The last step: magmatic eruptions In 1864-1866, Turrialba volcano had a strombolian eruption with some phases of phreatic and phreatomagmatic activity, that covered the Central Valley of Costa Rica with a variable thickness of ash. During this eruption, the ash fell up to the province of Puntarenas, 110 km west of Turrialba. After more than 100 years of hydrothermal activity, in 2005 the gas emission showed an increase of (HCl+HF)/CO2 and (SO2+H2S)/CO2 ratios (Vaselli et al. 2009), which indicates a change from a hydrothermal to a magmatic fluids source. Conforming with data from Hilton et al. (2010), we obtained increased values of R/Rair ( 4He/3He) from 6.85 to 8.2 and CO2/ 3He from 9.4 to 19.6 x109. The highest values were measured in the SW crater. These geochemical changes were accompanied by an increase in seismicity and temperatures of the newly appeared fumaroles. After that, on January 2010, a new phreatic eruption occurred from a 100 m large, new vent in the inner wall of the SW crater. Small amounts of ash fell in the Capital San José. On 12 January 2012, a second phreatic eruption occurred along the rim between the SW and Central craters, near the Arbol Quemado gas fracture (which has been active since 2001). The day before this eruption molten sulphur flows were originated from Arbol Quemado. A third phreatic eruption on 21 May 2013 involved both the new vents simultaneously. All the erupted material was lithic. The volcanic unrest continued with tremor episodes and LP seismic signals accompanied by a further increase in the temperature of fumaroles, reaching 700 °C, as measured by FLIR thermal camera. During the night of 29-30 October 2014, a first strombolian eruption occurred as demonstrated by direct observation, temperatures near 900°C measured by FLIR thermal camera and the release of ballistic scoriaceous bombs and abundant magmatic gases (type 0; Leduc et al. 2015). This was the first magmatic eruption of Turrialba volcano since the major 1864-66 eruptive period. The eruption produced the collapse of a large portion of the eastern inner wall of the SW crater. Some scoriaceous bombs were collected during the following days, together with ash samples in different sectors of the summit area. Petrochemical analyses of the bombs were compared to those of the bombs of the 1864-66 eruption, in order to evaluate variations in the eruptive dynamics and feeding system. Early results revealed a basaltic andesitic composition with a similar petrography (plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine) and porphyricity compared to the 1864-66 iuvenile products. Morphoscopic SEM analyses of ash revealed the dominant occurrence of lithic fragments consisting of sulfate and hydrothermalized aggregates. This means that ash is almost entirely related to the phreatic explosions, as result of the wall collapse. Other eruptions occurred in December 2014, and, more recently, in March and April 2015. Ash fell in different provinces, including San José, and caused the closure of the international airport of Costa Rica for one day. 2002: Detected SO2, 2006: seismic swarm 2007: SO2/H2S; 2009: Strong degassing seismic swarm 3He/4He: 8.2 3He/4He: 7.6


Wedeterminehowasystemcomposedoftwononidenticaltwo-levelatomswithdifferentresonancefrequencies and different damping rates could work as a nanoantenna for controlled mode switching and light routing. We calculate the angular distribution of the emitted field detected in a far-field zone of the system including the direct interatomic interactions and arbitrary linear dimensions of the system. The calculation is carried out in terms of the symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the two-atom system. We find that as long as the atoms are identical, the emission cannot be switched between the symmetric and antisymmetric modes. The switching may occur when the atoms are nonidentical and the emission can then be routed to different modes by changing the relative ratio of the atomic frequencies, or damping rates, or by a proper tuning of the laser frequency to the atomic resonance frequencies. It is shown that in the case of atoms of different resonance frequencies but equal damping rates, the light routing is independent of the frequency of the driving laser field. It depends only on the sign of the detuning between the atomic resonance frequencies. In the case of atoms of different damping rates, the emission can be switched between different modes by changing the laser frequency from the blue to red detuned from the atomic resonance. The effect of the interatomic interactions is also considered, and it is found that in the case of unequal resonance frequencies of the atoms, the interactions slightly modify the visibility of the intensity pattern. The case of unequal damping rates of the atoms is affected rather more drastically, the light routing becoming asymmetric under the dipole-dipole interaction with the enhanced intensities of the modes turned towards the atom of smaller damping rate.


In this revelatory examination of the most overlooked force that is changing the face of China, the Oxford historian and scholar of modern Asia Karl Gerth shows that as the Chinese consumer goes, so goes the world. While Americans and Europeans have become increasingly worried about China's competition for manufacturing jobs and energy resources, they have overlooked an even bigger story: China's rapid development of an American-style consumer culture, which is revolutionizing the lives of hundreds of millions of Chinese and has the potential to reshape the world. This change is already well under way. China has become the world's largest consumer of everything from automobiles to beer and has begun to adopt such consumer habits as living in large single-occupancy homes, shopping in gigantic malls, and eating meat-based diets served in fast-food outlets. Even rural Chinese, long the laggards of consumerism, have been buying refrigerators, televisions, mobile phones, and larger houses in unprecedented numbers. "As China Goes, So Goes the World" reveals why we should all care about the everyday choices made by ordinary Chinese. Taken together, these seemingly small changes are deeper and more profound than the headline-grabbing stories on military budgets, carbon emissions, or trade disputes.


Village clinic in rural areas can serve as a "gatekeeper" role to play an important foundation; it is now undergoing reconstruction after three stages of the establishment, development and decline. In order to improve medical hardware facilities and facilitate the carrying out of new rural cooperative medical service, policy of village clinic integration is being or to be pursued all over the country, that is to gather the country doctors practicing medicine in villages and establish village clinics; however, according to investigation, the integrated village clinics in underdeveloped regions face with three major problems: Low current government subvention, competition with illegal private clinics (i.e. the clinics run by the original country doctors who do not work in the village clinics) and the equalitarianism of the internal income distribution; all these problems may lead to the adverse selection of many country doctors who have different calibers, and the high-caliber doctors may quit. Which will make the policy of "one village, one Village clinic integration" be failure. In this paper, take competitive factors, the local community trust, adverse selection model to of the phenomenon according to the investigation into a theoretical explanation, and that the Government should give up the "one village one" model, shifted from number control to the standard control.


We develop a new data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based methodology for measuring the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) characterized by multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The distinguishing feature of our method is that it explicitly includes information about output-specific inputs and joint inputs in the efficiency evaluation. This method contributes to opening the "black box" of efficiency measurement in two different ways. First, including information on the input allocation substantially increases the discriminatory power of the efficiency measurement. Second, it allows us to decompose the efficiency value of a DMU into output-specific efficiency values, which facilitates the identification of the outputs the manager should focus on to remedy the observed inefficiency. We demonstrate the usefulness and managerial implications of our methodology by means of a unique data set collected from the activity-based costing (ABC) system of a large service company with 290 DMUs.


The seminal volume on body painting and adornment by the world's preeminent photographers of African culture. Following the international masterpiece Africa Adorned, Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher have focused on the traditions of body painting spanning the vastly unique cultures of the African continent. In a contemporary world so fascinated with tattoos and piercings, Beckwith and Fisher document the origins of these fashionable adornments as passed down through African tribal culture. Featured are portraits of the richly colored, detailed, and exquisite body paintings of the Surma, Karo, Maasai, Himba, and Hamar peoples, among others. Drawing from expeditions in the field and firsthand experiences with African peoples and cultures over the past thirty years and with more than 250 spectacular photographs, this is the definitive work on the expressiveness and imagination of African cultural painting of the human body.


Summary.  Hepatitis C is a chronic condition that many persons with haemophilia contracted in the 1980s due to the infusion of factor concentrates that did not have viral inactivation processes in place. Many patients with haemophilia are now living longer lives, well into their eighties due to the improvement of their care. The effects of the hepatitis C virus on the liver over time are now being realized as this population ages. Although the new treatments for hepatitis C have a prolonged response, as demonstrated by a persistent negative viral load, many haemophilia patients have either not responded to the therapy or had significant side effects to treatment, which prevented continued therapy. Of these infected haemophiliacs with liver disease, many have demonstrated a slow progressive decline resulting in liver failure, cirrhosis or liver cancer. Liver transplant then becomes their only option. This article will review liver transplantation in the haemophilia patient highlighting three case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of specific short‐term factor infusions and other haemostatic support to minimize bleeding during the surgical period. These cases confirm the opportunity for successful liver transplantation for haemophilia patients utilizing specific factor recommendations with minimal bleeding risk.


