Abstract Geochemical and geomorphic data from dune fields in southwestern Nebraska provide new evidence that the Nebraska Sand Hills once migrated across the North and South Platte rivers and dammed the largest tributary system to the Missouri River. The Lincoln County and Imperial dune fields, which lie downwind of the South Platte River, have compositions intermediate between the Nebraska Sand Hills (quartz-rich) and northeastern Colorado dunes (K-feldspar-rich). The most likely explanation for the intermediate composition is that the Lincoln County and Imperial dunes are derived in part from the Nebraska Sand Hills and in part from the South Platte River. The only mechanism by which the Nebraska Sand Hills could have migrated this far south is by complete infilling of what were probably perennially dry North Platte and South Platte river valleys. Such a series of events would have required an extended drought, both for activation of eolian sand and decreased discharges in the Platte River system. A nearby major tributary of the North Platte River is postulated to have been blocked by eolian sand about 12,000 14C yr B.P. We propose that an eolian sand dam across the Plattes was constructed at about this same time.


National competences to enforce EU food law are heavily regulated through the Official Controls Regulation. Information on food safety issues is shared among competent authorities through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). National performance is supervised by Directorate-F of DG SANTE; EU supervision though indirect enforcement by nature may directly affect businesses as is shown in the Bowland case. Also RASFF alerts that are traceable to individual businesses may heavily affect these businesses. The EU holds direct enforcement competences with regard to third countries and in case of emergencies including failing enforcement at Member State level. Due to the interlinkedness of competences, judicial accountability regarding RASFF alerts and Directorate-F supervision is lacking both at national level and at EU level. Also political accountability seems to fall short both at national and at EU level.


Trust the best-selling Official Cert Guide series from Cisco Press to help you learn, prepare, and practice for exam success. They are built with the objective of providing assessment, review, and practice to help ensure you are fully prepared for your certification exam. CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide from Cisco Press enables you to succeed on the exam the first time and is the only self-study resource approved by Cisco. Expert instructor and best-selling author Kevin Wallace shares preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. This complete, official study package includes --A test-preparation routine proven to help you pass the exam --"Do I Know This Already?" quizzes, which enable you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section --Chapter-ending exercises, which help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly --The powerful Pearson IT Certification Practice Test software, complete with hundreds of well-reviewed, exam-realistic questions, customization options, and detailed performance reports --More than 60 minutes of personal video mentoring from the author on important exam topics --A final preparation chapter, which guides you through tools and resources to help you craft your review and test-taking strategies --Study plan suggestions and templates to help you organize and optimize your study time Well regarded for its level of detail, study plans, assessment features, challenging review questions, and exercises, this official study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that ensure your exam success. CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com. The official study guide helps you master topics on the CCNP R&S ROUTE 300-101 exam, including --Routing protocol characteristics and virtual routers --Remote site connectivity --IPv6 routing and RIPng --EIGRP, OSPFv2, and OSPFv3 --IGP redistribution and route selection --eBGP and iBGP --IPv6 Internet connectivity --Router security --Routing protocol authentication The print edition of the CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide contains more than 200 practice exam questions. Also available from Cisco Press: CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test. This digital-only certification preparation product combines an eBook with enhanced Pearson IT Certification Practice Test. This integrated learning package --Enables you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams --Includes direct links from each question to detailed tutorials to help you understand the concepts behind the questions --Provides additional unique sets of exam-realistic practice questions --Tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, laying out a complete assessment of your knowledge to help you focus your study where it is needed most This print book includes a 70% discount offer off the list price of the CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test to help enhance your exam preparation experience.


A number of fictional and scientific accounts emphasise the importance of the sense of smell to humans, but no study has systematically examined people's attitudes and beliefs about the olfactory sense. An Attitudes Towards the Sense of Smell Questionnaire was constructed to measure people's beliefs concerning the sense of smell, its importance and its uses. It was administered to 105 participants from occupations in which odour is considered important to varying degrees (17 bakers, 19 florists, 17 chefs, 52 controls). Respondents made self-ratings of their olfactory sensitivity and efficiency, their ability to detect and their ability to identify odour. Principal components analysis produced a four factor solution. These factors were: Liking for People, Places and Objects Associated with Odour, Emotional Responses to Odour, Dispensibility of Odour and the Uses and Efficacy of Odour. Each occupation's response on the sensitivity, efficiency, ability to detect and ability to identify odour measures and for each factor was analysed by a 4 (group) × 2 (sex) × 2 (age) independent groups ANOVA. Older florists rated their sense of smell as being more efficient than did younger florists and chefs rated their ability to identify smells as significantly better than that of florists and controls. No significant main effect of group was found for any factor but a significant sex × group interaction was observed for the Emotional Responses to Odour factor: women in the control group regarded sense of smell as being capable of generating greater emotion than did men. Possible clinical applications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants (henceforth RASIM) coming into the UK have attracted increased press attention (Greenslade, 2005). As their representation in the press can construct their identity (Duffy and Rowden, 2005: 6, in Greenslade, 2005: 7), the discourses surrounding these groups have been the focus of linguistic studies (e.g. ter Wal, 2002). This paper reports on the ESRC funded project, �Representation of refugees and asylum seekers in UK newspapers 1996-2005�. Although the project combines critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics approaches, the paper aims to exemplify the contribution of corpus research to discourse analysis (cf. Koller & Mautner, 2004; Orpin, 2005; Sotillo & Wang-Gempp, 2004). The study used a corpus of 140 million words, comprising 175,000 articles from 15 UK newspapers, spanning 1996-2005 (see Gabrielatos, 2007). Specifically, the paper reports on the collocational analysis, which adopted the methodology in Baker & McEnery (2005) and McEnery (2006). An added methodological notion, akin to key keywords (Scott, 2004: 115), is that of consistent collocates, i.e. words which are collocates in at least seven out of the ten annual sub-corpora. Collocates can contribute to �a semantic analysis of a word� (Sinclair, 1991: 115-116). Also, as �they can convey messages implicitly and even be at odds with an overt statement� (Hunston, 2002: 109), they are a suitable vehicle for the discoursal presentation of a group (Baker, 2006). The analysis also makes use of the related notions of semantic prosody (Louw, 1993: 157), semantic preference (Stubbs, 2001: 65), and discourse prosody (ibid.: 65-66). The examination of collocation patterns has revealed systematic semantic associations, which map onto the CDA notions of topos (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001: 74�76) and topic (Sedlak, 2001: 129-130), as well as metaphors commonly employed in racist discourse (van der Valk (2000: 234). Arguably, these patterns reveal elements of the underlying discourses relating to RASIM.


The inter-relationship between the internal environment of buildings and the external environment is likely to alter in the presence of climate change. The potential implications of this changing relationship for the health and comfort of housing occupants in Neath Port Talbot (NPT), south Wales, are considered in this thesis through an analysis of health and comfort risk systems. A literature review of climate change, occupant thermal comfort, health and housing and architecture has been undertaken to establish the risk systems for risks to occupant health and comfort through the application of the source-pathway-receptor model of risk. This review has been summansed through the production of risk matrices including an evaluation of the potential for increase or decrease in the risk to occupant heath and comfort in the domestic environment due to climate change. Questionnaire surveys were undertaken to establish the current distribution of occupant hearth and comfort risks in households in NPT dunng hot summers and average winters, considered as temporal proxy for future average conditions. Further to this these surveys considered the influence of occupant behaviour and housing, neighbourhood and socio-economic factors. Detailed monitoring of a case study home, built in the year 2000, was also undertaken, using temperature and relative humidity loggers. An air leakage test and thermography survey were also undertaken. This enabled a quantitative analysis of conditions in relation to comfort thresholds dunng the hot summer of 2003. It has been found that homes in NPT present health and comfort risks to their occupants under current extreme climate during both the winter and summer. These risks include inadequate and excess heating, damp and mould and inadequate ventilation levels. Future work should focus on quantitative impact research and risk distribution in housing, as well as on passive methods to alleviate summer overheating, in order to avoid an increase in energy usage for cooling and its potential impact on climate change mitigation.


This issue of Philosophical Transactions examines the relationship between scientific uncertainty about climate change and knowledge. Uncertainty is an inherent feature of the climate system. Considerable effort has therefore been devoted to understanding how to effectively respond to a changing, yet uncertain climate. Politicians and the public often appeal to uncertainty as an argument to delay mitigative action. We argue that the appropriate response to uncertainty is exactly the opposite: uncertainty provides an impetus to be concerned about climate change, because greater uncertainty increases the risks associated with climate change. We therefore suggest that uncertainty can be a source of actionable knowledge. We survey the papers in this issue, which address the relationship between uncertainty and knowledge from physical, economic and social perspectives. We also summarize the pervasive psychological effects of uncertainty, some of which may militate against a meaningful response to climate change, and we provide pointers to how those difficulties may be ameliorated.


