Efforts to distribute land titles to low-income rural Afro-Brazilian communities, known as quilombos, have been disappointing despite the provision of ample government resources. Until now, research on the implications of Brazil s land reform policies has not considered quilombo communities in an economic context. The unique case of the quilombo communities provides an interesting context to advance the understanding of the role of land titles in rural income generation. The impact of land tenure security in the cycle of assets, activities, and income is explored to identify the importance of institutions for land dependent agricultural enterprises. We find evidence of land titles contributing to desirable welfare outcomes through their impact on production and investment behavior. Income diversity from various production activities is found to positively contribute to higher income levels, particularly for producers earning more than the minimum wage, once conditioned on secure land rights and productive investments.


Detailed characterization of exoplanets has begun to yield measurements of their atmospheric properties that constrain the planets' origins and evolution. For example, past observations of the dayside emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-12b indicated that its atmosphere has a high carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O > 1), suggesting it had a different formation pathway than is commonly assumed for giant planets. Here we report a precise near-infrared transmission spectrum for WASP-12b based on six transit observations with the Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3. We bin the data in 13 spectrophotometric light curves from 0.84 to 1.67 μm and measure the transit depths to a median precision of 51 ppm. We retrieve the atmospheric properties using the transmission spectrum and find strong evidence for water absorption (7σ confidence). This detection marks the first high-confidence, spectroscopic identification of a molecule in the atmosphere of WASP-12b. The retrieved 1 σ water volume mixing ratio is between 10−5 and 10−2, which is consistent with C/O > 1 to within 2σ. However, we also introduce a new retrieval parameterization that fits for C/O and metallicity under the assumption of chemical equilibrium. With this approach, we constrain C/O to 0.5 − 0.3 + 0.2 ?> at 1σ and rule out a carbon-rich atmosphere composition (C/O > 1) at >3σ confidence. Further observations and modeling of the planet's global thermal structure and dynamics would aid in resolving the tension between our inferred C/O and previous constraints. Our findings highlight the importance of obtaining high-precision data with multiple observing techniques in order to obtain robust constraints on the chemistry and physics of exoplanet atmospheres.


Introduction: General practitioners (GPs) are important members of the diabetic care network. Awareness levels of general practitioners are vital in planning strategies to prevent diabetic blindness. The present study was done to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of urban GPs regarding the screening and management of diabetic retinopathy.

Research design and methods: A questionnaire was designed to assess the GPs KAP in handling diabetic retinopathy. Questions related to referrals, direct ophthalmoscopy, and barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening. Urban GPs from Chennai were contacted through telephonic interview. GPs telephone numbers were traced from the Yellow Pages and a random digit dialing strategy was used. Telephonic survey was done for 450 telephone numbers of GPs.

Results: Of the 450 telephone numbers of GPs that were dialled, only 187(41.6 per cent) responded to the questionnaire. 52 per cent of the GPs declined to answer questions. Among those who responded to the call, only 85 per cent (n =159) completed the tele-survey completely. Most of the GPs could not be contacted in the morning, as they were busy with their practice. Among those who successfully completed the survey, 46.6 per cent (n=74) of the GPs responded to the tele-survey after they were called more than five times. 33.4 per cent (n = 53) of the general practitioners responded after three to five calls and the remaining 20 per cent responded immediately.

31.3 per cent (n=50) feel that diabetics should undergo an eye examination every six months and 53.3 per cent (n=85) feel that diabetics should undergo eye examination every year. 15.4 per cent felt that eye examination every two years is sufficient for diabetics. Ophthalmoscopy was done by 1.3 per cent (2/159) of the GPs. Of the two, one GP performs ophthalmoscopy with dilation while the other performs it without dilation. The reason stated for not dilating was lack of time. Almost all GPs said that they would refer a patient with diabetes to an ophthalmologist. 84 per cent of the practicing physicians were aware of laser photocoagulation as a treatment modality for diabetic retinopathy.

54 per cent of GPs were aware of annual dilated eye examination referral guidelines for diabetics. Regarding attitudes for screening for diabetic retinopathy, only 1.3 per cent of GPs were using direct ophthalmoscope. Among them only 50 per cent were practicing dilated direct ophthalmoscopy. Barriers for doing diabetic retinopathy screening by general practitioners were lack of time, lack of ophthalmoscopes and lack of training.

Discussion: This study shows the need for training GPs about diabetic retinopathy and its detection with direct ophthalmoscope. Barriers for dilated eye examination, as perceived by GPs, need to be addressed. McCarty et al.1 reported that lack of dilating drops in the practice, lack of confidence in detecting changes, concern about time taken and fear of precipitation of angle-closure glaucoma with their patients were some of the barriers expressed by GPs.1 Knowledge of the guidelines is another important factor to consider. Residency programmes should focus on providing more exposure to ophthalmoscopy practice among GPs, compared to the current low levels of exposure of only a few hours.


Globalisation is being blamed for the squeezing of the middle class and protectionism is being offered as a solution. We argue in this paper that the increase in inequality is a long-term trend resulting from a variety of factors, including the decline in manufacturing, the reduction in the progressivity of taxation and the steady increase in asset prices, and that globalisation has only had a marginal impact on it. Protectionism will not reverse any of these trends. We discuss some policy options aimed at cushioning this increase in inequality and argue that they will likely result in expanding fiscal deficits and pressure on central banks to test the limits of growth.


Profiling adolescent students' intentional use of science news reports can inform science news-infused instruction. This study reports on the development and validation of a Views of Science News Instruction Questionnaire (VSNIQ) designed to explore Grade 7 (12–13 years old) students' views of reasoning with respect to science news. Forty items based on related literature, an expert's comments, and interviews of students with different achievement levels were developed. A pilot study of Grade 7 students (N = 415) identified eight items that did not meet reliability, discrimination, and difficulty expectations. The final 32-item VSNIQ was administered to 391 Grade 7 students taught by 4 different teachers using different instructional approaches in a Taiwanese secondary school. A confirmatory factor analysis of student responses revealed four dimensions (interest, authority, judgment, and practicality) aligned with the original design structure. Cronbach α analyses revealed internal consistency values of the overall questionnaire and subscales (0.86, 0.92, 0.87, 0.93, and 0.81). Discriminate validity was adequate to detect differences in the performance of groups of students taught by instruction systematically supplemented with respect to science news and similar students taught by conventional instruction without systematic usage of science news articles. Overall, Taiwanese Grade 7 students hold moderate views of using science news (total score M = 92.77. SD = 16.46). A systematic science news instruction that addresses the intentionality of learners to apply science knowledge and actively interact with authors' ideas would enhance students' use of science news (F(3,387) = 9.16, p < .001, ).


This thesis addresses two main theoretical issues within the field of organizational ecology, namely: (1) competition dynamics of organizations in a fuzzy-set construction, and (2) emergence of organizational forms, in the context of corporate identity consultancy in Shenzhen, China. The empirical setting is significantly different from existing organizational studies, in that the population under observation is constructed following the recently developed fuzzy-set theory. Fuzzy-set concept is the foundation of this thesis, upon which hypotheses and theories are constructed.

Firstly, I revisit density-dependent theory in the new fuzzy setup, using the reformulated specification of fuzzy density. I find that the well-known theory does not hold in a fuzzy context. I speculate that the inconsistence is perhaps due to missing information in the fuzzy density measure. As such, I argue that density-dependent theory alone might not be sufficient to explain organizational dynamics in a fuzzy population. I proceed by investigating the competitive relationship among firms with varying degree of grade of membership (GoM). I find that population with neutral valence (i.e., it is at its initial stage of operation) favours organizations that are less focused on the offer that associated with the population, since the potency of cultural classification at such stage is largely dormant. As the population ages, the potency of cultural classification is triggered and now poses significant constraints on population members, therefore population with positive valence (i.e., it is aged) favours organizations with higher GoM (i.e., those that are more focused on the offer), thanks to their higher level of intrinsic appeal.

Secondly, I examine the possibility that CI industry may become a (cognitive) organizational form. Following the recently developed theory of contrast dependence (Hannan, Polos et al. 2007), I find that the underlying mechanism of legitimation is more delicate than predicted by the theory. In particular, I find that if carrying capacity of an environment is small, a conglomeration of members with high GoM will (temporarily) intensify competition and hamper legitimation of the population. However, if carrying capacity is sufficiently expanded, population-level legitimation will work hand in hand with the contrast level. The results show that environment is endogenous, rather than exogenous, as assumed in all available ecological models. Given the (increasingly) low level of population contrast at late stage, I suggest that the CI population may never become an organizational form.

Taken together, the thesis shows that bringing fuzzy-set theory into organizational study opens the door to the development of abundant theories, and it appears that the dynamics of the world of organizations can be better explained by the fuzzy approach.


Book Description:

Threshold Concepts within the Disciplines brings together leading writers from various disciplines and national contexts in an important and readable volume for all those concerned with teaching and learning in higher education. The foundational principle of threshold concepts is that there are, in each discipline, 'conceptual gateways' or 'portals' that must be negotiated to arrive at important new understandings. In crossing the portal, transformation occurs, both in knowledge and subjectivity. Such transformation involves troublesome knowledge, a key concern for contributors to this book, who identify threshold concepts in their own fields and suggest how to deal with them.Part One extends and enhances the threshold concept framework, containing chapters that articulate its qualities, its links to other social theories of learning and other traditions in educational research.Part Two encompasses the disciplinary heart of the book with contributions from a diversity of areas including computing, engineering, biology, design, modern languages, education and economics. In the many empirical case studies educators show how they have used the threshold concept framework to inform and evaluate their teaching contexts. Other chapters emphasise the equally important 'being and becoming' dimension of learning. Part Three suggests pedagogic directions for those at the centre of the education project with contributions focusing on the socialisation of academics and their continuing quest to be effective teachers.The book will be of interest to disciplinary teachers, educational researchers and educational developers. It also is of relevance to issues in quality assurance and professional accreditation.


