformationWeek, IEEE Security and Privacy, and The Economist. Forewordi? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Prefacei? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Acknowledgmentsi? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? About the Authori? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Chapter 1 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Introduction: Escaping the Hamster Wheel of Paini? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Chapter 2 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Defining Security Metricsi? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Chapter 3 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Diagnosing Problems and Measuring Technical Securityi? i? Chapter 4 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Measuring Program Effectivenessi? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Chapter 5 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Analysis Techniquesi? i? i? i? i? Chapter 6 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Visualizationi? i? i? i? i? Chapter 7 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Automating Metrics CalculationsChapter 8 i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? Designing Security Scorecardsi? i? Indexi? i? i?


Penalized splines have gained much popularity as a flexible tool for smoothing and semi‐parametric models. Two approaches have been advocated: (1) use a B‐spline basis, equally spaced knots, and difference penalties [Eilers PHC, Marx BD. Flexible smoothing using B‐splines and penalized likelihood (with Comments and Rejoinder). Stat Sci 1996, 11:89–121.] and (2) use truncated power functions, knots based on quantiles of the independent variable and a ridge penalty [Ruppert D, Wand MP, Carroll RJ. Semiparametric Regression. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2003]. We compare the two approaches on many aspects: numerical stability, quality of the fit, interpolation/extrapolation, derivative estimation, visual presentation and extension to multidimensional smoothing. We discuss mixed model and Bayesian parallels to penalized regression. We conclude that B‐splines with difference penalties are clearly to be preferred. WIREs Comp Stat 2010 2 637–653 DOI: 10.1002/wics.125


Titanium is one of the most abundant materials in the Earth, but it was not possible to start to work with it until 1940. From that moment the great properties and characteristics of this element were seen and it was compared with other materials like aluminium or iron. The highlight properties that make titanium especial are its low density, its high strength and its capacity to maintain high hardness at elevated temperatures, qualities that make it important in all fields where the resource of efficiency is remarkable as such as the aeronautic, aerospace or automotive field. The most typical applications in these areas for titanium are the high-pressure compressors and exhausts. In the automotive sector its applications are every day higher, since it allows the production of lighter cars. Another characteristic that make titanium important in other sectors such as the medicine, is its biocompatibility with the human organism, because of the higher corrosion resistance that makes titanium suitable to prosthesis (knee, dental...).
Titanium has also a low thermal conductivity which makes it difficult to be machined, since the cutting tool is submitted to a huge wear that decreases its time of life. This fact, along with its expensive process of obtaining makes titanium an expensive material to work with.
This project is divided into two distinct parts. The first one is a general study of titanium, which explains the two crystal structures that titanium can be formed depending on the temperature at which it is submitted, their main properties, its various production and manufacturing processes and heat treatments that may be subjected for changing its qualities. The second part will take place in the workshop of the PTW (Institut fur Produktionsmanagement, Technologie und Werkzeugmaschinen) of the TUD (Technische Universitat Darmstadt) with the intention to improve the situation of the titanium machining.
The practical part will consist in two different tests to machining the alfa+beta Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the near alfa Ti-6242S alloy. The first test will be in dry conditions to see the behavior of the wear of the cutting tool depending on the cutting speed to have a clearer idea of the best cutting speeds for each kind of alloy. The second test will be discussed with coolant to study, using a range of temperature between -100oC and 100oC, the cutting forces, the surface roughness after machining titanium and tool wear based on cutting speed and temperature.


Deep language models (deep LMs) are increasingly being used for full text retrieval or within cascade retrieval pipelines as later-stage re-rankers. A problem with using deep LMs is that, at query time, a slow inference step needs to be performed -- this hinders the practical adoption of these powerful retrieval models, or limits sensibly how many documents can be considered for re-ranking. We propose the novel, BERT-based, Term Independent Likelihood moDEl (TILDE), which ranks documents by both query and document likelihood. At query time, our model does not require the inference step of deep language models based retrieval approaches, thus providing consistent time-savings, as the prediction of query terms' likelihood can be pre-computed and stored during index creation. This is achieved by relaxing the term dependence assumption made by the deep LMs. In addition, we have devised a novel bi-directional training loss which allows TILDE to maximise both query and document likelihood at the same time during training. At query time, TILDE can rely on its query likelihood component (TILDE-QL) solely, or the combination of TILDE-QL and its document likelihood component (TILDE-DL), thus providing a flexible trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness. Exploiting both components provide the highest effectiveness at a higher computational cost while relying only on TILDE-QL trades off effectiveness for faster response time due to no inference being required. TILDE is evaluated on the MS MARCO and TREC Deep Learning 2019 and 2020 passage ranking datasets. Empirical results show that, compared to other approaches that aim to make deep language models viable operationally, TILDE achieves competitive effectiveness coupled with low query latency.


