This study examined the effects of prematurity, cumulative medical risk, and proximal and distal social forces on individual differences in the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in young adulthood. A prospective sample of 149 infants born healthy preterm (PT; n = 22), sick PT (n = 93, medical illness, neurological illness, small for gestational age), and full term (n = 34) was recruited from a Level III neonatal intensive care unit in southern New England between 1985 and 1989 and followed to age 23 years. Cumulative medical risk was indexed across seven assessment waves (spanning 17 years) using medical and neurological health status at birth, toddlerhood (ages 18 and 30 months), childhood (ages 4 and 8 years), and adolescence (ages 12 and 17 years). Distal risk included socioeconomic status (SES) at birth. Proximal social factors were indexed from assessments of the home environment and measures of child vulnerability and maternal self-esteem, involvement, and control style from birth, 4 years, 8 years, and 12 years. At age 23 years, five saliva samples were collected upon awakening, 45 min after waking, 4 hr after waking, 8 hr after waking, and bedtime (later assayed for cortisol). Results reveal effects of cumulative medical risk on the diurnal pattern of HPA axis activity, with moderating effects of SES and proximal social factors. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories related to developmental sensitivity and susceptibility to context and the developmental origins of health and disease theory.


Cloud computing is a new paradigm that combines several computing concepts and technologies of the Internet creating a platform for more agile and cost-effective business applications and IT infrastructure. The adoption of Cloud computing has been increasing for some time and the maturity of the market is steadily growing. Security is the question most consistently raised as consumers look to move their data and applications to the cloud. We justify the importance and motivation of security in the migration of legacy systems and we carry out an analysis of different approaches related to security in migration processes to cloud with the aim of finding the needs, concerns, requirements, aspects, opportunities and benefits of security in the migration process of legacy systems.


This report describes the air evacuation of 80 Koreans from Iran to Korea on March 19th, 2020, with a direct transfer of passengers between airplanes in Dubai. The passengers were potentially infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) so, strict precautions were taken for the duration of the flight, and the passengers were screened before embarking from Dubai and disembarking at Incheon International Airport in Korea. Passengers with fever or symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by a quarantine doctor, and if they were suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, they were categorized as a "patient under investigation (PUI)". There was 1 passenger designated as a PUI before the departure from Dubai and another designated as a PUI upon arrival into Korea. The first PUI tested negative, but the second PUI tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. All those aboard the flight (passengers, aircrew, and medical staff) were screened for SARS-CoV-2 upon arrival into Korea and completed a mandatory 14-day medical quarantine. There were no additional cases of infection.


An important goal in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is to provide driving aids aimed at preventing accidents and reducing the number of traffic victims. The commonest traffic accidents in urban areas are due to sudden braking that demands a very fast response on the part of drivers. Attempts to solve this problem have motivated many ITS advances including the detection of the intention of surrounding cars using lasers, radars or cameras. However, this might not be enough to increase safety when there is a danger of collision. Vehicle to vehicle communications are needed to ensure that the other intentions of cars are also available. The article describes the development of a controller to perform an emergency stop via an electro-hydraulic braking system employed on dry asphalt. An original V2V communication scheme based on WiFi cards has been used for broadcasting positioning information to other vehicles. The reliability of the scheme has been theoretically analyzed to estimate its performance when the number of vehicles involved is much higher. This controller has been incorporated into the AUTOPIA program control for automatic cars. The system has been implemented in Citroen C3 Pluriel, and various tests were performed to evaluate its operation.


This paper makes an attempt to provide a broad overview of the salient aspects of the growth story of Indian Railways (IR) since independence. More specifically, the study aims to analyse the trends of output and employment for the period 1981-82 through 2007-08. The entire study period is divided into three sub-periods - Period I (1981-82 to1991-92);PeriodII(1992-93-2002-03);PeriodIII(2003-04to2007-08). Inaddition, the study also looks at the 'turnaround' story of IR. The output of IR is categorised as freight (NTKM) and passenger (PKM) outputs. Labour is divided into three categories - skilled management personnel (group A&B), semi-skilled employees (group C) and unskilled employees (group D). The data on freight output reveal that while the average annual growth rates of NTKM declined in the second period over the first period, high average annual growth rates of freight output were registered in the third period. The rate of growth of PKMs increased over the study period across IR. The employment scenario across IR shows that the percentage share of the skilled management personnel (group A&B) remained more or less the same over the entire study period, while the percentage share of the semi-skilled labour (group C) increased from around 51 percent in the first period to nearly 63 percent in the third period. The percentage share of the unskilled labour (group D) registered a decline from the first period to the third period (from nearly 49 percent to 36 percent respectively). The rate of growth of labour productivity registered an increase in all the three periods over IR. The contribution made by the skilled management personnel to output is more when compared to the semi-skilled labour. The turnaround story tells us that the high growth rates of output and earnings on IR were made possible through the implementation of various strategies already in place.


We study determinants of the probability of introducing an organizational innovation using three large cross sections of Italian manufacturing firms in the period 1995-2003. We analyze the effect and complementarity of other types of investments, like ICT, R&D, human and physical capital and the adoption of product or process innovations. Furthermore, we estimate the effect of introducing organizational innovations and indirectly technical innovations on the growth rate of labor productivity for the unbalanced panel of firms. Disembodied technological change is well represented by OIs, while product innovations seem to heve an effect on the efficiency of capital inputs only (capital stock-embodied technical change). Process innovations do not have a statistical impact as an indirect input-efficiency driving force, in our data.


Abstract In this contribution I will attempt to show that the study of Galactic 6.7 and 12.2 GHz methanol masers themselves, as opposed to the use of methanol masers as signposts, can yield important conclusions contributing to the understanding of high-mass star formation. Due to their exclusive association with star formation, methanol masers are the best tools to do this, and their large number allows us to probe the entire Galaxy. In particular I will focus on the determination of the luminosity function of methanol masers and on the determination of an unambiguous signature for a circumstellar masing disc seen edge-on. Finally I will try to point out some future fields of research in the study of methanol masers.


This paper explores the responses to the housing crisis in Dublin, Ireland, by analysing recent housing policies promoted to prevent family homelessness. I argue that private rental market subsides have played an increasing role in the provision of social housing in Ireland. Instead of policies that facilitate the construction of affordable housing or the direct construction of social housing, current housing policies have addressed the social housing crisis by encouraging and relying excessively on the private market to deliver housing. The housing crisis has challenged governments to increase the social housing supply, but the implementation of a larger plan to deliver social housing has not been effective, as is evidenced by the rapid decline of both private and social housing supply and the increasing number of homeless people in Dublin.


Pursuing agendas to educate students as global citizens has become commonplace in universities worldwide, but to what degree are our higher education institutions themselves evidencing the kinds of behaviours they wish their students to embrace? This paper briefly outlines the construct of students as global selves through reference to the capabilities approach (Sen, 1993, 1999) to development economics, and illustrates how this construct can help us model the university as global citizen. We then outline the practice of global accounting and specifically propose an extension of 'triple bottom line' accounting (Elkington, 1997) as a potential lens through which to critique areas of institutional practice. We suggest that much more work is needed if university internationalisation activities are to be embedded and accounted for in ways which enable institutions to evidence that they are aligning their own responsibilities to those they espouse for their global graduates.


We show that deep networks are better than shallow networks at approximating functions that can be expressed as a composition of functions described by a directed acyclic graph, because the deep networks can be designed to have the same compositional structure, while a shallow network cannot exploit this knowledge. Thus, the blessing of compositionality mitigates the curse of dimensionality. On the other hand, a theorem called good propagation of errors allows to `lift' theorems about shallow networks to those about deep networks with an appropriate choice of norms, smoothness, etc. We illustrate this in three contexts where each channel in the deep network calculates a spherical polynomial, a non-smooth ReLU network, or another zonal function network related closely with the ReLU network.


A computer program implements parallel processing for nearly real-time creation of panoramic mosaics of images of terrain acquired by video cameras on an exploratory robotic vehicle (e.g., a Mars rover). Because the original images are typically acquired at various camera positions and orientations, it is necessary to warp the images into the reference frame of the mosaic before stitching them together to create the mosaic. [Also see "Parallel-Processing Software for Correlating Stereo Images," Software Supplement to NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 9 (September 2007) page 26.] The warping algorithm in this computer program reflects the considerations that (1) for every pixel in the desired final mosaic, a good corresponding point must be found in one or more of the original images and (2) for this purpose, one needs a good mathematical model of the cameras and a good correlation of individual pixels with respect to their positions in three dimensions. The desired mosaic is divided into slices, each of which is assigned to one of a number of central processing units (CPUs) operating simultaneously. The results from the CPUs are gathered and placed into the final mosaic. The time taken to create the mosaic depends upon the number of CPUs, the speed of each CPU, and whether a local or a remote data-staging mechanism is used.