In terms of network operating QoS analysis, we propose a cascading network QoS analyzing algorithm based on K-means and C4.5 algorithm. The algorithm was testified to be suitable for multiple analyze requirements. Also based on the monitoring data captured from the real Internet, the algorithm was proved to be effective and efficient The algorithm processes the data captured from the project "User-oriented Active 4G Network Measurement System. The system is deployed at multiple wireless network accessing points; conducting 4G network QoS monitoring 24 hours. The paper covers experiments to find a proper K and C4.5 discrete value, and use the KKZ algorithm to initialize the cluster center values. Based on the six traces of monitoring data, we compared the performances of cascading network QoS analyzing algorithm, K-mean algorithm and C4.5 algorithm. As a result, the cascading algorithm was highly efficient and reduces the noise of single algorithm; also it proved to be suitable to several types of monitoring data


The new DK series engines are developed as the next generation of engines, with 5 common concepts: environmental protection, high output with smaller engine size, high efficiency, reduction in maintenance and running cost, and increase in reliability and durability.Other than the in-line 6 and 8 cylinder types, the DK-20 model comes with 3 and 5 cylinders, and the DK 26 model with a 5 cylinder type. Development of various cylinder number types within the same model allows the new DK series to cover a wide range of output with a small engine model lineup.With the development of 3DK-20, the low output range that had been covered by high revolution engine running on marine diesel oil can now be covered by engine running on heavy diesel oil. Also, when looking at parts around the piston area, a 3 cylinder engine effectively halves the parts number compared to 6 cylinder engines with the same output. This achieves great reduction inrunning cost and maintenance costs.The follwing will introduce the new DK series engines, with details on design, performance, and benefits.


The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of measures from conversational language samples in the school-aged population. Two 10-minute conversational language samples were collected from 20 at-risk kindergarten children to determine their reliability and feasibility as an assessment and progress monitoring tool. All samples were collected and transcribed by one examiner using an outlined elicitation protocol in which the children were asked open ended questions about school and home activities in various time segments. Test-retest reliability was determined across eleven language measures for each child. Significant reliability correlation coefficients were observed for each language sample measure. The amount of variance due to sample length and topic were analyzed utilizing generalizability theory which observes various facets accounting for measurement error. Variance was calculated for each language measure. Conversational language samples were found to have strong test-retest reliability across all language measures. The greatest amount of variance in measures was attributed to the child in most language measures with the interaction between the child session and length/topic accounting for the second largest amount of variance in most  measures. Length and topic accounted for negligible amounts of variance in language measures. These findings demonstrated that shorter conversational language samples are reliable across time and that the length and topic of the sample do not have a substantial impact on the reliability of language measures.


Causes and consequences of out-of-round railway wheels are investigated through literature studies, full-scale field experiments, out-of-roundness measurements, and numerical simulations. Both defects around the complete wheel circumference (e.g. polygonal wheels with wavelengths up to one wheel circumference) and local defects (e.g. wheel flats) are studied. Wheel tread irregularities occurring in different types of train traffic in Sweden (high-speed, passenger, freight, commuter, subway) have been assessed using out-of-roundness measurements. These measurements show that high roughness levels with wavelengths between 3 cm and 8 cm (corrugation) are present on tread braked freight wheels and tread braked powered X2 high-speed train wheels. A previously known polygonalization of C20 subway wheels has been quantified.

The influence of different types of wheel out-of-roundness on the vertical dynamic wheel-rail contact force and on the track response is investigated through extensive field tests and numerical simulations. Measured responses are used to calibrate and validate numerical models for simulation of train-track interaction in the time domain.

An existing multibody system model for simulation of
general three-dimensional train-track interaction is extended to include rolling contact mechanics according to the FASTSIM model and wear according to the Archard model, and also general wheel and rail profiles. The numerical model employs an iteration scheme with simulation of dynamic train-track interaction in the time domain coupled to a model of long-term wear. The extended model is used to study wheel polygonalization on subway wheels and rail corrugation growth due to (corrugated or round) powered high-speed train wheelsets. Some polygonalization wavelength-fixing mechanisms depending on the track properties have been discovered. The influence of corrugated wheels on rail corrugation growth is found to be negligible.


The relationship (scaling) between scalar moment, M0, and duration, T, potentially provides key constraints on the physics governing fault slip. The prevailing interpretation of M0‐T observations proposes different scaling for fast (earthquakes) and slow (mostly aseismic) slip populations and thus fundamentally different driving mechanisms. We show that a single model of slip events within bounded slip zones may explain nearly all fast and slow slip M0‐T observations, and both slip populations have a change in scaling, where the slip area growth changes from 2‐D when too small to sense the boundaries to 1‐D when large enough to be bounded. We present new fast and slow slip M0‐T observations that sample the change in scaling in each population, which are consistent with our interpretation. We suggest that a continuous but bimodal distribution of slip modes exists and M0‐T observations alone may not imply a fundamental difference between fast and slow slip.


No universally accepted statistical explanation of black hole entropy exists up to now, therefore, it is worth another try. Admittedly, black hole entropy does not have to have a statistical origin. If the "black hole entropy" is called "black hole index" instead, someone might be lured to give it an economic explanation. Nonetheless, the only way to justify one's claim about the statistical origin of black hole entropy is to compute it statistically. This is the motivation for the construction of black hole models. In chapter 1, I first review the four laws of classical black hole mechanics which form the basis for the introduction of black hole thermodynamics. After observing the formal analogy between the four laws of the black hole mechanics and that of the ordinary thermodynamics, I further explore the thermodynamic properties of black holes in chapter 2 by reviewing the phenomenon of Hawking radiation and introducing the idea of black hole entropy. Three statistical explanations of black hole entropy are introduced in chapter 3. I will start with't Hooft's brick wall model. Then, a la Brown and York, I review the approach based on the gravitational degrees of freedom via path integral. In the final part of this chapter, I present my own version of a quantum statistical explanation of black hole entropy by regarding a black hole as a cavity with thermal states inside. The final chapter will be devoted to the construction of black hole models to materialise the idea that a black hole, in some sense, can be regarded as a cavity where thermalised quantum states reside with quantised spectrum. These quantum states and the corresponding spectrum will then justify the statistical explanation of black hole entropy presented in the final section of chapter 3.


Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a rapidly evolving therapy for acute lung and/or heart failure. ECMO, from a technical standpoint, is con-ceptually simple—however, it can be very challenging to implement therapy at the individual patient level as well as at hospital (or healthcare system) level. ECMO program development involves engagement of key stake-holders including physicians, nursing, and administrative leadership. The goal of this chapter is to outline some of the crucial steps in developing a successful ECMO program including high-lighting the necessary resources, team members and structure, and basic program structure and function.


The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I traces the history of Council housing from the nineteenth century to the present day, showing the influences in building and management that have produced poor, run-down publicly owned housing estates. Octavia Hill, the ardent reformer, developed a system of intensive, localised management, coupling slow renovation of the worst slum housing with social support for the most disadvantaged households. Local authorities failed to copy her approach while wanting to combat slums. They built for secure, working families and built large, dense blocks of flats, often displacing the very poor. General housing subsidies were introduced in a big building spurt after World War I, and in 1930 these subsidies were targetted at slum clearance, relief of overcrowding and the construction of flats in inner cities. Local authorities were expanding
rapidly and private landlords declined. After World War 11 the mass housing era began and about four million homes were built by Councils over 30 years. Half were industrially built or in the form of flats, both unpopular styles. Most were in cities on large estates. Management problems developed apace, with poor staff training and little political will to provide meticulous landlord services. Lettings policies concentrated the poorest families on the least popular estates. Homelessness increased in spite of evidence of a crude housing surplus. The gap between the Council sector and the owner-occupied sector grew in socio-economic terms. Part 11 examines the detailed evidence of the Government and local authorities illustrating the emergence of difficult to let estates as a major housing problen. Councils were already seriously concerned in the late 1960's. Difficult-to-let estates were first recognised officially in 1974 by the Government. The overwhelming evidence provoked the Government into a major new housing initiative in 1979, the Priority Estates Project. Part III present the conditions on 20 unpopular estates around the country, and the efforts of the local authorities concerned to tackle the problems through local estate-based initiatives. Overall; the conclusion is that major advances can be made through an integrated localised approach, although the future role of elected political bodies as major landlords of predominantly poor communities must be questioned. Autonomous local management organisations, better training and more socially mixed estate communitites are found to be ways forward.


This article considers the problem of robustly emulating a shared atomic memory over a distributed message-passing system where processes can fail by crashing and possibly recover. We revisit the notion of atomicity in the crash-recovery context and introduce a generic algorithm that emulates an atomic memory. The algorithm is instantiated for various settings according to whether processes have access to local stable storage, and whether, in every execution of the algorithm, a sufficient number of processes are assumed not to crash. We establish the optimality of specific instances of our algorithm in terms of resilience, log complexity (number of stable storage accesses needed in every read or write operation), as well as time complexity (number of communication steps needed in every read or write operation). The article also discusses the impact of considering a multiwriter versus a single-writer memory, as well as the impact of weakening the consistency of the memory by providing safe or regular semantics instead of atomicity.


