ABSTRACT The news media is historically recognised for producing and reinforcing gendered norms and binaries. Correspondingly militaries are institutions where gender roles and expectations create contention. We conducted a content analysis of two Australian broadsheets; the Australian and the Sydney Morning Herald. We investigated how military women were represented between 1997 and 2017, exploring three categories (1). Gendered violence (2). Combat (3). Organisational. This article examines findings about Gendered violence which was reported on substantially more than the other categories; the act of silencing women's voice and experience was highest here when the author was male. The "Skype Affair" attracted considerable media attention and whilst reporting did not sensationalise violence against women, reporters engaged in journalistic devices that diminished the perpetrator/s role whilst positioning the victim centrally; using "hijacking" maneuvers to prioritise stories about men, omit women's agency, and provide a smokescreen to conceal the dysfunction of institutional gendered violence within the military. Feminism and feminist commentary was poorly represented, providing no meaningful contribution within the sample. We conclude that the focus on women as sexual beings and victims in the print media in Australia reproduces stereotypes of gender roles that create and perpetuate gender inequalities.


Lung cancer screening by low-dose chest CT (LDCT) is now being implemented in the United States, and in Europe it was recently recommended to start planning for implementation. Current lung cancer screening programmes include up to 25 annual LDCTs, plus shorter-term follow-up LDCTs when indicated. However, the choice of a yearly CT scan has not been based on biological mechanisms, and it is questionable whether all persons eligible for lung cancer screening require annual screening. A tailored approach in screening programs to balance potential harms and benefits from screening becomes more and more important when lung cancer screening is performed more widespread. If lung cancer screening participants can be identified at mid-high lung cancer risk that can be followed safely by prolonged screening intervals, reduction of possible physiological harms, radiation exposure and costs can be expected. Different randomized controlled lung cancer screening studies have shown that the baseline screen result can be used to identify a subset of participants with a low 2-year lung cancer probability. These participants may be safely followed after a prolonged screening interval with the optimal screening interval probably between 1 and 2 years until their risk profile changes. In case a new pulmonary nodule appears at subsequent screening, or a small baseline nodule starts growing, participants should always return to annual LDCT screening after the appropriate workup.


The need for those working in a variety of settings to interact effectively with technical experts has grown dramatically in recent years as computers have become essential to the performance of an increasing broad range of professional work. This article presents a case of this sort of interprofessional interaction, exploring the process and outcomes of collaboration between technical professionals and educators working to bring Internet access to an urban public school district. Drawing on field note and interview data, the case reported here illustrates how differences in institutional routines and professional values can generate differing agendas, contrasting assumptions, and contrasting expectations concerning project products and outcomes among collaborators from different professional worlds. In the case we describe, these differences affected such central matters as the types and usefulness of technical resources to which users had access as well as users' confidence in the technology. The case also illustrates how aspects of this interprofessional conflict were addressed through an organizational change. The kinds of issues that arose in this project are likely to occur in a variety of professional settings; therefore, examination of this case provides insight into a variety of issues and dynamics that should be considered when embarking upon or analyzing any interprofessional collaborative effort, and particularly one that involves technical professionals.


Over the past 30 years, Sweden has witnessed a growth in criminal gangs. Gun violence among young males is also on the rise and have only recently gained wide political attention. Street gangs and gun violence are two prevalent, partially overlapping phenomena that constitute social challenges. Empirically supported legal, policy and practical frameworks are needed in order to reduce the prevalence of gangs and gang violence in Sweden. The first step is to recognize that gangs and gang violence are an emerging societal problem and to identify its root causes, organizational dimensions, and operational patterns. In this note, Swedish street gangs and gang violence are briefly discussed.


With a goal of achieving net-zero emissions by developing Smart Cities (SCs) and industrial decarbonization, there is a growing desire to decarbonize the renewable energy sector by accelerating green buildings (GBs) construction, electric vehicles (EVs), and ensuring long-term stability, with the expectation that emissions will need to be reduced by at least two thirds by 2035 and by at least 90% by 2050. Implementing GBs in urban areas and encouraging the use of EVs are cornerstones of transition towards SCs, and practical actions that governments can consider to help with improving the environment and develop SCs. This paper investigates different aspects of smart cities development and introduces new feasible indicators related to GBs and EVs in designing SCs, presenting existing barriers to smart cities development, and solutions to overcome them. The results demonstrate that feasible and achievable policies such as the development of the zero-energy, attention to design parameters, implementation of effective indicators for GBs and EVs, implementing strategies to reduce the cost of production of EVs whilst maintaining good quality standards, load management, and integrating EVs successfully into the electricity system, are important in smart cities development. Therefore, strategies to governments should consider the full dynamics and potential of socio-economic and climate change by implementing new energy policies on increasing investment in EVs, and GBs development by considering energy, energy, techno-economic, and environmental benefits.


Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic condition estimated to affect 1–3% of the population, with older adolescents particularly prone to developing the disorder. It is characterized by the presence of obsessions (repetitive thoughts, images or urges that may lead to distress or anxiety) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors or thoughts performed in response to obsessions or according to rigorous rules). It is considered one of the most disabling anxiety disorders, and many aspects of quality of life are negatively affected by the disease. One of the less studied areas within OCD functionality is sexual health and behavior. Sexual problems in people suffering from OCD are multifactorial and can be explored by different (but not necessarily excluding) points of view. This article reviews and discusses clinical and therapeutic implications of the following issues: sexual health in OCD, sexual obsessions, compulsive sexual behavior (paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual phenomena) and sexual dysfunction associated with pharmacological treatment of OCD


This introduction to the special issue provides an overview of the role of practice in a second language (L2) from both pedagogical and theoretical perspectives. The following 5 areas of research are identified for studying L2 practice from cognitive psychology perspectives: (a) the type of practice (retrieval practice, corrective feedback, modality), (b) distribution of practice, (c) schedule of practice (blocking and interleaving effects), (d) individual difference factors (aptitude?treatment interaction), and (e) effects of practice on learning trajectories and outcomes. This special issue sets a research agenda toward better understanding the learning processes and resulting knowledge through practice. That research can inform teachers about how they can optimize L2 teaching and learning for a variety of learners across different classroom contexts.


BACKGROUND: The economic burden of acute kidney injury (AKI) is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effects of AKI on hospitalization costs and length of stay (LOS). DESIGN: Using data from the 2012 National Inpatient Sample, we compared hospitalization costs and LOS with and without AKI. We used a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution and a log link fitted to AKI to adjust for demographics, hospital differences, and comorbidities. SETTING: United States PATIENTS: 29,763,649 adult hospitalizations without endstage renal disease. EXPOSURE: AKI determined using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) diagnosis codes. MEASUREMENTS: Hospitalization costs and LOS. RESULTS: AKI was associated with an increase in hospitalization costs of $7933 (95% confidence interval [CI], $7608‐$8258) and an increase in LOS of 3.2 (95% CI, 3.2‐3.3) days compared to patients without AKI. When adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics, the associated increase in costs was $1795 (95% CI, $1692‐$1899) and in LOS, it was 1.1 (95% CI, 1.1‐1.1) days. Corresponding results among patients hospitalized with AKI requiring dialysis were $42,077 (95% CI, $39,820‐$44,335) and 11.5 (95% CI, 11.2‐11.8) days and $11,016 (95% CI, $10,468‐$11,564) and 3.9 (95% CI, 3.8‐4.1) days. AKI was associated with higher hospitalization costs than myocardial infarction and gastrointestinal bleeding, and costs were comparable to those for stroke, pancreatitis, and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, AKI is associated with excess hospitalization costs and prolonged LOS. The economic burden of AKI warrants further attention from hospitals and policymakers to enhance processes of care and develop novel treatment strategies.


The fiftieth anniversary of Title VII's ban on sex discrimination provides an occasion to reflect on its successes and failures in achieving workplace sex equality. Although considerable progress has occurred, advances have been both uneven and unsteady. This Article shows that a primary limit on legal reform has been attitudinal. Before and after Title VII's enactment, private and public officials have defended sex discrimination and inequality by appealing to naturalized conceptions of sex difference. Persistent stereotypes portray women as more devoted to family roles than work roles and, consequently, less committed to their jobs than men. Similar stereotypes portray women as primarily interested in female-typed jobs said to reward feminine traits and values. Viewed through the lens of such assumptions, sex-based disparities in employment are not inequalities: They are the inevitable expression of innate and cultural sex differences.How, then, has progress occurred under Title VII? The answer lay in reformers challenging essentialist claims about sex difference. During Title VII's first decade, this Article shows, agencies and courts adopted an expansive reading of Title VII only because the leaders of the emerging women's rights movement pulled activists together to mount a strong, clear, concerted challenge to the existence and relevance of sex difference. Crafting a new conception of equality that captured American women's growing sense of discontent while promising greater freedom to both women and men, early feminists overcame governmental resistance and achieved genuine legal progress. By the mid-1970s, they secured favorable rulings from the agencies, the Supreme Court, and the lower courts under both Title VII and the Constitution and consolidated these gains in Congress. Yet progress was not universal and the initial momentum did not last. Rather, this Article argues, in areas of the law where feminist groups failed to establish a significant presence, or where they began to take a divided or less decisive stance as the women's movement fractured and faded, the absence of activist demands and oversight permitted courts to retain or revert back to older views attributing workplace inequality to women's difference. Two areas of law illustrate these dynamics. In cases raising women's lack of interest as a defense to sex discrimination, women's rights groups' failure to regularly contest this arcane defense in the courts and agencies, coupled with resurfaced internal division over questions of difference that conveyed a mixed message about women's work preferences, freed conservative judges to accept this defense and legitimate the underlying stereotypes in a wide swath of cases. Pregnancy discrimination law provides a second example, showing how courts stalled, and later backpedaled, as feminists initially wavered and later split over whether to characterize pregnancy as a uniquely female reproductive experience unlike other medical conditions or as a temporary disability similar to others that may affect an employee's ability to work. Despite federal laws and agency rulings adopting the latter approach, images of pregnancy as unique and distinct from other disabilities have continued to resurface, limiting the law's capacity to address this persistent form of discrimination.Progress under anti-discrimination law is thus difficult to achieve and sustain: It requires continuing, cohesive efforts to challenge difference as a rationale for inequality and renew public support for change. This Article suggests that, going forward, equality advocates can make further headway by disputing not only the existence and relevance of alleged group-based differences, but also their presumed stability and sources. New evidence reveals that many sex, race, and other group-based differences typically said to explain and justify inequalities at work are actually produced there through institutional practices that foster an unnecessary, negative sense of difference and division among employees. The hope is that, by contesting such practices and exposing their self-reinforcing quality, reformers can further erode both enduring workplace inequalities and the persistent stereotypes cited to justify them.