Inter cloud tries to encourage asset allocating within mists. To help Inter cloud, a trust assessment system between mists and clients is essential. For trust assessment, ordinary conventions are ordinarily founded on an incorporated design concentrating on a single direction association. For Inter cloud, the earth is exceptionally powerful and appropriated, and connections can be single direction or two-way (i.e., mists offer types of assistance to one another). Present paper conveys trust assessment convention with security assurance for Inter cloud. The new commitments and creative highlights are summarized beneath. To begin with, criticism is secured by homomorphism encryption with unquestionable mystery sharing. subsequent, to oblige the dynamic idea of Inter cloud, trust assessment is directed in an appropriated way and is useful in any event, when a portion of the gatherings are disconnected. Third, to encourage modified trust assessment, an imaginative component is utilized to store input, with the end goal that it tends to be handled deftly while securing criticism protection. The convention has been demonstrated dependent on a proper security model. Reenactments are executed to show the viability of the convention. The outcomes show that in any event by half of the mists are noxious or disconnected, by picking reasonable prepared boundaries the convention can in any case bolster successful trust assessment with security assurance.


Countries need active, equitable and profitable private sectors if they are to graduate from conflict and from post-conflict aid-dependency. However, in the immediate aftermath of war, both domestic and international investment tends to be slower than might be hoped. Moreover, there are complex inter-linkages between economic development and conflict: in the worst case private sector activity may exacerbate the risks of conflict rather than alleviating them. This paper calls for a nuanced view of the many different kinds of private sector actor, including their approaches to risk, the ways that they interact and their various contributions to economic recovery. Policy-makers need to understand how different kinds of companies assess risk and opportunity. At the same time, business leaders should take a broader view of risk. Rather than focusing solely on commercial risks and external threats such as terrorism, they also need to take greater account of their own impacts on host societies. Meanwhile, all parties require a hard sense of realism. Skilful economic initiatives can support—but not replace—the political process.


This book provides a systematic and comparative description of the vast number of research issues related to the quality of data and information. Itdoes so by delivering a sound, integrated and comprehensive overview of the state of the art and future development of data and information quality in databases and information systems. To this end, it presents an extensive description of the techniques that constitute the core of data and information quality research, including record linkage (also called object identification), data integration, error localization and correction, and examines the related techniques in a comprehensive and original methodological framework. Quality dimension definitions and adopted models are also analyzed in detail, and differences between the proposed solutions are highlighted and discussed. Furthermore, while systematically describing data and information quality as an autonomous research area, paradigms and influences deriving from other areas, such as probability theory, statistical data analysis, data mining, knowledge representation, and machine learning are also included. Last not least, the book also highlights very practical solutions, such as methodologies, benchmarks for the most effective techniques, case studies, and examples. The book has been written primarily for researchers in the fields of databases and information management or in natural sciences who are interested in investigating properties of data and information that have an impact on the quality of experiments, processes and on real life. The material presented is also sufficiently self-contained for masters or PhD-level courses, and it covers all the fundamentals and topics without the need for other textbooks. Data and information system administrators and practitioners, who deal with systems exposed to data-quality issues and as a result need a systematization of the field and practical methods in the area, will also benefit from the combination of concrete practical approaches with sound theoretical formalisms.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to map the relevant studies pertaining to internationalization in the mobile telecommunications (telecom) sector, with the aims of reflecting and categorizing what has already been studied on this topic, as a means of guiding future research.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use the systematic literature review methodological approach, adopting the "Antecedents-Phenomenon-Consequences" theoretical framework as a guide. Consistent with this framework, they identify and categorize studies in the academic literature that have discussed the cross-border expansion of mobile telecom firms. Their review is based on 50 research publications, selected based on the relevance of their findings and their underlying arguments. The authors then categorized each piece's findings and arguments into themes and sub-themes.

Findings

The authors find evidence that mobile network operators (MNOs) are driven into international markets by a collection of factors that can broadly be categorized as either firm-specific/country factors or the desire to capture first-mover advantages (FMAs). They also find evidence that the Uppsala stages model does not provide an appropriate explanation of MNOs' internationalization patterns, with firms tending to skip posited stages. Market size, the regulatory environment and government policies appear to be key influences in MNOs' choices of foreign investment locations, and despite being a driver of internationalization, FMAs often erode with the entry of competitors. MNOs tend to prefer collaborative entries over greenfield investments, especially in countries in which telecommunications infrastructure is already in place. Finally, there is no consensus with respect to whether internationality is positively associated with financial performance for MNOs.

Originality/value

This review of the literature offers value to both academia and practice, by providing both insights into what has already been studied with respect to the internationalization of mobile telecom firms and a guide for future research.


Despite a high level of documented mental health needs among children who have experienced foster care, research indicates that treatment outcomes are often disappointing. In order to improve outcomes, evidence-based treatments for attachment, trauma and behavioral difficulties are often promoted for this population. However, little research exists on whether or not those interventions effectively address the unique and complex mental health needs of many foster children. While a rather robust literature exists on foster children's multifaceted difficulties, most treatments do not fully represent that range and complexity in their interventions. This article attempts to begin to fill that gap by outlining the knowledge and skills clinicians must acquire if they are to effectively treat foster children. Treatment of foster children should be seen as a subspecialty within the field of child mental health, and trainings that help clinicians gain more knowledge of foster children's unique needs should be more available.


In this investigation, two third grade science classes were studied to determine whether the 5E Learning Cycle or traditional teaching methods were more effective in improving student achievement, interest and engagement. Both classes participated in a three-week 5E Learning Cycle unit and a three-week traditional teaching method unit. Results revealed higher student scores, interest and engagement during the 5E Learning Cycle units than the traditional teaching method units.


This protocol outlines plans for conducting a mixed-methods systematic review on the impact of mental health and psychosocial support programmes in humanitarian emergencies. It outlines the reasons for the review questions, how the review will be conducted, plans for critical appraisal of included studies and methods of synthesis. This review will identify studies by conducting a bibliographic search of 12 databases and will also draw on the grey literature by hand searching of more than 25 topic-specific websites, as well as contacting experts in the field. This review is commissioned under the Humanitarian Evidence Programme, a UK Aid-funded partnership between Oxfam and the Feinstein International Center that aims to improve humanitarian policy and practice.


Inhibiting a single kinase that promotes transcription may kill highly heterogenic breast tumors. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a characteristic gene signature but lacks a common genetic alteration that drives the cancer, thus finding a common therapeutic is challenging. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), which promotes transcription as well as the cell cycle, is critical for the survival of neuroblastoma, lung cancer, and leukemia cells that are driven by the transcription factor MYCN. Wang et al. found that TNBC are commonly, and among breast cancers uniquely, dependent on the transcription-regulating function of CDK7. RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing or pharmacological inhibition of CDK7 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death in TNBC cells (but not hormone receptor–positive breast cancer cells), both in culture and in cell line– or patient-derived xenografts in mice. However, the CDK7 inhibitor did not disrupt cell cycle progression. Microarray and gene ontology analysis of cell lines and primary cells representing TNBC and hormone receptor–positive cancer cells revealed that the TNBC-specific genes that were particularly sensitive to CDK7 inhibition were enriched for those encoding signaling molecules and transcription factors. A subset of the CDK7-sensitive TNBC-specific genes was enriched in those that are associated with DNA sequences called super-enhancers, which concentrate transcriptional complexes to increase gene expression. Among these that associate with super-enhancers, gene editing–mediated ablation of the transcription factors SOX9, MYC, FOSL1, or FOXC1 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis selectively in TNBC cells but not hormone receptor–positive cancer cells. The findings indicate that CDK7 promotes the transcription of critical genes in TNBC and that CDK7 inhibitors could be effective in treating patients with TNBC. Y. Wang, T. Zhang, N. Kwiatkowski, B. J. Abraham, T. I. Lee, S. Xie, H. Yuzugullu, T. Von, H. Li, Z. Lin, D. G. Stover, E. Lim, Z. C. Wang, J. D. Iglehart, R. A. Young, N. S. Gray, J. J. Zhao, CDK7-dependent transcriptional addiction in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell 163, 174–186 (2015). [PubMed]


Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) is a muscle which exists on the front side of the forearm. The main tendon of the muscle divides into four tendons. It inserts to both sides of the middle phalanges of fingers 2 to 5. It provides rapid and strong flexion to fingers 2-5. Here we report findings of an unusual variant of FDS in a 78-year-old male cadaver, observed during educational dissection for the medical students. The main tendon of FDS divided into three tendons. The FDS tendon to the little finger was absent. The unusual muscle belly was 4.9 mm in width and 48.8 mm in length. The total length of the tendon was 130 mm. While the first part of 83.5 mm of the tendon from the (width 1.3 mm) was like a slip, its distal part from the metacarpophalangeal joint continued as a thick structure of 4.4 mm. It was crossed at the top of the level of the wrist by the FDS tendon to the 4th finger. The distance between the origin of this variant muscle originating from the belly of FDS for the 2nd and 3rd fingers to the radiocarpal joint was 82.7 mm. The knowledge of such muscle/tendon variantions is highly imperative in the management of compressive neuropathies, because of the close neighborhood of the FDS tendons with the median nerve in the wrist.