Extracting high-level information of musical attributes such as melody, harmony, key, or rhythm from the raw waveform is a critical process in Music Information Retrieval (MIR) systems. Using one or more of such features in a front end, one can efficiently and effectively search, retrieve and navigate through a large collection of musical audio. Among those musical attributes, harmony is a key element in Western tonal music. Harmony can be characterized by a set of rules stating how simultaneously sounding (or inferred) tones create a single entity commonly known as a chord), how the elements of adjacent chords interact melodically, and how sequences of chords relate to one another in a functional hierarchy. Patterns of chord changes over time allow for the delineation of structural features such as phrases, sections and movements. In addition to structural segmentation, harmony often plays a crucial role in projecting emotion and mood. This dissertation focuses on two aspects of harmony, chord labeling and chord progressions in diatonic functional tonal music.
Recognizing the musical chords from the raw audio is a challenging task. In this dissertation, a system that accomplishes this goal using hidden Markov models is described. In order to avoid the enormously time-consuming and laborious process of manual annotation, which must be done in advance to provide the ground-truth to the supervised learning models, symbolic data like MIDI files are used to obtain a large amount of labeled training data. To this end, harmonic analysis is first performed on noise-free symbolic data to obtain chord labels with precise time boundaries. In parallel, a sample-based synthesizer is used to create audio files from the same symbolic files. The feature vectors extracted from synthesized audio are in perfect alignment with the chord labels, and are used to train the models.
Sufficient training data allows for key- or genre-specific models, where each model is trained on music of specific key or genre to estimate key- or genre-dependent model parameters. In other words, music of a certain key or genre reveals its own characteristics reflected by chord progression, which result in the unique model parameters represented by the transition probability matrix. In order to extract key or identify genre, when the observation input sequence is given, the forward-backward or Baum-Welch algorithm is used to efficiently compute the likelihood of the models, and the model with the maximum likelihood gives key or genre information. Then the Viterbi decoder is applied to the corresponding model to extract the optimal state path in a maximum likelihood sense, which is identical to the frame-level chord sequence.
The experimental results show that the proposed system not only yields chord recognition performance comparable to or better than other previously published systems, but also provides additional information of key and/or genre without using any other algorithms or feature sets for such tasks. It is also demonstrated that the chord sequence with precise timing information can be successfully used to find cover songs from audio and to detect musical phrase boundaries by recognizing the cadences or harmonic closures.
This dissertation makes a substantial contribution to the music information retrieval community in many aspects. First, it presents a probabilistic framework that combines two closely related musical tasks—chord recognition and key extraction from audio—and achieves state-of-the-art performance in both applications. Second, it suggests a solution to a bottleneck problem in machine learning approaches by demonstrating the method of automatically generating a large amount of labeled training data from symbolic music documents. This will help free researchers of laborious task of manual annotation. Third, it makes use of more efficient and robust feature vector called tonal centroid and proves, via a thorough quantitative evaluation, that it consistently outperforms the conventional chroma feature, which was almost exclusively used by other algorithms. Fourth, it demonstrates that the basic model can easily be extended to key- or genre-specific models, not only to improve chord recognition but also to estimate key or genre. Lastly, it demonstrates the usefulness of recognized chord sequence in several practical applications such as cover song finding and structural music segmentation.


e-RNA offers a free and open-access collection of five published RNA sequence analysis tools, each solving specific problems not readily addressed by other available tools. Given multiple sequence alignments, Transat detects all conserved helices, including those expected in a final structure, but also transient, alternative and pseudo-knotted helices. RNA-Decoder uses unique evolutionary models to detect conserved RNA secondary structure in alignments which may be partly protein-coding. SimulFold simultaneously co-estimates the potentially pseudo-knotted conserved structure, alignment and phylogenetic tree for a set of homologous input sequences. CoFold predicts the minimum-free energy structure for an input sequence while taking the effects of co-transcriptional folding into account, thereby greatly improving the prediction accuracy for long sequences. R-chie is a program to visualise RNA secondary structures as arc diagrams, allowing for easy comparison and analysis of conserved base-pairs and quantitative features. The web site server dispatches user jobs to a cluster, where up to 100 jobs can be processed in parallel. Upon job completion, users can retrieve their results via a bookmarked or emailed link. e-RNA is located at http://www.e-rna.org.


The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a huge number of microorganisms that we call intestinal flora. Although the bowel provides a functional barrier between these organisms and the host, bacterial translocation is not an infrequent event in healthy people. However, in critically ill patients, carriers of different morbid entities, bacterial translocation may favor infections and increased morbimortality. There are several proposed mechanisms explaining the etiology, genesis, and ways for this entity, and frequently the results from both in vitro and animal experimental investigations are controversial and difficult to apply to humans. Many diseases have been linked or are implicated in the translocation phenomenon, although studies with insufficient methodology, reduced populations, and conflicting results still leave open questions and others with no logical answer. This problem is also reflected when studying and assessing different therapeutic strategies used as well as on the methods used to detect translocation.


Deloitte and supporting organization, Bersin, are arguably the world's foremost institutions in researching and offering comprehensive annual reports on the status of modern thinking, and the trends in that thinking, in all facets of organizational operations and performance. The latest 2017 report, the fifth in the series, is perhaps their most thorough to date, and offers global leading assessment of modern thinking and the manner it is changing. What is lacking is any scientific foundation, a lack not of Deloitte, but of global understanding of people in organizations, that is, the lack lies in the foundations of global social science. The question posed by the Deloitte report and all such efforts is: What if there was created a fully scientific theory of people, with a derived theory of people in organizations, how would that modify the report and its implications? OPD-Theory™ is exactly such a theory, derived from the only general theory of psychology, itself derived by applying a revised scientific methodology to the system 'a person in their environment'. The technology derived from the science is OPD human capital development (OPD-HCD™ ). This paper presents the 2017 Deloitte topic summaries and describes how the OPD-HCD™ provides the solution for making more precise, and implementing, all scientifically valid projections in the report, and corrects those not scientifically valid.


This scoping review was undertaken to provide an overview of peer-reviewed empirical evidence concerning the undertaking of Life Story Work (LSW) with children and young people with care experience (CYPCE). Our search identified 1,336 potentially relevant publications. Of these, 24 empirical studies met our inclusion criteria and examined a wide range of practices in different countries. Using a thematic approach, key findings and characteristics related to current conceptualizations of LSW are explored and knowledge gaps identified. Our review shows that predominantly small-scale qualitative studies have been undertaken. These studies typically reported participants' experiences and perspectives on pre-existing LSW practices (17 articles), or evaluations of innovative practices (7 articles). However, both lacked efficacy data. We identified numerous LSW practices that were consistently identified as providing "high-quality" experiences: young person-led approaches; consistent support to access and process personal information, including chronological facts, reasons for care entry and beyond; the use of artifacts; and assistance/training for carers supporting LSW. The included studies also identified practices that undermined LSW: rushed, incomplete accounts, using insensitive language that failed to include different voices from a young person's past. The discussion appraises the findings through a critical lens and concludes that LSW is a clear priority for all and represents an intervention that has potential to help the unaddressed mental health needs of CYPCE. Unfortunately, without better evidence on how this intervention works best, for whom, over what period, and at what cost, practice cannot move forward. This paper challenges all stakeholders to realize this potential.


In this book, we define several new neutrosophic algebraic structures and their related properties. The main focus of this book is to study the important class of neutrosophic rings such as neutrosophic LA-semigroup ring, neutrosophic loop ring, neutrosophic groupoid ring and so on. We also construct their generalization in each case to study these neutrosophic algebraic structures in a broader sense. The indeterminacy element "I" gives rise to a bigger algebraic structure than the classical algebraic structures. It mainly classifies the algebraic structures in three categories such as: neutrosophic algebraic structures, strong neutrosophic algebraic structures, and classical algebraic structures respectively. This reveals the fact that a classic algebraic structure is a part of the neutrosophic algebraic structures. This opens a new way for the researcher to think in a broader way to visualize these vast neutrosophic algebraic structures.


We provide a semiparametric copula approach for estimating a "classical" sample selection model. We impose that the joint distribution function of unobservables can be characterized by a specifc copula, but the marginal distribution functions are estimated semiparametrically. In contrast to existing semiparametric estimators for sample selection models, our approach provides a measure of dependence between unobservables in main and selection equation which can be used to analyze the composition of, say, the female workforce. We apply our estimation procedure to a female labor supply data set and show that those women with the best skills participate in the labor market; moreover, we find evidence for the existence of an ability threshold which involves that women with high ability are to some extent advantaged and, therefore, have also obtained the best skills.


In this book the reader will not see a personal opinion of the authors on the question of Western Sahara, within the framework of International Law, but will see a work where the authors have searched, selected and ordered the relevant fragments of the official documents issued by different international organizations (UN, EU, OAU and AU) that have dealt with the question of Western Sahara and whose full content is published online by the Center for Studies on Western Sahara (CESO) of the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC). All these texts (resolutions, advisory opinions, judgments, etc.), let compose "15 basic statements on the conflict of Western Sahara" to help the reader to understand the conflict according to what is provided by International Law. Therefore, we can say that it is unavoidable to take into account these 15 basic statements in any analysis that is made on the question of Western Sahara that intends to have the necessary rigor.


Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine Array Performance and Wake Characteristics Nickolas Stelzenmuller Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Alberto Aliseda Mechanical Engineering Department Three scale model horizontal axis MHK turbines (1:45) were tested in a flume at various array spacings. The scale rotors are based on the full-scale Department of Energy Reference Model 1, modified to reproduce the hydrodynamic performance of the full-scale turbine (20 m diameter) at the reduced experimental Reynolds number (10 vs 10, based on chord length). Flow incident on the turbines and in the wakes was characterized by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) measurements. Tip speed ratio (TSR) similarity of the turbines is achieved by controlling the torque applied by magnetic particle brakes. Single turbines were characterized over a range of mean freestream velocities to explore the effect of Reynolds number on turbine performance. Measured turbine efficiencies of approximately 40% are similar to efficiencies predicted from full-scale simulations, indicating similar power extraction efficiency at scale. Wake characteristics and turbine efficiencies have been investigated at a range of TSR's, with the goal of determining array spacing and operating conditions that maximize overall array efficiency.