ABSTRACT Measurements of energy use, and its scaling with size, are critical to understanding how organisms accomplish myriad tasks. For example, energy budgets are central to game theory models of assessment during contests and underlie patterns of feeding behavior. Clear tests connecting energy to behavioral theory require measurements of the energy use of single individuals for particular behaviors. Many species of mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda: Crustacea) use elastic energy storage to power high-speed strikes that they deliver to opponents during territorial contests and to hard–shelled prey while feeding. We compared the scaling of strike kinematics and energetics between feeding and contests in the mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus bredini. We filmed strikes with high-speed video, measured strike velocity and used a mathematical model to calculate strike energy. During contests, strike velocity did not scale with body size but strike energy scaled positively with size. Conversely, while feeding, strike velocity decreased with increasing size and strike energy did not vary according to body size. Individuals most likely achieved this strike variation through differential compression of their exoskeletal spring prior to the strike. Post hoc analyses found that N. bredini used greater velocity and energy when striking larger opponents, yet variation in prey size was not accompanied by varying strike velocity or energetics. Our estimates of energetics inform prior tests of contest and feeding behavior in this species. More broadly, our findings elucidate the role behavioral context plays in measurements of animal performance. Editors' Choice: Behavioral context alters kinematic and energetic scaling in animals with spring-powered movements. Variable spring compression likely underlies these context-specific changes, which have implications for theories of contest and feeding behavior.


Two dozen scientists set sail last week from Lyttelton, New Zealand, heading south into the gray Southern Ocean. Their goal is to help solve one of Antarctica9s big mysteries: Why, at a time when icy landscapes across much of the world are melting, is Antarctica9s Ross Sea covered in more sea ice than it was 3 decades ago? The 2-month expedition aboard the Nathaniel B. Palmer , a 94-meter-long U.S. icebreaker capable of smashing through meter-thick ice, is headed for the Ross Sea, off the Antarctic coast. It9s the first winter research voyage into the Ross in nearly 20 years, and once there researchers are bracing for nearly round-the-clock winter darkness, freezing temperatures, hurricane-force winds, and sea ice so heavy it could trap the ship. The lure is the prospect of a better understanding of how the Ross Sea9s harsh winters give birth to its floating ice, which has expanded even as ice packs in the Arctic and some other parts of Antarctica have shrunk. It9s a perplexing trend that defies existing climate models, and researchers hope the data they collect will help improve those models.


When a RAID-5 volume is scaled up with added disks, data have to be redistributed from original disks to all disks including the original and the new. Existing online scaling techniques suffer from long redistribution times as well as negative impacts on application performance. By leveraging our insight into a reordering window, this paper presents ALV, a new data redistribution approach to RAID-5 scaling. The reordering window is a result of the natural space hole as data being redistributed, and it grows in size. The data inside the reordering window can migrate in any order without overwriting other in-use data chunks. The ALV approach exploits three novel techniques. First, ALV changes the movement order of data chunks to access multiple successive chunks via a single I/O. Second, ALV updates mapping metadata lazily to minimize the number of metadata writes while ensuring data consistency. Third, ALV uses an on/off logical valve to adaptively adjust the redistribution rate depending on application workload. We implemented ALV in Linux Kernel 2.6.18 and evaluated its performance by replaying three real-system traces: TPC-C, Cello-99, and SPC-Web. The results demonstrated that ALV outperformed the conventional approach consistently by 53.31-73.91 percent in user response time and by 24.07-29.27 percent in redistribution time.


As an innovative thinker about building and planning, Christopher Alexander has attracted a devoted following. His seminal books--The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language, and The Oregon Experiment--defined a radical and fundamently new process of environmental design. Alexander now gives us the latest book in his series--a book that puts his theories to the test and shows what sort of production system can create the kind of environment he has envisioned. The Production of Houses centers around a group of buildings which Alexander and his associates built in 1976 in northern Mexico. Each house is different and the book explains how each family helped to lay out and construct its own home according to the family's own needs and in the framework of the pattern language. Numerous diagrams and tables as well as a variety of anecdotes make the day-today process clear. The Mexican project, however, is only the starting point for a comprehensive theory of housing production. The Production of Houses describes seven principles which apply to any system of production in any part of the world for housing of any cost in any climate or culture or at any density. In the last part of the book, "The Shift of Paradigm," Alexander describes, in detail, the devastating nature of the revolution in world view which is contained in his proposal for housing construction, and its overall implications for deep-seated cultural change.


Few publications are simple and clear enough to be easily understood by people with little or no business training, and yet still communicate the basic management skills required by entrepreneurs to run small businesses successfully. Improve Your Business : Basics fills that gap. This new international edition, drawing on more than a decade of operational experience, deals with various topics related to small-entreprise development such as training, business counselling, monitoring and evaluation, and networking. Providing useful management skills needed for profitability in a competitive environment, this book is a comprehensive, practical guide for entrepreneurs.


Introduction: The increasing needs of an aging population and the shortage of nursing personnel have a negative impact on the workload of nurses increasing the risk of developing anxiety and depressive symptoms. This research aims to evaluate the strength of occupational and demographic characteristics in predicting anxiety and depression among nurses.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 164 Greek nurses from three hospitals employed full-time participated. Anxiety and depression were measured using the validated Greek versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – State and Trait Y forms and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, respectively. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the statistical program SPSS version 19.0. The statistical significance level was set up at 0.05.

Results: Younger nurses, unmarried, those without children, those with less work experience, and working in the general medical units were more vulnerable. The average number of patients per nurse during the day shift may not predict anxiety or depression scores. Strong positive correlation between state and trait anxiety (r [162] = 0.77, p < 0.001), state anxiety and depression (r [162] = 0.62, p < 0.001), and trait anxiety and depression (r [162] = 0.63, p < 0.001) was revealed.

Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are prevalent among nurses. Demographic and working characteristics are strong predictors of anxiety and depression among nurses. Nursing managers should emphasize emotional interventions (cognitive behavioral therapy, training on emotional intelligence, strengthening coping skills, and development of high resilience) in supporting nurses at higher risk.


The primary purpose of the study was to determine the family adjustments and
parental behaviour among mixed marriage families in Malaysia. The study also
examined the association between selected factors of parental characteristics (age,
sex, level of education, employment status and length of marriage), child personal
characteristics (age and sex) and family contexts (number of children, family income,
total household size and social support) with family adjustments (oneway selforiented,
oneway spouse-oriented and mixed) as well as parental behaviour
(authoritarian, authoritative and permissive). In addition, the study investigated
factors that uniquely contribute to various family adjustments and parental behaviour.
Sample comprised 372 mixed marriage couples with children age 5 to 12 years who
were chosen purposively for the study. Data were collected by interviews based on a
standardized questionnaire. Family adjustments were assessed using the 'Family
Adjustment Scale' by Rozumah and Rumaya (2000), while parental behaviour was
measured based on a scale by Edwards (2000). Results showed that there was almost
equal distribution (oneway self-oriented=38.9%, oneway spouse-oriented=28.9% and
mixed=32.2%) of types of family adjustments adopt by the respondents, with slightly more (38.9%) reporting oneway self-oriented adjustment in daily and customary
activities. Majority (40.1%) of the mixed marriage parents also reported to have
authoritative parental behaviour. Chi-square test of independence revealed that
parent's age (X²=13.07, P≤.05), sex (X²=9.67, P≤.0.1), level of education (X²=8.55, P≤.05), employment status (X²=7.57, P≤.05) and length of marriage (X²=26.35,
P≤.001) were significantly associated with family adjustments. On the other hand,
education level (X²=9.37, P≤.05), employment status (X²=5.25, P≤.05) and total family
income (X²=33.l7, p≤.001) were also dependent on parental behaviour. In the
bivariate analyses, it was noted that parents with female target child (r=-0.18, P≤.05)
and higher family income (r=0.18, P≤.05) were more self-oriented in their family
adjustment. Respondents who were more educated (r=0.23, P≤.05), earned higher
income (r=0.35, p≤.001) and perceived more supportive social network (r=0.28, P≤.001) were more likely to exhibit oneway spouse-oriented family adjustment.