This book, which originally appeared as an essay on SSRN, is now available (New York: Algora Publishing, 2006). In response to the Kelo v. New London eminent domain decision, public opinion has initiated the first massive reorientation of Constitutional policy since the Great Depression. We are now well into the fourth Constitutional epoch. The struggle for Constitutional supremacy - fought out in shadow of West Coast Hotel v. Parrish - has led to the formulation of supreme doctrine of the new epoch: every law maintains an important fact. The terms come from previous Constitutional epochs, and the history of the new epoch is being written according to the way in which these terms are construed. The scrutiny regime began with West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, when the Court relegated an absolute and uncontrollable liberty to a Constitutional interest enjoying only minimum scrutiny. 300 US 379, 391 (1937). This unexamined concept was the only justification given for sustaining a minimum wage law. However, the Court in Lawrence v. Texas, decided that laws once thought necessary and proper in fact serve only to oppress. The decision was an example of liberty in its manifold possibilities. 539 US 558, 579, 578 (2003). The Court removed liberty from the scrutiny regime, and in doing so overruled the rationale of West Coast Hotel. It abandoned the scrutiny regime in its analysis. Courts and Congress have also joined in the abandonment of the scrutiny regime, a development most clearly seen in courts upholding RLUIPA (upheld with respect to the Federal Government in the O Centro decision and with respect to the states in Guru Nanak v. Sutter - can the overruling of Boerne be far behind?). We are now living in a new Constitutional regime. What characterizes that regime? In addition, public opinion has affirmed the new regime by its response to the Kelo decision. It decided that facts [premising] a constitutional resolution of social controversy had proven to be untrue, and history's demonstration of their untruth not only justified but required the new choice of constitutional principle. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 US 833, 862 (1992). Public opinion has decided that housing, which is the fact at issue in Kelo, should be, for Constitutional purposes, like free speech and freedom of worship - one of those fundamental rights which have to be withdrawn...from the vicissitudes of political controversy. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 US 624, 638 (1943). Public opinion is formulating a new Constitutional principle as the basis for that decision. The scholarly community is torn between supporters of the scrutiny regime - who see nothing in the opposition to eminent domain except opposition to health and welfare regulation - and opponents of the scrutiny regime, whose Constitutional doctrines are undeveloped. The result is that scholars have simply ignored what is actually going on in the debate. The purpose of this essay is to correct that ignorance. This essay examines the parameters of that debate: 1. new levels of scrutiny in order to incorporate new facts; 2. a new bill of rights involving new facts; and 3. a facts of the individual analysis, a new approach to facts. The Kelo decision - a 5-4 decision which was the first U.S. Supreme Court decision opposed by a consensus - is a product of the minimum scrutiny regime. Long criticized, the regime, public opinion has decided, must be so seriously changed as to be denatured, or overthrown altogether. One commentator has recently summarized the first three Constitutional epochs: At one point in its history American constitutional jurisprudence presumed that the distinction between 'judicial' and 'political' questions was intelligible; at another point it presumed that the boundary between public power and private rights could coherently be traced; at another it presumed that there was a clear difference between the sort of legislation that required heightened and the sort that only required minimal scrutiny. Those presumptions did not come from the Constitution or any other legal source. They came from a set of shared social and political attitudes that shaped conceptions of the role of the judiciary in American constitutionalism. As those attitudes changed, presumptions changed with them. A robust constitutional principle of departmental discretion gave way to judicial boundary tracing which gave way to judicially fashioned levels of scrutiny. None of those regimes of constitutional interpretation should be regarded as cast in stone. None should be regarded as intrinsically superior to the others. The scrutiny regime has been with us for approximately 70 years. It may have exhausted itself as a helpful technique of constitutional interpretation. If we understand its historical origins, perhaps we can understand its contingent status. G. Edward White, Historicizing Judicial Scrutiny. This essay is about the fourth Constitutional epoch which has recently begun, the epoch of the New Bill of Rights and the facts of the individual analysis. It is designed to give you detailed and working knowledge of the new state. The essay provides a series of discrete, interlocking mechanisms which take us out of the current minimum scrutiny regime into the new facts of the individual analysis which is rapidly coming to dominate law, not only in the United States, but also, throughout the world. The essay presents 1. the exact wording of new levels of Constitutional scrutiny, and 2. the trigger test for elevation of facts above minimum scrutiny. I. ELEVATING FACTS FROM MINIMUM SCRUTINY The elevation of facts from minimum scrutiny occurs with 1. an historical policy of 2. animus against 3. an important fact. II. NEW LEVELS OF CONSTITUTIONAL SCRUTINY AND THEIR CRITERIA A. Level of scrutiny (for example, minimum) B. Development of fact (for example, rationally) C. Thoroughness of achievement (for example, relates) D. Urgency of government claim (for example legitimate) 1. MINIMUM: rationally: relates: legitimate 2. DIRECT: articulately: facilitates: frequent 3. THRESHOLD: measurably: effects: common 4. RELATIVE: inherently: reflects: decisive 5. INTERMEDIATE: substantially: furthers: important 6. COMPREHENSIVE: essentially: determines: momentous 7. FIXED: conclusively: achieves: preponderant 8. EXCLUSIVE: urgently: implements: vital 9. STRICT: specifically: fulfills: overriding The essay analyses the following under a new Constitutional level of scrutiny, direct scrutiny: 1. Fourth Amendment warrants; 2. Fifth Amendment compensation; 3. housing; 4. liberty; 5. life; 6. property. Finally, the essay provides black letter language for five facts at the highest level of scrutiny: 1. No individual shall be involuntarily deprived of housing; 2. No individual shall be involuntarily deprived of liberty; 3. No individual shall be involuntarily deprived of medical care; 4. No individual shall be involuntary deprived of maintenance; 5. No individual shall be involuntarily deprived of education.