In this paper, two approaches for estimating the generation in which a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) shows statistically significant signs of convergence are introduced. A set-based perspective is taken where convergence is measured by performance indicators. The proposed techniques fulfill the requirements of proper statistical assessment on the one hand and efficient optimisation for real-world problems on the other hand. The first approach accounts for the stochastic nature of the MOEA by repeating the optimisation runs for increasing generation numbers and analysing the performance indicators using statistical tools. This technique results in a very robust offline procedure. Moreover, an online convergence detection method is introduced as well. This method automatically stops the MOEA when either the variance of the performance indicators falls below a specified threshold or a stagnation of their overall trend is detected. Both methods are analysed and compared for two MOEA and on different classes of benchmark functions. It is shown that the methods successfully operate on all stated problems needing less function evaluations while preserving good approximation quality at the same time.


Multi-Object tracking (MOT) is an important problem in a number of vision applications. For particle filter (PF) tracking, as the number of objects tracked increases, the search space for random sampling explodes in dimension. Partitioned sampling (PS) solves this problem by partitioning the search space, then searching each partition sequentially. However, sequential weighted resampling steps cause an impoverishment effect that increases with the number of objects. This effect depends on the specific order in which the partitions are explored, creating an erratic and undesirable performance. We propose a method to search the state space that fairly distributes these impoverishment effects between the objects by defining a set of mixture components and performing PS in each of these components using one of a small set of representative object orderings. Using synthetic and real data, we show that our method retains the overall performance and reduced computational cost of PS, while improving performance in scenes where the impoverishment effect is significant.


'Look at it this way' features contributions from distinguished scientists on contentious and current issues in areas such as development, population growth, agricultural production and policy.


Vegetation Management for the Oregon City-Chemawa #1 and #2 115 kilovolt transmission lines from Oregon City Substation to Chemawa Substation. BPA proposes to remove unwanted vegetation along the right-of-way, access roads, switch platforms, and around tower structures of the subject transmission line corridor that may impede the operation and maintenance of the identified transmission lines. BPA plans to conduct vegetation control with the goal of removing tall growing vegetation that is currently or will soon be a hazard to the transmission line. BPA's overall goal is to have lowgrowing plant communities along the rights-of-way to control the development of potentially threatening vegetation.


I. INTRODUCTION As Einer Elhauge and I noted in the preface to our recendy published casebook, modern antitrust law is global antitrust law.1 This is not so much because large corporations are subject to global antitrust rules, but because their behavior is being reviewed under the antitrust rules of an ever-growing number of jurisdictions. While the last six decades have seen repeated unsuccessful attempts to develop global antitrust rules,2 the 1980s and 1990s witnessed significant growth in the number of countries adopting antitrust law statutes and setting up specialized antitrust agencies and/or courts.3 Some one hundred countries currendy have antitrust rules in place, and die process has not ended yet. On August 1, 2008, China's Anti-Monopoly Law ("AML") entered into force,4 and various factors indicate that China will become a significant actor on the global antitrust scene.5 As a result, a typical merger between large US corporations now ordinarily requires approval not just in the US, but also in the EU, Canada, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, Korea, and the numerous other jurisdictions that have merger control rules and in which the activities of such corporations may produce market effects.6 Similarly, international cartels may trigger administrative, civil, or even criminal investigations not only in the US, but also in a range of other jurisdictions.7 The Microsoft cases bear testimony to the fact that firms engaging in certain practices, such as refusal to license or tying, may end up being condemned for abuse of dominance under the antitrust laws of different nations and, as a result, face a variety of remedies that are not necessarily consistent.8 Thus, businessmen, lawyers and policymakers can no longer content themselves with understanding only the antitrust law of their nation. They must also be conversant in the laws of other regimes that form part of the overall legal framework that regulates competitive behavior. Like many other scholars,9 1 have supported10 and even contributed11 to the development and adoption of antitrust law regimes in a growing number of jurisdictions. In recent years, however, my significant involvement in cases dealing with die application of antitrust laws and the participation of authorities from several jurisdictions has given me firsthand experience into some of the pitfalls of the decentralized globalization of antitrust. This decentralization process has taken place over the last few decades as a result of the concomitant failure of nations or international organizations to develop a global antitrust law regime and the decisions of many nations to adopt their own antitrust laws. While the notion of decentralized globalization may sound like an oxymoron, it represents an attempt to describe the fact that antitrust is today a global phenomenon, not through the adoption of supranational rules, such as in areas pertaining to environmental protection,12 labor rights,13 or human rights,14 but through the adoption of national rules often varying in scope, objectives, methods, and enforcement methodology. There is no doubt that the adoption of antitrust rules in a larger number of nations generates benefits, as it allows, for instance, these nations to protect their citizens against international cartels or excessive market concentration. This process has, however, also given rise to challenges for global corporations, some of which are well known. The decentralized globalization of antitrust increases: (1) the cost of doing business and the complexity of large-scale antitrust investigations, which now often have a multi-jurisdictional component; (2) the risk of contradictory decisions where a firm's behavior is reviewed by different antitrust authorities under different sets of rules; and (3) the likelihood that some decisions will be guided by protectionist motives. The objective of this Article is to raise awareness of a particular problem: in a world where the conduct of a firm is subject to different antitrust regimes, the most restrictive antitrust regime always wins. …


Page's "localist" code, a population code with occasional, maximally firing elements, does not seem to us usefully or testably different from sparse population coding. Some of the evidence adduced by Page for his proposal is not actually evidence for it, and coding by maximal firing is challenged by lower firing observed in neuronal responses to natural stimuli.


Children living in urban slums in Dhaka, Bangladesh, often have poor access to school and attend different types of school than students from middle class households. This paper asks whether their experiences in school also disadvantage them further in terms of their learning outcomes and the likelihood of dropping out. It is based on interviews with 36 students aged 11-16 from both slum and middle-class backgrounds, in 2012. The paper discusses how these experiences in school are likely to heighten the risk of dropping out for slum students, analyses the results in terms of de-facto privatization and school accountability, and recommends better regulation of private tuition, and teaching styles that are less obsessed with examination results.


This paper considers the numerical solution of elliptic boundary value problems with a complicated (nonperiodic) diffusion matrix which is smooth but highly oscillating on very different scales. We study the influence of the scales and amplitudes of these oscillations to the regularity of the solution. We introduce weighted Sobolev norms of integer order, where the $(p+1)$st seminorm is weighted by properly scaled $p$th derivative of the diffusion coefficient. The constants in the regularity estimates then turn out to depend only on global lower and upper bounds of the diffusion matrix but not on its derivatives; in particular, the constants are independent of the scales of the oscillations. These regularity results give rise to error estimates for $hp$-finite element discretizations with scale-adapted distribution of the mesh cells. The adaptation of the mesh is explicit with respect to the local variations of the diffusion coefficient. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency of these oscillation ada...


Abstract. Eastern Austria is a region of low to moderate seismicity, and hence the seismological network coverage is relatively sparse. Nevertheless accurate earthquake location is very important, as the area is one of the most densely populated and most developed areas in Austria. In 2013 a series of earthquakes with magnitudes up to 4.2 was recorded in the Southern Vienna Basin. With portable broadband, semi-permanent, and permanent installed seismic sensors from different institutions it was possible to record the main- and aftershocks with an unusual multitude of close-by seismic stations. In this study we combine records from all available stations up to 240 km distance in one dataset. First, we stabilize the location with three stations deployed in the epicentral area. The higher network density moves the location of smaller magnitude events closer to the main shocks, with respect to preliminary locations achieved by permanent and semi-permanent networks. Then we locate with NonLinLoc using consistent picks, a 3-D velocity model and apply station corrections. This second approach results in stable epicenters, for limited and even changing station availability. This dataset can then be inspected more closely for the presence of regional phases, which then can be used for more accurate localizations and especially depth estimation. Further research will address directivity effects and the asymmetry in earthquake intensity observed throughout the area, using double differences and cross-correlations.


Chapter 11 has healed itself. According to some of its leading critics, chapter 11 is no longer the long, expensive process that it was in the 1980s - when storied companies like Pan Am slowly wasted away their remaining value in a vainglorious attempt to survive in a changed marketplace. Today's chapter 11 is a swift, market driven process that quickly moves troubled companies into more capable hands. And the credit for this change goes to control rights. In particular, advances in financial contracting are said to allow the parties to agree about who should exercise control over the firm's assets in any particular state of the world. Chapter 11 has then become a system of corporate reorganization that is dominated by a single creditor, or at least a small group of sophisticated creditors. In this paper I examine this putative new chapter 11. Unlike Baird, Rasmussen, and Skeel before me, I express some skepticism about the new state of affairs. I begin by addressing two basic questions: should chapter 11 be dominated by a parochial group and who might suffer under such a regime? In particular, I look at whether chapter 11 is appropriately deployed to address a firm's financial distress when that firm has already allocated its control rights to a single actor or a concentrated group of actors, like a DIP lender. I conclude that if the control rights description of the new chapter 11 is accurate, chapter 11 will only be used when it benefits the controlling creditor, and we should expect these sorts of creditors to capture most or all of these benefits. Moreover, we should expect that in some number of cases, the use of chapter 11 under a control rights regime will not be overall efficient, in that any gains come with corresponding losses to non-consenting parties. I then consider whether the empirical story told by these authors is plausible. Again in contrast to the leading scholars, I argue that control in a large modern firm is often inherently ambiguous and that control rights are always relative and state-dependant. Formal control may have little relation to actual, functional control. In this context, chapter 11 provides a forum for an organized resolution of these competing claims.