The Jewish Bible and the Christian Bible: An Introduction to the History of the BibleOriginally published in 1993 as La Biblia judia y la Biblia cristiana, Julio Trebolle Barrera's wide-ranging handbook attracted a limited but genuine acclaim among biblical scholars in the Spanish-speaking world. For one thing, though it is presented almost as a general introduction to the field, Barrera's unusual polymathy across fields currently in relative academic isolation from one another lends to his study a richly synthetic and therefore cartographical character. Among denizens of fields of enquiry often disparate -- linguistic, literary, historical, text-critical, canonical, and hermeneutic -- not to mention among dwellers in the discrete provinces of Jewish and Christian approaches generally -- his impressively generous command and capacity to redeem to consciousness an integrated picture of biblical transmission is welcome on many counts.Wilfred G. E. Watson's painstaking and ultimately lucid translation extends dramatically the reach and hence the value of Barrera's work. It includes as well Barrera's updating of sections on the Dead Sea Scrolls and on extra-canonical or "parabiblical" literature, in each case helpful. There are in addition numerous corrections and updatings throughout the book.Barrera is Professor of Hebrew and Aramaic in the Universidad Complutense of Madrid, where, at the time of his writing this impressive volume, he was also Director of the Institute of Religious Studies. One of the members of the editorial team working on the Dead Sea Scrolls, he has been especially well known for books and articles in the fields of textual and literary criticism of the Bible, but also for an active interest in the field of contemporary biblical hermeneutics.All of these spheres of evident special competency, augmented by his familiarity with linguistic and canonical studies research, have made it possible for him to respond with passion and professional judgment to the decade-old call of M. H. Goshen-Gottstein (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) for an overcoming of our contemporary fragmentation in biblical studies. Likewise, Barrera decries the split between necessarily narrow research interests and the necessity, in the classroom, for a broader grasp of the traditions of biblical studies whose work a new generation must attempt to advance without a destructive loss of foundations.The comprehensive scope of this work forbids detailed comment in a limited review, but a few features deserve highlighting. First, in the section concerning linguistics (Chapter 1), Barrera emphasizes "the Hebrew-Aramaic-Arabic trilingualism in which Jewish masoretes, grammarians and exegetes of the Arabian East and of Muslim Spain operated" in such a way as to clarify for non-specialists the important role of Arabic for grasping the grammatical and exegetical tradition of biblical texts. Like most contemporary literary critics he finds the analytical rigidity of redaction criticism, especially in its usual separation from the study of historical transmission and interpretation, distorting of the more important tasks of seeking a better understanding of the social and intellectual contact in which Judaism took shape in the Persian and Hellenistic periods. …


The importance of environmental health services in Primary Health Care and health services in general, will be highlighted in this chapter. Outlined will be the developments in environmental health services since 1978, including the impact of various new pieces of legislation, such as the National Health Act. Challenges with the devolution of environmental health services to metropolitan and district municipalities are explored. An assessment of some of the main environmental health components such as water, sanitation, food and malaria is provided. Furthermore, the critical issue of human resources for environmental health will be discussed, and recommendations are made for stronger support to be provided for the delivery of environmental health services, especially by district municipalities.


Title of dissertation: A GLOBAL SAMPLING OF PIANO MUSIC FROM 1978 TO 2005 Annalee Whitehead, Doctor of Musical Arts, 2011 Dissertation directed by: Professor Bradford Gowen Piano Division, School of Music Pianists of the twenty-first century have a wealth of repertoire at their fingertips. They busily study music from the different periodsBaroque, Classical, Romantic, and some of the twentieth centurytrying to understand the culture and performance practice of the time and the stylistic traits of each composer so they can communicate their music effectively. Unfortunately, this leaves little time to notice the composers who are writing music today. Whether this neglect proceeds from lack of time or lack of curiosity, I feel we should be connected to music that was written in our own lifetime, when we already understand the culture and have knowledge of the different styles that preceded us. Therefore, in an attempt to promote today's composers, I have selected piano music written during my lifetime, to show that contemporary music is effective and worthwhile and deserves as much attention as the music that preceded it. This dissertation showcases piano music composed from 1978 to 2005. A point of departure in selecting the pieces for this recording project is to represent the major genres in the piano repertoire in order to show a variety of styles, moods, lengths, and difficulties. Therefore, from these recordings, there is enough variety to successfully program a complete contemporary recital from the selected works, and there is enough variety to meet the demands of pianists with different skill levels and recital programming needs. Since we live in an increasingly global society, music from all parts of the world is included to offer a fair representation of music being composed everywhere. Half of the music in this project comes from the United States. The other half comes from Australia, Japan, Russia, and Argentina. The composers represented in these recordings are: Lowell Liebermann, Richard Danielpour, Frederic Rzewski, Judith Lang Zaimont, Samuel Adler, Carl Vine, Nikolai Kapustin, Akira Miyoshi and Osvaldo Golijov. With the exception of one piano concerto, all the works are for solo piano. This recording project dissertation consists of two 60 minute CDs of selected repertoire, accompanied by a substantial document of in-depth program notes. The recordings are documented on compact discs that are housed within the University of Maryland Library System. A GLOBAL SAMPLING OF PIANO MUSIC FROM 1978 TO 2005: A RECORDING PROJECT


In the negotiations for a new NAFTA, the Trump administration targeted the North American auto industry for major change. The Trump administration objected to the NAFTA rules of origin – with which a good must conform to be eligible for NAFTA duty-free treatment – as permitting too much non-NAFTA content in North American automobiles, and was fixated on the US's significant balance-of-trade deficit with Mexico, most of which is accounted for by trade in automotive goods. For Canada's auto industry, there is much at stake. In 2017, Canada exported automotive goods to the United States valued at close to $62 billion, and the US market is overwhelmingly the destination for vehicles produced in Canada. Therefore, it is important that the rules of origin with which the Canadian automotive industry must work be transparent and administratively workable. Under the new deal, the Canada-United States-Mexico- Agreement (CUSMA), the rules of origin that will apply to motor vehicles and their parts are considerably more stringent than their NAFTA counterparts. This Commentary analyzes the CUSMA rules of origin for automotive goods, identifies ambiguities and areas of uncertainty, and makes suggestions for clarifications through the adoption of the Uniform Regulations – for which CUSMA fortunately provides – that will provide greater certainty to both businesses and administrators in how to apply the rules. Adapting to the CUSMA rules will require major adjustments in supply chains. This is particularly the case with the substantially higher Regional Value Content (RVC) thresholds required for most automotive goods. While some relief is possible through limited alternative staging alternatives, the staging to the higher RVC thresholds under CUSMA is only three years for passenger vehicles and light trucks, as compared with eight years under NAFTA. Further, the CUSMA rules of origin are needlessly complex. There are multiple categories of parts for different categories of vehicles with varying RVC requirements that depend on the end use of the part. Complexity increases compliance costs, which are burdensome for all producers, but particularly for smaller producers that are less able to afford investment in expensive compliance systems. While the CUSMA rules mostly eliminate NAFTA tracing requirements, the CUSMA text inexplicably retains a form of tracing for several narrow categories of vehicles. The CUSMA rules of origin regime contains two requirements that are unprecedented in such regimes; namely a steel and aluminum purchase requirement and a labour value content requirement. These are performance requirements that are consistent with a managed trade regime (where rules are designed to achieve certain economic outcomes) and not with a free trade regime (which seeks to remove barriers to trade so that economic results are dictated by market forces). Two reports cast doubt on the benefits of the deal for the US. A US International Trade Commission report found, overall, the new rules should lead to a modest increase in employment in the US automotive sector, but the costs of vehicles produced in the United States will increase and production of vehicles there will decline. An International Monetary Fund working paper states quite bluntly that the tighter auto rules of origin will not achieve their desired outcomes by reason of higher costs, increased consumer prices and reduced demand.


The impressive body of research published by the late Steven Klepper spanned a diverse array of topics, but among the most important were issues related to the evolution of industry structure. This survey of Steve Klepper's work on these issues compares his scholarly legacy with that of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. Both scholars addressed similar topics, and a comparison of Klepper's work on firm and industry evolution with that of Chandler highlights enduring research challenges in economics, strategy, and business history.


Sodium selenate is used for the prevention and treatment of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, inflammation diseases, etc. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Treatment) on physicochemical, spectral, and thermal properties of The Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate using various analytical methods such as PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and DSC analysis. Sodium selenate was divided into two parts – one part was control without any treatment and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by eighteen renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treated sample. The PXRD analysis showed the significant alteration of the crystallite size of the treated sample in the range of -36.36% to 133.24% as compared to the control sample. However, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly decreased by 8.31% as compared to the control sample. Overall, the crystal morphology of the treated sample was different from the control sample. The particle sizes d10, d50, and d90 values of the treated sample were significantly decreased by 3.40%, 9.75%, and 8.52%, respectively as compared to the control sample. Consequently, the surface area of the treated sample was significantly increased by 5.26% from the control sample. Both the control and treated FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of sharp and strong absorption bands at 887 cm-1 due to the Se=O stretching. The UV-vis spectroscopic analysis displayed that the wavelength for the maximum absorbance of both the control and treated samples were at 204.1 and 204.0 nm, respectively. TGA analysis revealed that the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced by 1.24% as compared with the control sample. The DSC analysis showed that the treated sample (588.77°C) had higher melting point than the control sample (588.60°C). The latent heat of fusion was reduced in the treated sample by 8.01% compared to the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing might lead to generate a new polymorphic (enantiotropic) form of sodium selenate which would be more soluble, bioavailable, and thermally stable compared with the untreated sample. The Trivedi Effect treated sodium selenate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic response against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, Alzheimer's disease, etc.