Many papers about approval plans address their effect on collection development and subject bibliographers. We are told that approval plans provide systematic coverage of profiled subjects, and ensure that libraries will not miss newly published titles. We also ace informed that approval plans allow our subject bibliographers and/or faculty to more closely evaluate monographs so that they can make wise purchase selections. In addition, they free up our professionals from the time-consuming work of title-by-title selection. All of these statements are true. Approval plans have made a world of difference in the area of collection development.
Few papers on approval plans, however, address the impact they have on our daily acquisitions operations and work flow. This paper will focus on their impact on acquisitions procedures and the personnel who process them.


The Permian Basin is the main target of exploration in western Poland. Porous Rotliegendes sandstone and two Zechstein carbonate formations are the most important reservoirs. Every depositional system includes different lithofacies, and interrelations create patterns of trap/reservoir and sealing horizons. Combination traps, with both structural and facial elements involved in their closure, create a comparatively high risk for exploration. Palaeogeographic analysis based on 3D seismic data presents opportunities for improved interpretation leading to a significant reduction of risk in exploration and development drilling. There is no direct information in 3D seismic data, but they allow us to reproduce the palaeogeography and successive stages of structural redevelopment by means of flattened seismic sections and construction of the corresponding maps, i.e. pseudo-palaeogeographical maps.


Creating natural and autonomous interactions with social robots requires rich, multi-modal sensory input from the user. Writing interactive robot programs that make use of this input can demand tedious and error-prone tuning of program parameters, such as tuning thresholds on noisy sensory streams for detecting whether the robot's user is engaged or not. This tuning process dealing with low-level streams and parameters makes programming of social robots time-consuming and inaccessible for people who could benefit the most from unique use cases of social robots. To address this challenge, we propose the use of iterative program repair, where programmers create an initial program sketch in our new Social Robot Program Transition Sketch Language (SoRTSketch), a domain-specific language that supports expressing uncertainties related to thresholds in transition functions. The program is then iteratively repaired using Bayesian inference based on corrections of interaction traces that are either provided by the programmer or derived from implicit feedback given by the user during the interaction. Based on experiments with a human simulator and with 10 human users, we demonstrate the ease and effectiveness of this approach in improving social robot programming and program outputs that represent three common human-robot interaction patterns. We also show how our approach helps programs adapt to environment changes over time.