The presence of some missing outcomes in randomized studies often complicates the estimation of measures of effect, even in well designed randomized controlled trials. The process may be complicated further when the efficacy rates are close to 0% or 100% as the standard binomial model is susceptible to model non-convergence. The main objective of this study was to compare the performance of multiple imputation (MI) and Complete Case analysis for dealing with missing binary outcomes when modeling a risk difference. Firstly, however, the binomial regression COPY method and the Cheung's modified Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method were examined using simulation processes for their appropriateness in risk difference modeling. It was found that the number of copies (for the COPY method) required to minimize non-convergence coincided with the number of copies that gave the most biased estimates of the true efficacy difference while increasing the number of copies made the problems of non-convergence and bias worse; using Cheung's method, however, there was 100% convergence with unbiased estimates of effect size. Simulation methods were used to compare the performance of complete case (CC) analysis and several multiple imputation (MI) models for handling missing outcome data over a wide range of efficacy environments and missing value assumptions. When outcomes were missing at random (MAR) or completely at random (MCAR), MI analyses that included treatment group membership in the imputation calculations yielded unbiased estimates of efficacy differences. The CC method was found to be as good, and often better, than MI methods when outcomes were MAR or MCAR, with coverage close to 95% in many situations – but neither CC nor MI produced unbiased estimates of effect difference when outcomes were missing not at random (MNAR). It was concluded that CC and MI methods are equally good in terms of producing unbiased estimates of effect difference in most missing outcome situations, but applying the intention to treat principle (ITT) which requires all randomized patients to be included in the primary analysis of a RCT, MI should be adopted as the analysis method of first choice, accompanied by a secondary CC analysis for sensitivity purposes (i.e. to investigate the extent of any likely bias).


The present study extends the literature available on the equity markets of
developing countries by describing the development, the structure and by
investigating the performance of the Gulf Equity markets in Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, Bahrain and Oman.
First, an attempt was made to evaluate these equity markets by briefly
examining the financial systems, providing a historical background to their
development and introducing their current structure.
Second, the thesis examines the performance of these markets by; (a)
conducting a survey interviews to find out the obstacles for growth and
investments in these markets; (b) investigating whether share returns are
independent (c) investigating whether successive share returns are random
(d) examining whether there is any pattern, for instance, day-of-the -week
effect on the share returns; (e) estimating their transaction costs (the
effective bid-ask spread).
To analyse the performance, the study employed the classical techniques of
Fama (1965), Errunza and Losoq (1985) and Dickinson and Muragu (1994)
to determine the independency and randomness of share returns. The
method of French (1980), Solnik and Bousquet (1990) and Insup Lee et al
(1990) is used to test for the day-of-the week effect. Roll (1984) and Hsia,
Fuller and Kao (1994) methods were used to estimate the transaction costs
(the effective bid-ask spread).
To summarise, the results show that the Gulf Equity Markets have a
dependency on their share returns for Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and a
lesser dependency for Oman Market. On the other hand, the share returns on
each of the four markets were shown to be non random. The day of the week
effect was not found in the market of Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman, whereas the
Saudi Market showed the day-of-the week effect in the two periods tested.
The spread as measured by the modified method of Hsia et al. is consistent
with the results given by the Roll method which found the highest average
spread in the Saudi Market followed by the Bahrain, Kuwait and Muscat
markets.


This short story illustrates the nettlesome line-drawing that goes on constantly in the law and that can be a trap for the unwary. It is one of high hopes and expectations from an eager law student pitted against the memories of a distant, aloof attorney. Griswold is an attorney caring more about work than human interaction and using his windowless office to avoid contact with his fellow man (and woman). The world is pierced by a summer associate who brings back the memories of war and love that he cannot escape. At the same time he must focus on the client for whom they both work. Will he disserve the client? Violate his ethical duties? Or harm the summer associate?This story is a continuation of a series derived from the author's experiences teaching English and helping in the administration of a social welfare project in South Viet Nam in the early seventies, before embarking upon the study of law, the practice of law, and ultimately the teaching of law.


Summary Integrating a cover crop (CC) into dryland crop production in the semiarid central Great Plains (CGP) can provide several ecosystem benefits. However, CC adoption is slow and not widely popular in the CGP because CCs utilize water that otherwise would be available for the subsequent cash crop. Grazing or haying CCs can provide economic benefits to offset revenue loss associated with decreased crop yields when CCs are grown ahead of a cash crop. Objectives of the current research were to 1) determine forage production of CC mixtures, and 2) evaluate the impacts of removing CCs for forage on subsequent crop yields and soil health. Cover crop treatments evaluated were a mixture of oat and triticale that were either grazed, hayed or left standing compared to chem-fallow. The study was conducted from 2015 to 2019 in a wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system with all crop phases present in each block and year of the study. Results showed forage mass varied from year-to-year, ranging from 3145 lb/a in 2015 to 1655 lb/a in 2019, and was highly dependent on growing season precipitation and temperature. Forage crude protein, digestibility, and mineral concentrations were greatest in years when CCs were sampled earlier in maturity. Average CC residue left post-grazing was 79% of forage mass available pre-grazing, and ranged from 60% in 2016 (no regrowth) to 123% in 2019 (more regrowth). Growing CCs ahead of wheat reduced winter wheat yield in 2 out of the 4 years compared to chem-fallow. Across years, winter wheat yield with chem-fallow was 51.9 bu/a compared to an average of 41.8 bu/a for the CC treatments. Cover crop treatments had no effect on grain sorghum yield. Sorghum grain yield ranged from 70.7 bu/a with CC hayed to 77.0 bu/a for the CC grazing treatment. Winter wheat or sorghum yields with haying or grazing a CC were similar to yields when CCs were left standing. Grazing CCs increased bulk density near the soil surface in 1 of the 4 years when bulk density was measured. Compared to fallow, growing a CC increased soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration measured within the top 2-to 6-inch soil depth, but not near the soil surface (0 to 2 inches).


To reduce the effects of climate change due to massive CO 2 emissions, renewable energy sources have been implemented; among them biomass through gasification. An important aspect of studying are the environmental impacts of this process. Therefore, a search was made in the database of the science website using keywords gasification environmental impact in the period from 2001 to 2017. When analyzing the 238 articles, an increasing tendency was observed in the publication of studies related to the ecological effects of the biomass gasification process. The United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and the People's Republic of China are the countries that have the most studies on the subject. The indicator total local citation score is used in order to identify the items that are the most cited, which indicates the degree of development they have in the study of the impacts of gasification.


Sensorial richness is essential in the design process, yet digital design tools do not respond to this need. Tangible interfaces offer an opportunity for interaction with design computing systems to explore means of supporting a wider range of experiences. In this paper we look at implementations of tangible interfaces through a framework based on the concept of affordance. We conclude with a brief introduction to experimental tangible interfaces that have been developed in order to carry out collaborative user evaluations in a design studio setting and evaluate these in the same framework.


The extrathoracic (ET) airways filter, warm, and humidify the inspired air and provide olfactory function. These multiple functions are reflected in its complex anatomy and physiology. The ET airways form the first line of defense against inhaled pollutants, both gaseous as well as particulate. To accurately assess the risk posed by inhaled particulate matter to the lung, it is essential to understand the filtering efficiency of the ET airways. In this paper computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the airflow patterns and the thermodynamics of the ET airways. We detail the procedure to develop a computer reconstruction of the ET airways and the computer model to simulate the flow variable. Using this information we compute the particle trajectories, for both hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic aerosols, and use this data to evaluate the particle deposition pattern in the ET airways. The model predicts high relative humidity conditions in the ET airways. The model also shows that the high relative humidity conditions are conducive for rapid growth of hygroscopic particles and dramatically alter the deposition characteristics of ambient (hygroscopic) aerosol.


Migraine is a severe paroxysmal neurovascular disorder, affecting up to 16% of the Western population. Current migraine drugs are largely targeted towards the pain associated with the migraine headache, and their efficacy is limited. Furthermore, no biomarkers or direct gene involvement for migraine have been identified, despite a strong genetic component. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a severe autosomal dominant subtype of migraine and an established genetic model to investigate the pathophysiology of the more common forms of migraine. The subtype if FHM1 is caused by mutations in the gene encoding neuronal voltage-gated Ca v 2.1 (P/Q-type) calcium channels. Co-morbidity of migraine with other neurological symptoms is high, and some FHM mutations are associated with ataxia, epilepsy or brain atrophy. Recently generated knock-in mice carrying the FHM1 S218L mutation are severely ataxic, whereas the FHM1 R192Q mutation does not yield any overt neurological phenotype, in accordance with the clinical manifestations of these mutations in humans. Aberrant expression levels of both voltage-activated calcium channels and gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABA-A) receptors have been suggested to underlie the ataxic phenotype of other Ca v 2.1 calcium channel mutant mice, including Tottering and Rolling Nagoya. We hypothesized that similar changes in expression levels of calcium channel and/or GABA-A receptor subunits are present in the cerebellum of S218L KI mice and that these may lead to abnormal cell homeostasis and excitability, and contribute to the onset of ataxia. Here we present a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) study of the expression of both high-and low-voltage activated calcium channels, auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and GABA-A receptors in the cerebellum of R192Q and S218L KI mice. Furthermore, we analyzed the cerebellar GABA-A receptor complement using [ 3 H] radioligand binding experiments, autoradiography and quantitative immunoblotting.