A surface-active p-vinyl benzyloxy--hydroxy-poly(ethylene oxide) mac- romonomer containing 22 pendant structural units of ethylene oxide (St-PEO22) was synthesized with an initiation method. Because of its solubility in a large variety of solvents, the free-radical copolymerization with electron-acceptor N-phenylmaleimide (NPMI) was performed at 60 °C in benzene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as isotropic media and in a water-THF mixture or water as a heterogeneous medium. Oil-soluble 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile and water-soluble 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) were used as the initiators at fixed concentrations. Two different St-PEO22/NPMI comonomer ratios (1/1 and 3/7) at a fixed total comonomer concentration in the polymerization system were used. The structures, compositions, and microstructure peculiarities of the obtained alternating, amphiphilic, comblike copolymers were determined by NMR analysis. For the copolymers synthesized in hydrophilic media, differential scanning calorimetry showed, near the endothermic peak attributed to the melting of the poly- (ethylene oxide) side chains, the presence of a second peak due to the partially ordered phase that could exist between the crystalline state and the isotropic melt. Also, the thermal stability of the obtained copolymers was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 479 - 492, 2005


In this paper, we consider channel access in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) networks where a ground station is equipped with Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) capability. The problem at hand is to derive a transmission schedule for UAVs to communicate with a ground station frequently, and with minimal collisions. We first formulate a stochastic optimization problem before introducing a novel distributed Learning Medium Access Control (MAC), aka L-MAC, protocol. A key novelty of L-MAC is that it allows UAVs to learn the best orientation that results in the highest decoding success. Our simulation results show that L-MAC achieves a throughput that is 68% higher than the well-known Aloha protocol without SIC, and 28% higher than Aloha with SIC.


Improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and openness of governments is essential to meet the key challenges that countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region face to improve service delivery to citizens. This Technical Note is meant to guide the work of the IDB's Institutional Capacity of the
State Division in this area. In the literature, institutional quality and implementation capacity emerge as the key variables that underpin good government. Measurement is a central issue, as institutional quality cannot be assessed or improved without reliable indicators. While many challenges remain, the region is already adopting innovative approaches to public management, focusing particularly on the capacity of governments to manage information. In response to existing challenges and progresses, the IDB identifies three main strategic areas of action: (i) improving government effectiveness by strengthening the evidence base for policy making and enhancing the capacity of central agencies; (ii) enhancing efficiency in policy implementation by leveraging the adoption of innovative e-solutions and supporting civil service reforms; and (iii) fostering accountability and open government by strengthening accountability institutions, both internal and external, and promoting the adoption of targeted transparency policies.


Current seismic design criteria for highway bridges generally require that the effects of earthquake loading be evaluated using either an equivalent static load approach for simple bridges or a dynamic analysis for more complex bridges. These provisions usually provide detailed explanations and commentaries on techniques which are judged to be suitable for static and dynamic modeling of the bridge superstructure and supporting columns or piers. There is, however, a significant lack of guidance on exactly how the boundary conditions and soil-structure-interaction should be incorporated into the model. The purpose of this study is to present a simple analytical model of pile and pile group foundations for use as boundary conditions in a numerical model for seismic analysis of highway bridges. Both the axial and lateral response are considered. This simple model consists of a set of springs, dashpots, and masses for each degree-of-freedom on a pile, and it is based upon the Winkler hypothesis. The spring behavior is established by using the finite element method for static load conditions. The lumped dashpot constants and masses are based on realistic approximations. The effect of a sliding interface, nonlinearity of the soil and geometric, hysteresis, and viscous damping of the soil have been considered. The p-y curves for lateral and axial vibration of single piles of 0.457 m (18 in.) and 0.610 m (24 in.) diameter based on plane analysis for different depths have been presented. Similar curves for direct-lateral, shear-lateral, and axial vibrations have also been presented for two-pile groups with three different spacings. Using these p-y curves, pile responses have been obtained which have been compared with those obtained from a rigorous analysis. Good agreement has been observed for a single pile response. The comparison justifies the use of this simple model.


Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and rare disease with so far unclear pathogenesis, limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Unbalance of proliferation and migration in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is an important hallmark of PAH.
In this research Sodium butyrate (BU) has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo models of PAH. This histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) counteracted platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced ki67 expression in PASMCs, and arrested cell cycle mainly at G0/G1 phases. Furthermore, BU reduced the transcription of PDGFRbeta, and that of Ednra and Ednrb, two major receptors in PAH progression. Wound healing and pulmonary artery ring assays indicated that BU inhibited PDGF-induced PASMC migration. BU strongly inhibited PDGF-induced Akt phosphorylation, an effect reversed by the phosphatase inhibitor calyculinA.
In vivo, BU showed efficacy in monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. Indeed, the HDACi reduced both thickness of distal pulmonary arteries and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Besides these studies, Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) has be used to obtain complete transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from PAH and Healthy subjects. SAGE allows quantitative analysis of thousands transcripts, relying on the principle that a short oligonucleotide (tag) can uniquely identify mRNA transcripts. Tag frequency reflects transcript abundance. We enrolled patients naive for a specific PAH therapy (4 IPAH non-responder, 3 IPAH responder, 6 HeritablePAH), and 8 healthy subjects. Comparative analysis revealed that significant differential expression was only restricted to a hundred of down- or up-regulated genes. Interestingly, these genes can be clustered into functional networks, sharing a number of crucial features in cellular homeostasis and signaling. SAGE can provide affordable analysis of genes amenable for molecular dissection of PAH using PBMCs as a sentinel, surrogate tissue.
Altogether, these findings may disclose novel perspectives in the use of HDACi in PAH and potential biomarkers.


For both introductory and advanced courses in VLSI design, this authoritative, comprehensive textbook is highly accessible to beginners, yet offers unparalleled breadth and depth for more experienced readers. The Fourth Edition of CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems perspective presents broad and in-depth coverage of the entire field of modern CMOS VLSI Design. The authors draw upon extensive industry and classroom experience to introduce todays most advanced and effective chip design practices. They present extensively updated coverage of every key element of VLSI design, and illuminate the latest design challenges with 65 nm process examples. This book contains unsurpassed circuit-level coverage, as well as a rich set of problems and worked examples that provide deep practical insight to readers at all levels.


Natural Language Generation (NLG) for task-oriented dialogue systems focuses on communicating specific content accurately, fluently, and coherently. While these attributes are crucial for a successful dialogue, it is also desirable to simultaneously accomplish specific stylistic goals, such as response length, point-of-view, descriptiveness, sentiment, formality, and empathy. In this work, we focus on stylistic control and evaluation for schema-guided NLG, with joint goals of achieving both semantic and stylistic control. We experiment in detail with various controlled generation methods for large pretrained language models: specifically, conditional training, guided fine-tuning, and guided decoding. We discuss their advantages and limitations, and evaluate them with a broad range of automatic and human evaluation metrics. Our results show that while high style accuracy and semantic correctness are easier to achieve for more lexically-defined styles with conditional training, stylistic control is also achievable for more semantically complex styles using discriminator-based guided decoding methods. The results also suggest that methods that are more scalable (with less hyper-parameters tuning) and that disentangle context generation and stylistic variations are more effective at achieving semantic correctness and style accuracy.


High velocity fragment impact studies have become an important factor in the testing of insensitive munitions (IM) to ensure compliance and to demonstrate the safe use of munitions, in an operational requirement. A 40mm calibre, high velocity long gun system has been developed by QinetiQ, to meet the NATO STANAG 4496 standard high velocity fragment impact test requirement. However, it uses an internal ballistic (IB) solution which is optimised for the higher velocity as defined in the STANAG document. A 30mm calibre gun system is used to meet the lower velocity fragment impact test requirement. Whilst the fragment's impact velocity when using the 30mm gun system can be pushed to achieve impact velocities of ~2000m/s, there is a distinct gap in the ability to achieve terminal velocities between 2000m/s and 2530m/s using these two gun systems. To understand a munition's reaction phenomena by fragment impact between these two figures would be a very desirable option and would be beneficial to the munition designer from the IM perspective. This paper will report and discuss some of the experimental results and the problems encountered during high velocity fragment impact studies with powder gun systems.