Using several spatially separated receivers, nowadays positioning techniques, which are implemented to determine the location of the transmitter, are often required for several important disciplines such as military, security, medical, and commercial applications. In this study, localization is carried out by particle swarm optimization using time difference of arrival. In order to increase the positioning accuracy, time difference of arrival averaging based two new methods are proposed. Results are compared with classical algorithms and Cramer-Rao lower bound which is the theoretical limit of the estimation error.


A general theory for making an optical transform is presented using amplitude-phase holographic lenses (masks). It can be shown that an optical system composed of many amplitude-phase masks can do any given linear transform. A set of equations for determining the amplitude-phase distributions of masks is given. A feedback iterative approach to deal with these equations is also suggested. We show that any given optical transform can be achieved even with a single mask by increasing the number of sampling points in the mask. The relevant equations and the necessary conditions satisfied by the mask are also given. To free the fabrication of the mask from difficulty in technique, sometimes the information quantity carried by the single mask must be relaxed. The dual-mask system is discussed in detail. The general theory is demonstrated by examples for performing the four- and eight-sequence Walsh transforms in three different orders. The results agree well with the theory. Some experimental results and relevant applications are also reviewed briefly.


1 Abstract - Most soccer matches are conducted by coaches who usually make all player substitutions allowed. Therefore, it is extremely important to study these substitutions and their effects on the intensity of effort required from players. To date, no published studies have reported on this topic using heart rate (HR) as an intensity parameter. The objective of this study was to compare effort intensity (EI) of soccer players in the following situations: 1) first half (FH-EI); 2) second half (SH-EI); 3) second half with substitutions (SHS-EI). Forty-five male soccer players (18.5±1.2 years old, 74.25±5.79 kg, 182.6±8.55 cm, 9.56±2.47% body fat, 56.3±4.3 mLO 2 /kg/min) were evaluated during 29 official games. EI was considered as the mean HR, expressed as the percentage of each player's maximal HR (%HR max ) and as the time spent in each intensity zone (Z) according to %HR max (Z1<70%; Z2 70-85%; Z3 85-90%; Z4 90-95%; Z5 95-100%). FH-EI (86.3±3.3%HR max ) was higher than SH-EI (80.6±4.4%HR max ) and SHS-EI (83.6±2.8%HR max ). SHS-EI was higher than SH-EI (p<0.05). Time spent in high-intensity zones was lower in SH-EI than in FH-EI, but higher in SHS-EI when compared to SH-EI (p<0.05). It was concluded that the decrease in EI in the second half of soccer matches was attenuated by substitutions made at halftime, as evidenced by a longer time spent in high-intensity zones when compared to SH-EI.


The Swiss have decided to teach three languages, the local language, a second national language and English, from Primary school on. This should enable communicative encounters between persons from different linguistic backgrounds. An asymmetry between productive and receptive competences should foster the receptive bilingualism in a form sometimes called "Swiss model": everyone speaks his or her own language and understands the other. But real communicative practices do not match this stereotype fully. This paper analyses the complex dynamics of face to face interaction in some key examples of authentic cross-linguistic communication at work in Switzerland. It shows how native and non-native speakers take mutual profit from all the languages they know. Neither monolingual models nor receptive bilingualism strictu sensu dominate; "mixed" forms of exploiting the respective repertoires emerge. In order to understand this language use, the paper questions the traditional representations of language competence.


The chapter reviewed recent developments about intrinsic structure of metallic glasses and their mechanical properties at atomic level, with an emphasis on making connections between developments in theory and simulations. Topics covered the follow- ing: structure analysis on metallic glasses with methods of pair distribution function, Honeycutt-Andersen analysis, and Voronoi tessellation; the connection of structure with the mechanical properties; shear band initiation and the development at the atomic level; and deformation mode transition from cast metallic glasses to reconstructed nanoglasses. These works provided theoretical understanding on the essence of metallic glasses' mechanical properties and deformation behaviors, and offered promises for more exten - sive applications of metallic glasses.