Sculptor Eric McGehearty incorporates dyslexia, a learning disability, into his artwork to express his challenges with his limited ability to recognize and understand the written word. The film Access Denied focuses on Eric and his disability. Recognized in 1896, dyslexia has been studied and researched by scientists and educators. New assistive technology is now available to aid dyslexics in reading and writing. Specialized schools provide techniques to improve student learning. However, some options are not readily available to the general public; therefore, information about how to deal with the disability is not easily accessed. The aims of this documentary are to raise awareness of available resources to assist with learning as well as to demonstrate a relationship between art and dyslexia.


This article analyzes economic tradeoffs among harvest date, fertilizer applied, nutrient removal, and switchgrass yield as they vary with respect to input and output prices. Economic sensitivity analyses suggest that higher biomass prices lead to earlier harvest. Optimal harvest time occurs beyond time of maximum yield because nutrient removal in the biomass is an important economic consideration. Switchgrass price premia that reflect the cost of non-optimal harvest time are driven by standing crop yield loss, nutrient removal, storage loss, and opportunity cost. These price premia could provide a mechanism to compensate producers for alternative harvest times and aid with logistics management.


This work was initiated to prepare an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion containing β-carotene by microfluidization. The β-carotene was dissolved in triolein and microfluidized with an aqueous phase containing sodium caseinate (SC) as the emulsifier. Microfluization at 140 MPa resulted in O/W emulsions with a mean droplet diameter of ca. 120 nm, which was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The influences of SC concentration and microfluidization parameters on the droplet size of the emulsions were studied. The results showed that the mean droplet diameter decreased significantly (p <0.05) from 310 to 93 nm with the increase in SC concentration from 0.1 to 2 wt-%. However, a further increase in SC concentration did not much change the droplet diameter, although the polydispersity of the emulsions was slightly improved. The droplet diameter of the emulsions was found to decrease from 200 to 120 nm with increasing microfluidization pressure, with narrower droplet size distribution. The storage study showed that the emulsions were physically stable for about 2 weeks at 4 °C in the dark. The results provide a better understanding of the performance of SC in stabilizing the O/W emulsions.


We propose a novel framework for the economic assessment of climate-change policy. Our main point of departure from existing work is the adoption of a "satisficing", as opposed to optimizing, modeling approach. Along these lines, we place primary emphasis on the extent to which different policies meet a set of goals at a specific future date instead of their performance vis-a-vis some intertemporal objective function. Consistent to the nature of climate-change policy making, our model takes explicit account of model uncertainty. To this end, the value function we propose is an analogue of the well-known success-probability criterion adapted to settings characterized by model uncertainty. We apply this decision criterion to probability distributions constructed by Drouet et al. (2015) linking carbon budgets to future consumption. The main result that emerges is the superiority of "medium" carbon budgets in line with a 3°C target (i.e., 2000-3000 GtCO2) in preventing large future consumption losses with high probability. Insights from computational geometry facilitate computations considerably, and allow for the efficient application of the model in high-dimensional settings.


Landmarks on the distal segments of the female Chalcidoid gaster are the spiracular peritremata of the eighth urotergite, and the pygostyli of the ninth. The eighth and ninth sterna bear the first and second valvulae, which form the effective ovipositor and its sheath, respectively. The ninth moreover bears the third valvulae, commonly called the valves of the ovipositor. Most Chalcidoid Hymenoptera of the family Torymidae have a long ovipositor, in some instances several times as long as the body. Comparative study of fig wasps of the subfamily Sycophaginae shows that the great length of the ovipositing organs in different groups, may have been acquired by different means. The characters of these structures of the females appear to be correlated with various characters of the males. The characters of the males are only shortly mentioned in the present paper. Those of the female ovipositing organs are here taken as criteria for a tribal classification of the Sycophaginae. One nomenclatorial remark precedes the enumeration of the tribes. Saunders (1883a: 11 ff.), on the presumption that the fig wasps should be transferred to "a more congenial sphere, by restoring them, as heretofore, to the vegetable-feeding" Cynipoidea, classified several genera in the subfamilie Sycophagides. Blastophaga Gravenhorst, Agaon Dalman, Sycocrypta Coquerel, Eupristina Saunders, Pleistodontes Saunders, and Kradibia Saunders were assigned to the first division, Prionastomata Saunders ( Prionostomata in Saunders, 1883b : v), a synonym of Agaonidae Walker (1846: 23); Sycophaga Westwood and Apocrypta Coquerel to the second, Aploastomata Saunders (Haplostomata), a synonym of Sycophagoidae Walker (1875: 16). Apart from these "fig insects proper", Saunders


Our objective is to identify the mechanism that causes return predictability to vary over the business cycle and the trading strategy that allows an investor to take advantage of it. We build an equilibrium model in which some investors believe the economy transits slowly from good to bad times, while others believe economic conditions can change precipitately. This particular type of heterogeneous beliefs leads to a time-varying term structure of disagreement whereby return predictability rises as economic conditions deteriorate. In bad times, disagreement spikes in the short term, generating short-term momentum followed by a long-term reversion to fundamentals. In good times, instead, disagreement is steady and therefore prices revert instantly to fundamentals. Investors implement momentum strategies to extract momentum in bad times and time the market to avoid momentum crashes when the market rebounds.


This paper provides new insights into the role of governments and businesses in responding to pandemics in the Arab region. It uses the COVID-19 World Bank Enterprise Survey Follow-up dataset to examine the degree of business endurance in Jordan and Morocco amid the pandemic. Relying on the probit regressions, the empirical findings suggest that businesses that assumed resilient strategies such as establishing an online presence and converting production are more likely to remain open, whereas firms that adopted remote working are less likely to survive. This is due to the unpreparedness of firms and the limited availability of technologies in Jordan and Morocco for teleworking. Further, firms that expected future government supports are more likely to report closure. Finally, our results do not provide evidence that government grants and measures and the level of online sales are statistically significant in our model. The model used also offers further testable hypotheses for future research to comprehend the significance of the response of businesses to unprecedented shocks.


Hand gesture is potentially a very natural and useful modality for human-machine interaction. It is considered to be one of the most complicated and interesting challenges
in computer vision due to its articulated structure and environmental variations. Solving such challenges requires robust hand detection, feature description, and viewpoint invariant classification.

This thesis introduces several steps to tackle these challenges and applies them in a hand-gesture-based application (a game) to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Techniques on new feature description, hand gesture detection and viewpoint invariant methods are explored and evaluated. A normal webcam is used in the research as input
device. Hands are segmented using pre-trained skin colour models and tracked using the CAMShift tracker. Moment invariants are used as a shape descriptor.

A new approach utilising the Zernike Velocity Moments (ZVMs, first introduced by Shutler and Nixon [1,2]), is examined on hand gestures. Results obtained using the
ZVMs as spatial-temporal descriptor are compared to an HMM with Zemike moments (ZMs). Manually isolated hand gestures are used as input to the ZVM descriptor which generates vectors of features that are classified using a regression classifier. The performance of ZVM is evaluated using isolated, user-independent and user-dependent data.

Isolating (segmenting) the gesture manually from a video stream for gesture recognition is a research proposition only and real life scenarios require an automatic hand
gesture detection mechanism. Two methods for detecting gestures are examined. Firstly, hand gesture detection is performed using a sliding window which segments sequences of frames and then evaluates them against pre-trained HMMs. Secondly, the set of class-specific HMMs is combined into a single HMM and the Viterbi algorithm is then used to find the optimal sequence of gestures.

Finally, the thesis proposes a flexible application that provides the user with options to perform the gesture from different viewpoints. A usable hand gesture recognition
system should be able to cope with such viewpoint variations. To solve this problem, a new approach is introduced which makes use of 3D models of hand gestures (not postures) for generating projections. A virtual arm with 3D models of real hands is created. After that, virtual movements of the hand are simulated using animation
software and projected from different viewpoints. Using a multi-Gaussian HMM, the system is trained on the projected sequences. Each set of hand gesture projections is
marked with its specific class and used to train the single multi-class HMNI with gestures across different viewpoints.


With the proliferation of information technology devices comes a massive increase in the number of information systems that are developed to meet the demands of users. By default, designers and developers of information systems tend to design for users without disabilities. The consequences for people with disabilities are enormous. This chapter aims to propose a disability-aware approach to information systems design that advocates that stakeholders consider the needs of people with disabilities throughout development. This aim is achieved by reviewing some of the difficulties encountered by people with disabilities when interacting with information systems, proposing a disability-aware approach and examining how this could be practically implemented through e-learning design. The recommendations from 48 students with disabilities from two universities in the United Kingdom and Canada are presented. The chapter also looks at possible future research for those interested in pursuing such approach.