Introduction - Ellen Cohn (University of Pittsburgh) and Shelly Chabon (Portland State University) Part II: Cases: Infant or Toddler AUTISM: Developing a communication assessment & treatment plan for a toddler diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Special considerations - Trisha Self & Terese Conrad (Wichita State University) CLEFT PALATE: A toddler with cleft lip and palate: early therapy - Cynthia Jacobsen (Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics) DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: A toddler with delayed speech and developmental milestones - Carney Sotto (University of Cincinnati) and Erin Redle (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center) HEARING: An infant with a sensorineural hearing loss - Judith Widen, Sandra Keeneris, Teresa Kennalley, John Ferraro (University of Kansas Medical Center) FRAGILE X SYNDROME: Jake: The move from early intervention to early childhood education for a child with Fragile X Syndrome - Gail Harris Schmidt (Saint Xavier University in Chicago) PRENATAL ALCOHOL/DRUG EXPOSURE: Alcohol and/or prenatal drug exposure - Dorian Lee Wilkerson (Hampton University) SICKLE CELL DISEASE: Auditory and neurocognitive impact of Sickle Cell Disease in early childhood - Diane Scott - (North Carolina Central University) SWALLOWING: Oromotor entrainment therapy to develop feeding skills in the preterm infant - Steven Barlow, MeredithPoore, Emily Zimmerman (University of Kansas) Part III: Cases: Preschool Child ANKLOGLOSSIA: To clip or not to clip...What is the answer? - Ann Kummer (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center) APRAXIA: The changing picture of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: From initial symptoms to diagnostic and therapeutic modifications - Jacqueline Bauman-Waengler (Marquette University) and Diane Garcia (University of Redlands) AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION: Pediatric AAC: Kelsey's journey - Carla Wood Jackson (Florida State University) AUTISM: Speech and language intervention for a child with autism a relationship-based approach - Brookes Metzler (Kansas City Developmental Therapies) BILINGUAL/LANGUAGE: A preschool child who was internationally adopted - Jenny Roberts and Kathleen Scott (Hofstra University) A bilingual preschool child - Noma Anderson (Florida International University), Shelly Chabon (Portland State University), Mariateresa Munoz (Florida International University) CLEFT PALATE/SUBMUCOUS: Submucous cleft palate: A typical case of late diagnosis - Ann Kummer (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center) FLUENCY: A preschool child who stutters - Kristin Pelczarski & Scott Yaruss (University of Pittsburgh) HEARING: Late-identification of hearing loss: A real-world story of how a child can fall through the cracks - Paul Brueggeman (University of South Dakota) LANGUAGE/SLI: Preschool child with Specific Language Impairment - Tiffany Hogan (University of Arizona), Mindy Sittner (University of Kansas), Carole Wymer (University of Arizona), Rebecca Volk (University of Arizona) PHONOLOGY/ARTICULATION: Complex disorder traits in a three year old boy with a severe speech sound disorder - Beate Peter (University of Washington, Seattle) VISUAL IMPAIRMENT: Cognitive-linguistic intervention with a preschool child who has a visual impairment - Jean Pedigo (Children's Center for the Visually Impaired) Part IV: School Age Child APRAXIA: Childhood apraxia of speech: Differential diagnosis and evidence-based intervention - Kathy Jakielski (Augustana College in Rock Island) ARTICULATION/PHONOLOGY: Of mouth and mind: An articulation and phonological disorder in a young school-aged child - Sue Hale and Lea Evans (Vanderbilt University) AUDITORY PROCESSING: A school-age child with auditory processing disorder - Deborah Moncrieff (University of Pittsburgh/Communication Science & Disorders) AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION: Assessment and intervention for a school-age child with complex communication needs and physical impairments - Pam Hart (Rockhurst University) and Suzie Wiley (The Rehabilitation Institute of Kansas City) AUTISM: A school aged child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder - Erin Brooker Lozott & Jamie Schwartz (University of Central Florida) BILINGUAL/LANGUAGE: Cultural and linguistic diversity: A bilingual child with a speech and language disorder - Brian Goldstein (Temple University) CLEFT PALATE: Blowing bubbles and rubbing lips: No cure in sight - Eileen Marrinan & Robert Shprintzen (Upstate Medical University) DYSARTHRIA: Acquired childhood dysarthria in a school-aged child - Petrea Cornwell (University of Queensland and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane Australia) and Louise Cahill (QLD Paediatric Rehabilitation Unit, Brisbane, Australia) FLUENCY: Syllable timed speech to treat stuttering in a school-aged child - Cheryl Andrews, Natasha Trajkovski, & Mark Onslow (The University of Sydney) Treatment of cluttering in a school-aged child - Kathy Scaler Scott(International Cluttering Association), David Ward (University of Reading, UK), Kenneth St. Louis (West Virginia University) HEARING: Using the multisensory syllabic unit approach to treat the fricative productions of a child with moderate-to-severe hearing loss - Sheila Pratt (University of Pittsburgh/ Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center) LANGUAGE: A school-age child with Specific Language Impairment: A case of continuity - Amy Weiss (University of Rhode Island) LANGUAGE/BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS: A school age child with behavior disorders and language-learning disabilities: Applying contextualized written language and behavioral support intervention - Robyn Ziolkowski & Howard Goldstein (Ohio State University) LITERACY: Treating reading and spelling skills in an elementary student - Deborah Cron & Julie Masterson (Missouri State University) LITERACY/PHONOLOGY: Enhancing phonological and literary skills in twins with highly unintelligible speech - Kathy H. Strattman & Barbara W. Hodson (Wichita State University) SWALLOWING: Dysphagia in the schools: A case study - Emily Homer & Dorothy Kelly (St. Tammany Parish Schools) VOICE: Vocal cord dysfunction in a teenaged athlete - Gail Kempster (Rush University) Part V: Cases: Adult APRAXIA: A novel combination approach to treating Apraxia of Speech - Julie Stierwalt & Joanne Lasker(Florida State University) APHASIA: A case of Primary Progressive Aphasia in the later stages of the disease - Michael de Riesthal (Vanderbilt University School of Medicine) Cognitive-communication impairments in a woman with right hemisphere disorder - Scott Youmans (Long Island University's Brooklyn Campus) A case of severe Wernicke's receptive aphasia due to an underlying malignancy - Elaine Sands (Adelphi University) APHASIA/AAC: Compensation for severe chronic aphasia using augmentative and alternative communication - Aimee Dietz, Miechelle McKelvey, Michele Schmerbauch, Kristy Weissling, Karen Hux (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) APHASIA/MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: Acute aphasia in Multiple Sclerosis - Brooke Hatfield & Suzanne Redmond (National Rehabilitation Hospital) ARTICULATION: Articulation errors secondary to dentures - Michelle Ferketic (Special Interest Divisions and International Liaison Programs of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) AUTISM: An adult with high functioning autism: Language and communication challenges at work - Diane L. Williams (Duquesne University) BILINGUAL/LANGUAGE: An adult who is a non-native speaker of English: High - Amee Shah (Cleveland State University) An adult who is a non-native speaker of English: Low - Amee Shah (Cleveland State University) DEMENTIA: An adult with dementia of the Alzheimer type screening assessment and cognitive linguistic interventions - Nidhi Mahendra (California State University East Bay) FLUENCY: Treatment of stuttering for an adult - Sue Obrian (The University of Sydney), Mark Onslow (The University of Sydney), Ross Menzies (The University of Sydney), Tamsen St Clare (Westmead Hospital, Sydney) HEARING: Adult audiologic rehabilitation: The case of the difficult patient? - Jill Preminger (University of Minnesota ) and Jonathan Whitton (University of Louisville School of Medicine) Evaluation and management of vestibular problems and tinnitus following head trauma - Richard Roberts (Alabama Hearing & Balance Associates) Sudden idiopathic SNHL: Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) - Laurie Wells(Associates in Acoustics, Inc.) Noise induced hearing loss: A work related investigation - Deanna Meinke (University of Northern Colorado) HEAD AND NECK CANCER: Management of a patient with advanced head and neck cancer - Roxann Diez Gross (University of Pittsburgh Medical Center) LARYNGECTOMY: Mr. S: Successful voice restoration following total laryngectomy with TEP - Jodelle Deem & Ellen Hagerman (University of Kentucky) SWALLOWING: Diagnosis and management of adult dysphagia - Christina Baumgartner (University of Kansas Hospital) TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A holistic rehabilitation approach for a survivor of traumatic brain injury - Pat Kearns (Clinical Services at Quality Living, Inc), Janelle Ward (Clinical Services at Quality Living, Inc), Karen Hux(University of Nebraska - Lincoln), Dr. Snell (University of Nebraska - Lincoln) VELOPHARYNGEAL DYSFUNCTION: Velopharyngeal dysfunction in an adolescent girl: Neurological, behavioral or anatomical in origin? - Jeff Searl (University of Kansas Medical Center) VOICE: Voice therapy for an elementary school teacher with vocal fold nodules - Judy Wingate (University of Florida) Finding Catherine's voice - Leo Dunham(Hallmark Rehabilitation at Liberty Terrace Care Center, Liberty, MO) Becoming who you are: A voice communication group program for a male to female transgender client - Vicki McCready, Michael Campbell, Sena Crutchley, Colette Edwards (University of North Carolina at Greensboro)


Hepatic microsomes from different species were used to study the oxidative metabolism of L-746,530 and L-739,010, two potent and specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. HPLC analysis of the incubates obtained from the microsomal incubations of L-739,010 and L-746,530 showed only traces of metabolites. However, recovery of the starting material in the supernatant was less than quantitative in all of the species studied (approximately 90% in rat, approximately 70% in the dexamethasone-induced rat, approximately 70-90% in humans, and approximately 60% in the rhesus monkey for both compounds). The recovery of the starting material was found to be time- and NADPH-dependent, suggesting that metabolite(s) were formed and reacting with the microsomal proteins. Evidence that the cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) contributed to the formation of the reactive metabolite(s) was shown by the low recovery of material that was observed upon incubation with microsomes obtained from dexamethasone-treated rats (a CYP3A inducer), compared with microsomes obtained from untreated rats. Also, the recovery of material was improved when troleandomycin, a CYP3A inhibitor, was added to rhesus monkey microsomal incubations (25% more parent compound detected in the supernatant with 100 microM of troleandomycin). Using radiolabeled L-746,530 and gel electrophoresis analysis, it was confirmed that radiolabeled material was covalently bound to the microsomal protein. Incubations of L-739,010 and L-746,530 in the presence of semicarbazide resulted, in both cases, in the formation of two adducts. Using a combination of NMR, liquid secondary-ion MS, and UV techniques, these adducts were identified as isomers of an oxidized metabolite that had been trapped by semicarbazide. The site of oxidation was determined to be on the dioxabicyclo moiety. The importance of this moiety in the formation of reactive metabolite(s) was verified by incubating analogs of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors that contained blocking methyl groups at the proposed site of oxidation on the bicyclo moiety. Incubations of these gemdimethyl analogs of L-746,530 and L-739,010 with microsomes from different species resulted in significantly improved recovery of the starting material (approximately 94% in the rat, 85% in the dexamethasone-induced rat, 95% in humans, and 85% in the rhesus monkey for both compounds) and significantly less radioactive binding to the microsomal protein.