A sample of five hundred and three (503) University of KwaZulu-Natal students participated in this study, which investigated Black Nigerian and South African tertiary students' estimates of theirs and their relatives' multiple and overall intelligences. Participants" ages ranged from 18-44 years. The sample included both undergraduate and postgraduate students. The aim of the study was to investigate black students" perceptions of theirs and their relatives' multiple intelligences, using the theory of multiple intelligences developed by Gardner (1983). Participants were asked to rate their own overall estimates of intelligence as well as their relatives. Results show significant differences in nationalities with Nigerians rating themselves and their relatives higher on almost all components of multiple intelligences compared to South Africans. A comparison of males and females using only the South African sample showed no noted differences in self ratings, except for bodily-kinaesthetic and intrapersonal intelligences. These results are discussed in relation to the literature.


These are questions to which oriental thinkers have given a wide range of philosophical answers that are intellectually and imaginatively stimulating.

Thirty-Five Oriental Philosophers is a succinctly informative introduction to the thought of thirty-five important figures in the Chinese, Indian, Arab, Japanese and Tibetan philosophical traditions. Thinkers covered include founders such as Zoroaster, Confucius, Buddha and Muhammed, as well as influential modern figures such as Gandhi, Mao Tse-Tung, Suzuki and Nishida.

The book is divided into sections, in which an introduction to the tradition it covers precedes the essays on its individual philosophers. Notes, further reading lists, and cross-references provide the student with a clear route to further study. There is a glossary of key terms at the end of the book.


Canadian sports were turned on their head during the years between the world wars. The middle-class amateur men's organizations which dominated Canadian sports since the mid-nineteenth century steadily lost ground, swamped by the rise of consumer culture and badly battered and split by the depression. In The Struggle for Canadian Sport Bruce Kidd illuminates the complex and fractious process that produced the familiar contours of Canadian sport today -- the hegemony of continental cartels like the NHL, the enormous ideological power of the media, the shadowed participation of women in sports, and the strong nationalism of the amateur Olympic sports bodies. Kidd focuses on four major Canadian organizations of the interwar period: the Amateur Athletic Union, the Women's Amateur Athletic Federation, the Workers' Sport Association, and the National Hockey League. Each of these organizations became focal points of debate and political activity, and they often struggled with each other - each had a radically different agenda: The AAU sought 'the making of men' and the strengthening of English-Canadian nationalism; the WAAF promoted the health and well-being of sportswomen; the WSA was a vehicle for socialism; and the NHL was concerned with lucrative spectacles. These national organizations stimulated and steered many of the resources available for sport and contributed significantly to the expansion of opportunities. They enjoyed far more power than other Canadian cultural organizations of the period, and they attempted to manipulate both the direction and philosophy of Canadian athletics. Through their control of the rules and prestigious events and their countless interventions in the mass media, they shaped the dominant practices and coined the very language with which Canadians discussed what sports should mean. The success and outcome of each group, as well as their confrontations with one another were crucial in shaping modern Canadian sports. The Struggle for Canadian Sport adds to our understanding of the material and social conditions under which people created and elaborated sports and the contested ideological terrain on which sports were played and interpreted. Winner of the North American Society for Sports History (NASSH) 1997 book award


The distinction between the present perfect and the preterite verb forms is one of the comparatively few points of English grammar where clear differences have been noted between the various national varieties, not least between American and British English: it has often been pointed out that the present perfect is used more extensively in the latter variety. This chapter takes up the distribution of the two verb forms in Australian and New Zealand English. A wide use of the present perfect is documented in both antipodean varieties, but especially in Australian English. At the same time a trend is recorded for younger speakers of Australian English to be moving in the direction of the more restrictive American English norm.


Background: A specialist service has been established at this
centre for many years, providing on-going follow up for people
with MND. As part of a larger study exploring the personal
experience of living with MND, an audit of the patient
population was undertaken to identify prevailing characteristics
of patients currently followed up by the service.
Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the
personal demographic characteristics of the patient population;
identify site/type of disease onset and current severity
(using the ALS Health Severity Scale (ALSHSS) (1) and
ALSFRS-R, (2); assess level of uptake of PEG, NIV and aids/
equipment; assess level and type of care required; determine
the time from disease onset to diagnosis and identify the time
from diagnosis to nurse specialist follow-up.
Methods: A comprehensive case note review was undertaken
of patients (n�98) currently receiving follow up at this
centre. Statistical analysis was aided by SPSS version 14.0
to produce descriptive statistics indicating frequency of
occurrence of key characteristics.
Results: The mean (standard deviation, SD) age at onset was
59.7 (12.6) years. 54.1% of the patients were male. Most
patients (38.8%) had ALS with limb onset, with 29.6% having
ALS with bulbar onset. The majority of patients were classed
in the level 2 category of the ALSHSS, (58.2%) compared to
17.3% in level 1, 18.4% in level 3 and 6.1% in level 4. Four
patients (4.1%) were on NIV and 16(16.3%) had a PEG
inserted. The majority of patients relied on 1�3 items of
equipment (46.9%) compared to 33% who used more than 3
items. 16.3% of patients did not currently use any aids or
equipment. 28.6% of the patients lived independently with no
uptake of care. 23.5% lived independently but with family
assistance and 19.4% relied on family carers full time. 18.4%
relied mainly on family but also accessed social services care.
5.1% of patients lived in residential accommodation. The
mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 18.7 months
(SD�15.2) with 41.7% of patients receiving their diagnosis
within 12 months of symptom onset. The majority of patients
(78.5%) were commenced on nurse specialist follow up within
12 weeks of diagnosis with the mean length of time from
diagnosis to commencement being 6.3 weeks (SD�11.2).
Conclusions: This audit demonstrates the characteristic
features of the current MND population followed up by this
centre and for the first time provides detailed information
regarding the level of disability and uptake of care services and
equipment amongst this population. The length of time from
symptom onset to diagnosis for most of the patients at this
centre corresponds with evidence of a UK average of 11�22
month delay (3).


Pervasive medical monitoring has become an ideal alternative to nursing care for elderly people and patients in hospitals. Existing systems using single body-worn sensors are often intrusive and less reliable. By contrast, ubiquitous acoustic sensing techniques can support non-intrusive and robust medical monitoring. In this paper, we describe CoughLoc, a ubiquitous acoustic sensing system for continuous cough detection using a wireless sensor network. We show how knowledge of sound source locations can be leveraged to improve the detection accuracy of sound events caused by mobile users. Experiments in indoor environments show our system achieves over 90% cough detection performance under quiet backgrounds, and 1.6 times higher performance compared to a baseline approach with no location information.


To investigate the effect of increasing velocity within one gait on horse and rider movement and to describe the resulting changes in saddle forces, seven ridden dressage horses were examined on an instrumented treadmill. The speed ranged between 1.3-1.8 m/s at walk and 2.6-3.6 m/s at trot. Kinematics of the horse and rider, vertical ground reaction forces and saddle forces were measured simultaneously. Velocity dependency of each variable was assessed for the whole group with linear regression. With increasing velocity, the saddle forces at walk were mainly influenced by the accentuated rocking type of movement and at trot by the higher vertical dynamic and a more rigid horseback which resulted in increased counteracting force between horse and rider. Even small increases of velocity changed the dynamics of the movement pattern of the horse and consequently the forces emerging beneath the saddle: a 10% increase within the indicated speed range resulted in +5% (walk) and +14% (trot) higher total saddle fo...


This paper aims to tell out a "what next" question of the future scenarios that the European Union (EU), as a security community, is most likely to face in its development as a world power up to the year 2020. The EU is a rapidly evolving concept consolidating with comprehensive internal and external dimension and implication. Key concepts such as power, security, global governance and international order have been used as the underlying themes that will determine the course of the future. In this context Neo-realism, Constructivism and Security Community's model have been used as the theoretical framework to examine how EU's role in the international system can be analyzed in the conceptual framework of security. This is followed by a discussion on the concurrent ESDP instruments initiated by the new Constitution as a key momentum of security community buildup internally. To broaden understanding and to get a variety of perspectives, research reports and policy papers of some transatlantic think tanks were analyzed. While multi- perspectives of some prominent think tanks were reviewed, analyzed and discussed, the opinions of policy makers at the United Nations Head Quarters, New York, were also explored to reflect on how EU's role in international affairs is being perceived in the corridors of power, both concurrently and futuristically. These views were consequently augmented by attending General Assembly and Security Council sessions during September 2004 to January 2005 to observe what sorts of power and influence EU exerts in the contemporary international system and what potential it has for the future. Based on these findings, the paper identified three scenarios that EU is most likely to face in its efforts to be an international power. The paper concluded with the understanding that EU has vision and potential to be a power in the international system futuristically, which can be further enhanced if EU enhances its military capabilities and improves its power perception in the eyes of various stakeholders. However since the international system is volatile, its future role cannot be predicted with accuracy, only alternative options can be identified. EU's roles are dependent upon the degree of success of the integration process internally and the structural interaction with other major actors in the international system. Whereas EU may enhance its role up to the year 2020, it may not enter into a power conflict with other major powers. However it will play its role comparable with the magnitude of its size, power and influence to manage the international system, futuristically in an improvised way.