Purpose: The concept of multi-purpose cyclone shelters has been found effective in saving various lives during past cyclones The recent cyclone Amphan, which hit the Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal in the middle of pandemic COVID-19 has posed severe issues related to cyclone shelter management in the rural areas The purpose of this paper is to investigate the case of Odisha in a pandemic and draw some key lessons of cyclone shelter management, which can be useful for future cascading risks in other parts of the country and the region Design/methodology/approach: Cyclone shelters are critical infrastructures in the management of cyclones, associated hazards and saving crucial lives The effective management of shelters during emergencies is dependent on the existing institutional mechanism, local stakeholders and their understanding of the key functions of the emergency shelters This paper reviews the key challenges through literature, reports and direct interviews of field professionals and practitioners Findings: In normal times, cyclone shelters are used as schools and their management lies with the local communities and/or elected bodies Some of the key emerging issues include: the convincing population at risk for evacuation with proper care, existing emergency shelters being repurposed as COVID-19 facilities, need for hygiene and safety material, special arrangement and segregation of population at higher risk of COVID-19 and large destruction of social infrastructures Originality/value: During cascading disasters, adaptive governance becomes important With the study of cyclones during the pandemic period, the paper draws key decision-making and governance points of cyclone shelter management This case analysis can be useful to other similar situations during the prolonged pandemic time © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited


Chios mastic gum derived from the plant Pistacia lentiscus L. variation chia has been shown to exert beneficial effects on a wide range of human disorders. The most comprehensive data so far have indicated that mastic gum provides protection against gastrointestinal malfunctions and bacterial infections. Substantial evidence has also suggested that mastic gum exhibits hepatoprotective and cardioprotective, antiinflammatory/antioxidant, and antiatherogenic properties. In the last decade, an increasing number of studies further evaluated the potential antiproliferative properties of mastic gum against several types of human neoplasia. The present review aims to summarize the current data concerning the anticancer activities of mastic gum and their major constituents, highlighting also the molecular mechanisms through which they exert anticancer function. Mastic gum constituents that belong to the chemical class of triterpenoids appear to be mainly responsible for its anticancer potential. Thus, a brief discussion is dedicated to the anticancer activity of synthetic and naturally occurring triterpenoid analogues with similar chemical structure to mastic gum constituents. Taking into consideration the available data so far, Chios mastic gum could be considered as a conglomeration of effective anticancer drugs.


It is from the land that the Native peoples of Canada draw their strength.If the people of Quebec claim a right to sovereignty, Inuit of Quebec argue their right of self-determination empowers them with the choice to remain part of Quebec, of Canada or to secede on their own.The James Bay Cree consider Hydro Quebec's "mad plans to engineer and dam the vast ecosystem" where they have lived for centuries an affront to their own right to control their land.The Labrador Innu are struggling with both the federal and provincial governments to protect their traditional hunting territories from threats imposed by military training flights and mineral exploration.All of these are challenges. As the Native peoples of Canada are meeting them, asserting their right to make choices for themselves, they stand steadfastly "on the land" from which flow their inherent rights to self-determination."We are not willing to be bystanders and spectators. We are not willing to have our political status once again determined by others."-- Zebedee Nungak, President of Makivik, representing Inuit of Northern Quebec"Great Whale is only a symptom. The attempted dispossession of my people, and the purported extinguishment of our rights, is the cause."-- Matthew Coon Come, Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Cree"The real solution to the problems that face the Innu people is recognition by Canada and Newfoundland of our rights, rights to our land and our way of life. We can not and will not settle for anything less."-- Daniel Ashini, Director of Innu Rights and Environment for the Innu Nation


The present study was conducted to estimate correlation and combining ability analysis among quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during 2008 to 2010. Ten chickpea varieties/lines (08-AG-004, CH-70/02, CH-76/02,. Nine lines viz. AUG-27, M-98, 114, 115, 117, 781, 1049, 4025, and 5006 exhibited moderately NOOR-91, K-70005, K-70008, K-70022, CM-2008, YN-08004 and K-70009) were evaluated for the source of resistance against Ascochyta rabiei but none was found highly resistant. However, four lines (08-AG-004, CH-70/02, CH-76/02 and NOOR-91) were moderately resistant and five lines (K-70005, K-70008, K-70022, CM-2008 and YN-08004) exhibited moderately susceptible reaction. Among twenty varieties/lines were evaluated for the source of resistance but none was found highly resistant and two lines 101 and 620 were resistant. However, four lines viz. Paidar-91, Pb-2000, 818 and 870 were found to be moderately resistantsusceptible reaction and three lines 205, 1205, and 1288 exhibited susceptible reaction. The genotypes Paidar-91, 620, PB-2000, 101 and 870 were crossed in 5 × 5 diallel fashion. The general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for various quantitative traits like days taken to flowering, days taken to maturity, plant height, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, plant biomass, 100-seed weight, number of grains per plant and seed yield per plant were ascertained.


Acetylation keeps microtubules strong Cells need microtubules for intracellular transport and to avoid being crushed. On investigating microtubule breakage in live fibroblasts, Xu et al. found that if they were not acetylated, long-lived microtubules underwent frequent rupture after buckling. Acetylation makes microtubules more mechanically stable, facilitates sliding between filaments, and makes the lattice more plastic. Science, this issue p. 328 Control of microtubule mechanics by acetylation is described. Eukaryotic cells rely on long-lived microtubules for intracellular transport and as compression-bearing elements. We considered that long-lived microtubules are acetylated inside their lumen and that microtubule acetylation may modify microtubule mechanics. Here, we found that tubulin acetylation is required for the mechanical stabilization of long-lived microtubules in cells. Depletion of the tubulin acetyltransferase TAT1 led to a significant increase in the frequency of microtubule breakage. Nocodazole-resistant microtubules lost upon removal of acetylation were largely restored by either pharmacological or physical removal of compressive forces. In in vitro reconstitution experiments, acetylation was sufficient to protect microtubules from mechanical breakage. Thus, acetylation increases mechanical resilience to ensure the persistence of long-lived microtubules.


Free electrons have a uniform kinetic energy density (KED), which evolves into a spatially varying quantity as the electrons respond to the gradual imposition of an external potential. In this paper and a companion paper, we examine two sets of functionals for describing the local, non-negative KED that emerges after such a perturbation. In this paper, we emphasize potential functionals, deriving the firstand secondorder deviations from the free-electron KED as functionals of the perturbing potential, also reconsidering the analogous functionals for the local density of states and the electron density. (In the second paper, we use these results to re-express the KED response in terms of functionals of the induced electron density.) We develop reciprocal-space formulations of the response kernels to complement previously known real-space forms. The first-order function is straightforward to obtain, but the second-order function requires considerable effort. To manage the derivations, we relate the KED response to that of the one-electron Green function, and then examine the latter in detail. Finally, we provide extensive validation of the derived response functions based on asymptotic analysis of an integral representation, numerical integration of the same generating integral, and application to the linear potential model.


In this study, we present field measurements and numerical process modeling from western Svalbard showing that the ground surface temperature below the snow is impacted by strong wintertime rain events. During such events, rain water percolates to the bottom of the snow pack, where it freezes and releases latent heat. In the winter season 2005/2006, on the order of 20 to 50 % of the wintertime precipitation fell as rain, thus confining the surface temperature to close to 0 C for several weeks. The measured average ground surface temperature during the snow-covered period is−0.6C, despite of a snow surface temperature of on average−8.5C. For the considered period, the temperature threshold below which permafrost is sustainable on long timescales is exceeded. We present a simplified model of rain water infiltration in the snow coupled to a transient permafrost model. While small amounts of rain have only minor impact on the ground surface temperature, strong rain events have a long-lasting impact. We show that consecutively applying the conditions encountered in the winter season 2005/2006 results in the formation of an unfrozen zone in the soil after three to five years, depending on the prescribed soil properties. If water infiltration in the snow is disabled in the model, more time is required for the permafrost to reach a similar state of degradation.


Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability nationally and globally, and
forms between 40% and 65% of musculoskeletal physiotherapists' caseloads in the
UK. Despite professional expectations to deliver person-centred practice, a
biomedical and practitioner-centred perspective continues to dominate within
physiotherapy. Many physiotherapists lack the knowledge and skills to deliver
psychologically informed practice, which for persistent LBP requires consideration of
the needs, preferences and values of the patient. Motivational interviewing (MI) has
been recommended as a psychologically informed approach for physiotherapists
working with persistent LBP patients, although little research has been carried out
into its use.
Aim
This study aims to investigate the effects of MI training on physiotherapists' beliefs,
attitudes and practice in relation to persistent LBP.
Methods
A convergent parallel mixed methods study was undertaken. Volunteer
musculoskeletal physiotherapists (n=16) were recruited from two musculoskeletal
physiotherapy departments within a Community NHS Trust in greater London and
allocated to either a MI training Group A (n=10) or a comparison Group B (n=6). The
MI training group received an initial two-day MI course followed up by monthly
supervision sessions delivered in the workplace. Outcomes were measured pretraining
(baseline) then at three and six months later for both groups. Beliefs and
attitudes and to persistent low back pain were measured using the Pain Attitudes
and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) and the Health Care Providers
Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale (HC-PAIRS). Self-reported proficiency,
confidence and intention to use MI were measured using visual analogues scales
(VAS). The Motivational Interviewing Training Integrity scale (MITI) generated global
ratings and behaviour counts from audio-recordings of initial consultations with
persistent LBP patients. The implementation and impact of MI in practice was
explored through semi-structured interviews with Group A physiotherapists only at
six months. Results
A significant post-training decrease in biomedical orientation was demonstrated
between the MI training group and the comparison group at three months (HCPAIRS)
and six months (PABS-PT and HC-PAIRS) using independent t-tests. The
MI training group had significantly increased proficiency, confidence and intention to
use MI at three and six months (VAS); and increased MITI global ratings of Spirit (at
three months), Collaboration (at three months) and Evocation (at six months).
Qualitative content analysis of the semi-structured interviews revealed that the
physiotherapists embraced MI as an approach. They were able to overcome initial
challenges of putting MI training into practice such as time pressure and level of
difficulty in changing ingrained practice and language, and found positive individual
and collective ways to introduce and sustain their use of MI.
Discussion
The results of this study contribute new insights into the understanding of the role
and impact of training musculoskeletal physiotherapists in MI, although the small
sample size means that the results should be interpreted with caution. MI is
acceptable to physiotherapists. Physiotherapists were able to embrace the spirit of
MI and to embed MI within their practice. This allows them to development their
skills as person-centred practitioners and to cope more effectively with patients
perceived as difficult and those with complex presentations. However, ongoing
supervision is required to develop MI proficiency, which can be expensive.
Mi is acceptable to physiotherapists who seem keen to adopt this psychologically
informed approach However, for MI practice to become adopted more widely across
the profession, sustainable training approaches and appropriate professional
support structures are required.