Since the very beginnings of agriculture, farmers have known which corners of their fields were wetter, which drier, which sandier and where the crops grow best. Now, says Margaret A. Oliver, technology and statistics are taking this age‐old knowledge to a new level. It is called precision agriculture.


Purpose: Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) seem to have respectively beneficial and detrimental effects on school performance, but evidence for a causal relationship in vocational education and training (VET) students is lacking. This is surprising, as VET students (±16-20 years) stand to benefit because the prefrontal cortex is developing during this age and is therefore sensitive to PA/SB interventions. Furthermore, students in VET have low activity levels in general, meaning enhanced PA/SB behavior could lead to improvement on cognition and learning.
The goal of this project is investigating causal effects of PA/SB interventions on a variety of learning performance measures in VET students. Depending on the kind of intervention and the potential mechanisms underlying acute, short-term, or long-term effects, outcome measures vary from specific effects on cognition, to more general effects on school performance, and vital citizenship/employeeship.
Methods: In four closely interlinked studies we investigate the causal effects of 'sedentary behavior repression interventions' on cognition, school performance, and 21st century skills in VET students. Study 1 (observational) elucidates habitual, objectively measured PA patterns of VET students and their potential association with cognitive performance, school performance, and proxies of vital citizenship and employeeship. Studies 2 and 3 (fundamental) investigate acute interventions in randomized controlled experiments in school settings, controlling for study discipline (physically active versus sedentary disciplines) to determine possible causal effects of PA/SB interventions on cognitive performance and proxies of vital citizenship and employeeship and their underlying mechanisms. Study 4 (ecological experiment) is a long-term intervention developed for the VET setting based on results from the first three studies and literature.
Cognition is tested by the Stroop Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and N-back task. School performance is operationalized as scores on Dutch and mathematics; absenteeism/dropout; and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Vital employeeship/citizenship is measured as collaboration and creativity (GAU, divergent thinking). Where applicable habitual daily activity is measured by accelerometry.
Results/Conclusions: Besides scientific output, we deliver tailor-made PA/SB advice and programs for VET students and teachers, taking into account their interests, needs, and possibilities. Furthermore, PHIT2LEARN produces educative materials for students, parents, and teachers.


Eddy current testing (ECT) of narrow cracks is an important issue in several industrial areas. Efficient modeling tools are required in order to better interpret measurements, to design adapted probes, and to assess the reliability of testing procedures. A dedicated boundary element model (BEM) suitable for eddy current inspection of several narrow cracks affecting a planar-stratified conductive medium is proposed. The cracks' openings can be arbitrarily small, and their respective orientations be along parallel or orthogonal directions. The approach alleviates most of the computational difficulties of classical methods in such peculiar cases. Comparisons of the results with experimental and simulated data taken from the literature, completed with in-house experiments, illustrate its good accuracy and low computational burden.


In 1981 Chile adopted its new multi-pillar system, which featured privately managed individual accounts. Starting in 1983 payouts from the accounts were permitted and detailed rules about payouts were put in place. The Chilean scheme therefore gives us an opportunity to examine how pensioners and pension providers react to individual account systems during the payout stage and how regulations shape these reactions. We use aggregate time series data obtained from the pension fund and insurance industry regulators, individual-level data on all annuitants in the system, and interviews with pension providers and regulators for this analysis. Retirees in Chile have a choice between early versus normal retirement from the system and between annuitization versus programmed withdrawals (PW); lump sum withdrawals are largely ruled out. These choices determine the time stream of benefits and the eventual financial burden that will be placed on the public treasury. Almost twothirds of all retirees have annuitized, but this proportion differs greatly between early and normal age retirees. Currently 60% of all retirees have chosen to retire early, many before age 55. (Early retirement means that they stop contributing and start withdrawing; it does not mean that they stop working). Most (85% of) early retirees have annuitized, while most (66% of) normal age retirees have taken PW. We present evidence that this disparate behavior is explained by incentives and constraints stemming from guarantees and regulations on pensioners and pension providers. These rules have lead workers with small accumulations to take PW at the normal age, with the minimum pension guarantee providing longevity and investment insurance. They lead workers with large accumulations to retire early, with annuities providing insurance. Regulations have given insurance companies selling annuities a competitive advantage in marketing to this group, and they do so aggressively. Early access to retirement saving through early retirement or front-loaded PW imposes a potential financial burden on the government because of the minimum pension guarantee, which has been rising in real value through time. As a result, the expected public share of the total pension payout grows with a cohort's age and may exceed expectations as cohorts that retired under the new system grow very old. Annuitization mitigates (but does not completely eliminate) this cost to the public treasury. This analysis suggests that, with appropriate incentives, a high proportion of pensioners will purchase annuities in countries with individual account systems. But these countries need to coordinate early withdrawal conditions with minimum pensions and other safety nets, in order to avoid moral hazard problems and unexpected public liabilities.


Association of Maternal Cumulative Risk during Pregnancy and IQ in Preschoolers: Role of Glucocorticoids and their Receptors Katherine A. Beckmann There may be a cumulative effect of social and environmental risk factors which lead to chronic, elevated levels of stress. Constant elevations of maternal stress hormones during pregnancy disrupt developing fetal brain chemistry and architecture, resulting in later memory and learning deficiencies. While we know that the quality of the fetal environment and the timing of exposure to a variety of substances are critical for developmental and health outcomes, little is known about the consequences of maternal cumulative risk on the fetus and later cognitive development. With data from the Nurse Family Partnership Elmira Sample, this work investigates whether maternal cumulative risk during pregnancy predicts IQ in 3 and 4 year olds, without and with postnatal influences. The role that birth outcomes play as mediators of this relationship is also explored. Finally, moderation effects and cumulative genetic risk of five polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene are examined. Increased maternal cumulative risk during pregnancy was negatively associated with IQ at ages 3 and 4 with and without the inclusion of postnatal controls. Birth outcomes partially mediated this relationship to a small extent. GR rs6198 G and rs6190 G alleles infer risk while rs6198 A alleles serve as protective factors with respect to the association of maternal cumulative risk during pregnancy and IQ in young children. This study contributes insights on the cumulative effects of chronic social and environmental stressors that may lead to increased levels of maternal stress hormones during pregnancy and poor cognitive outcomes in young children in the presence of specific glucocorticoid receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms. Application of findings to early intervention programming and policy is discussed.


The character and extent of disabilities, especially cognitive disability, have posed significance problems for existing moral theories. Certain philosophers have even questioned the moral personhood of people with disabilities and have argued that people with profound cognitive impairments should not be granted the same moral status as those who are cognitively able-bodied. This paper proposes an alternative understanding of moral personhood as relational rather than individuated. This relational moral personhood finds its foundation in the clinical practice and psychoanalysis of Julia Kristeva and the hermeneutic narrative identity of Paul Ricoeur. One consequence of this relational personhood is a new understanding of moral status through narrative co-authorship rather than intellectual or social capacity. Another consequence is a refiguration of narrative identity as narrative interdependence.


Background: Gustilo's grade IIIB classification includes a wide spectrum of injuries and is limited by high inter and intra observer error rates. Methods: A trauma score for grade IIIB open tibial fractures was devised to assess injury to three components; the covering tissues, musculotendinous units and bone with the severity scale in each category from one to five. Seven co-morbid conditions known to influence the prognosis were each given a score of two and summed up. Results : Ninety six consecutive Grade IIIB open injuries of tibia were prospectively evaluated. At 3-5 year follow up, of the 88 available, final score was less than five in 6 patients (Group I), between six and ten in 48 (Group II), eleven to fifteen in 29 (Group III) and above 16 in five (Group IV). All patients in Group IV and one in Group III with score of fifteen underwent amputation. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the three groups in the requirement for flap (16.7,75&100 percent), time for union (16.3,24.9 & 46.9), incidence of deep infection (0,22.9 & 60.7 percent), number of surgical procedures (1.2,3.1 & 6.3) and inpatient days (12.5,22.6 & 59.4). A score of greater than three in any one component required special skills in management and interfered with healing of other structures. Conclusion: The scoring system was easy to apply and had a high degree of interobservor aggreement rate. This comprehensive score reliably prognosticates both limb salvage and outcome measures in severe open injuries of tibia.