PURPOSE
To define the maximum-tolerated doses (MTDs) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of clofarabine, given as a 1-hour infusion daily for 5 days, in patients with solid tumors and with acute leukemia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The initial part of the study defined the MTD and DLT in solid tumors. The second part of the study defined the MTD and DLT in acute leukemia.

RESULTS
The starting dose of clofarabine (15 mg/m(2)) was myelosuppressive, requiring several dose de-escalations to 2 mg/m(2), the dose suggested for phase II studies in solid tumors. Dose escalation in acute leukemia started at 7.5 mg/m(2), with several escalations to 55 mg/m(2). The DLT was reversible hepatotoxicity at 55 mg/m(2). The recommended dose for acute leukemia phase II studies was 40 mg/m(2). Among 32 treated patients with acute leukemia, two achieved a complete response and three had a marrow complete response without platelet recovery (hematologic improvement), for an overall response rate of 16%. At 40 mg/m(2), the median plasma clofarabine level was 1.5 micro mol/L (range, 0.42 to 3.2 micro mol/L; n = 7). Cellular and plasma pharmacokinetic studies suggested dose proportionality but showed a wide variation in intracellular concentrations of clofarabine triphosphate.

CONCLUSION
This phase I study defined the following two MTDs for clofarabine given as a 1-hour infusion daily for 5 days: 2 mg/m(2) for solid tumors, the DLT being myelosuppression; and 40 mg/m(2) for acute leukemia, the DLT being hepatotoxicity. Encouraging activity was observed in acute leukemia.


Abstract Physiological and morphological properties of a deciduous, perennial fern (Onoclea sensibilis) and three wintergreen, perennial ferns (Polystichum acrostichoides, Polypodium virginianum, and Dryopteris intermedia) were examined using leaf fluorescence, chlorophyll a:b ratios, total chlorophyll content, water potential, and leaf edge to surface area ratios. Onoclea sensibilis differed significantly from the wintergreen ferns in morphology and physiology for almost every parameter measured. Interspecific differences were also observed within the wintergreen group. Dryopteris intermedia differed most within the wintergreen group and showed more similarity in physiology to O. sensibilis. Dryopteris intermedia was found occupying the same high-light, higher soil moisture habitat as O. sensibilis, which may indicate that inherent leaf morphology, physiological characteristics, and a wintergreen or perennial life cycle, play important roles in determining habitat preference.


In this work we investigate the fast anomalous diffusion of hydrogen molecules in water using Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. We employ Voronoi polyhedra analysis to distinguish between void diffusion and void hopping. Our results indicate that a combination of both mechanism is sufficient to explain anomalous diffusion. Furthermore, we investigate the geometrical and electronical structure of the first solvation shell.


Using collisionless N-body simulations of dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way, we construct realistic models of dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies of the Local Group. The dwarfs are initially composed of stellar discs embedded in dark matter haloes with different inner density slopes and are placed on an eccentric orbit typical for Milky Way subhaloes. After a few Gyr of evolution, the stellar component is triaxial as a result of bar instability induced by tidal forces. Observing the simulated dwarfs along the three principal axes of the stellar component, we create mock data sets and determine the corresponding half-light radii and line-of-sight velocity dispersions. Using the estimator proposed by Wolf et al., we calculate the masses within half-light radii. The masses obtained in this way are over(under)estimated by up to a factor of 2 when the line of sight is along the longest (shortest) axis of the stellar component. We then divide the initial stellar distribution into an inner and outer population and trace their evolution in time. The two populations, although strongly affected by tidal forces, retain different density profiles even after a few Gyr of evolution. We measure the half-light radii and velocity dispersions of the stars in the two populations along different lines of sight and use them to estimate the slope of the mass distribution in the dwarf galaxies following the method recently proposed by Walker & Penarrubia. The inferred slopes are systematically over- or underestimated, depending on the line of sight. In particular, when the dwarf is seen along the longest axis of the stellar component, a significantly shallower density profile is inferred than the real one measured from the simulations. Given that most dSph galaxies in the Local Group are non-spherical in appearance and their orientation with respect to our line of sight is unknown, but most probably random, the method can be reliably applied only to a large sample of dwarfs when these systematic errors are expected to be diminished.


The MIT/IEEE/Amazon GraphChallenge.org encourages community approaches to developing new solutions for analyzing graphs and sparse data. Sparse AI analytics present unique scalability difficulties. The proposed Sparse Deep Neural Network (DNN) Challenge draws upon prior challenges from machine learning, high performance computing, and visual analytics to create a challenge that is reflective of emerging sparse AI systems. The Sparse DNN Challenge is based on a mathematically well-defined DNN inference computation and can be implemented in any programming environment. Sparse DNN inference is amenable to both vertex-centric implementations and array-based implementations (e.g., using the GraphBLAS.org standard). The computations are simple enough that performance predictions can be made based on simple computing hardware models. The input data sets are derived from the MNIST handwritten letters. The surrounding I/O and verification provide the context for each sparse DNN inference that allows rigorous definition of both the input and the output. Furthermore, since the proposed sparse DNN challenge is scalable in both problem size and hardware, it can be used to measure and quantitatively compare a wide range of present day and future systems. Reference implementations have been implemented and their serial and parallel performance have been measured. Specifications, data, and software are publicly available at GraphChallenge.org.


The media's role in covering disability issues is often explored from a perspective of those outside journalism, yet it is a fundamental point that any change in the practices of reporting disability must come from the media itself. This paper explores a Victorian government campaign to recognise people for increasing access for disabled Victorians. The pioneering element of the campaign was that it was based on a partnership with Leader Community Newspapers, one of the largest newspaper networks in Australia, and was accompanied by a commitment from Leader to analyse how journalists used language around the reporting in their newspapers of disability issues.


This paper develops a simple model to examine the interaction between partner choice and individual behavior in games of coordination. An important ingredient of our approach is the way we model partner choice: we suppose that a player can establish ties with other players by unilaterally investing in costly pairwise links. In this context, individual efforts to balance the costs and benefits of links are shown to lead to a unique equilibrium interaction architecture. The dynamics of network formation, however, has powerful effects on individual behavior: if costs of forming links are below a certain threshold then players coordinate on the risk-dominant action, while if costs are above this threshold then they coordinate on the efficient action. These findings are robust to modifications in the link formation process, different specifications of link formation costs, alternative models of mutations as well as the possibility of interaction among indirectly connected players.


With the growing demand for easy and reliable generation of 3D models representing real-world or synthetic objects, new schemes for acquisition, storage, and transmission of 3D meshes are required. In principle, 3D meshes consist of vertex positions and vertex connectivity. Vertex position encoders are much more resource demanding than connectivity encoders, stressing the need for novel geometry compression schemes. The design of an accurate and efficient geometry compression system can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio without affecting the visual quality of the object and minimizing the computational complexity. In this paper, we present novel compression/reconstruction schemes that enable aggressive compression ratios, without significantly reducing the visual quality. The encoding is performed by simply executing additions/subtractions. The benefits of the proposed method become more apparent as the density of the meshes increases, while it provides a flexible framework to trade efficiency for reconstruction quality. We derive a novel Bayesian learning algorithm that models the most significant graph Fourier transform coefficients of each submesh, as a multivariate Gaussian distribution. Then we evaluate iteratively the distribution parameters using the expectation-maximization approach. To improve the performance of the proposed approach in highly under determined problems, we exploit the local smoothness of the partitioned surfaces. Extensive evaluation studies, carried out using a large collection of different 3D models, show that the proposed schemes, as compared to the state-of-the-art approaches, achieve competitive compression ratios, offering at the same time significantly lower encoding complexity.


Background Microarray technologies are established approaches for high throughput gene expression, methylation and genotyping analysis. An accurate mapping of the array probes is essential to generate reliable biological findings. Manufacturers typically provide incomplete and outdated annotation tables, which often rely on older genome and transcriptome versions differing substantially from up-to-date sequence databases. Results Here, we present the Re-Annotator, a re-annotation pipeline for microarrays. It is primarily designed for gene expression microarrays but can be adapted to other types of microarrays. The Re-Annotator is based on a custom-built mRNA reference, used to identify the positions of gene expression array probe sequences. A comparison of our re-annotation of the Human-HT12-v4 microarray to the manufacturer's annotation led to over 25% differently interpreted probes. Conclusions A thorough re-annotation of probe information is crucial to any microarray analysis. The Re-Annotator pipeline consists of Perl and Shell scripts, freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/reannotator. Re-annotation files for Illumina microarrays Human HT-12 v3/v4 and MouseRef-8 v2 are available as well.


Doing business over the Internet may raise a wide array of legal questions that can be crucial to the commercial success of the venture. This text contains the text of the EU legislation which is of particular relevance to e-business, covering a broad spectrum of legal issues such as: data protection; distance selling; electronic signatures; liability of online intermediates; electronic money; applicable law and jurisdiction in international disputes. This publication combines the regulatory initiatives of the various directorates-general of the European Commission (which may also be found on their web sites) in one hardcopy volume which should be of interest to lawyers, business executives or law students dealing with the legal aspects of e-business. The source materials selected for this publication are explained briefly in a short introductory chapter for those readers not already familiar with this subject matter.