Language, Discourse, and Translation in the West and Middle East-Robert De Beaugrande 1994 The papers collected in this volume are a selection of papers presented at a conference on Language and Translation (Irbid, Jordan, 1992). In their revised form, they offer comparisons between Western and Arabic language usage and transfer. The articles bring together linguistic and cultural aspects in translation in a functional discourse framework set out in Part One: Theory, Culture, Ideology. Part Two addresses aspects for comparisons among translations and their cultural contexts (equivalence, stylistics and paragraphing). Part Three features Arabic-English language contact, specifically in technical writing, the media and academia. Part Four deals with problems in lexicography and grammar: terminology, verb-particle combinations and semantic diversity of 'radical-doubling' forms and includes a proposal for a new approach to English/Arabic dictionaries. Part Five turns to issues of interest to language teachers with practical proposals and demonstrations. Part Six deals with geopolitical factors linking the West and Middle East, focusing on equality in communication and exchange of information.


Students presently graduating from college represent perhaps the most indebted generation of young adults in the history of the United States, which may be attributed to the fact that interest-bearing debt plays a primary role in ensuring that our children pursue higher education. The long-term consequences of student loan borrowing, and its impact on this generation of borrowers, both remain to be seen. To assist borrowers with the burden of loan repayment, the federal government has developed several income based repayment programs. This Article focuses upon one important detail of these programs that has largely escaped the focus of the media and scholars: the ability of a married borrower to file separate tax returns and qualify for income-based repayment on the basis of his or her income alone. A complicated tax decision is presently forced upon married borrowers when embarking upon student loan repayment under income-based repayment programs: file taxes jointly and have monthly payments based on joint adjusted gross income (AGI) and combined student debt balances; or, file taxes separately and have monthly payments based on individual AGI and individual student debt. Student loan policy is shifting, however, and it is likely that some married borrowers will have no choice but to file joint returns as of January 2016. This Article contends that both the present and proposed approaches are broken, and examines the joint filing system through the lens of a simultaneous set of policies and objectives, namely the nation's program for dealing with educational costs and student debt. In coordinating income-based repayment with a tax filing system that is not marriage neutral, the married female student loan borrower is penalized twofold by her student loans: the gender pay gap means that a woman must work longer to repay her indebtedness, and because of joint tax filing, she is also likely to suffer the consequences of secondary earner bias. This Article illustrates that the joint filing system provided for under the Internal Revenue Code has not kept pace with the economic reality of two-earner families, and suggests that with the crushing weight of student loan debt falling disproportionately on the shoulders of women who must remain in the workplace, the need to revise an outdated system is immediate.


A high-resolution extreme-ultraviolet imaging spectrometer is designed for the Japanese solar mission Solar-B. A spherical varied-line-space (SVLS) grating and a toroidal uniform-line-space (TULS) grating are chosen as candidates for use in the spectrometer to yield high spectral and spatial resolution within the spectral range 25-29 nm. The spectral image-focusing properties and the mechanical tolerances for fabrication and alignment are compared for the two types of grating. The SVLS design is found to be superior to the TULS design for off-plane spectral images and in ease of fabrication and optical alignment.


Life science firms compete in rapidly changing environments that demand substantial resources and capabilities. Nevertheless, there are a growing number of small life science firms, and these firms are having a profound impact on innovation in the industry. However, little is known on how these firms overcome resource constraints to finance and develop R&D resources and capabilities. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to empirically explore how small life science firms develop R&D and financial resources and capabilities. A closely related area that this research is also fundamentally concerned with is how R&D and financial resources and capabilities affect firms" early growth.

The central aim of this research is to unearth insights on the motivations, assets and processes that lead to the development of R&D and financial resources and capabilities. To accomplish this, the research draws on the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities. The resources-based view is interested in the resources from which firms derive competitive advantages. Whilst dynamic capabilities focus on how firms in rapidly changing environments – especially high technology environments – configure and reconfigure their assets and capabilities to develop competitive advantages. Because this research is concerned with the development of key resources and capabilities of firms in rapidly changing environments, a resource-based view influenced dynamic capabilities framework is used to isolate the development of R&D and financial resources and capabilities of life science firms.

An in depth case study approach is used to examine the research questions. It draws on longitudinal data collected from six life science firms. Data has been collected from twenty interviews and over 3000 pages of secondary data. The interview data is abstracted using four techniques: 1) identifying repetitions, 2) looking for transitions, 3) identifying similarities and differences and 4) cutting and sorting notable quotes. Following Miles and Huberman (1994), the data is then analysed using a multiple step abstraction and condensing process. A unique triangulation technique is used at the end of the study where the key informants are surveyed on the results of the qualitative analysis.
Results from the study indicate that a unique set of past decisions, future opportunities, assets, capabilities and routines leads to the development of R&D and financial resources and capabilities. It is evident in all of the case firms in this study that scientific breakthroughs, partnership opportunities, the founders" experience and the firm"s ability to integrate resources and learn from earlier paths are vital to the development of R&D and financial resources and capabilities.

The study makes several contributions to the practice and scholarship of management. It provides insights on how small life science firms develop the R&D and financial resources to compete in a highly dynamic industry. From a scholarly perspective, it extends the dynamic capabilities framework and offers empirical support to several categories of dynamic capabilities. It also offers support to R&D and financial capabilities as categories of complementary assets. This thesis identifies details of the aforementioned aspects, discusses the importance of the findings in relation to the literature, and offers future research directions.


By using high-resolution low-scan-rate all-sky CCD cameras, the SPanish Meteor Network (SPMN) detected an outburst of Orionid meteors associated with comet 1P/Halley on 2006 October 20‐21. This detection was made possible due to the operational concept of the SPMN that involves continuous monitoring of meteor activity throughout the year. Accurate heliocentric orbits have been obtained for three meteors imaged simultaneously from two stations during the outburst. Additional astrometry of 33 single-station meteors indicates that the activity was produced from a conspicuous geocentric radiant located at α = 92. ◦ 2 ± 0. ◦ 5 and δ =+ 15. ◦ 4 ± 0. ◦ 6 which is similar to the radiant observed during the 1993 Orionid outburst despite the fact that the last one peaked on a different date. The radiant position obtained by the SPMN is consistent with that derived from digital pictures taken a few hours before from Ankara (Turkey). The extent of the outburst (a background of bright meteors was observed over several days), its absence in other years, and the orbital period of the three Orionid orbits suggest that the outburst could be produced by meteoroids trapped in resonances with Jupiter but additional data are required. The SPMN's continuous coverage of meteor activity allowed the identification of the main sources of meteors during 2006 October: mostly due to the Orionid stream, the two branches of the Taurid stream associated with comet 2P/Encke, and the δ Aurigids. Surprisingly, once a detailed analysis of the double-station video meteors was completed, some additional minor stream activity was discovered, that is, the ν Aurigids. In consequence, we also present two accurate orbits of this unexpected, but previously identified, minor shower.


Expanding access to engineering for underrepresented groups has by and large focused on ethnicity/race and gender, with little understanding of socioeconomic disadvantages. In this study, we use economic, human, and cultural capital theories to frame and then describe access to undergraduate engineering degree programs and bachelor's degrees. Using individual student-level data from 10 universities from the Multiple-Institution Database for Investigating Engineering Longitudinal Development (MIDFIELD) and aggregate school-level data (i.e., free-lunch status) from the Common Core of Data between 1994 and 2003, we first describe students who enter engineering programs by peer economic status (PES) with attention to gender, ethnicity/race, and SAT Math score. Second, a subset of the data is analyzed to describe access to bachelor's degrees in engineering by PES using graduation rates. The findings show an increase in access to engineering degree programs by disadvantaged students, but that access to engineering bachelor's degrees may be constrained, and especially for underrepresented ethnic/racial groups. The data highlight variable PES differences that accrue in engineering at entry and upon graduation (6 years later) across ethnic/racial groups; these differences have implications for broadening participation. Recommendations for future research and improving engineering access at the secondary and postsecondary levels are discussed.


A Size-Composition Resolved Aerosol Model (SCRAM) for simu lating the dynamics of externally-mixed atmospheric particles is presented. T his new model classifies aerosols by both composition and size, based on a comprehensive combination of all chemical species and their mass-fraction sections. All three main processes involved in aerosol dynamics (coagulation, condensation/evaporation and nucleation) are included. The m odel is first validated by comparison with 5 a reference solution and with results of simulations using i nternally-mixed particles. The degree of mixing of particles is investigated in a box model simulatio n using data representative of air pollution in Greater Paris. The relative influence on the mixing state o f the different aerosol processes (condensation/evaporation, coagulation) and of the algorithm used to model condensation/evaporation (bulk equilibrium, dynamic) is studied. 10


OBJECTIVE
The genetic component of alcohol use disorder is substantial, but monozygotic twin discordance indicates a role for nonheritable differences that could be mediated by epigenetics. Despite growing evidence associating epigenetics and psychiatric disorders, it is unclear how epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, relate to brain function and behavior, including drinking behavior.