Over the last decade, new concepts have evolved to promote a significant azimuthal flow in annular combustors of gas turbines. The benefits are better flame propagation at ignition, positive flame-flame interaction, and better interaction with the burnt gases. Other advantages in terms of size, congestion and conditioning of the turbine inlet flow are also significant. The technical challenges reported by the literature are often related to the higher thermal stress of the flames on the walls compared to a conventional frame. Other sources of inspiration for this work are the principles of burnt gas recirculation, sequential combustion and flameless combustion.
 This contribution focuses on a novel tangential burner arrangement inspired by the previous references. It offers a synthesis of key features and properties of the latter and goes even further. Here, a significant part of the burnt gases produced by one burner intentionally enters the inlet of the next burner, and so on along the azimuthal direction. This takes advantage of the closed loop aspect of an annular combustor when considering the toroidal direction. It also proposes a solution to the thermal load problem. We named this principle Recursive Sequential Combustion (RSC).
 While the flame alignment is organised along the generatrix of the combustor's annulus, one difficulty lies in the design of the lateral feeds of reactants and the lateral exit of the exhaust gases. A double-spiral combustor design is proposed, which has similarities with the Swiss Roll Combustor concept. It directs the flow in the toroidal direction, as well as it creates the favourable conditions for a dynamically stabilised premixed flame centred along the torus' generatrix at some distance from the walls. This design maximises the interaction between the fresh reactants and the burnt gases. The technical challenge is to find the right balance in terms of momentum flux of the incoming and outgoing flows to keep the flame in the middle of the torus. If this concept is successful, a lean flame could be operated with an unmatched trade-off between stability, flexibility and low-emissions (including soot). The paper reports about the RSC concept, the design, and the early results.


Mobile Drip Irrigation (MDI) involves attaching driplines to center pivot drops. MDI has potential to eliminate water losses due to spray droplet evaporation, water evaporation from the canopy, and wind drift. MDI also may reduce soil water evaporation due to limited surface wetting. A study was conducted with the following objectives: 1) compare soil water evaporation under MDI and in-canopy spray nozzles; 2) evaluate soil water redistribution under MDI at 60 inch dripline lateral spacing; 3) compare corn grain yield, water productivity, and irrigation water use efficiency; and 4) compare end-of-season profile soil water under MDI and in-canopy spray at two well capacities 300 and 600 gpm. The experiment was conducted at the Kansas State University Southwest Research-Extension Center near Garden City, Kansas. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications, and two treatments MDI and in-canopy spray nozzles. Soil water evaporation was measured using four-inch minilysimeters placed between corn rows. The effect of a 60-inch lateral spacing on soil water redistribution was evaluated using soil water measurements made using neutron attenuation to a depth of 8 feet. Preliminary results indicate soil water evaporation was lower under MDI compared to in-canopy spray nozzles, by 35% on average. Soil water redistribution was adequate for dripline spacing of 60 inches in silt loam soils of southwest Kansas. At 600 gpm well capacity, corn yields were 247 and 255 bu/a for MDI and in-canopy spray nozzles, respectively. At 300 gpm well capacity, yields were 243 and 220 bu/a for MDI and in-canopy spray nozzles, respectively. However, the differences were not significant (p > 0.05) between the irrigation application technologies in 2015. The effect of application method on water productivity and irrigation water use efficiency was also not significant. The lack of significant differences could be attributed to the above normal rainfall received during the 2015 growing season (18.3 inches from May to October). Normal mean annual rainfall for the study area is 18 inches. The effect of application method on end-of-season soil water was statistically significant under low well capacity (300 gpm) with Mobile Drip Irrigation having more soil water compared to in-canopy spray nozzles in the 8 foot profile at harvest. It is worth noting that plots under MDI did not have deep wheel tracks associated with sprinkler nozzles.


Magnificent castles and fortresses in remote, mountainous regions were built for refuge by the Ismaili Muslims of Iran and Syria fleeing from persecution during the early middle ages. Often superior in construction to those built by the Crusaders, these castles withstood numerous offensives for over two centuries until the middle of the 13th century when most were captured and demolished by the Mongols. In his new book Peter Willey describes the discoveries he made during the course of more than 20 expeditions to these Ismaili sites spanning the past forty years. The book is exceptionally well illustrated with photographs, maps and plans. As well as being a piece of original scholarship, it is also a readable personal account of the challenges encountered in expeditions to remote, inaccessible and often hazardous locations.


A nomadic collaborative partnership model for a community of practice (CoP) in Design for Learning (D4L) can facilitate successful innovation and continuing appraisals of effective professional practice, stimulated by a 'critical friend' assigned to the project. This paper reports on e-learning case studies collected by the JISC-funded UK eLIDA CAMEL Design for Learning Project. The project implemented and evaluated learning design (LD) tools in higher and further education within the JISC Design for Learning pedagogic programme (2006-07). Project partners trialled professional user evaluations of innovative e-learning tools with learning design function, collecting D4L case studies and LD sequences in post-16/HE contexts using LAMS and Moodle. The project brought together learning activity sequences within a collaborative e-learning community of practice based on the CAMEL (Collaborative Approaches to the Management of e-Learning) model, contributing to international D4L developments. This paper provides an overview of project outputs in e-learning innovations, including evaluations from teachers and students. The paper explores intentionality in the development of a CoP in design for learning, reporting on trials of LD and social software that bridged tensions between formalised intra-institutional e-learning relationships and inter-institutional professional project team dynamic D4L practitioner interactions. Following a brief report of D4L case studies and feedback, the catalytic role of the 'critical friend' is highlighted and recommended as a key ingredient in the successful development of a nomadic model of communities of practice for managing professional e-learning projects. eLIDA CAMEL Partners included the Association of Learning Technology (ALT), JISC infoNet, three universities and five FE/Sixth Form Colleges. Results reported to JISC demonstrated D4L e-learning innovations by practitioners, illuminated by the role of the 'critical friend'. The project also benefited from formal case study evaluations and the leading work of ALT and JISC infoNet in the development of the CAMEL model.


ABSTRACT Summer camps have been conventionally associated with the positive development of individual character through the promotion of recreational 'fun.' However, popular narratives obscure more critical questions concerning the power-knowledge relations that have shaped the provision of summer camp fun as a significant site of child development in Canadian culture. In this article we examine how camp counsellors mobilise particular discourses about the benefits, or 'good', and 'fun' of camp to govern themselves and the campers that are in their care. We draw on Foucauldian notions of governmentality to problematise that which is often assumed as the 'truth' of camp experiences. We discuss how the 'good' of camp often draws on psy-discourses and those of entrepreneurial selves to improve or add value to campers' lives. Additionally, 'fun' discourses and practices can work to produce manageable and docile campers. We conclude the article by identifying the implications of the research for developing a critical approach to the management of young staff who work to provide a broad range of recreational experiences where benefits and fun are promised.


I. INTRODUCTION II. THE HISTORY OF RECEDING MILITARY JURISDICTION OVER U.S. CIVILIANS A. How Was the Barn Door Opened in the First Place? B. What Is the Significance of the Evolution in Courts-Martial Jurisdiction? C. Did This Jurisdictional Gap Somehow Go Undetected Until 2000? III. MEJA: A STEP TO LATCH THE BARN DOOR SHUT A. The Provisions of MEJA B. Is MEJA an Improvement? C. The Latch has Already Been Tightened Once IV. IS THE BARN DOOR TRULY SHUT?: TIGHTENING THE LATCH A. MEJA Only Applies to Members of the Military and Civilians Supporting the Department of Defense Mission B. Crimes Punishable by One Year or Less are Outside the Coverage of MEJA C. Implementing Regulations Have Not Been Enacted D. Citizens and Those Ordinarily Resident in the Host Nation Are Excluded E. Civilians Must Be Employed by a U.S. Federal Agency V. CONCLUSION The Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act (MEJA), (1) was passed in 2000 to fill the jurisdictional gap that existed where host nation countries could not or would not prosecute crimes Americans. (2) This most often occurred when the committed by crime was committed only against an American or American property. (3) The Act, its application, and its shortcomings have gained widespread media attention from the prisoner abuse scandal at Abu Ghraib prison and the realization that civilian contractors may be responsible for some of the abuses, yet are immune from any criminal liability. (4) Discussing whether or not the barn door has finally been shut begs the questions: which horses were escaping from which barn, and why was the door open in the first place? I. INTRODUCTION Broadly speaking, the horses are U.S. citizens who commit crimes abroad, and the goal is to keep them within a barn where they may be prosecuted by the United States, if the host nation cannot or will not adequately prosecute the individuals. More realistically though, the horses have been defined narrowly as only two groups of people: those employed by or accompanying the Armed Forces outside the United States and those who are members of the Armed Forces. (5) This narrowing of applicability will be addressed later in this article, as it contributes to the gaps that still remain. The U.S. Constitution is the document that builds the walls and roof of this particular barn. Specifically, it is the interplay of Article I courts with Article III courts, the Fifth Amendment, and the Sixth Amendment that truly provides the structure of the barn. (6) Article I, Section 8, Clause 14 of the Constitution allows Congress "to make rules for the Government and regulation of the land and naval Forces," as supplemented by the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8, Clause 18. (7) Article III provides for trial by jury; the Fifth Amendment requires indictment by a grand jury; and the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial. (8) In essence, the barn is constructed by whichever of these provisions grants Congress the authority to extend jurisdiction to individuals accompanying or employed by U.S. Armed Forces outside the United States. MEJA begins to close the jurisdictional gap. Part II of this article addresses the history of military jurisdiction over U.S. civilians and previous attempts to address the issue. Part III discusses the provisions of MEJA and how it has been used to narrow the jurisdictional gap. Finally, Part IV applies MEJA to current situations and analyzes the remaining jurisdictional gaps. II. THE HISTORY OF RECEDING MILITARY JURISDICTION OVER U.S. CIVILIANS A. How Was the Barn Door Opened in the First Place? The barn door initially cracked open when the Supreme Court was forced to call into question "the power of Congress to expose civilians to trial by military tribunals, under military regulations and procedures, for offenses against the United States thereby depriving them of trial in civilian courts, under civilian laws and procedures and with all the safeguards of the Bill of Rights. …