Atmospheric water vapor (AWV) was investigated for the first time in the Chinese Bohai Sea using a GPS receiver aboard a lightweight (300-ton) ship. An experiment was conducted to retrieve the AWV using the state-of-the-art GPS precise point positioning (PPP) technique. The effects of atmospheric weighted mean temperature model and zenith wet delay constraint of random walk process on GPS AWV estimates were discussed in the PPP estimation system. The GPS-derived precipitable water vapor (PWV) and slant-path water vapor (SWV) were assessed by comparing with those derived from the Fifth Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) model. Results showed the PWV and SWV differences between those derived from both GPS and MM5 are 1.5 mm RMS with a bias of 0.2 mm and 3.9 mm RMS with a bias of -0.7 mm respectively. These good agreements indicate that the GPS-derived AWV in dynamic environments has a comparable accuracy with that of the MM5 model. This suggests that high accuracy and high spatio-temporal resolution humidity fields can be obtained using GPS in the Chinese Bohai Sea, which offers a significant potential for meteorological applications and climate studies in this region.


The third book in the Winnicott Clinic Lecture Series contains a lecture from Professor Andre Green on Winnicott's theory on play. He discusses Winnicott's view on the importance of play and then moves on to presenting his own, somewhat contradictory, view on it. Professor Green provides an innovative and provocative perspective on the subject, inviting people to think independently rather than accepting theories already laid out for them.


Coastal states have created state wind pools to address the problem of availability and affordability of insurance for wind-related disaster events. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the multiple public programs to finance disaster losses in the state of Florida. Florida may be the best laboratory in the United States, and arguably the world, for the study of catastrophe risk finance. The Florida system for the financing of disaster losses is a fragile ecosystem wherein the public entities are large and unlike most markets of last resort. Their large size and the state's dependence on them for disaster financing has made them subject to political risk, with the state legislature repeatedly intervening in these programs over the years. The challenge of creating and maintaining a well-orchestrated system strategy for disaster financing in Florida is substantial and is an ever-evolving effort.


The debate over the value of active portfolio management has often centered on whether the average active manager is capable of producing returns that exceed expectations. We argue that a more useful way to frame this issue is to focus on identifying those managers who are the most likely to generate superior risk-adjusted returns (i.e., alpha) in the future. Using a style-classified sample of mutual funds, we document several tractable relationships between observable fund characteristics and its future alpha, most notably the tendency for performance to persist over time. While median managers produce positive risk-adjusted performance approximately 45% of the time, we document a selection process that improves an investor's probability of identifying a superior active manager to almost 60%. We conclude that there is a place in the investor's portfolio for the properly chosen active manager.


In this study, we examine the effects of voluntary disclosure on the market value of Italian-listed companies adopting GRI guidelines, interpreting our results in the light of both stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory. From a methodological viewpoint, an index is used to measure the level of disclosure of human resources and environmental information. We consider a sample of firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange for an eleven-year period (2004-2014). The period chosen gave us the opportunity to assess the value-relevance of environmental and social information before and during the Global Financial Crisis. We supplement the previous literature on the topic of the relationship between social and environmental disclosure and value-relevance by arguing that sustainability tools have to be evaluated, remembering that they express a notion of value in the long term and provide information to a large number of stakeholders. Our findings show that environmental information is only value-relevant during the crisis period, when the shareholder perspective comes more into line with other stakeholder perspectives because they are seeking a middle-to-long run notion of value. Finally, we find that a high level of GRI information disclosure is positively evaluated by investors; this result is important also because it was obtained in the Italian market which is largely considered inefficient, and thus it supports the urgent need to provide high-quality information in each type of market.


From the Publisher:
A comprehensive ntroduction to routing concepts and protocols in IP networks.

Comprehensive review of the operational mechanics of today's leading routing protocols, including IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, RIP, and RIP-2Detailed explanation of IP addressing, including classful and classless addresses, subnetting, supernetting, Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), and Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)Side-by-side comparisons of various LAN segmentation technologies, including bridges, switches, and routersExploration of how routers are used to build wide area networksExamination of the future of routing, including IPv6, next generation routing protocols, host-based routing, and IP Switching

IP Routing Fundamentals is the definitive introduction to routing in IP networks. This comprehensive guide explores the mechanics of routers, routing protocols, network interfaces, and operating systems.

This reference provides essential background information for network professionals who are deploying and maintaining LANs and WANs, as well as IT managers who are seeking information on how evolving internetworking technology will affect future networks. Part I discusses the many roles routers play in networks, Part II talks about the inner working of routers, Part III works with the operational issues of routing protocols, and Part IV addresses implementation issues that provide practical insight, in addition to a discussion of the future of routing.


Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) can be used to determine the approximate map location of any cloned piece of DNA. To establish an RFLP mapping system for N. crassa, R.L. Metzenberg and coworkers crossed strains with multiple sequence differences, Oak Ridge laboratory strains (designated "O") and a Mauriceville-1c wild-collected strain (designated "M"; Metzenberg et al. 1984 Neurospora Newsl. 31:35-39; ibid. 1985 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.82:2067-2071; Metzenberg and Grotelueschen 1995 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 42:82-90). Progeny from two separate crosses have been widely distributed and used for mapping. For the first cross, 38 progeny from ordered asci were analyzed; since nonsister spores from the same half of the ascus were selected, first-division segregation can be distinguished from second-division. For the second cross only 18 random ascospore progeny were analyzed, and the small numbers limit resolution capabilities. Given this limitation, we encourage researchers to use the first cross for RFLP mapping. However, updated maps for both crosses are presented here. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol45/iss1/18


In this work, we define angles between vectors and between three points. Building on this, we prove basic geometric properties of triangles, such as the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines, that the sum of the angles of a triangle is π, and the congruence theorems for triangles. The definitions and proofs were developed following those by John Harrison in HOL Light. However, due to Isabelle's type class system, all definitions and theorems in the Isabelle formalisation hold for all real inner product spaces.


A general method has been developed for calibrating strain-gage installations in aircraft structures, which permits the measurement in flight of the shear or lift, the bending moment, and the torque or pitching moment on the principal lifting or control surfaces. Although the stress in structural members may not be a simple function of the three loads of interest, a straightforward procedure is given for numerically combining the outputs of several bridges in such a way that the loads may be obtained. Extensions of the basic procedure by means of electrical combination of the strain-gage bridges are described which permit compromises between strain-gage installation time, availability of recording instruments, and data reduction time. The basic principles of strain-gage calibration procedures are illustrated by reference to the data for two aircraft structures of typical construction, one a straight and the other a swept horizontal stabilizer.


The law of trusts consists overwhelmingly of default rules that the settlor who creates the trust may alter or negate. There are, however, some mandatory rules, which the settlor is forbidden to vary.1 In this Essay, I direct attention to important recent developments in American trust law that have clarified the mandatory rules, and I explore the rationale for these rules. I divide the mandatory rules into two groups: intent-defeating rules that restrict the settlor's autonomy, and intent-serving rules whose purpose is to discern and implement the settlor's true intent. The intent-defeating rules, discussed in Part I of the Essay, serve an anti-dead-hand policy. They limit the power of a departed settlor to prescribe how the trustee must invest trust assets or how the beneficiaries are to order their lives or use the transferred wealth. I direct particular attention to the long-standing but recently reformulated rule that a trust must be for the benefit of its beneficiaries. I advance the view that in the future, the benefit-the-beneficiaries requirement will be especially consequential in the realm of trust-investment practice, where it will restrain the settlor from imposing value-impairing investment directions. Part II of this Essay explains the prevailingly intent-implementing character of the other rules of mandatory law. These are rules that channel and facilitate, rather than defeat, the settlor's purpose. Included are the rule that prevents the settlor from dispensing with fiduciary obligations; the rule that prevents the settlor from dispensing with good faith in trust administration; the rule that limits the permitted scope of exculpation clauses; and the rule that requires that the existence and terms of the trust be disclosed to the beneficiary. Such terms, were they allowed, would authorize the trustee to loot the trust. The mandatory rules do not forbid the settlor from naming the trustee as a beneficiary, but they do force the settlor to articulate that intent with clarity. Accordingly, these rules are cautionary and protective in character, guarding the settlor (and the truly intended beneficiaries) against misunderstanding or imposition. The Code. The mandatory rules have gained new prominence as the result of a pair of coordinated law revision projects, both quite recently concluded. The Uniform Trust Code of 20002 ("the Code") is the first comprehensive national codification of the American law of trusts. The Code contains a novel provision, section 105, which is the centerpiece of this Essay. It subjects trust law to the classificatory rubric of default and mandatory rules.3 section 105(a) provides that all trust law is default law, apart from the mandatory rules that are specially scheduled in section 105(b). section 105(b) lists the mandatory rules in numbered subsections, usually cross-referencing the relevant provisions elsewhere in the Code. section 105 is reproduced as an appendix to this article. The Third Restatement. The other major development emphasized in this Essay is the refinement of the benefit-the-beneficiaries requirement in the Restatement (Third) of Trusts. section 27 requires that "a private trust, its terms, and its administration must be for the benefit of its beneficiaries ... ."4 The first volumes of the Third Restatement were published in final form in 2003,5 but circulated in draft for several years previously. The Code, which was prepared in close coordination with the drafting of the Third Restatement, absorbs this benefit-the-beneficiaries requirement.6 Rules of general application. Several of the mandatory rules rest on self-evident principles of legal process that are broadly shared with the rest of private law. The settlor may not, for example, interfere with the court's routine powers of judicial administration,7 nor may the settlor enlarge or diminish the rights of creditors or other third parties.8 I shall have nothing to say in this Essay about these familiar limits on private ordering. …