Abstract Air-fuel control on turbocharged (TC) SI-engines require precise prediction of the cylinder air-charge (CAC). Using an observer it is possible to both estimate the necessary system states and to provide a framework to design the necessary CAC feedforward controller. Here a mean value engine model of a TC SI-engine is used to develop an observer. The output of the observer is fed as an initial condition to a predictor which is used for feedforward of the CAC for air-fuel control. The resulting controller is experimentally validated on a SAAB 2.0 dm 3 TC engine using tip-in and tip-out transients. The results show that the excursions in Λ are less than 5%.


During the last season and ongoing planning, pre-site surveys are operated at the Ekstromisen, Dronning
Maud Land, close to the Neumayer-Station III, with the primary target to build a stratigraphic age framework
of the under-shelf-ice-sediments. These sediments are overlying the Explora Wedge [1], [2], a syn- or postrift
volcanic deposit, and dipping north- to north-eastward. Expected ages could range from Late Mesozoic to
Quaternary. From new vibroseismic profiles we will select sites for short core seafloor sampling of the oldest
and of the youngest sediment sequences to confine their age time span.
After that, we could select one or several sites for potential deep drillings (several hundred-meter-deep) with
the support of international partner, if we could rise interest. The deep drillings should recover the sediments
overlying the Explora Escarpment, and should discover the nature of the Explora Wedge as well. We expect
that the overlying sediment sequences could reveal the history of polar amplification and climate changes in
this part of Antarctica, the build-up of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during past warmer climates and its
Cenozoic and future dynamic and variability.
The plan for seasons 2017/18 and 2018/19 are the testing of different sea floor sampling techniques through
Hot Water Drill (HWD) holes. To select the drill sites for this shallow coring additional high resolution seismic
will be acquired as well.
Having holes through the shelf ice and sampling the sea floor will provide the unique opportunity for further
piggy bag experiments consisting of multi-disciplinary nature. Experiments and measuring setup for
oceanography, sea and shelf ice physics, geophysics, geology, hydrography, and biogeochemistry could be
planned to characterize the sea-ice and shelf ice system, underlying water column, and the sediments. Video
characterization underneath the shelf ice and at the seafloor, sediment trap deployment, seafloor mapping
with an AUV (Leng, DFKI, ROBEX) could lead as well to innovative new interdisciplinary observations and
discoveries of the sub-ice environment and ecosystem [3].
References:
[1] Eisen, O., Hofstede, C., Diez, A., Kristoffersen, Y., Lambrecht, A., Mayer, C., Blenkner, R. & Hilmarsson, S., (2015), On-ice vibroseis
and snowstream¬er systems for geoscientific research, Polar Science, 51-65, 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2014.10.003.
[2] Kristoffersen, Y., Hofstede, C., Diez, A., Blenkner, R., Lambrecht, A., Mayer, C. & Eisen, O., (2014), Reassembling Gondwana: A
new high quality constraint from vibroseis exploration of the sub-ice shelf geology of the East Antarctic continental margin, J. Geophys.
Res. Solid Earth, 9171-9182, 119
[3] Kuhn, G. & Gaedicke, C., (2015), A plan for interdisciplinary process-studies and geoscientific observations beneath the Ekstrom Ice
Shelf (Sub-EIS-Obs), Polarforschung, 99-102, 84


Introduction
Prediction of soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery has been frequently attempted in the past decades. It has gradually progressed from the classic "cut and paste" of photographs to the computer assisted 2D surgical prediction planning; and finally, comprehensive 3D surgical planning was introduced to help surgeons and patients to decide on the magnitude and direction of surgical movements as well as the type of surgery to be considered for the correction of facial dysmorphology.
A wealth of experience was gained and numerous published literature is available which has augmented the knowledge of facial soft tissue behaviour and helped to improve the ability to closely simulate facial changes following orthognathic surgery. This was particularly noticed following the introduction of the three dimensional imaging into the medical research and clinical applications.
Several approaches have been considered to mathematically predict soft tissue changes in three dimensions, following orthognathic surgery. The most common are the Finite element model and Mass tensor Model. These were developed into software packages which are currently used in clinical practice. In general, these methods produce an acceptable level of prediction accuracy of soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery. Studies, however, have shown a limited prediction accuracy at specific regions of the face, in particular the areas around the lips.
Aims
The aim of this project is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of hard and soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery and introduce a new method for prediction of facial soft tissue changes.

Methodology
The study was carried out on the pre- and post-operative CBCT images of 100 patients who received their orthognathic surgery treatment at Glasgow dental hospital and school, Glasgow, UK. Three groups of patients were included in the analysis; patients who underwent Le Fort I maxillary advancement surgery; bilateral sagittal split mandibular advancement surgery or bimaxillary advancement surgery. A generic facial mesh was used to standardise the information obtained from individual patient's facial image and Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to interpolate the correlations between the skeletal surgical displacement and the resultant soft tissue changes. The identified relationship between hard tissue and soft tissue was then applied on a new set of preoperative 3D facial images and the predicted results were compared to the actual surgical changes measured from their post-operative 3D facial images.
A set of validation studies was conducted. To include:
• Comparison between voxel based registration and surface registration to analyse changes following orthognathic surgery. The results showed there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. Voxel based registration, however, showed more reliability as it preserved the link between the soft tissue and skeletal structures of the face during the image registration process. Accordingly, voxel based registration was the method of choice for superimposition of the pre- and post-operative images. The result of this study was published in a refereed journal.
• Direct DICOM slice landmarking; a novel technique to quantify the direction and magnitude of skeletal surgical movements. This method represents a new approach to quantify maxillary and mandibular surgical displacement in three dimensions. The technique includes measuring the distance of corresponding landmarks digitized directly on DICOM image slices in relation to three dimensional reference planes. The accuracy of the measurements was assessed against a set of "gold standard" measurements extracted from simulated model surgery. The results confirmed the accuracy of the method within 0.34mm. Therefore, the method was applied in this study. The results of this validation were published in a peer refereed journal.
• The use of a generic mesh to assess soft tissue changes using stereophotogrammetry. The generic facial mesh played a major role in the soft tissue dense correspondence analysis. The conformed generic mesh represented the geometrical information of the individual's facial mesh on which it was conformed (elastically deformed). Therefore, the accuracy of generic mesh conformation is essential to guarantee an accurate replica of the individual facial characteristics. The results showed an acceptable overall mean error of the conformation of generic mesh 1 mm. The results of this study were accepted for publication in peer refereed scientific journal.
Skeletal tissue analysis was performed using the validated "Direct DICOM slices landmarking method" while soft tissue analysis was performed using Dense correspondence analysis. The analysis of soft tissue was novel and produced a comprehensive description of facial changes in response to orthognathic surgery. The results were accepted for publication in a refereed scientific Journal.
The main soft tissue changes associated with Le Fort I were advancement at the midface region combined with widening of the paranasal, upper lip and nostrils. Minor changes were noticed at the tip of the nose and oral commissures.
The main soft tissue changes associated with mandibular advancement surgery were advancement and downward displacement of the chin and lower lip regions, limited widening of the lower lip and slight reversion of the lower lip vermilion combined with minimal backward displacement of the upper lip were recorded. Minimal changes were observed on the oral commissures.
The main soft tissue changes associated with bimaxillary advancement surgery were generalized advancement of the middle and lower thirds of the face combined with widening of the paranasal, upper lip and nostrils regions.
In Le Fort I cases, the correlation between the changes of the facial soft tissue and the skeletal surgical movements was assessed using PCA. A statistical method known as 'Leave one out cross validation' was applied on the 30 cases which had Le Fort I osteotomy surgical procedure to effectively utilize the data for the prediction algorithm. The prediction accuracy of soft tissue changes showed a mean error ranging between (0.0006mm±0.582) at the nose region to (-0.0316mm±2.1996) at the various facial regions.