At a late stage of fetal development, the mammalian alveolar epithelium undergoes an abrupt differentiation as a part of the preparation of the lung for the postnatal demands of gas exchange. Some of the most striking changes occur in the type II pneumocytes as they lose their glycogen and start to produce the lamellated inclusion granules that contain pulmonary surfactant. Premature birth before adequate type II cell maturation results in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which is frequently fatal. We have used serial ultrathin sectioning, electron microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstructions to study the ultrastructural features of maturation of rat type II cells from a single rat each at age gestational day 20 through adult stages. We found evidence over this time span for compartmentation of several secretory granule precursors within type II cells. Changes in the polarization of lamellar bodies were observed over the time period studied. We also found marked gestational changes in the number and morphology of type II cell cytoplasmic processes that perforate the basement membrane. Type II cell mitochondria changed in shape during postnatal development from single, spherical to complex, branched structures. Volume composition obtained from serial sections of a small number of type II cells agreed closely with published morphometric data, indicating that throughout the animal's lifespan, type II cells are a homogenous population.


In the context of the growing lack of understanding and even cultural conflict that plague the heterogeneous societies of today, translation naturally has its place in mass communication. Seen as the privileged locus of intercultural communication, translation is not only the expression of the necessity of intercomprehension between differences, but also, and more importantly, the necessity of the determined search for areas of incommunication (Wolton). Hence, taking into account the difficulties and the points of discord as a priority instead of aiming for compromise and pacific appeasement in the citizen-translational operation takes the shape of an emergency. Translating means, first and foremost, translating that which is not going well, that which we understand the least. In the same vein as Jakobson's project, who suggested the three categories of translation, it is our aim to show the relevance of going beyond those categories in light of a short case study undertaken in the context of the media's discourse in Quebec concerning the management of cultural diversity. It is in this sense that we are submitting, in this article, the outline of an ongoing reflection pertaining to a fourth category of translation, which we will call "inter-referential translation".


The differential difference amplifier (DDA) is considered as a versatile building block for the analogue processing of floating voltages. An automatic offset compensation scheme is proposed for the DDA structure. A digital successive approximation algorithm is implemented to reduce the offset input voltages. The proposed circuit has been fabricated and tested in a 0.8 mu m CMOS technology.


In October 2006 the European Civil Protection Exercise MESIMEX (Somma Vesuvio Mesimex – Major Emergency SIMulation Exercise) on volcanic risk took place at Vesuvio, promoted by Campania Region and coordinated by the Italian Civil Protection Department. The exercise was focused on the preparedness phase for a major volcanic emergency in the area of Vesuvio. An evacuation of a sample of 1800 inhabitants from the Vesuvio Red Zone was also tested during the drill because the emergency plan ensures the complete evacuation of the population from the higher risk zone before the onset of the eruption. During that event a survey on volcanic risk perception was carried out on the evacuated population in order to compare the results with the ones coming from a previous similar survey, using the same questionnaire, carried out on a wider sample of residents in the Vesuvio Red Zone few months before MESIMEX exercise. The aim was to point out any differences in population's attitude towards volcanic risk after having received detailed information on the emergency plan and on the hazards and risk related to the reactivation of Vesuvio, and experiencing the exercise. 463 questionnaires were distributed to the population evacuated from the 18 municipalities of the Red Zone and participating to the exercise. Main results in comparing data from MESIMEX survey with the Vesuvio previous one, put in evidence how the general level of Vesuvio residents' trust remains quite low, indicating that a continuous and effective effort has to be done by both scientific community and Civil Protection Department. Particular attention should be paid in education and outreach activities and in involving people in risk mitigation procedures, also through more frequent exercises.


We present methods for multi-task learning that take advantage of natural groupings of re-lated tasks. Task groups may be defined along known properties of the tasks, such as task domain or language. Such task groups represent supervised information at the inter-task level and can be encoded into the model. We investigate two variants of neural network architectures that accomplish this, learning different feature spaces at the levels of individual tasks, task groups, as well as the universe of all tasks: (1) parallel architectures encode each input simultaneously into feature spaces at different levels; (2) serial architectures encode each input successively into feature spaces at different levels in the task hierarchy. We demonstrate the methods on natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, where a grouping of tasks into different task domains leads to improved performance on ATIS, Snips, and a large in-house dataset.


Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) occurring in the patient with lung cancer can have profound prognostic and management implications. If clinically relevant, such an effusion first needs to be confirmed as malignant and then, in the majority of lung cancer patients, it will require a pleural intervention to relieve symptoms related to fluid accumulation. The field of pleural diseases in general, and pleural malignancy in particular, has undergone dynamic changes in recent years as the evidence base informing practice has grown by leaps and bounds. Both the diagnosis and management of MPE are dynamically changing disciplines in thoracic medicine. As commonly happens, emerging data have generated just as many questions as they have answered. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about MPE resulting from lung cancer in a manner that is accessible to clinicians across medical specialties.


This book has provided me with the information to jump right into creating web applications with Visual Basic. It is an excellent training guide and at the same time, it provides real-world examples that can be reused in multiple projects and applications. (A developer's comment on the previous edition of Murach's ASP.NET, posted online)Already know how to code in Visual Basic 2010? Then, master web programming with this .NET 4 edition of the ASP.NET book that's a favorite of developers. It teaches beginners how to develop web applications from scratch, while more seasoned professionals use it as a time-saving guide whenever they need the "how-to" details that take forever to find online.Here's a quick rundown on what developers have always liked best about this book:#1: Complete applications show you how all the pieces interactThe key to mastering ASP.NET 4 is to have plenty of real-world applications that guide you in using the skills you're learning...and that help you avoid the problems that you can run into as you build complex web sites. That's why this book gives you complete applications, including the web forms, the aspx code, and the VB code. Download the applications for free from the Murach website, and experiment with them on your own to see how valuable they are.#2: It gives you a 6-chapter section on database programming that's geared to business applicationsDatabase handling is crucial in business programming, yet it's glossed over in just a chapter or two in many books. In contrast, this 6-chapter section teaches you how to use SQL data sources and ASP.NET data controls to develop database applications with little or no VB code. Then, it teaches how to use object data sources to create 3-layer applications that let you separate the presentation code from the data access code. And each topic is illustrated using examples like maintenance and shopping cart applications...the kind of database applications you'll deal with every day.#3: It teaches you ASP.NET development the way it should be done, using Visual Studio 2010The 1.x edition of this book was one of the first to teach web development using Visual Studio instead of tools like Notepad. Today, no developer should miss out on the productivity features of Visual Studio 2010. So they're integrated throughout this book, rather than being relegated to just a chapter or two at the beginning.#4: It teaches you ASP.NET 4 features when they're appropriate, not just convenientIn contrast to some books, the ASP.NET 4 features haven't just been tacked onto the chapters from the previous .NET 3.5 edition. Instead, author Anne Boehm has carefully analyzed how the changes affect the way you develop web applications and what you need to learn when. That means this book integrates the new material with the classic ASP.NET features that haven't changed, giving you a cohesive, fluid approach to learning web programming the way it's done today.#5: The distinctive paired-pages format* makes learning...and reference...a breezeA few years ago, a customer used the term "paired pages" to describe our presentation style, and the name has stuck. It means that this book presents each topic in a two-page spread. The right page gives screen shots, code, syntax, bulleted details whatever is needed to illustrate and summarize the topic; the left page provides extra explanation and perspective as needed. That makes it easy for developers at any level to skim through material they already know and focus on what's new to them. It means less reading for everyone. And it makes the book a quick and easy-to-use reference guide once you're done training.(*To see how the paired pages work, you can download free chapters from the Murach web site.)


Western Europe and Japan are among the main importers of coal. Climate policies following the Kyoto agreement are creating pressure to substitute away from coal and turn to less emission intensive energy sources. At the same time, liberalisations of energy markets in Europe and Japan are likely to cause reduced electricity prices, which will boost the overall demand for electricity. This paper analyses the combined effect of electricity market liberalisation and climate policies on the international coal trade. Using the numerical equilibrium model LIBEMOD, we find that while liberalisation of electricity markets will imply a large increase in aggregate coal transport demand, the negative impact of climate policies may be even larger, in particular if Russia and Ukraine utilise their market power in the market for emission permits. If this market power is exploited, the total effect of liberalisation and climate policy – when including the impact of general economic growth – is a 20% reduction in aggregate coal transport between 2000 and 2010. Further, impacts differ markedly between Western Europe and Japan. A main difference is that liberalisation has a much more positive – and climate policies have a much stronger negative – impact on steam coal demand in Western Europe than in Japan.