Internet timekeeping has come a long way since first demonstrated almost two decades ago. In that era most computer clocks were driven by the power grid and wandered several seconds per day relative to UTC. As computers and the Internet became ever faster, hardware and software synchronization technology became much more sophisticated. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) evolved over four versions with ever better accuracy now limited only by the underlying computer hardware clock and adjustment mechanism. The clock frequency in modern workstations is stabilized by an uncompensated quartz or surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator, which are sensitive to temperature, power supply and component variations. Using NTP and traditional Unix kernels, incidental timing errors with an uncompensated clock oscillator is in the order of a few hundred microseconds relative to a precision source. Using new kernel software described in this paper, much better performance can be achieved. Experiments described in this paper demonstrate that errors with a modern workstation and uncompensated clock oscillator are in the order of a microsecond relative to a GPS receiver or other precision timing source.


Understanding how energy is transmitted and received by Ground Penetrating Radar antennas is crucial to many areas of the industry: antenna design, data processing and inversion algorithms, usage of antennas in GPR surveys, and interpretation of GPR responses. The radiation characteristics of antennas are usually investigated by studying the radiation patterns and directivity. For GPR antennas it is important to study these characteristics when the antenna is in environments that would typically be encountered in GPR surveys. Physically measuring antenna radiation patterns in such environments presents many practical difficulties, and there have been very limited numerical studies that combine real GPR antenna models with realistic environments. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the radiation characteristics of a high-frequency GPR antenna in a realistic environment. An advanced modelling toolset has been developed that enables detailed models of GPR antennas to be used with realistic heterogeneous soil models. In this initial investigation small differences in directivity have been observed between a lossless dielectric environment and a more realistic environment featuring a heterogeneous soil model. These findings are part of an on-going full parametric study incorporating a range of different soils, fractal weightings and also the inclusion of rough surface modelling.


The advancements in computing have led to tremendous increase in the amount of data being generated every minute, which needs to be stored or transferred maintaining high level of security. The military and armed forces today heavily rely on computers to store huge amount of important and secret data, that holds a big deal for the security of the Nation. The traditional standard AES encryption algorithm being the heart of almost every application today, although gives a high amount of security, is time consuming with the traditional sequential approach. Implementation of AES on GPUs is an ongoing research since few years, which still is either inefficient or incomplete, and demands for optimizations for better performance. Considering the limitations in previous research works as a research gap, this paper aims to exploit efficient parallelism on the GPU, and on multi-core CPU, to make a fair and reliable comparison. Also it aims to deduce implementation techniques on multi-core CPU and GPU, in order to utilize them for future implementations. This paper experimentally examines the performance of a CPU and GPGPU in different levels of optimizations using Pthreads, CUDA and CUDA STREAMS. It critically exploits the behaviour of a GPU for different granularity levels and different grid dimensions, to examine the effect on the performance. The results show considerable acceleration in speed on NVIDIA GPU (QuadroK4000), over single-threaded and multi-threaded implementations on CPU (Intel® Xeon® E5-1650).


CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide David Burns Odunayo Adesina, CCIE No. 26695 Keith Barker, CCIE No. 6783 . Master CCNP Security IPS 642-627 exam topics . Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes . Review key concepts with exam preparation tasks . Practice with realistic exam questions on the CD-ROM Learn, prepare, and practice for exam success CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide is a best-of-breed Cisco exam study guide that focuses specifically on the objectives for the CCNP Security IPS exam. Senior security engineers David Burns, Odunayo Adesina, and Keith Barker share preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics. CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide presents you with an organized test-preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. Do I Know This Already? quizzes open each chapter and enable you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapter-ending Exam Preparation Tasks help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly. The companion CD-ROM contains the powerful Pearson IT Certification Practice Test engine that enables you to focus on individual topic areas or take a complete, timed exam. The assessment engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, laying out a complete assessment of your knowledge to help you focus your study where it is needed most. Well-regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging review questions and exercises, this official study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that will enable you to succeed on the exam the first time. CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining. The official study guide helps you master all the topics on the CCNP Security IPS exam, including Cisco IPS software, hardware, and supporting applications Network IPS and IDS deployment architecture Installing and maintaining Cisco IPS physical and virtual sensors Traffic analysis IPS signatures and responses Anomaly-based operations Improving alarm response and quality Managing and analyzing events High availability and performance IPS modules for ASAs, routers, and switches Companion CD-ROM The CD-ROM contains a free, complete practice exam. Includes Exclusive Offer for 70% Off Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test Pearson IT Certification Practice Test minimum system requirements: Windows XP (SP3), Windows Vista (SP2), or Windows 7; Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0 Client; Microsoft SQL Server Compact 4.0; Pentium class 1GHz processor (or equivalent); 512 MB RAM; 650 MB disc space plus 50 MB for each downloaded practice exam CCNP Security Category: Cisco PressCisco Certification Covers: CCNP Security IPS 642-627


This paper describes and evaluates the application of the interactive landscape visualisation system Biosphere3D in a case study of cliff erosion in Norfolk, on the eastern coast of England. The study builds upon previous work on coastal zone management by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia. Biosphere3D is an open-source system, which supports multiple scales on a virtual globe, loads GIS data at runtime, and focuses on real-time rendering of vegetation and foreground detail. The 3D landscape model has been developed by using scientific modelling data on cliff retreat to define changes in digital elevation models and then incorporating other spatially referenced content to represent natural and man-made features. We compare the use of Biosphere 3D with previously-employed visualisation techniques and discuss the requirements of digital globes to support more convincing depiction of local visual landscape impacts of global change.


Written by pioneers of the concept, this is the first complete guide to the physical and engineering principles of Massive MIMO. Assuming only a basic background in communications and statistical signal processing, it will guide readers through key topics in multi-cell systems such as propagation modeling, multiplexing and de-multiplexing, channel estimation, power control, and performance evaluation. The authors' unique capacity-bounding approach will enable readers to carry out effective system performance analyses and develop advanced Massive MIMO techniques and algorithms. Numerous case studies, as well as problem sets and solutions accompanying the book online, will help readers put knowledge into practice and acquire the skill set needed to design and analyze complex wireless communication systems. Whether you are a graduate student, researcher, or industry professional working in the field of wireless communications, this will be an indispensable guide for years to come.


WindSat has provided an opportunity to investigate the first spaceborne passive fully polarimetric observations of the Earth's surface. In this paper, Arctic sea ice was investigated. The passive polarimetric data are provided in the form of the modified Stokes vector consisting of four parameters. The first two components of the modified Stokes vector are the vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures, which have been continuously measured by various radiometers over the last three decades. The third and fourth Stokes components provide in formation on the degree of polarization of the emission. In this paper, three types of analysis are carried out: spatial (maps considering different azimuth angle intervals), temporal (time series of daily averaged Stokes components over a small selected azimuth angle range), and azimuthal (variations w.r.t. the azimuth angle over selected study areas). Analysis has shown the highest brightness temperature variations for the 37-GHz third Stokes component (>; 2 K) during summer. The next highest signals were observed for the 10.7-GHz third and fourth Stokes components (>; 1 K) during summer as well. The 37-GHz fourth Stokes component exhibited the least variability (>; 1 K). Spikes of up to 2 K were identified in the time series of the 37-GHz third Stokes component during mid-January 2004 (winter) over first-year ice regions. The near-surface air temperature of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model data and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager National Aeronautics and Space Administration Team ice concentrations revealed that, during these events, the surface temperatures reached near melting levels and the retrieved ice concentrations were reduced to about 80%. Moreover, these observations also showed clear evidence of first harmonic azimuthal dependence. Geophysical parameters, such as temperature and ice leads, are likely to be the causes. The larger signals which occurred during summer were identified as being related to the ice surface temperatures being near melting.


In a disciplinary transfer claim, a student alleges a violation of procedural due process based on an involuntary assignment to an alternative school for disciplinary purposes. Courts hearing disciplinary transfer claims have struggled with whether to recognize or accord significant weight to the injury caused by assignment to a particular public school. In contrast, the Supreme Court recently accepted that injury without discussion in the context of an equal protection challenge to a school desegregation plan. This article argues that the different approaches result not from differences in the doctrines underlying the two types of claims, but from differences in the racial composition of the presumptive plaintiff class. The assumption that white students have educational options not available to students of color causes courts to apply a different model of educational entitlement in each type of claim. The article concludes that courts must apply the same model in all education claims in order to avoid perpetuating racial subordination.