METHOD
The authors carried out a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of 18 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for alcohol use disorder and validated differentially methylated regions. After validation, the authors characterized these differentially methylated regions using personality trait assessment and functional MRI in a sample of 499 adolescents.

RESULTS
Hypermethylation in the 3'-protein-phosphatase-1G (PPM1G) gene locus was associated with alcohol use disorder. The authors found association of PPM1G hypermethylation with early escalation of alcohol use and increased impulsiveness. They also observed association of PPM1G hypermethylation with increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent response in the right subthalamic nucleus during an impulsiveness task.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the authors provide first evidence for an epigenetic marker associated with alcohol consumption and its underlying neurobehavioral phenotype.


Abstrac t. We explain how semantic hyper-graphs are used to describe ontological models of morphological rules of agglutinative languages, with the Kazakh language as a case study. The vertices of these graphs represent morphological features and the edges represent relationships between these features. Such modeling allows nearly one to one translation of the morphology of the language into object-oriented model of data. In addition, with such a model we can easily generate new word forms. The constructed model and the dictionary generated with it are freely available for research purposes.


This paper was presented to the symposium on The Communication Process of Political Negotiations at the Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit on 12 August 1988. It was condensed from the forthcoming book Pursuing Justice and Peace in South Africa, published by Routledge in London. The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Human Sciences Research Council in the form of a senior research grant for study abroad. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at are those of the author, and are not to be regarded as those of the Human Sciences Research Council.


The diffusion of Modern Energy Technologies Africa has been found to be very low especially for solar energy systems. The installed solar PV capacity in Africa is a major issue of concern globally. This low trend in technology adoption is of interest because Africa enjoys some of the best solar radiation levels in the world averaging between 4 – 6 kWh/m 2 /day for most of the year. It was initially speculated that the low uptake of solar technology was associated with the continent's high poverty levels and limitations in technical capacity as well as awareness; nevertheless, the introduction of Mobile Telephony Technology (MTT) has cast some doubt on those speculations due to the rapid assimilation and diffusion of the technology in several African countries. The paper elaborates on the approach taken by a successful MET business model known as the Lighting-up-a-village (LUAV), designed by an energy company, Barefoot Power (BFP), in Uganda. This model has been used to distribute micro solar home systems in rural Uganda and exhibited a rapid uptake rate that resulted in the establishment of 18 LUAV projects in a span of 12 months. Through the LUAV program, more than 3000 households took up the technology securing their own independent power generation hub.  The success factors noted in the LUAV business model were identified and highlighted so as to present recommendations on the key factors that can possibly drive a rapid adoption of METs.


The evolution of orogenic wedges is dependent on the viscoplastic rheology of the crust. Here, we explore the role of the Moho temperature, by increasing the crustal thickness, and convergence velocity. The convergence velocity influences the depth of the brittle-ductile transition, whilst the crustal thickness influences the thickness of ductile lower crust. We find three different types of plastic wedges, either plastic, viscous or viscoplastic, dependent on the initial crustal thickness and convergence velocity.


Increasing competitive pressure from global markets and technological developments has resulted in the continual demand for business improvement philosophies and methodologies in operations management to address this challenge. The Six Sigma approach to business improvement has emerged in both the practitioner and academic literature as having a significant role in this area. There are many documented case studies of organizational applications of Six Sigma, where large‐scale improvements in defect and process measures have been attributed to this approach, mainly in the mass‐manufacturing sector. Moreover, there are claims, less well documented, that Six Sigma can be used as a change management approach at a strategic level and thus it can be applied to other sectors such as service industries. It is contended that there is a paucity of critical reviews of the Six Sigma literature, beyond that of descriptive accounts. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to critically review the literature of Six Sigma in relation to its effect on organizations and those that work in them. A broad theoretical perspective is used to guide the review process. The paper structure is based on the dichotomies within the Six Sigma literature, namely, what is Six Sigma — strategic change or operational methods; is Six Sigma a TQM appendage, or something new; will workers in a Six Sigma environment have more empowerment or be more controlled and is Six Sigma applicable to the service sector or only for that of the manufacturing sector?


A behavioral syndrome is the term used to describe suites of correlated behaviors in animals. One behavioral syndrome that has been the focus of many studies is the correlation of aggressive and bold behaviors. Previous studies in song sparrows have found a correlation between territorial aggressiveness and boldness towards humans in rural populations, but not within urban populations. However, boldness was measured as flight initiation distance (FID) in response to humans. Recording flight initiation distance is a common measurement for assessing boldness in birds, but rural birds are not accustomed to humans and so respond to their presence much like they would to a predator. It was hypothesized that song sparrows in urban areas had become habituated to human presence thus a new method to record boldness was required. Playbacks of alarm calls were used to elicit a boldness response. Data were collected from 25 birds from both an urban and a rural site for a total of 50 test subjects. FID trials, Carolina wren alarm call playbacks, and male conspecific song playbacks were conducted on each bird. Results showed that urban birds were bolder in response to alarm call playback as well as human presence. Boldness and aggression were correlated in rural birds with each method of measuring boldness but only in urban birds when using alarm call playback studies. This suggests that there is a behavioral syndrome between these behaviors but that some flexibility exists in urban birds.


How do the different elements in the standard bundle of property rights – such as the right of possession or the right of transfer – differentially impact outcomes, such as urban development? This paper incorporates insecure property rights into a standard model of urban land prices and density, and makes predictions about investment in land and property, informality, and the efficiency of land use. Our empirical analysis links data on institutions related to land titling and transfer with multiple urban outcomes, from 190 countries. The evidence is generally consistent with the model's predictions, and more broadly with the Demsetz's (1967) approach to property rights institutions. Indeed, we document world-wide improvements in the quality of institutions facilitating property transfer over time.


The recent COVID-19 pandemic has resulted an unprecedented impact on global economy. However, South Korea is effectively controlling the pandemic by implementing different level of social distancing measure. Most of the events are either postponed or cancelled and public places are operating by maintaining social distance and mandatory use of mask. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the future impact on tourism and hospitality industry caused by social distancing due to pandemic. The conceptual methodology was used to discuss on the secondary data from various sources. The finding states that the flight operations were halted, hotel occupancy reduced, and employees forced to take unpaid leave. In addition, the result discussed on the negative impact on tourism and hospitality sector due to pandemic. This paper concludes with few positive signs in domestic tourism sector and suggestion for authority to execute best policy in future for whole tourism industry.


The sharing of contextual information between individuals is a notion that often sparks emotional debate. It is interesting to note that the majority of existing work on sharing contextual information, especially location, has focused on the privacy issues raised in the work domain. This paper describes our initial investigation into sharing context in the leisure domain. More specifically we investigate how location context may be usefully shared between city visitors. For example, visitors may benefit by i) knowing the whereabouts of family members, or, ii) determining the popularity of attractions based on the number of visits. Additionally the sharing of location might also encourage communication between visitors that are not exploring the city as part of a group. For example, noticing that a fellow GUIDE user is located at the city castle would be helpful if I could then contact the visitor to request his or her opinion of the castle.


Abstract Public approval is a crucial source of executive power in presidential systems. Does the public support female and male presidents similarly? Combining insights from gender and politics research with psychological evidence, this study theorizes sex-based differentials in popularity based on more general expectations linking gender stereotypes to diverging performance evaluations. Using quarterly analyses of eighteen Latin American democracies, South Korea and the Philippines, the analyses compare the levels, dynamics, and policy performance of macro-approval for male and female presidents. As expected, female presidents are less popular, experience exaggerated approval dynamics and their approval is more responsive to security and corruption (though not economic) outcomes. These findings have clear implications for our understandings of mass politics, political accountability and presidentialism.


SIGNIFICANCE
Our study provides the much-needed evidence on causes of childhood blindness in Eritrea. This will assist authorities to plan appropriate strategies and implement preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services to address these causes of vision loss in children in this resource-limited country.

PURPOSE
This study aims to identify the causes of severe vision impairment and blindness in children attending the only school for the blind in Eritrea.

METHODS
All children enrolled in the school were examined, and the World Health Organization form for the examination of visually impaired children was used to record the data. Examination included visual acuity, refraction, anterior segment, and fundus assessment. Causes of vision loss for children with severe vision impairment (visual acuity <6/60 to 3/60) and blindness (visual acuity <3/60) are reported. Causes were classified by the anatomical site affected and by underlying etiology based on the timing of the insult and causal factor.

RESULTS
A total of 92 children were examined, and 71 (77.2%) of them had severe vision impairment and blindness. The major causes of vision loss were corneal scars (16.9%), cataract (12.7%), phthisis bulbi (11.3%), congenital eye deformities (11.3%), optic atrophy (9.3%), and presumed chorioretinal Toxoplasma scars (7.0%). Hereditary factors were the major known etiological category (15.5%) followed by the sequel of eye injuries (12.7%). Blindness due to vitamin A deficiency was not found, whereas infectious causes such as measles and ophthalmia neonatorum were relatively absent (one case each). Potentially avoidable causes of vision impairment were accounted for in 47.9% of children.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first direct evidence on childhood vision impairment in Eritrea. Despite the limitations, it is clearly shown that nearly half of the vision loss is due to avoidable causes. Thus, preventive public health strategies, specialist pediatric eye care, and rehabilitative services are recommended to address childhood vision impairment in Eritrea.