This study aims to two problematic aspects of the Phrygian mode: a. the development of a harmonic pattern at the cadence that differs from that of the other modes and of the major and minor modes as well; b. the observation that the Phrygian scale inverts all of the intervallic properties of the Major scale. The result of these two observations is that when the reductive techniques of Heinrich Schenker are applied in the Phrygian repertory, melodic and harmonic properties are brought into conflict with each other. However, application of alternative models of the Ursatz developed by Lori Burns has certain benefits for demonstrating musical properties in the Phrygian repertory.


Computer games have been consolidated as a favourite activity for years now. Although
such games were created to promote competition and promote self-improvement, there
are some recurrent issues. One that has received the least amount of attention so far
is the problem of "account sharing" which is when a player shares his/her account with
more experienced players in order to progress in the game. The companies running those
games tend to punish this behaviour, but this specific case is hard to identify. Since, the
popularity of machine learning techniques have never been higher, the aim of this study
is to better understand how biometric data from online games behaves, to understand
how the choice of character impacts a player and how different algorithms perform when
we vary how frequently a sample is collected. The experiments showed through the use of
statistic tests how consistent a player can be even when he/she changes characters or roles,
what are the impacts of more training samples, how the tested machine learning algorithms
results are affected by how often we collect our samples, and how dimensionality reduction
techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis affect our data, all providing more
information about how this state of art game database works.


We experimentally demonstrate diffraction from a straight edge in a medium with self-focusing nonlinearity. Diffraction into the shadow region is suppressed with increasing nonlinearity, but mode coupling leads to excitations and traveling waves on the high-intensity side. Theoretically, we interpret these modulations as spatially dispersive shock waves with negative pressure.


The U.S. International Trade Commission has emerged as one of the most salient patent enforcement venues in the United States. Its fast-track procedures – typically producing determinations within 12 to 16 months of initiation of an investigation – and potent exclusion remedy have brought the ITC to center stage in patent enforcement over the past several years. The ITC now conducts more full patent adjudications on an annual basis than any district court in the nation. The ITC's six Section 337 administrative law judges (ALJs) focus almost exclusively upon patent investigations, making the ITC the only specialized trial-level patent adjudication forum in the nation. Given the importance of international trade to high technology markets, the ability to exclude goods at the border provides a valuable strategic option for a growing number of patent owners. This guide, modeled after the Patent Case Management Judicial Guide, provides comprehensive analysis of the management of Section 337 investigations.


The Endowment Model of Investing, which was based on creating high risk-adjusted performance through diversification, a long time-horizon, top-notch outside managers, and illiquid investments, had served Notre Dame and other large universities well over the past several decades. Scott Malpass, Notre Dame's Chief Investment Officer, was confident that this was a successful way to invest if implemented effectively, but he also saw the top university endowments experience 25% to 35% declines in portfolio value during the second half of 2008 that eviscerated the investment gains from the past several years. Notre Dame had weathered the crisis relatively well, but there were several key questions Malpass had to address. Should Notre Dame continue to make illiquid investments in the context of rising unfunded commitments relative to liquid funds? Was compensation adequate for the illiquidity of these types of investments? In relation to manager selection, how could the Notre Dame investment team continue to find the best managers to create alpha? To what extent would the performance of managers during the crisis be predictive of future performance in other portions of the economic cycle? How would the long-established industry terms of contract between clients and managers change going forward? Was there an opportunity for clients to negotiate better terms? These issues all needed to be addressed in the context of protecting the University's operating budget and supporting the mission of the institution.


Australian Aboriginal literature, once relegated to the margins of Australian literary studies, now receives both national and international attention. Not only has the number of published texts by contemporary Australian Aboriginals risen sharply, but scholars and publishers have also recently begun recovering earlier published and unpublished Indigenous works. Writing by Australian Aboriginals is making a decisive impression in fiction, autobiography, biography, poetry, film, drama, and music, and has recently been anthologized in Oceania and North America. Until now, however, there has been no comprehensive critical companion that contextualizes the Aboriginal canon for scholars, researchers, students, and general readers. This international collection of eleven original essays fills this gap by discussing crucial aspects of Australian Aboriginal literature and tracing the development of Aboriginal literacy from the oral tradition up until today, contextualizing the work of Aboriginal artists and writers and exploring aspects of Aboriginal life writing such as obstacles toward publishing, questions of editorial control (or the lack thereof), intergenerational and interracial collaborations combining oral history and life writing, and the pros and cons of translation into European languages. CONTRIBUTORS: Katrin Althans, Maryrose Casey, Danica Cerce, Stuart Cooke, Paula Anca Farca, Michael R. Griffiths, Oliver Haag, Martina Horakova, Jennifer Jones, Nicholas Jose, Andrew King, Jeanine Leane, Theodore F. Sheckels, Belinda Wheeler. BELINDA WHEELER is Assistant Professor of English at Paine College, Augusta, Georgia.


Background: The paper is devoted to the cyclic delivery synchronization problem with vehicles serving fixed routes. Each vehicle is assigned to a fixed route: the series of supplier's and logistic centers to be visited one after another. For each route the service frequency is fixed and known in advance. A vehicle loads at a supplier's, then it delivers goods to a logistic center and either loads other goods there and delivers them to the next logistic center along the route or goes to another logistic center. Each logistic center can belong to several routes, so goods are delivered there with one vehicle and then they departure for the further journey with another truck. The objective of this cyclic delivery synchronization problem is to maximize the total number of synchronizations of vehicles arrivals in logistic centers and their load times, so that it is possible to organize their arrivals in repeatable blocks. Methods: Basing on the previously developed mathematical model for the cyclic delivery synchronization problem we built a random search algorithm for cyclic delivery synchronization problem. The random heuristic search utilizes objective-oriented randomizing. In the paper the newly-developed random search algorithm for cyclic delivery synchronization problem is presented. Results: A computational experiment consisted of employing the newly-developed random search algorithm for solving a series of cyclic delivery synchronization problems. Results obtained with the algorithm were compared with solutions computed with the exact method. Conclusions: The newly-developed random search algorithm for cyclic delivery synchronization problem gives results which are considerably close to the ones obtained with mixed-integer programming. The main advantage of the algorithm is reduction of computing time; it is relevant for utilization of this method in practice, especially for large-sized problems.


There are key differences in the extent to which the peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous
systems recover function following damage. In each case there is a balance between factors that
inhibit and promote neuronal regeneration. In the CNS this balance is skewed toward inhibition
while in the PNS it is skewed towards promotion of neuronal growth. Following damage the CNS
environment is generally hostile to neuronal growth. However, axonal regeneration does occur under
certain conditions. In this review, various strategies for promotion of neuronal growth are explored
including the use of tissue engineered grafts incorporating extracellular matrix proteins, synthetic
materials, electrically active materials, coupled with biomolecular and cellular – based strategies.
Development of biosynthetic conduits carrying extracellular matrix molecules and cells (Schwann
cells, olfactory ensheathing glia or stem cells) expressing neurotrophic growth factors represents a
novel and promising strategy for spinal cord and peripheral nerve repair. Native matrix scaffolds
(e.g. collagen, fibrin, fibronectin) have been produced with appropriate biomimetic 3D mesoscale
structures for improving nervous system repair. The structure, composition, biomechanical
properties and effectiveness of such implants in supporting experimental PNS and CNS repair are
reviewed and discussed in this chapter.


doi: https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss4art4 Increasing clarity of Delta waters, the emergence of harmful algal blooms, the proliferation of aquatic water weeds, and the altered food web of the Delta have brought nutrient dynamics to the forefront. This paper focuses on the sources of nutrients, the transformation and uptake of nutrients, and the links of nutrients to primary producers. The largest loads of nutrients to the Delta come from the Sacramento River with the San Joaquin River seasonally important, especially in the summer. Nutrient concentrations reflect riverine inputs in winter and internal biological processes during periods of lower flow with internal nitrogen losses within the Delta estimated at approximately 30% annually. Light regime, grazing pressure, and nutrient availability influence rates of primary production at different times and locations within the Delta. The roles of the chemical form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in growth rates of primary producers in the Delta and the structure of the open-water algal community are currently topics of much interest and considerable debate. Harmful algal blooms have been noted since the late 1990s, and the extent of invasive aquatic macrophytes (both submerged and free-floating forms) has increased especially during years of drought. Elevated nutrient loads must be considered in terms of their ability to support this excess biomass. Modern sensor technology and networks are now deployed that make high-frequency measurements of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. Data from such instruments allow a much more detailed assessment of the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients. Four fruitful directions for future research include utilizing continuous sensor data to estimate rates of primary production and ecosystem respiration, linking hydrodynamic models of the Delta with the transport and fate of dissolved nutrients, studying nutrient dynamics in various habitat types, and exploring the use of stable isotopes to trace the movement and fate of effluent-derived nutrients.


Ensuring workplace health and safety is crucial, particularly in the mining sector. The allure of precious metals has resulted in the so-called ultra deep mines in South Africa and the importance of these types of mines in our economy cannot be underestimated. This, coupled with the shoddy safety record of the South African (sub-surface) mining industry, makes the question of health and safety in mines more pressing than ever. It is twelve years since the Mine Health and Safety Act 29 of 1996 (MHSA) has come into force. In this period there has been a series of fatalities in South African mines which culminated in a presidential decree for an audit of every South African mine to pinpoint the reason for such fatalities. It is clear that the promulgation of health and safety laws alone is inadequate. Health and safety laws have to be enforced and complied with. To achieve this it is of utmost importance that the laws be properly interpreted by those who (should) implement, enforce or comply with them. It is in this context that the contribution under review becomes more relevant.