Morus alba and Morus multicaulis , common ornamental species in Chile, were studied regarding their growth and dry matter production. In Santiago (Metropolitan Region), plants from vegetative propagation, one part growing under field conditions and the other in a plastic greenhouse were used; both with similar soil, water availability and cutting system (0.20 and 0.40 m). Periodically, four shoots per selected plant were measured for length, number of leaves and dry weight. Previously, a correlation between dry matter and foliar size (length, width, area) of each species was established to estimate the latter. Correlation coefficients obtained had a R2 higher than 0.60 whereas the length and width used to estimate foliar area had an R2 of 0.96 to M. multicaulis and 0.95 to M. alba when correlated to the real area measured. The growth curve for total weight was superior for M. multicaulis at the beginning, but at the end was greatest for M. alba . In the greenhouse there were more leaves per shoot in M. alba, and there were no differences between species in the field. The shoot length changed with environmental conditions, as it was better with M. alba in the greenhouse and with M. multicaulis in the field. It was concluded that M. alba is more sensitive to the temperature regimes used in this study.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Epidemiologic research of the last half-century has clearly shown that psychosocial factors related to the social environment, personality characteristics, and negative affect increase the risk of incident CVD and also impact prognosis of cardiac patients. Several mechanisms may explain this link, including a genetic predisposition, poor lifestyle choices, low adherence to health recommendations, and direct pathophysiologic perturbations. The latter include alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and autonomic dysfunction resulting in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and a prothrombotic state further downstream. Screening for psychosocial factors seems appropriate as part of the standard history and based on the clinician's knowledge of the patient and the purpose of the visit. Psychological interventions generally alleviate distress in cardiac patients, but whether they reduce the risk of hard cardiovascular endpoints and all-cause mortality is less evident. Cardiac patients with more severe depression may particularly profit from antidepressant medications. Due to their pharmacologic properties, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were shown to improve cardiovascular outcome. The most effective psychosocial treatment is multicomponent therapy that combines elements of cognitive behaviour therapy ("stress management") and changes in health behaviours, including the adoption of a regular exercise regimen. Gender-specific issues should probably be considered. The field of behavioural cardiology has accumulated a wealth of epidemiological, mechanistic and clinical knowledge that undoubtedly has furthered our understanding about the important role of psychosocial risk factors in patients with a heart disease.


When a man comes before his judges with nothing but his crimes, when he has nothing to say but "this is what I have done," when he has nothing to say about himself, when he does not do the tribunal the favor of confiding to them something like the secret of his own being, then the judicial machine ceases to function (Foucault, 1978:18). This paper places Foucault's discussion of the confession as an uncovering of the truth of the self alongside his ideas of an aesthetics of existence in what might be considered a 'limit' case: a case in which a woman, along with three other women, is accused of killing a man previously unknown to her. The intention here is to read two separate confessions as discourses of both subjection and subjectivity; of pathology and ethics; as uncovering the truth, and as reinventing the truth. My first reading considers the confession in its most ancient form: the coupling of confession and torture; the 'dark twins of history' (Foucault, 1976:59). I will consider the repositioning of this coupling of confession and torture as forensic practice in the geographical and historical present. My second reading concerns the confession as a reinvention of truth and self. Following a brief discussion of Foucauldian notions of resistance and ethics and their relevance for feminism, I would like to consider the potential for reading these confessions as a 'practice of freedom' in and through the reinvention of the ethical self (Foucault, 1991:3-20). I am not looking for the Truth of these confessions. Rather, I am interested in their truth effects; their potential for creating various trtlths. This journal article is available in Law Text Culture: http://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol2/iss1/4 THE CONFESSION AS A IPRACTICE OF FREEDOM': FEMINISM, FOUCAULT AND IELSEWHERE' TRUTHS


Given the pivotal role of differential reproduction to the evolutionary success of ancestral men, evolution has produced a plethora of reproductive strategies aimed at solving the complexities of intramale competition and satisfying and/or thwarting the reproductive desires of women. Life history theory recognizes that an organism has limited resources and must invest energy appropriately. Broadly, reproductive strategies can be dichotomized into short-term (emphasizing mating over parental effort) versus long-term (emphasizing parenting over mating effort) strategies. Increasingly, the neuroendocrine system—especially testosterone—has been recognized as the proximate mechanism orchestrating adoption of one strategy over the other. This chapter reviews behaviors geared toward solving problems associated with both long-term and short-term reproductive strategies and discusses the neuroendocrine correlates. The adoption of one strategy over another is conceptualized as conditional or facultative adaptations in which strategic switching points are tuned over evolutionary time to produce optimal fitness responses to men's social and physical conditions.


Purpose : To carry out the extraction, purification and biological characterization, and assess the antibacterial activity of bacteriocin from Lactobacillus acidophilus XH1. Methods : Chloroform extraction method was used for bacteriocin extraction while characterization of bacteriocin was carried out by flat-dug well agar diffusion assay. The antibacterial mechanisms of bacteriocin were examined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy. The molecular weight of lactobacillin XH1 was measured using Tricine - SDS - PAGE electrophoresis. Results : The bacteriocin (lactobacillin XH1) inhibited Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and  Bacillus anthracis . It showed a wide range of antimicrobial activity at pH 1.0 - 5.0 while at 37 – 120 °C, it was sensitive to trypsin, pepsin and papain, but insensitive to proteinase K and neutral protease. The intracellular UV-absorbing substances,, namely, lactate dehydrogenase macromolecules, K + and ATP of  E. coli, decreased rapidly. The molecular weight of lactobacillin XH1 was approximately 16 kDa. Conclusion : Lactobacillin XH1 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial substance that is thermostable. Its antibacterial mechanism on Escherichia coli is similar to that of bacteriocins on Gram-positive bacteria. The agent is a hydrophobic protein with more acidic groups. Keywords : Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillin, Bacteriocin, Purification, Antibacterial mechanism, Atomic emission spectroscopy


Introductions: It is helpful for women to learn what to expect and what options available in transition to menopause. The objective of this study was to find out the changes in the level of awareness among premenopausal women after educational intervention. Methods: Study was carried out at mothers' group of PinchhenTole Lalitpur district, Kathmandu, Nepal. One hundred and four respondents were selected using non probability convenience purposive sampling technique. Data were collected before and after educational intervention. Results: The findings reveal that the total awareness score was 26.81 in pre-test and 31.97 in post test. The grand mean score of awareness was 24.81 in pre-test and 29.85 in post test. Standard deviation was 3.47 and 0.50 pre-test and post-test respectively. The overall difference in knowledge between pre-test and post-test was highly significant. Conclusions: Educational intervention among premenopausal women is highly significant in establishing and strengthening awareness about menopausal symptoms and its reduction measures. Keywords: awareness, menopausal effect, premenopausal women, reduction measures


Woman suffrage led to one of the greatest enfranchisements in history. Yet, women neither won the right to vote by force, nor did men grant it under the imminent threat of female unrest. These facts are difficult to reconcile with leading political economy theories of suffrage extensions. In this paper, we study suffrage extensions at the level of US states and territories in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to learn about the factors that accelerated, respectively delayed, a jurisdiction's transition to woman suffrage. Our results show that the general scarcity of women in the American West, or a high sex ratio, was the single most important factor behind the region's lead in the enfranchisement of women in the US. High ratios of grantors (men) to grantees (women) of the franchise appear to have promoted earlier suffrage extensions, as these imbalances reduced the political costs and risks for male legislators and electorates. Our finding may provide a more general insight into the economics of voluntary power sharing. All else equal, smaller groups should find it much easier to acquire rights or to get admitted to economic and political clubs.


In Fe-bearing trioctahedral 1M micas Fe2+ occurs essentially in the octahedral O sheet whereas Fe3+ either coexists with Fe2+ in the octahedral M sites or, more rarely, enters the tetrahedral T sites. The Fe K -edge absorption spectra of twelve micas were recorded in an effort to relate the observed multiple-scattering absorption features to the results of single-crystal X-ray structure refinements obtained on crystals from the same rock sample. This study first addresses the three end-members phlogopite, annite and tetra-ferriphlogopite, used as reference materials, and enters later in the interpretation of nine trioctahedral micas intermediate in composition along the joins phlogopite-tetra-ferriphlogopite and phlogopite-annite. A detailed analysis of the observed XANES features singles out the independent effects of coordination and valence, and shows distinctly different position vs. intensity trends that depend upon the local Fe2+ and Fe3+ environments. Bond distances evaluated from XANES spectra in the full multiple-scattering region of the K -edge spectrum agree well with those obtained by XRD refinement. Distinct variations in the local to intermediate degrees of order of certain micas can be determined by the analysis of their intermediate multiple-scattering regions; they supplement the information on their long-range order that is best obtained through the XRD refinement.