The aim of this project is to acquire new knowledge regarding the role of ideal sculpture in the Roman world. Since the mid-19th century, such sculptures have been studied primarily as Roman copies of Greek originals, using the method of copy criticism. During the last two decades, the dominating influence of this approach has been repeatedly criticized as it does not investigate the place of such sculptures in the Roman cultural context. Yet, no alternative approach has managed to rival that of copy criticism. This project aims to formulate a new mode of studying this fascinating material, an approach that has great potential to produce new insights into the role of ideal sculptures in Roman society. Turning to the concept of intertextuality, this project also aims to introduce a theoretical and multidisciplinary element to the current debate on how to interpret Roman ideal sculpture.


Objective To investigate the incidence and prognostic significance of fasting hyperglycemia in a large group of patients with a first myocardial infarction. Research Design and Methods Blood glucose was measured after an 8-h overnight fast in 752 patients with a first myocardial infarction. Three groups of patients were identified: patients with normal fasting blood glucose (92.5%), patients with fasting hyperglycemia but no prior history of glucose intolerance (3%), and patients previously known to have diabetes mellitus (4.5%). Results The fasting hyperglycemic patients were significantly older and had significantly more in-hospital complications than the normal blood glucose group. Previously known diabetic subjects tended to be older and had more mechanical complications postinfarction than the group with normal blood glucose but the difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no significant difference between the diabetic subjects and patients with fasting hyperglycemia in mean age and in-hospital prognosis. Conclusions Fasting hyperglycemia detected after a first myocardial infarction is associated with a poor in-hospital prognosis that was not due to larger infarct size, as reflected in peak levels of cardiac enzymes. The measurement of a fasting blood glucose level provides additional information in identifying high-risk groups of patients postinfarction.


Most leadership development runs on rails: courses are organized with standard content usually delivered by companies set up expressly for that purpose. Most leadership programmes fail when judged on whether they achieve lasting impact and behaviour change because what is covered is often forgotten after the programme ends. Building Leadership Development Programmes is designed to show how leadership development should work. It challenges the widely accepted notion that leadership development cannot be measured and it exemplifies how to design programmes that are in line with organizational needs and deliver lasting and measurable impact.

 Building Leadership Development Programmes is structured around detailed case studies from around the world that offer unique insights into the process of building effective leadership development, looking at a range of approaches from almost zero cost options to high end investment that actually works. It helps readers think through what it is that they are actually trying to achieve, offering processes to work through to establish what is necessary for their organization and take a longer view than looking for quick fixes. It features case studies including Crotonville Leadership Centre who have worked with GE, McKinsey and the Red Cross, and interviews with world authorities on leadership and talent development. Detailed guidance will help identify the right measures to ensure impact, and to adopt the right methodologies, including looking at leadership coaching, mentoring, social learning and action learning, blowing apart the idea that expensive training courses are always required.


The widespread availability of various peer-to-peer lending solutions is rapidly changing the landscape of financial services. Beside the natural advantages over traditional services, a relevant problem in the domain is to correctly assess the risk associated with borrowers. In contrast to traditional financial services industries, in peerto-peer lending the unsecured nature of loans as well as the relative novelty of the platforms make the assessment of risk a difficult problem. In this article we propose to use traditional machine learning methods enhanced with fuzzy set theory based transformation of data to improve the quality of identifying loans with high likelihood of default. We assess the proposed approach on a real-life dataset from one of the largest peer-to-peer platforms in Europe. The results demonstrate that (i) traditional classification algorithms show good performance in classifying borrowers, and (ii) their performance can be improved using linguistic data transformation.


Corporate law has become unnecessarily complicated. Despite the proliferation of laws, problems fester and scandals erupt. Something is wrong. This Article seeks to delayer corporate law - to strip it down to its essence - and after doing so, offer concrete suggestions for reform. It is a first step toward a new minimalist architecture for corporate law.The Article begins by arguing that the core of state corporate law - corporation statutes and fiduciary duties - currently offer precious little protection to shareholders. Contractarianism, manifested through enabling statues, reflects weak economics. Existing fiduciary duties are little more than rhetorical flourish. Rather than reexamine why the core of corporate law is empty, policymakers have instead added a series of layers, most notably securities laws. These reforms, however, merely operate as bandages to recover from the most recent scandal and further obfuscate the hollow core of corporate law.The bulk of the article offers a fresh path to reform. It draws on emerging paradigms in regulatory theory to argue that substantively, corporate law must reinvigorate fiduciary duties by resetting judicial "standards of review" to match "standards of conduct", while at the same time addressing the behavior of officers, not just directors. Finally, the institutional approach proposed is one of cooperative federalism: the federal government would set minimum standards, but implementation would occur through state courts via a "reverse-Erie" principle.


In two papers we noted that in common practice many algebraic constructions are defined only `up to isomorphism' rather than explicitly. We mentioned some questions raised by this fact, and we gave some partial answers. The present paper provides much fuller answers, though some questions remain open. Our main result says that there is a transitive model of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with choice (ZFC) in which every fully definable construction is `weakly natural' (a weakening of the notion of a natural transformation). A corollary is that there are models of ZFC in which some well-known constructions, such as algebraic closure of fields, are not explicitly definable. We also show that there is no model of ZFC in which the explicitly definable constructions are precisely the natural ones.


Aims of the research:

Scotland's 21st Century Review of Social Work, 'Changing Lives', told us that, 'If we are serious about developing social work as a profession and having practitioners able to practise safely and innovatively, then we need to both develop and use evidence to inform practice' (Scottish Executive, 2006: 55). This research investigates how social work practitioners make use of research, inquiry, and other forms of knowledge evidence to inform their practice. The study uses a 'critical best practice' approach (Ferguson, 2003) to learn from the analysis of detailed examples of how social workers use knowledge in their day to day practice with service users and carers. A best practice approach offers an opportunity to move away from the 'climate of negativity' experienced by social work in the UK (Jones et al., 2008:1), and to celebrate some of the achievements of skilled social work practitioners. At the same time taking a critical lens to practice offers potential to gain a better understanding what such practice actually 'looks like' as it happens, promoting positive learning about social work and, ultimately, better outcomes for service users and carers (Jones et al., 2008: 15).

This research has been conducted under the umbrella of the Critical Best Practice social work research group at the Open University, and has benefited from the discussions and contributions of other members of this group. Its findings are intended to complement a small but growing literature about critical best practice in the UK. The study also aims to contribute to current debates about how social work practitioners understand and use knowledge evidence, an area of research in which the perspectives of social worker practitioners themselves have received remarkably little attention (Trevethick, 2008). The subject is highly topical, both in Scotland, which is currently consulting on both its Research and Development and Knowledge Management Strategies (IRISS, 2008; IRISS/NES, 2009), as well as in the health and social care sector in the UK as a whole. It is also hoped that findings of the research will be able to make a helpful contribution to social work and other practicebased education through more tangible outputs, such as learning materials for students and practitioners.


Abstract Residual herbicides are routinely applied to control troublesome weeds in pumpkin production. Fluridone and acetochlor, Groups 12 and 15 herbicides, respectively, provide broad-spectrum PRE weed control. Field research was conducted in Virginia and New Jersey to evaluate pumpkin tolerance and weed control to PRE herbicides. Treatments consisted of fomesafen at two rates, ethalfluralin, clomazone, halosulfuron, fluridone, S-metolachlor, acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate (EC), acetochlor microencapsulated (ME), and no herbicide. At one site, fluridone, acetochlor EC, acetochlor ME, and halosulfuron injured pumpkin 81%, 39%, 34%, and 35%, respectively, at 14 d after planting (DAP); crop injury at the second site was 40%, 8%, 19%, and 33%, respectively. Differences in injury between the two sites may have been due to the amount and timing of rainfall after herbicides were applied. Fluridone provided 91% control of ivyleaf morningglory and 100% control of common ragweed at 28 DAP. Acetochlor EC controlled redroot pigweed 100%. Pumpkin treated with S-metolachlor produced the most yield (10,764 fruits ha–1) despite broadcasting over the planted row; labeling requires a directed application to row-middles. A separate study specifically evaluated fluridone applied PRE at 42, 84, 126, 168, 252, 336, and 672 g ai ha–1. Fluridone resulted in pumpkin injury ≥95% when applied at rates of ≥168 g ai ha–1; significant yield loss was noted when the herbicide was applied at rates >42 g ai ha–1. We concluded that fluridone and acetochlor formulations are unacceptable candidates for pumpkin production. Nomenclature: Acetochlor; clomazone; ethalfluralin; fomesafen; fluridone; halosulfuron; Smetolachlor; common ragweed; Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.; pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate clinical and laboratory profiles of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in three public hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil, since type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that occurs mainly in the pediatric age group in the Brazilian population.

METHODS
Cross-sectional study with patients followed up in reference centers in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Campinas (UNICAMP) and São Paulo (Conjunto Hospitalar do Mandaqui). Data about gender, age, diabetes duration, daily insulin dose, number of daily insulin injections, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were analyzed.

RESULTS
Two hundred and thirty-nine patients (131 females) were evaluated; mean age was 13.1+/-4.7 years and mean diabetes duration was 6.6+/-4.2 years. Daily insulin doses ranged from 0.1 to 1.78 units/kg/day (0.88+/-0.28), and 180 (74.7%) patients had two daily injections. HbA1c ranged from 4.6 to 17.9% (10.0+/-2.3%).