This study has examined the relevance of internal communication in contexts of organisational integration ('merger communication'). Today, mergers and acquisitions represent a key means of growth. The fundamental impacts of mergers on the people within the affected organisations are, however, frequently underestimated. Many difficulties experienced in mergers appear to be the result of misguided communication founded on a lack of understanding of the underlying communication processes. Previous research and practice on merger communication may have relied too heavily on transmission-oriented approaches which insufficiently address the complexities of merger scenarios. The present study adopts the philosophical commitments associated with 'critical theory' and 'critical realism'. In methodological terms, a qualitative, interpretive approach was used for the research. The data analysis was split into two parts: the first part involved data collection and analysis using grounded theory. As a result a new theory of merger communication was induced. Primary data was obtained by interviewing 32 subjects who were involved or affected by merger integration. Subjects questioned had differing backgrounds, occupied various positions and gained experience in different organisations. The second part of the research involved a broadly-based literature review which, detached from grounded theory principles, served to corroborate the findings from the primary data analysis. The study found that merger communication involves reciprocal interaction processes. During these processes, fields of joint and socially constructed views are produced. Overall, the study advances communication theory which has been empirically tested in merger settings, i.e. there was an examination of the interplay between communication and organisational integration. As a result the field of cultural communication, a route within communication theory, has been furnished with an explanatory approach which extends current understanding of shared meaning relationships. The mergers and acquisitions theory on the other hand is confronted with the finding that an instrumental approach to communication is of limited use only. While a few academics in the area of mergers and acquisitions have regarded merger communication as involving the sharing of meanings none have developed this idea any further with an overarching model.


There has been a wealth of investigation into the use of online multiple-choice questions as a means of summative assessment, however the research into the use of formative MCQs by the same mode of delivery still remains patchy. Similarly, research and implementation has been largely concentrated within the Sciences and Medicine rather than the more discursive subjects within the Humanities and Social Sciences. The INQUIRE (Interactive Questions Reinforcing Education) Evaluation Project was jointly conducted by two groups at the University of Oxford—the Said Business School and the Academic Computing Development Team to evaluate the use of online MCQs as a mechanism to reinforce and extend student learning. This initial study used a small set of highly focused MCQ tests that were designed to complement an introductory series of first-year undergraduate management lectures. MCQ is a simple and well-established technology, and hence the emphasis was very much on situating the tests within the student experience. The paper will cover how the online MCQs are intended to fit into the Oxford Undergraduate study agenda, and how a simple evaluation was executed and planned to investigate their usage and impact. The chosen method of evaluation was to combine focus groups with automated online methods of tracking, and the paper discusses the findings of both of these. DOI: 10.1080/0968776042000259564


This paper studies the macroeconomic consistency of the Ecuadorian economy from 20072016. Initially, the paper develops a Three-Gap Model to carry out a basic consistency check on all three macroeconomic accounts, public, private and current accounts. Then, five simple linear regression models with time series are done in an attempt to analyze the impact variables such as private savings and investment, public consumption, investment and revenues, and exports and imports have on one another and how each affects the whole gross domestic product of Ecuador. The analysis is done with data sets obtained from the World Bank and the Ecuadorian Central Bank. Finally, the paper explores whether the economy experienced a crowding-out effect caused by an increase in government spending. The main conclusions obtained by this paper is that Ecuador has been experiencing a macroeconomic inconsistency fostered by an irresponsible government that spends more than it receives. The five regressions showed that the Real Effective Exchange Rate is not significant when determining growth in Ecuador while consumption is the biggest factor that can drive growth. Finally, it is proven that the economy crowded out and the private sector stopped being the biggest player and instead the public sector took over.


The aim of this thesis was to understand the successful colonization of MRSA ST398 in pigs and the factors that may contribute to this colonization. The first part describes the development and application of an ex vivo pig nasal mucosa explants model to study MRSA colonization. The second part studies the ecology of MRSA ST398, especially with respect to the possible relationship between staphylococcal flora on the generation of MRSA ST398 in the farm environment and the influence of organic husbandry on MRSA ST398 prevalence in pig farms. Pig animal models have been used to study colonization in pigs. However, these models have some disadvantages such as unstable colonization, limited bacterial detection as well as infection that may result in death of the animal. In this study the nasal mucosa explants model was investigated as a novel tool to study MRSA ST398 colonization in pigs. The cultivation of the nasal mucosa explants did not show changes in morphology and viability during cultivation of the tissue for 72h. Nasal mucosa explants, inoculated with three MRSA ST398 strains isolated from a pig carrier (S0462) and a human patient (S0385-1 and S0385-2) showed three different colonization patterns. One strains (S0462) showed significant increase of the number of bacteria, strain S0385-1 showed stable colonization whereas strain S0385-2 showed a decline of bacteria. Visualization of the explants during MRSA colonization showed no tissue damage during MRSA colonization. Next, we investigated the global gene changes during ex vivo colonization of MRSA ST398. Microarray data showed that genes involved mainly in metabolic processes were up- or down-regulated during experimental colonization while most genes encoding virulence factors were down-regulated during ex vivo colonization. Two genes were selected to study their potential contribution to maintenance of colonization: vwbp and scpA. Unfortunately, single knockout mutant strains did not show any phenotypic differences in the colonization pattern ex vivo, which indicates that these selected genes, do not play a crucial role in maintenance of colonization ex vivo. Phage therapy as potential intervention strategy was studied in vivo and in the ex vivo model but no reduction of MRSA numbers was observed. In both settings, application of muporicin resulted in an almost complete reduction of MRSA. In conclusion, the ex vivo model is a suitable tool not only to study S. aureus colonization in pigs, but can also be applied for preliminary screening of new decolonization treatments and would help to reduce the number of experimental animals. In the second part of this thesis it was shown that methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci on pig farms may act as a source for development of new MRSA variants. On biological pig farms the number of MRSA was lower which could be due to different types of farm management. The global understanding of the ecology of MRSA ST398 is helpful to develop and implement new strategies to limit possible transfer of MRSA from livestock to humans.


The spread of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused distortions to global value chains. This report studies how dependent Finnish companies and industries are on raw materials, components and other intermediate goods/services that they use in their own production. Our results suggest that the great majority of the supply of key intermediates such as electronic components, parts of motor vehicles and medical products and their ingredients are sourced abroad. Over 80% of these intermediate goods/products are sourced abroad. In several industries critical to society, the shares are substantially lower. In the Food industry, 20% of intermediate goods are sourced abroad. In Agriculture and in the Energy supply the shares are 14% and 25%, correspondingly. The spread of Coronavirus and the corresponding preventive measures cause distortions to global value chains. Therefore, economic policy should provide means and tools that help to sustain and re-organize them.


Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations generate a large quantity of by-products, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm fronds. These by-products are very difficult to decompose in natural condition. Vermicomposting of these by-products would be able to provide some useful nutrients for crop growth. There was no information available on the composting condition of these oil palm by-products using earthworms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of earthworms in vermicomposting of oil palm by-products and to evaluate the quality of the vermicompost. Only one species of earthworm, E foetida, was able to survive in these by-products and further evaluated for stocking density, precomposting time and size of organic materials, and vermicompost quality. One month precomposting and the addition of cow dung as food supplement to earthworms would be able to reduce the mortality rate and maintain the growth of earthworms. The ratio of 1:10 (earthworm/media) was the most appropriate for the earthworms to survive in EFB culture. Vermicomposting of EFB was able to provide beneficial nutrients, such as N, K, and Mg to plants.


Liver cell transplantation presents clinical benefit in patients with inborn errors of metabolism as an alternative, or at least as a bridge, to orthotopic liver transplantation. The success of such a therapeutic approach remains limited by the quality of the transplanted cells. Cryopreservation remains the best option for long-term storage of hepatocytes, providing a permanent and sufficient cell supply. However, isolated adult hepatocytes are poorly resistant to such a process, with a significant alteration both at the morphological and functional levels. Hence, the aim of the current review is to discuss the state of the art regarding widely-used hepatocyte cryopreservation protocols, as well as the assays performed to analyse the post-thawing cell quality both in vitro and in vivo. The majority of studies agree upon the poor quality and efficiency of cryopreserved/thawed hepatocytes as compared to freshly isolated hepatocytes. Intracellular ice formation or exposure to hyperosmotic solutions remains the main phenomenon of cryopreservation process, and its effects on cell quality and cell death induction will be discussed. The increased knowledge and understanding of the cryopreservation process will lead to research strategies to improve the viability and the quality of the cell suspensions after thawing. Such strategies, such as vitrification, will be discussed with respect to their potential to significantly improve the quality of cell suspensions dedicated to liver cell-based therapies.


Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998) set forth a model of the socialization of emotion that is both broad in scope and specific in illustrative description. They pointed out that although assumptions have long been made about parents as socializers of children's emotion expression, understanding, and regulation, only of late have investigators been examining this claim empirically. Furthermore, despite our field's relatively recent focus on this question, it is clear from this review that considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the specific ways in which parents provide a rich context for children's growth in the emotional domain.