Health inequalities are pervasive in the United States today. Despite social epidemiologists frequently citing political and economic factors for this variance, political science has largely ignored these issues. Given this gap in the literature and the importance of the issue, more research is clearly needed to better understand the political and economic causes and implications of these health disparities. This study analyzes the topic in depth, examining how income inequality, which is believed to be a key factor in explaining health inequalities, is related to mortality rates at the county level. Examining aggregate data from all US counties from 2000-2006, this study provides the first ever county-level time series, cross-sectional analysis of the topic. Furthermore, I advance the efforts of social epidemiologists by placing health inequalities in a political theoretical framework. Ultimately, this paper shows that income inequality is positively correlated with mortality in US counties, and that several additional political economic variables, such as county level Republican deviation in presidential elections, level of unemployment, and aggregate personal income, also have a significant effect on health inequalities.


We discuss the results of an investigation into the graphic reporting practices used by 240 leading UK companies in their 1989 corporate annual reports. Our main findings are that 79 per cent of companies used graphs and that 64 per cent of all graphs were bar/ column graphs. Many of these were poorly designed and constructed. There was evidence of biasing in graphic choices, with the use of graphic presentation being contingent upon 'good' rather than 'bad' financial performance. Companies were three times more likely to include graphs in their annual report which exaggerated, rather than understated, favourable time series trends in key performance variables. There was also evidence of the use of certain design and construction techniques intended to create a favourable visual impression. There is a need for more studies of graphic practices in other domains, and for guidelines to raise the standards and fidelity of financial graphs.


OBJECTIVE
Initial studies applying deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) to patients with pathological aggressiveness have yielded encouraging results. However, the anatomical structures involved in its therapeutic effect have not been precisely identified. The authors' objective was to describe the long-term outcome in their 7-patient series, and the tractography analysis of the volumes of tissue activated in 2 of the responders.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study of 7 subjects with pathological aggressiveness. The findings on MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 2 of the responders were analyzed. The authors generated volumes of tissue activated according to the parameters used, and selected those volumes as regions of interest to delineate the tracts affected by stimulation.

RESULTS
The series consisted of 5 men and 2 women. Of the 7 patients, 5 significantly improved with stimulation. The PMH, ventral tegmental area, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle seem to be involved in the stimulation field.

CONCLUSIONS
In this series, 5 of 7 medication-resistant patients with severe aggressiveness who were treated with bilateral PMH DBS showed a significant long-lasting improvement. The PMH, ventral tegmental area, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle seem to be in the stimulation field and might be responsible for the therapeutic effect of DBS.


Four aspects of access to constitutional justice were discussed today; (i) Standing rules; (ii) Amici curiae (and interveners); (iii) Advisory opinions; (iv) Costs rules. The discussion of the Australian experience was informed by comments about the United States experience from Professors HW Perry and Jason Pierce.


An important element of the cost of distance is time taken in delivering final and intermediate goods. We argue that time costs are qualitatively different from direct monetary costs such as freight charges. The difference arises because of uncertainty. Unsynchronized deliveries can disrupt production, and delivery time can force producers to order components before demand and cost uncertainties are resolved. Using several related models we show that this can cause clustering of component production. If final assembly takes place in two locations and component production has increasing returns to scale, then component production will tend to cluster around just one of the assembly plants.


With extremely low material absorption and exceptional surface smoothness, silica-based optical resonators can achieve extremely high cavity quality (Q) factors. However, the intrinsic material limitations of silica (e.g., lack of second order nonlinearity) may limit the potential applications of silica-based high Q resonators. Here we report some results in utilizing layer-by-layer self-assembly to functionalize silica microspheres with nonlinear and plasmonic nanomaterials while maintaining Q factors as high as 10(7). We compare experimentally measured Q factors with theoretical estimates, and find good agreement.


Prediction of a novel or potential lead molecules for a therapeutic drug target without adverse effects is a challenging task in the drug designing, discovery, and development process. The systematic integration of multi-omics data from various data/knowledge bases through computational techniques enables to identify potential lead molecules and study the therapeutic properties. Over the last decades, several drug discoveries using multi-omics and huge dataset integration methods proven with successive results. In this paper, we present different types of computational approaches for prediction of potential lead molecules through the systems-level integration of multi-omics datasets.


A critical aspect of human visual perception is the ability to parse visual scenes into individual objects and further into object parts, forming part-whole hierarchies. Such composite structures could induce a rich set of semantic concepts and relations, thus playing an important role in the interpretation and organization of visual signals as well as for the generalization of visual perception and reasoning. However, existing visual reasoning benchmarks mostly focus on objects rather than parts. Visual reasoning based on the full part-whole hierarchy is much more challenging than object-centric reasoning due to finer-grained concepts, richer geometry relations, and more complex physics. Therefore, to better serve for part-based conceptual, relational and physical reasoning, we introduce a new large-scale diagnostic visual reasoning dataset named PTR. PTR contains around 70k RGBD synthetic images with ground truth object and part level annotations regarding semantic instance segmentation, color attributes, spatial and geometric relationships, and certain physical properties such as stability. These images are paired with 700k machine-generated questions covering various types of reasoning types, making them a good testbed for visual reasoning models. We examine several state-of-the-art visual reasoning models on this dataset and observe that they still make many surprising mistakes in situations where humans can easily infer the correct answer. We believe this dataset will open up new opportunities for part-based reasoning.


The mouse is extensively used as a model system to reproduce human diseases in a mammalian system, and to consequently allow to examine the molecular and pathogenic features of the disease in a context that is as close as possible to the human being. The use of the mouse has been particularly useful in three large areas of experimental pathogenesis: (1) classic monogenic diseases, (2) cancer development and progression and (3) developmental genetics and congenital pathologies. In each of these areas, significant progress has been made in recent years. Here, after a short introduction to the biology of the mouse and its history as a model organism, we summarise the current status of genetic manipulation of the mouse genome, provide an overview of current knowledge and illustrate some recent advancements.

Key Concepts:

The mouse is a model of choice to study human disease because is relatively easy to handle while being surprisingly similar to humans.

The mouse and human genomes share considerable homology.

The pluripotency of early embryonic cells is the basis of the possibility to manipulate the mouse genome and obtain animals carrying specific mutations.

Current methodology consent to modify the mouse genome in several ways, including conventional, dynamic and inducible mutations.

Mouse models of human genetic diseases provide an ideal basis for studying the pathogenic mechanism and testing innovative therapies.

Key concept in cancer initiation and progression have been established thanks to mouse models.

Experimentally, we can use the mouse to visualise complex processes (cell communication, differentiation fate and embryonic development) in a mammalian system.

Embryonic development of Vertebrates is highly conserved, reflecting extensive genome conservation.

Pluripotency is also achieved by reprogramming of somatic cells; this has great implication for biology of stem cells and possible innovative therapies.

Keywords:

mice;
breeding;
genetics;
development;
disease;
mammals


The introduction of specialised computer software to support translation practice has shaped the translation industry landscape, transforming the use of Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) systems into a prime requirement for translators to successfully enter the marketplace. This technological turn has placed visually impaired translation students −and professionals− at a disadvantage with respect to their sighted peers, as a seamless interaction between translation software and assistive technologies (AT) is not always guaranteed. By drawing on data collected over the last five years from two main exploratory studies involving students and experienced translation practitioners with visual impairments, this paper aims at providing a snapshot of the current state of the art concerning the accessibility of CAT tools for blind users. Additionally, we attempt to offer some insight into the pedagogical implications of the latter for translation technology training in a university setting. In general terms, our findings reveal that the inaccessible design of the most popular CAT systems and the lack of appropriate support from their developers may limit the chances of blind students of fully developing their translation careers. Similarly, they urge for a change of mindset among both tool developers and translation technology lecturers.


Summary. The cell population kinetics of the ovary in 28-day-old mice were investigated. A method to determine growth rates of follicles is described, and the results obtained are discussed. The granulosa cells in each follicle were considered to represent a single cell population. The time taken to double such a cell population was calculated from the labelling index of the granulosa cells and the duration of the synthesis phase of the single cells. Both parameters have been determined in autoradiographs prepared at different time intervals after the injection of tritiated thymidine. Different stages of follicle development were classified according to the number of their granulosa cells. The actual time taken to grow to different stages was calculated from the time taken to double the number of the granulosa cells in these stages. It was shown that medium follicles grow at a slower rate than large follicles. A small follicle with one layer of granulosa cells took 16 days to develop into a large one with several layers and antrum formation.