CONCLUSIONS
Although the hospitals included in this study are excellence centers for the follow-up of patients with diabetes in three municipalities in the state of São Paulo, one of the most developed states in Brazil, blood glucose control evaluated according to HbA1c was not adequate. Findings confirm that, despite the efforts of all the professionals involved, great challenges still lie ahead.


For intrauterine transfusion (IUT) specific red cells are provided by UK Blood Services, irradiated to prevent TA-GvHD. A fetus (21/40) was referred to a fetal medicine centre (FMC), severely anaemic (parvovirus) requiring urgent IUT. Maternal blood was transfused to fetus. Following poor cardiac output, further emergency intracardiac transfusion gave improvement. At 32/40 baby was delivered, severely hydropic and pancytopenic (aplasia later confirmed by marrow aspirate). Hyperbilirubinaemia and fungal chest infection followed. Mother was HLA homozygous. Chimerism studies confirmed maternal engraftment and TA-GvHD. Baby underwent stem cell transplantation, but died of pneumonitis. The case was reported to the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) national haemovigilance scheme. A questionnaire was sent to the other 15 FMCs in England and Scotland to establish wider practice. 15/15 centres replied. 1/15 had used maternal blood (non-irradiated), once in 5 years, for bleeding during platelet IUT. 2/15 had used non-IUT blood (leucodepleted), for 8 IUTs: 1 irradiated neonatal exchange blood, rest non-irradiated neonatal 'paedipacks'. 10/15 would transfuse alternative red cells if IUT units unavailable in emergency, 5/15 would not/had not. Preferred alternative varied, 3/11 would consider maternal blood. This rare case of TA-GvHD occurred following high-risk transfusion: to a fetus, with fresh, HLA homozygous, maternal blood, neither irradiated or leucodepleted. Use of maternal blood for IUTs is unusual in UK centres. Maternal blood for IUT is not recommended in the UK. FMCs should develop transfusion protocols for emergency red cell provision for IUT. Alternatives include neonatal paedipacks or exchange transfusion units, irradiated whenever possible.


Appropriate management strategies are essential for the protection and maintenance of groundwater resources. It is therefore important that aquifers are understood in terms of hydraulics, recharge, and yield potential, and that the vulnerability of aquifers to surface pollution is evaluated. A range of aquifer types were examined in this study, and water samples were analyzed for the radiocarbon content of the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC), stable isotopes, and a suite of chemical and physical parameters. The data were input to a selection of models for the estimation of the initial activity of the TDIC, and groundwater ages were calculated. Eight commonly used models were comparatively assessed in the study. The Tamers, Mook, and IAEA models gave anomalous ages, probably because of their inability to correct for solid phase isotopic exchange in aquifers. The Pearson, F&G, Evans, Eichinger, and Mass Balance models produced results in broad agreement. The study shows that contrary to popular belief, there are sources of ancient groundwater in Ireland. Of the 19 sampling stations, two boreholes yielded waters with age estimates of greater than 10,000 BP. Water samples from a further six sites returned ages of between around 800 and 4000 BP. In contrast to borehole samples, spring wells yielded water of consistently young ages, demonstrating rapid recharge and flow mechanisms. Samples from several spring wells produced negative ages, indicating the presence of anthropogenic 14C. The findings demonstrate the potential for contamination of springs by surface runoff, while sources of greater age generally offer a greater degree of protection from surface pollution.


Illuminating the 'dark' regions of the human genome remains an ongoing effort, a decade and a half after the human genome was sequenced - RefSeq and GENCODE being two of the major annotation databases. Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) has provided open access to the transcriptome of MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line that has provided significant therapeutic advancement in breast cancer research since the 1970s. PacBio sequencing generates much longer reads compared to second-generation sequencing technologies, with a trade-off of lower throughput, higher error rate and more cost per base. Here, this transcriptome was analyzed using the YeATS pipeline, with additionally introduced kmer based algorithms, reducing computational times to a few hours on a simple workstation. Out of ~300 transcripts that have no match in both RefSeq and GENCODE, ~250 are absent in the transcriptomes of the heart, liver and brain, also provided by PacBio. Also, ~200 transcripts are absent in a recent catalogue of un-annotated long non-coding RNAs from 6,503 samples (~43 Terabases of sequence data) [1], and among 2,556 novel transcripts reported in an experimental workflow RACE-Seq [2]. 65 transcripts have >100 amino acid open reading frames, and have the potential of being protein coding genes. ORF based annotation also identified few bacterial transcripts in the PacBio database mapped to the human genome, and one human transcript that has been annotated as bacterial in the NCBI database. The current work reiterates the under-utilization of transcriptomes for annotating genomes. It also provides new leads for investigating breast cancer by virtue of exclusively expressed transcripts not expressed in other tissues, which have the prospects of breast cancer biomarkers based on further investigations.


This thesis studies the problem of intelligent localisation for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). After an introduction about robot localisation and specific issues in the underwater domain, the thesis will focus on passive techniques for AUV localisation, highlighting experimental results and comparison among different techniques. Then, it will develop active techniques, which require intelligent decisions about the steps to undertake in order for the AUV to localise itself. The undertaken methodology consisted in three stages: theoretical analysis of the problem, tests with a simulation environment, integration in the robot architecture and field trials. The conclusions highlight applications and scenarios where the developed techniques have been successfully used or can be potentially used to enhance the results given by current techniques. The main contribution of this thesis is in the proposal of an active localisation module, which is able to determine the best set of action to be executed, in order to maximise the localisation results, in terms of time and efficiency.


The Community Benefit Agreement (CBA) model was created in the late 1990s as a tool to ensure that neighborhood residents would benefit from economic development projects, which are often heavily subsidized by taxpayer dollars. A CBA is a project-specific agreement between a developer and a broad community coalition that details the project's contributions to the community and ensures community support for the project. Properly structured CBAs are legally binding and directly enforceable by the signatories. According to The Partnership for Working Families, the Community Benefits Model works because, among other things, it: maximizes returns on local government investment in development; helps generate public support for economic development projects; and holds developers accountable for their promises to local governments and residents. As of 2013, there were approximately 17 CBAs in effect across the U.S. The majority (76 percent) pertained to developments in California.


A one-sided refinement of the strong law of large numbers is found for which the partial weighted sums not only converge almost surely to the expected value, but also the convergence is such that eventually the partial sums all exceed the expected value. The new weights are distribution-free, depending only on the relative ranks of the observations. A similar refine ment of the Glivenko-Cantelli theorem is obtained, in which a new empiri cal distribution function not only has the usual uniformly almost-sure convergence property of the classical empirical distribution function, but also has the property that all its quantiles converge almost surely. A tool in the proofs is a strong law of large numbers for order statistics.


Background: Knowledge about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in adult psychiatry is scant. Aims: Estimate prevalence, psychiatric morbidity patterns and impact of ADHD/ASD diagnoses in general adult psychiatry services. Material and methods: Two adult psychiatric out-patient groups were screened and clinically examined for ADHD and ASD. A new screening instrument, the Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adults Screening Questionnaire (ASDASQ) was developed for ASD. The Wender Utah Rating Scale was used for retrospective screening of childhood ADHD symptoms. A new questionnaire was used in an attempt to measure the subjective impact of receiving an ADHD or ASD diagnosis in adulthood in a group of consecutively clinically evaluated adult patients and their significant others. A very large data-set of all registered psychiatric patients at one clinic over a 20-year-period was used to assess time trends in clinical diagnoses of ADHD and ASD and "comorbidities"/psychiatric service use. Results: Of screened adult psychiatric patients 1.4% had ASD and most of these were treated at a centre for chronic disorders. The rate of ASD in this centre was 3.2%. A quarter of the patients with ASD had previous diagnoses of schizophrenia. The ASDASQ showed good psychometric properties. The rate of ADHD in the screened group of general psychiatric out-patients was 21.9%. These patients had been variably diagnosed, often with affective disorder. Greater subjective impact of the diagnosis for patients with ADHD than ASD was suggested. Perceived positive post-diagnosis change was reported by patients and significant others, and as regards medication (ADHD), housing and habilitation service contact (ASD). The rate of ADHD diagnoses increased from 1990 to 2009, but only about 2.7% of the whole adult psychiatric patient group received this diagnosis. ASD diagnosis rates also went up but only to about 1.3% of all registered patients. Discussion: In adult psychiatry, many patients have ADHD or ASD, developmental disorders that underlie or are overshadowed by "psychiatric illness". Some patients seek help for problems related to the formerly unrecognized ADHD or ASD rather than for "psychiatric disorder". ADHD seems to be much more common than ASD, and in both disorders concomitant psychiatric illness is usually present. It is important not to rely only on self-assessment questionnaires for diagnosis. An essential part of diagnostic work-up is a detailed history taking and testing of cognitive and adaptive development/capacity, currently not standard in adult psychiatric practice. Measuring the subjective impact of ADHD or ASD diagnoses proved to be difficult. The rate of diagnosed ADHD/ASD in adult psychiatry went up over the past two decades but was, by 2010, far below the likely "real" rate. The underdiagnosis of ADHD/ASD in adult psychiatry remains a huge clinical problem. Key words: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), adults, psychiatry, Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults Screening Questionnaire (ASDASQ)