Introduction. Improving clinical practice skills can enhance a patient-centred model of health care. The objectives of this study were to discover if physicians consider learning about elements of patient-centred care important, and whether the perceived importance is influenced by choice of medical speciality practised and/or number of years in clinical practice. Methods. Of 310 surveys returned, a total of 268 physicians from one province in Canada were studied. On average, the participants had 16 years of practice experience with family medicine making up the largest component of the study cohort – 41%. Physicians were asked how useful learning about specific topics would be to improve their communication with patients from different cultural or socioeconomic backgrounds. The self-report measures were examined using mean differences among specialities, gender, and correlation with years in clinical practice. Results. The mean scores were above the scale midpoint for all specialities. The correlation data indicated a negative relationship between years in clinical practice and 2 of the 6 variables studied. Women physicians rated learning about patients' health beliefs higher than men but men rated patient communication skills higher than women. Discussion. Physicians rated the importance of incorporating principles of patient-centred care into their clinical practice highly, suggesting that they may benefit from practice interventions such as reflection. AJHPE 2012;4(1):40-43. DOI:10.7196/AJHPE.129


The local vortical flow generated inside an ion concentration polarization (ICP) region is evaluated experimentally. The ICP is induced by a patterned nanoporous self-assembling membrane integrated inside a single microchannel. A bottom-view image of the depletion region near the membrane revealed a primary vortex which results from the electric field amplification. A unique perspective of the flow is obtained by imaging the microchannel from its side. This visualization shows for the first time the formation of a chain of three vortices all rotating in the same direction in the depletion region. While observation of multiple vortices has been previously reported, it was in reference to counter rotating vortex pairs and not to the same direction of rotating vortex chain formation. A physical model is proposed which considers a two dimensionally varying concentration profile in the depletion region to account for the formation of multiple vortices rotating in the same direction. The fast rotating primary vortex changes the local concentration in regions adjacent to it, as the advection time scale is much higher than the diffusion time scale. Near the membrane, it moves the low concentration electrolyte from the bottom wall upwards into a higher concentration region. Away from the membrane, it moves the high concentration electrolyte from the middle of the channel downwards into a low concentration region. These local changes in the wall concentration result in a varying slip velocity capable of inducing a secondary vortex. Similarly, this secondary vortex can induce a tertiary one. A numerical simulation is performed using the proposed varying slip velocity model which showed excellent agreement with the experimental observations.


Original articles by leading scholars of post Keynesian economics make up this authoritative collection. Current topics of the greatest interest are covered, such as: perspectives on current economic policy; post Keynesian approaches to monetary theory and policy; economic development, growth and inflation; Kaleckian perspectives on distribution; economic methodology; and history of heterodox economic theory. The contributors explore a variety of prevailing issues including: wage bargaining and monetary policy in the EMU; the meaning of money in the internet age; stability conditions for small open economies; and economic policies of sustainable development in countries transitioning to a market economy. Other enduring matters are examined through the lens of economic theorists – Kaleckian dynamics and evolutionary life cycles; a comparison between Keynes's and Hayek's economic theories; and an analysis of the power of the firm based on the work of Joan Robinson, to name a few.


This paper investigates the effect of using mobile money technology on children's school participation in low-income societies. We argue that, by reducing transaction costs, and by making it easier and less expensive to receive remittances, mobile money technology reduces the need for coping strategies that are detrimental to child development, such as withdrawing children from school and sending them to work. We test this hypothesis using a set of comparative samples from seven low-income countries. We find that mobile money technology increases the chances of children attending school. This finding is robust to the use of estimation techniques that deal with possible endogeneity issues. We also show that the effect of mobile money is mainly driven by African countries and that, at least for girls, it is significantly higher when the household is living below the poverty line.


Because of climate change, flood-prone areas are more and more frequently exposed to potential casualties and damage. The capability of the flow to carry relevant quantities of sediments during these critical events adds to the further complexity of the resulting scenarios. The interaction between the flow and the obstacles in flood-inundated areas contributes to an increase in the hazard level and constitutes a relevant concern in the framework of risk analysis. Despite this relevance, the existing literature on the topic is relatively scarce, especially for the estimation of the forces acting on rigid obstacles in the presence of a mobile bed. In the present paper, a recent two-phase shallow-water morphodynamical model, particularly suited for the analysis of fast geomorphic transients, is applied for the numerical simulation of the propagation of a dam-break wave over an erodible floodplain in the presence of a rigid obstacle. The geometry of the test-case is inspired by a recent fixed-bed study reported in the literature, for which extensive experimental and numerical data concerning the flow field and the dynamic loading against the obstacle are available. Results of the numerical simulations contribute to highlight the effects of the obstacle on the changes in the bottom topography.


OBJECTIVE
The authors sought to identify mRNA biomarkers of cerebral vasospasm in whole blood of patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

METHODS
A prospective transcriptomic study for vasospasm was conducted in whole blood samples of 44 aSAH patients who developed (VSP+ group, n = 22) or did not develop (VSP- group, n = 22) vasospasm. Samples from all patients were profiled for 21,460 mRNA probes using the Illumina Human HT12v4.0 array. Differential statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed model.

RESULTS
Levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4 (S1PR4) mRNA were significantly higher (p = 8.03 × 10-6) at presentation in patients who developed vasospasm after aSAH than in patients who did not.

CONCLUSIONS
The results, which are consistent with findings of previous experimental investigations conducted in animal models, support the role of S1PR4 and its ligand, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in arterial-associated vasoconstriction, which suggests that S1PR4 could be used as a biomarker for cerebral vasospasm in aSAH patients.


Abstract : Numerous tools and techniques are available for managing requirements. Many are designed to define requirements, provide configuration management, and control distribution. However, there are few automatic tools to support the quality analysis of natural language (NL) requirements. Ambiguity analysis and consistency and completeness verification are usually carried out by human reviewers who read requirements documents and look for defects. This clerical activity is boring, time consuming, and often ineffective. This report describes a disciplined method and a related automated tool that can be used for the analysis of NL requirements documents. The tool, called the Quality Analyzer for Requirements Specifications (QuARS), makes it easier to extract structured information and metrics for detecting linguistic inaccuracies and defects. QuARS allows requirements engineers to perform an initial parsing of requirements by automatically detecting potential linguistic defects that can cause ambiguity problems at later stages of software product development. The tool also provides support for the consistency and completeness analysis of the requirements.


Field data from the North American Limousin Federation was used to determine the heritability and genetic correlations of body condition score (BCS) with carcass traits. Carcass traits included carcass weight, ribeye area, fat thickness, intramuscular fat, and % kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, and all were estimated to be lowly to moderately heritable (0.14 to 0.34). Heritability of BCS was 0.19. Favorable correlations existed between ribeye area and carcass weight (0.50), ribeye area and BCS (0.60), and carcass weight and BCS (0.28). Unfavorable correlations existed among ribeye area and intramuscular fat (-0.40), carcass weight and intramuscular fat (-0.23), and intramuscular fat and BCS (-0.64). These results suggest that selection for BCS should be effective and would result in some favorable changes in ribeye area and carcass weight but with unfavorable change in marbling.


During the recovery phase of a magnetic storm, fluxes of relativistic (> 1 MeV) electrons in the inner magnetosphere (3 ≤ L ≤ 6) increase to beyond prestorm levels, reaching a peak ∼4 days after the initiation of the storm. In order to account for the generation of these "killer electrons" a model is presented primarily on the basis of the stochastic acceleration of electrons by enhanced whistler mode chorus. In terms of a quasi-linear formulation a kinetic (Fokker-Planck) equation for the electron energy distribution is derived comprising an energy diffusion coefficient based on gyroresonant electron-whistler mode wave interaction and parallel wave propagation, a source term representing substorm-produced (lower-energy) seed electrons, and a loss term representing electron precipitation due to pitch angle scattering by whistler mode waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Steady state solutions for the electron energy distribution are constructed and fitted to an empirically derived relativistic Maxwellian distribution for the high-energy "hard" electron population at geosynchronous orbit. If the average whistler amplitude is sufficiently large, for instance, 75-400 pT, dependent on the values of the other model parameters, and assuming a background plasma density of N 0 = 10 cm -3 outside the plasmasphere, then a good fit to the empirical distribution is obtained and corresponds to a timescale for the formation of the high-energy steady state distribution of 3-5 days. For a lower representative value of the background plasma density, N 0 = 1 cm -3, smaller whistler amplitudes, in the range 13-72 pT, can produce the high-energy distribution in the required time frame of several days. It is concluded from the model calculations that the process of stochastic acceleration by gyroresonant electron-whistler mode wave interaction in conjunction with pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves constitutes a viable mechanism for generating killer electrons during geomagnetic storms. The mechanism is expected to be particularly effective for the class of small and moderate storms possessing a long-lasting recovery phase during which many substorms occur.