The dramatic change in John Dos Passos's outlook between his writing of the U.S.A. trilogy, the last novel of which he finished in early 1936, and his subsequent writing of Adventures of A Young Man in 1938 is at the crux of his identity as a novelist and political thinker. Critics have long recognized this moment as the most significant turning point in Dos Passos's literary and political life.(1) This essay explores Dos Passos's political reversal in light of his concurrent reformulation of the relative imaginative power of the past and the future. Although critics have recognized the importance of Dos Passos's change in political direction, his simultaneous disavowal of revolutionary futurism and embrace of a nostalgic historicism deserves more attention. Dos Passos's political views were fully integrated with his aesthetic position throughout his literary career. The death of Dos Passos's poet friend Jose Robles and Dos Passos's subsequent discovery of the Spanish Communists' attempt to conceal the Spaniard's execution precipitated Dos Passos's break with the political left and caused him to set a new intellectual course as a strongly nationalist historical researcher and as a novelist with a much more traditional narrative form. He turned away from Europe--counseling against U.S. involvement in the Spanish Civil War in 1937--and also recoiled from the modernity that had heretofore been a galvanizing influence on his art. Whereas Italian futurism, Russian futurism, and Russian constructivism, along with the poetic techniques of simultaneism, had previously provided Dos Passos with his artistic tools, later a more conventional narrative order appealed to him. In a 1935 letter from John Dos Passos to his friend the novelist Robert Cantwell, Dos Passos rejected the application of "formulas of past events" to current events: "That's the great danger of sectarian opinions, they always accept the formulas of past events as useful for the measurement of future events and they never are, if you have high standards of accuracy."(2) A salient moment in Dos Passos's 1941 essay "The Use of the Past" in The Ground We Stand On, however, argues the opposite: knowledge of the past is a source of human salvation. In times of change and danger when there is a quicksand of fear under men's reasoning, a sense of continuity with generations gone before can stretch like a lifeline across the scary present and get us past that idiot delusion of the exceptional Now that blocks good thinking.(3) What caused this remarkable change? As Dos Passos later recalled, he had witnessed from the inside "the greatest hopes and greatest disillusions lived by [his] generation."(4) Dos Passos's disillusionment is plain in Adventures of A Young Man, which registers Dos Passos's break with the political positions of his youth.(5) The novel abandons the simultaneist modes of writing--learned from the French poet Blaise Cendrars, whose work Dos Passos translated in Panama--that were central to the technique of U.S.A.(6) Following the same trajectory away from avant-garde invention, Dos Passos's later works on historical subjects, such as The Living Thought of Thomas Paine, The Ground We Stand On, The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson, and The Men Who Made the Nation, show the author's later sustained devotion in name to a national revolutionary tradition but in spirit to the ideas of history and historical continuity--the very weight of history at which revolutionaries and futurists typically bristle. Dos Passos's early work wants to break the bonds of history and the authority "history" represents; his late work flies to an idea of history as haven. In 1917 Dos Passos wrote in his diary, "We are in the position of the great Russian revolutionists who struggled and died in despair and sordidness--we have no chance of success, but we must struggle--I don't know why--I hardly believe in it--yet" (FC, 180). …


Therapeutic apheresis is by now a century-old extracorporeal procedure, but it is still very much relevant thanks to advances in medical device technology. In addition to the classic plasma exchange, we now have double filtration techniques, plasma absorption, immunoadsorption, leuko and cyto-apheresis, LDL apheresis. The application of these highly selective techniques has opened up new perspectives in the treatment of various nephrological diseases. Unfortunately, renal diseases that can be treated with apheretic techniques are often relatively rare and this prevents us from carrying out extensive studies aimed at demonstrating the real benefits of these methods. Every three years, the American Society of Apheresis provides solid recommendations regarding the diseases that can be treated with apheresis. New immunosuppressants, immuno-modulating substances and monoclonal antibodies are becoming extremely selective and sophisticated weapons against diseases with a clearly identified causal agent. This does not exclude the fact that, due to economic reasons or even to minimize the side effects of these new drugs, apheretic techniques could still retain an important, if ancillary, role.


Introduction: Open fractures are fairly common in developing countries. Causes of open fractures vary widely including road traffic accident, fall from height, gunshot, assault, machine injuries and others. Infection is a common complication of open fractures. Chronic osteomyelitis, nonunion, loss of function or even limb loss are some serious outcome of deep fracture site infections. Primary goal in management of open fractures is prevention of infection of bone and soft tissue by early debridement, irrigation of wound and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics with stabilization of fractures. Aim: The aim of the study is to elucidate pattern of microbial isolates in open fractures so as to form rationale antibiotic regimen for treating open fractures. Methods: 70 patients were taken into study of all ages, both the sexes with open fracture classified according to Gustilo Anderson classification. Primarily wound was examined and description of the wound was recorded with 1st culture swab taken at that time followed by 2nd culture swab on 1st dressing after debridement and 3rd culture swab if infection continues further. Culture and sensitivity reports were collected for studying pattern of bacterial isolate and their sensitivity. Results: Pre-debridement cultures are of no importance. Post-debridement cultures are important in formulating an antibiotic regime. Gram negative organisms are the most probable cause of infection. Aminoglycosides are the most sensitive group of drugs in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Cephalosporins or quinolones should be used in combination with aminoglycosides in all cases of open fracture in our vicinity. Conclusion: All institutions and hospitals should find out the most common infecting pathogen in their environment and formulate an antibiotic policy accordingly.


Background: Hip arthroscopy utilization has increased dramatically over the last decade. However, the lack of a formal training curriculum raises concern that inconsistent technical performance may be an issue for early-career hip arthroscopists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate hip arthroscopy utilization by early-career orthopaedic surgeons while focusing on fellowship training status to better guide future development of a hip arthroscopy training curriculum. Methods: The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) Part-II database was used to identify candidates who had performed ≥1 hip arthroscopy procedures between 2006 and 2015. Procedures were categorized using Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, and candidates were categorized by fellowship training experience. Trends in hip arthroscopy utilization were evaluated using univariate and regression analyses while stratifying by fellowship training experience. Results: Overall, 9.2% (643) of 6,987 ABOS candidates had performed ≥1 hip arthroscopy procedures. Over the study period, both the proportion of candidates performing hip arthroscopy and the proportion of hip arthroscopy procedures performed (relative to all procedures performed, of any type) increased (p < 0.001). Candidates performing hip arthroscopy most frequently reported sports medicine fellowship training (74.5%; 479 of 643). Also, among the candidates who performed hip arthroscopy, the proportion who had sports medicine fellowship training increased over the study period (p = 0.001). The majority of candidates performing hip arthroscopy (67.2%; 432 of 643) performed ⩽5 hip arthroscopy procedures, while a small number of high-volume hip arthroscopists (6.5%; 42 of 643) performed 34.6% (1,403 of 4,054) of all hip arthroscopy procedures. Conclusions: The increase in hip arthroscopy utilization in this cohort appears to have been driven primarily by the increased number of candidates performing hip arthroscopy and less by an increasing number of hip arthroscopy procedures being performed by individual candidates. The majority of candidates performing hip arthroscopy were sports-medicine-fellowship trained. This information is valuable for both trainees and educators interested in improving education and defining a curriculum for future hip arthroscopy training.


Breakthrough of the YearHIV/AIDS researchers have long debated whether antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) used to treat HIV-infected people might have a double benefit and cut transmission rates. To some it was obvious: ARVs reduce HIV levels, so individuals should be less infectious. Skeptics contended that this was unproven. Then in May of this year, the 052 clinical trial conducted by the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) reported that ARVs reduced the risk of heterosexual transmission by 96%. Because of HPTN 052's profound implications for the future response to the AIDS epidemic, Science has chosen it as its Breakthrough of the Year.


To what extent does the privatisation of security effect the ongoing Security Sector Reform (SSR) in post-conflict and transition States? Are Private Contractors capable of performing security sector reform operations at all? Using J.S. Mill's method of agreement and disagreement coupled with process tracing techniques of investigation, this dissertation examines the extent to which Private Military and Security Companies effect the post conflict SSR operations in Afghanistan, Colombia and Iraq. Beginning with an inquiry into the nature and scope of PMSCs operations, the paper attempts to assess, if PMSCs are capable of performing post-conflict reconstruction of a states' security architecture at all. The findings suggest that PMSCs are efficient actors and capable of demonstrating strength and speed when performing "train and equip" operations for the armies of failing states. However, PMSCs at present are incapable of taking a holistic approach towards SSR implementation and operations like 'reform and development' are beyond the scope of their abilities. Using, cost, legitimacy and effectiveness as indictors, the dissertation notes that the liberal discourse rubric which asserts that PMSCs are more cost effective, is a facade by the donor states to avoid political accountability. PMSCs operate in an accountability and oversight vacuum, where mismanagement of funds, frauds and corruption committed by PMSCs is rampant. This situation makes PMSCs, far more expensive than a national army. Hence, contracting more PMSCs in post conflict scenarios by donor states and organisations is a way of evading not economic but political costs. However, it cannot be ruled out that PMSCs can prove to be very valuable and effective contributors in contingency operations, if they are sent on the field after a careful overhaul of the existing ineffective legal regime under which they function.


Abstract TA cleaning has been investigated for preparing the surface of beryllium plasma facing components (PFC's) inside of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) prior to depositing beryllium by plasma spraying. Plasma spraying of beryllium was evaluated during the ITER Engineering Design Activity (EDA) for in-situ repair and initial fabrication of the beryllium first wall armor. Results have shown that surface roughening of beryllium, during the TA cleaning process, can result in bond strengths greater than 100 MPa between beryllium surfaces and plasma sprayed beryllium. In addition, the TA cleaning process was shown to be an effective method for removing contaminate layers of carbon and tungsten from the surface of beryllium. Investigations have been performed to characterize the different arc-types that occur during the TA cleaning process (Type I, II and III arcs) and the effectiveness of the TA cleaning process for potentially removing co-deposited layers of carbon and deuterium from the surface of beryllium, stainless steel and tungsten.


We address the problem of calculating link loss rates from end-to-end measurements. Contrary to existing works that use only the average end-to-end loss rates or strict temporal correlations between probes, we exploit second-order moments of end-to-end flows. We first prove that the variances of link loss rates can be uniquely calculated from the covariances of the measured end-to-end loss rates in any realistic topology. After calculating the link variances, we remove the un-congested links with small variances from the first-order moment equations to obtain a full rank linear system of equations, from which we can calculate precisely the loss rates of the remaining congested links. This operation is possible because losses due to congestion occur in bursts and hence the loss rates of congested links have high variances. On the contrary, most links on the Internet are un-congested, and hence the averages and variances of their loss rates are virtually zero. Our proposed solution uses only regular unicast probes and thus is applicable in today's Internet. It is accurate and scalable, as shown in our simulations and experiments on PlanetLab.