IN OTHER JOURNALS . . . 504 THE MEDICOS FROM RANDWICK RACECOURSE On a recent Sunday morning in Sydney . . . "There was movement at the racecourse for the word had passed around / That the colt from medical indemnity had got away / And had joined the government horses he was worth a thousand pound / So all the doctors had gathered to the fray. / All the tried and noted medicos from the nation near and far / Had mustered at the racecourse overnight".* In an extraordinary display of purpose, nearly 4000 doctors assembled at Randwick Racecourse to voice their discontent with yet another impost — the new IBNR levy. The gathering listened patiently as their leaders railed against this new tax, but the meeting's mood was crystal clear: enough is enough, it's time for action! And unprecedented action followed, as surgeons withdrew their services from the public health system, prompting the yet-to-be-anointed federal health minister to propose a levy moratorium. Politicians accused the surgeons of exaggerating the indemnity burden, while doctors dismissed the moratorium as a political expedient to bridge the looming federal election. But this very public stoush has deeper roots — doctors' growing impatience with years of political inertia and buck-passing, the absence of a blueprint for healthcare reform, a system stultified by increasingly bureaucratic red tape, and a service struggling with a waning workforce. In short, doctors have had enough of politicians playing with their professional lives. "And down by Kosciuszko . . . / Where the air is clear as crystal and the white stars fairly blaze . . . / The man from Snowy River is a household word today".* The medicos from Randwick Racecourse may too become the stuff of legend in Australian medical folklore.


Ang II plays a key role in cardiovascular regulation and participates in vascular pathobiology, including inflammation and remodeling. Whether these tissue effects are mediated by direct Ang II actions or indirectly as a result of its influence on hemodynamics is being debated. In vitro data have shown that Ang II induces vascular cellular transcriptional activation and gene expression, but the mechanisms explaining its long-term tissue effects in vivo are relatively unknown. Do the multiple in vivo vascular activities elicited by Ang II (such as inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular cell hypertrophy/proliferation) occur via independent pathways, or do common transcription mechanisms mediate these multiple effects? In this issue, Zhan et al. identify Ets-1 as a critical downstream transcriptional mediator of vascular inflammation and remodeling in vivo; their data suggest that Ets-1 may be a common denominator of a complex process that involves multiple pathways previously considered to be mechanistically independent. Characterization of the critical transcription programs activated by Ang II in vivo and determination of the hierarchy of responses are vital to the understanding of the mechanism of vascular disease and to the development of therapies targeted at inhibiting the common transcription effectors of vascular pathology.


The purpose of this work was to explore the possibility of measuring properties of viscoelastic materials by nanoindentation. Indentation is not a common method for determining properties of viscoelastic materials and nanoindentation is a very new, state-of-the art technology. Therefore, this research is one of very few works in this area. This study includes nanoindentation experiments on viscoelastic materials, determining bulk properties of the same materials by conventional rheological techniques, suggesting of physical models to measure properties of viscoelastic solids and viscoelastic liquids by nanoindentation and numerical simulations of the nanoindentation process. The experimental part includes nanoindentation tests of viscoelastic solids and viscoelastic liquids and comparing measured local properties with the bulk ones. The bulk properties were measured with SAOS and Torsion tests. For this investigation polybutadiene was selected as an example of a viscoelastic liquid and silicon cross-linked rubber as a viscoelastic solid. It was found that the local properties of solid polymers vary widely. However, by averaging data collected from various locations, the bulk properties can be determined accurately for the viscoelastic solids. For the physical modeling we validated the Sneddon & Sakai model of indentation of viscoelastic solids and suggested a model for the indentation of viscoelastic liquids, based on Stoke's theory of a potential flow around a sphere. Also nanoindentation of a viscous liquid was simulated using the FLUENT commercial code. It was found that for the indentation of viscoelastic materials with dominantly viscous properties, the indentation model developed from Stoke's theory gives realistic values for shear forces, but predicts a smaller than actual compression force, acting on the surface of the indenter. The comparison of the results of the mentioned above different approaches allowed us to draw conclusions about the advantages and limitation of the technology and theoretical analysis of nanoindentation and its application in rheometry. It was shown that nanoindentation can be successfully used for investigation of viscoelastic materials. Because of its unique abilities nanoindentation will become an irreplaceable tool in such areas as the testing of thin films, study of materials in a transient states, and biomedical research. However, there are number of technical and theoretical issues that need to be addressed. We outlined issues that need to be resolved and suggested direction for further research and development. Among them are: selection of a proper model to simulate behavior of particular viscoelastic material, further improvement of indentation control and data acquisition system, manufacturing new indenters of optimum shape and material