A multilevel interleaved discontinuous space-vector pulsewidth modulation (DSVPWM) method is presented for a three-level three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter using a three-phase split-wound coupled inductor. The selection of a suitable PWM switching scheme for this topology is based on the dual requirements for a high-quality multilevel PWM output voltage, together with the need to minimize high-frequency currents and losses in the coupled inductor and the inverter switches. Suitable switching states are described for the DSVPWM method over the full amplitude modulation depth range. The proposed method minimizes the coupled-inductor high-frequency current ripple and also produces three-level PWM output voltage waveforms at twice the inverter switching frequency. The inverter operation is examined using simulation tests. The extensive experimental test results are used to obtain the inverter performance as a variable frequency drive when operated in a steady state and during transient conditions.


Phenotypic characterization of pea symbiotic mutants has provided a detailed description of the symbiosis with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains. We show here that two allelic non-nodulating pea mutants, RisNod4 and K24, are affected in the PsSym37 gene, encoding a LysM receptor kinase similar to Lotus japonicus NFR1 and Medicago truncatula LYK3. Phenotypic analysis of RisNod4 and K24 suggests a role for the SYM37 in regulation of infection-thread initiation and nodule development from cortical-cell division foci. We show that RisNod4 plants carrying an L to F substitution in the LysM1 domain display a restrictive symbiotic phenotype comparable to the PsSym2(A) lines that distinguish 'European' and 'Middle East' Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains. RisNod4 mutants develop nodules only in the presence of a 'Middle East' Rhizobium strain producing O-acetylated Nod factors indicating the SYM37 involvement in Nod-factor recognition. Along with the PsSym37, a homologous LysM receptor kinase gene, PsK1, was isolated and characterized. We show that PsK1 and PsSym37 are genetically linked to each other and to the PsSym2 locus. Allelic complementation analyses and sequencing of the extracellular regions of PsSym37 and PsK1 in several 'European' and 'Afghan' pea cultivars point towards PsK1 as possible candidate for the elusive PsSym2 gene.


After a decade of economic and political crises, the European Union has arrived at a critical juncture, as has its foreign policy. The long-running debate on gaining more coherence in EU's external action as a global security provider has gained more traction than ever before. The Union is weakened due to recent internal crises from which it is only slowly recovering: the trust placed in Brussels' institutions by both European citizens and global partners is shrinking and the citizens of one of the EU's largest member states, the United Kingdom, have just voted to leave. Based on an analysis of the current state of the Union, this paper takes stock of the outcomes of the Dahrendorf Foresight Project and looks ahead at the EU's role in the world of 2025. By following the narrative of driving forces beyond the EU's foreign policy, this article makes four policy recommendations for development within the next decade.


While discrimination against women at work has long been a mainstream topic in research literature, only marginal attention has been paid to discrimination against men. A number of factors may be responsible for this, including change in traditional occupational roles, cultural perceptions of the 'natures' of men and women, and men's own perception (or lack of perception) of discrimination. This short report investigates whether men face discrimination based on sex in the workplace. It looks at the results of Eurofound's 2015 European Working Conditions Survey and then examines cases from five countries (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France and the UK). Discrimination is examined in such areas as recruitment, education, healthcare-related services, working time and parenting, and sexual harassment. The cases demonstrate that men do indeed experience discrimination because of their sex. The cases appear to be more concentrated in female-dominated contexts and in instances of adjustment of working time in relation to parental duties.


The article presents use of PNN to identify ship's radio stations. Two methods of PNN acceleration are included. The first one is a combination of PNN and Kohonen neural network. The task of Kohonen neural network is to roughly classify radio station. The final identification is performed by PNN. The second speeding up approach consists in using average data instead of original one. Moreover, a modification of PNN decision rule is applied.


Komatiites occur in many Archaean and Proterozoic greenstone belts metamorphosed to greenschist or upper amphibolite facies conditions. However, komatiites have so far not been reported from high-grade metamorphic environments (upper granulite facies conditions). Here we report the occurrence of Mg-, Cr-and Ni-rich ultramafic rocks (26 to 31% MgO, 2800 to 3800 ppm Cr, 1400 to 1800 ppm Ni) with unfractionated PGE patterns (8.15 to 12.36 ppb Pt, 6.17 to 13.49 ppb Pd, Pd/Ir ~2 to 6) in the high-grade polymetamorphic Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. The composition of the rocks overlaps with that of Al-undepleted (Munro-type) komatiites from elsewhere, except that the Central Zone samples are markedly enriched in highly incompatible trace elements and show negative Nb anomalies. Based on these data, we interpret the rocks to represent contaminated komatiites of Archaean age – the first such manifestation in the Limpopo Belt and in a high to ultra-high grade (≥900°C, 10 kbar) metamorphic environment.


The study of Protestant spirituality in the early modern period has generally focused on Puritans and Pietists. The tradition of the Slavic Reformation that culminated with John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) has been largely ignored. This volume seeks to redress this imbalance by introducing Comenius's neglected masterpiece, The Labyrinth of the World, to a broader audience. Though better known as the father of modern education, Comenius was a pastor and spiritual leader of the Bohemian Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), a Czech Protestant group inspired by the Hussite movement of the fifteenth century. The Labyrinth, an allegory of the spiritual journey in the style of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, represents the culmination of his literary accomplishments. The work was written against the backdrop of the calamitous Thirty Years' War and Comenius's profound personal sufferings. His satirical castigation of the world's false ambitions and values is paralleled by a deep yearning for understanding and experience of life with God. The work comprises two parts. The first introduces a pilgrim in search of a profession. Escorted by a series of guides who lead him through the maze of life's occupations, he visits tradesmen, scholars, clergy, rulers and various other classes of society. Disillusioned by the petty rivalries and deception that mark every vocation he explores, the pilgrim ultimately despairs of the vanity and emptiness of human existence. In the second part of the text the pilgrim turns inward, where he finds "the paradise of the heart." After encountering Christ, he is led on a spiritual journey among those who have found the true meaning of life in relationship with God.


Abstract One of the best-recognized patterns in the evolution of organismal size is the tendency for mean and maximum size within a clade to decrease following a major extinction event and to increase during the subsequent recovery interval. Because larger organisms are typically thought to be at higher extinction risk than their smaller relatives, it has commonly been assumed that size reduction mostly reflects the selective extinction of larger species. However, to our knowledge the relative importance of within- and among-lineage processes in driving overall trends in body size has never been compared quantitatively. In this study, we use a global, specimen-level database of foraminifera to study size evolution from the Late Permian through Late Triassic. We explicitly decompose size evolution into within- and among-genus components. We find that size reduction following the end-Permian mass extinction was driven more by size reduction within surviving species and genera than by the selective extinction of larger taxa. Similarly, we find that increase in mean size across taxa during Early Triassic biotic recovery was a product primarily of size increase within survivors and the extinction of unusually small taxa, rather than the origination of new, larger taxa. During background intervals we find no strong or consistent tendency for extinction, origination, or within-lineage change to move the overall size distribution toward larger or smaller sizes. Thus, size stasis during background intervals appears to result from small and inconsistent effects of within- and among-lineage processes rather than from large but offsetting effects of within- and among-taxon components. These observations are compatible with existing data for other taxa and extinction events, implying that mass extinctions do not influence size evolution by simply selecting against larger organisms. Instead, they appear to create conditions favorable to smaller organisms.


The paper presents a simple framework for the analysis of the macroeconomic implications of de-cashing. Defined as replacing paper currency with convertible deposits, de-cashing would affect all key macroeconomic sectors. The overall macreconomic impact of de-cashing would depend on the balance of growth-enhancing and growth-constraining factors. Starting from a traditional saving-investment balance, the paper develops a four-sector macroeconomic framework. It is purely illustrative and is designed to provide a roadmap for a systematic evaluation of de-cashing. The framework is disaggregated into the real, fiscal, monetary, and external sectors and potential implications of de-cashing are then identified in each sector. Finally, the paper draws a balance on possible positive and negative macroeconomic implications of de-cashing, and proposes policies capable of augmenting its economic and social benefits, while reducing potential costs.


Abstract Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between support provided from friends, family or broader network connections and Keyes' (2007) conceptualisation of complete mental health. Method: Participants were 1815 individuals (70% male) who entered residential substance abuse treatment provided by The Salvation Army. Questionnaires were completed by participants at their intake assessment to treatment, and 188 participants provided complete responses to a phone interview at 3-months post-discharge. Results: Changes in general support provided from friends and informal social connectedness were the strongest social variable predictors of complete mental health at 3-month follow-up. Mediation analyses indicated friends' support for abstinence had no effect on complete mental health and general social support had a direct effect on complete mental health. The relationship between informal social connectedness and complete mental health was partially mediated by alcohol use severity. Conclusions: The current findings indicate informal social connectedness and general support provided by friends is most related to one's complete mental health in a drug and alcohol misuse context. These findings indicate supporting wider social connection (e.g. neighbours, workmates) could be a target in substance misuse treatment and aftercare.