Recently, the financial market has become an area of increased research interest for mathematician and statisticians. The Black and Scholes breakthrough in this area triggered a lot of new research activity. Commonly the research concerns the log returns of assets (shares, bond, foreign exchange, option). The variation in the log returns is called volatility and it is widely studied and because of its relevance for applications in the financial world. The volatility is mostly used for measuring the risk and also for forecasting future prices. In this research work a process of trading activities is considered. It is assumed that at a random time-point a parameter change in the laws of the trading occurs, indicating changed trading behaviour. For inferential matters about the process it is of vital importance to be able to state that such change has occurred quickly and accurately. The methods used to this end are called stopping rules which signal alarm as soon as some statistics based on-line observations goes beyond some boundary. The model considered for this process of log returns is the family of Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARCH) model. It is widely accepted that this well describes a lot of phenomena in the financial market. In this work statements about this process will be derived, the stopping rule will be defined, evaluated and their properties discussed.


Remote monitoring has the potential to greatly impact many aspects of medical care. Diagnostic techniques for sleep apnea in children are an example of this concept.

The most common type of sleep apnea is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). There are broadly two ways of diagnosing OSA. One is Polysomnography, which must take place in a specially equipped medical facility. The other uses a portable monitoring system called oximetry, which was developed to facilitate sleep monitorization at home, in an environment closer to the patients' normal sleep habits. However oximetry generates false positive results for sleep apnea, making it necessary to use Polysomnography for a more definitive diagnosis.

Sleep studies have also been made, using digital cameras and image processing, where it has been shown the feasibility of identifying sleep apneas.

This paper describes a portable telemedical system capable of cross-examining audio and image recordings with oximetry data. The goal is to help medical teams in the diagnosis of sleep apnea, by improving the oximetry method's efficiency.


ABSTRACT Objective: Identify biomarkers in peripheral blood that relate to chronic post-concussive and behavioural symptoms following traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) to ultimately improve clinical management. Research design: We compared military personnel with mild TBIs (mTBIs) (n = 42) to those without TBIs (n = 22) in concentrations of tau, amyloid-beta (Aβ42) and cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, interleukin (IL)-6 and -10) in neuronal-derived exosomes from the peripheral blood. We utilized nanosight technology coupled with ultra-sensitivity immunoassay methods. We also examined the impact of post-concussive and behavioural symptoms including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on these neuronal-derived markers. Results: We report that concentrations of exosomal tau (F1, 62 = 10.50), Aβ42 (F1, 61 = 5.32) and IL-10 (F1, 59 = 4.32) were elevated in the mTBI group compared to the controls. Within the mTBI group, regression models show that post-concussive symptoms were most related to exosomal tau elevations, whereas exosomal IL-10 levels were related to PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that chronic post-concussive symptoms following an mTBI relate to altered exosomal activity, and that greater tau pathology may underlie chronic post-concussive symptoms that develop following mTBIs. It also suggests that central inflammatory activity contributes to PTSD symptoms following an mTBI, providing necessary insights into the role of inflammation in chronic PTSD symptoms.


A regional dialectological study is a research of mapping languages in anarea, as what conducted in this study in Grime Valley Jayapura. This research isbased on the theory of traditional dialectology currently known as a theory havingnormative rules to determine the status of a variety as a language, dialect, subdialect,difference in speaking and no difference in speaking, both in the valleyand outside the valley.The two language aspects employed as indicators are sound and lexicalaspects. What is discussed from these two aspects is variation. In terms of soundaspect, discussion of variation covers sound description, correspondence, andcalculation of sound distance from dialectometrie, phoneme inventory, andphoneme distribution. In terms of lexical aspect, lexical distribution andcalculation of vocabulary distance from lexical dialectometrie are discussed. Afterthat, varieties are classified, groupings of phonological and lexical varieties arecompared, and the status of every variety, as a language, a dialect, sub-dialect andso on is identified.Phonological study shows variation in correspondence aspect, calculationof sound distance, inventory, and phoneme distribution. Correspondence hasvarious variations such as the existence of irregular sound which is unpredictableon each point of observation. Calculation of sound distance shows a difference,but the difference is limited to the point in which there is no difference inspeaking. The inventory and distribution contain differences in number, type andexistence of given phonemes.Lexical study shows varied distribution at the middle and outskirts of theValley. The calculation of vocabulary distance shows that there is no difference inlanguage. Groupings of phonological and lexical varieties are different in numberbut identical in the points of observation. If identified in terms of language anddialect for the four varieties, namely Nimboran, Gresi, Kwansu and Kemtuk, itturns out that there are differences in language, that is, Nimboran, Kwansu andKemtuk Gresi. In the previous studies, Kemtuk and Gresi were known as twolanguages, but in this calculation, the difference was in the level of dialect.Further study need to be conducted to investigate the relation of languages inGrime Valley with those in the surrounding areas. It is also necessary to conduct adiachronic research and to apply other theories.2


Abstract Stakeholder engagement in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Health Impact Assessment (HIA) provides opportunities for inclusive environmental decision-making contributing to the attainment of agreement about the potential environmental and health impacts of a plan. A case evaluation of stakeholder engagement was carried out to assess its effect in terms of consensus-building. The case consisted in two health impact scoping workshops engaging 20 stakeholders: policy-makers, experts and residents. A Participatory Action Research approach was adopted. Methods included observation, semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Analysis methods consisted of several coding rounds, in-depth reading and discussion of Atlas.ti output reports, as well as studying questionnaire results. Participants reported a broadening of perspectives on health in relation to the environment and attainment of shared perspectives. Still, meaningful differences remained, indicating that joint learning experiences, trust and mutual respect created a 'sense of consensus' rather than a joint view on the issues at stake. To avoid disappointment and conflict in later project development, explicit acknowledgment and acceptance of disagreements should be included as a ground rule in future stakeholder engagement processes.


Facilitating the decision making process using models and patterns is viewed in this thesis to be really helpful. Data mining is one option to accomplish this task. Data mining algorithms can show all the relations within given data, find rules and create behavior patterns. In this thesis seven different types of data mining algorithms are employed. Monte Carlo is a statistical method that is used in the developed prototype to obtain random data and to simulate different scenarios. Monte Carlo methods are useful for modeling phenomena with significant uncertainty in the inputs. This thesis presents the steps followed during the development of a web-tool prototype that uses data mining techniques to assist decision-makers of port planning to make better forecasts using generated data from the Monte Carlo simulation. The prototype generates random port planning forecasts using Monte Carlo simulation. These forecasts are then evaluated with several data mining algorithms. Then decision-makers can evaluate the outcomes of the prototype (rules, decision tress and regressions) to be able to make better decisions.


Taking a problematic user experience with ubiquitous annotation as its point of departure, this thesis defines and explores the design space for Social Object Labels (SOLs), small interactive displays aiming to support users' in-situ engagement with digital annotations of physical objects and places by providing up-to-date information before, during and after interaction.
While the concept of ubiquitous annotation has potential applications in a wide range of domains, the research focuses in particular on SOLs in a museum context, where they can support the institution's educational goals by engaging visitors in the interpretation of exhibits and providing a platform for public discourse to complement official interpretations provided on traditional object labels.
The thesis defines and structures the design space for SOLs, investigates how they can support social interpretation in museums and develops empirically validated design recommendations. Reflecting the developmental character of the research, it employs Design Research as a methodological framework, which involves the iterative development and evaluation of design artefacts together with users and other stakeholders.
The research identifies the particular characteristics of SOLs and structures their design space into ten high-level aspects, synthesised from taxonomies and heuristics for similar display concepts and complemented with aspects emerging from the iterative design and evaluation of prototypes. It presents findings from a survey exploring visitors' mental models, preferences and expectations of commenting in museums and translates them into requirements for SOLs. It reports on scenario-based design activities, expert interviews with museum professionals, formative user studies and co-design sessions, and two empirical evaluations of SOL prototypes in a gallery environment. Pulling together findings from these research activities it then formulates design recommendations for SOLs and supports them with related evidence and implementation examples.
The main contributions are (i) to delineate and structure the design space for SOLs, which helps to ground SOLs in the literature and understand them as a distinct display concept with its own characteristics; (ii) to explore, for the first time, a visitor perspective on commenting in museums, which can inform research, development and policies on user-generated content in museums and the wider cultural heritage sector; (iii) to develop empirically validated design recommendations, which can inform future research and development into SOLs and related display concept.
The thesis concludes by summarising findings in relation to its stated research questions, restating its contributions from ubiquitous computing, domain and methodology perspectives, and discussing open issues and future work.