On April 22, 2014, PublicAffairs, an imprint of a national publisher Persues Books Group, released American Crucifixion: The Murder of Joseph Smith and the Fate of the Mormon Church, authored by Alex Beam. Beam, who openly declared he entered the project without personal biases against Joseph Smith or the Latter-day Saints, spent a couple of years researching his work, which he declares to be "popular non-fiction" and therefore historically accurate. This article challenges both of these assertions, showing that Beam was highly prejudiced against the Church prior to investigating and writing about events leading up to the martyrdom. In addition, Beam's lack of training as an historian is clearly manifested in gross lapses in methodology, documentation, and synthesis of his interpretation. Several key sections of his book are so poorly constructed from an evidentiary standpoint that the book cannot be considered useful except, perhaps, as well-composed


Purpose: To verify the fat quantification accuracy of abdominal fat quantification results on images acquired with a Water Saturated b‐SSFP (WS b‐SSFP) MRI Sequence. Method and Materials: 10 healthy (5 female and 5 male) volunteers underwent both WS T1W TSE and WS b‐SSFP scans with breath hold on a 1.5 T clinical MR scanner. For the WS T1W TSE sequence, the parameters were as follows: TR/TE/flip angle = 500 ms/5 ms/90°, turbo factor = 7 and readout bandwidth = 128 KHz. For the WS 3D b‐SSFP sequences, the imaging parameters were as follows: TR/TE/flip angle = 2.9 ms/1.2 ms/55°, ETL = 128 with 12 dummy echoes, and readout bandwidth = 200 KHz. For WS T1W TSE sequence, 6 axial slices centered at L2‐L3 level were acquired in two consecutive expired breath‐holds, with 14 seconds each. Since WS b‐SSFP is a much faster scan, 8 slices (with slice 2–7 imaged at the same positions of the 6 TSE slices) were obtained in 11 seconds in one breath‐hold. For each subject, fat volumes from six common slices of WS TSE and WS b‐SSFP were measured and summed. Total abdominal fat (TAF), intra‐abdominal fat (IAF), and subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) volumes from images of both scans were measured and compared. Results: The TAF, IAF, and SAF mean differences of the fat volume measured from images of the two scans are only 0.34%, −0.25%, and 0.91%, respectively. The Bland‐Altman plots show that all the measurement differences between WS b‐SSFP and WS TSE are within the 95% of difference. Conclusion: The two methods are the same in terms of the measurement accuracy for human abdominal imaging. Therefore, WS b‐SSFP MRI can be used for abdominal fat quantification to reduce imaging and post‐processing difficulties and ultimately reduce research cost in abdominal fat distribution studies.


This article discusses recent judicial developments relating to the Texas law of intestacy, wills, estate administration, trusts, and other estate planning matters. The discussion of each case concludes with a moral, i.e., the important lesson to be learned from the case. By recognizing situations that have led to time consuming and costly litigation in the past, estate planners can reduce the likelihood of the same situations arising with their clients.


This thesis argues that poverty alleviation strategies and programs carried out by the government and Non Governmental Organizations in Ghana provide affirmative solutions to poverty. This is because, these intervention strategies have been influenced by conventional discourses on poverty that fail to adequately address non-economic issues of poverty such as powerlessness, marginalization and under-representation. The study is carried out in a two-pronged manner; first, it analyses state policies and strategies, particularly the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS), on poverty alleviation and compares these to NGO programs, implemented with funds and support from external donor organizations. Specifically, I focus on how NGOs and the government of Ghana negotiate autonomy and financial dependency with their funding donor-partners and how these affect their policies and programs. Findings from this study reveal that while external influences dominate poverty alleviation policies and strategies, NGOs and the government of Ghana exercise varying degrees of agency in navigating these issues. In particular, NGOs have been able to adapt their programs to the changing needs of donor markets, and are also actively engaged in re-orienting poverty back to the political domain through advocacy campaigns. Overall, rural communities in Ghana depend on charitable NGOs for the provision of essential social services, while the Ghanaian government depends on international donor assistance for its development projects.


In this paper, we are interested in the analysis of the transmission spectrum of several multilayer structures based on one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PCs) infiltrated with different kinds of defect materials, such as bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), and E7 liquid crystal (LC). A 1D PC acting as a multichannel filter is constructed by inserting multiple Bi2O3 defect layers, while a localized mode is moved by applying various electric fields on a LiNbO3 defect layer inserted in the middle of a 1D PC structure used as a tunable device. A localized mode is also tuned by applying different magnetic fields on an E7 LC phase shifter inserted between SiO2/TiO2 alternative layers.