Orazio Giustolisi Engineering Faculty of Taranto, Technical University of Bari, via Turismo no 8, Paolo VI, 74100 Taranto, Italy E-mail: email@example.com; email@example.com Support Vector Machines are kernel machines useful for classification and regression problems. In this paper, they are used for non-linear regression of environmental data. From a structural point of view, Support Vector Machines are particular Artificial Neural Networks and their training paradigm has some positive implications. In fact, the original training approach is useful to overcome the curse of dimensionality and too strict assumptions on statistics of the errors in data. Support Vector Machines and Radial Basis Function Regularised Networks are presented within a common structural framework for non-linear regression in order to emphasise the training strategy for support vector machines and to better explain the multi-objective approach in support vector machines' construction. A support vector machine's performance depends on the kernel parameter, input selection and e-tube optimal dimension. These will be used as decision variables for the evolutionary strategy based on a Genetic Algorithm, which exhibits the number of support vectors, for the capacity of machine, and the fitness to a validation subset, for the model accuracy in mapping the underlying physical phenomena, as objective functions. The strategy is tested on a case study dealing with groundwater modelling, based on time series (past measured rainfalls and levels) for level predictions at variable time horizons.


This research study was carried out to establish the significance of a holistic philosophy to the spiritual well being of people facing life-threatening illness. A phenomenological framework was adopted to conduct the research and the subjects were drawn from the Northumberland Cancer Support Group, which is affiliated to the Bristol Cancer Help Centre. Seven individual accounts are presented as part of the organisational case study, six of which concern people directly affected by cancer and one related to the carer of someone who has received a cancer diagnosis. The individual accounts are presented first as phenomenological description and are then subjected to phenomenological analysis. The significance of a holistic philosophy to the spiritual well being of the subjects is determined as part of this approach. The research was conducted to gain insight into the everyday reality and lived experience of the participants. The overall themes which emerge are the alterations to senses of self of the subjects directly affected by cancer as a result of receiving this diagnosis and the associated change from a naive to a scrutenising perspective on life and mortality. The importance of mundane routines and activities, which had previously been taken completely for granted, in maintaining purpose in life and reinforcing social roles and senses of self is also evident. Holism's contribution to spiritual well being is associated with the capacity for this approach to address every aspect of the person and to increase the individual's capacity for self healing. The human to human aspect of holism is of particular significance to the research participants and it is clear that the support group provides a therapeutic environment and shared universe of meaning for them.


These Tap casting and powder metallurgy methods used to produce the 45S5 Bioglass. This study revealed that the bioglass modified with 0.2% Y2O3 has about 700% increases in hardness. The modification of bioglass with 0.2% Y2O3 leads to a 44% increase in fracture toughness values. This study revealed that the 0.2% Y2O3 bioglass composition-modification improves the fracture strength by almost 150%. The laboratory histological sections showed that 45S5 bioglass (original composition materials showed nether systemic nor local inflammation with new bone formation at site of implantation. The Y2O3 modified the 45S5 bioglass showed no inflammation reactions as well, but no new bone formation and regeneration was noticed in the adjacent bone tissue.


The rise in output power from rare-earth-doped fiber sources over the past decade, via the use of cladding-pumped fiber architectures, has been dramatic, leading to a range of fiber-based devices with outstanding performance in terms of output power, beam quality, overall efficiency, and flexibility with regard to operating wavelength and radiation format. This success in the high-power arena is largely due to the fiber's geometry, which provides considerable resilience to the effects of heat generation in the core, and facilitates efficient conversion from relatively low-brightness diode pump radiation to high-brightness laser output. In this paper we review the current state of the art in terms of continuous-wave and pulsed performance of ytterbium-doped fiber lasers, the current fiber gain medium of choice, and by far the most developed in terms of high-power performance. We then review the current status and challenges of extending the technology to other rare-earth dopants and associated wavelengths of operation. Throughout we identify the key factors currently limiting fiber laser performance in different operating regimes—in particular thermal management, optical nonlinearity, and damage. Finally, we speculate as to the likely developments in pump laser technology, fiber design and fabrication, architectural approaches, and functionality that lie ahead in the coming decade and the implications they have on fiber laser performance and industrial/scientific adoption.


Open-ended Commonsense Reasoning is defined as solving a commonsense question without providing 1) a short list of answer candidates and 2) a pre-defined answer scope. Conventional ways of formulating the commonsense question into a question-answering form or utilizing external knowledge to learn retrieval-based methods are less applicable in the open-ended setting due to an inherent challenge. Without pre-defining an answer scope or a few candidates, open-ended commonsense reasoning entails predicting answers by searching over an extremely large searching space. Moreover, most questions require implicit multi-hop reasoning, which presents even more challenges to our problem. In this work, we leverage pre-trained language models to iteratively retrieve reasoning paths on the external knowledge base, which does not require task-specific supervision. The reasoning paths can help to identify the most precise answer to the commonsense question. We conduct experiments on two commonsense benchmark datasets. Compared to other approaches, our proposed method achieves better performance both quantitatively and qualitatively.


Biofuels derived from industry waste have potential to substitute fossil fuels (Diesel and Gasoline) in internal combustion (IC) engines. Use of waste streams as fuels would help to reduce considerably life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and minimise waste processing costs. In this study an investigation into the fuel properties of two waste derived biofuels were carried out, they are: (i) Glidfuel (GF) biofuel - a waste stream from paper industry, and (ii) Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) biodiesel – biodiesel produced from palm oil industry effluent through various treatment and transesterification process. GF and POME was mixed together at various proportions and separately with fossil diesel (FD) to assess the miscibility and various physical and chemical properties of the blends. Fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, higher heating value, water content, acid number, density, flash point temperature, CHNO content, sulphur content, ash content, oxidation stability, cetane number and copper corrosion ratings of all the fuels were measured. The properties of GF, POME and various blends were compared with the corresponding properties of the standard FD. Significance of the fuel properties and their expected effects on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of the IC engine were discussed. Results showed that most properties of both GF and POME biodiesel were comparable to FD. Both GF and POME were miscible with each other, and also separately with the FD. Flash point temperatures of GF and POME biodiesel were 40.7 o C and 158.7 o C respectively. The flash point temperature of GF was about 36% lower than corresponding FD. The water content in GF and FD were 0.74 (% wt) and 0.01 (% wt) respectively. Acidity values and corrosion ratings of both GF and POME biodiesel were low compared to corresponding value for FD. The study concluded that optimum GF-POME biofuel blends can substitute fossil diesel use in IC engines.


The direct effects of climate change on alpine treeline ecotones – the transition zones between subalpine forest and non-forested alpine vegetation – have been studied extensively, but climate-induced changes in disturbance regimes have received less attention. To determine if recent increases in area burned extend to these higher-elevation landscapes, we analysed wildfires from 1984–2012 in eight mountainous ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Rocky Mountains. We considered two components of the alpine treeline ecotone: subalpine parkland, which extends upward from subalpine forest and includes a fine-scale mosaic of forest and non-forested vegetation; and non-forested alpine vegetation. We expected these vegetation types to burn proportionally less than the entire ecoregion, reflecting higher fuel moisture and longer historical fire rotations. In four of eight ecoregions, the proportion of area burned in subalpine parkland (3%–8%) was greater than the proportion of area burned in the entire ecoregion (2%–7%). In contrast, in all but one ecoregion, a small proportion (≤4%) of the alpine vegetation burned. Area burned regionally was a significant predictor of area burned in subalpine parkland and alpine, suggesting that similar climatic drivers operate at higher and lower elevations or that fire spreads from neighbouring vegetation into the alpine treeline ecotone.


Escherichia coli 0157:H7 biofilms were studied by a new method of cultivation in order to identify some of the proteins involved in the biofilm phenotype. A proteomic analysis of sessile or planktonic bacteria of the same age was carried out by two-dimensional electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and database searching. Comparison of two-dimensional gels showed clear differences between protein patterns of sessile and planktonic cells. Fourteen proteins increased in biofilms, whereas three decreased. From these 17 proteins, 10 were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS and could be classified into four categories according to their function: (1) general metabolism proteins (malate dehydrogenase, thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase), (2) sugar and amino acid transporters (D-ribose-binding periplasmic protein, D-galactose-binding protein, YBEJ), (3) regulator proteins (DNA starvation protein and H-NS) and (4) three proteins with unknown function. The results of this study showed that E. coli O157:H7 modified the expression of several proteins involved in biofilm growth mode.


Purpose: To investigate the perceived clinical outcome and parents' satisfaction after dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia over a follow-up period of 2 years. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of questionnaire data obtained from 352 pediatric patients before and after treatment of early childhood caries with full dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia. Questionnaires focused on oral symptoms, functional limitations, and emotional and social well-being before and after dental treatment. Cases were followed up for 2 years postoperatively. Results: A dramatic disappearance of symptoms was reported from parents' perspective. There was a high satisfaction rate (99.14%) also among parents of the children included in the study. Conclusion: Children with early childhood caries do not necessarily express it verbally as pain. The disease has a lot of other expressions affecting children's behavior and habits, including the ability to sleep, thrive, and socialize. This study contributes to the existing literature that full dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia [dental general anesthesia (DGA)] has an immediate positive impact on the physical and social quality of life of children suffering from early childhood caries as well as on their families. Postoperative preventive care, early diagnosis, and treatment of recurrent caries are key factors to maintain postoperative outcome of DGA.