Abstract : The right software architecture is essential for a software-intensive system. Meeting behavioral requirements and providing quality attributes such as real-time performance, reliability, and maintainability are essential architectural drivers. Because an architecture comprises the earliest, most important, and most far-reaching design decisions, making sure that the architecture will be fit for purpose is one of the most powerful, technical risk mitigation strategies available to a program office. This technical note covers one avenue of exercising architectural control the Software Development Plan (SDP). The report provides an example approach and corresponding SDP language that enable software architecture to play a central role in the technical and organizational management of a software development effort. The example is drawn from an actual SDP written by a major U.S. Department of Defense contractor in a weapon-system procurement. The intent is to provide an example for other acquisition organizations to use (and adapt as appropriate) in their own procurements. While the example is based on a contracting approach with a lead system integrator, it can serve as a model for using an architecture-centric approach effectively to unify and manage software development across multiple suppliers, as found in the conventional prime-with-subcontractors acquisition context.


An update on the latest relevant journal articles. Mike Kirby, GP and Visiting Professor, University of Hertfordshire and The Prostate Centre, London, adds a 'Message for the clinic'.


Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a sinus tract between the mainstem, lobar or segmental bronchus and the pleural space leading to an air leak from the lung into the pleural space. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Managing mechanical ventilation in patient with BPF is a challenging situation for anaesthesiologist. Mean airway pressure should be kept minimal in BPF to reduce air leak flows. This case was more challenging because in paediatric patients' minimum peak end expiratory pressures (PEEP) should be maintained to prevent atelectasis. Also one lung ventilation which is ideally adviced in BPF is difficult in paediatric patients due to wide variety of pathology, non-availability or limited sizes of lung isolation devices. We report a paediatric case with right sided Broncho pleural fistula posted for open thoracotomy with decortication, successfully managed under general +epidural anaesthesia.


ABSTRACT This article raises the question of how scholars might make sense of well-known components of social organization in Africa in the absence of the increasingly criticized evolutionary and lineage models that once gave them meaning. In an effort to understand why our earliest glimpses into the distant Ganda past appear in the form of clan histories, the article examines the relationship between clanship, public healing and transformations in agricultural practices. Beginning around the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Ganda expanded upon earlier knowledge of banana cultivation to develop a land-intensive banana farming system. This process coincided with the transformation of previously territorial spirits into portable spirits capable of ensuring the health of disconnected groups of people. At the heart of these undertakings stood the ideology and practices of clanship, which furnished the conceptual bridge connecting transformations in agriculture and public healing. The webs of shrines situated on discontiguous clan lands created therapeutic networks that drew together communities whose leaders possessed a variety of skills, thus forging a powerful connection between clanship, collective health and the composition of knowledge.


This book is about how societies around the world can accelerate innovation in sustainable transport. It examines the relationship between policy change and the development of technological innovations in low carbon vehicle technologies, including biofuels, hybrid-electric vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cells. Examining this relationship across countries and regions that are leaders in vehicle manufacturing and innovation, such as the European Union, Germany, Sweden, China, Japan, Korea and USA, the books aims to learn lessons about policy and innovation performance.


Dissolution rates of porous crystalline materials reflect the superposition of transport and surface control, mainly via the parameters saturation of the ambient fluid and distribution of surface energy. As a result, reacting surfaces evolve over time showing a heterogeneous distribution of surface rates. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of surface reaction rates is analyzed using the rate map and rate spectra concept. Here, we quantify the dissolution rate variability covering the nm- to mm-scale of dissolving single-crystal and polycrystalline calcite samples, using a combined approach of X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) and vertical scanning interferometry (VSI). The dissolution experiments cover reaction periods from 15 minutes up to 54 days. The observed rate ranges are remarkably consistent over the entire reaction period but include a variability of about two orders of magnitude (10−9 − 3 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1). The rate map data underscore the concurrent and superimposing impact of surface- vs. fluid flow controlled rate portions. The impact of fluid flow on reactivity at the mm-scale in the transport-controlled system is confirmed by 2-D reactive transport modeling. The sub-mm spatial heterogeneity of low vs. high reactivity surface portions of polycrystalline calcite is clearly below the mean crystal size. This suggests the dominant impact of highly reactive surface portions irrespective of the orientation of larger crystals on the overall surface reactivity. Correspondingly, the overall range of intrinsic reactivity heterogeneity as observed using singly crystal material is not further expanded for polycrystalline material. As a general conclusion, numerical reactive transport concepts would benefit from the implementation of a reactivity term resembling the experimentally observed existence of multiple rate components.


Score-based generative models have excellent performance in terms of generation quality and likelihood. They model the data distribution by matching a parameterized score network with first-order data score functions. The score network can be used to define an ODE ("score-based diffusion ODE") for exact likelihood evaluation. However, the relationship between the likelihood of the ODE and the score matching objective is unclear. In this work, we prove that matching the first-order score is not sufficient to maximize the likelihood of the ODE, by showing a gap between the maximum likelihood and score matching objectives. To fill up this gap, we show that the negative likelihood of the ODE can be bounded by controlling the first, second, and third-order score matching errors; and we further present a novel high-order denoising score matching method to enable maximum likelihood training of score-based diffusion ODEs. Our algorithm guarantees that the higher-order matching error is bounded by the training error and the lower-order errors. We empirically observe that by high-order score matching, score-based diffusion ODEs achieve better likelihood on both synthetic data and CIFAR-10, while retaining the high generation quality.


In recent years many states have legalized the use and sale of marijuana for medical or even recreational purposes. This has led to the booming growth of a "legal" marijuana industry. Businesses openly growing and selling marijuana products to the consuming public are faced with some unusual legal hurdles. Significantly, although the sale of marijuana may be legal at the state level, it is still illegal under federal law. This article explores the conflict between state and federal marijuana laws from a business entity law perspective. For example, managers owe a fiduciary duty of good faith to their businesses and equity holders. One of the ways in which managers can violate this duty is by causing their business to intentionally violate the law. This is a problem for the marijuana industry because its managers constantly and intentionally violate federal law and therefore violate their fiduciary duties by growing and selling marijuana. This article concludes that the industry's ability to attract professional stakeholders is harmed by marijuana business stakeholders' inability to take advantage of key business law protections, such as limited liability. This article proposes a state law exception that allows for marijuana businesses to operate normally under state business entity law, with normal business entity law protections, despite their continuing violation of federal law.


A major work from a seminal figure in the field of conflict resolution, "Building Peace" is John Paul Lederach's definitive statement on peacebuilding. Marrying wisdom, insight, and passion, Lederach explains why we need to move beyond "traditional" diplomacy, which often emphasizes top-level leaders and short-term objectives, toward a holistic approach that stresses the multiplicity of peacemakers, long-term perspectives, and the need to create an infrastructure that empowers resources within a society and maximizes contributions from outside.Sophisticated yet pragmatic, the volume explores the dynamics of contemporary conflict and presents an integrated framework for peacebuilding in which structure, process, resources, training, and evaluation are coordinated in an attempt to transform the conflict and effect reconciliation."Building Peace" is a substantive reworking and expansion of a work developed for the United Nations University in 1994. In addition, this volume includes a chapter by practitioner John Prendergast that applies Lederach's conceptual framework to ongoing conflicts in the Horn of Africa.


Summary
Among 50 boys of school age treated for oxyuriasis with single doses of tetrachlorethylene, clinical improvement occurred in a number of cases as indicated by gains in weight, amelioration of certain symptoms, and changes for the better in social attitude and scholastic standing.
Thirty-seven of 44 boys gained an average of 2.74 pounds each in weight in the 2 weeks following treatment; 4 boys lost an average of 3 pounds each during this period; and 3 showed no change in weight.
Information supplied by parents indicated improvement following treatment in a varying percentage of the boys who exhibited, before treatment, certain symptoms usually associated with pinworm infestation.
Questionnaires answered by the school teachers of 24 of the boys indicated that 10 of them exhibited definite improvement in their social attitude and scholastic standing within the 2 months immediately following treatment; in the cases of 9 of the boys no change was noted; in the opinion of the teacher the behavior of 2 of the boys was definitely worse; while replies covering 3 cases were of a mixed character indicating changes in attitude for both better and worse.
The need for detailed studies concerning the clinical features of oxyuriasis is pointed out, since in this regard there appears to be a dearth of reliable data based on adequate surveys of a sufficient number of cases.


Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activities are reported for a series of 1,3,5-substituted 4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-5H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole derivatives. Corresponding pyridazino[4,5-b]indoles were prepared from ethyl 3-formyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylate precursors and the functional group in question was installed with hydrazine and its derivatives. The purity and primary structures of pyridazino[4,5-b]indole were confirmed by IR, 1 H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. All of the indoles were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity against 8 isolates of bacteria and a fungus including Staphylococcus aureus NRRL B-767, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris NRRL-B123, Salmonella typhimurium NRRL B-4420, Bacillus subtilis NRRL 744, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, and Candida albicans by using broth microdilution test. All of the isolates showed moderate sensitivity against tested indoles and B. subtilis NRRL 744 was the most sensitive.