Genomic imprinting is the phenomena that leads to silencing of one copy of a gene inherited from a specific parent. Mutations in imprinted regions have been involved in diseases showing parent of origin effects. Identifying genes with evidence of parent of origin expression patterns in family studies allows the detection of more subtle imprinting. Here, we use allele specific expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from 306 Hutterites related in a single pedigree to provide formal evidence for parent of origin effects. We take advantage of phased genotype data to assign parent of origin to RNA-seq reads in individuals with gene expression data. Our approach identified known imprinted genes, two putative novel imprinted genes, and 14 genes with asymmetrical parent of origin gene expression. We used gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to validate our findings, and then confirmed imprinting control regions (ICRs) using DNA methylation levels in the PBLs. Author Summary Large scale gene expression studies have identified known and novel imprinted genes through allele specific expression without knowing the parental origins of each allele. Here, we take advantage of phased genotype data to assign parent of origin to RNA-seq reads in 306 individuals with gene expression data. We identified known imprinted genes as well as two novel imprinted genes in lymphoblastoid cell line gene expression. We used gene expression in PBLs to validate our findings, and DNA methylation levels in PBLs to confirm previously characterized imprinting control regions that could regulate these imprinted genes.


A phrase-based statistical machine translation approach the alignment template approach is described. This translation approach allows for general many-to-many relations between words. Thereby, the context of words is taken into account in the translation model, and local changes in word order from source to target language can be learned explicitly. The model is described using a log-linear modeling approach, which is a generalization of the often used source-channel approach. Thereby, the model is easier to extend than classical statistical machine translation systems. We describe in detail the process for learning phrasal translations, the feature functions used, and the search algorithm. The evaluation of this approach is performed on three different tasks. For the German-English speech Verbmobil task, we analyze the effect of various system components. On the French-English Canadian Hansards task, the alignment template system obtains significantly better results than a single-word-based translation model. In the Chinese-English 2002 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) machine translation evaluation it yields statistically significantly better NIST scores than all competing research and commercial translation systems.


The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) is a global umbrella body for civilian space agencies (both from the developed and developing countries) with a specific emphasis on remote sensing. The CSIR has been an associate member of CEOS since 1998 and it is one of three organisations on the African continent participating in CEOS activities.


In this paper, we explore different channels to explain the disparities in COVID-19 incidence across New York City neighborhoods. To do so, we estimate several regression models to assess the statistical relevance of different variables such as neighborhood characteristics and occupations. Our results suggest occupations are crucial for explaining the observed patterns, with those with a high degree of human interaction being more likely to be exposed to the virus. Moreover, after controlling for occupations, commuting patterns no longer play a significant role. The relevance of occupations is robust to the inclusion of demographics, with some of them, such as income or the share of Asians, having no statistical significance. On the other hand, racial disparities still persist for Blacks and Hispanics compared to Whites, although their magnitudes are economically small. Additionally, we perform the same analysis over a time window to evaluate how different channels interact with the progression of the pandemic, as well as with the health policies that have been set in place. While the coefficient magnitudes of many occupations and demographics decrease over time, we find evidence consistent with higher intra-household contagion as days go by. Moreover, our findings also suggest a selection on testing, whereby those residents in worse conditions are more likely to get tested, with such selection decreasing over time as tests become more widely available.


INTRODUCTION
The traditional texts designate Cow Ghee as Medhya Rasayana, beneficial for mental alertness and memory. There has been concern about increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to its high percentage of saturated fatty acids in ghee. Amongst all edible fats, nutrition composition of cow ghee and butter is comparatively similar. Hence we had planned a study to assess effect of cow ghee on memory and lipid profile.

AIM
So the aim of this study is to assess the effect of cow ghee on memory and lipid profile.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nootropic activity of test drugs was assessed by Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Morris Water Maze (MWM) model. Rats were divided into four groups namely control, Piracetam, cow ghee and butter. All drugs were given orally for 21 days. Transfer latency was measured in EPM model and probe test was done in MWM model.

RESULTS
Cow ghee and butter group showed no significant effect on memory in EPM and MWM model. There was reduction in weight of animals in Cow Ghee group and increase in weight with Butter. In both the models there was a significant increase in Triglyceride (TG) and Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) levels of rats in butter groups and increase in TG and VLDL of rats with cow ghee in EPM model.

CONCLUSION
The result of experiment suggests that no beneficial effect cow ghee and butter on cognition was seen. However, ghee is relatively safer when compared to Butter in considering lipid profile.