Abstract Norine, the unique resource dedicated to nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), is now updated with a new pipeline to automate massive sourcing and enhance annotation. External databases are mined to extract NRPs that are not yet in Norine. To maintain a high data quality, successive filters are applied to automatically validate the NRP annotations and only validated data is inserted in the database. External databases were also used to complete annotations of NRPs already in Norine. Besides, annotation consistency inside Norine and between Norine and external sources have reported annotation errors. Some can be corrected automatically, while others need manual curation. This new approach led to the insertion of 539 new NRPs and the addition or correction of annotations of nearly all Norine entries. Two new tools to analyse the chemical structures of NRPs (rBAN) and to infer a molecular formula from the mass-to-charge ratio of an NRP (Kendrick Formula Predictor) were also integrated. Norine is freely accessible from the following URL: https://bioinfo.cristal.univ-lille.fr/norine/


Multiple investigators often generate data from seabed images within a single image set to reduce the time burden, particularly with the large photographic surveys now available to ecological studies. These data (annotations) are known to vary as a result of differences in investigator opinion on specimen classification, and human factors such as fatigue and cognition. These variations are rarely recorded or quantified, nor are their impacts on derived ecological metrics (density, diversity, composition). We compared the annotations of three investigators of 73 megafaunal morphotypes in ~28,000 images, including 650 common images. Successful annotation was defined as both detecting and correctly classifying a specimen. Estimated specimen detection success was 77%, and classification success was 95%, giving an annotation success rate of 73%. Specimen detection success varied substantially by morphotype (12-100%). Variation in the detection of common taxa resulted in significant differences in apparent faunal density and community composition among investigators. Such bias has the potential to produce spurious ecological interpretations if not appropriately controlled or accounted for. We recommend that photographic studies document the use of multiple annotators, and quantify potential inter-investigator bias. Randomisation of the sampling unit (photograph or video clip) is clearly critical to the effective removal of human annotation bias in multiple annotator studies (and indeed single annotator works).


This book is a study of the simultaneous physiological recordings and psychoanalytic observations when emotional/psychological responses to external stimuli occur pari passu with observed physiological changes. It is the culmination of the author's psychiatric and psychoanalytic work with patients over fifty years, and is based on the simple premise that physiological measurements cannot describe the mind and the mind cannot describe physiological processes. In order for us to have a significant knowledge of the object the author argues that we need both, and that medical specialists and health professionals (doctors, nurses, psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, etc.) need to be trained to adopt a Complementary approach to patients. The complex relationship between mind and body offers vital clues to the individual's condition, and only by considering patients both physically and mentally can doctors and psychoanalysts make precise and competent judgements


Objectives To develop and validate a new technique for hand hygiene for use in healthcare settings; to evaluate correlation between bioluminescence and conventional time consuming viable counting methods; to use bioluminescent constructs of bacterial pathogens as a real time biosensors for rapid bactericidal monitoring and to conduct in vitro toxicity tests of the Himalayan oregano oil (HOO) against human cell lines. The ultimate aim of this study is to improve the quality of care of patients through application of a new hand hygiene which could be more acceptable to users while maintaining the efficacy of current hand hygiene disinfectant. Methods: Representatives of the common UK bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were used in experiments. Strains used had been previously genetically modified with addition of lux CDABE operon to express bioluminescence in order that they could be used as reporter of viable metabolically active cells to show a real time in situ antimicrobial effect of HOO. Oregano oil samples were analysed for the percentage contents of thymol and carvacrol using gas chromatography. Potential toxicity of Oregano oil at a range of concentrations on cultured human keratinocytes and Jurkat cells were determined using Neutral Red, WST and MTS assays. Results: High correlation was obtained between viable count and bioluminescence. Application of HOO in concentrations effective against bacteria was found to be safe to human keratinocytes (fig.1 and 2) Conclusions: Bioluminescence has the capability to replace the plate culture method for evaluating the efficacy of a new antimicrobial product as it provides a rapid means of collecting data on the antimicrobial action of HOO. HOO may have the potential as a natural potent antimicrobial agent in the health care setting, as it has demonstrated biocidal action towards significant pathogens in a short time. Application of the oil in the correct dilution was found to be safe on human keratinocytes.


This research employs a social network analysis (SNA) approach to study the longitudinal changes in co-authorship and affiliations of authors, who published in the Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS) from 2001 to 2011. The research explores the structural patterns of coauthorship at the institution and individual author levels, and found research collaboration tend to occur between authors in the same regions and institutions. Descriptive findings further revealed key authors with rich and diverse co-authorship ties, as well as the tendency of authors to collaborate in silos within institutions. A longitudinal SNA method was performed to statistically deduce the changing patterns of co-authorship and affiliations from a sample of the authors in this 11-year period, which complements the descriptive findings. The discussion of our findings results in recommendations to improve the ACIS community's productivity and in directions for future studies concerning the applications of SNA in examining research collaboration.


A bottom friction is an effective factor which will prove the deformation of progressive waves in shallow water, and many investigators have obtained the friction coefficients from field observations. However, they have not considered the effect of turbulent loss due to sand ripple at a sea bottom. The authors, first of all, study on the friction coefficient for artificial fixed ripple by using the boundary layer theory of rough turbulence, and a new formula on the friction coefficient is proposed. The proposed friction coefficients are compared with Zhukovets' experimental results which were performed on a movable bed, and it is found that the theoretical friction coefficients for artificial fixed ripple have to be modified in order to apply for the natural beach. Lastly, the wave deformation due to the bottom friction on the movable bed is calculated by the modified friction coefficient and the effect of bottom friction on the wave deformation is discussed.


This practical guide is a tool designed for graziers to use in their day-to-day decision-making about livestock nutritional needs, feeding options, condition and health.

Pasture supplements are expensive and should not be wasted, yet under-nutrition has an even greater economic effect resulting from low conception and progeny survival rates, poor growth rates, failure to meet market targets and tender fleeces in sheep. Supplementary Feeding of Sheep and Beef Cattle shows how to get the nutritional balance right and avoid costly repercussions from incorrect or inadequate feeding.

The key topics covered will be particularly useful in drought situations, but also in seasonal pasture shortages, when the nutrient value of pastures is low. Practical tables and worksheets are provided as key tools, enabling livestock producers to make timely and cost-effective decisions about supplementary feeding.


Children's rights issues have become an increasingly prominent aspect of EU law and policy making over the past decade. What has traditionally been characterized by scattered, ad hoc measures spanning a range of areas has more recently converged into a more direct, coherent and long term "Children's Rights Strategy". This culminated in the Commission's 2006 Communication, "Towards an EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child", which summarized the EU's achievements in various areas of children's rights to date, and sets out a series of short and long term goals to build on this success.
In an attempt to assess the value of this Strategy, this paper takes a detailed and critical look at the nature and scope of existing EU children's rights provision. It questions the potential of the law to enhance children's rights in any meaningful way in the face of limited legal competence, and points to currency of non–binding measures as a more effective way of mobilizing Member States to enhance children's rights protection. In the process, the paper interrogates the ideological foundation of its children's rights campaign and points to the need for additional procedural, budgetary and institutional changes to further this endeavour.


This is a key work of ancient Chinese philosophy that is brought back to life in Ian Johnston's compelling and definitive translation, new to Penguin Classics. Very little is known about Master Mo, or the school he founded. However, the book containing his philosphical ideas has survived centuries of neglect and is today recognised as a fundamental work of ancient Chinese philosophy. The book contains sections explaining the ten key doctrines of Mohism; lively dialogues between Master Mo and his followers; discussion of ancient warfare; and an extraordinary series of chapters that include the first examples of logic, dialectics and epistemology in Chinese philosophy. The ideas discussed in The Book of Master Mo - ethics, anti-imperalism, and a political hierarchy based on merit - remain as relevant as ever, and the work is vital to understanding ancient Chinese philosophy. Translator Ian Johnston has an MA in Latin, a PhD in Greek and a PhD in Chinese, and was Associate Professor of Neurosurgery at Sydney University until his retirement. He has published translations of Galen's medical writings, early Chinese poetry (Singing of Scented Grass and Waiting for the Owl), and early Chinese philosophical works (the Mozi and - with Wang Ping - the Daxue and Zhongyong). In 2011 he was awarded the NSW Premier's Prize and the PEN medallion for translation. Unlike previous translations, this version includes the complete text. It also includes an introduction and explanatory endnotes. "A landmark endeavour". (Asia Times). "A magnificent and valuable achievement". (Journal of Chinese Studies). "Eminently readable and at the same time remarkably accurate...Johnston's work will be the standard for a long time". (China Review International). "Compelling and engaging reading...while at the same time preserving the diction and rhetorical style of the original Chinese". (New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies).


"For groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication." With this citation, the Nobel Committee bestowed the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics to Dr. Charles Kao and validated the global importance of optical fibers. That said, technological demands march on and the applications in which optical fibers are employed continue to expand. Further, both existing and emerging applications are requiring greater performance and functionality, beyond those associated with telecommunications, from the enabling optical fibers; and so it is timely to offer this special issue that compiles recent advances in specialty optical fibers.


Hyperspectral band image selection is a fundamental problem for hyperspectral remote sensing data processing. Accepting its importance, several information-based band selection methods have been proposed, which apply Shannon entropy to measure image information. However, the Shannon entropy is not accurate in measuring image information since it neglects the spatial distribution of pixels and is computed only from a histogram. This paper investigates the potential of spatial entropy in measuring image information and proposes a new mutual information (MI) band selection method based on the spatial entropy. Then selected band images are validated for supervised classification via Support Vector Machine (SVM). Using a hyperspectral AVIRIS 92AV3C dataset, experiment results show that with 20 images selection from 220 bands, the supervised classification accuracy can reach 90.6%. Comparison with a previous Shannon entropy-based band selection method shows that the proposed method selects band images which can achieve more accurate classification results.