The spectral evolution of powerful double radio galaxies (FR II's) is thought to be determined by the acceleration of electrons at the termination shock of the jet, their transport through the bright head region into the lobes and the production of the radio emission by synchrotron radiation in the lobes. Models presented to date incorporate some of these processes in prescribing the electron distribution which enters the lobes. We have extended these models to include a description of electron acceleration at the relativistic termination shock and a selection of transport models for the head region. These are coupled to the evolution of the electron spectrum in the lobes under the influence of losses due to adiabatic expansion, by inverse Compton scattering on the cosmic background radiation and by synchrotron radiation. The evolutionary tracks predicted by this model are compared to observation using the power/source-size (P-D) diagram. We find that the simplest scenario, in which accelerated particles suer adiabatic losses in the head region which become more severe as the source expands produces P-D-tracks which conflict with observation, because the power is predicted to decline too steeply with increasing size. Agreement with observation can be found by assuming that adiabatic losses are compensated during transport between the termination shock and the lobe by a re-acceleration process distributed throughout the head region.


The article touches upon economic factors affecting the formation of the medical legal system in Russia. In connection with the strained economic situation in the world worsened by the sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation, it becomes obvious that national legal framework is facing new challenges to ensure the standards of universal human values on its territory. The key idea of this article is the point that the state in an unstable economy needs a fundamentally stable system of legal regulation of medical activity. The author's opinion is based on the fact that modern Russian legislation is not fully based on economic realities, on the possibilities of fulfilling the state standards of medical care. Despite the somewhat significant difference in national legal orders, the Europe-wide trend is aimed at the maximum possible protection of medical interests of both national residents and those who have accepted the financial conditions of the national medical system. Nevertheless, Russian legislation recognizes possible limitations in the provision of medical care, especially its high-tech types, to foreign citizens if the latter do not fully reimburse the costs of such assistance directly or through the medical insurance system. The authors insist on the need to maintain a balance of personal and public interests in solving legal issues of all population segments in health care in accordance with European practice.


In 2003, the World Health Organization ratified its first international public health treaty—the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The FCTC sets out a legislative framework for tobacco control and has been adopted by 164 countries to date. In July 2007, the Conference of Parties adopted guidelines for implementation of Article 8 of the FCTC on "Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke." This article set out recommendations for the development, implementation and enforcement of national, comprehensive smoke-free legislation. The first national, comprehensive legislation was introduced in the Republic of Ireland in 2004, followed by Norway and New Zealand. Their experience of introducing comprehensive legislation informed Article 8 of the FCTC. National legislation that is in accordance with, or closely aligned to, Article 8 has now been introduced in many other jurisdictions including Italy, France and the United Kingdom, as well as a growing number of US states and Canadian provinces.

Since adoption of Article 8 of the FCTC, the evidence of benefit from smoke-free legislation has become even more compelling. There is consistent evidence that workplace smoking restrictions reduce occupational exposure to secondhand smoke, with the most effective restrictions being those introduced as part of comprehensive smoke-free legislation, as recommended in the FCTC. Most occupational studies have focused on exposure among bar workers using air markers, such as particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), or biomarkers, such as cotinine. These studies have reported reductions in secondhand smoke exposure of between 80% and 90%, resulting in air quality equivalent to ambient outdoor air. Following the introduction of legislation in the Republic of Ireland, salivary cotinine concentrations in bar workers fell from 29.0 nmol/l to 5.1 nmol/l.1 This contrasted with a much smaller reduction from 25.3 nmol/l to 20.4 nmol/l in Northern Ireland where legislation had not yet been …


Abstract. The National Land Survey (NLS) has had a digital topographic database (TDB) since 1992. Many of its features are based on the Basic Map created by M. Kajamaa in 1947, mapping first completed in 1977. The basis for the renewal of the TDB begun by investigating the value of the TDB, a study made by the Aalto University in 2014 and a study on the new TDB system 2030 published by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2015. As a result of these studies the NLS set up a programme for creating a new National Topographic Database (NTDB) in beginning of 2015. First new version should be available in 2019. The new NTDB has following key features: 1) it is based on processes where data is naturally maintained, 2) it is quality managed, 3) it has persistent Ids, 4) it supports 3D, 4D, 5) it is based on standards. The technical architecture is based on interoperable modules. A website for following the development of the NTDB can be accessed for more information: http://kmtk.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ .


Background Although the professional learning community as a means of improving student achievement has received growing support from researchers and practitioners alike, professionals are still exploring ways to develop interaction networks regarding teaching and learning issues. Purpose This study explores the evolving stages of a collective learning-from-success process within the framework of a professional learning community. Research Design A qualitative case study of a comprehensive (middle and secondary) public school community was conducted to explore practitioners' collective learning from successful practices. Data Collection and Analysis A total of 12 detailed session transcripts from the learning-from-success sessions (circle of learners), 42 evaluation forms (21 internal and 21 external evaluations), 6 observations of the development team's sessions, and pertinent documents were collected for analysis. The analysis process involved identifying patterns in the data-recurring ideas and perspectives that depicted the social world studied. Findings Data revealed that this collective process moved through three distinct, but closely interrelated, dynamic stages: invitation and framework building; collective inquiry into colleagues'professional successes; and experimentation and dissemination. Conclusion Whereas collective learning has been approached from a deficit-based orientation, this study reinterprets the professional learning community to include the collective learning-from-success process, thus providing a new outlook for linking concepts with practical capabilities in light of public school reality.


The accessibility of the Malaysian public university websites is crucial to make sure that all of the staff, students and visitors of the website have equal opportunities to access the university's information.Furthermore, with the objective to achieve high ranking web of universities or webometrics, it is important that the webmasters of the web to ensure that their web
accessibility comply with the standards and guidelines. This paper evaluates the accessibility of the 20 public universities in Malaysia based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 and Section 508 of the United States Rehabilitation Act. The result suggested that although there are some improvements have been made as compared to the findings from the previous studies, some actions need to be taken to ensure that the universities websites are accessible to everyone regardless of their ability, constraint and limitation. Among the issues that are important to be highlighted include distinguish ability, keyboard accessibility, navigability, adaptability and text alternative for non-text elements.


Objective: To study the effects of the aqueous extract of Chrysanthellum indicum on cat blood pressure and isolated rat atria. Materials and methods: Cardiovascular activity was evaluated directly on anaesthetised cat, isolated rat atria and isolated rabbit jejunum. Safety assessments were carried out in mice and preliminary phytochemical screening was also carried out on the extract. Results: The aqueous extract of Chrysanthellum indicum (2-32 mg/kg i.v.) were found to cause a dose dependent decrease in blood pressure. The fall in blood pressure was attenuated by atropine. The extract also exhibited a concentration - dependent decrease in the force of contraction of the spontaneously beating atria. The extract evoked a concentration - dependent contraction of the isolated rabbit jejunum, which was abolished by atropine. The intraperitoneal LD 50 of the extract was found to be 282.2 ± 5.2 mg/kg and the extract gave positive reactions to flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and alkaloids. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of C. indicum may contain some biologically active principle(s), which may be relevant in the management of cardiovascular disorders, thereby agreeing with some aspects of the traditional use of this plant as a remedy for heart troubles.


Three geological subdivisions are recognized in the Port aux Basques area, the Cape Ray Complex, the Port aux Basques Complex and the Windsor Point Group. The first two are separated by, and the third overlies, the Cape Ray Fault. The Cape Ray Complex is thought to be the oldest division and comprises a gneissic basement intruded by two ages of granite. The gneissic basement, the Long Range Gneiss, is a somewhat homogeneous leucogneiss with basic pods, and has been intensely retrogressed. The early Cape Ray Granite is megacrystic and contains two tectonite fabrics. The later Red Rocks Granite is undeformed. -- The Port aux Basques Complex comprises a series of banded gneisses intruded by the Port aux Basques Granite. These gneisses are complexly deformed and metamorphosed. The second recognised phase is the most intense and is responsible for the dominant composite fabric and gneissic banding observed in the rocks. In general the metamorphism and deformation increase in intensity from west to east as shown by the progressive development of garnet, garnet-staurolite-kyanite, kyanite-garnet, and sillimanite-garnet zones and the development of the migmatite terrain in the Margaree-Foxroost area. The second phase of deformation produced recumbent isoclinal folds with axial planes trending northwest-southeast. The third phase produced upright asymmetric folds trending northeast-southwest. The fourth phase resulted in the crenulation of pre-existing fabrics and open monoclinal folds. The Port aux Basques Granite was intruded after the first and before the second phase of deformation. -- The Windsor Point Group comprises a series of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks which overlie the Cape Ray Fault and have suffered three phases of deformation which are related to movements on the fault. These deformations also overprint the fabrics in the Port aux Basques and Cape Ray Complexes. -- The Cape Ray Fault extends for 80 km inland and is of fundamental importance in the structure of the area in that it separates two gneissic complexes of differing age, the older of which was relatively unaffected during the deformation and metamorphism of the younger.


Since 2010, as part of my PhD research, I have conducted over two dozen sound walks through the Smithfield Square and its environs, in Dublin's North Inner city; with teenagers, by myself and through organising deep listening group walks as part of World Listening Day. These walks were designed to encourage the participating walkers to listen intently to this space and compare it to other spaces on the north side of Dublin city. The walks were also designed to examine the changing use and design of the Smithfield space over the past four years. This essay is drawn from the findings of this research, which explored the co-production of space and soundscapes with 84 teenagers (43 girls and 41 boys) from Dublin, Ireland. I include some of their observations of Smithfield Square here.